[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Records department?

[Assistant] Yes

[User] I think they are doing well because they are capturing the data when these clients come

[Assistant] Ok

[User] they are there like the time they have reported like even taking other vitals, the return date, the return date, they have been captured in the register, I can say in the register but in the outpatient is still the problem to us

[Assistant] So, concerning your perception of patient outcomes ah...do you think they get the care they need or not? Like most especially surgery


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] surgery?

[Assistant] Yes

[User] For the case of surgery, I have never come cross

[Assistant] Ok

[User] Yes

[Assistant] And why do you think the? Is surgery offered in lira regional referral hospital? Concerning RHD


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes

[Assistant] And why do you think the? Is surgery offered in lira regional referral hospital? Concerning RHD

[User] That one I have never come across

[Assistant] Ok

[User] Yes

[Assistant] That one you not sure?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] That one I have never come across

[Assistant] Ok

[User] Yes

[Assistant] That one you not sure?

[User] I am not sure

[Assistant] Ok, but aside from surgery do you think these patients are getting the care they need


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes

[Assistant] That one you not sure?

[User] I am not sure

[Assistant] Ok, but aside from surgery do you think these patients are getting the care they need

[User] Yes

[Assistant] According to you


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I am not sure

[Assistant] Ok, but aside from surgery do you think these patients are getting the care they need

[User] Yes

[Assistant] According to you

[User] According to me

[Assistant] Ok do you have any patient safety or quality of care concerns?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes

[Assistant] According to you

[User] According to me

[Assistant] Ok do you have any patient safety or quality of care concerns?

[User] To me, no

[Assistant] No! Ok like you feel the patients are safe in the hospital


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] According to me

[Assistant] Ok do you have any patient safety or quality of care concerns?

[User] To me, no

[Assistant] No! Ok like you feel the patients are safe in the hospital

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Not concerned about anything? , what of the quality of care, like is it really fine


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] To me, no

[Assistant] No! Ok like you feel the patients are safe in the hospital

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Not concerned about anything? , what of the quality of care, like is it really fine

[User] Yes, it’s the quality of care they are giving them is fine

[Assistant] You don’t have any doubts


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Not concerned about anything? , what of the quality of care, like is it really fine

[User] Yes, it’s the quality of care they are giving them is fine

[Assistant] You don’t have any doubts

[User] I don’t have

[Assistant] Or worries about it


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes, it’s the quality of care they are giving them is fine

[Assistant] You don’t have any doubts

[User] I don’t have

[Assistant] Or worries about it

[User] I don’t have any doubts or worries about it

[Assistant] Ok, during you...This time around that you have been in the hospital, are there any preventable deaths that you think you could have been actually stopped in the hospital


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I don’t have

[Assistant] Or worries about it

[User] I don’t have any doubts or worries about it

[Assistant] Ok, during you...This time around that you have been in the hospital, are there any preventable deaths that you think you could have been actually stopped in the hospital

[User] Yes ,according to ARF, when we ,they are early diagnosis and put on treatment, we prevent like substance which may happen, when we like they could have been where they not minding about what is happening to them ,we put them on treatment, it means we are preventing other complications of the heart

[Assistant] Ok, ah...So now leaving a side the ARF and ARHD


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I don’t have any doubts or worries about it

[Assistant] Ok, during you...This time around that you have been in the hospital, are there any preventable deaths that you think you could have been actually stopped in the hospital

[User] Yes ,according to ARF, when we ,they are early diagnosis and put on treatment, we prevent like substance which may happen, when we like they could have been where they not minding about what is happening to them ,we put them on treatment, it means we are preventing other complications of the heart

[Assistant] Ok, ah...So now leaving a side the ARF and ARHD

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Have you like are there any prevented deaths that could have been occurred in the hospital that you feel shouldn’t have happened? Like you look like this person wouldn’t have died had this and that been done?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Have you like are there any prevented deaths that could have been occurred in the hospital that you feel shouldn’t have happened? Like you look like this person wouldn’t have died had this and that been done?

[User] No

[Assistant] No?

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Ok, do you think patients are dying in the community without presenting to the hospital for care?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No

[Assistant] No?

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Ok, do you think patients are dying in the community without presenting to the hospital for care?

[User] Yes

[Assistant] What do think is causing that?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes

[Assistant] What do think is causing that?

[User] In the community?

[Assistant] Yes

[User] Like I can say knowledge gap

[Assistant] like could you mind explaining further?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Like I can say knowledge gap

[Assistant] like could you mind explaining further?

[User] I can say knowledge gap in terms of like we have like few staffs who can explain and may be sensitise the community about, maybe what is happening ,currently happening

[Assistant] Ok

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Alright..., now for these patients who die in the community before they even reach in the hospital, what do you think causes that?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Sometimes the cause of those things is like when we have like culture and religion

[Assistant] Yes

[User] So, you find where religion is saying ah...this is manageable by prayers, so it’s not treated to medical, others you find this culture is saying with this complaints like this kind of infections

[Assistant] Yes

[User] We use like local herbs, so they don’t dwell with modern techniques, like I can say with the lines of medicines, So there are cultures which they do away with those things

[Assistant] Ok, in your option, what do you think are the...ok in your opinion on ..,that do you think are the most important things that ministry of health could do to improve on outcomes of this place?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] So, you find where religion is saying ah...this is manageable by prayers, so it’s not treated to medical, others you find this culture is saying with this complaints like this kind of infections

[Assistant] Yes

[User] We use like local herbs, so they don’t dwell with modern techniques, like I can say with the lines of medicines, So there are cultures which they do away with those things

[Assistant] Ok, in your option, what do you think are the...ok in your opinion on ..,that do you think are the most important things that ministry of health could do to improve on outcomes of this place?

[User] More training of staffs and village health teams to sensitise the community

[Assistant] Ok, what else?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] We use like local herbs, so they don’t dwell with modern techniques, like I can say with the lines of medicines, So there are cultures which they do away with those things

[Assistant] Ok, in your option, what do you think are the...ok in your opinion on ..,that do you think are the most important things that ministry of health could do to improve on outcomes of this place?

[User] More training of staffs and village health teams to sensitise the community

[Assistant] Ok, what else?

[User] I have said about training of staffs and more VHT’s and putting monitoring and evaluation teams

[Assistant] Where do you think that could be placed?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] More training of staffs and village health teams to sensitise the community

[Assistant] Ok, what else?

[User] I have said about training of staffs and more VHT’s and putting monitoring and evaluation teams

[Assistant] Where do you think that could be placed?

[User] like I can say in the referral hospital,

[Assistant] Thank you so much, aside from that, do you have anything you have to say?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I have said about training of staffs and more VHT’s and putting monitoring and evaluation teams

[Assistant] Where do you think that could be placed?

[User] like I can say in the referral hospital,

[Assistant] Thank you so much, aside from that, do you have anything you have to say?

[User] like?

[Assistant] To add on


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] like I can say in the referral hospital,

[Assistant] Thank you so much, aside from that, do you have anything you have to say?

[User] like?

[Assistant] To add on

[User] which area specifically?

[Assistant] Anything, anything concerning what we have learnt, and what we have said today


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes.

[Assistant] And your main activity is farming and cattle rearing.

[User] Yes.

[Assistant] Before moving here when you got married, where did you live before?

[User] Within this area in a place called Mabanda; it is made up of smaller neighbourhoods

[Assistant] I would like to understand the family structure while you were growing up living with your parents. Did you have other homes within your homestead where for example you could go and eat say at your aunt’s house?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes.

[Assistant] Before moving here when you got married, where did you live before?

[User] Within this area in a place called Mabanda; it is made up of smaller neighbourhoods

[Assistant] I would like to understand the family structure while you were growing up living with your parents. Did you have other homes within your homestead where for example you could go and eat say at your aunt’s house?

[User] No, there were many houses in the area which belonged to other people. It was like an organized community, unless you would actually go visit your uncle’s house if it was close by.

[Assistant] So your aunts and uncles did not live around near you?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Within this area in a place called Mabanda; it is made up of smaller neighbourhoods

[Assistant] I would like to understand the family structure while you were growing up living with your parents. Did you have other homes within your homestead where for example you could go and eat say at your aunt’s house?

[User] No, there were many houses in the area which belonged to other people. It was like an organized community, unless you would actually go visit your uncle’s house if it was close by.

[Assistant] So your aunts and uncles did not live around near you?

