but I suppose my question is now what policy reasons justify taxing corporations 20% of 100k instead of 50% of a human's 100k. A common argument for corporations being taxed at a lower rate is that you are still double taxing: the company for earning the money, and then at either the investor level, when money is distributed to them, or at the employee level, on their income taxes. (side note: there are incorporation methods that don't tax investors that are steadily becoming more popular). Another argument is that money that's going to the government could instead be used to do things like invest in operations or hire new employees, which has a better effect on the economy. This is _sometimes_ true, for companies that still have room to grow.\"}, {\"answer\": \"The owners of the corporation get the money that passes through the corporation and then they are taxed on it as personal income. If you own a corporation your money is being taxed twice: once at the corporate level and then once again at the personal level. So if you have a corporate that makes $10,000,000, you would get taxed 21% of income at the corporate level, and then once again on the personal level at 35% or whatever that tax bracket is.\"}, {\"answer\": \"In my opinion a corporation is not a person - and shouldn\\u2019t be taxed. Individual people making money out of the corporation, employees, board members, investors, should be taxed based on the income they receive. Other than that, I agree with the fictionhood aspect of corporations, such as being able to sue them or charge them for violating law, but you can\\u2019t exactly throw a corporation in jail, so I don\\u2019t think we should call them people, but legal entities.\"}, {\"answer\": \"In order to create a succesful corporation you need to have earned money. That money was taxed. Ypu could have just spent the money, but ypu decided to create a company, which is risky, and only if that ends up being successful (aka creating value) is there profit to tax. Taximg that at the same rate would discourage further investment. That being said, corporate tax should be lower than it is...\"}, {\"answer\": \"People who invest in corporations are taxed twice. Corporate profits are taxed first at the company level, a rate of 21%, then when an investor wants to take funds out, in the form of dividends or capital gains, a second tax is levied at either 0, 15%, or 20% depending on your income level. So, for high income earners, the total tax on corporate profits is 41%.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Because you really really cannot tax a corporation. A corporate tax is a tax on people, period. The corporate taxes are carried by a) consumers in the form of higher prices b) employees in the form of lower salaries and/or c) owners in the form of lower dividends. Corporate tax is an easier sell politically than higher taxes for people.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Because the corporation is just a middle man. The tax will be passed on to consumers, workers, and *maybe* shareholders.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"11416621\", \"title\": \"Corporate tax in the United States\", \"section\": \"Section::::Taxable income.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 27, \"end_paragraph_id\": 27, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Determinations of what is taxable and at what rate are made at the federal level based on U.S. tax law. Many but not all states incorporate federal law principles in their tax laws to some extent. Federal taxable income equals gross income (gross receipts and other income less cost of goods sold) less tax deductions. Gross income of a corporation and business deductions are determined in much the same manner as for individuals. All income of a corporation is subject to the same federal tax rate. However, corporations may reduce other federal taxable income by a net capital loss and certain deductions are more limited. Certain deductions are available only to corporations. These include deductions for dividends received and amortization of organization expenses. Some states tax business income of a corporation differently than nonbusiness income. Principles for recognizing income and deductions may differ from financial accounting principles. Key areas of difference include differences in the timing of income or deduction, tax exemption for certain income, and disallowance or limitation of certain tax deductions. IRS rules require that these differences be disclosed in considerable\", \"Determinations of what is taxable and at what rate are made at the federal level based on U.S. tax law. Many but not all states incorporate federal law principles in their tax laws to some extent. Federal taxable income equals gross income (gross receipts and other income less cost of goods sold) less tax deductions. Gross income of a corporation and business deductions are determined in much the same manner as for individuals. All income of a corporation is subject to the same federal tax rate. However, corporations may reduce other federal t\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"166496\", \"title\": \"Dividend tax\", \"section\": \"Section::::Controversy.:Arguments against.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 15, \"end_paragraph_id\": 15, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"income taxed at the corporate level. Critics, such as the Cato Institute, argue that a dividend tax amounts to unfair \\\"double taxation\\\". Cato's position is, (Economists use the term \\\"double taxation\\\" in reference to the tax on dividends due to the fact that dividend income is paid out of corporate profits and represent a portion of the profit stream owned by shareholders. Since corporate profits are taxed first at the corporate tax rate, they are taxed again when paid out as dividends (or capital gains, which are a derivative of corporate profits). (Therefore, to find the true tax on capital), the corporate tax rate is added to the dividend tax and capital gains tax. This calculation is complicated by the fact that some shareholders own shares in tax-deferred accounts, which are ultimately taxed at the personal income tax level (often but not always higher than the capital gains or dividend tax rate) upon withdrawal. Since debt financing is often tax-deductible, (companies are incentivized to borrow), thus reducing taxable income but leveraging the growth rate of profits and capital gains. The (result of this activity is to increase the volatility of corporate profits) and thus stock price movements, (which increases the probability of bankruptcy).\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\", \"income taxed at the corporate level. Critics, such as the Cato Institute, argue that a dividend tax amounts to unfair \\\"double taxation\\\". Cato's position is, (Economists use the term \\\"double taxation\\\" in reference to the tax on dividends due to the fact that dividend income is paid out of corporate profits and represent a portion of the profit stream owned by shareholders. Since corporate profits are taxed first at the corporate tax\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Taxation in the Czech Republic\n\n\ntransmission systems. Legal Entities residing in the Czech Republic need to pay corporate income tax on their worldwide income. Foreign companies are taxed on income that is sourced in Czech Republic only. The standard corporate tax rate is 19%. Investment funds have a special tax rate of 5% and for pension funds the rate is 0%. A 15% rate is levied on dividend income of Czech tax resident entities from non-resident entities. Individuals that are considered as tax residents in the Czech Republic are levied a flat personal","id":"8540157"},{"contents":"Retained earnings\n\n\nthe corporate tax rate is usually lower than the higher marginal rates for some individual taxpayers. Higher income taxpayers could \"park\" income inside a private company instead of being paid out as a dividend and then taxed at the individual rates. To remove this tax benefit, some jurisdictions impose an \"undistributed profits tax\" on retained earnings of private companies, usually at the highest individual marginal tax rate. The issue of bonus shares, even if funded out of retained earnings, will in most jurisdictions not be treated as a dividend","id":"20459004"},{"contents":"Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992\n\n\ndetermined by the highest rate of income tax which that person pays. If the person is a higher-rate tax payer, then the higher rate of income tax (currently 40%) is charged on the gain. Each year a natural person has an amount of gain, fixed by law, which is exempt from tax. By contrast, for bodies corporate, the chargeable gain is treated as additional profits for the accounting period in question. The capital gains tax is charged as additional corporation tax. Bodies corporate have no","id":"20922553"},{"contents":"Self-Invested Personal Pension\n\n\nfor the year will become £3,600). The 20% is usually added to the 'pot' some 6–11 weeks after your payment is made. Higher rate and additional rate taxpayers must claim any additional tax refund through their tax return if they have one, or by otherwise contacting HMRC (being a higher rate taxpayer, being self-employed or having paid too much tax, are all triggers for being requested to complete a tax return). Employer contributions are usually allowable against corporation tax or income tax. Income from","id":"8727645"},{"contents":"Bruce Rauner\n\n\n's proposal to make the 2011 temporary income tax increase permanent, instead calling for the Illinois' income tax rate to gradually be rolled back to 3 percent. On January 1, 2015, the income tax increase automatically partially sunset, with the personal income tax rate falling from 5% to 3.75% and the corporate tax rate from 7% to 5.25%. In July 2014, Rauner called for expanding Illinois' sales tax to dozens of services, such as legal services, accounting services, and computer programming, which currently","id":"9137739"},{"contents":"Income tax\n\n\nrates than corporations. Individuals include only human beings. Tax systems in countries other than the USA treat an entity as a corporation only if it is legally organized as a corporation. Estates and trusts are usually subject to special tax provisions. Other taxable entities are generally treated as partnerships. In the US, many kinds of entities may elect to be treated as a corporation or a partnership. Partners of partnerships are treated as having income, deductions, and credits equal to their shares of such partnership items. Separate taxes are assessed","id":"5683454"},{"contents":"Income tax in the United States\n\n\n), may elect to be treated as a corporation or as a partnership. Distributions from partnerships are not taxed as dividends. [[File:US Effective Corporate Tax Rate 1947-2011 v2.jpg|thumb|The U.S. federal [[effective tax rate|effective]] corporate tax rate has become much lower than the nominal rate because of various special tax provisions.]] Corporate tax is imposed in the U.S. at the federal, most state, and some local levels on the income of entities treated for tax purposes as corporations. Shareholders of a corporation","id":"2290220"},{"contents":"Alternative minimum tax\n\n\nno limit on the amount of income which an individual or corporation could exclude from tax as the result of various tax preferences. As a result, there were large variations in the tax burdens placed on individuals or corporations with similar economic incomes, depending upon the size of their preference income. In general, those individual or corporate taxpayers who received the bulk of their income from personal services or manufacturing were taxed at relatively higher tax rates than others. On the other hand, individuals or corporations which received the bulk of their income","id":"16327550"},{"contents":"Arnold Harberger\n\n\nfunctions. The corporate income tax is a tax on the return to corporate capital. It may differ from the top rate of personal income tax, the marginal tax rate to which the return on unincorporated capital is subject. There is no integration of the corporate and personal income taxes so any dividends are taxed twice. Harberger's conclusion, seen as surprising at the time, is that the corporate income tax lowers the after-tax marginal product of all owners of capital equally. Since labor and new capital