[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Biodiversity offsetting shouldn't, because it is literally a tool to be used within the current system, so, as a tool within planning you must still follow planning rules and regulations and policies first. So, there are areas to believe NPF should be followed in the first instance, followed by a local plans and if all that happens, biodiversity offsetting is a mechanism for dealing with net biodiversity loss if there is any.

[Assistant] So do you think it afford species a higher or lower level of protection?

[User] Biodiversity offsetting only covers habitats, so species in my view are kept out of it. Basically there are considered in planning in their own right and that's how we are doing it here. So, you follow the mitigation hierarchy, then if you can't avoid, minimise, only as a last resort should you offset. So license to trash stuff shouldn't happen. If it's happening, then it's going to happen anyway.

[Assistant] Yeah I was speaking to someone about the HS2 project and they were saying and there was some building on ancient woodlands that otherwise should have been protected under regulations.

[User] As with any mining operation next to a SSSI, that is just taken into consideration. HS2 is a major infrastructure project, so has special rules and regulations up towards the EU and government. It falls outside the national policy planning framework. So those national policy frameworks may be mentioned in HS2 and in fact they are. However, it's a different set of rules, so it is unfair to look at biodiversity offsetting in the pilots it's being used in at the moment as a mechanism for HS2, saying that... we are using it to monitor ecological impacts and calculate ecological impacts of HS2, but as you say, how do you deal with irreplaceable habitats? because the system wasn't built for that. I think there is no very high value, HS2 through Natural England have designated that value at 8 - whether that value is correct, I wouldn't like to say.

[Assistant] are you referring to the Defra metric?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Biodiversity offsetting only covers habitats, so species in my view are kept out of it. Basically there are considered in planning in their own right and that's how we are doing it here. So, you follow the mitigation hierarchy, then if you can't avoid, minimise, only as a last resort should you offset. So license to trash stuff shouldn't happen. If it's happening, then it's going to happen anyway.

[Assistant] Yeah I was speaking to someone about the HS2 project and they were saying and there was some building on ancient woodlands that otherwise should have been protected under regulations.

[User] As with any mining operation next to a SSSI, that is just taken into consideration. HS2 is a major infrastructure project, so has special rules and regulations up towards the EU and government. It falls outside the national policy planning framework. So those national policy frameworks may be mentioned in HS2 and in fact they are. However, it's a different set of rules, so it is unfair to look at biodiversity offsetting in the pilots it's being used in at the moment as a mechanism for HS2, saying that... we are using it to monitor ecological impacts and calculate ecological impacts of HS2, but as you say, how do you deal with irreplaceable habitats? because the system wasn't built for that. I think there is no very high value, HS2 through Natural England have designated that value at 8 - whether that value is correct, I wouldn't like to say.

[Assistant] are you referring to the Defra metric?

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Do you think it's too simplistic, what's your perspective of the metric from an ecological basis?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] As with any mining operation next to a SSSI, that is just taken into consideration. HS2 is a major infrastructure project, so has special rules and regulations up towards the EU and government. It falls outside the national policy planning framework. So those national policy frameworks may be mentioned in HS2 and in fact they are. However, it's a different set of rules, so it is unfair to look at biodiversity offsetting in the pilots it's being used in at the moment as a mechanism for HS2, saying that... we are using it to monitor ecological impacts and calculate ecological impacts of HS2, but as you say, how do you deal with irreplaceable habitats? because the system wasn't built for that. I think there is no very high value, HS2 through Natural England have designated that value at 8 - whether that value is correct, I wouldn't like to say.

[Assistant] are you referring to the Defra metric?

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Do you think it's too simplistic, what's your perspective of the metric from an ecological basis?

[User] Well, we're piloted it in Warwickshire for one and a half to two years. We built our system around those metrics and I have 100% confidence in that they work . Those ones that are based on science are sound.

[Assistant] At the moment it's voluntary, but should it be made mandatory for all infrastructure projects? Or should it be scaled up to national or EU Scale?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes

[Assistant] Do you think it's too simplistic, what's your perspective of the metric from an ecological basis?

[User] Well, we're piloted it in Warwickshire for one and a half to two years. We built our system around those metrics and I have 100% confidence in that they work . Those ones that are based on science are sound.

[Assistant] At the moment it's voluntary, but should it be made mandatory for all infrastructure projects? Or should it be scaled up to national or EU Scale?

[User] Urm, it should be made mandatory, on the planning site, because that is what we are planning. Whether they are appropriate for HS2, obviously not. Because HS2 and Natural England have tweeked the metrics that were published to cater for the irreplaceable habitats. So, should it be wound up to international or EU functions, erm, very hard to say, because each nationality of the EU may have their own individual aspects, needs a nd pressures. We're a very small island, so our pressures on land values are different than France or Australia where offsetting is being used.

[Assistant] Is it difficult in the planning system to integrate vertically to the EU level. With the Natura 2000 network and other regulations at the European level, is it quite hard the integration of UK and EU environmental policy?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Well, we're piloted it in Warwickshire for one and a half to two years. We built our system around those metrics and I have 100% confidence in that they work . Those ones that are based on science are sound.

[Assistant] At the moment it's voluntary, but should it be made mandatory for all infrastructure projects? Or should it be scaled up to national or EU Scale?

[User] Urm, it should be made mandatory, on the planning site, because that is what we are planning. Whether they are appropriate for HS2, obviously not. Because HS2 and Natural England have tweeked the metrics that were published to cater for the irreplaceable habitats. So, should it be wound up to international or EU functions, erm, very hard to say, because each nationality of the EU may have their own individual aspects, needs a nd pressures. We're a very small island, so our pressures on land values are different than France or Australia where offsetting is being used.

[Assistant] Is it difficult in the planning system to integrate vertically to the EU level. With the Natura 2000 network and other regulations at the European level, is it quite hard the integration of UK and EU environmental policy?

[User] I'm a local authority ecologist, so I wouldn't have a clue. So I don't know how you would translate it upwards if you know what I mean.

[Assistant] Does it affect anything at the local level, or is it independent?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Urm, it should be made mandatory, on the planning site, because that is what we are planning. Whether they are appropriate for HS2, obviously not. Because HS2 and Natural England have tweeked the metrics that were published to cater for the irreplaceable habitats. So, should it be wound up to international or EU functions, erm, very hard to say, because each nationality of the EU may have their own individual aspects, needs a nd pressures. We're a very small island, so our pressures on land values are different than France or Australia where offsetting is being used.

[Assistant] Is it difficult in the planning system to integrate vertically to the EU level. With the Natura 2000 network and other regulations at the European level, is it quite hard the integration of UK and EU environmental policy?

[User] I'm a local authority ecologist, so I wouldn't have a clue. So I don't know how you would translate it upwards if you know what I mean.

[Assistant] Does it affect anything at the local level, or is it independent?

[User] at the local level with the pilot we have looked at the metrics in Warwick and Solihill, so that's what we've done. Here we have been able to implement it very well, in as close to mandatory as you can possibly get and so it is a voluntary scheme nationally, but in Warwickshire and Solihull we are piloting it. We are going to test it properly therefore when all the local authorities have adopted it as a mechanism to determine gain or loss under NPTF and if there is a loss, you have to deal with that loss. Offsetting is an opportunity. So, in that sense it's mandatory.

[Assistant] So going on to equity considerations, when you're undertaken a biodiversity offset do you think compensating the affected communities is always neccessary and practical, because at the moment, it is obviously focused on ecological compensation, but have you had any experience of the community scale compensation, or any scale of remuneration of the community?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I'm a local authority ecologist, so I wouldn't have a clue. So I don't know how you would translate it upwards if you know what I mean.

[Assistant] Does it affect anything at the local level, or is it independent?

[User] at the local level with the pilot we have looked at the metrics in Warwick and Solihill, so that's what we've done. Here we have been able to implement it very well, in as close to mandatory as you can possibly get and so it is a voluntary scheme nationally, but in Warwickshire and Solihull we are piloting it. We are going to test it properly therefore when all the local authorities have adopted it as a mechanism to determine gain or loss under NPTF and if there is a loss, you have to deal with that loss. Offsetting is an opportunity. So, in that sense it's mandatory.

