[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No. I've had the flu vaccine several times and never queried it. It's just been like, well, this is a vaccine, I'll have it. I don't personally, I've never had an any, but I've had friends who've had negative side effects and reactions against vaccines. I've been very fortunate I haven't had any to anything I've taken or anything I've had vaccine wise, no. So no, I haven't had any conversations with them there.

[Assistant] Yeah, sure. Um, so you mentioned that [Child] was not able to have the flu vaccine this year, right?

[User] That's right.

[Assistant] Yeah. So how did you find out that he was not eligible. Did you try to get the vaccine. Can you speak to that a little?

[User] Yeah, so I looked up. I remember thinking, "Oh, is that I think that children have? I need to look that up." I'm thinking he looks like he's in the ineligible bit and I have a support group of NCT. Do you know about the NCT, Natural Childbirth Trust?

[Assistant] I'm not familiar, no.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] That's right.

[Assistant] Yeah. So how did you find out that he was not eligible. Did you try to get the vaccine. Can you speak to that a little?

[User] Yeah, so I looked up. I remember thinking, "Oh, is that I think that children have? I need to look that up." I'm thinking he looks like he's in the ineligible bit and I have a support group of NCT. Do you know about the NCT, Natural Childbirth Trust?

[Assistant] I'm not familiar, no.

[User] So they're are national charity and they run antenatal classes for parents to be all over the country. They're a charity, you pay for the course and it's extremely popular course preparing you for childbirth, but generally you're sort of buying friends and a support network for when you have the baby. I have a close group of those friends, of six of us on on WhatsApp. So I guess I go to my peers. I remember there was a discussion on there about the flu vaccine because somebody was considering going to private for the flu vaccine. And I think that's what prompted me as well to look it up and just see whether I, you know, thought we needed to go down that route or it would just leave it.

[Assistant] Yeah. Was that someone, can you remember, is that someone whose child was below the eligibility age?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yeah, so I looked up. I remember thinking, "Oh, is that I think that children have? I need to look that up." I'm thinking he looks like he's in the ineligible bit and I have a support group of NCT. Do you know about the NCT, Natural Childbirth Trust?

[Assistant] I'm not familiar, no.

[User] So they're are national charity and they run antenatal classes for parents to be all over the country. They're a charity, you pay for the course and it's extremely popular course preparing you for childbirth, but generally you're sort of buying friends and a support network for when you have the baby. I have a close group of those friends, of six of us on on WhatsApp. So I guess I go to my peers. I remember there was a discussion on there about the flu vaccine because somebody was considering going to private for the flu vaccine. And I think that's what prompted me as well to look it up and just see whether I, you know, thought we needed to go down that route or it would just leave it.

[Assistant] Yeah. Was that someone, can you remember, is that someone whose child was below the eligibility age?

[User] Yeah, they're all the same age. They're all born around January 2018.

[Assistant] So is that something that you considered going with a private option for? Or was it when you saw that it wasn't recommended by the NHS that you just thought, "No, I'm not gonna bother with that"?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] So they're are national charity and they run antenatal classes for parents to be all over the country. They're a charity, you pay for the course and it's extremely popular course preparing you for childbirth, but generally you're sort of buying friends and a support network for when you have the baby. I have a close group of those friends, of six of us on on WhatsApp. So I guess I go to my peers. I remember there was a discussion on there about the flu vaccine because somebody was considering going to private for the flu vaccine. And I think that's what prompted me as well to look it up and just see whether I, you know, thought we needed to go down that route or it would just leave it.

[Assistant] Yeah. Was that someone, can you remember, is that someone whose child was below the eligibility age?

[User] Yeah, they're all the same age. They're all born around January 2018.

[Assistant] So is that something that you considered going with a private option for? Or was it when you saw that it wasn't recommended by the NHS that you just thought, "No, I'm not gonna bother with that"?

[User] That's basically, I think I vaguely entertained the idea and then thought they would, if it was really dangerous for his age group. If I thought he was at really a mortal danger risk than I would expect the NHS to have that covered off, and they dont. I didn't, so I guess I trust it, them, and I did look into it and decided it wasn't, it wasn't worth it.

[Assistant] Yeah, absolutely. Um, but you had said earlier on that you did want [Child] to have it and that you were, were frustrated by that. So would you say it was really important to you that he would have it this year, or was it something that you know, like. Can you speak to a little bit? Was it something you were upset about when you learned that he wasn't eligible or was it something that was more just like "oh okay if that's what they said."


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Oh definitely, yeah. I definitely worry more in general for all sort of those infectious diseases. You know, he picks up cold really easily like any kid of his age and whenever he gets a cold, he gets a secondary ear infection. So for me, it's sort of unpleasant long process, getting an infection out of him. And so yeah I really, I'd really, that's been one of the upsides of having him at home, he's had no ear infections at all from between February and now. So certainly something I definitely, I don't worry about it, but I'm much more aware of the fact that he's much more likely to get poorly.

[Assistant] So it sounds like that's would be another sort of benefit of vaccination is that, you know, of course, the primary interest is that he's healthy and he's safe but the sort of secondary benefit is as a parent, you don't have to kind of deal with having a sick child in the house for weeks at a time.

[User] Oh yeah. And you don't him to be, you know he doesn't understand. It's awful for them when they're sick and its awful for the parents. Nobody gets any sleep and it's really worrying. So anything you can do to avoid that kind of pain. It's yeah, I think it's a benefit.

[Assistant] Absolutely. Makes sense to me. Um, so I do have just a couple other questions, sort of about vaccine in general and sort of your thoughts around that. So has [Child] had the other sort of routine childhood vaccinations?

[User] Yeah, yeah he's had all of those.

[Assistant] Yeah, and was that something. Can you tell me a little bit about how you decided he should be vaccinated for those or do you feel like it was a decision at all? You know, can you speak to that?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Oh yeah. And you don't him to be, you know he doesn't understand. It's awful for them when they're sick and its awful for the parents. Nobody gets any sleep and it's really worrying. So anything you can do to avoid that kind of pain. It's yeah, I think it's a benefit.

[Assistant] Absolutely. Makes sense to me. Um, so I do have just a couple other questions, sort of about vaccine in general and sort of your thoughts around that. So has [Child] had the other sort of routine childhood vaccinations?

[User] Yeah, yeah he's had all of those.

[Assistant] Yeah, and was that something. Can you tell me a little bit about how you decided he should be vaccinated for those or do you feel like it was a decision at all? You know, can you speak to that?

[User] Not a decision. I mean, for us it was just absolute he's having vaccinations. It was never, it was never a conversation. It was never a yes or no, it was just this is his vaccination schedule. My husband's not medically trained, but he's a medicinal chemistry. I'm not a scientist but you know I was vaccinated as a child.I think its one of the great, you know, wonders of the modern world. It would be stupid to turn it down.

[Assistant] Yeah sure, I can completely understand that. So it was, I just want to make sure I'm understanding correctly, it was just because, you know, they're available you trust the science and kind of the medical institutions.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yeah, yeah he's had all of those.

[Assistant] Yeah, and was that something. Can you tell me a little bit about how you decided he should be vaccinated for those or do you feel like it was a decision at all? You know, can you speak to that?

[User] Not a decision. I mean, for us it was just absolute he's having vaccinations. It was never, it was never a conversation. It was never a yes or no, it was just this is his vaccination schedule. My husband's not medically trained, but he's a medicinal chemistry. I'm not a scientist but you know I was vaccinated as a child.I think its one of the great, you know, wonders of the modern world. It would be stupid to turn it down.

[Assistant] Yeah sure, I can completely understand that. So it was, I just want to make sure I'm understanding correctly, it was just because, you know, they're available you trust the science and kind of the medical institutions.

[User] Yeah, and I don't see the downside. So even if something is less effective than maybe it's advertised to be, or should be, or if something. I don't know, if the evidence, if it's seen as an unnecessary actually if you look into it and you realize that young children aren't at that much risk from certain diseases and it's sort of an enormous and unnecessary injection that's for other people to decide for me. There's no downside of having it. So that's, yeah. I guess that's how I feel.

[Assistant] Yeah. And you mentioned earlier to that your thinking was, like, even if it's an unnecessary injection. It's such a quick, you know, thing, and he's not going to remember it anyway.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Not a decision. I mean, for us it was just absolute he's having vaccinations. It was never, it was never a conversation. It was never a yes or no, it was just this is his vaccination schedule. My husband's not medically trained, but he's a medicinal chemistry. I'm not a scientist but you know I was vaccinated as a child.I think its one of the great, you know, wonders of the modern world. It would be stupid to turn it down.

[Assistant] Yeah sure, I can completely understand that. So it was, I just want to make sure I'm understanding correctly, it was just because, you know, they're available you trust the science and kind of the medical institutions.