were free change sectors","id":"2749422"},{"contents":"Taxation in New Mexico\n\n\nactive-duty military salaries have been exempt from the state income tax. Personal income tax rates for New Mexico range from 1.7% to 4.9%, within four income brackets. The individual income tax rates are listed in the table below. Corporations that generate income from activities or sources in New Mexico and that are required to file federal income tax returns as corporations must pay corporate income tax to the state. Corporate income is taxed at the rate of 4.8% for the first $500,000, 6.4% for the next $","id":"9953105"},{"contents":"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017\n\n\nare taxed at 39.6%, the top individual rate. The corporate tax rate was lowered from 35% to 21%, while some related business deductions and credits were reduced or eliminated. The Act also changed the U.S. from a global to a territorial tax system with respect to corporate income tax. Instead of a corporation paying the U.S. tax rate (35%) for income earned in any country (less a credit for taxes paid to that country), each subsidiary pays the tax rate of the country in which it","id":"7920652"},{"contents":"Dividend tax\n\n\nwhich are a derivative of corporate profits). (Therefore, to find the true tax on capital), the corporate tax rate is added to the dividend tax and capital gains tax. This calculation is complicated by the fact that some shareholders own shares in tax-deferred accounts, which are ultimately taxed at the personal income tax level (often but not always higher than the capital gains or dividend tax rate) upon withdrawal. Since debt financing is often tax-deductible, (companies are incentivized to borrow), thus","id":"4921284"},{"contents":"Economic history of Portugal\n\n\nThe VAT, whose normal rate was 17%, replaced all indirect taxes, such as the transactions tax, railroad tax, and tourism tax. Marginal tax rates on both personal and corporate income were substantially cut, and in the case of individual taxes, the number of brackets was reduced to five. The basic rate of corporate tax was 36.5%, and the top marginal tax rate on personal income was cut from 80% to 40%. A 25% capital gains tax was levied on direct and portfolio investment.","id":"11189422"},{"contents":"Predicted effects of the FairTax\n\n\nelimination of these special tax provisions under the current system in an effort to broaden the tax base and reduce corporate tax rates. State and local governments often exempt their own taxes when issuing bonds, so they could still contain some advantages. Issuers may have to offer higher interest rates to attract investors. Americans For Fair Taxation argue that, after the fair tax goes into effect, corporate bond rates would drop; that new tax free yields will roughly equal their previous after tax value under the income tax; and that state and","id":"17703053"},{"contents":"Abgeltungsteuer\n\n\nnew \"Abgeltungsteuer\" (Article 32 of the German Income Tax Act). The taxation at the level of a shareholder (shareholders or partners) depends on whether the shareholder is an individual or a corporation: The \"Abgeltungsteuer\" is levied as a withholding tax. Private investor’s tax liability is settled. The already taxed capital gains are no longer recorded in the annual income tax return. Instead of taxing with the personal tax rate of taxpayers, their income regardless of their height is taxed with the flat tax rate of","id":"3571291"},{"contents":"Taxation in Georgia (country)\n\n\nTaxes in Georgia is collected on both state and local level. The most important taxes are collected on federal level, these taxes include an income tax, corporate taxes and value added tax. On local level property taxes well as various fees are collected. There are 6 flat tax rates in Georgia - Corporate Profit Tax, Value Added Tax, Excise Tax, Personal Income Tax, Import Tax and Property Tax. Personal Income tax in Georgia are collected at a flat rate of 20% on local-source income. Foreign-","id":"18122518"},{"contents":"Income taxes in Canada\n\n\ntax collection agreement with the federal government under which its corporate income taxes would be collected on its behalf by the CRA starting in 2009. In Canada, corporate income is subject to corporate income tax and, on distribution as dividends to individuals, personal income tax. To avoid this \"double taxation\" of the same income, the personal income tax system, through the gross-up and dividend tax credit (DTC) mechanisms, provides recognition for corporate taxes, based notional federal-provincial corporate tax rates, to taxable individuals","id":"17895746"},{"contents":"Taxation in Austria\n\n\nare subject to unlimited taxation in Austria of their entire income if they have their legal seat or place of effective management in Austria. Corporations are qualified as independent tax subjects, a distinction must always be made between tax ramifications at the level of the company and those at the shareholder level. At the level of the company, profits are taxed at the standard corporate income tax rate of 25%. At the shareholder level, the profit distributions are usually subject to withholding tax of 25% for corporations and 27.5% for other","id":"7084917"},{"contents":"Income tax\n\n\nAn income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) that varies with respective income or profits (taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times taxable income. Taxation rates may vary by type or characteristics of the taxpayer. The tax rate may increase as taxable income increases (referred to as graduated or progressive rates). The tax imposed on companies is usually known as corporate tax and is levied at a flat rate. However, individuals are taxed at various rates","id":"5683439"},{"contents":"Dividend tax\n\n\ndividends will now range from negative to over 30% depending on income level and different provincial tax rates and credits. Starting 2012, the Government introduced the concept of eligible dividends. Income not eligible for the Small Business Deduction and therefore taxed at higher corporate tax rates, can be distributed to the shareholders and taxed at a lower personal tax rate. In India, earlier dividends were taxed in the hands of the recipient as any other income. However, since 1 June 1997, all domestic companies were liable to pay a \"","id":"4921294"},{"contents":"Dividend tax\n\n\nlegal entity (shareholders) should be taxed, not whether the money should be taxed. It can be argued that it is unfair and economically unproductive, to tax income generated through active work at a higher rate than income generated through less active means. One arguments in favor is that if the corporation is not treated as an entity separate from its shareholders then, then corporate income tax is a sort of early withholding against expected future shareholders liability. Then the shareholders should get a deduction (from dividends and capital gains) for","id":"4921282"},{"contents":"Taxation in Finland\n\n\nwill be taxed instead as earned income. If an individual gets more than 150,000 € in dividends from non-listed limited companies, the tax-exempt percentage will only be 15% for the amount that exceeds 150,000 €. The effective tax rate for a dividend that does not exceed 8% of the value of a stock will be 7.5% - 8.5%. Due to the effect of net assets, dividends of debted private companies will usually have their dividends taxed as earned income. The corporate income tax rate is 20.0","id":"20892947"},{"contents":"Alternative minimum tax\n\n\nC corporations, estates, and trusts are subject to AMT. Partnerships and S corporations are generally not subject to income or AMT taxes, but, instead, pass-through the income and items related to computing AMT to their partners and shareholders. Foreign persons are subject to AMT only on their income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. The rate of AMT varies by type of taxpayer. Through 2012, individuals, estates, and trusts are subject to the same rate of tax on long-term capital gains for","id":"16327558"},{"contents":"Tax rates in Europe\n\n\nThis is a list of the maximum potential tax rates around Europe for certain income brackets. It is focused on three types of taxes: corporate, individual, and value added taxes (VAT). It is not intended to represent the true tax burden to either the corporation or the individual in the listed country. The quoted income tax rate is, except where noted, the top rate of tax: most jurisdictions have lower rate of taxes for low levels of income. Some countries also have lower rates of corporation tax for","id":"13412656"},{"contents":"Tax Reform Act of 1969\n\n\nincome from personal services or manufacturing were taxed at relatively higher tax rates than others. On the other hand, individuals or corporations which received the bulk of their income from such sources as capital gains or were in a position to benefit from net lease arrangements, from accelerated depreciation on real estate, from percentage depletion, or from other tax-preferred activities tended to pay relatively low rates of tax. In fact, many individuals with high incomes who could benefit from these provisions paid lower effective rates of tax than many individuals with","id":"3028333"},{"contents":"Flow-through entity\n\n\nliability companies. According to \"CNN Money\", in the United States, most \"businesses are set up as pass-throughs, not corporations\" which \"means their profits are passed through to the owners, shareholders and partners, who pay tax on them on their personal returns under ordinary income tax rates.\" In other words pass-through businesses are not \"taxed like corporations and instead pay taxes on business income as if it were personal income.\" A sole proprietor is \"someone who owns an unincorporated business","id":"9091254"},{"contents":"State income tax\n\n\nshare. Numerous states with income taxes have considered measures to abolish those taxes since the Late-2000s recession began, and several states without income taxes have considered measures to institute them, but only one such proposal has been enacted: Michigan replaced its more recent value-added tax with a new corporate income tax in 2009. The corporate income tax rate is 6.5%. Alaska does not have an individual income tax. Reference: The corporate income tax rate is 4.9%. Reference: The standard corporate rate is 8.84%, except","id":"1136241"},{"contents":"Corporate tax\n\n\nrate system where corporations with lower levels of income pay a lower rate of tax, with rates varying from 15% on the first $50,000 of income to 35% on incomes over $10,000,000, with phase-outs. The Canadian system imposes tax at different rates for different types of corporations, allowing lower rates for some smaller corporations. Tax rates vary by jurisdiction and some countries have sub-country level jurisdictions like provinces, cantons, prefectures, cities, or other that also impose corporate income tax like Canada, Germany","id":"1029100"},{"contents":"Business\n\n\nand liable for debts incurred by the business. If the business acquires debts, the creditors can go after the owner's personal possessions. A business structure does not allow for corporate tax rates. The proprietor is personally taxed on all income from the business. The term is also often used colloquially (but not by lawyers or by public officials) to refer to a company. A company, on the other hand, is a separate legal entity and provides for limited liability, as well as corporate tax rates. A company","id":"18051314"},{"contents":"Kepner Income Tax\n\n\nchanges by Congress; however, due to the transparency of the tax, the American people would be aware of changes to the tax base from exemptions because a change in tax rate would likely be reflected. Politicians would have to justify to the American people any tax increase or decrease. In addition, the Kepner tax would remove the use of tax exemptions for corporate welfare. Global corporations consider local tax structures when making planning and capital investment decisions. Lower corporate tax rates and favorable transfer pricing regulations can induce higher corporate investment in","id":"6515862"},{"contents":"Tax\n\n\ntax rates are often much lower for capital gains than for ordinary income, there is widespread controversy and dispute about the proper definition of capital. Corporate tax refers to income tax, capital tax, net-worth tax or other taxes