[Assistant] So going on to equity considerations, when you're undertaken a biodiversity offset do you think compensating the affected communities is always neccessary and practical, because at the moment, it is obviously focused on ecological compensation, but have you had any experience of the community scale compensation, or any scale of remuneration of the community?

[User] It has been raised internationally, of the community of it. If the metrics were to incorporate ecosystem services, then that would naturally bring in culture and community. But that would make it unwildly and too complicated. It is simply a biodiversity tool and that should fit into the biodiversity strategy of that area. So, my philosophy and this is only because it's a 2 year pilot, that biodiversity offsetting is purely annex A to our green infrastructure strategy. It is a mechanism for delivering a bigger picture. If that's understand, it is one small cog in loads of cogs.

[Assistant] so should communities should be thought of in a different sense?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Frankly, I would probably say no... for many reasons, far too long for this conservation.

[Assistant]
You're obviously going to know how this has been articulated at a local scale, but how have the cuts affected your job and how you run your everyday life.

Sorry, the austerity cuts that are being received that are being received by Defra and local authorities?

[User] They hit and are felt. They haven't affected me to greatly on my performance. I still have 11 people, which makes me one of the largest ecology units in the country. I'm surviving at the moment, but still got another 20% of cuts coming, so give me a call in four years time.

[Assistant] I think there has been a slight emphasis on the EU level, within the context of austerity, the private sector can supplement the cuts and provide offsetting and obviously, this presents a lot of opportunities and risks. I was just wondering, if you could identify those opportunities and risks?

[User] Well the ecosystem task force was set up to try and engage with that debate and they came forward with some interesting results. They suggest that the private sector of the economy world... On businesses he said consciousness is awakening.

[Assistant] Is there an interest in the financial value of these offsets and whether they can capitalise on them?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] They hit and are felt. They haven't affected me to greatly on my performance. I still have 11 people, which makes me one of the largest ecology units in the country. I'm surviving at the moment, but still got another 20% of cuts coming, so give me a call in four years time.

[Assistant] I think there has been a slight emphasis on the EU level, within the context of austerity, the private sector can supplement the cuts and provide offsetting and obviously, this presents a lot of opportunities and risks. I was just wondering, if you could identify those opportunities and risks?

[User] Well the ecosystem task force was set up to try and engage with that debate and they came forward with some interesting results. They suggest that the private sector of the economy world... On businesses he said consciousness is awakening.

[Assistant] Is there an interest in the financial value of these offsets and whether they can capitalise on them?

[User] Yes - from the perspective I've got, from the landowner perspective, a lot of land owners are very interested and positive for biodiversity offsetting as a general philosophy - but the actual delivery of it - timescales of agreements required to deliver offsets, i.e. 30 years or in perpetuity, they have serious concerns over and therefore will be - as a summary of the meeting I just came out of - everyone in the room was in favour of it, but had serious issues about the implementation and how it's going to be done and how many hectares. It will end up being that any application that comes forward will be unviable - they'll be asking too much

[Assistant] I there a downward pressure on the price of the offsets if there is a market providing them?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Well the ecosystem task force was set up to try and engage with that debate and they came forward with some interesting results. They suggest that the private sector of the economy world... On businesses he said consciousness is awakening.

[Assistant] Is there an interest in the financial value of these offsets and whether they can capitalise on them?

[User] Yes - from the perspective I've got, from the landowner perspective, a lot of land owners are very interested and positive for biodiversity offsetting as a general philosophy - but the actual delivery of it - timescales of agreements required to deliver offsets, i.e. 30 years or in perpetuity, they have serious concerns over and therefore will be - as a summary of the meeting I just came out of - everyone in the room was in favour of it, but had serious issues about the implementation and how it's going to be done and how many hectares. It will end up being that any application that comes forward will be unviable - they'll be asking too much

[Assistant] I there a downward pressure on the price of the offsets if there is a market providing them?

[User] That's the thing - as soon as the market sets up, you'll get some cheaper values and some larger values and then it will start equating down as market forces always do. You will get that waving effect.

[Assistant] If there is a volatile market?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes - from the perspective I've got, from the landowner perspective, a lot of land owners are very interested and positive for biodiversity offsetting as a general philosophy - but the actual delivery of it - timescales of agreements required to deliver offsets, i.e. 30 years or in perpetuity, they have serious concerns over and therefore will be - as a summary of the meeting I just came out of - everyone in the room was in favour of it, but had serious issues about the implementation and how it's going to be done and how many hectares. It will end up being that any application that comes forward will be unviable - they'll be asking too much

[Assistant] I there a downward pressure on the price of the offsets if there is a market providing them?

[User] That's the thing - as soon as the market sets up, you'll get some cheaper values and some larger values and then it will start equating down as market forces always do. You will get that waving effect.

[Assistant] If there is a volatile market?

[User] We don't know - those market forces are being felt. You need to ensure that there is a market out there that understands market forces and principles and to be quite honest I'm no where thinking at that level at the moment. The Environment Bank has those concerns.

[Assistant] Do you think it can be a market and scaled up?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mr KI054, a chairman of CCM in Komnyuzi, Misima ward, Sindeni Division, in Handeni district

[Assistant] Okay, chair I wanted to know for how long you have been in this village

[User] In general I was born here and I have completed my primary education here also until now I am here at Kibaya

[Assistant] How many years do you have in this village?

[User] Aaah I have about 60 years

[Assistant] Aah… how did you become a leader in this village?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] In general I was born here and I have completed my primary education here also until now I am here at Kibaya

[Assistant] How many years do you have in this village?

[User] Aaah I have about 60 years

[Assistant] Aah… how did you become a leader in this village?

[User] Eeeh at the first I was a representative in the village committee and for the second time until now, I become a chairman for the ruling party

[Assistant] For how long since you became a leader?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Aaah I have about 60 years

[Assistant] Aah… how did you become a leader in this village?

[User] Eeeh at the first I was a representative in the village committee and for the second time until now, I become a chairman for the ruling party

[Assistant] For how long since you became a leader?

[User] Aah… for five years I have been a representative in the village committee and for chairman position I am holding since the last election until now

[Assistant] Aaah…what are the major changes you have observe in this village?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Eeeh at the first I was a representative in the village committee and for the second time until now, I become a chairman for the ruling party

[Assistant] For how long since you became a leader?

[User] Aah… for five years I have been a representative in the village committee and for chairman position I am holding since the last election until now

[Assistant] Aaah…what are the major changes you have observe in this village?

[User] Eeh the major change I have observe is advancement of education

[Assistant] Mmmh tell me about it?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Aah… for five years I have been a representative in the village committee and for chairman position I am holding since the last election until now

[Assistant] Aaah…what are the major changes you have observe in this village?

[User] Eeh the major change I have observe is advancement of education

[Assistant] Mmmh tell me about it?

[User] Currently our education systems has changed, it has improved because our teachers are doing their jobs efficiently

[Assistant] What other changes did you observe?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Currently our education systems has changed, it has improved because our teachers are doing their jobs efficiently

[Assistant] What other changes did you observe?

[User] Other changes….. May be the lifestyle due to change of the government mandatory systems

[Assistant] Mmmh how?

[User] Eeh … first the community development, most of the people has improved their lifestyle

[Assistant] Okay… I also wanted to know the rate of wealth people at the family level …is it increasing or decreasing or it is the same?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Other changes….. May be the lifestyle due to change of the government mandatory systems

[Assistant] Mmmh how?

[User] Eeh … first the community development, most of the people has improved their lifestyle

[Assistant] Okay… I also wanted to know the rate of wealth people at the family level …is it increasing or decreasing or it is the same?

[User] Recently the level of wealth group has increased

[Assistant] Aaah ... How about the rate of poor household?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Eeh … first the community development, most of the people has improved their lifestyle

[Assistant] Okay… I also wanted to know the rate of wealth people at the family level …is it increasing or decreasing or it is the same?

[User] Recently the level of wealth group has increased

[Assistant] Aaah ... How about the rate of poor household?

[User] The number of poor households is decreasing a little bit when comparing with the past

[Assistant] Okay… and what do you think are the source of these changes?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Recently the level of wealth group has increased

[Assistant] Aaah ... How about the rate of poor household?

[User] The number of poor households is decreasing a little bit when comparing with the past

[Assistant] Okay… and what do you think are the source of these changes?

[User] Mmmh … the source of these changes first is the current governmental administration system, and also the population increase has brought some changes.