[User] Yeah, and I don't see the downside. So even if something is less effective than maybe it's advertised to be, or should be, or if something. I don't know, if the evidence, if it's seen as an unnecessary actually if you look into it and you realize that young children aren't at that much risk from certain diseases and it's sort of an enormous and unnecessary injection that's for other people to decide for me. There's no downside of having it. So that's, yeah. I guess that's how I feel.

[Assistant] Yeah. And you mentioned earlier to that your thinking was, like, even if it's an unnecessary injection. It's such a quick, you know, thing, and he's not going to remember it anyway.

[User] Exactly, yeah.

[Assistant] Have you personally had the flu vaccine this year.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yeah, and I don't see the downside. So even if something is less effective than maybe it's advertised to be, or should be, or if something. I don't know, if the evidence, if it's seen as an unnecessary actually if you look into it and you realize that young children aren't at that much risk from certain diseases and it's sort of an enormous and unnecessary injection that's for other people to decide for me. There's no downside of having it. So that's, yeah. I guess that's how I feel.

[Assistant] Yeah. And you mentioned earlier to that your thinking was, like, even if it's an unnecessary injection. It's such a quick, you know, thing, and he's not going to remember it anyway.

[User] Exactly, yeah.

[Assistant] Have you personally had the flu vaccine this year.

[User] No.

[Assistant] Is that, do you think that's just because it wasn't available or was that a decision kind of that you made.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Exactly, yeah.

[Assistant] Have you personally had the flu vaccine this year.

[User] No.

[Assistant] Is that, do you think that's just because it wasn't available or was that a decision kind of that you made.

[User] I wasn't on the list for this winter so it wasn't, it wasn't a consideration. I don't consider myself to be in a high risk group.

[Assistant] Sure. Yeah, absolutely.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No.

[Assistant] Is that, do you think that's just because it wasn't available or was that a decision kind of that you made.

[User] I wasn't on the list for this winter so it wasn't, it wasn't a consideration. I don't consider myself to be in a high risk group.

[Assistant] Sure. Yeah, absolutely.

[User] I had it when I was pregnant with him.

[Assistant] Okay, so, yeah. So when you were pregnant with them and you were part of a high risk group. Was that something you got through the GP?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I wasn't on the list for this winter so it wasn't, it wasn't a consideration. I don't consider myself to be in a high risk group.

[Assistant] Sure. Yeah, absolutely.

[User] I had it when I was pregnant with him.

[Assistant] Okay, so, yeah. So when you were pregnant with them and you were part of a high risk group. Was that something you got through the GP?

[User] Through the GP yeah. Because it was available. I wouldn't pay. As I said, I used to take advantage of it when my private employer paid for it. But it's not something I would pay for for myself.

[Assistant] Yeah, you just don't see sort of the the sort of the cost in that situation--


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I had it when I was pregnant with him.

[Assistant] Okay, so, yeah. So when you were pregnant with them and you were part of a high risk group. Was that something you got through the GP?

[User] Through the GP yeah. Because it was available. I wouldn't pay. As I said, I used to take advantage of it when my private employer paid for it. But it's not something I would pay for for myself.

[Assistant] Yeah, you just don't see sort of the the sort of the cost in that situation--

[User] You know I don't even know how much it would cost. Its a funny one because you think well I cared enough to give it a bit done when the nurse came round but it was because it was just there and available and didn't require any administration, didn't require any money. And but then it's, then that thinking about as a next step, I don't consider it a high risk enough illness me at this stage of life that I would, I would feel like I needed to pay for it.

[Assistant] Yeah, well, there's an I think there's a lot of other costs there to, you know, maybe not monetary costs, but you have to take the time out of your day to figure out where to go. You have to actually go there, you need to kind of go through the whole process and pay the money. So I think it makes sense that if you're not worried about having flu yourself that the costs of that, you know, kind of all the costs would outweigh the benefit that you would get from the vaccine.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Through the GP yeah. Because it was available. I wouldn't pay. As I said, I used to take advantage of it when my private employer paid for it. But it's not something I would pay for for myself.

[Assistant] Yeah, you just don't see sort of the the sort of the cost in that situation--

[User] You know I don't even know how much it would cost. Its a funny one because you think well I cared enough to give it a bit done when the nurse came round but it was because it was just there and available and didn't require any administration, didn't require any money. And but then it's, then that thinking about as a next step, I don't consider it a high risk enough illness me at this stage of life that I would, I would feel like I needed to pay for it.

[Assistant] Yeah, well, there's an I think there's a lot of other costs there to, you know, maybe not monetary costs, but you have to take the time out of your day to figure out where to go. You have to actually go there, you need to kind of go through the whole process and pay the money. So I think it makes sense that if you're not worried about having flu yourself that the costs of that, you know, kind of all the costs would outweigh the benefit that you would get from the vaccine.

[User] Yeah absolutely..

[Assistant] Yeah, that makes sense to me. So that is sort of the last of my questions. So what I just like to kind of close on. Is there anything else that you'd like to say about the flu or the flu vaccine or vaccination in general, anything that I didn't ask about that you'd like to speak to?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
They include bananas, tomatoes, rice, etc.

Most of the changes in Maasai life have been caused by severe sunshine and aridity which have led to deaths of cows and low production of milk, that's why we have decided to adapt new kinds of food.

At our young ages, our grandparents also used to eat honey.

[Assistant] How has aridity caused these changes more especially little production of foods?

[User]
Aridity has dried pasture and water which are mainly depended on livestock for survival, so many livestock have died. Crop production has also been affected because lack of rainfall has accelerated low production of food crops.

Aridity has been very severe and abnormal, this has led to shortage of pasture and water which are mainly foods for livestock, thus livestock die.

Some changes have been caused by rapid population increase, some of the grown up people have gone to school and they know many environmental impacts due to aridity.

[Assistant] Apart from aridity, rapid population and tribal interaction, what else has caused changes?

[User]
Education has also caused many changes to the current life. In the past years we did not use cars, bicycles or motorbikes for our movements, instead we moved on foot, but nowadays many people are owning cars, bicycles, motorcycles etc.

Climate change has also caused some changes in normal life, for instance cutting of trees and deforestation in general has led to loss of frola and fauna, as well as leading to shortage of moisture and rainfall.

[Assistant] How have these changes affected the responsibilities of women and men in Kambala village?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Aridity has dried pasture and water which are mainly depended on livestock for survival, so many livestock have died. Crop production has also been affected because lack of rainfall has accelerated low production of food crops.

Aridity has been very severe and abnormal, this has led to shortage of pasture and water which are mainly foods for livestock, thus livestock die.

Some changes have been caused by rapid population increase, some of the grown up people have gone to school and they know many environmental impacts due to aridity.

[Assistant] Apart from aridity, rapid population and tribal interaction, what else has caused changes?

[User]
Education has also caused many changes to the current life. In the past years we did not use cars, bicycles or motorbikes for our movements, instead we moved on foot, but nowadays many people are owning cars, bicycles, motorcycles etc.

Climate change has also caused some changes in normal life, for instance cutting of trees and deforestation in general has led to loss of frola and fauna, as well as leading to shortage of moisture and rainfall.

[Assistant] How have these changes affected the responsibilities of women and men in Kambala village?

[User]
There has been life difficulties because most maasai men like to marry more than a single wife, so when cows have decreased in number, then most men cannot be fully responsible to take care of his wives and children

Women used to milk cows and sell milk to other people, this enabled them to earn some money to sustain the family but nowadays due to these changes, cows have decreased in number thus leading to little production of milk, thus most women are no longer selling milk and earning some money, all domestic responsibilities are carried by the father/man.

[Assistant] We have mentioned a lot of factors for life changes, now what is he major or first and last factor/reason? These include aridity, rapid increase in human population, education, climate change. What is the first and last factor?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
There has been life difficulties because most maasai men like to marry more than a single wife, so when cows have decreased in number, then most men cannot be fully responsible to take care of his wives and children

Women used to milk cows and sell milk to other people, this enabled them to earn some money to sustain the family but nowadays due to these changes, cows have decreased in number thus leading to little production of milk, thus most women are no longer selling milk and earning some money, all domestic responsibilities are carried by the father/man.

[Assistant] We have mentioned a lot of factors for life changes, now what is he major or first and last factor/reason? These include aridity, rapid increase in human population, education, climate change. What is the first and last factor?

[User]
I think aridity should be the first factor.

Yes aridity should be the first factor for life changes.

The first factor should be social interaction among tribes.

Let us agree that the first factor is aridity because it badly affects both people and livestock.

The second factor should be social interaction among tribes.

The third factor to the current changes is increased population, because the land is fixed but the population on land is increasing tremendously.

The fourth factor is education. Education has created awareness among many people. People have changed their living standards inducing settlements standards; some have become teachers, church attendants, different leaders at different levels. etc.

The last factor is climate change. Climate change has led to deforestation, shortage of rainfall and moisture as well as bare land, drying of water sources and eventually aridity.

Most of our water sources such as rivers, dams and wells have dried up because of climate change. The shortage of water has led to deaths of many livestock.