imposed on corporations. Rates of tax and the taxable base for corporations may differ from those for individuals or for other taxable persons. Many countries provide publicly funded retirement or health-care systems. In connection with these systems, the country typically requires employers and/or employees to make compulsory payments. These","id":"11509923"},{"contents":"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017\n\n\nis legally established. In other words, under a territorial tax system, the corporation saves the difference between the generally higher U.S. tax rate and the lower rate of the country in which the subsidiary is legally established. \"Bloomberg\" journalist Matt Levine explained the concept, \"If we're incorporated in the U.S. [under the old global tax regime], we'll pay 35 percent taxes on our income in the U.S. and Canada and Mexico and Ireland and Bermuda and the Cayman Islands, but if we're incorporated in Canada","id":"7920653"},{"contents":"Dividend\n\n\nare able to use them, apply these credits against their income tax bills at a rate of a dollar per credit, thereby effectively eliminating the double taxation of company profits. Dividends from UK companies are paid out of profits after corporation tax (Corporation tax is at 20% but decreases to 19% from 1 April 2017 - split periods are pro-rated). Dividend income is taxable on UK residents at the rate of 7.5% for basic rate payers, 32.5% for higher rate tax payers and 38.1% for additional","id":"19388391"},{"contents":"Taxation in the United States\n\n\nfederal graduated tax rates from 10% to 39.6%. Corporations are subject to federal graduated rates of tax from 15% to 35%; a rate of 34% applies to income from $335,000 to $15,000,000. State income tax rates, in states which have a tax on personal incomes, vary from 1% to 16%, including local income tax where applicable. Nine (9) states do not have a tax on ordinary personal incomes. These include Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas,","id":"11862527"},{"contents":"Taxation in the United States\n\n\ngroups of companies may elect to file a consolidated return. Income tax rates differ at the federal and state levels for corporations and individuals. Federal and many state income tax rates are higher (graduated) at higher levels of income. The income level at which various tax rates apply for individuals varies by filing status. The income level at which each rate starts generally is higher (\"i.e.\", tax is lower) for married couples filing a joint return or single individuals filing as head of household. Individuals are subject to","id":"11862526"},{"contents":"Corporate tax\n\n\nfirst column in the table below represents corporate income tax rates mandated by the central government. The second column lists total combined tax rates which, in addition to the government tax rate, may also include various provincial, state and local taxes. For example, the 2015 provincial corporate tax rates in Canada range from 11.5% to 16% in addition to the federal tax rate of 15%, unless taxable profits of small corporations are low enough to qualify for a lower tax rate. The corporate tax rates in other jurisdictions include","id":"1029103"},{"contents":"Taxation in Denmark\n\n\nHowever, the official assessment value is currently rather low compared to the average real market value of the dwellings. In 2017 the Danish parliament Folketinget agreed upon a housing tax reform, according to which the effective tax rate from 2021 onwards will be 0.44% (1.1% above a threshold) of a reformed and supposedly realistic assessment value. The Danish corporate tax rate from 2016 onwards is 22% of taxable corporate income, almost exactly equal to the average corporate income tax rate in all OECD countries in 2018. Personal income from","id":"6513240"},{"contents":"Income tax\n\n\nagainst each taxpayer meeting certain minimum criteria. Many systems allow married individuals to request joint assessment. Many systems allow controlled groups of locally organized corporations to be jointly assessed. Tax rates vary widely. Some systems impose higher rates on higher amounts of income. Example: Elbonia taxes income below E.10,000 at 20% and other income at 30%. Joe has E.15,000 of income. His tax is E.3,500. Tax rates schedules may vary for individuals based on marital status. Residents are generally taxed differently from nonresidents. Few jurisdictions tax nonresidents","id":"5683455"},{"contents":"Taxation in Iran\n\n\nthe maximum deduction allowance of IRR50 million (US$5,383). The inheritance tax rates are as follows: A new flat rate corporation tax of 25 per cent payable on the profits of corporate commercial entities has been introduced. This rate replaces the old corporation tax of 10 per cent and progressive rates of income tax (12-54 per cent) on reserves and distributable income. Apart from the 25 per cent corporation tax and the 0.3 per cent Chamber of Commerce tax no more taxes will be payable by the corporate entity or","id":"15403669"},{"contents":"United States federal budget\n\n\neconomic activity slows. For example, tax revenues declined from $2.5 trillion in 2008 to $2.1 trillion in 2009, and remained at that level in 2010. From 2008 to 2009, individual income taxes declined 20%, while corporate taxes declined 50%. At 14.6% of GDP, the 2009 and 2010 collections were the lowest level of the past 50 years. The federal personal income tax is progressive, meaning a higher marginal tax rate is applied to higher ranges of income. For example, in 2010 the tax","id":"3674617"},{"contents":"Tax rate\n\n\nIn a tax system, the tax rate is the ratio (usually expressed as a percentage) at which a business or person is taxed. There are several methods used to present a tax rate: statutory, average, marginal, and effective. These rates can also be presented using different definitions applied to a tax base: inclusive and exclusive. A statutory tax rate is the legally imposed rate. An income tax could have multiple statutory rates for different income levels, where a sales tax may have a flat statutory rate.","id":"5199848"},{"contents":"Taxation in Pakistan\n\n\n, in 2013 Pakistan had a lower-than-average tax take. Only 0.57% of Pakistanis, or 768,000 people out of a population of 190 million pay income tax. Federal income taxes are administered by the Federal Board of Revenue. Period from July 1st to June 30th is considered as a normal tax year for Pakistan tax law purposes. Corporate Income tax rates Currently, the Corporate Income tax rate is 29% for tax year 2019 which will be gradually reduced to 25% with each passing year whereas corporate tax rate","id":"8116476"},{"contents":"Kepner Income Tax\n\n\na given locality. Such investment translates into higher economic growth. Ireland's real GDP growth was almost three times higher than the European Union average between 1991 and 2000. During the decade, Ireland taxed corporate profits from manufacturing at 10%, the lowest in the EU. The United States currently has the highest combined statutory corporate income tax rate among OECD countries. The Kepner tax would eliminate the corporate income tax, which supporters argue would make the United States a tax haven and boost the economy. Critics claim that the Kepner","id":"6515863"},{"contents":"Competitive Tax Plan\n\n\nfile tax returns. The Competitive Tax Plan would provide a new payroll tax offset to replace the Earned Income Tax Credit and to protect low and moderate income workers from any tax increase under the new system. Under the initial proposal, households with an annual income of more than $100,000 would be taxed at a flat 25% rate and the corporate income tax rate would be reduced to 25%. Graetz argues that reducing the corporate tax rate \"would make the United States an extremely attractive nation for corporate investments for both U.S.","id":"16252682"},{"contents":"Alternative minimum tax\n\n\nThe alternative minimum tax (AMT) is a supplemental income tax imposed by the United States federal government in addition to baseline income tax for certain individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts that have exemptions or special circumstances allowing for lower payments of standard income tax. AMT is imposed at a nearly flat rate on an adjusted amount of taxable income above a certain threshold (also known as exemption). This exemption is substantially higher than the exemption from regular income tax. Regular taxable income is adjusted for certain items computed differently for","id":"16327538"},{"contents":"United Kingdom corporation tax\n\n\ntaxpayers to argue that a receipt was non-taxable \"capital\" rather than taxable \"revenue\". The basic structure of the tax, where company profits were taxed as profits, and dividend payments were then taxed as income, remained unchanged until 1973, when a partial imputation system was introduced for dividend payments. Unlike the previous imputation system, the tax credit to the shareholder was less than the corporation tax paid (corporation tax was higher than the standard rate of income tax, but the imputation, or set-off","id":"17664515"},{"contents":"Affluence in the United States\n\n\n, large marginal tax rate reductions during the Reagan Administration caused another large change in tax reporting. A lot of corporate income formerly reported on corporate tax returns was switched to lower tax rate individual tax returns (as Subchapter S corporations). This reporting change appeared to boost top quintile income, when in fact their incomes had not changed. As a result, the top income quintile for households today includes a lot of corporate income previously reported in corporate tax returns, while Subchapter S corporations who lose money are likely to be included","id":"17303436"},{"contents":"Taxation in Norway\n\n\nlevied social security contributions and surtax. To avoid that income that was taxed at the corporate level also were taxed at the individual level (double taxation), the imputation tax credit for dividends and treasury system gains was introduced. After the 1992 tax reform the marginal tax rate on labour income was much higher than the marginal tax rate on capital income. For self-employed, it was profitable to convert labour income to capital income (income shifting). In the 2006 tax reform, the income shifting problem was solved by","id":"11872962"},{"contents":"United Kingdom corporation tax\n\n\nincome tax remained at 25%. Persons liable for tax were lightly affected by the change, because income tax liability was still balanced by the tax credit received, although higher rate tax payers paid an additional 25% tax on the amount of the dividend actually received (net), as against 20% before the change. The change had bigger effects on pensions and non-taxpayers. A pension fund receiving a £1.2 m dividend income prior to the change would have been able to reclaim £400,000 in tax, giving","id":"17664521"},{"contents":"United Kingdom corporation tax\n\n\n\"mainstream\" corporation tax bill. To the extent that the individual's tax on the dividend was less than the tax credit – for example, if his income was too low to pay tax (below £595 in 1973–1974) – he would be able to reclaim some or all of the £30 tax paid by the company. The set-off was only partial, since the company would pay 52% tax (small companies had lower rates, but still higher than the ACT rate), and thus the £","id":"17664518"},{"contents":"Ministry of Finance (Chile)\n\n\non sales of goods and services (including imports) at a rate of 19%, with a few exemptions. The income tax revenue comprises different taxes. While there is a corporate income tax of 20% over profits from companies (called First Category Tax), the system is ultimately designed to tax individuals. Therefore, corporate income taxes paid constitute a credit towards two personal income taxes: the Global Complementary Tax (in the case of residents) or the Additional Tax (in the case of non-residents).","id":"17471020"},{"contents":"Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland\n\n\nlegislation was contained in section 71 of the Finance Act 1999 and provided for a phased introduction of the 12.5% rate from 32% for the financial year 1998 to 12.5% commencing from 1 January 2003. A higher rate of corporation tax of 25% was introduced for passive income, income from a foreign trade and some development and mining activities. Manufacturing relief, effectively a 10% rate of corporation tax, was ended