[Assistant] How does these changes affects the community? …. Example men


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] The number of poor households is decreasing a little bit when comparing with the past

[Assistant] Okay… and what do you think are the source of these changes?

[User] Mmmh … the source of these changes first is the current governmental administration system, and also the population increase has brought some changes.

[Assistant] How does these changes affects the community? …. Example men

[User] To my experience I think these changes has less effect on us men, because every man is struggling to conduct his activities efficiently to support life, and he is ready for anything

[Assistant] How about women?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmmh … the source of these changes first is the current governmental administration system, and also the population increase has brought some changes.

[Assistant] How does these changes affects the community? …. Example men

[User] To my experience I think these changes has less effect on us men, because every man is struggling to conduct his activities efficiently to support life, and he is ready for anything

[Assistant] How about women?

[User] Same as women, we all struggle together because we are facing the same challenge in life

[Assistant] And how do these changes affect children?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] To my experience I think these changes has less effect on us men, because every man is struggling to conduct his activities efficiently to support life, and he is ready for anything

[Assistant] How about women?

[User] Same as women, we all struggle together because we are facing the same challenge in life

[Assistant] And how do these changes affect children?

[User] Recently children are not affected in large extent compare to the past because in the past children failed to get better education due to the higher school fees but after the cancel of school fees by the government now children are going to school freely. Improvement of the health services currently we are getting enough medication compare to the past. So I think children are less affected nowadays.

[Assistant] How about the elders


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Same as women, we all struggle together because we are facing the same challenge in life

[Assistant] And how do these changes affect children?

[User] Recently children are not affected in large extent compare to the past because in the past children failed to get better education due to the higher school fees but after the cancel of school fees by the government now children are going to school freely. Improvement of the health services currently we are getting enough medication compare to the past. So I think children are less affected nowadays.

[Assistant] How about the elders

[User] Mmm to the elders, think still there are some issues going on bit to the health services I think they are getting something although it’s not satisfactory

[Assistant] I would like to know how these changes bring some effects on the community health.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Recently children are not affected in large extent compare to the past because in the past children failed to get better education due to the higher school fees but after the cancel of school fees by the government now children are going to school freely. Improvement of the health services currently we are getting enough medication compare to the past. So I think children are less affected nowadays.

[Assistant] How about the elders

[User] Mmm to the elders, think still there are some issues going on bit to the health services I think they are getting something although it’s not satisfactory

[Assistant] I would like to know how these changes bring some effects on the community health.

[User] Until now I think there are no major changes which has affected the community because nowadays people have changes as we are having toilets of which we did not have in the past and we are also getting good services in the hospitals

[Assistant] Thank you. Currently what are the major threats which have brought some effect in food security in your community?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmm to the elders, think still there are some issues going on bit to the health services I think they are getting something although it’s not satisfactory

[Assistant] I would like to know how these changes bring some effects on the community health.

[User] Until now I think there are no major changes which has affected the community because nowadays people have changes as we are having toilets of which we did not have in the past and we are also getting good services in the hospitals

[Assistant] Thank you. Currently what are the major threats which have brought some effect in food security in your community?

[User] Mmmh… extreme hunger… last time we were buying 1kg of maize flour for 1200tsh/=, but the good thing food were available but money was difficult to get as most of the people do not have good sources of income they just depend on cattle

[Assistant] How about market system, were there any issues?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Until now I think there are no major changes which has affected the community because nowadays people have changes as we are having toilets of which we did not have in the past and we are also getting good services in the hospitals

[Assistant] Thank you. Currently what are the major threats which have brought some effect in food security in your community?

[User] Mmmh… extreme hunger… last time we were buying 1kg of maize flour for 1200tsh/=, but the good thing food were available but money was difficult to get as most of the people do not have good sources of income they just depend on cattle

[Assistant] How about market system, were there any issues?

[User] No there were no issues because everything was available in the market. The main problem was ways of earning income, in this village there are no productive work such as factory or company which is hiring youth or adults

[Assistant] How about the decrease of some foods such as oil


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmmh… extreme hunger… last time we were buying 1kg of maize flour for 1200tsh/=, but the good thing food were available but money was difficult to get as most of the people do not have good sources of income they just depend on cattle

[Assistant] How about market system, were there any issues?

[User] No there were no issues because everything was available in the market. The main problem was ways of earning income, in this village there are no productive work such as factory or company which is hiring youth or adults

[Assistant] How about the decrease of some foods such as oil

[User] There is no decrease of food or oil; we are facing income crises only

[Assistant] How about water?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No there were no issues because everything was available in the market. The main problem was ways of earning income, in this village there are no productive work such as factory or company which is hiring youth or adults

[Assistant] How about the decrease of some foods such as oil

[User] There is no decrease of food or oil; we are facing income crises only

[Assistant] How about water?

[User] In this village water is still a problem because we do not have specific place where we can get water throughout the year. We are fetching water very far and from the well so there is no guarantee place to obtain safe water

[Assistant] And what do you think are the main cause of that problem?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] There is no decrease of food or oil; we are facing income crises only

[Assistant] How about water?

[User] In this village water is still a problem because we do not have specific place where we can get water throughout the year. We are fetching water very far and from the well so there is no guarantee place to obtain safe water

[Assistant] And what do you think are the main cause of that problem?

[User] May you repeat?

[Assistant] I have said what do you think are the main cause of this problem of water?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] In this village water is still a problem because we do not have specific place where we can get water throughout the year. We are fetching water very far and from the well so there is no guarantee place to obtain safe water

[Assistant] And what do you think are the main cause of that problem?

[User] May you repeat?

[Assistant] I have said what do you think are the main cause of this problem of water?

[User] I think since our ancestors were using the same water from the well which is salt water and we have tried to the government authorities to provide us with safe drinking water but still they did not provide it

[Assistant] Okay thank you… Also I would like to know why water is still a major problem in this village


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] May you repeat?

[Assistant] I have said what do you think are the main cause of this problem of water?

[User] I think since our ancestors were using the same water from the well which is salt water and we have tried to the government authorities to provide us with safe drinking water but still they did not provide it

[Assistant] Okay thank you… Also I would like to know why water is still a major problem in this village

[User] I think is because in this village we do not have a major river where water flows throughout the year, we only gets enough water during the heavy rain season but after that we go back to our usual wells

[Assistant] And how do people overcome the situation of scarcity of food and water in general


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I think since our ancestors were using the same water from the well which is salt water and we have tried to the government authorities to provide us with safe drinking water but still they did not provide it

[Assistant] Okay thank you… Also I would like to know why water is still a major problem in this village

[User] I think is because in this village we do not have a major river where water flows throughout the year, we only gets enough water during the heavy rain season but after that we go back to our usual wells

[Assistant] And how do people overcome the situation of scarcity of food and water in general

[User] Mmmh due to the recent drought people learnt a lot because earlier we used to get some help from the government but after the announcement of this year that there will be no help from the government, all the people struggled on finding the ways of obtaining food. Also we have learnt that we should store enough food to satisfy all the household needs, if possible enough to pass us though the next harvest if God wish

[Assistant] What strategies do you take to make sure that the family have enough food throughout the year


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I think is because in this village we do not have a major river where water flows throughout the year, we only gets enough water during the heavy rain season but after that we go back to our usual wells

[Assistant] And how do people overcome the situation of scarcity of food and water in general

[User] Mmmh due to the recent drought people learnt a lot because earlier we used to get some help from the government but after the announcement of this year that there will be no help from the government, all the people struggled on finding the ways of obtaining food. Also we have learnt that we should store enough food to satisfy all the household needs, if possible enough to pass us though the next harvest if God wish

[Assistant] What strategies do you take to make sure that the family have enough food throughout the year

[User] Aaah… the strategies which we are taking are intercropping, our main crop is maize but we are cultivating other crops such as cowpeas, beans, sunflower so that we can sell to earn income which can support other household needs, aim is to avoid depending on selling maize to obtain money to buy soap, salt or oil. The strategy is to keep enough maize for food.