Some crop farmers do burn their farms when clearing their farms, as a result fire spreads to other areas and burns a great part of the land, this also leads to death of livestock because of shortage of pasture.

[Assistant] What is the second factor?

[User] The first factor is aridity, the second factor is social and tribal interaction, increased population, education is another factor and the last one is climate change.

[Assistant] Ok. Now tell me how food preparation has changed?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
I think aridity should be the first factor.

Yes aridity should be the first factor for life changes.

The first factor should be social interaction among tribes.

Let us agree that the first factor is aridity because it badly affects both people and livestock.

The second factor should be social interaction among tribes.

The third factor to the current changes is increased population, because the land is fixed but the population on land is increasing tremendously.

The fourth factor is education. Education has created awareness among many people. People have changed their living standards inducing settlements standards; some have become teachers, church attendants, different leaders at different levels. etc.

The last factor is climate change. Climate change has led to deforestation, shortage of rainfall and moisture as well as bare land, drying of water sources and eventually aridity.

Most of our water sources such as rivers, dams and wells have dried up because of climate change. The shortage of water has led to deaths of many livestock.

Some crop farmers do burn their farms when clearing their farms, as a result fire spreads to other areas and burns a great part of the land, this also leads to death of livestock because of shortage of pasture.

[Assistant] What is the second factor?

[User] The first factor is aridity, the second factor is social and tribal interaction, increased population, education is another factor and the last one is climate change.

[Assistant] Ok. Now tell me how food preparation has changed?

[User] There are some changes in food preparation, for instance those who did not grow crops, they used to buy grains in June when summers season comes in, but for the crop growing society, these had enough food all the time.

[Assistant] Tell me how cooking food styles have changed, for example frying, boiling, burning, etc.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The first factor is aridity, the second factor is social and tribal interaction, increased population, education is another factor and the last one is climate change.

[Assistant] Ok. Now tell me how food preparation has changed?

[User] There are some changes in food preparation, for instance those who did not grow crops, they used to buy grains in June when summers season comes in, but for the crop growing society, these had enough food all the time.

[Assistant] Tell me how cooking food styles have changed, for example frying, boiling, burning, etc.

[User]
Yes there is change in food preparation, for instance we used to drink fresh and un-boiled milk, but nowadays we do boil milk. Honey was also taken while its raw but nowadays there is a tendency of boiling. Nowdays most people do prepare their foods by boiling. For instance at our young ages, cracked maize was mixed with honey and people ate it but nowadays cracked maize is mixed with beans and cooked.

There are great changes in food preparation because most of the people do know how to prepare and cook food.

[Assistant] What are prices of foods?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] There are some changes in food preparation, for instance those who did not grow crops, they used to buy grains in June when summers season comes in, but for the crop growing society, these had enough food all the time.

[Assistant] Tell me how cooking food styles have changed, for example frying, boiling, burning, etc.

[User]
Yes there is change in food preparation, for instance we used to drink fresh and un-boiled milk, but nowadays we do boil milk. Honey was also taken while its raw but nowadays there is a tendency of boiling. Nowdays most people do prepare their foods by boiling. For instance at our young ages, cracked maize was mixed with honey and people ate it but nowadays cracked maize is mixed with beans and cooked.

There are great changes in food preparation because most of the people do know how to prepare and cook food.

[Assistant] What are prices of foods?

[User] Food prices seem to be low more especially when farmers are selling their crops. We spend much cost to prepare, grow and harvest our crops but we end up selling them at low prices.

[Assistant] Does the food price determine the consumption of foods?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Yes there is change in food preparation, for instance we used to drink fresh and un-boiled milk, but nowadays we do boil milk. Honey was also taken while its raw but nowadays there is a tendency of boiling. Nowdays most people do prepare their foods by boiling. For instance at our young ages, cracked maize was mixed with honey and people ate it but nowadays cracked maize is mixed with beans and cooked.

There are great changes in food preparation because most of the people do know how to prepare and cook food.

[Assistant] What are prices of foods?

[User] Food prices seem to be low more especially when farmers are selling their crops. We spend much cost to prepare, grow and harvest our crops but we end up selling them at low prices.

[Assistant] Does the food price determine the consumption of foods?

[User] Yes, the food price determines the consumption of different foods, for instance in the last year a bucket of maize was sold at 25000-30000 thousands, so many people failed to eat stiff porridge because of maize scarcity.

[Assistant] Which foods when eaten by someone, people or his/her friends consider him /her to be poor/at low economic status?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Food prices seem to be low more especially when farmers are selling their crops. We spend much cost to prepare, grow and harvest our crops but we end up selling them at low prices.

[Assistant] Does the food price determine the consumption of foods?

[User] Yes, the food price determines the consumption of different foods, for instance in the last year a bucket of maize was sold at 25000-30000 thousands, so many people failed to eat stiff porridge because of maize scarcity.

[Assistant] Which foods when eaten by someone, people or his/her friends consider him /her to be poor/at low economic status?

[User]
These include stiff porridge and sweet potatoes leaves, amaranth leaves, beans, etc. Because many people used to eat meat and other food stuffs

People consider you to be poor or of low status when you eat cassava flour or unhulled cracked and cooked maize.

[Assistant] What about relish?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes, the food price determines the consumption of different foods, for instance in the last year a bucket of maize was sold at 25000-30000 thousands, so many people failed to eat stiff porridge because of maize scarcity.

[Assistant] Which foods when eaten by someone, people or his/her friends consider him /her to be poor/at low economic status?

[User]
These include stiff porridge and sweet potatoes leaves, amaranth leaves, beans, etc. Because many people used to eat meat and other food stuffs

People consider you to be poor or of low status when you eat cassava flour or unhulled cracked and cooked maize.

[Assistant] What about relish?

[User]
Some people do stir up maize flour and prepare porridge; they mix it with salt and eat it with stiff porridge.

In Maasai this is called "ekikorori', (this is same as kididio) it maize flour stirred up in water mixed with little salt and boiled as porridge, it is taken together with stiff porridge.

We Maasai people do not eat slippery vegetables.

[Assistant] Which foods when eaten by someone, people or his/her friends consider him /her to be rich/at high economic status?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
These include stiff porridge and sweet potatoes leaves, amaranth leaves, beans, etc. Because many people used to eat meat and other food stuffs

People consider you to be poor or of low status when you eat cassava flour or unhulled cracked and cooked maize.

[Assistant] What about relish?

[User]
Some people do stir up maize flour and prepare porridge; they mix it with salt and eat it with stiff porridge.

In Maasai this is called "ekikorori', (this is same as kididio) it maize flour stirred up in water mixed with little salt and boiled as porridge, it is taken together with stiff porridge.

We Maasai people do not eat slippery vegetables.

[Assistant] Which foods when eaten by someone, people or his/her friends consider him /her to be rich/at high economic status?

[User]
Meat

Meat, beer, soda, milk.

[Assistant] At what moments do meat and beer are eaten?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Some people do stir up maize flour and prepare porridge; they mix it with salt and eat it with stiff porridge.

In Maasai this is called "ekikorori', (this is same as kididio) it maize flour stirred up in water mixed with little salt and boiled as porridge, it is taken together with stiff porridge.

We Maasai people do not eat slippery vegetables.

[Assistant] Which foods when eaten by someone, people or his/her friends consider him /her to be rich/at high economic status?

[User]
Meat

Meat, beer, soda, milk.

[Assistant] At what moments do meat and beer are eaten?

[User]
These are mostly eaten at market places

Meat and beer are also eaten during different celebrations.

Other foods include meat, rice; milk

Milk tea is also considered to be taken by rich people.

[Assistant] How has aridity contributed to these changes in diet and nutrition?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Meat

Meat, beer, soda, milk.

[Assistant] At what moments do meat and beer are eaten?

[User]
These are mostly eaten at market places

Meat and beer are also eaten during different celebrations.

Other foods include meat, rice; milk

Milk tea is also considered to be taken by rich people.

[Assistant] How has aridity contributed to these changes in diet and nutrition?

[User] Aridity has contributed to changes in diet because it has led to shortage of rainfall and low production of food crops, so the food prices increased, for instance a bucket of maize was sold up to 28000 thousands, and some people have started having two or single meal per day.

[Assistant] What is the importance of milk?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
These are mostly eaten at market places

Meat and beer are also eaten during different celebrations.

Other foods include meat, rice; milk

Milk tea is also considered to be taken by rich people.

[Assistant] How has aridity contributed to these changes in diet and nutrition?

[User] Aridity has contributed to changes in diet because it has led to shortage of rainfall and low production of food crops, so the food prices increased, for instance a bucket of maize was sold up to 28000 thousands, and some people have started having two or single meal per day.

[Assistant] What is the importance of milk?

[User]
Milk is very important because it is one of our staple foods. Milk also acts as a poison diluting agent.

Milk is very important because it strengthen bodies more especially for the case of sick people.