[User] No they lived far off.

[Assistant] How many were you all in total?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No, there were many houses in the area which belonged to other people. It was like an organized community, unless you would actually go visit your uncle’s house if it was close by.

[Assistant] So your aunts and uncles did not live around near you?

[User] No they lived far off.

[Assistant] How many were you all in total?

[User] There were nine of us. Two of my sisters passed away so there were seven of us left.

[Assistant] So you had brothers and sisters?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No they lived far off.

[Assistant] How many were you all in total?

[User] There were nine of us. Two of my sisters passed away so there were seven of us left.

[Assistant] So you had brothers and sisters?

[User] Yes

[Assistant] What were some of the responsibilities for the boys and girls at that time?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] There were nine of us. Two of my sisters passed away so there were seven of us left.

[Assistant] So you had brothers and sisters?

[User] Yes

[Assistant] What were some of the responsibilities for the boys and girls at that time?

[User] At that time my brothers were still very young and so were not involved in any activities as such. The eldest was in the motor bike business, another was in the business of roasting and selling maize.

[Assistant] I am asking about when they were young, what household chores or responsibilities did they have?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes

[Assistant] What were some of the responsibilities for the boys and girls at that time?

[User] At that time my brothers were still very young and so were not involved in any activities as such. The eldest was in the motor bike business, another was in the business of roasting and selling maize.

[Assistant] I am asking about when they were young, what household chores or responsibilities did they have?

[User] They would herd the cattle which my father had.

[Assistant] What about for the girls?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] At that time my brothers were still very young and so were not involved in any activities as such. The eldest was in the motor bike business, another was in the business of roasting and selling maize.

[Assistant] I am asking about when they were young, what household chores or responsibilities did they have?

[User] They would herd the cattle which my father had.

[Assistant] What about for the girls?

[User] Fetching water, cooking, chores within the home and going to the farm as well.

[Assistant] Who did the cooking?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] They would herd the cattle which my father had.

[Assistant] What about for the girls?

[User] Fetching water, cooking, chores within the home and going to the farm as well.

[Assistant] Who did the cooking?

[User] The girls did.

[Assistant] What about your father? What was his main activity?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Fetching water, cooking, chores within the home and going to the farm as well.

[Assistant] Who did the cooking?

[User] The girls did.

[Assistant] What about your father? What was his main activity?

[User] He was a businessman, he had a shop and he was also a farmer. He passed away around that time.

[Assistant]
I am sorry about that.

And what your mother’s responsibilities?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The girls did.

[Assistant] What about your father? What was his main activity?

[User] He was a businessman, he had a shop and he was also a farmer. He passed away around that time.

[Assistant]
I am sorry about that.

And what your mother’s responsibilities?

[User] My parents lived together for some time but separated after some time when I was young. When she left she became a business person selling honey in Kenya as well as animal hides.

[Assistant] What were responsibilities though in the home before the separation?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] He was a businessman, he had a shop and he was also a farmer. He passed away around that time.

[Assistant]
I am sorry about that.

And what your mother’s responsibilities?

[User] My parents lived together for some time but separated after some time when I was young. When she left she became a business person selling honey in Kenya as well as animal hides.

[Assistant] What were responsibilities though in the home before the separation?

[User] She would make and sell African doughnuts. She did not really engage in housework as such after all we were there to help out with that.

[Assistant] Were there any of you who were educated?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] My parents lived together for some time but separated after some time when I was young. When she left she became a business person selling honey in Kenya as well as animal hides.

[Assistant] What were responsibilities though in the home before the separation?

[User] She would make and sell African doughnuts. She did not really engage in housework as such after all we were there to help out with that.

[Assistant] Were there any of you who were educated?

[User] Yes all my siblings studied until class seven.

[Assistant] We want to move to meals. What kind of food did you used to eat in your home?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] She would make and sell African doughnuts. She did not really engage in housework as such after all we were there to help out with that.

[Assistant] Were there any of you who were educated?

[User] Yes all my siblings studied until class seven.

[Assistant] We want to move to meals. What kind of food did you used to eat in your home?

[User] We ate ugali, milk and vegetables.

[Assistant] But there must be something you reminisce about enjoying eating in plenty as a child?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes all my siblings studied until class seven.

[Assistant] We want to move to meals. What kind of food did you used to eat in your home?

[User] We ate ugali, milk and vegetables.

[Assistant] But there must be something you reminisce about enjoying eating in plenty as a child?

[User] When we were growing up things were good, we would eat pretty much anything we wanted things did get a bit more difficult after our parents separated.

[Assistant] Why did they separate, do you know?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] We ate ugali, milk and vegetables.

[Assistant] But there must be something you reminisce about enjoying eating in plenty as a child?

[User] When we were growing up things were good, we would eat pretty much anything we wanted things did get a bit more difficult after our parents separated.

[Assistant] Why did they separate, do you know?

[User] No, I did not. We the children did not know, we can only say it was God’s will. He would associate well with us but he and our mother were not on speaking terms. I grew up and got married and around the time I had my fifth child they reconciled.

[Assistant] What foods were prepared specifically for certain family members who nobody else would eat it?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] When we were growing up things were good, we would eat pretty much anything we wanted things did get a bit more difficult after our parents separated.

[Assistant] Why did they separate, do you know?

[User] No, I did not. We the children did not know, we can only say it was God’s will. He would associate well with us but he and our mother were not on speaking terms. I grew up and got married and around the time I had my fifth child they reconciled.

[Assistant] What foods were prepared specifically for certain family members who nobody else would eat it?

[User] We all ate the same food whatever was prepared for all.

[Assistant] Who liked rice the best?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No, I did not. We the children did not know, we can only say it was God’s will. He would associate well with us but he and our mother were not on speaking terms. I grew up and got married and around the time I had my fifth child they reconciled.

[Assistant] What foods were prepared specifically for certain family members who nobody else would eat it?

[User] We all ate the same food whatever was prepared for all.

[Assistant] Who liked rice the best?

[User] Small children.

[Assistant] And these foods you would use; would you farm or buy them?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] We all ate the same food whatever was prepared for all.

[Assistant] Who liked rice the best?

[User] Small children.

[Assistant] And these foods you would use; would you farm or buy them?

[User] My father farmed quite a bit and would store any excess.

[Assistant] And which ones would you buy?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Small children.

[Assistant] And these foods you would use; would you farm or buy them?

[User] My father farmed quite a bit and would store any excess.

[Assistant] And which ones would you buy?

[User] Rice.

[Assistant] And what about meat?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] My father farmed quite a bit and would store any excess.

[Assistant] And which ones would you buy?

[User] Rice.

[Assistant] And what about meat?

[User] We would buy that as well.

[Assistant] What about traditional foods which would grow wild, which ones were used?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Rice.

[Assistant] And what about meat?

[User] We would buy that as well.

[Assistant] What about traditional foods which would grow wild, which ones were used?

[User] Hare lettuce, Night shade, and Kungujuu.

[Assistant] Who would make the decision in the home over what foods to prepare?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] We would buy that as well.

[Assistant] What about traditional foods which would grow wild, which ones were used?

[User] Hare lettuce, Night shade, and Kungujuu.

[Assistant] Who would make the decision in the home over what foods to prepare?

[User] My mother.

[Assistant] Not your father?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Hare lettuce, Night shade, and Kungujuu.

[Assistant] Who would make the decision in the home over what foods to prepare?

[User] My mother.

[Assistant] Not your father?

[User] No, he had many homes so my mother would make the decisions for our home.

[Assistant] Were the children involved in the discussion on what to prepare?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] My mother.

[Assistant] Not your father?

[User] No, he had many homes so my mother would make the decisions for our home.

[Assistant] Were the children involved in the discussion on what to prepare?

[User] Yes. The children could make suggestions on foods to prepare.

[Assistant] While you were growing up, what would be used to determine that one has grown up? Say a boy growing up and can now be referred to as a young adult?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No, he had many homes so my mother would make the decisions for our home.

[Assistant] Were the children involved in the discussion on what to prepare?

[User] Yes. The children could make suggestions on foods to prepare.

[Assistant] While you were growing up, what would be used to determine that one has grown up? Say a boy growing up and can now be referred to as a young adult?

[User] Perhaps when a girl started her menstruation period I could not really say for boys.

[Assistant] And what would be done in recognition of this transition into adulthood?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes. The children could make suggestions on foods to prepare.