[Assistant] Yes… I wanted to know, what are the basic strategies do you take to make sure that each household has enough food


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmmh due to the recent drought people learnt a lot because earlier we used to get some help from the government but after the announcement of this year that there will be no help from the government, all the people struggled on finding the ways of obtaining food. Also we have learnt that we should store enough food to satisfy all the household needs, if possible enough to pass us though the next harvest if God wish

[Assistant] What strategies do you take to make sure that the family have enough food throughout the year

[User] Aaah… the strategies which we are taking are intercropping, our main crop is maize but we are cultivating other crops such as cowpeas, beans, sunflower so that we can sell to earn income which can support other household needs, aim is to avoid depending on selling maize to obtain money to buy soap, salt or oil. The strategy is to keep enough maize for food.

[Assistant] Yes… I wanted to know, what are the basic strategies do you take to make sure that each household has enough food

[User] Aaah…. I think first I you have enough land for cultivation and prepared enough cash crops which I have mentioned also when you have high income those will be major ways of getting enough food because when you do not have cattle and crops for selling you will not store some food because you will be in need of money so you have to sell some of your food to earn money

[Assistant] Eeeh… but you didn’t tell me exactly the strategy which you’re taking to keep food


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[User] Aaah…. I think first I you have enough land for cultivation and prepared enough cash crops which I have mentioned also when you have high income those will be major ways of getting enough food because when you do not have cattle and crops for selling you will not store some food because you will be in need of money so you have to sell some of your food to earn money

[Assistant] Eeeh… but you didn’t tell me exactly the strategy which you’re taking to keep food

[User] Strategy like a place to store food?

[Assistant] Eeh

[User] Oh…we only put maize in the bags with pesticides and store

[Assistant] Who do you think are most vulnerable group to the food insecurity?


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[User] Strategy like a place to store food?

[Assistant] Eeh

[User] Oh…we only put maize in the bags with pesticides and store

[Assistant] Who do you think are most vulnerable group to the food insecurity?

[User] I think children and women are the most vulnerable group because they are staying at home waiting for the food to be brought by the fathers’

[Assistant] Why do you say women and children are the most vulnerable group?


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[User] Oh…we only put maize in the bags with pesticides and store

[Assistant] Who do you think are most vulnerable group to the food insecurity?

[User] I think children and women are the most vulnerable group because they are staying at home waiting for the food to be brought by the fathers’

[Assistant] Why do you say women and children are the most vulnerable group?

[User] It because we men are doing more labor works that women and in the far places which you cannot take the children, and when you are going to work you need to live something at home because if you don’t those who remained will suffer from hunger, and their where you go to work you will get water and food so you won’t get the same effect compare to those who remained at home

[Assistant] And what do you think should be done to overcome the situation?


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[User] I think children and women are the most vulnerable group because they are staying at home waiting for the food to be brought by the fathers’

[Assistant] Why do you say women and children are the most vulnerable group?

[User] It because we men are doing more labor works that women and in the far places which you cannot take the children, and when you are going to work you need to live something at home because if you don’t those who remained will suffer from hunger, and their where you go to work you will get water and food so you won’t get the same effect compare to those who remained at home

[Assistant] And what do you think should be done to overcome the situation?

[User] First improvement of agriculture system, diversification of crop production so that people can sell other crops and keep the maize for food, the money obtained can be used to buy cows or goats

[Assistant] Okay… also how does water being useful to reduce the scarcity of food and hunger?


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[User] It because we men are doing more labor works that women and in the far places which you cannot take the children, and when you are going to work you need to live something at home because if you don’t those who remained will suffer from hunger, and their where you go to work you will get water and food so you won’t get the same effect compare to those who remained at home

[Assistant] And what do you think should be done to overcome the situation?

[User] First improvement of agriculture system, diversification of crop production so that people can sell other crops and keep the maize for food, the money obtained can be used to buy cows or goats

[Assistant] Okay… also how does water being useful to reduce the scarcity of food and hunger?

[User] When having water can help in cultivating some of the crops during the dry season as the irrigation system can be implemented and that help to reduce food scarcity. With water present you can cultivate tomatoes, onions and other different vegetables that you can sell and earn income to satisfy household needs

[Assistant] Aaah… we are now moving to the second part of changes of livelihood and responsibilities. Last year in February we came here and heard in different household that there are some changes of weather patterns from one season to another. What do you think are the source of these changes?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] First improvement of agriculture system, diversification of crop production so that people can sell other crops and keep the maize for food, the money obtained can be used to buy cows or goats

[Assistant] Okay… also how does water being useful to reduce the scarcity of food and hunger?

[User] When having water can help in cultivating some of the crops during the dry season as the irrigation system can be implemented and that help to reduce food scarcity. With water present you can cultivate tomatoes, onions and other different vegetables that you can sell and earn income to satisfy household needs

[Assistant] Aaah… we are now moving to the second part of changes of livelihood and responsibilities. Last year in February we came here and heard in different household that there are some changes of weather patterns from one season to another. What do you think are the source of these changes?

[User] Mmmh… I think these changes need lots of technical knowledge because changes cannot occur in the household it occurs all over due to the change of climatic condition

[Assistant] Alright…and what are the climatic changes did you observe in this community?


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[User] Mmmh… I think these changes need lots of technical knowledge because changes cannot occur in the household it occurs all over due to the change of climatic condition

[Assistant] Alright…and what are the climatic changes did you observe in this community?

[User] Mmh the climatic changes which I have observed in this community are three different types of fever.

[Assistant] Mmmh…..

[User] Malaria, UTI and Typhoid, those are the major changes which I have observed

[Assistant] Other major changes which you have observed perhaps changes of rain seasons


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[User] Mmh the climatic changes which I have observed in this community are three different types of fever.

[Assistant] Mmmh…..

[User] Malaria, UTI and Typhoid, those are the major changes which I have observed

[Assistant] Other major changes which you have observed perhaps changes of rain seasons

[User] Like this year there were heavy rains which did not affect the community but last year there were extreme hot weather which made most of people uncomfortable to sleep at night

[Assistant] And when do these changes occur?


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[User] Malaria, UTI and Typhoid, those are the major changes which I have observed

[Assistant] Other major changes which you have observed perhaps changes of rain seasons

[User] Like this year there were heavy rains which did not affect the community but last year there were extreme hot weather which made most of people uncomfortable to sleep at night

[Assistant] And when do these changes occur?

[User] Normally is around October to February

[Assistant] Mmh… may you explain to me clearly about these climatic changes


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[User] Like this year there were heavy rains which did not affect the community but last year there were extreme hot weather which made most of people uncomfortable to sleep at night

[Assistant] And when do these changes occur?

[User] Normally is around October to February

[Assistant] Mmh… may you explain to me clearly about these climatic changes

[User] Eeeheehee…. In the past there was a guarantee that in every February the rain starts up to March, April, May and June but recently things are changes; you might expect that the rain will come but it won’t

[Assistant] Eeeh… and how does these changes occurs for past five to ten years back?


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[User] Normally is around October to February

[Assistant] Mmh… may you explain to me clearly about these climatic changes

[User] Eeeheehee…. In the past there was a guarantee that in every February the rain starts up to March, April, May and June but recently things are changes; you might expect that the rain will come but it won’t

[Assistant] Eeeh… and how does these changes occurs for past five to ten years back?

[User] To that point I think it needed some experiences climatic expertise to explain what the reasons for these changes

[Assistant] Aah… perhaps in this area what is the situation


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[User] Eeeheehee…. In the past there was a guarantee that in every February the rain starts up to March, April, May and June but recently things are changes; you might expect that the rain will come but it won’t

[Assistant] Eeeh… and how does these changes occurs for past five to ten years back?

[User] To that point I think it needed some experiences climatic expertise to explain what the reasons for these changes

[Assistant] Aah… perhaps in this area what is the situation

[User] Mmmh!! to this area …. things have changed because in the past for about three years we were having enough food due to moderate rainfall but other three years you might experience extreme drought,

[Assistant] How these changes do affect the community?


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[User] To that point I think it needed some experiences climatic expertise to explain what the reasons for these changes

[Assistant] Aah… perhaps in this area what is the situation

[User] Mmmh!! to this area …. things have changed because in the past for about three years we were having enough food due to moderate rainfall but other three years you might experience extreme drought,

[Assistant] How these changes do affect the community?

[User] These changes affected us because we are farmers when we failed to get only one season of rain it affects us generally, because we cannot rely on any other thing as the chicken, goats, cows are all affected due to lack of enough water

[Assistant] How about in the environment


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmmh!! to this area …. things have changed because in the past for about three years we were having enough food due to moderate rainfall but other three years you might experience extreme drought,

[Assistant] How these changes do affect the community?