on 31 December 2002. For companies that were claiming this relief before 23 July 1998, it would still","id":"11233177"},{"contents":"Lithuania\n\n\nprice level for household final consumption expenditure (HFCE) – 63, being 39% lower than EU average – 102 in 2016. Lithuania has a flat tax rate rather than a progressive scheme. According to Eurostat, the personal income tax (15%) and corporate tax (15%) rates in Lithuania are among the lowest in the EU. The country has the lowest implicit rate of tax on capital (9.8%) in the EU. Corporate tax rate in Lithuania is 15% and 5% for small businesses","id":"17700140"},{"contents":"Tax Attractiveness Index\n\n\nit can be considered as incentive to transfer income to low taxed countries. Therefore, high tax countries implement controlled foreign corporation (CFC) rules to prevent the erosion of their tax base. If a country has CFC rules the companies have less scope in their tax planning activities. In association with the tax base the corporate income tax rate is the main component of the corporate tax burden. Consequently, countries offering a lower statutory tax rate are more popular among companies as countries with high statutory tax rates. Important elements of the","id":"19608814"},{"contents":"Economy of Japan\n\n\nabout 12 million. Japan ranks 27th of 185 countries in the ease of doing business index 2013. Japan has one of the smallest tax rates in the developed world. After deductions, the majority of workers are free from personal income taxes. Consumption tax rate is only 8%, while corporate tax rates are high, second highest corporate tax rate in the world, at 36.8%. However, the House of Representatives has passed a bill which will increase the consumption tax to 10% in October 2015. The government has","id":"15573063"},{"contents":"Corporate tax in the United States\n\n\ndetail for non-small corporations on Schedule M-3 to Form 1120. After the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, on December 20, 2017, the corporate tax rate has been changed to a flat 21% starting January 1, 2018 (previously 35%). The adjacent table lists the tax rates on corporate income applied by each state, but not by local governments within states. Because state and local taxes are deductible expenses for federal income tax purposes, the effective tax rate in each state is not a","id":"1150216"},{"contents":"Bulgaria\n\n\ninterior and justice are allocated the largest share of the annual government budget, whereas those responsible for the environment, tourism and energy receive the least amount of funding. Taxes form the bulk of government revenue at 30% of GDP. Bulgaria has some of the lowest corporate income tax rates in the EU at a flat 10% rate. The tax system is two-tier. Value added tax, excise duties, corporate and personal income tax are national, whereas real estate, inheritance, and vehicle taxes are levied by local","id":"3074692"},{"contents":"Dividend tax\n\n\npremium for the second-generation National Health Insurance (NHI) of Taiwan. In Turkey there is an income tax withholding of 15% on dividends. In the United Kingdom, companies pay UK corporation tax on their profits and the remainder can be paid to shareholders as dividends. From April 2018, the first £2,000 of dividend income is untaxed, regardless of the taxpayer's other income; dividends above this amount are taxed at 7.5% in basic rate income tax band, 32.5% in higher rate income tax band and","id":"4921318"},{"contents":"Claudia Tenney\n\n\nthe elimination of the individual mandate created by the Affordable Care Act, the limitation of the state and local tax deduction to $10,000 of taxable income, an increase in the standard deduction, and a reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. The reduction of the corporate tax rate is permanent. The personal income tax cuts are temporary. In October 2017, Tenney joined other Members of Congress and Ivanka Trump at an event to advocate for the doubling of the child tax credit; this provision was included","id":"1432269"},{"contents":"Taxation in the United States\n\n\nincome\", which is taxed at higher rates and on an annual basis. Because of this distinction, capital is taxed much more lightly than labor. Under the U.S. system, individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts are subject to income tax. Partnerships are not taxed; rather, their partners are subject to income tax on their shares of income and deductions, and take their shares of credits. Some types of business entities may elect to be treated as corporations or as partnerships. Taxpayers are required to file tax returns","id":"11862522"},{"contents":"Taxation in Finland\n\n\n%. The corporate tax was fully paid as dividend tax before 2004, but because of neutrality requirements of the EU, the tax credits allowed for dividends are now more complex. Corporate tax was lowered from 24.5% to 20.0% in January 2014. Municipal property taxes are low, since municipalities mostly meet their funding needs via direct income taxes and state subsidies. Tax rates are higher for leisure properties like summer cottages. Property taxes are levied annually on present market value. General rates are 0.60–1.35%, 0.32-0.75%","id":"20892948"},{"contents":"South African Institute of Tax Practitioners\n\n\nthe global average top rate of 32%, South Africa’s top personal income tax rate of 40% was high, and in comparison to the global average corporate tax rate of 24%, South Africa's was 28%. According to SAIT, that suggested that South Africa’s tax burden is high compared to other jurisdictions. Because it was important for South Africa to be competitive, in order to encourage economic growth, SAIT recommended to Parliament that they reduce the corporate tax rate to bolster foreign direct investment, infrastructure development","id":"20622158"},{"contents":"Economy of South Africa\n\n\n, defined as having a per capita income of over R40,000 (in 2000 Rand). The top rate of personal income tax rate in South Africa is 45%; the corporate tax rate is 28%. Other taxes include a value-added tax and a capital gains tax, with the overall tax burden amounting to 23.4% of total domestic income. South Africa has about three times as many recipients of social benefits as it has income tax-payers, an extremely high ratio by international standards. After 1994 resources have","id":"7651768"},{"contents":"United Kingdom corporation tax\n\n\nto corporation tax saw it move to a dividend imputation system in 1973, under which an individual receiving a dividend became entitled to an income tax credit representing the corporation tax already paid by the company paying the dividend. The classical system was reintroduced in 1999, with the abolition of advance corporation tax and of repayable dividend tax credits. Another change saw the single main rate of tax split into three. Tax competition between jurisdictions reduced the main corporate tax rate from 28% in 2008-2010 to a flat rate of 20%","id":"17664506"},{"contents":"Unrelated Business Income Tax\n\n\ninclude income derived from the work of unpaid volunteers, income from the sale of donated goods, income from trade shows and conventions, income from legal gaming. The Internal Revenue Service does not consider the receipt of assets from a closely related tax-exempt organization to be unrelated business income. The IRS taxes unrelated business income at the corporate tax rates (IRC section 11) except for certain section 511(b)(2) trusts which are taxed at trust tax rates. Individual retirement accounts generally are subject to tax on income that is taxable to","id":"10222662"},{"contents":"Flat tax\n\n\nA flat tax (short for flat-rate tax) is a tax system with a constant marginal rate, usually applied to individual or corporate income. A true flat tax would be a proportional tax, but implementations are often progressive and sometimes regressive depending on deductions and exemptions in the tax base. There are various tax systems that are labeled \"flat tax\" even though they are significantly different. Flat tax proposals differ in how the subject of the tax is defined. A true flat-rate tax is a system of","id":"2397131"},{"contents":"Income tax in Australia\n\n\nIncome tax in Australia is imposed by the federal government on the taxable income of individuals and corporations. State governments have not imposed income taxes since World War II. On individuals, income tax is levied at progressive rates, and at one of two rates for corporations. The income of partnerships and trusts is not taxed directly, but is taxed on its distribution to the partners or beneficiaries. Income tax is the most important source of revenue for government within the Australian taxation system. Income tax is collected on behalf of the federal","id":"7243252"},{"contents":"Tax haven\n\n\nhavens maintain higher non-zero \"headline\" rates of corporate taxation, but instead provide complex and confidential BEPS tools and PTRs which bring the \"effective\" corporate tax rate closer to zero; they all feature prominently in the leading jurisdictions for IP law (see graphic). These \"corporate tax havens\" (or Conduit OFCs), further increase respectability by requiring the corporate using their BEPS tools/PTRs to main a \"substantial presence\" in the haven; this is called an employment tax, and can cost the","id":"13616094"},{"contents":"United Kingdom corporation tax\n\n\nThere was a matching reduction in the basic income tax rate on dividends to 10%, while a new higher-rate of 32.5% was introduced which led to an overall effective 25% tax rate for higher rate taxpayers on dividends (after setting this \"notional\" tax credit against the tax liability).While non-taxpayers were no longer able to claim this amount from the treasury (as opposed to taxpayers who could deduct it from their tax bill), the 20% ACT (which would have previously been deducted from the dividend","id":"17664524"},{"contents":"Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base\n\n\nin the respective Member State with the relevant corporate tax rate. In financial accounting, subsidiaries are included into consolidated statements, if they are controlled by their parent. This is usually assumed when the shareholding exceeds 50%. Strictly legal criteria make it easy to decide for tax purposes whether a company is part of the group or not. However, the participation threshold should be higher in order to avoid excessive tax planning. A high participation threshold (e.g., 75% or 90%) takes into account that consolidation implies a","id":"11591432"},{"contents":"Nevada corporation\n\n\nhas no franchise tax. It also has no corporate income tax or personal income tax. While Nevada likes to promote that there are \"no corporation taxes\" in the state, there is an annual $200 \"Business License Fee\" which is paid to the Secretary of State's Office at the time of formation or renewal of the corporation. Nevada additionally applies a 1.475% tax rate for most General Business employers, as opposed to Financial Institutions, on wages after deduction of health benefits paid by the employer and certain wages","id":"18561102"},{"contents":"Canada small business tax rate\n\n\nIn Canada, the small business tax rate is the tax rate paid by a small business. As of 2018, the small business tax rate is 10%. The general corporate tax rate is 28%. A small business in Canada is defined as a Canadian-based corporation with fewer than 100 employees and under $500,000 in annual income. Small businesses are allowed to claim a \"small business deduction\" under the \"Income Tax Act\"; the deduction enumerated in that Act is deducted from the 28% general tax","id":"5940732"},{"contents":"United Kingdom corporation tax\n\n\nrate of income tax in 1949 was 50%. If the company paid a £100 dividend, the recipient would be treated as if he had earned £200 and had paid £100 in income tax on it – the tax paid by the company fully covered the tax due from the individual on the dividend paid. If, however, the individual was subject to tax at a higher rate (known as \"surtax\"), he (not the company) would be liable to pay the additional tax. In addition","id":"17664509"},{"contents":"Corporate tax\n\n\n. However, treaties and practicality impose limits on taxation of those outside its borders, even on income from sources within the country. Most jurisdictions tax foreign corporations on business income within the jurisdiction when earned through a branch or permanent establishment in the jurisdiction. This tax may be imposed at the same rate as the tax on business income of a resident corporation or at a different rate. Upon payment of dividends, corporations are generally subject to withholding tax only by their country of incorporation. Many countries impose a branch profits tax on","id":"1029114"},{"contents":"Income taxes in Canada\n\n\nresident in Canada who receive dividends from Canadian corporations. A dividend from a small business (\"Canadian-controlled private corporation\") is grossed-up by 17 per cent, meaning that the shareholder includes 117 per cent of the dividend amount in income, to reflect the pre-tax income of the small business out of which it has paid the dividend. This income is taxed at the shareholder's personal income tax rate, but a part of the tax is offset by a 10.5217% dividend tax credit (for 2017","id":"17895747"},{"contents":"Tax Attractiveness Index\n\n\npatent box regime applies) are attractive for companies. The tax burden of employees is represented by the personal income tax rate. It increases labor cost for corporations. The lower the income tax rate the more attractive the country thus is for a corporation. R&D investments represent a large expenditure and affect the future product offering. Thus, R&D incentives are crucial for many enterprises. Some countries offer tax incentives, for resident companies conducting R&D, which supports companies to reduce their after tax R&D cost. A double taxation is caused by","id":"19608819"},{"contents":"Corporate tax in the United States\n\n\nshareholders are taxed on the corporation's income as it is recognized. Corporations which are not S Corporations are known as C corporations. Before 2018, domestic corporations were taxed on their worldwide income at the federal and state levels. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 changed this system so that subsidiaries are now taxed at the rate of the jurisdiction in which they are established. Corporate income tax is based on net taxable income as defined under federal or state law. Generally, taxable income for a corporation is gross income (","id":"1150202"},{"contents":"Corporate tax\n\n\n: Most systems that tax corporations also impose income tax on shareholders of corporations when earnings are distributed. Such distribution of earnings is generally referred to as a dividend. The tax may be at reduced rates. For example, the United States provides for reduced amounts of tax on dividends received by individuals and by corporations. The company law of some jurisdictions prevents corporations from distributing amounts to shareholders except as distribution of earnings. Such earnings may be determined under company law principles or tax principles. In such jurisdictions, exceptions are usually provided","id":"1029104"},{"contents":"Corporate tax in the United States\n\n\n: Determinations of what is taxable and at what rate are made at the federal level based on U.S. tax law. Many but not all states incorporate federal law principles in their tax laws to some extent. Federal taxable income equals gross income (gross receipts and other income less cost of goods sold) less tax deductions. Gross income of a corporation and business deductions are determined in much the same manner as for individuals. All income of a corporation is subject to the same federal tax rate. However, corporations may reduce other","id":"1150214"},{"contents":"Ordinary income\n\n\nTax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Qualified dividends are dividends paid by domestic corporations or by corporations from foreign countries that have a tax treaty with the United States. This rule applies under the condition that the corporation has included the dividends in its own taxable income. Thus pass-through corporations like REITs and REMICs would not distribute qualified dividends, and the dividends from those entities would be taxed at the ordinary income rates. In the United States, ordinary income is taxed at the marginal tax rates. As of 2006, there","id":"14941850"},{"contents":"Corporate tax\n\n\nthe United Kingdom or the United States. The United States taxes all types of corporate income for a given company at the same rate, but provide different rates of tax depending on income levels or size of the company. The United States taxes corporations under the same framework of tax law as individuals, with differences related to the inherent natures of corporations and individuals or unincorporated entities. Individuals are not formed, amalgamated, or acquired; and corporations do not incur medical expenses except by way of compensating individuals. Most systems tax both","id":"1029097"},{"contents":"Real estate in Panama\n\n\nof the actual value of the real property imposed when the seller transfers the title to the buyer. There is also a 10% Capital Gains Tax which can be reduced to 5% if owned by a corporation selling its corporate shares instead of title to the property which also avoids the 2% Title Transfer Tax. Rental income taxes for property owners is exempt for the first $30,000 USD and has a 27% rate on income above that amount. The Capital Gains Tax differs for individuals who only pay a 10% rate","id":"11518605"},{"contents":"Corporation tax in France\n\n\nto French corporate tax on profits generated in France, in addition to any profit allocated to France by virtue of international tax treaties, after taking into account tax deductible costs. The 2017 French corporate tax rate was 15% of the taxable income up to and including €38,120, 28% up to €75,000 and above which the rate is 33.3%. By 2020, the whole taxable income of all companies will be taxed at 28%. On 7 November 2017 the French National Assembly approved a new corporate tax exclusively for","id":"6499951"},{"contents":"10p tax rate\n\n\n5435 to £6035) to help low-income tax-payers affected by the abolition of the 10% starting rate of income tax. At the same time, the threshold for higher rate income tax was reduced by £600, so that higher rate tax payers would not be able to benefit from the adaptation. These changes were implemented in September 2008. In the years after the abolition of the reduced tax rate for low incomes, the UK government made further adaptations to personal income taxation, notably to the personal allowance","id":"1863439"},{"contents":"Taxation in Israel\n\n\nIsrael are usually discussed at the monthly rate so these are included for convenience. A corporation is deemed to be subject to Israeli taxes if its activities are managed and controlled within the State of Israel or established under its laws. A domestic corporation is subject to taxation on its worldwide income. A foreign corporation with an Israeli subsidiary is only taxed on income derived from, accrued or received in Israel, while a non-resident company without a subsidiary is only taxed on income sourced in Israel. A year for tax purposes is","id":"1977579"},{"contents":"Taxation in Serbia\n\n\nThe standard Corporate tax rate in Serbia is 15%, although some deductions might apply. The standard VAT rate is 20% and the lower rate is 10%. Income from dividends is a subject to a 15% tax. Serbia has tax treaties with most countries in, but few outside, Europe. The standard personal tax rate is 10%. If the individual earns more than 3 times average salary, an additional tax rate of 10% is applied. For a person earning six times the average salary, an","id":"2568182"},{"contents":"Massachusetts\n\n\nto 5.0% as amended by the legislature. There is a tax exemption for income below a threshold that varies from year to year. The corporate income tax rate is 8.8%, and the short-term capital gains tax rate is 12%. An unusual provision allows filers to voluntarily pay at the pre-referendum 5.85% income tax rate, which is done by between one and two thousand taxpayers per year. The state imposes a 6.25% sales tax on retail sales of tangible personal property—except for groceries,","id":"5444286"},{"contents":"Goods and Services Tax (Singapore)\n\n\nsupport for lower-income workers on a continuing basis even after the GST offsets have been distributed. The government also cut direct tax rates, continuing its practice of lowering direct tax rates since 1986. As of 2010, the top marginal rates for corporate tax stood at 17% and personal income tax at 20%, with effective rates being much lower. As a gesture of goodwill, and to assist lower-income groups, several supermarket chains absorbed the 2% increase in GST, ranging for a period of one month","id":"17192814"},{"contents":"Lucerne\n\n\nthe youngest of Switzerland's traditional universities. Thanks to its continuous tax-cutting policies, Lucerne has become Switzerland's most business-friendly canton. Lucerne offers Switzerland's lowest corporate tax rate at cantonal level. Furthermore, Lucerne also offers very moderate personal income tax rates. In a recent published study of BAK Basel Economics taxation index 2012, Lucerne made it to the 4th place with an only marginally 2% higher tax rate compared to the top canton in this comparison. Since November 2009, Zurich Airport can be reached from","id":"14347914"},{"contents":"Presidency of William Howard Taft\n\n\nfrom progressive senators to add an income tax to the bill, Taft and Aldrich instead arranged for Senator Henry Cabot Lodge to add another amendment to the bill containing a two percent tax on corporate incomes over $5,000. Following the insertion of that amendment, the bill passed the Senate and went to a conference committee, where minor reductions were made to tariff rates and the corporate income tax rate was lowered from two percent to one percent. Despite his disappointment with the high tariff rates contained in the final bill, Taft signed the","id":"13662156"},{"contents":"Missouri\n\n\ntax related to federal estate tax collection. In 2017, the Tax Foundation rated Missouri as having the 5th-best corporate tax index, and the 15th-best overall tax climate. Missouri's corporate income tax rate is 6.25%; however, 50% of federal income tax payments may be deducted before computing taxable income, leading to an effective rate of 5.2%. In 2012, Missouri had roughly 22,000 MW of installed electricity generation capacity. In 2011, 82% of Missouri's electricity was generated by coal. Ten","id":"19832957"},{"contents":"Eric Greitens\n\n\nMore information on the cuts was released in the following weeks. The plan was to cut individual and corporate taxes by approximately $800 million. The overhaul would reduce the top individual income tax rate by 10% and the corporate income tax rate by nearly a third. The top individual income tax rate would drop from 5.9% to 5.3%. The proposal would also create a non-refundable state tax credit for low-income workers, which Greitens said would essentially eliminate income taxes for 380,000 people. He said the bill","id":"21293960"},{"contents":"Capital gains tax\n\n\n22%, with a reduced rate of 15% applying where corporate profits are reinvested for the purchase of machinery or equipment and/or the acquisition of new technology. Companies engaged in the exploration or exploitation of hydrocarbon also are subject to the standard corporate tax rate. Personal taxation: Resident individuals are taxed on their worldwide income; nonresidents are taxed only on Ecuadorian-source income. An individual is deemed to be resident if he/she is in Ecuador for more than 6 months in a year. Capital gains are treated as ordinary","id":"20669244"},{"contents":"Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne\n\n\nset at a rate \"equal to the lowest county income tax rate set by any Maryland county.