[Assistant] While you were growing up, what would be used to determine that one has grown up? Say a boy growing up and can now be referred to as a young adult?

[User] Perhaps when a girl started her menstruation period I could not really say for boys.

[Assistant] And what would be done in recognition of this transition into adulthood?

[User] It would depend. When I was young the celebrations would happen when the girl finishes class seven. But nowadays our children go to secondary schools and so celebrations are done over the holidays. The girl is celebrated with dance and thereafter she is confined to the home for about three months or more unless she has a fiancé. In our tradition, once a girl has reached puberty and started her menses, she should not encounter males who could be free to marry her. It is taboo.

[Assistant] When they are kept indoors what happens?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Perhaps when a girl started her menstruation period I could not really say for boys.

[Assistant] And what would be done in recognition of this transition into adulthood?

[User] It would depend. When I was young the celebrations would happen when the girl finishes class seven. But nowadays our children go to secondary schools and so celebrations are done over the holidays. The girl is celebrated with dance and thereafter she is confined to the home for about three months or more unless she has a fiancé. In our tradition, once a girl has reached puberty and started her menses, she should not encounter males who could be free to marry her. It is taboo.

[Assistant] When they are kept indoors what happens?

[User] If she has a fiancé she will be given some advice and guidelines otherwise she is just kept indoors.

[Assistant] So the celebration of song and dance may be done more than once? At the point of beginning her menstruation period and again once she is let out from being indoors?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] It would depend. When I was young the celebrations would happen when the girl finishes class seven. But nowadays our children go to secondary schools and so celebrations are done over the holidays. The girl is celebrated with dance and thereafter she is confined to the home for about three months or more unless she has a fiancé. In our tradition, once a girl has reached puberty and started her menses, she should not encounter males who could be free to marry her. It is taboo.

[Assistant] When they are kept indoors what happens?

[User] If she has a fiancé she will be given some advice and guidelines otherwise she is just kept indoors.

[Assistant] So the celebration of song and dance may be done more than once? At the point of beginning her menstruation period and again once she is let out from being indoors?

[User] Yes, that is right.

[Assistant] Those who would receive lessons and advice, who counsels them?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] If she has a fiancé she will be given some advice and guidelines otherwise she is just kept indoors.

[Assistant] So the celebration of song and dance may be done more than once? At the point of beginning her menstruation period and again once she is let out from being indoors?

[User] Yes, that is right.

[Assistant] Those who would receive lessons and advice, who counsels them?

[User] It depends, if her grandmother is there, she would do it or her grandmother from her father’s side or her aunties.

[Assistant] And can all these relatives counsel her?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes, that is right.

[Assistant] Those who would receive lessons and advice, who counsels them?

[User] It depends, if her grandmother is there, she would do it or her grandmother from her father’s side or her aunties.

[Assistant] And can all these relatives counsel her?

[User]
No only one person will take on that responsibility.

My mother for instance was kept indoors for a whole year. When she was let out they danced a particular dance called Sero and they dressed her in furs.

[Assistant] What about boys?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] It depends, if her grandmother is there, she would do it or her grandmother from her father’s side or her aunties.

[Assistant] And can all these relatives counsel her?

[User]
No only one person will take on that responsibility.

My mother for instance was kept indoors for a whole year. When she was let out they danced a particular dance called Sero and they dressed her in furs.

[Assistant] What about boys?

[User] They do not have all that.

[Assistant] What do they have?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
No only one person will take on that responsibility.

My mother for instance was kept indoors for a whole year. When she was let out they danced a particular dance called Sero and they dressed her in furs.

[Assistant] What about boys?

[User] They do not have all that.

[Assistant] What do they have?

[User] They have the circumcision ceremony and thereafter they have a dance celebration immediately after circumcision the young men cannot have a bath, not until they heal thereafter they can have the traditional celebration dance.

[Assistant] How old were you when you got married?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] They do not have all that.

[Assistant] What do they have?

[User] They have the circumcision ceremony and thereafter they have a dance celebration immediately after circumcision the young men cannot have a bath, not until they heal thereafter they can have the traditional celebration dance.

[Assistant] How old were you when you got married?

[User]
I was eighteen. ##I003# #	How do you sustain your family with your husband?

We depend on crop farming and my husband is also a businessman selling cattle although things have changed, he hardly goes to the market to sell the cattle because of the drought he is unable to sell. Sometimes the animals even die and we suffer a huge loss. Things are so difficult they are selling cattle for as low as five thousand only.

[Assistant] So if you compare today’s situation with that when you were growing up, which do you prefer?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] They have the circumcision ceremony and thereafter they have a dance celebration immediately after circumcision the young men cannot have a bath, not until they heal thereafter they can have the traditional celebration dance.

[Assistant] How old were you when you got married?

[User]
I was eighteen. ##I003# #	How do you sustain your family with your husband?

We depend on crop farming and my husband is also a businessman selling cattle although things have changed, he hardly goes to the market to sell the cattle because of the drought he is unable to sell. Sometimes the animals even die and we suffer a huge loss. Things are so difficult they are selling cattle for as low as five thousand only.

[Assistant] So if you compare today’s situation with that when you were growing up, which do you prefer?

[User] The time when I was growing up because things seemed easier. We would never experience the kind of drought which plagued us last year.

[Assistant] How has this drought affected your family?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
I was eighteen. ##I003# #	How do you sustain your family with your husband?

We depend on crop farming and my husband is also a businessman selling cattle although things have changed, he hardly goes to the market to sell the cattle because of the drought he is unable to sell. Sometimes the animals even die and we suffer a huge loss. Things are so difficult they are selling cattle for as low as five thousand only.

[Assistant] So if you compare today’s situation with that when you were growing up, which do you prefer?

[User] The time when I was growing up because things seemed easier. We would never experience the kind of drought which plagued us last year.

[Assistant] How has this drought affected your family?

[User] It has negatively affected my family. We have a large family so when food prices are up we spend a lot of money on food items. In addition when we cook we cannot rely on leftovers as the older ones have a good appetite and therefore you are forced to cook again for each meal

[Assistant] Please tell me about the responsibilities of girls nowadays?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The time when I was growing up because things seemed easier. We would never experience the kind of drought which plagued us last year.

[Assistant] How has this drought affected your family?

[User] It has negatively affected my family. We have a large family so when food prices are up we spend a lot of money on food items. In addition when we cook we cannot rely on leftovers as the older ones have a good appetite and therefore you are forced to cook again for each meal

[Assistant] Please tell me about the responsibilities of girls nowadays?

[User] They fetch water although they are in school for the better part of the day and they travel far for school. We have water fetched for us for morning bath by motorcycle or bicycle as the place is far. This is all to save on time in the morning. But in the evening they do all the chores likes cooking, washing dishes, buying some buckets of water from the mosque for cleaning the bathrooms or for cleaning the house. I have two boys. The elder one I bought him salon equipment to run a salon and he also does phone charging in that shop. The other one is very young.

[Assistant] And how do you compare your responsibilities now as a mother and those of your mother as were growing up?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] It has negatively affected my family. We have a large family so when food prices are up we spend a lot of money on food items. In addition when we cook we cannot rely on leftovers as the older ones have a good appetite and therefore you are forced to cook again for each meal

[Assistant] Please tell me about the responsibilities of girls nowadays?

[User] They fetch water although they are in school for the better part of the day and they travel far for school. We have water fetched for us for morning bath by motorcycle or bicycle as the place is far. This is all to save on time in the morning. But in the evening they do all the chores likes cooking, washing dishes, buying some buckets of water from the mosque for cleaning the bathrooms or for cleaning the house. I have two boys. The elder one I bought him salon equipment to run a salon and he also does phone charging in that shop. The other one is very young.

[Assistant] And how do you compare your responsibilities now as a mother and those of your mother as were growing up?

[User] My responsibilities are here in this house looking after my grandchildren. I cook for them. I no longer have a business to run. With this drought there is hardly anyone in the market on the market days so I have nobody to sell anything to. The Maasai seem to have moved away.

[Assistant] Let us now discuss about foods the different foods used when you were young and now. Say for instance at gatherings?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] They fetch water although they are in school for the better part of the day and they travel far for school. We have water fetched for us for morning bath by motorcycle or bicycle as the place is far. This is all to save on time in the morning. But in the evening they do all the chores likes cooking, washing dishes, buying some buckets of water from the mosque for cleaning the bathrooms or for cleaning the house. I have two boys. The elder one I bought him salon equipment to run a salon and he also does phone charging in that shop. The other one is very young.