[User] These changes affected us because we are farmers when we failed to get only one season of rain it affects us generally, because we cannot rely on any other thing as the chicken, goats, cows are all affected due to lack of enough water

[Assistant] How about in the environment

[User] The environment becomes so destructed

[Assistant] How about grazing areas


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] These changes affected us because we are farmers when we failed to get only one season of rain it affects us generally, because we cannot rely on any other thing as the chicken, goats, cows are all affected due to lack of enough water

[Assistant] How about in the environment

[User] The environment becomes so destructed

[Assistant] How about grazing areas

[User] Also to the grazing areas everything become super destructed

[Assistant] How about water availability


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[User] The environment becomes so destructed

[Assistant] How about grazing areas

[User] Also to the grazing areas everything become super destructed

[Assistant] How about water availability

[User] It also become so difficult, you might find and area which is so empty without grass and water…. Everything becomes dry

[Assistant] How does the household livelihood looks like?


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[User] Also to the grazing areas everything become super destructed

[Assistant] How about water availability

[User] It also become so difficult, you might find and area which is so empty without grass and water…. Everything becomes dry

[Assistant] How does the household livelihood looks like?

[User] Mmmh it depends with the head of that household…. Because every household head has his own ways of ruling his home

[Assistant] Ok, how does the household head manage the situation associated to different changes?


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[User] It also become so difficult, you might find and area which is so empty without grass and water…. Everything becomes dry

[Assistant] How does the household livelihood looks like?

[User] Mmmh it depends with the head of that household…. Because every household head has his own ways of ruling his home

[Assistant] Ok, how does the household head manage the situation associated to different changes?

[User] First it depend with the agreement between the household members because to overcome any situation it needed good compromise

[Assistant] Is there any cooperation between people in doing different activities, example working together to support each other in production issues


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmmh it depends with the head of that household…. Because every household head has his own ways of ruling his home

[Assistant] Ok, how does the household head manage the situation associated to different changes?

[User] First it depend with the agreement between the household members because to overcome any situation it needed good compromise

[Assistant] Is there any cooperation between people in doing different activities, example working together to support each other in production issues

[User] Mh!! Currently we don’t have because each family works so hard to satisfy their needs but in the past I can say there was a little bit of some cooperation between people from the same clan.

[Assistant] If it happens that there are some major climatic changes what are the activities which people might perform to earn money for their needs?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] First it depend with the agreement between the household members because to overcome any situation it needed good compromise

[Assistant] Is there any cooperation between people in doing different activities, example working together to support each other in production issues

[User] Mh!! Currently we don’t have because each family works so hard to satisfy their needs but in the past I can say there was a little bit of some cooperation between people from the same clan.

[Assistant] If it happens that there are some major climatic changes what are the activities which people might perform to earn money for their needs?

[User] Mmmh … I think there are no joint activities which will be conducted

[Assistant] How about individually


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mh!! Currently we don’t have because each family works so hard to satisfy their needs but in the past I can say there was a little bit of some cooperation between people from the same clan.

[Assistant] If it happens that there are some major climatic changes what are the activities which people might perform to earn money for their needs?

[User] Mmmh … I think there are no joint activities which will be conducted

[Assistant] How about individually

[User] Eeeh individually, lots can be done because you might find a person selling charcoal, fire wood, and other activities

[Assistant] How about the pastoralist


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[User] Mmmh … I think there are no joint activities which will be conducted

[Assistant] How about individually

[User] Eeeh individually, lots can be done because you might find a person selling charcoal, fire wood, and other activities

[Assistant] How about the pastoralist

[User] You might find him shifting for place to place and here at Kibaya most of them moved to Kilindi

[Assistant] How about the number of cattle they keep


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Eeeh individually, lots can be done because you might find a person selling charcoal, fire wood, and other activities

[Assistant] How about the pastoralist

[User] You might find him shifting for place to place and here at Kibaya most of them moved to Kilindi

[Assistant] How about the number of cattle they keep

[User] It depend with the number of cows a person has, example Maasai they have a plenty of cows, so most of the time the youth shift from one place to another but elders and women remain at home

[Assistant] And what types of crops are you grow when there are extreme changes of weather patterns


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] You might find him shifting for place to place and here at Kibaya most of them moved to Kilindi

[Assistant] How about the number of cattle they keep

[User] It depend with the number of cows a person has, example Maasai they have a plenty of cows, so most of the time the youth shift from one place to another but elders and women remain at home

[Assistant] And what types of crops are you grow when there are extreme changes of weather patterns

[User] In the past we were growing sorghum, cassava and potatoes but currently most of them have disappeared but last year we started to grow cassava, and all was due to extreme drought

[Assistant] Where does the non-pastoralist earning their income


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[User] It depend with the number of cows a person has, example Maasai they have a plenty of cows, so most of the time the youth shift from one place to another but elders and women remain at home

[Assistant] And what types of crops are you grow when there are extreme changes of weather patterns

[User] In the past we were growing sorghum, cassava and potatoes but currently most of them have disappeared but last year we started to grow cassava, and all was due to extreme drought

[Assistant] Where does the non-pastoralist earning their income

[User] Most of them depend on selling charcoal and firewood but for those who failed to do so they may move to Tanga or Muheza and Lushoto for other labor works

[Assistant] And how about the changes of milk availability


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] In the past we were growing sorghum, cassava and potatoes but currently most of them have disappeared but last year we started to grow cassava, and all was due to extreme drought

[Assistant] Where does the non-pastoralist earning their income

[User] Most of them depend on selling charcoal and firewood but for those who failed to do so they may move to Tanga or Muheza and Lushoto for other labor works

[Assistant] And how about the changes of milk availability

[User] Milk is available from March when there is good climatic condition similar to this year up to September, October, November and December

[Assistant] So when exactly do you get maximum milk production


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Most of them depend on selling charcoal and firewood but for those who failed to do so they may move to Tanga or Muheza and Lushoto for other labor works

[Assistant] And how about the changes of milk availability

[User] Milk is available from March when there is good climatic condition similar to this year up to September, October, November and December

[Assistant] So when exactly do you get maximum milk production

[User] We get maximum production from May to August and started to decrease from September when the drought start up to December when there is no milk

[Assistant] Eeh so what major changes usually occur when there are changes of climate in milk availability


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[User] Milk is available from March when there is good climatic condition similar to this year up to September, October, November and December

[Assistant] So when exactly do you get maximum milk production

[User] We get maximum production from May to August and started to decrease from September when the drought start up to December when there is no milk

[Assistant] Eeh so what major changes usually occur when there are changes of climate in milk availability

[User] First when cattle lack water and enough feeds there are no milk, mostly during the extreme drought season

[Assistant] How does the role and responsibilities of men and women change when there are occurrence of different calamities


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[User] We get maximum production from May to August and started to decrease from September when the drought start up to December when there is no milk

[Assistant] Eeh so what major changes usually occur when there are changes of climate in milk availability

[User] First when cattle lack water and enough feeds there are no milk, mostly during the extreme drought season

[Assistant] How does the role and responsibilities of men and women change when there are occurrence of different calamities

[User] It depend with the time of calamity

[Assistant] Example the shortage of rainfall what type of activities do women perform


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] First when cattle lack water and enough feeds there are no milk, mostly during the extreme drought season

[Assistant] How does the role and responsibilities of men and women change when there are occurrence of different calamities

[User] It depend with the time of calamity

[Assistant] Example the shortage of rainfall what type of activities do women perform

[User] In this situation most of women do not have much to do but they may go to fetch water in the wells and selling to the food venders

[Assistant] How about men


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] It depend with the time of calamity

[Assistant] Example the shortage of rainfall what type of activities do women perform

[User] In this situation most of women do not have much to do but they may go to fetch water in the wells and selling to the food venders

[Assistant] How about men

[User] Men are selling charcoal

[Assistant] I would like to know if it happen that their some climatic change, who in this area has more activities than others


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] In this situation most of women do not have much to do but they may go to fetch water in the wells and selling to the food venders

[Assistant] How about men

[User] Men are selling charcoal

[Assistant] I would like to know if it happen that their some climatic change, who in this area has more activities than others