\" In 2006, Maryland residents Brian and Karen Wynne, a married couple, earned income from other states through an S corporation, which filed state income tax returns in 39 states. An S Corporation passes income through to its shareholders for income tax purposes; in contrast, C corporations are considered separate entities from their shareholders for income tax purposes. On their 2006 tax return, the Wynnes claimed an income tax credit against both","id":"20847298"},{"contents":"Taxation in the United States\n\n\nthan on capital income. Divergent taxes and subsidies for different forms of income and spending can also constitute a form of indirect taxation of some activities over others. For example, individual spending on higher education can be said to be \"taxed\" at a high rate, compared to other forms of personal expenditure which are formally recognized as investments. Taxes are imposed on net income of individuals and corporations by the federal, most state, and some local governments. Citizens and residents are taxed on worldwide income and allowed a credit for","id":"11862507"},{"contents":"Taxation in Ukraine\n\n\ntax. Permanent establishment of non-residents are considered separate entity. Tax rate differs between these categories. For residents the tax rate is 18% with few exceptions. For example, insurance companies have to pay 0 to 3% of their income as a special corporate tax, that lowers taxable profit. Ukraine does not impose net wealth tax. The property tax is payable by individuals is the same as that which applies to corporations. Employers pay monthly unified social security contributions (USSC) equivalent to 22% of the gross","id":"13390399"},{"contents":"Taxation in Oklahoma\n\n\nState level, both on individuals and corporations. Oklahoma first enacted an individual income tax in 1915 and then a corporate income tax in 1931. Income taxes are steadily increased as a major State revenue source since 1933 when the Oklahoma Constitution was amended to prohibit State-level taxation of property. Income taxes are now the largest source of revenue for the State government, accounting for approximately 36% of total state revenue. Oklahoma has adopted a progressive income tax for individuals, in which the tax rate increases as the amount of personal","id":"17697095"},{"contents":"Progressivity in United States income tax\n\n\nbracket; (31%-23%)/31% = a 29% effective tax rate savings or discount at the higher income tax bracket). To make the two tax rates realize an equal savings or discount from taking the maximum allowable deductions, the higher income tax bracket would have to have an effective tax rate of ~24.35% (31%-24.35%/31% = 21.4% or the same discount as the lower tax bracket) instead of 23%. This would necessitate an additional income tax of $1,975 from the higher tax bracket ($200,000*24.35%","id":"16846262"},{"contents":"Taxation in Morocco\n\n\n; br • Income and property profits; br • Income and profits from movable capital; The corporation tax is mandatory on the income and profits of corporations, public institutions and other legal entities that carry out lucrative transactions and irrevocable option to partnerships. Moroccan tax applies territorially. Foreign companies are liable on Moroccan-sourced income if they have a permanent establishment in Morocco. There is an opt-in tax for qualifying activities of 8% of contract amount (see rate table), which requires the submission of a tax declaration","id":"11276027"},{"contents":"Capital gains tax\n\n\ngains on selling bonds. Interest paid on loans is deductible, although in case the net capital income is negative, only approx. 33% tax credit applies. Companies are taxed at 25%. Share dividends are taxed at 28%. Corporate taxation: Residence for tax purposes is based on the place of incorporation. Resident entities are taxed on worldwide income. Nonresidents are subject to tax only on Ecuador-source income. Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and taxed at the normal corporate rate. The standard rate is","id":"20669243"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in the Czech Republic\\n\\n\\ntransmission systems. Legal Entities residing in the Czech Republic need to pay corporate income tax on their worldwide income. Foreign companies are taxed on income that is sourced in Czech Republic only. The standard corporate tax rate is 19%. Investment funds have a special tax rate of 5% and for pension funds the rate is 0%. A 15% rate is levied on dividend income of Czech tax resident entities from non-resident entities. Individuals that are considered as tax residents in the Czech Republic are levied a flat personal\",\n \"id\": \"8540157\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Retained earnings\\n\\n\\nthe corporate tax rate is usually lower than the higher marginal rates for some individual taxpayers. Higher income taxpayers could \\\"park\\\" income inside a private company instead of being paid out as a dividend and then taxed at the individual rates. To remove this tax benefit, some jurisdictions impose an \\\"undistributed profits tax\\\" on retained earnings of private companies, usually at the highest individual marginal tax rate. The issue of bonus shares, even if funded out of retained earnings, will in most jurisdictions not be treated as a dividend\",\n \"id\": \"20459004\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992\\n\\n\\ndetermined by the highest rate of income tax which that person pays. If the person is a higher-rate tax payer, then the higher rate of income tax (currently 40%) is charged on the gain. Each year a natural person has an amount of gain, fixed by law, which is exempt from tax. By contrast, for bodies corporate, the chargeable gain is treated as additional profits for the accounting period in question. The capital gains tax is charged as additional corporation tax. Bodies corporate have no\",\n \"id\": \"20922553\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Self-Invested Personal Pension\\n\\n\\nfor the year will become £3,600). The 20% is usually added to the 'pot' some 6–11 weeks after your payment is made. Higher rate and additional rate taxpayers must claim any additional tax refund through their tax return if they have one, or by otherwise contacting HMRC (being a higher rate taxpayer, being self-employed or having paid too much tax, are all triggers for being requested to complete a tax return). Employer contributions are usually allowable against corporation tax or income tax. Income from\",\n \"id\": \"8727645\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bruce Rauner\\n\\n\\n's proposal to make the 2011 temporary income tax increase permanent, instead calling for the Illinois' income tax rate to gradually be rolled back to 3 percent. On January 1, 2015, the income tax increase automatically partially sunset, with the personal income tax rate falling from 5% to 3.75% and the corporate tax rate from 7% to 5.25%. In July 2014, Rauner called for expanding Illinois' sales tax to dozens of services, such as legal services, accounting services, and computer programming, which currently\",\n \"id\": \"9137739\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Income tax\\n\\n\\nrates than corporations. Individuals include only human beings. Tax systems in countries other than the USA treat an entity as a corporation only if it is legally organized as a corporation. Estates and trusts are usually subject to special tax provisions. Other taxable entities are generally treated as partnerships. In the US, many kinds of entities may elect to be treated as a corporation or a partnership. Partners of partnerships are treated as having income, deductions, and credits equal to their shares of such partnership items. Separate taxes are assessed\",\n \"id\": \"5683454\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Income tax in the United States\\n\\n\\n), may elect to be treated as a corporation or as a partnership. Distributions from partnerships are not taxed as dividends. [[File:US Effective Corporate Tax Rate 1947-2011 v2.jpg|thumb|The U.S. federal [[effective tax rate|effective]] corporate tax rate has become much lower than the nominal rate because of various special tax provisions.]] Corporate tax is imposed in the U.S. at the federal, most state, and some local levels on the income of entities treated for tax purposes as corporations. Shareholders of a corporation\",\n \"id\": \"2290220\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Alternative minimum tax\\n\\n\\nno limit on the amount of income which an individual or corporation could exclude from tax as the result of various tax preferences. As a result, there were large variations in the tax burdens placed on individuals or corporations with similar economic incomes, depending upon the size of their preference income. In general, those individual or corporate taxpayers who received the bulk of their income from personal services or manufacturing were taxed at relatively higher tax rates than others. On the other hand, individuals or corporations which received the bulk of their income\",\n \"id\": \"16327550\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Arnold Harberger\\n\\n\\nfunctions. The corporate income tax is a tax on the return to corporate capital. It may differ from the top rate of personal income tax, the marginal tax rate to which the return on unincorporated capital is subject. There is no integration of the corporate and personal income taxes so any dividends are taxed twice. Harberger's conclusion, seen as surprising at the time, is that the corporate income tax lowers the after-tax marginal product of all owners of capital equally. Since labor and new capital were free change sectors\",\n \"id\": \"2749422\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in New Mexico\\n\\n\\nactive-duty military salaries have been exempt from the state income tax. Personal income tax rates for New Mexico range from 1.7% to 4.9%, within four income brackets. The individual income tax rates are listed in the table below. Corporations that generate income from activities or sources in New Mexico and that are required to file federal income tax returns as corporations must pay corporate income tax to the state. Corporate income is taxed at the rate of 4.8% for the first $500,000, 6.4% for the next $\",\n \"id\": \"9953105\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017\\n\\n\\nare taxed at 39.6%, the top individual rate. The corporate tax rate was lowered from 35% to 21%, while some related business deductions and credits were reduced or eliminated. The Act also changed the U.S. from a global to a territorial tax system with respect to corporate income tax. Instead of a corporation paying the U.S. tax rate (35%) for income earned in any country (less a credit for taxes paid to that country), each subsidiary pays the tax rate of the country in which it\",\n \"id\": \"7920652\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dividend tax\\n\\n\\nwhich are a derivative of corporate profits). (Therefore, to find the true tax on capital), the corporate tax rate is added to the dividend tax and capital gains tax. This calculation is complicated by the fact that some shareholders own shares in tax-deferred accounts, which are ultimately taxed at the personal income tax level (often but not always higher than the capital gains or dividend tax rate) upon withdrawal. Since debt financing is often tax-deductible, (companies are incentivized to borrow), thus\",\n \"id\": \"4921284\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Economic history of Portugal\\n\\n\\nThe VAT, whose normal rate was 17%, replaced all indirect taxes, such as the transactions tax, railroad tax, and tourism tax. Marginal tax rates on both personal and corporate income were substantially cut, and in the case of individual taxes, the number of brackets was reduced to five. The basic rate of corporate tax was 36.5%, and the top marginal tax rate on personal income was cut from 80% to 40%. A 25% capital gains tax was levied on direct and portfolio investment.