[Assistant] And how do you compare your responsibilities now as a mother and those of your mother as were growing up?

[User] My responsibilities are here in this house looking after my grandchildren. I cook for them. I no longer have a business to run. With this drought there is hardly anyone in the market on the market days so I have nobody to sell anything to. The Maasai seem to have moved away.

[Assistant] Let us now discuss about foods the different foods used when you were young and now. Say for instance at gatherings?

[User] At gatherings we had pilau.

[Assistant] Why do you think such foods were prepared mostly at gatherings?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] My responsibilities are here in this house looking after my grandchildren. I cook for them. I no longer have a business to run. With this drought there is hardly anyone in the market on the market days so I have nobody to sell anything to. The Maasai seem to have moved away.

[Assistant] Let us now discuss about foods the different foods used when you were young and now. Say for instance at gatherings?

[User] At gatherings we had pilau.

[Assistant] Why do you think such foods were prepared mostly at gatherings?

[User] Because it was special. It was something different from the usual ugali. Nowadays however it is common and not a specialty anymore reserved for celebrations.

[Assistant] What about foods which were reserved for men or for women?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] At gatherings we had pilau.

[Assistant] Why do you think such foods were prepared mostly at gatherings?

[User] Because it was special. It was something different from the usual ugali. Nowadays however it is common and not a specialty anymore reserved for celebrations.

[Assistant] What about foods which were reserved for men or for women?

[User] We did not have that here, all people ate same foods.

[Assistant] What about the changes in foods that are new and in the amounts eaten, do you see these changes?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Because it was special. It was something different from the usual ugali. Nowadays however it is common and not a specialty anymore reserved for celebrations.

[Assistant] What about foods which were reserved for men or for women?

[User] We did not have that here, all people ate same foods.

[Assistant] What about the changes in foods that are new and in the amounts eaten, do you see these changes?

[User] Yes. Things are different. In our younger days, children would see foods like pilau and get excited whereas nowadays they only see pilau as very ordinary food

[Assistant] And which are new food items available now which were not available in the past?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes. Things are different. In our younger days, children would see foods like pilau and get excited whereas nowadays they only see pilau as very ordinary food

[Assistant] And which are new food items available now which were not available in the past?

[User] Like plantains,

[Assistant] Any other?

[User] I think the rest are the same as what was eaten in the past.

[Assistant] What tribes are in this community where you live?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Like plantains,

[Assistant] Any other?

[User] I think the rest are the same as what was eaten in the past.

[Assistant] What tribes are in this community where you live?

[User] There are very many mixed tribes here even some Maasai from Arusha.

[Assistant] What do you think has led to changes in types of foods consumed?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I think the rest are the same as what was eaten in the past.

[Assistant] What tribes are in this community where you live?

[User] There are very many mixed tribes here even some Maasai from Arusha.

[Assistant] What do you think has led to changes in types of foods consumed?

[User] The mixing of different tribes has come with a lot of changes including changes in food items. Even farming methods have changed for example we have learnt to grow plant beans alongside the maize and harvest as we go along.

[Assistant] What are some of the tribes here and what are some of the foods they have introduced in this area?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] There are very many mixed tribes here even some Maasai from Arusha.

[Assistant] What do you think has led to changes in types of foods consumed?

[User] The mixing of different tribes has come with a lot of changes including changes in food items. Even farming methods have changed for example we have learnt to grow plant beans alongside the maize and harvest as we go along.

[Assistant] What are some of the tribes here and what are some of the foods they have introduced in this area?

[User] Like bananas.

[Assistant] Is that really a Maasai staple food?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The mixing of different tribes has come with a lot of changes including changes in food items. Even farming methods have changed for example we have learnt to grow plant beans alongside the maize and harvest as we go along.

[Assistant] What are some of the tribes here and what are some of the foods they have introduced in this area?

[User] Like bananas.

[Assistant] Is that really a Maasai staple food?

[User] Yes, the Maasai like it very much. It is also a common item at celebrations.

[Assistant] Are there food items cooked with milk?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Like bananas.

[Assistant] Is that really a Maasai staple food?

[User] Yes, the Maasai like it very much. It is also a common item at celebrations.

[Assistant] Are there food items cooked with milk?

[User] No. Although there are some made with fermented milk though like beans although my family does not like it. Fresh milk can also be added to kande or hares lettuce similarly to how coconut milk is added to food.

[Assistant] Which food items would give the impression that one is poor or one is wealthy?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes, the Maasai like it very much. It is also a common item at celebrations.

[Assistant] Are there food items cooked with milk?

[User] No. Although there are some made with fermented milk though like beans although my family does not like it. Fresh milk can also be added to kande or hares lettuce similarly to how coconut milk is added to food.

[Assistant] Which food items would give the impression that one is poor or one is wealthy?

[User] I do not think there are those which give the impression of wealth as such because I too cook most foods in my home although I am not wealthy.

[Assistant] What about foods which signify poverty?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No. Although there are some made with fermented milk though like beans although my family does not like it. Fresh milk can also be added to kande or hares lettuce similarly to how coconut milk is added to food.

[Assistant] Which food items would give the impression that one is poor or one is wealthy?

[User] I do not think there are those which give the impression of wealth as such because I too cook most foods in my home although I am not wealthy.

[Assistant] What about foods which signify poverty?

[User] The cost of foods went up so rice and flour were selling at the same price per kilo so whether one ate rice or ugali it did not matter.

[Assistant] What else besides the mixing of tribes in this area has contributed to the change in foods? Like drought and education of children in schools.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I do not think there are those which give the impression of wealth as such because I too cook most foods in my home although I am not wealthy.

[Assistant] What about foods which signify poverty?

[User] The cost of foods went up so rice and flour were selling at the same price per kilo so whether one ate rice or ugali it did not matter.

[Assistant] What else besides the mixing of tribes in this area has contributed to the change in foods? Like drought and education of children in schools.

[User] Yes. They learn different methods of food preparation in school and the drought forces you to eat what’s available.

[Assistant] Which of the reasons you mentioned do you think is the main reason for the change?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The cost of foods went up so rice and flour were selling at the same price per kilo so whether one ate rice or ugali it did not matter.

[Assistant] What else besides the mixing of tribes in this area has contributed to the change in foods? Like drought and education of children in schools.

[User] Yes. They learn different methods of food preparation in school and the drought forces you to eat what’s available.

[Assistant] Which of the reasons you mentioned do you think is the main reason for the change?

[User] I would say education the main contributing factor and second is drought because you will be forced to buy what is available.

[Assistant] How have these new foods affected your family? Is it positive or negative?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes. They learn different methods of food preparation in school and the drought forces you to eat what’s available.

[Assistant] Which of the reasons you mentioned do you think is the main reason for the change?

[User] I would say education the main contributing factor and second is drought because you will be forced to buy what is available.

[Assistant] How have these new foods affected your family? Is it positive or negative?

[User] It is both positive and negative because we eat different things but the drought also has affected people’s health.

[Assistant] Let as discuss milk now. What is the difference in the importance of milk when you were young and now?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I would say education the main contributing factor and second is drought because you will be forced to buy what is available.

[Assistant] How have these new foods affected your family? Is it positive or negative?

[User] It is both positive and negative because we eat different things but the drought also has affected people’s health.

[Assistant] Let as discuss milk now. What is the difference in the importance of milk when you were young and now?

[User] When we were young it was available and priced low nowadays it is a little more expensive.

[Assistant] How about if you cannot get milk, does that affect your meal planning?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] It is both positive and negative because we eat different things but the drought also has affected people’s health.

[Assistant] Let as discuss milk now. What is the difference in the importance of milk when you were young and now?

[User] When we were young it was available and priced low nowadays it is a little more expensive.

[Assistant] How about if you cannot get milk, does that affect your meal planning?

[User] Not really, I will cook what is available although because I have cattle I readily have milk and keep some for my family’s use. Although it serves me well because milk fetches a good price and I get money to sort out other items in my home.

[Assistant] Milk prices today are very high, what do you think the reason for this is?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] When we were young it was available and priced low nowadays it is a little more expensive.

[Assistant] How about if you cannot get milk, does that affect your meal planning?

[User] Not really, I will cook what is available although because I have cattle I readily have milk and keep some for my family’s use. Although it serves me well because milk fetches a good price and I get money to sort out other items in my home.