[User] Nowadays we are conducting similar activities because of the changes of lifestyle

[Assistant] I would also like to know in the presence of climatic changes does the conflict increase or decrease


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Men are selling charcoal

[Assistant] I would like to know if it happen that their some climatic change, who in this area has more activities than others

[User] Nowadays we are conducting similar activities because of the changes of lifestyle

[Assistant] I would also like to know in the presence of climatic changes does the conflict increase or decrease

[User] Normally the conflict happen during the dry season and it’s among the farmers and pastoralist because you might find some of the pastoralist takes their cattle to farms while those farms has never been grazed before hence conflict arises

[Assistant] And what is the conflict situation when the pastoralist moved to the far areas for grazing


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Nowadays we are conducting similar activities because of the changes of lifestyle

[Assistant] I would also like to know in the presence of climatic changes does the conflict increase or decrease

[User] Normally the conflict happen during the dry season and it’s among the farmers and pastoralist because you might find some of the pastoralist takes their cattle to farms while those farms has never been grazed before hence conflict arises

[Assistant] And what is the conflict situation when the pastoralist moved to the far areas for grazing

[User] When their moved to far areas there are some conflicts along the ways because they are taking large herd of cattle which sometimes is difficult to manage but after that there are no conflict because they are moved to far places outside of this community

[Assistant] What about when moved to the water sources


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Normally the conflict happen during the dry season and it’s among the farmers and pastoralist because you might find some of the pastoralist takes their cattle to farms while those farms has never been grazed before hence conflict arises

[Assistant] And what is the conflict situation when the pastoralist moved to the far areas for grazing

[User] When their moved to far areas there are some conflicts along the ways because they are taking large herd of cattle which sometimes is difficult to manage but after that there are no conflict because they are moved to far places outside of this community

[Assistant] What about when moved to the water sources

[User] Mmmh when moved to the water sources such as Ruvu river there are no conflict because the river is large and has plenty of water to sustain everyone needs but when moved to the small wells and ditches which most of the villagers used to fetch water, conflict may arise because water will be not enough for cattle and human

[Assistant] And how do you think this conflict should be minimized


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] When their moved to far areas there are some conflicts along the ways because they are taking large herd of cattle which sometimes is difficult to manage but after that there are no conflict because they are moved to far places outside of this community

[Assistant] What about when moved to the water sources

[User] Mmmh when moved to the water sources such as Ruvu river there are no conflict because the river is large and has plenty of water to sustain everyone needs but when moved to the small wells and ditches which most of the villagers used to fetch water, conflict may arise because water will be not enough for cattle and human

[Assistant] And how do you think this conflict should be minimized

[User] Mmh may be when we increase the number of wells but still is not enough to control all the conflicts

[Assistant] And how do people overcome the scarcity of food and milk


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmmh when moved to the water sources such as Ruvu river there are no conflict because the river is large and has plenty of water to sustain everyone needs but when moved to the small wells and ditches which most of the villagers used to fetch water, conflict may arise because water will be not enough for cattle and human

[Assistant] And how do you think this conflict should be minimized

[User] Mmh may be when we increase the number of wells but still is not enough to control all the conflicts

[Assistant] And how do people overcome the scarcity of food and milk

[User] Mmh… the scarcity of food and milk is due to lack of grasses and drought and there is no way out to overcome it…. Laughing…..

[Assistant] Which coping strategies do people take to overcome the situation of food and milk scarcity due to extreme drought


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmh may be when we increase the number of wells but still is not enough to control all the conflicts

[Assistant] And how do people overcome the scarcity of food and milk

[User] Mmh… the scarcity of food and milk is due to lack of grasses and drought and there is no way out to overcome it…. Laughing…..

[Assistant] Which coping strategies do people take to overcome the situation of food and milk scarcity due to extreme drought

[User] That is why most of the pastoralist shifts from one place to another so as to get enough feeds for their cattle in order to improve milk production and cattle’s health for better prices. The obtained money will be used for food purchasing even when there is scarcity of milk

[Assistant] Mmmh… we are moved to the other part….how does the livelihood system change in this community… example ways of managing the herds


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmh… the scarcity of food and milk is due to lack of grasses and drought and there is no way out to overcome it…. Laughing…..

[Assistant] Which coping strategies do people take to overcome the situation of food and milk scarcity due to extreme drought

[User] That is why most of the pastoralist shifts from one place to another so as to get enough feeds for their cattle in order to improve milk production and cattle’s health for better prices. The obtained money will be used for food purchasing even when there is scarcity of milk

[Assistant] Mmmh… we are moved to the other part….how does the livelihood system change in this community… example ways of managing the herds

[User] Mmmh it depends when you are having large number of herds the management is difficult but when having a small number of cattle like ten cows the management is easy as the expertise emphasize on zero grazing to you will be possible, also you will maintain the hygiene and having a reserved area for feeding

[Assistant] How about to the farm area


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] That is why most of the pastoralist shifts from one place to another so as to get enough feeds for their cattle in order to improve milk production and cattle’s health for better prices. The obtained money will be used for food purchasing even when there is scarcity of milk

[Assistant] Mmmh… we are moved to the other part….how does the livelihood system change in this community… example ways of managing the herds

[User] Mmmh it depends when you are having large number of herds the management is difficult but when having a small number of cattle like ten cows the management is easy as the expertise emphasize on zero grazing to you will be possible, also you will maintain the hygiene and having a reserved area for feeding

[Assistant] How about to the farm area

[User] To the farm you need to use the advanced agricultural method and follow the advice from the expertise

[Assistant] Mmh… are there any other activities which people are involved in apart from farming and livestock keeping


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmmh it depends when you are having large number of herds the management is difficult but when having a small number of cattle like ten cows the management is easy as the expertise emphasize on zero grazing to you will be possible, also you will maintain the hygiene and having a reserved area for feeding

[Assistant] How about to the farm area

[User] To the farm you need to use the advanced agricultural method and follow the advice from the expertise

[Assistant] Mmh… are there any other activities which people are involved in apart from farming and livestock keeping

[User] Yes … we have people who are selling charcoal, firewood, food vendors, fruit vendors and other small business

[Assistant] May you explain more to that context?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] To the farm you need to use the advanced agricultural method and follow the advice from the expertise

[Assistant] Mmh… are there any other activities which people are involved in apart from farming and livestock keeping

[User] Yes … we have people who are selling charcoal, firewood, food vendors, fruit vendors and other small business

[Assistant] May you explain more to that context?

[User] You might find a pastoralist sells two or three of his cows to buy maize but after some time he may buy two calves and moved on with his life

[Assistant] Does this changes brought positive or negative effects towards the community


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes … we have people who are selling charcoal, firewood, food vendors, fruit vendors and other small business

[Assistant] May you explain more to that context?

[User] You might find a pastoralist sells two or three of his cows to buy maize but after some time he may buy two calves and moved on with his life

[Assistant] Does this changes brought positive or negative effects towards the community

[User] I think they have brought some good impression to the society because when cropping we get enough food and when selling some cows we get money to sustain our other needs

[Assistant] With your thought what are the source of these changes


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] You might find a pastoralist sells two or three of his cows to buy maize but after some time he may buy two calves and moved on with his life

[Assistant] Does this changes brought positive or negative effects towards the community

[User] I think they have brought some good impression to the society because when cropping we get enough food and when selling some cows we get money to sustain our other needs

[Assistant] With your thought what are the source of these changes

[User] Mmh I think is because of advice provided by the expertise; they brought new knowledge which changes the community.

[Assistant] What about in the education area


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I think they have brought some good impression to the society because when cropping we get enough food and when selling some cows we get money to sustain our other needs

[Assistant] With your thought what are the source of these changes

[User] Mmh I think is because of advice provided by the expertise; they brought new knowledge which changes the community.

[Assistant] What about in the education area

[User] Mmh… nowadays children gets better education because our teachers’ taught well and when they pass they pass due to their efforts it’s not plagiarism

[Assistant] How about changes of traditions and norms


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmh I think is because of advice provided by the expertise; they brought new knowledge which changes the community.