Milk is also important because it is a main food and nutritious food for the delivered baby.

Milk is also a business commodity since it is sold by women and earned money is used to sustain the family.

[Assistant] Compare the importance of milk when you were still young and the current time?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Aridity has contributed to changes in diet because it has led to shortage of rainfall and low production of food crops, so the food prices increased, for instance a bucket of maize was sold up to 28000 thousands, and some people have started having two or single meal per day.

[Assistant] What is the importance of milk?

[User]
Milk is very important because it is one of our staple foods. Milk also acts as a poison diluting agent.

Milk is very important because it strengthen bodies more especially for the case of sick people.

Milk is also important because it is a main food and nutritious food for the delivered baby.

Milk is also a business commodity since it is sold by women and earned money is used to sustain the family.

[Assistant] Compare the importance of milk when you were still young and the current time?

[User]
The importance is still the same because we do not feed our kids with normal porridge instead we feed them with milk.

Milk is important for both kids and mature people, if you have not taken milk; your body seems to lack some special nutrients.

When we have finished our meals, we have to take at least a single cup of milk so as to improve body health, the kids who always take milk, they always become intelligent.

[Assistant] Ok, you have just little milk in your house. There is a kid and older man. Who will be given that little milk?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Milk is very important because it is one of our staple foods. Milk also acts as a poison diluting agent.

Milk is very important because it strengthen bodies more especially for the case of sick people.

Milk is also important because it is a main food and nutritious food for the delivered baby.

Milk is also a business commodity since it is sold by women and earned money is used to sustain the family.

[Assistant] Compare the importance of milk when you were still young and the current time?

[User]
The importance is still the same because we do not feed our kids with normal porridge instead we feed them with milk.

Milk is important for both kids and mature people, if you have not taken milk; your body seems to lack some special nutrients.

When we have finished our meals, we have to take at least a single cup of milk so as to improve body health, the kids who always take milk, they always become intelligent.

[Assistant] Ok, you have just little milk in your house. There is a kid and older man. Who will be given that little milk?

[User] The little milk will be given to the kid because milk builds the growing body organs such as brain. The older men will have to eat other types of food as alternative to milk

[Assistant] You claim that milk was very important to children unlike it is nowadays


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
The importance is still the same because we do not feed our kids with normal porridge instead we feed them with milk.

Milk is important for both kids and mature people, if you have not taken milk; your body seems to lack some special nutrients.

When we have finished our meals, we have to take at least a single cup of milk so as to improve body health, the kids who always take milk, they always become intelligent.

[Assistant] Ok, you have just little milk in your house. There is a kid and older man. Who will be given that little milk?

[User] The little milk will be given to the kid because milk builds the growing body organs such as brain. The older men will have to eat other types of food as alternative to milk

[Assistant] You claim that milk was very important to children unlike it is nowadays

[User]
Yes milk is very important to kids not only in the past years but also nowadays. Moreover the fact is the kids for the past years used to take enough milk and they became very intelligent but nowadays kids who do not take enough milk do not become intelligent enough.

Milk also created body immunity and prevents malnutrition such as kwashiorkor.

[Assistant] Do you produce enough milk or little milk?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The little milk will be given to the kid because milk builds the growing body organs such as brain. The older men will have to eat other types of food as alternative to milk

[Assistant] You claim that milk was very important to children unlike it is nowadays

[User]
Yes milk is very important to kids not only in the past years but also nowadays. Moreover the fact is the kids for the past years used to take enough milk and they became very intelligent but nowadays kids who do not take enough milk do not become intelligent enough.

Milk also created body immunity and prevents malnutrition such as kwashiorkor.

[Assistant] Do you produce enough milk or little milk?

[User]
Milk which is produced is very little due to the alarming aridity and cow diseases.

We do not get enough cow milk because of the last year severe aridity, whereby most livestock lacked enough pasture and water, still others died, thousands and thousands of cows died.

I propose he government to help us and give us some new breeds which can produce enough milk regardless of their little number.

We should get quality cow breeds so as to produce enough milk.

I think milk production quantity depends much on the available pasture and water and other treatments.

[Assistant] You have mentioned aridity, poor cow breeds, what else?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Yes milk is very important to kids not only in the past years but also nowadays. Moreover the fact is the kids for the past years used to take enough milk and they became very intelligent but nowadays kids who do not take enough milk do not become intelligent enough.

Milk also created body immunity and prevents malnutrition such as kwashiorkor.

[Assistant] Do you produce enough milk or little milk?

[User]
Milk which is produced is very little due to the alarming aridity and cow diseases.

We do not get enough cow milk because of the last year severe aridity, whereby most livestock lacked enough pasture and water, still others died, thousands and thousands of cows died.

I propose he government to help us and give us some new breeds which can produce enough milk regardless of their little number.

We should get quality cow breeds so as to produce enough milk.

I think milk production quantity depends much on the available pasture and water and other treatments.

[Assistant] You have mentioned aridity, poor cow breeds, what else?

[User] We should get enough veterinary services to our livestock, including cattle dips, sprays, etc.

[Assistant] What is the current situation to the livestock?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Milk which is produced is very little due to the alarming aridity and cow diseases.

We do not get enough cow milk because of the last year severe aridity, whereby most livestock lacked enough pasture and water, still others died, thousands and thousands of cows died.

I propose he government to help us and give us some new breeds which can produce enough milk regardless of their little number.

We should get quality cow breeds so as to produce enough milk.

I think milk production quantity depends much on the available pasture and water and other treatments.

[Assistant] You have mentioned aridity, poor cow breeds, what else?

[User] We should get enough veterinary services to our livestock, including cattle dips, sprays, etc.

[Assistant] What is the current situation to the livestock?

[User]
The current situation is very bad because most people have no livestock, some do beg for maize flour and milk from their neighbors.

Another factor for little production of milk was poor health to bulls, so they failed to mate with cows and give birth to calves; this is one of the reasons for scarcity of milk.

[Assistant] Ok, you have mentioned factors for little milk production including aridity, poor and weak bulls, cow diseases and poor cow breeds. What is the major and minor factor?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] We should get enough veterinary services to our livestock, including cattle dips, sprays, etc.

[Assistant] What is the current situation to the livestock?

[User]
The current situation is very bad because most people have no livestock, some do beg for maize flour and milk from their neighbors.

Another factor for little production of milk was poor health to bulls, so they failed to mate with cows and give birth to calves; this is one of the reasons for scarcity of milk.

[Assistant] Ok, you have mentioned factors for little milk production including aridity, poor and weak bulls, cow diseases and poor cow breeds. What is the major and minor factor?

[User]
Aridity should be the first and major factor.

Cow diseases and poor veterinary services.

Poor quality cow breeds is another factor.

Poor and weak bulls is another factor

[Assistant] Ok, how do you use the cow blood?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
The current situation is very bad because most people have no livestock, some do beg for maize flour and milk from their neighbors.

Another factor for little production of milk was poor health to bulls, so they failed to mate with cows and give birth to calves; this is one of the reasons for scarcity of milk.

[Assistant] Ok, you have mentioned factors for little milk production including aridity, poor and weak bulls, cow diseases and poor cow breeds. What is the major and minor factor?

[User]
Aridity should be the first and major factor.

Cow diseases and poor veterinary services.

Poor quality cow breeds is another factor.

Poor and weak bulls is another factor

[Assistant] Ok, how do you use the cow blood?

[User]
At our young ages, we used to tap cow blood and place it into the calabash, we mix it with salt and boil it, then we use it as food. It is called 'ngodek' in Maasai vernacular.

Instead of slaughtering the cow, you can use a special arrow to stab a certain blood vessel on the cow and tap blood in your special vessel, then you use as food.

We also use cow blood to cure a person suffering from malaria, we tap blood from the cow, we mix it with milk and give it to the malaria patient.

Cow blood is also used by the anaemic victim, if the kid has shortage of blood, we take cow blood and mix it with milk and give the kid to drink.

[Assistant] Do all people use this blood (both pare and Maasai people?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Aridity should be the first and major factor.

Cow diseases and poor veterinary services.

Poor quality cow breeds is another factor.

Poor and weak bulls is another factor

[Assistant] Ok, how do you use the cow blood?

[User]
At our young ages, we used to tap cow blood and place it into the calabash, we mix it with salt and boil it, then we use it as food. It is called 'ngodek' in Maasai vernacular.

Instead of slaughtering the cow, you can use a special arrow to stab a certain blood vessel on the cow and tap blood in your special vessel, then you use as food.

We also use cow blood to cure a person suffering from malaria, we tap blood from the cow, we mix it with milk and give it to the malaria patient.

Cow blood is also used by the anaemic victim, if the kid has shortage of blood, we take cow blood and mix it with milk and give the kid to drink.

[Assistant] Do all people use this blood (both pare and Maasai people?