[Assistant] Milk prices today are very high, what do you think the reason for this is?

[User] Yes milk nowadays is priced high because of the reduction of milk production due to shortage of pasture. We have lost so many cattle due to the drought. We depend on the sale of some cows in order to pay school fees for our children. The free government education promised by President Magufuli has not yet rolled out.

[Assistant] And what about conflict in the area between farmers and herders? Is there conflict sometimes?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Not really, I will cook what is available although because I have cattle I readily have milk and keep some for my family’s use. Although it serves me well because milk fetches a good price and I get money to sort out other items in my home.

[Assistant] Milk prices today are very high, what do you think the reason for this is?

[User] Yes milk nowadays is priced high because of the reduction of milk production due to shortage of pasture. We have lost so many cattle due to the drought. We depend on the sale of some cows in order to pay school fees for our children. The free government education promised by President Magufuli has not yet rolled out.

[Assistant] And what about conflict in the area between farmers and herders? Is there conflict sometimes?

[User] Yes, although it is not as bad as it is in other areas where people kill each other over such conflict.

[Assistant] Is fodder readily available for cattle presently?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes milk nowadays is priced high because of the reduction of milk production due to shortage of pasture. We have lost so many cattle due to the drought. We depend on the sale of some cows in order to pay school fees for our children. The free government education promised by President Magufuli has not yet rolled out.

[Assistant] And what about conflict in the area between farmers and herders? Is there conflict sometimes?

[User] Yes, although it is not as bad as it is in other areas where people kill each other over such conflict.

[Assistant] Is fodder readily available for cattle presently?

[User] Yes, for now it is there.

[Assistant] How many litres of milk would you get in a day?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes, although it is not as bad as it is in other areas where people kill each other over such conflict.

[Assistant] Is fodder readily available for cattle presently?

[User] Yes, for now it is there.

[Assistant] How many litres of milk would you get in a day?

[User] At least 10 litres but we would keep some and sell the rest. We have not milked in a while; we have had to buy because the cows are not giving birth.

[Assistant] Who normally goes to the market to buy food items which you need?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes, for now it is there.

[Assistant] How many litres of milk would you get in a day?

[User] At least 10 litres but we would keep some and sell the rest. We have not milked in a while; we have had to buy because the cows are not giving birth.

[Assistant] Who normally goes to the market to buy food items which you need?

[User] I do it when my children are not around. If they are around I simply send them to buy what I need.

[Assistant] And who decides on what to buy and who goes to the market to buy it?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] At least 10 litres but we would keep some and sell the rest. We have not milked in a while; we have had to buy because the cows are not giving birth.

[Assistant] Who normally goes to the market to buy food items which you need?

[User] I do it when my children are not around. If they are around I simply send them to buy what I need.

[Assistant] And who decides on what to buy and who goes to the market to buy it?

[User] I do although we do not buy much because we grow a lot of it. If my children are around I will send them to buy because the shops are close by.

[Assistant] And who decides what foods to buy to cook on a particular day?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I do it when my children are not around. If they are around I simply send them to buy what I need.

[Assistant] And who decides on what to buy and who goes to the market to buy it?

[User] I do although we do not buy much because we grow a lot of it. If my children are around I will send them to buy because the shops are close by.

[Assistant] And who decides what foods to buy to cook on a particular day?

[User] I do.

[Assistant] What about your husband? Can he suggest?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I do although we do not buy much because we grow a lot of it. If my children are around I will send them to buy because the shops are close by.

[Assistant] And who decides what foods to buy to cook on a particular day?

[User] I do.

[Assistant] What about your husband? Can he suggest?

[User] Yes sure even my children suggest. I prefer to buy foods which can be eaten by the whole family.

[Assistant] Does your husband go to buy some of the foods?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I do.

[Assistant] What about your husband? Can he suggest?

[User] Yes sure even my children suggest. I prefer to buy foods which can be eaten by the whole family.

[Assistant] Does your husband go to buy some of the foods?

[User] Yes sometimes he will go to these shops close by to buy rice and other times if he sees something good which is in season on his way home he will just buy it and bring it home.

[Assistant] And how about the distance travelled to the market then when you were growing up and now? In which case did you have to travel a longer distance to get to the market?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes sure even my children suggest. I prefer to buy foods which can be eaten by the whole family.

[Assistant] Does your husband go to buy some of the foods?

[User] Yes sometimes he will go to these shops close by to buy rice and other times if he sees something good which is in season on his way home he will just buy it and bring it home.

[Assistant] And how about the distance travelled to the market then when you were growing up and now? In which case did you have to travel a longer distance to get to the market?

[User] They are more readily available nowadays.

[Assistant] What is your favourite meal to prepare here in your home?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes sometimes he will go to these shops close by to buy rice and other times if he sees something good which is in season on his way home he will just buy it and bring it home.

[Assistant] And how about the distance travelled to the market then when you were growing up and now? In which case did you have to travel a longer distance to get to the market?

[User] They are more readily available nowadays.

[Assistant] What is your favourite meal to prepare here in your home?

[User] Ugali.

[Assistant] What influences what you decide to cook on a particular day? Is it the needs of your family, or the availability of food items or what your children desire?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] They are more readily available nowadays.

[Assistant] What is your favourite meal to prepare here in your home?

[User] Ugali.

[Assistant] What influences what you decide to cook on a particular day? Is it the needs of your family, or the availability of food items or what your children desire?

[User] I buy various foods depending on how much money I have but ugali is included every day at some point of the meals. The rice gets finished really fast so I cannot prepare it every day unlike ugali which lasts.

[Assistant] How about pricing?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Ugali.

[Assistant] What influences what you decide to cook on a particular day? Is it the needs of your family, or the availability of food items or what your children desire?

[User] I buy various foods depending on how much money I have but ugali is included every day at some point of the meals. The rice gets finished really fast so I cannot prepare it every day unlike ugali which lasts.

[Assistant] How about pricing?

[User] Yes, because if something you like is available but expensive you cannot just buy it. Also my husband and I are not doing well at all in business so we do not have the money to buy expensive food items.

[Assistant] Of the reasons you have cited which is the main factor affecting what you will buy?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I buy various foods depending on how much money I have but ugali is included every day at some point of the meals. The rice gets finished really fast so I cannot prepare it every day unlike ugali which lasts.

[Assistant] How about pricing?

[User] Yes, because if something you like is available but expensive you cannot just buy it. Also my husband and I are not doing well at all in business so we do not have the money to buy expensive food items.

[Assistant] Of the reasons you have cited which is the main factor affecting what you will buy?

[User] Pricing.

[Assistant] And the second?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes, because if something you like is available but expensive you cannot just buy it. Also my husband and I are not doing well at all in business so we do not have the money to buy expensive food items.

[Assistant] Of the reasons you have cited which is the main factor affecting what you will buy?

[User] Pricing.

[Assistant] And the second?

[User] The preferences of my family.

[Assistant] And the third is the availability of the food items?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Pricing.

[Assistant] And the second?

[User] The preferences of my family.

[Assistant] And the third is the availability of the food items?

[User] Yes.

[Assistant] And finally influence?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The preferences of my family.

[Assistant] And the third is the availability of the food items?

[User] Yes.

[Assistant] And finally influence?

[User] Yes.

[Assistant] Let us discuss the drought that you experienced recently versus droughts you may have experienced while growing up.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes.

[Assistant] And finally influence?

[User] Yes.

[Assistant] Let us discuss the drought that you experienced recently versus droughts you may have experienced while growing up.

[User] The drought has been there in both instances. When I was young people would make ugali from cassava flour and the alternative for that was rice. That was all that was there to eat.

[Assistant] Do you remember when it was?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes.

[Assistant] Let us discuss the drought that you experienced recently versus droughts you may have experienced while growing up.

[User] The drought has been there in both instances. When I was young people would make ugali from cassava flour and the alternative for that was rice. That was all that was there to eat.

[Assistant] Do you remember when it was?

[User] No, it was a rather long time ago, I cannot recall.

[Assistant] And what caused it?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The drought has been there in both instances. When I was young people would make ugali from cassava flour and the alternative for that was rice. That was all that was there to eat.

[Assistant] Do you remember when it was?

[User] No, it was a rather long time ago, I cannot recall.

[Assistant] And what caused it?

[User] I cannot say I was young.

[Assistant] Did the drought last a long time?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No, it was a rather long time ago, I cannot recall.