\",\n \"id\": \"11189422\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Predicted effects of the FairTax\\n\\n\\nelimination of these special tax provisions under the current system in an effort to broaden the tax base and reduce corporate tax rates. State and local governments often exempt their own taxes when issuing bonds, so they could still contain some advantages. Issuers may have to offer higher interest rates to attract investors. Americans For Fair Taxation argue that, after the fair tax goes into effect, corporate bond rates would drop; that new tax free yields will roughly equal their previous after tax value under the income tax; and that state and\",\n \"id\": \"17703053\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Abgeltungsteuer\\n\\n\\nnew \\\"Abgeltungsteuer\\\" (Article 32 of the German Income Tax Act). The taxation at the level of a shareholder (shareholders or partners) depends on whether the shareholder is an individual or a corporation: The \\\"Abgeltungsteuer\\\" is levied as a withholding tax. Private investor’s tax liability is settled. The already taxed capital gains are no longer recorded in the annual income tax return. Instead of taxing with the personal tax rate of taxpayers, their income regardless of their height is taxed with the flat tax rate of\",\n \"id\": \"3571291\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Georgia (country)\\n\\n\\nTaxes in Georgia is collected on both state and local level. The most important taxes are collected on federal level, these taxes include an income tax, corporate taxes and value added tax. On local level property taxes well as various fees are collected. There are 6 flat tax rates in Georgia - Corporate Profit Tax, Value Added Tax, Excise Tax, Personal Income Tax, Import Tax and Property Tax. Personal Income tax in Georgia are collected at a flat rate of 20% on local-source income. Foreign-\",\n \"id\": \"18122518\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Income taxes in Canada\\n\\n\\ntax collection agreement with the federal government under which its corporate income taxes would be collected on its behalf by the CRA starting in 2009. In Canada, corporate income is subject to corporate income tax and, on distribution as dividends to individuals, personal income tax. To avoid this \\\"double taxation\\\" of the same income, the personal income tax system, through the gross-up and dividend tax credit (DTC) mechanisms, provides recognition for corporate taxes, based notional federal-provincial corporate tax rates, to taxable individuals\",\n \"id\": \"17895746\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Austria\\n\\n\\nare subject to unlimited taxation in Austria of their entire income if they have their legal seat or place of effective management in Austria. Corporations are qualified as independent tax subjects, a distinction must always be made between tax ramifications at the level of the company and those at the shareholder level. At the level of the company, profits are taxed at the standard corporate income tax rate of 25%. At the shareholder level, the profit distributions are usually subject to withholding tax of 25% for corporations and 27.5% for other\",\n \"id\": \"7084917\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Income tax\\n\\n\\nAn income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) that varies with respective income or profits (taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times taxable income. Taxation rates may vary by type or characteristics of the taxpayer. The tax rate may increase as taxable income increases (referred to as graduated or progressive rates). The tax imposed on companies is usually known as corporate tax and is levied at a flat rate. However, individuals are taxed at various rates\",\n \"id\": \"5683439\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dividend tax\\n\\n\\ndividends will now range from negative to over 30% depending on income level and different provincial tax rates and credits. Starting 2012, the Government introduced the concept of eligible dividends. Income not eligible for the Small Business Deduction and therefore taxed at higher corporate tax rates, can be distributed to the shareholders and taxed at a lower personal tax rate. In India, earlier dividends were taxed in the hands of the recipient as any other income. However, since 1 June 1997, all domestic companies were liable to pay a \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"4921294\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dividend tax\\n\\n\\nlegal entity (shareholders) should be taxed, not whether the money should be taxed. It can be argued that it is unfair and economically unproductive, to tax income generated through active work at a higher rate than income generated through less active means. One arguments in favor is that if the corporation is not treated as an entity separate from its shareholders then, then corporate income tax is a sort of early withholding against expected future shareholders liability. Then the shareholders should get a deduction (from dividends and capital gains) for\",\n \"id\": \"4921282\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Finland\\n\\n\\nwill be taxed instead as earned income. If an individual gets more than 150,000 € in dividends from non-listed limited companies, the tax-exempt percentage will only be 15% for the amount that exceeds 150,000 €. The effective tax rate for a dividend that does not exceed 8% of the value of a stock will be 7.5% - 8.5%. Due to the effect of net assets, dividends of debted private companies will usually have their dividends taxed as earned income. The corporate income tax rate is 20.0\",\n \"id\": \"20892947\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Alternative minimum tax\\n\\n\\nC corporations, estates, and trusts are subject to AMT. Partnerships and S corporations are generally not subject to income or AMT taxes, but, instead, pass-through the income and items related to computing AMT to their partners and shareholders. Foreign persons are subject to AMT only on their income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. The rate of AMT varies by type of taxpayer. Through 2012, individuals, estates, and trusts are subject to the same rate of tax on long-term capital gains for\",\n \"id\": \"16327558\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tax rates in Europe\\n\\n\\nThis is a list of the maximum potential tax rates around Europe for certain income brackets. It is focused on three types of taxes: corporate, individual, and value added taxes (VAT). It is not intended to represent the true tax burden to either the corporation or the individual in the listed country. The quoted income tax rate is, except where noted, the top rate of tax: most jurisdictions have lower rate of taxes for low levels of income. Some countries also have lower rates of corporation tax for\",\n \"id\": \"13412656\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tax Reform Act of 1969\\n\\n\\nincome from personal services or manufacturing were taxed at relatively higher tax rates than others. On the other hand, individuals or corporations which received the bulk of their income from such sources as capital gains or were in a position to benefit from net lease arrangements, from accelerated depreciation on real estate, from percentage depletion, or from other tax-preferred activities tended to pay relatively low rates of tax. In fact, many individuals with high incomes who could benefit from these provisions paid lower effective rates of tax than many individuals with\",\n \"id\": \"3028333\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Flow-through entity\\n\\n\\nliability companies. According to \\\"CNN Money\\\", in the United States, most \\\"businesses are set up as pass-throughs, not corporations\\\" which \\\"means their profits are passed through to the owners, shareholders and partners, who pay tax on them on their personal returns under ordinary income tax rates.\\\" In other words pass-through businesses are not \\\"taxed like corporations and instead pay taxes on business income as if it were personal income.\\\" A sole proprietor is \\\"someone who owns an unincorporated business\",\n \"id\": \"9091254\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"State income tax\\n\\n\\nshare. Numerous states with income taxes have considered measures to abolish those taxes since the Late-2000s recession began, and several states without income taxes have considered measures to institute them, but only one such proposal has been enacted: Michigan replaced its more recent value-added tax with a new corporate income tax in 2009. The corporate income tax rate is 6.5%. Alaska does not have an individual income tax. Reference: The corporate income tax rate is 4.9%. Reference: The standard corporate rate is 8.84%, except\",\n \"id\": \"1136241\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporate tax\\n\\n\\nrate system where corporations with lower levels of income pay a lower rate of tax, with rates varying from 15% on the first $50,000 of income to 35% on incomes over $10,000,000, with phase-outs. The Canadian system imposes tax at different rates for different types of corporations, allowing lower rates for some smaller corporations. Tax rates vary by jurisdiction and some countries have sub-country level jurisdictions like provinces, cantons, prefectures, cities, or other that also impose corporate income tax like Canada, Germany\",\n \"id\": \"1029100\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Business\\n\\n\\nand liable for debts incurred by the business. If the business acquires debts, the creditors can go after the owner's personal possessions. A business structure does not allow for corporate tax rates. The proprietor is personally taxed on all income from the business. The term is also often used colloquially (but not by lawyers or by public officials) to refer to a company. A company, on the other hand, is a separate legal entity and provides for limited liability, as well as corporate tax rates. A company\",\n \"id\": \"18051314\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kepner Income Tax\\n\\n\\nchanges by Congress; however, due to the transparency of the tax, the American people would be aware of changes to the tax base from exemptions because a change in tax rate would likely be reflected. Politicians would have to justify to the American people any tax increase or decrease. In addition, the Kepner tax would remove the use of tax exemptions for corporate welfare. Global corporations consider local tax structures when making planning and capital investment decisions. Lower corporate tax rates and favorable transfer pricing regulations can induce higher corporate investment in\",\n \"id\": \"6515862\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tax\\n\\n\\ntax rates are often much lower for capital gains than for ordinary income, there is widespread controversy and dispute about the proper definition of capital. Corporate tax refers to income tax, capital tax, net-worth tax or other taxes imposed on corporations. Rates of tax and the taxable base for corporations may differ from those for individuals or for other taxable persons. Many countries provide publicly funded retirement or health-care systems. In connection with these systems, the country typically requires employers and/or employees to make compulsory payments. These\",\n \"id\": \"11509923\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017\\n\\n\\nis legally established. In other words, under a territorial tax system, the corporation saves the difference between the generally higher U.S. tax rate and the lower rate of the country in which the subsidiary is legally established. \\\"Bloomberg\\\" journalist Matt Levine explained the concept, \\\"If we're incorporated in the U.S. [under the old global tax regime], we'll pay 35 percent taxes on our income in the U.S. and Canada and Mexico and Ireland and Bermuda and the Cayman Islands, but if we're incorporated in Canada\",\n \"id\": \"7920653\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dividend\\n\\n\\nare able to use them, apply these credits against their income tax bills at a rate of a dollar per credit, thereby effectively eliminating the double taxation of company profits. Dividends from UK companies are paid out of profits after corporation tax (Corporation tax is at 20% but decreases to 19% from 1 April 2017 - split periods are pro-rated). Dividend income is taxable on UK residents at the rate of 7.5% for basic rate payers, 32.5% for higher rate tax payers and 38.1% for additional\",\n \"id\": \"19388391\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in the United States\\n\\n\\nfederal graduated tax rates from 10% to 39.6%. Corporations are subject to federal graduated rates of tax from 15% to 35%; a rate of 34% applies to income from $335,000 to $15,000,000. State income tax rates, in states which have a tax on personal incomes, vary from 1% to 16%, including local income tax where applicable. Nine (9) states do not have a tax on ordinary personal incomes. These include Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas,\",\n \"id\": \"11862527\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in the United States\\n\\n\\ngroups of companies may elect to file a consolidated return. Income tax rates differ at the federal and state levels for corporations and individuals. Federal and many state income tax rates are higher (graduated) at higher levels of income. The income level at which various tax rates apply for individuals varies by filing status. The income level at which each rate starts generally is higher (\\\"i.e.