[User]
Yes we all use it because we are all livestock keepers. In the past years we used to boil it and eat it as food but nowadays we simply use it in case there is sickness victim, meaning that when someone fall sick we give him/her cow blood.

Cow blood also acts as first aid, for instance when your wife delivers a baby and loses a lot of blood, then you tap cow blood and give her o drink before taking her to the hospital

We also drink blood when we are moving with cows from one place to another, when food is finished and no milk, then you will have to tap cow blood and drink it then you continue with your journey.

[Assistant] Do you drink it fresh?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
At our young ages, we used to tap cow blood and place it into the calabash, we mix it with salt and boil it, then we use it as food. It is called 'ngodek' in Maasai vernacular.

Instead of slaughtering the cow, you can use a special arrow to stab a certain blood vessel on the cow and tap blood in your special vessel, then you use as food.

We also use cow blood to cure a person suffering from malaria, we tap blood from the cow, we mix it with milk and give it to the malaria patient.

Cow blood is also used by the anaemic victim, if the kid has shortage of blood, we take cow blood and mix it with milk and give the kid to drink.

[Assistant] Do all people use this blood (both pare and Maasai people?

[User]
Yes we all use it because we are all livestock keepers. In the past years we used to boil it and eat it as food but nowadays we simply use it in case there is sickness victim, meaning that when someone fall sick we give him/her cow blood.

Cow blood also acts as first aid, for instance when your wife delivers a baby and loses a lot of blood, then you tap cow blood and give her o drink before taking her to the hospital

We also drink blood when we are moving with cows from one place to another, when food is finished and no milk, then you will have to tap cow blood and drink it then you continue with your journey.

[Assistant] Do you drink it fresh?

[User] Yes we drink it while it is fresh, when it drops from the cow.

[Assistant] To what extent do the current youths use this blood?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Yes we all use it because we are all livestock keepers. In the past years we used to boil it and eat it as food but nowadays we simply use it in case there is sickness victim, meaning that when someone fall sick we give him/her cow blood.

Cow blood also acts as first aid, for instance when your wife delivers a baby and loses a lot of blood, then you tap cow blood and give her o drink before taking her to the hospital

We also drink blood when we are moving with cows from one place to another, when food is finished and no milk, then you will have to tap cow blood and drink it then you continue with your journey.

[Assistant] Do you drink it fresh?

[User] Yes we drink it while it is fresh, when it drops from the cow.

[Assistant] To what extent do the current youths use this blood?

[User]
Drinking cow blood among the youths has rapidly decreased because most of them have gone to school

Most youths have attended secondary and college education, so they have decided to abandon some Maasai norms.

[Assistant] What is the place of the school as far as drinking cow blood is concerned?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes we drink it while it is fresh, when it drops from the cow.

[Assistant] To what extent do the current youths use this blood?

[User]
Drinking cow blood among the youths has rapidly decreased because most of them have gone to school

Most youths have attended secondary and college education, so they have decided to abandon some Maasai norms.

[Assistant] What is the place of the school as far as drinking cow blood is concerned?

[User]
The place of school in this case plays a great role, most youths do spend much time at schools and colleges, and they interact with other Swahili people, so they forgot some of their norms and decide to abandon them.

Most of college students do no longer drink raw blood, but very few of them do drink it when they come for holidays.

[Assistant] What are the effects to our society from these changes?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Drinking cow blood among the youths has rapidly decreased because most of them have gone to school

Most youths have attended secondary and college education, so they have decided to abandon some Maasai norms.

[Assistant] What is the place of the school as far as drinking cow blood is concerned?

[User]
The place of school in this case plays a great role, most youths do spend much time at schools and colleges, and they interact with other Swahili people, so they forgot some of their norms and decide to abandon them.

Most of college students do no longer drink raw blood, but very few of them do drink it when they come for holidays.

[Assistant] What are the effects to our society from these changes?

[User]
These changes have affected our society more especially our school and college children have been affected, for instance some of these children do no longer use herbs medicine to cure infections and diseases, still some of them tend to adapt foreign living styles and Swahili styles, they forget about their maasai norms.

Some of them do get starred when they come back and look at our natural foods which we eat, they tend to abandon some of the natural foods among the Maasai, and this is an effect.

[Assistant] Which foods are eaten by your children when they are at schools but they do not eat them when they come back home?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
The place of school in this case plays a great role, most youths do spend much time at schools and colleges, and they interact with other Swahili people, so they forgot some of their norms and decide to abandon them.

Most of college students do no longer drink raw blood, but very few of them do drink it when they come for holidays.

[Assistant] What are the effects to our society from these changes?

[User]
These changes have affected our society more especially our school and college children have been affected, for instance some of these children do no longer use herbs medicine to cure infections and diseases, still some of them tend to adapt foreign living styles and Swahili styles, they forget about their maasai norms.

Some of them do get starred when they come back and look at our natural foods which we eat, they tend to abandon some of the natural foods among the Maasai, and this is an effect.

[Assistant] Which foods are eaten by your children when they are at schools but they do not eat them when they come back home?

[User] These include chicken meat, fish, eggs, chips, etc.

[Assistant] What are the effects of these changes to your social and tribal interactions' ?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
These changes have affected our society more especially our school and college children have been affected, for instance some of these children do no longer use herbs medicine to cure infections and diseases, still some of them tend to adapt foreign living styles and Swahili styles, they forget about their maasai norms.

Some of them do get starred when they come back and look at our natural foods which we eat, they tend to abandon some of the natural foods among the Maasai, and this is an effect.

[Assistant] Which foods are eaten by your children when they are at schools but they do not eat them when they come back home?

[User] These include chicken meat, fish, eggs, chips, etc.

[Assistant] What are the effects of these changes to your social and tribal interactions' ?

[User]
Some effects to our tribal interactions is that we have learned some new things from them and they have learned new things from us, for instance we come together in different celebrations and other events, we share some food items, we marry each other, the pare can marry the maasai and the vice versa is true.

We also share some land use, for instance some of them do come and cultivate the land in our village and we use their land to graze our animals depending on the available procedures. This has created good relationship.

Yes there is good relationship between us and other tribes which are found in this area, this has enabled us to marry each other, for instance white men do marry Africans and Africans marry white men.

[Assistant] Let us talk about conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers? How is the situation in this village?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] These include chicken meat, fish, eggs, chips, etc.

[Assistant] What are the effects of these changes to your social and tribal interactions' ?

[User]
Some effects to our tribal interactions is that we have learned some new things from them and they have learned new things from us, for instance we come together in different celebrations and other events, we share some food items, we marry each other, the pare can marry the maasai and the vice versa is true.

We also share some land use, for instance some of them do come and cultivate the land in our village and we use their land to graze our animals depending on the available procedures. This has created good relationship.

Yes there is good relationship between us and other tribes which are found in this area, this has enabled us to marry each other, for instance white men do marry Africans and Africans marry white men.

[Assistant] Let us talk about conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers? How is the situation in this village?

[User]
Currently conflict status is not bad unlike it was in the few past years when the conflict situation was very worse. The main reason for conflict emergency was village boundaries, Kambala village was surveyed and planned in 1986, but as time passed many people started shifting to Kambala village and the neighboring places, this caused land conflicts because of immigrants from other places and the issue of land use between livestock keepers and crop farmers.

The other reason for conflicts was due to political propaganda more especially through parliamentary and ward councilor electoral candidates during n general elections. Some politicians do make fake promises to their voters on land use issues, as a result these propaganda causes misunderstandings among the citizens.

Currently there low conflicts in our area, so I suggest the government to implement and enforce the required laws so as to maintain peace and harmony in our area.

[Assistant] What type of conflicts do we always experience in our area?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Some effects to our tribal interactions is that we have learned some new things from them and they have learned new things from us, for instance we come together in different celebrations and other events, we share some food items, we marry each other, the pare can marry the maasai and the vice versa is true.

We also share some land use, for instance some of them do come and cultivate the land in our village and we use their land to graze our animals depending on the available procedures. This has created good relationship.

Yes there is good relationship between us and other tribes which are found in this area, this has enabled us to marry each other, for instance white men do marry Africans and Africans marry white men.

[Assistant] Let us talk about conflicts between livestock keepers and crop farmers? How is the situation in this village?

[User]
Currently conflict status is not bad unlike it was in the few past years when the conflict situation was very worse. The main reason for conflict emergency was village boundaries, Kambala village was surveyed and planned in 1986, but as time passed many people started shifting to Kambala village and the neighboring places, this caused land conflicts because of immigrants from other places and the issue of land use between livestock keepers and crop farmers.

The other reason for conflicts was due to political propaganda more especially through parliamentary and ward councilor electoral candidates during n general elections. Some politicians do make fake promises to their voters on land use issues, as a result these propaganda causes misunderstandings among the citizens.

Currently there low conflicts in our area, so I suggest the government to implement and enforce the required laws so as to maintain peace and harmony in our area.

[Assistant] What type of conflicts do we always experience in our area?