[Assistant] And what caused it?

[User] I cannot say I was young.

[Assistant] Did the drought last a long time?

[User] Yes it did. I remember the then president organizing for food aid like powdered milk, beans, oil and some flour similar to millet.

[Assistant] And how about in the recent one? When was that?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I cannot say I was young.

[Assistant] Did the drought last a long time?

[User] Yes it did. I remember the then president organizing for food aid like powdered milk, beans, oil and some flour similar to millet.

[Assistant] And how about in the recent one? When was that?

[User] It was this year.

[Assistant] How are you living now after that season has passed?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes it did. I remember the then president organizing for food aid like powdered milk, beans, oil and some flour similar to millet.

[Assistant] And how about in the recent one? When was that?

[User] It was this year.

[Assistant] How are you living now after that season has passed?

[User] We just eat what is available.

[Assistant] Did you lose many cattle in the drought when you were young?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] It was this year.

[Assistant] How are you living now after that season has passed?

[User] We just eat what is available.

[Assistant] Did you lose many cattle in the drought when you were young?

[User] Yes, many.

[Assistant] How did you manage through then and now?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] We just eat what is available.

[Assistant] Did you lose many cattle in the drought when you were young?

[User] Yes, many.

[Assistant] How did you manage through then and now?

[User] In the past we did not have it too hard because my father had a shop which was doing well and we could afford to buy food items. The value of money then and now has also changed. What you could do with ten thousand shillings back then is very different to what ten thousand can do for you today. For example my dowry was ten thousand five hundred which was about four cows it was a lot of money then.

[Assistant] Here within your family, how do you get information on nutrition, and healthy lifestyle?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes, many.

[Assistant] How did you manage through then and now?

[User] In the past we did not have it too hard because my father had a shop which was doing well and we could afford to buy food items. The value of money then and now has also changed. What you could do with ten thousand shillings back then is very different to what ten thousand can do for you today. For example my dowry was ten thousand five hundred which was about four cows it was a lot of money then.

[Assistant] Here within your family, how do you get information on nutrition, and healthy lifestyle?

[User] Perhaps from the hospitals.

[Assistant] Where else in schools, churches, mosques?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] In the past we did not have it too hard because my father had a shop which was doing well and we could afford to buy food items. The value of money then and now has also changed. What you could do with ten thousand shillings back then is very different to what ten thousand can do for you today. For example my dowry was ten thousand five hundred which was about four cows it was a lot of money then.

[Assistant] Here within your family, how do you get information on nutrition, and healthy lifestyle?

[User] Perhaps from the hospitals.

[Assistant] Where else in schools, churches, mosques?

[User] Yes, from schools through our children we get a lot of information.

[Assistant] Have you ever received this education on nutrition good health? Not really only the one at the clinics and do you use that knowledge within your home?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Perhaps from the hospitals.

[Assistant] Where else in schools, churches, mosques?

[User] Yes, from schools through our children we get a lot of information.

[Assistant] Have you ever received this education on nutrition good health? Not really only the one at the clinics and do you use that knowledge within your home?

[User] Yes, when my children were young I got some good information which was useful.

[Assistant] How can such information be spread far and wide to reach other people in the area?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes, from schools through our children we get a lot of information.

[Assistant] Have you ever received this education on nutrition good health? Not really only the one at the clinics and do you use that knowledge within your home?

[User] Yes, when my children were young I got some good information which was useful.

[Assistant] How can such information be spread far and wide to reach other people in the area?

[User] Through government initiatives, with people going door-to-door.

[Assistant] How about via radio?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes, when my children were young I got some good information which was useful.

[Assistant] How can such information be spread far and wide to reach other people in the area?

[User] Through government initiatives, with people going door-to-door.

[Assistant] How about via radio?

[User] That too although some people do not even have radios.

[Assistant] So perhaps through the mosques and churches.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Through government initiatives, with people going door-to-door.

[Assistant] How about via radio?

[User] That too although some people do not even have radios.

[Assistant] So perhaps through the mosques and churches.

[User] Yes, however not everyone goes to the churches and mosques. More is received from children who learn these things in school.

[Assistant] And who should this information be conveyed to?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] That too although some people do not even have radios.

[Assistant] So perhaps through the mosques and churches.

[User] Yes, however not everyone goes to the churches and mosques. More is received from children who learn these things in school.

[Assistant] And who should this information be conveyed to?

[User] I would say to mothers and women in the home because they are the ones who run their homes. Men usually come home and find meals are already prepared.

[Assistant] Thank you Mother I am done, I am grateful for the discussion.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
So one thing that I do think is interesting is as opposed to other types of infections, it wasn't that there was a lack of ability to get medication for the infection because there were no medications so it wasn't a disparity in terms of, you know, someone being able to afford a very expensive cholesterol lowering medication versus not being able to afford that, which if you look at other pandemics like diabetes go into, can you afford the insulin or not?

And so or with needing an EpiPen and being able to afford the couple hundred dollar EpiPen or not. So even though this was an epidemic that really adversely impact those more marginalized, it wasn't really because they couldn't get medications to for their disease. There just were none. And again, the government has made all the vaccines free and the testing free.

And so that that has broken down some of the structural determinants that have dramatically impacted other, you know, diseases in our country adversely. And so that that mitigates it a bit.

[Assistant]
Right thank you.

OK, just so just some basic questions for a sec. What was your position in January 2020?.

[User] And January 2020? [Position details] I basically run the medical school.

[Assistant] OK, and how old are you?

[User] I am [mid 50s].

[Assistant] OK, great. Thanks.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] And January 2020? [Position details] I basically run the medical school.

[Assistant] OK, and how old are you?

[User] I am [mid 50s].

[Assistant] OK, great. Thanks.

[User]
One of the other things, you know, I'm an infectious disease doctor. So when this all happened, I became a de facto COVID czar for the institution and I continue to do that. So I just got an email, for example, about a student who was accepted to our program but hasn't been vaccinated for COVID 19 and she has an exemption letter.

And would we accept her exemption letter? So I had to read that and respond. So that's still ongoing. So we all did multiple different jobs and I did some patient care. Initially it was through electronic consults because I was so busy over here. But on nights and weekends I did some of those. And then in I think it was June, I finally was able to carve out some time to do patient care during one of our surgeries.

So but Henry, if you have other questions after this, please feel free to shoot me an email and I can try and answer additional questions for you.

[Assistant] Oh, sure. Yeah. Thank you. I mean, do you have, like, a very strict time limit here?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I am [mid 50s].

[Assistant] OK, great. Thanks.

[User]
One of the other things, you know, I'm an infectious disease doctor. So when this all happened, I became a de facto COVID czar for the institution and I continue to do that. So I just got an email, for example, about a student who was accepted to our program but hasn't been vaccinated for COVID 19 and she has an exemption letter.

And would we accept her exemption letter? So I had to read that and respond. So that's still ongoing. So we all did multiple different jobs and I did some patient care. Initially it was through electronic consults because I was so busy over here. But on nights and weekends I did some of those. And then in I think it was June, I finally was able to carve out some time to do patient care during one of our surgeries.

So but Henry, if you have other questions after this, please feel free to shoot me an email and I can try and answer additional questions for you.

[Assistant] Oh, sure. Yeah. Thank you. I mean, do you have, like, a very strict time limit here?

[User] No, I have I have at least another 10 minutes.

[Assistant]
OK, great. Yeah, I probably will have follow up questions. At some point. And just I speak with my advisor tomorrow so I can see mentioned. I mean, we're still in it.

And it seems like this duration has taken a lot of people by surprise. Why do you think that is?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
I'm thinking it's coming here next. You know, there's, there's there's no way it's not you know, if it had gone to let's say, you know, South Dakota, where they have very poor infrastructure and they had a hard time managing it I would have said, well, they don't they're not heavily resourced. But, you know, Seattle is one of the premier health facility centers.

You know, they're they're incredibly well resourced. There's tremendous public health in Washington State. And watching how they have this cascade of challenges and again, they pulled their students out.

[Assistant] But I mean, if but if it made it to South Dakota, it would surely be in New York as well.

[User] But, you know, the traffic between Seattle and New York is is is very high. The traffic between South Dakota and New York is not not that high.

[Assistant] Well, same with Wuhan to South Dakota is not that high either.