[Assistant] What about in the education area

[User] Mmh… nowadays children gets better education because our teachers’ taught well and when they pass they pass due to their efforts it’s not plagiarism

[Assistant] How about changes of traditions and norms

[User] …there are lots of changes, nowadays most of the norms and cultural practices has disappeared such as traditional dance and songs

[Assistant] And what do you think are the reason for these changes


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmh… nowadays children gets better education because our teachers’ taught well and when they pass they pass due to their efforts it’s not plagiarism

[Assistant] How about changes of traditions and norms

[User] …there are lots of changes, nowadays most of the norms and cultural practices has disappeared such as traditional dance and songs

[Assistant] And what do you think are the reason for these changes

[User] I think is due to the advancement of technology and globalization because currently in the ceremonies people plays New modern songs instead of traditional songs

[Assistant] Is there any conflicts brought by immigrants


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] …there are lots of changes, nowadays most of the norms and cultural practices has disappeared such as traditional dance and songs

[Assistant] And what do you think are the reason for these changes

[User] I think is due to the advancement of technology and globalization because currently in the ceremonies people plays New modern songs instead of traditional songs

[Assistant] Is there any conflicts brought by immigrants

[User] Mmh they used to be their but now we don’t have it because most of the people nowadays have been educated and settled to the lands which they bought

[Assistant] I would like to know the reasons for changes of women roles and responsibility in the household because women used to do household chores and small business. What do you think are the reasons for these changes?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I think is due to the advancement of technology and globalization because currently in the ceremonies people plays New modern songs instead of traditional songs

[Assistant] Is there any conflicts brought by immigrants

[User] Mmh they used to be their but now we don’t have it because most of the people nowadays have been educated and settled to the lands which they bought

[Assistant] I would like to know the reasons for changes of women roles and responsibility in the household because women used to do household chores and small business. What do you think are the reasons for these changes?

[User] In the past women were not going to school but nowadays they are which made some major improvement to them and in the community because they have the power to perform similar work with men such as different works in the offices. Example you might have six or seven female children in your home but all of them might not do any household chores such as grazing due to schooling. In general this has brought major changes in women role

[Assistant] What do you think are the effects of these changes in the household?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmh they used to be their but now we don’t have it because most of the people nowadays have been educated and settled to the lands which they bought

[Assistant] I would like to know the reasons for changes of women roles and responsibility in the household because women used to do household chores and small business. What do you think are the reasons for these changes?

[User] In the past women were not going to school but nowadays they are which made some major improvement to them and in the community because they have the power to perform similar work with men such as different works in the offices. Example you might have six or seven female children in your home but all of them might not do any household chores such as grazing due to schooling. In general this has brought major changes in women role

[Assistant] What do you think are the effects of these changes in the household?

[User] Until now I think there are no effects in the family because these changes bought some development

[Assistant] In the past you said women were doing different household chore but nowadays most of the activities has decreased due to education, now what is the effect resulted to these changes example change of children health, family income and meals


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] In the past women were not going to school but nowadays they are which made some major improvement to them and in the community because they have the power to perform similar work with men such as different works in the offices. Example you might have six or seven female children in your home but all of them might not do any household chores such as grazing due to schooling. In general this has brought major changes in women role

[Assistant] What do you think are the effects of these changes in the household?

[User] Until now I think there are no effects in the family because these changes bought some development

[Assistant] In the past you said women were doing different household chore but nowadays most of the activities has decreased due to education, now what is the effect resulted to these changes example change of children health, family income and meals

[User] Eeh.. during the past the family income was still low because most of them were not educated but nowadays most of the women are educated so they are doing their activities with higher knowledge….if they cultivate they do it efficiently due to education, if they prepare food it also perfect, so they are some benefits of taking women to school

[Assistant] Alright we now shift to the next part of changes of intercommunity.., I know there are high rate of migration between people, some moved in and some moved out. What can you say about that?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Until now I think there are no effects in the family because these changes bought some development

[Assistant] In the past you said women were doing different household chore but nowadays most of the activities has decreased due to education, now what is the effect resulted to these changes example change of children health, family income and meals

[User] Eeh.. during the past the family income was still low because most of them were not educated but nowadays most of the women are educated so they are doing their activities with higher knowledge….if they cultivate they do it efficiently due to education, if they prepare food it also perfect, so they are some benefits of taking women to school

[Assistant] Alright we now shift to the next part of changes of intercommunity.., I know there are high rate of migration between people, some moved in and some moved out. What can you say about that?

[User] Mmh in this village we don’t have that situation of people moved out and in, may be they move to near place for small activities and then coming back

[Assistant] What can you say about the increasing of population rate in this community?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Eeh.. during the past the family income was still low because most of them were not educated but nowadays most of the women are educated so they are doing their activities with higher knowledge….if they cultivate they do it efficiently due to education, if they prepare food it also perfect, so they are some benefits of taking women to school

[Assistant] Alright we now shift to the next part of changes of intercommunity.., I know there are high rate of migration between people, some moved in and some moved out. What can you say about that?

[User] Mmh in this village we don’t have that situation of people moved out and in, may be they move to near place for small activities and then coming back

[Assistant] What can you say about the increasing of population rate in this community?

[User] Mmh, some of the people from different tribes moved in and the birth rate also increase although is not that much, I think that the only way of population increase in this community

[Assistant] What are the changes brought by them?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmh in this village we don’t have that situation of people moved out and in, may be they move to near place for small activities and then coming back

[Assistant] What can you say about the increasing of population rate in this community?

[User] Mmh, some of the people from different tribes moved in and the birth rate also increase although is not that much, I think that the only way of population increase in this community

[Assistant] What are the changes brought by them?

[User] There are no major changes because they came with the same ideas

[Assistant] Which tribes are migrating to this area?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmh, some of the people from different tribes moved in and the birth rate also increase although is not that much, I think that the only way of population increase in this community

[Assistant] What are the changes brought by them?

[User] There are no major changes because they came with the same ideas

[Assistant] Which tribes are migrating to this area?

[User] Sandawe, Mang’ati , Mbulu and Waarusha.

[Assistant] Why are they moved to this area?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] There are no major changes because they came with the same ideas

[Assistant] Which tribes are migrating to this area?

[User] Sandawe, Mang’ati , Mbulu and Waarusha.

[Assistant] Why are they moved to this area?

[User] I think it because of the land like Arusha

[Assistant] And who shift from one place to another?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Sandawe, Mang’ati , Mbulu and Waarusha.

[Assistant] Why are they moved to this area?

[User] I think it because of the land like Arusha

[Assistant] And who shift from one place to another?

[User] Mang’ati … because some of them did not get land for grazing

[Assistant] And do they go to school?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I think it because of the land like Arusha

[Assistant] And who shift from one place to another?

[User] Mang’ati … because some of them did not get land for grazing

[Assistant] And do they go to school?

[User] Not really… some of them did but few of them. When you talk about Mbulu and Arusha most of their children are going to school because they are having permanent settlement

[Assistant] Are there any people moved to far places for work?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mang’ati … because some of them did not get land for grazing

[Assistant] And do they go to school?

[User] Not really… some of them did but few of them. When you talk about Mbulu and Arusha most of their children are going to school because they are having permanent settlement

[Assistant] Are there any people moved to far places for work?

[User] Yes they are… some moved to Arusha, Moshi, Mwanza, and Dar es Salaam most especially youth.

[Assistant] And how about those who went for schooling do they come back or stayed there?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Not really… some of them did but few of them. When you talk about Mbulu and Arusha most of their children are going to school because they are having permanent settlement

[Assistant] Are there any people moved to far places for work?

[User] Yes they are… some moved to Arusha, Moshi, Mwanza, and Dar es Salaam most especially youth.

[Assistant] And how about those who went for schooling do they come back or stayed there?

[User] They are coming back

[Assistant] How about youth?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes they are… some moved to Arusha, Moshi, Mwanza, and Dar es Salaam most especially youth.

[Assistant] And how about those who went for schooling do they come back or stayed there?

[User] They are coming back

[Assistant] How about youth?

[User] Some may come back but some they establish their life to the new places but it depend and what kind of activity a person is conducting as well as the income earned

[Assistant] How do these changes affect the community?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] They are coming back

[Assistant] How about youth?

[User] Some may come back but some they establish their life to the new places but it depend and what kind of activity a person is conducting as well as the income earned

[Assistant] How do these changes affect the community?