[User]
Land conflicts are the leading conflicts in our area.

The new located boundary just divided the village into half that means they abandon the former boundary which was fixed by the government in 1986. The new boundary did not involve the participation of the people in this area. When the boundary was being located we had the minister and we showed him all the fixed beacons but still they did not follow them.

[Assistant] Which any other conflicts do happen between the livestock keepers and crop farmers?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Currently conflict status is not bad unlike it was in the few past years when the conflict situation was very worse. The main reason for conflict emergency was village boundaries, Kambala village was surveyed and planned in 1986, but as time passed many people started shifting to Kambala village and the neighboring places, this caused land conflicts because of immigrants from other places and the issue of land use between livestock keepers and crop farmers.

The other reason for conflicts was due to political propaganda more especially through parliamentary and ward councilor electoral candidates during n general elections. Some politicians do make fake promises to their voters on land use issues, as a result these propaganda causes misunderstandings among the citizens.

Currently there low conflicts in our area, so I suggest the government to implement and enforce the required laws so as to maintain peace and harmony in our area.

[Assistant] What type of conflicts do we always experience in our area?

[User]
Land conflicts are the leading conflicts in our area.

The new located boundary just divided the village into half that means they abandon the former boundary which was fixed by the government in 1986. The new boundary did not involve the participation of the people in this area. When the boundary was being located we had the minister and we showed him all the fixed beacons but still they did not follow them.

[Assistant] Which any other conflicts do happen between the livestock keepers and crop farmers?

[User]
Some few years there emerged a group of people known as 'mwano', there is river valley which separates the Kambala village and the neighboring village, ha kambala village is for livestock keepers while the opposite village is for the crop farmers, so this group used to invade our livestock and steal and slaughter our cows.

Currently the conflicts have been settled and become dormant due to the available government. Only that if it happens some livestock invade and consume crops in the farms, then the farm owner and livestock owner do sit together and settle the situation by compensating the farm owner.

[Assistant] When do we always experience such conflicts?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Land conflicts are the leading conflicts in our area.

The new located boundary just divided the village into half that means they abandon the former boundary which was fixed by the government in 1986. The new boundary did not involve the participation of the people in this area. When the boundary was being located we had the minister and we showed him all the fixed beacons but still they did not follow them.

[Assistant] Which any other conflicts do happen between the livestock keepers and crop farmers?

[User]
Some few years there emerged a group of people known as 'mwano', there is river valley which separates the Kambala village and the neighboring village, ha kambala village is for livestock keepers while the opposite village is for the crop farmers, so this group used to invade our livestock and steal and slaughter our cows.

Currently the conflicts have been settled and become dormant due to the available government. Only that if it happens some livestock invade and consume crops in the farms, then the farm owner and livestock owner do sit together and settle the situation by compensating the farm owner.

[Assistant] When do we always experience such conflicts?

[User] We always experience such conflicts around August to December when it starts raining.

[Assistant] How have these conflicts affected the two sides that is the livestock keepers and crop farmers?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Some few years there emerged a group of people known as 'mwano', there is river valley which separates the Kambala village and the neighboring village, ha kambala village is for livestock keepers while the opposite village is for the crop farmers, so this group used to invade our livestock and steal and slaughter our cows.

Currently the conflicts have been settled and become dormant due to the available government. Only that if it happens some livestock invade and consume crops in the farms, then the farm owner and livestock owner do sit together and settle the situation by compensating the farm owner.

[Assistant] When do we always experience such conflicts?

[User] We always experience such conflicts around August to December when it starts raining.

[Assistant] How have these conflicts affected the two sides that is the livestock keepers and crop farmers?

[User]
Both sides have been affected because both sides have lost their lives and livestock were killed and stolen.

Some cows were cut into pieces and some slaughtered and sold to butchers

[Assistant] How do the elder men settle these conflicts when they happen?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] We always experience such conflicts around August to December when it starts raining.

[Assistant] How have these conflicts affected the two sides that is the livestock keepers and crop farmers?

[User]
Both sides have been affected because both sides have lost their lives and livestock were killed and stolen.

Some cows were cut into pieces and some slaughtered and sold to butchers

[Assistant] How do the elder men settle these conflicts when they happen?

[User]
We just come together and find resolution and settlement. So the elder men from both sides do come together and discuss the issue so as to come to the consensus as a solution to the conflicts. For instance if the livestock invade crop farms, we should not send the Morans to make a follow up on the issue but rather the owner of the livestock and the owner of the farm should come together and agree to each other how they should make a compensation. So we always conduct some meetings so as to settle the disputes.

We also solve the disputes using the formed committee.

[Assistant] How have these conflicts affected the responsibilities for women and men?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Both sides have been affected because both sides have lost their lives and livestock were killed and stolen.

Some cows were cut into pieces and some slaughtered and sold to butchers

[Assistant] How do the elder men settle these conflicts when they happen?

[User]
We just come together and find resolution and settlement. So the elder men from both sides do come together and discuss the issue so as to come to the consensus as a solution to the conflicts. For instance if the livestock invade crop farms, we should not send the Morans to make a follow up on the issue but rather the owner of the livestock and the owner of the farm should come together and agree to each other how they should make a compensation. So we always conduct some meetings so as to settle the disputes.

We also solve the disputes using the formed committee.

[Assistant] How have these conflicts affected the responsibilities for women and men?

[User]
The responsibilities for women and men have been greatly affected because this turns to be a war, women do run and hide in the forests, they starve and still some die in case of emergency.

Some people do experience blood pressure.

[Assistant] Which other impacts?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
We just come together and find resolution and settlement. So the elder men from both sides do come together and discuss the issue so as to come to the consensus as a solution to the conflicts. For instance if the livestock invade crop farms, we should not send the Morans to make a follow up on the issue but rather the owner of the livestock and the owner of the farm should come together and agree to each other how they should make a compensation. So we always conduct some meetings so as to settle the disputes.

We also solve the disputes using the formed committee.

[Assistant] How have these conflicts affected the responsibilities for women and men?

[User]
The responsibilities for women and men have been greatly affected because this turns to be a war, women do run and hide in the forests, they starve and still some die in case of emergency.

Some people do experience blood pressure.

[Assistant] Which other impacts?

[User]
Other impacts include loss of many livestock, destruction of house properties, loss of people's lives; some people have shifted their settlements to other villages in fear of war.

One of my friends in BB in the sub-village lost almost seventy goats after they were all cut into pieces.

[Assistant] How does this community overcome such a situation?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
The responsibilities for women and men have been greatly affected because this turns to be a war, women do run and hide in the forests, they starve and still some die in case of emergency.

Some people do experience blood pressure.

[Assistant] Which other impacts?

[User]
Other impacts include loss of many livestock, destruction of house properties, loss of people's lives; some people have shifted their settlements to other villages in fear of war.

One of my friends in BB in the sub-village lost almost seventy goats after they were all cut into pieces.

[Assistant] How does this community overcome such a situation?

[User]
We just propagate and preach peace among the people; we also use our formed committee to settle any sign of conflicts which seem to exist. ##F004# #When did you start experiencing bad climate and weather changes?

We started experiencing bad climate changes in 2000s.

Bad climate and weather changes have affected the livestock keepers, for instance the last year summer and aridity greatly caused a lot of losses of livestock, in such a way that many people were almost running out of their mind.

[Assistant] Where do you get education about diet and nutrition?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
Other impacts include loss of many livestock, destruction of house properties, loss of people's lives; some people have shifted their settlements to other villages in fear of war.

One of my friends in BB in the sub-village lost almost seventy goats after they were all cut into pieces.

[Assistant] How does this community overcome such a situation?

[User]
We just propagate and preach peace among the people; we also use our formed committee to settle any sign of conflicts which seem to exist. ##F004# #When did you start experiencing bad climate and weather changes?

We started experiencing bad climate changes in 2000s.

Bad climate and weather changes have affected the livestock keepers, for instance the last year summer and aridity greatly caused a lot of losses of livestock, in such a way that many people were almost running out of their mind.

[Assistant] Where do you get education about diet and nutrition?

[User]
We have not yet got education about diet and nutrition.

This question is a bit difficult because we do not have any new education about diet and nutrition.

We Maasai had something called 'lomoni', it is a kind of conversion and discussion among the Maasai elders, this lomoni can cover a lot of issues which happen in our community. This is a great means through which Maasai do spread news from one person to another.

Apart from lomoni, we also get some information about different issues when we attend general village meetings, traditional and ritual meetings, etc.

[Assistant] How should do we improve these means of spreading and delivering information from one person to another about diet and nutrition?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User]
We just propagate and preach peace among the people; we also use our formed committee to settle any sign of conflicts which seem to exist. ##F004# #When did you start experiencing bad climate and weather changes?

We started experiencing bad climate changes in 2000s.

Bad climate and weather changes have affected the livestock keepers, for instance the last year summer and aridity greatly caused a lot of losses of livestock, in such a way that many people were almost running out of their mind.