[User]
Well, you know, but again, Wuhan is a major urban setting so my my point is that if if Washington State, with their incredible public health and the remarkable health care facilities that they have, was not able to handle this very effectively we then, you know, New York is usually the next place to get something. So if if drug resistant gonorrhea is in San Francisco and L.A., guess what?

It's going to be in New York very soon too. HIV, you know, L.A., San Francisco, New York. This is just how you see it. And so I was very confident that we are going to have this. How much of a challenge it was going to be wasn't necessarily clear yet. Again, at that time, it was thought that this was droplet spread, and droplets are much easier to manage than aerosol spread.

And so we thought we had better tools and we thought we knew more early on. Then than we did.

[Assistant]
Thank you for that.

Last one, because you got to go see Seattle, Bangkok, Seattle, Iran, Italy can tell me about how you're feeling.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Since I got married in this village?

[Assistant] Yes

[User] It is a long time ago, since 1986.

[Assistant] Since 86?

[User] So up to now it is 31 years

[Assistant] How have you been able to be a leader or famous in this village?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] It is a long time ago, since 1986.

[Assistant] Since 86?

[User] So up to now it is 31 years

[Assistant] How have you been able to be a leader or famous in this village?

[User] I have been able to be a leader through our small groups, for example there are our small groups of selling milk and other small groups for getting our small needs and been able to be in VICOBA

[Assistant] Were you chosen to be a leader?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] So up to now it is 31 years

[Assistant] How have you been able to be a leader or famous in this village?

[User] I have been able to be a leader through our small groups, for example there are our small groups of selling milk and other small groups for getting our small needs and been able to be in VICOBA

[Assistant] Were you chosen to be a leader?

[User] For the first time I was a leader as a chairperson but due to the eyes problems and heart problem I failed to be leader

[Assistant] Mama what bad things have been happening since February up to now in this year?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] For the first time I was a leader as a chairperson but due to the eyes problems and heart problem I failed to be leader

[Assistant] Mama what bad things have been happening since February up to now in this year?

[User] Since February?

[Assistant] Yes

[User] I have not seen anything bad happening, I only face hardship in life specifically in earning money, in business and maybe death of animals

[Assistant] what’s the number of rich families in this village? And does it increase or decrease?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Since February?

[Assistant] Yes

[User] I have not seen anything bad happening, I only face hardship in life specifically in earning money, in business and maybe death of animals

[Assistant] what’s the number of rich families in this village? And does it increase or decrease?

[User]
I can say it depends on the family itself, there is a year it increases and there is a year it decreases because a family can get visitors to live in such family since they do not afford their lives from where they came from. So, in that situation the family has increased

On the side of richness?

[Assistant] Since when you arrived here, does the number of rich families increase or decrease?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I have not seen anything bad happening, I only face hardship in life specifically in earning money, in business and maybe death of animals

[Assistant] what’s the number of rich families in this village? And does it increase or decrease?

[User]
I can say it depends on the family itself, there is a year it increases and there is a year it decreases because a family can get visitors to live in such family since they do not afford their lives from where they came from. So, in that situation the family has increased

On the side of richness?

[Assistant] Since when you arrived here, does the number of rich families increase or decrease?

[User] I have not seen yet but the only thing I see in my family the riches have decreased

[Assistant] what is the number of poor families since you arrived in this area? Does it increase or decreases?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
I can say it depends on the family itself, there is a year it increases and there is a year it decreases because a family can get visitors to live in such family since they do not afford their lives from where they came from. So, in that situation the family has increased

On the side of richness?

[Assistant] Since when you arrived here, does the number of rich families increase or decrease?

[User] I have not seen yet but the only thing I see in my family the riches have decreased

[Assistant] what is the number of poor families since you arrived in this area? Does it increase or decreases?

[User] I see some were poor but now they are well of, some are poor and the situation mostly continues to be bad, they become poorer.

[Assistant] What do you think the source of those changes?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I have not seen yet but the only thing I see in my family the riches have decreased

[Assistant] what is the number of poor families since you arrived in this area? Does it increase or decreases?

[User] I see some were poor but now they are well of, some are poor and the situation mostly continues to be bad, they become poorer.

[Assistant] What do you think the source of those changes?

[User] I think the source may depend on such family for example One may have five cows but they die of draught and the families remain with nothing. Since the cows do not produce milk again.

[Assistant] What is the major reason for that?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I see some were poor but now they are well of, some are poor and the situation mostly continues to be bad, they become poorer.

[Assistant] What do you think the source of those changes?

[User] I think the source may depend on such family for example One may have five cows but they die of draught and the families remain with nothing. Since the cows do not produce milk again.

[Assistant] What is the major reason for that?

[User] The problem is the sun damaging the animals because others cannot do farming, they depend on animals. Others practice animal husbandry and farming so they can get crops when their animals die.

[Assistant] How do these changes affect the society?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I think the source may depend on such family for example One may have five cows but they die of draught and the families remain with nothing. Since the cows do not produce milk again.

[Assistant] What is the major reason for that?

[User] The problem is the sun damaging the animals because others cannot do farming, they depend on animals. Others practice animal husbandry and farming so they can get crops when their animals die.

[Assistant] How do these changes affect the society?

[User] They have affected the society at large, for example a person has lost the animals and having the children who depend on her/ him, so it is a problem because he / she lacks money even for sending a child to the hospital, hence she/ he should go to the neighbor begging for the help even two hundred Tanzania shilling to send their children to the hospital and if at all you have, one decides to help. Truly there are societies which are affected like that.

[Assistant] How have these changes affected the nutrition area?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The problem is the sun damaging the animals because others cannot do farming, they depend on animals. Others practice animal husbandry and farming so they can get crops when their animals die.

[Assistant] How do these changes affect the society?

[User] They have affected the society at large, for example a person has lost the animals and having the children who depend on her/ him, so it is a problem because he / she lacks money even for sending a child to the hospital, hence she/ he should go to the neighbor begging for the help even two hundred Tanzania shilling to send their children to the hospital and if at all you have, one decides to help. Truly there are societies which are affected like that.

[Assistant] How have these changes affected the nutrition area?

[User] It is hard to know on the nutrition side because I donot know on the side of other people since others depend to get their nutrition at the market and he/ she does not have an income for him/ her to go to the market, it is hard for them at least to me who know where I can hustle and get little money

[Assistant] Which calamities have you seen lately?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] They have affected the society at large, for example a person has lost the animals and having the children who depend on her/ him, so it is a problem because he / she lacks money even for sending a child to the hospital, hence she/ he should go to the neighbor begging for the help even two hundred Tanzania shilling to send their children to the hospital and if at all you have, one decides to help. Truly there are societies which are affected like that.

[Assistant] How have these changes affected the nutrition area?

[User] It is hard to know on the nutrition side because I donot know on the side of other people since others depend to get their nutrition at the market and he/ she does not have an income for him/ her to go to the market, it is hard for them at least to me who know where I can hustle and get little money

[Assistant] Which calamities have you seen lately?

[User] These current days?

[Assistant] Yes in the interval of Two years, one year, five years


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] It is hard to know on the nutrition side because I donot know on the side of other people since others depend to get their nutrition at the market and he/ she does not have an income for him/ her to go to the market, it is hard for them at least to me who know where I can hustle and get little money

[Assistant] Which calamities have you seen lately?

[User] These current days?

[Assistant] Yes in the interval of Two years, one year, five years

[User] The calamities that I have seen for the last years are those of people fighting

[Assistant] What are they?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] These current days?

[Assistant] Yes in the interval of Two years, one year, five years

[User] The calamities that I have seen for the last years are those of people fighting

[Assistant] What are they?

[User] The animals going to the people farms but I do not see any other.

[Assistant] Are there calamities which you have seen concerning unavailability of enough food?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The calamities that I have seen for the last years are those of people fighting

[Assistant] What are they?

[User] The animals going to the people farms but I do not see any other.

[Assistant] Are there calamities which you have seen concerning unavailability of enough food?

[User] I have seen the adequate of food last year because of the drought, we bought the bag of flour of 25 kilograms at forty-three thousand Tanzania shilling. Hence we got that calamity

[Assistant] How about lack of market?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The animals going to the people farms but I do not see any other.

[Assistant] Are there calamities which you have seen concerning unavailability of enough food?

[User] I have seen the adequate of food last year because of the drought, we bought the bag of flour of 25 kilograms at forty-three thousand Tanzania shilling. Hence we got that calamity

[Assistant] How about lack of market?