[User] Mmh… somehow it affects the community but for those who went to other places and never coming back but for those who went and come back there are no effect

[Assistant] How about youth of the same age?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Some may come back but some they establish their life to the new places but it depend and what kind of activity a person is conducting as well as the income earned

[Assistant] How do these changes affect the community?

[User] Mmh… somehow it affects the community but for those who went to other places and never coming back but for those who went and come back there are no effect

[Assistant] How about youth of the same age?

[User] Some of them may be affected such as those who are involved with the use of drugs

[Assistant] What are the changes which you have received due to the immigration of people in your area?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Some of them may be affected such as those who are involved with the use of drugs

[Assistant] What are the changes which you have received due to the immigration of people in your area?

[User] Mmh we used to crop one variety but after they have moved here we are practicing intercropping such as cowpeas, maize, beans at one farm, also we were having cows but we did not know how to use them but they have taught as to use them in farming

[Assistant] What else?

[User] Also they taught us to do some business which improves our money circulation

[Assistant] And when people move to other villages what change do you get in this village


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmh we used to crop one variety but after they have moved here we are practicing intercropping such as cowpeas, maize, beans at one farm, also we were having cows but we did not know how to use them but they have taught as to use them in farming

[Assistant] What else?

[User] Also they taught us to do some business which improves our money circulation

[Assistant] And when people move to other villages what change do you get in this village

[User] We might get some changes because if your neighbor moved to another village and when your used to him or her you might get some effect of losing a friend

[Assistant] How do people perceive these changes?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Also they taught us to do some business which improves our money circulation

[Assistant] And when people move to other villages what change do you get in this village

[User] We might get some changes because if your neighbor moved to another village and when your used to him or her you might get some effect of losing a friend

[Assistant] How do people perceive these changes?

[User] People perceive that farmers need their land and pastoralist need their land so that each activity should be conducted efficiently without any conflict

[Assistant] How do these conflicts happen in this community?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] We might get some changes because if your neighbor moved to another village and when your used to him or her you might get some effect of losing a friend

[Assistant] How do people perceive these changes?

[User] People perceive that farmers need their land and pastoralist need their land so that each activity should be conducted efficiently without any conflict

[Assistant] How do these conflicts happen in this community?

[User] These conflicts always happened in the community sometimes they might occur between farmers to farmers when they are fighting for the boundaries, or farmers to pastoralist when they are fighting for crops which the cows ate, or pastoralist to pastoralist when they stole each other’s cows. So conflicts are always there but not so much nowadays.

[Assistant] Okay and how does these changes affects the diet patterns of the community…example when the youth leave in the community how does that affect those who remain?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] People perceive that farmers need their land and pastoralist need their land so that each activity should be conducted efficiently without any conflict

[Assistant] How do these conflicts happen in this community?

[User] These conflicts always happened in the community sometimes they might occur between farmers to farmers when they are fighting for the boundaries, or farmers to pastoralist when they are fighting for crops which the cows ate, or pastoralist to pastoralist when they stole each other’s cows. So conflicts are always there but not so much nowadays.

[Assistant] Okay and how does these changes affects the diet patterns of the community…example when the youth leave in the community how does that affect those who remain?

[User] On the contrarily it does affect those who remain because if the youth left their olds’ will fail to get enough food as they are weak to perform productive works

[Assistant] Whose does that really affect the availability of food


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] These conflicts always happened in the community sometimes they might occur between farmers to farmers when they are fighting for the boundaries, or farmers to pastoralist when they are fighting for crops which the cows ate, or pastoralist to pastoralist when they stole each other’s cows. So conflicts are always there but not so much nowadays.

[Assistant] Okay and how does these changes affects the diet patterns of the community…example when the youth leave in the community how does that affect those who remain?

[User] On the contrarily it does affect those who remain because if the youth left their olds’ will fail to get enough food as they are weak to perform productive works

[Assistant] Whose does that really affect the availability of food

[User] From my knowledge the youth are the ones who produce so when they leave the elders becomes unhealthy

[Assistant] From your experience when does the conflicts occurs


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] On the contrarily it does affect those who remain because if the youth left their olds’ will fail to get enough food as they are weak to perform productive works

[Assistant] Whose does that really affect the availability of food

[User] From my knowledge the youth are the ones who produce so when they leave the elders becomes unhealthy

[Assistant] From your experience when does the conflicts occurs

[User] They happened during the cultivation season, when people are preparing the farms for crop growing… some needed more land while they have less but when it happened the government came and solved it but dividing the land

[Assistant] How these conflicts do affect the role and responsibility of women and men?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] From my knowledge the youth are the ones who produce so when they leave the elders becomes unhealthy

[Assistant] From your experience when does the conflicts occurs

[User] They happened during the cultivation season, when people are preparing the farms for crop growing… some needed more land while they have less but when it happened the government came and solved it but dividing the land

[Assistant] How these conflicts do affect the role and responsibility of women and men?

[User] It has some impact because at the time when people needed to work in the field they were in the meeting solving the conflicts which affects food availability.

[Assistant] How does the community struggle to fight against these conflicts?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] They happened during the cultivation season, when people are preparing the farms for crop growing… some needed more land while they have less but when it happened the government came and solved it but dividing the land

[Assistant] How these conflicts do affect the role and responsibility of women and men?

[User] It has some impact because at the time when people needed to work in the field they were in the meeting solving the conflicts which affects food availability.

[Assistant] How does the community struggle to fight against these conflicts?

[User] They have left to the government but for the case of the minor conflicts they are trying to settle with the fighters on both sides

[Assistant] Thank you for your time since we have started but now I have few questions to wind up.


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] It has some impact because at the time when people needed to work in the field they were in the meeting solving the conflicts which affects food availability.

[Assistant] How does the community struggle to fight against these conflicts?

[User] They have left to the government but for the case of the minor conflicts they are trying to settle with the fighters on both sides

[Assistant] Thank you for your time since we have started but now I have few questions to wind up.

[User] Mmmh…

[Assistant] Where do people learn about food and nutrition for better health?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] They have left to the government but for the case of the minor conflicts they are trying to settle with the fighters on both sides

[Assistant] Thank you for your time since we have started but now I have few questions to wind up.

[User] Mmmh…

[Assistant] Where do people learn about food and nutrition for better health?

[User] Mmh I think there is no where they can learn that but for women they get the knowledge at the hospital from the nurses

[Assistant] How this information can be useful to you?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Mmh I think there is no where they can learn that but for women they get the knowledge at the hospital from the nurses

[Assistant] How this information can be useful to you?

[User] Information like health eating, good food and nutrition for better health

[Assistant] Yes

[User] Eeh the information are very good if you heard about it for expertise because when you get them you will take back home and help your family.

[Assistant] And how does the community perceive this information?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Information like health eating, good food and nutrition for better health

[Assistant] Yes

[User] Eeh the information are very good if you heard about it for expertise because when you get them you will take back home and help your family.

[Assistant] And how does the community perceive this information?

[User] They receive it happily and with good heart

[Assistant] Okay and do you have something else to add before winding up?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] Yes.

[Assistant] Were you born in this village?

[User] No.

[Assistant] Where were you born?

[User] I was born in Same District…this is where I grew up and started class one.

[Assistant] You grew up here up to which age?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] No.

[Assistant] Where were you born?

[User] I was born in Same District…this is where I grew up and started class one.

[Assistant] You grew up here up to which age?

[User] I grew up here till I moved away (migrated).

[Assistant] You migrated from this village at what age?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I was born in Same District…this is where I grew up and started class one.

[Assistant] You grew up here up to which age?

[User] I grew up here till I moved away (migrated).

[Assistant] You migrated from this village at what age?

[User] I migrated from this village at the age of 28 years.

[Assistant] And you moved to where?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I grew up here till I moved away (migrated).

[Assistant] You migrated from this village at what age?

[User] I migrated from this village at the age of 28 years.

[Assistant] And you moved to where?

[User] I migrated to Bagamoyo district.

[Assistant] Therefore, you went there to be married or to look for a job?


[System] Act as an information elicitation agent for academic interviews.

[User] I migrated from this village at the age of 28 years.

[Assistant] And you moved to where?

[User] I migrated to Bagamoyo district.

[Assistant] Therefore, you went there to be married or to look for a job?

[User] No. We just migrated to a different location.

[Assistant] Therefore, this place is where you migrated to?