[Assistant] Where do you get education about diet and nutrition?

[User]
We have not yet got education about diet and nutrition.

This question is a bit difficult because we do not have any new education about diet and nutrition.

We Maasai had something called 'lomoni', it is a kind of conversion and discussion among the Maasai elders, this lomoni can cover a lot of issues which happen in our community. This is a great means through which Maasai do spread news from one person to another.

Apart from lomoni, we also get some information about different issues when we attend general village meetings, traditional and ritual meetings, etc.

[Assistant] How should do we improve these means of spreading and delivering information from one person to another about diet and nutrition?

[User]
To improve these means of delivering information, we should use the village and tribal leaders known as "laigwenani', we can also use individuals at the family level so as to deliver these information to the family members.

There are also educated and school graduates who can do this work of delivering information about diet and nutrition from one person to another.

We should also ask for the diet and nutrition experts to come and provide education to us in our villages.

[Assistant] Do you have any other additional views?


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[User] thank you

[Assistant] and tell me a bit about yourself, how old are you?

[User] let me begin with my age, I am just 28 years old

[Assistant] okay, and what are your qualifications?

[User] yes my qualifications are I have bachelors in pharmacy

[Assistant] okay, where did you train?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] let me begin with my age, I am just 28 years old

[Assistant] okay, and what are your qualifications?

[User] yes my qualifications are I have bachelors in pharmacy

[Assistant] okay, where did you train?

[User] I trained from Mbarara University of science and technology

[Assistant] and when was that?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] yes my qualifications are I have bachelors in pharmacy

[Assistant] okay, where did you train?

[User] I trained from Mbarara University of science and technology

[Assistant] and when was that?

[User] that should have been from 2009 to 2014, then did my internship in Rubaga and I worked my first year with a medical centre its name called Issa medical centre, went ahead and worked with the district hospital, which is a PNFP, Rushere community hospital, then later I joined Mbarara regional referral till to date.

[Assistant] how long have you been in Mbarara regional referral?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I trained from Mbarara University of science and technology

[Assistant] and when was that?

[User] that should have been from 2009 to 2014, then did my internship in Rubaga and I worked my first year with a medical centre its name called Issa medical centre, went ahead and worked with the district hospital, which is a PNFP, Rushere community hospital, then later I joined Mbarara regional referral till to date.

[Assistant] how long have you been in Mbarara regional referral?

[User] Mbarara regional referral I think I am in two and a half years I think, I should approximately be completing my third year.

[Assistant] okay, and what are the demographics of the patients you see at this hospital ever since you came, which age groups of the patients do you see?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] that should have been from 2009 to 2014, then did my internship in Rubaga and I worked my first year with a medical centre its name called Issa medical centre, went ahead and worked with the district hospital, which is a PNFP, Rushere community hospital, then later I joined Mbarara regional referral till to date.

[Assistant] how long have you been in Mbarara regional referral?

[User] Mbarara regional referral I think I am in two and a half years I think, I should approximately be completing my third year.

[Assistant] okay, and what are the demographics of the patients you see at this hospital ever since you came, which age groups of the patients do you see?

[User] the patients we always see at the hospital are almost from from zero age to the oldest which you can never know, that's the kind of patients we see, and you see they are from different places, there are even patients who come from Tanzania, refugees, others are close to Kisoro, everywhere, Masaka also refers here, Fortportal refers here so the patients are many from different places that are not even in our catchment area.

[Assistant] okay, and what are the common illnesses in these patients you see, depending on the group, do you remember the common illnesses they have?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mbarara regional referral I think I am in two and a half years I think, I should approximately be completing my third year.

[Assistant] okay, and what are the demographics of the patients you see at this hospital ever since you came, which age groups of the patients do you see?

[User] the patients we always see at the hospital are almost from from zero age to the oldest which you can never know, that's the kind of patients we see, and you see they are from different places, there are even patients who come from Tanzania, refugees, others are close to Kisoro, everywhere, Masaka also refers here, Fortportal refers here so the patients are many from different places that are not even in our catchment area.

[Assistant] okay, and what are the common illnesses in these patients you see, depending on the group, do you remember the common illnesses they have?

[User] if I am to see, the common illnesses keep on changing like, for last year, there were these other common diseases, maybe someone comes presents with maybe UTI and PIDs, ulcers, upper respiratory tract infections, those are the common ones we see at OPD, then the different wards, now like at medical ward, there is the common patients we always see maybe having heart complications, hypertension and all that.

[Assistant] okay, so tell me a bit about your training on rheumatic heart disease have you received any specific training during school about rheumatic heart disease?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] the patients we always see at the hospital are almost from from zero age to the oldest which you can never know, that's the kind of patients we see, and you see they are from different places, there are even patients who come from Tanzania, refugees, others are close to Kisoro, everywhere, Masaka also refers here, Fortportal refers here so the patients are many from different places that are not even in our catchment area.

[Assistant] okay, and what are the common illnesses in these patients you see, depending on the group, do you remember the common illnesses they have?

[User] if I am to see, the common illnesses keep on changing like, for last year, there were these other common diseases, maybe someone comes presents with maybe UTI and PIDs, ulcers, upper respiratory tract infections, those are the common ones we see at OPD, then the different wards, now like at medical ward, there is the common patients we always see maybe having heart complications, hypertension and all that.

[Assistant] okay, so tell me a bit about your training on rheumatic heart disease have you received any specific training during school about rheumatic heart disease?

[User] rheumatic heart disease, I heard it in school, and if I am to remember, I think it could have been given so much time during its being taught, I might not remember the nitty- gritty time has gone I might not remember but at school, were taught about rheumatic disease but since I started working, I have not heard any training, maybe refresher training of rheumatic disease.

[Assistant] actually that leads me to my next question because I was going to ask you that after graduation have you heard any specific training about rheumatic heart disease?.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] if I am to see, the common illnesses keep on changing like, for last year, there were these other common diseases, maybe someone comes presents with maybe UTI and PIDs, ulcers, upper respiratory tract infections, those are the common ones we see at OPD, then the different wards, now like at medical ward, there is the common patients we always see maybe having heart complications, hypertension and all that.

[Assistant] okay, so tell me a bit about your training on rheumatic heart disease have you received any specific training during school about rheumatic heart disease?

[User] rheumatic heart disease, I heard it in school, and if I am to remember, I think it could have been given so much time during its being taught, I might not remember the nitty- gritty time has gone I might not remember but at school, were taught about rheumatic disease but since I started working, I have not heard any training, maybe refresher training of rheumatic disease.

[Assistant] actually that leads me to my next question because I was going to ask you that after graduation have you heard any specific training about rheumatic heart disease?.

[User] no I haven’t heard any training of rheumatic heart disease.

[Assistant] okay, but have you seen rheumatic heart disease patients ever since you started working especially here at this hospital?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] rheumatic heart disease, I heard it in school, and if I am to remember, I think it could have been given so much time during its being taught, I might not remember the nitty- gritty time has gone I might not remember but at school, were taught about rheumatic disease but since I started working, I have not heard any training, maybe refresher training of rheumatic disease.

[Assistant] actually that leads me to my next question because I was going to ask you that after graduation have you heard any specific training about rheumatic heart disease?.

[User] no I haven’t heard any training of rheumatic heart disease.

[Assistant] okay, but have you seen rheumatic heart disease patients ever since you started working especially here at this hospital?

[User] on the wards, for the time I have been on the wards, I can’t recall exactly, but I think I could have seen because due to the nature of my work, you find that there is so much, I am responsible for supply chain, I am responsible for training staffs, I am responsible for administrative issues, so at times I find that even when I am on ward for a shorter time, my patient to patient interaction time at times is always so small maybe just on a few spot checks but I think for rheumatic heart disease patients I could have met him those first days when I was trying to practice in the medical ward.

[Assistant] so what's your understanding of the causes of rheumatic heart disease in your own understanding?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] no I haven’t heard any training of rheumatic heart disease.

[Assistant] okay, but have you seen rheumatic heart disease patients ever since you started working especially here at this hospital?

[User] on the wards, for the time I have been on the wards, I can’t recall exactly, but I think I could have seen because due to the nature of my work, you find that there is so much, I am responsible for supply chain, I am responsible for training staffs, I am responsible for administrative issues, so at times I find that even when I am on ward for a shorter time, my patient to patient interaction time at times is always so small maybe just on a few spot checks but I think for rheumatic heart disease patients I could have met him those first days when I was trying to practice in the medical ward.

[Assistant] so what's your understanding of the causes of rheumatic heart disease in your own understanding?

[User] at first like I have told you, from the basic local explanation that you have been using to explain to people, we believe that rheumatic heart disease is; the walls, and how people say it in Luganda “ebisenge byomutima babilidde” though the actual things that we are taught in class are that maybe those other valves of the heart are eaten up.