[User] There is no a market in this area, we depend the market in the neighboring village where there is a market but in this village we can sell food to each other for example if u have cultivated crops and you need to sell to the neighbor who needs them but if they do not need you may sell them to the people from far. But currently we have been selling them to each other within the village.

[Assistant] what about lack of enough firewood for cooking?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I have seen the adequate of food last year because of the drought, we bought the bag of flour of 25 kilograms at forty-three thousand Tanzania shilling. Hence we got that calamity

[Assistant] How about lack of market?

[User] There is no a market in this area, we depend the market in the neighboring village where there is a market but in this village we can sell food to each other for example if u have cultivated crops and you need to sell to the neighbor who needs them but if they do not need you may sell them to the people from far. But currently we have been selling them to each other within the village.

[Assistant] what about lack of enough firewood for cooking?

[User] We collect the firewood within the village, but the one who is capable of using the paraffin stove or use charcoal they usually use depending on one’s income.

[Assistant] do you think the problem of lack of enough water and starvation has contributed to the unavailability of enough food in this society?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] There is no a market in this area, we depend the market in the neighboring village where there is a market but in this village we can sell food to each other for example if u have cultivated crops and you need to sell to the neighbor who needs them but if they do not need you may sell them to the people from far. But currently we have been selling them to each other within the village.

[Assistant] what about lack of enough firewood for cooking?

[User] We collect the firewood within the village, but the one who is capable of using the paraffin stove or use charcoal they usually use depending on one’s income.

[Assistant] do you think the problem of lack of enough water and starvation has contributed to the unavailability of enough food in this society?

[User] If there is no rainfall you may not get food since cultivation depends on the availability of enough rainfall, lack of rainfall causes crops to die but if there is enough rainfall one may get enough food since the crops grow well

[Assistant] Don’t you have the problem of lack of water?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] We collect the firewood within the village, but the one who is capable of using the paraffin stove or use charcoal they usually use depending on one’s income.

[Assistant] do you think the problem of lack of enough water and starvation has contributed to the unavailability of enough food in this society?

[User] If there is no rainfall you may not get food since cultivation depends on the availability of enough rainfall, lack of rainfall causes crops to die but if there is enough rainfall one may get enough food since the crops grow well

[Assistant] Don’t you have the problem of lack of water?

[User] There is water problem since it is drought season and we depend on tapes, and our well, water is pumped, we buy diesel so we are distributed water by using tapes but rivers are far away from here

[Assistant] do you think lack of water and firewood for cooking may be the source of lack of food?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] If there is no rainfall you may not get food since cultivation depends on the availability of enough rainfall, lack of rainfall causes crops to die but if there is enough rainfall one may get enough food since the crops grow well

[Assistant] Don’t you have the problem of lack of water?

[User] There is water problem since it is drought season and we depend on tapes, and our well, water is pumped, we buy diesel so we are distributed water by using tapes but rivers are far away from here

[Assistant] do you think lack of water and firewood for cooking may be the source of lack of food?

[User] no, Firewood cannot be the source of inadequate food since they are collected and if he food is there you can cook, about water u can send someone to the far tapes to bring them for you

[Assistant] How do the families address the problem of inadequate food supply in this society?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] There is water problem since it is drought season and we depend on tapes, and our well, water is pumped, we buy diesel so we are distributed water by using tapes but rivers are far away from here

[Assistant] do you think lack of water and firewood for cooking may be the source of lack of food?

[User] no, Firewood cannot be the source of inadequate food since they are collected and if he food is there you can cook, about water u can send someone to the far tapes to bring them for you

[Assistant] How do the families address the problem of inadequate food supply in this society?

[User] Other families are not capable in engaging in agriculture, so that family fails to know where to start to learn it becomes hard to learn and be able to cultivate

[Assistant] Which tactics do you use to make sure that a family has enough food?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] no, Firewood cannot be the source of inadequate food since they are collected and if he food is there you can cook, about water u can send someone to the far tapes to bring them for you

[Assistant] How do the families address the problem of inadequate food supply in this society?

[User] Other families are not capable in engaging in agriculture, so that family fails to know where to start to learn it becomes hard to learn and be able to cultivate

[Assistant] Which tactics do you use to make sure that a family has enough food?

[User] The only means in finding food is by engaging in agriculture, doing business and buying food in the market, everyone design their ways so as the children are satisfied

[Assistant] are there any other means?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Other families are not capable in engaging in agriculture, so that family fails to know where to start to learn it becomes hard to learn and be able to cultivate

[Assistant] Which tactics do you use to make sure that a family has enough food?

[User] The only means in finding food is by engaging in agriculture, doing business and buying food in the market, everyone design their ways so as the children are satisfied

[Assistant] are there any other means?

[User] I only know that one that you think which way you will use so as you can eat so a person should find food for the children to eat and get satisfied

[Assistant] How about selling the animals?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The only means in finding food is by engaging in agriculture, doing business and buying food in the market, everyone design their ways so as the children are satisfied

[Assistant] are there any other means?

[User] I only know that one that you think which way you will use so as you can eat so a person should find food for the children to eat and get satisfied

[Assistant] How about selling the animals?

[User] The large percent is the men who sell their animals, me as a woman is not easy to sell my animal since a father is a main person who own the animals

[Assistant] How do men spend the money when they sell their animals?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I only know that one that you think which way you will use so as you can eat so a person should find food for the children to eat and get satisfied

[Assistant] How about selling the animals?

[User] The large percent is the men who sell their animals, me as a woman is not easy to sell my animal since a father is a main person who own the animals

[Assistant] How do men spend the money when they sell their animals?

[User] Buying food, when there is no food they buy food, buy clothes for their children, caring for his family and if he is the farmer he can farm by using that money

[Assistant] And how about slaughtering the animals?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The large percent is the men who sell their animals, me as a woman is not easy to sell my animal since a father is a main person who own the animals

[Assistant] How do men spend the money when they sell their animals?

[User] Buying food, when there is no food they buy food, buy clothes for their children, caring for his family and if he is the farmer he can farm by using that money

[Assistant] And how about slaughtering the animals?

[User] Slaughtering for eating?

[Assistant] Yes, slaughtering for selling so as to get money


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Buying food, when there is no food they buy food, buy clothes for their children, caring for his family and if he is the farmer he can farm by using that money

[Assistant] And how about slaughtering the animals?

[User] Slaughtering for eating?

[Assistant] Yes, slaughtering for selling so as to get money

[User] to my side, they never slaughter to get meat for selling so as to earn money, they slaughter for eating or they sell the animal when there is a problem at home

[Assistant] What kinds of people are mostly affected when there is inadequate food supply?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] to my side, they never slaughter to get meat for selling so as to earn money, they slaughter for eating or they sell the animal when there is a problem at home

[Assistant] What kinds of people are mostly affected when there is inadequate food supply?

[User] It is women and children

[Assistant] How?

[User] Father is the one to go out and find food while mother remain home with children while at the moment she has to find a way out for the children to eat until father comes back

[Assistant] what means do you use to reduce or remove the problem of hunger in the village?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] It is women and children

[Assistant] How?

[User] Father is the one to go out and find food while mother remain home with children while at the moment she has to find a way out for the children to eat until father comes back

[Assistant] what means do you use to reduce or remove the problem of hunger in the village?

[User] people save what they have harvested, the food kept in stock should be used well to cover the whole time until when they cultivate again, and one should budget.

[Assistant] how can water reduce the problem of lack of enough food?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Father is the one to go out and find food while mother remain home with children while at the moment she has to find a way out for the children to eat until father comes back

[Assistant] what means do you use to reduce or remove the problem of hunger in the village?

[User] people save what they have harvested, the food kept in stock should be used well to cover the whole time until when they cultivate again, and one should budget.

[Assistant] how can water reduce the problem of lack of enough food?

[User] presence of enough water leads to availability of food, water is directly proportion to enough food

[Assistant] are there any changes on the climate?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] people save what they have harvested, the food kept in stock should be used well to cover the whole time until when they cultivate again, and one should budget.

[Assistant] how can water reduce the problem of lack of enough food?

[User] presence of enough water leads to availability of food, water is directly proportion to enough food

[Assistant] are there any changes on the climate?

[User] there always changes in whether the rainy season may begin earlier or delays, for example in this year last month we had rain for two days unlike other years there is usually no rain in September, usually it is raining in December and April mostly

[Assistant] are there any major changes in the weather conditions in the society?