[Assistant] Okay do you know what causes that to happen?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] on the wards, for the time I have been on the wards, I can’t recall exactly, but I think I could have seen because due to the nature of my work, you find that there is so much, I am responsible for supply chain, I am responsible for training staffs, I am responsible for administrative issues, so at times I find that even when I am on ward for a shorter time, my patient to patient interaction time at times is always so small maybe just on a few spot checks but I think for rheumatic heart disease patients I could have met him those first days when I was trying to practice in the medical ward.

[Assistant] so what's your understanding of the causes of rheumatic heart disease in your own understanding?

[User] at first like I have told you, from the basic local explanation that you have been using to explain to people, we believe that rheumatic heart disease is; the walls, and how people say it in Luganda “ebisenge byomutima babilidde” though the actual things that we are taught in class are that maybe those other valves of the heart are eaten up.

[Assistant] Okay do you know what causes that to happen?

[User] from what I learnt I learnt in school, the little that I could recall would be that when you have simple disease, maybe like a simple cough that is not treated, they told us even a mere infection, or even a nose infection, that alone can get its own way within a blood stream to reach the heart and you get that kind of the infection

[Assistant] okay, are you aware of the link between a sore throat and rheumatic heart disease?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] at first like I have told you, from the basic local explanation that you have been using to explain to people, we believe that rheumatic heart disease is; the walls, and how people say it in Luganda “ebisenge byomutima babilidde” though the actual things that we are taught in class are that maybe those other valves of the heart are eaten up.

[Assistant] Okay do you know what causes that to happen?

[User] from what I learnt I learnt in school, the little that I could recall would be that when you have simple disease, maybe like a simple cough that is not treated, they told us even a mere infection, or even a nose infection, that alone can get its own way within a blood stream to reach the heart and you get that kind of the infection

[Assistant] okay, are you aware of the link between a sore throat and rheumatic heart disease?

[User] now that physiology that happens there, is what I can’t recall properly

[Assistant] and what were you taught can be done to prevent rheumatic heart disease?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] from what I learnt I learnt in school, the little that I could recall would be that when you have simple disease, maybe like a simple cough that is not treated, they told us even a mere infection, or even a nose infection, that alone can get its own way within a blood stream to reach the heart and you get that kind of the infection

[Assistant] okay, are you aware of the link between a sore throat and rheumatic heart disease?

[User] now that physiology that happens there, is what I can’t recall properly

[Assistant] and what were you taught can be done to prevent rheumatic heart disease?

[User] from what we were taught, we were taught that, where resources are available in a resourceful environment mostly they could do a throat sore by maybe, they can be able to identify the micro organisms but in these other facility settings here in Uganda they told us they never take any sore throat for granted, maybe they can go ahead to find out whether its viral or bacterial but make sure that every sore throat can be very treated any cough, actually any cough needs to be attended to because at times it can progress somewhere and its more expensive to treat rheumatic heart disease than the sore throat.

[Assistant] okay, and what were you taught are the treating options for rheumatic heart disease?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] now that physiology that happens there, is what I can’t recall properly

[Assistant] and what were you taught can be done to prevent rheumatic heart disease?

[User] from what we were taught, we were taught that, where resources are available in a resourceful environment mostly they could do a throat sore by maybe, they can be able to identify the micro organisms but in these other facility settings here in Uganda they told us they never take any sore throat for granted, maybe they can go ahead to find out whether its viral or bacterial but make sure that every sore throat can be very treated any cough, actually any cough needs to be attended to because at times it can progress somewhere and its more expensive to treat rheumatic heart disease than the sore throat.

[Assistant] okay, and what were you taught are the treating options for rheumatic heart disease?

[User] rheumatic heart disease I think by then, if I am to remember, one stays on the treatment for antibiotics for quite sometime, it’s not a treatment for antibiotics and if I am to recall, I remember they should have told us someone to be on penicillin for quite a long time, there I can’t remember the exact time we were told.

[Assistant] okay, any other options or treatment options?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] from what we were taught, we were taught that, where resources are available in a resourceful environment mostly they could do a throat sore by maybe, they can be able to identify the micro organisms but in these other facility settings here in Uganda they told us they never take any sore throat for granted, maybe they can go ahead to find out whether its viral or bacterial but make sure that every sore throat can be very treated any cough, actually any cough needs to be attended to because at times it can progress somewhere and its more expensive to treat rheumatic heart disease than the sore throat.

[Assistant] okay, and what were you taught are the treating options for rheumatic heart disease?

[User] rheumatic heart disease I think by then, if I am to remember, one stays on the treatment for antibiotics for quite sometime, it’s not a treatment for antibiotics and if I am to recall, I remember they should have told us someone to be on penicillin for quite a long time, there I can’t remember the exact time we were told.

[Assistant] okay, any other options or treatment options?

[User] because even if they are to do valve replacement and all that still that doesn’t prevent you from taking those antibiotics

[Assistant] Okay and what's your understanding about the long term prognosis of rheumatic heart disease?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] rheumatic heart disease I think by then, if I am to remember, one stays on the treatment for antibiotics for quite sometime, it’s not a treatment for antibiotics and if I am to recall, I remember they should have told us someone to be on penicillin for quite a long time, there I can’t remember the exact time we were told.

[Assistant] okay, any other options or treatment options?

[User] because even if they are to do valve replacement and all that still that doesn’t prevent you from taking those antibiotics

[Assistant] Okay and what's your understanding about the long term prognosis of rheumatic heart disease?

[User] what I know is, like I was saying, most of the patients that I have been meeting that I know their fate is always death but actually I haven’t seen one who has recovered, I haven’t met one who has recovered.

[Assistant] okay, let’s remember those ones you have encountered, do you remember the last person you saw with rheumatic heart disease, can you try to recall?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] what I know is, like I was saying, most of the patients that I have been meeting that I know their fate is always death but actually I haven’t seen one who has recovered, I haven’t met one who has recovered.

[Assistant] okay, let’s remember those ones you have encountered, do you remember the last person you saw with rheumatic heart disease, can you try to recall?

[User] yes, it was a young kid

[Assistant] how old?

[User] it was around 9 or 11 one of the two ages

[Assistant] male or female?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] yes, it was a young kid

[Assistant] how old?

[User] it was around 9 or 11 one of the two ages

[Assistant] male or female?

[User] it was a male

[Assistant] how long ago was that?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] it was around 9 or 11 one of the two ages

[Assistant] male or female?

[User] it was a male

[Assistant] how long ago was that?

[User] that could be around three years ago

[Assistant] was that kid in school or not


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] it was a male

[Assistant] how long ago was that?

[User] that could be around three years ago

[Assistant] was that kid in school or not

[User] he wasn’t in school; actually he could have left school with parents saying that there is unexplained illness.

[Assistant] is there any other thing you remember about that child?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] that could be around three years ago

[Assistant] was that kid in school or not

[User] he wasn’t in school; actually he could have left school with parents saying that there is unexplained illness.

[Assistant] is there any other thing you remember about that child?

[User] the diagnosis was a problem by then, actually it was doctor ... she is the one who came and we were having that kid on ward, that's when she said this kid could be having such and such a problem, why don’t we go for further investigations to find out.

[Assistant] okay as you saw parents of that child or any other parents who have children with rheumatic heart disease, do you think they are aware of the link between sore throat, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in your own opinion?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] he wasn’t in school; actually he could have left school with parents saying that there is unexplained illness.

[Assistant] is there any other thing you remember about that child?

[User] the diagnosis was a problem by then, actually it was doctor ... she is the one who came and we were having that kid on ward, that's when she said this kid could be having such and such a problem, why don’t we go for further investigations to find out.

[Assistant] okay as you saw parents of that child or any other parents who have children with rheumatic heart disease, do you think they are aware of the link between sore throat, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in your own opinion?

[User] No, for them they were just having a patient whom they were just keeping in the hospital, actually the unfortunate bit is that they had been hospitalized for two weeks on the ward with no proper diagnosis.

[Assistant] okay, so let us look at this child you remember very well, what were the symptoms this child was presenting with?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] the diagnosis was a problem by then, actually it was doctor ... she is the one who came and we were having that kid on ward, that's when she said this kid could be having such and such a problem, why don’t we go for further investigations to find out.

[Assistant] okay as you saw parents of that child or any other parents who have children with rheumatic heart disease, do you think they are aware of the link between sore throat, acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in your own opinion?

[User] No, for them they were just having a patient whom they were just keeping in the hospital, actually the unfortunate bit is that they had been hospitalized for two weeks on the ward with no proper diagnosis.

[Assistant] okay, so let us look at this child you remember very well, what were the symptoms this child was presenting with?

[User] for that young man, he had already grown too small, looking malnourished, there are some parts of his body that were darkening on his body and I saw, he was also having amm, I don’t remember exactly but I am trying to draw the picture of that young boy.

[Assistant] okay, and do you think these patients are generally good at follow-ups and adherence to their drugs?