\\\", tax is lower) for married couples filing a joint return or single individuals filing as head of household. Individuals are subject to\",\n \"id\": \"11862526\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporate tax\\n\\n\\nfirst column in the table below represents corporate income tax rates mandated by the central government. The second column lists total combined tax rates which, in addition to the government tax rate, may also include various provincial, state and local taxes. For example, the 2015 provincial corporate tax rates in Canada range from 11.5% to 16% in addition to the federal tax rate of 15%, unless taxable profits of small corporations are low enough to qualify for a lower tax rate. The corporate tax rates in other jurisdictions include\",\n \"id\": \"1029103\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Denmark\\n\\n\\nHowever, the official assessment value is currently rather low compared to the average real market value of the dwellings. In 2017 the Danish parliament Folketinget agreed upon a housing tax reform, according to which the effective tax rate from 2021 onwards will be 0.44% (1.1% above a threshold) of a reformed and supposedly realistic assessment value. The Danish corporate tax rate from 2016 onwards is 22% of taxable corporate income, almost exactly equal to the average corporate income tax rate in all OECD countries in 2018. Personal income from\",\n \"id\": \"6513240\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Income tax\\n\\n\\nagainst each taxpayer meeting certain minimum criteria. Many systems allow married individuals to request joint assessment. Many systems allow controlled groups of locally organized corporations to be jointly assessed. Tax rates vary widely. Some systems impose higher rates on higher amounts of income. Example: Elbonia taxes income below E.10,000 at 20% and other income at 30%. Joe has E.15,000 of income. His tax is E.3,500. Tax rates schedules may vary for individuals based on marital status. Residents are generally taxed differently from nonresidents. Few jurisdictions tax nonresidents\",\n \"id\": \"5683455\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Iran\\n\\n\\nthe maximum deduction allowance of IRR50 million (US$5,383). The inheritance tax rates are as follows: A new flat rate corporation tax of 25 per cent payable on the profits of corporate commercial entities has been introduced. This rate replaces the old corporation tax of 10 per cent and progressive rates of income tax (12-54 per cent) on reserves and distributable income. Apart from the 25 per cent corporation tax and the 0.3 per cent Chamber of Commerce tax no more taxes will be payable by the corporate entity or\",\n \"id\": \"15403669\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United States federal budget\\n\\n\\neconomic activity slows. For example, tax revenues declined from $2.5 trillion in 2008 to $2.1 trillion in 2009, and remained at that level in 2010. From 2008 to 2009, individual income taxes declined 20%, while corporate taxes declined 50%. At 14.6% of GDP, the 2009 and 2010 collections were the lowest level of the past 50 years. The federal personal income tax is progressive, meaning a higher marginal tax rate is applied to higher ranges of income. For example, in 2010 the tax\",\n \"id\": \"3674617\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tax rate\\n\\n\\nIn a tax system, the tax rate is the ratio (usually expressed as a percentage) at which a business or person is taxed. There are several methods used to present a tax rate: statutory, average, marginal, and effective. These rates can also be presented using different definitions applied to a tax base: inclusive and exclusive. A statutory tax rate is the legally imposed rate. An income tax could have multiple statutory rates for different income levels, where a sales tax may have a flat statutory rate.\",\n \"id\": \"5199848\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Pakistan\\n\\n\\n, in 2013 Pakistan had a lower-than-average tax take. Only 0.57% of Pakistanis, or 768,000 people out of a population of 190 million pay income tax. Federal income taxes are administered by the Federal Board of Revenue. Period from July 1st to June 30th is considered as a normal tax year for Pakistan tax law purposes. Corporate Income tax rates Currently, the Corporate Income tax rate is 29% for tax year 2019 which will be gradually reduced to 25% with each passing year whereas corporate tax rate\",\n \"id\": \"8116476\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kepner Income Tax\\n\\n\\na given locality. Such investment translates into higher economic growth. Ireland's real GDP growth was almost three times higher than the European Union average between 1991 and 2000. During the decade, Ireland taxed corporate profits from manufacturing at 10%, the lowest in the EU. The United States currently has the highest combined statutory corporate income tax rate among OECD countries. The Kepner tax would eliminate the corporate income tax, which supporters argue would make the United States a tax haven and boost the economy. Critics claim that the Kepner\",\n \"id\": \"6515863\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Competitive Tax Plan\\n\\n\\nfile tax returns. The Competitive Tax Plan would provide a new payroll tax offset to replace the Earned Income Tax Credit and to protect low and moderate income workers from any tax increase under the new system. Under the initial proposal, households with an annual income of more than $100,000 would be taxed at a flat 25% rate and the corporate income tax rate would be reduced to 25%. Graetz argues that reducing the corporate tax rate \\\"would make the United States an extremely attractive nation for corporate investments for both U.S.\",\n \"id\": \"16252682\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Alternative minimum tax\\n\\n\\nThe alternative minimum tax (AMT) is a supplemental income tax imposed by the United States federal government in addition to baseline income tax for certain individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts that have exemptions or special circumstances allowing for lower payments of standard income tax. AMT is imposed at a nearly flat rate on an adjusted amount of taxable income above a certain threshold (also known as exemption). This exemption is substantially higher than the exemption from regular income tax. Regular taxable income is adjusted for certain items computed differently for\",\n \"id\": \"16327538\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United Kingdom corporation tax\\n\\n\\ntaxpayers to argue that a receipt was non-taxable \\\"capital\\\" rather than taxable \\\"revenue\\\". The basic structure of the tax, where company profits were taxed as profits, and dividend payments were then taxed as income, remained unchanged until 1973, when a partial imputation system was introduced for dividend payments. Unlike the previous imputation system, the tax credit to the shareholder was less than the corporation tax paid (corporation tax was higher than the standard rate of income tax, but the imputation, or set-off\",\n \"id\": \"17664515\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Affluence in the United States\\n\\n\\n, large marginal tax rate reductions during the Reagan Administration caused another large change in tax reporting. A lot of corporate income formerly reported on corporate tax returns was switched to lower tax rate individual tax returns (as Subchapter S corporations). This reporting change appeared to boost top quintile income, when in fact their incomes had not changed. As a result, the top income quintile for households today includes a lot of corporate income previously reported in corporate tax returns, while Subchapter S corporations who lose money are likely to be included\",\n \"id\": \"17303436\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Norway\\n\\n\\nlevied social security contributions and surtax. To avoid that income that was taxed at the corporate level also were taxed at the individual level (double taxation), the imputation tax credit for dividends and treasury system gains was introduced. After the 1992 tax reform the marginal tax rate on labour income was much higher than the marginal tax rate on capital income. For self-employed, it was profitable to convert labour income to capital income (income shifting). In the 2006 tax reform, the income shifting problem was solved by\",\n \"id\": \"11872962\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United Kingdom corporation tax\\n\\n\\nincome tax remained at 25%. Persons liable for tax were lightly affected by the change, because income tax liability was still balanced by the tax credit received, although higher rate tax payers paid an additional 25% tax on the amount of the dividend actually received (net), as against 20% before the change. The change had bigger effects on pensions and non-taxpayers. A pension fund receiving a £1.2 m dividend income prior to the change would have been able to reclaim £400,000 in tax, giving\",\n \"id\": \"17664521\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United Kingdom corporation tax\\n\\n\\n\\\"mainstream\\\" corporation tax bill. To the extent that the individual's tax on the dividend was less than the tax credit – for example, if his income was too low to pay tax (below £595 in 1973–1974) – he would be able to reclaim some or all of the £30 tax paid by the company. The set-off was only partial, since the company would pay 52% tax (small companies had lower rates, but still higher than the ACT rate), and thus the £\",\n \"id\": \"17664518\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ministry of Finance (Chile)\\n\\n\\non sales of goods and services (including imports) at a rate of 19%, with a few exemptions. The income tax revenue comprises different taxes. While there is a corporate income tax of 20% over profits from companies (called First Category Tax), the system is ultimately designed to tax individuals. Therefore, corporate income taxes paid constitute a credit towards two personal income taxes: the Global Complementary Tax (in the case of residents) or the Additional Tax (in the case of non-residents).\",\n \"id\": \"17471020\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland\\n\\n\\nlegislation was contained in section 71 of the Finance Act 1999 and provided for a phased introduction of the 12.5% rate from 32% for the financial year 1998 to 12.5% commencing from 1 January 2003. A higher rate of corporation tax of 25% was introduced for passive income, income from a foreign trade and some development and mining activities. Manufacturing relief, effectively a 10% rate of corporation tax, was ended on 31 December 2002. For companies that were claiming this relief before 23 July 1998, it would still\",\n \"id\": \"11233177\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lithuania\\n\\n\\nprice level for household final consumption expenditure (HFCE) – 63, being 39% lower than EU average – 102 in 2016. Lithuania has a flat tax rate rather than a progressive scheme. According to Eurostat, the personal income tax (15%) and corporate tax (15%) rates in Lithuania are among the lowest in the EU. The country has the lowest implicit rate of tax on capital (9.8%) in the EU. Corporate tax rate in Lithuania is 15% and 5% for small businesses\",\n \"id\": \"17700140\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tax Attractiveness Index\\n\\n\\nit can be considered as incentive to transfer income to low taxed countries. Therefore, high tax countries implement controlled foreign corporation (CFC) rules to prevent the erosion of their tax base. If a country has CFC rules the companies have less scope in their tax planning activities. In association with the tax base the corporate income tax rate is the main component of the corporate tax burden. Consequently, countries offering a lower statutory tax rate are more popular among companies as countries with high statutory tax rates. Important elements of the\",\n \"id\": \"19608814\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Economy of Japan\\n\\n\\nabout 12 million. Japan ranks 27th of 185 countries in the ease of doing business index 2013. Japan has one of the smallest tax rates in the developed world. After deductions, the majority of workers are free from personal income taxes. Consumption tax rate is only 8%, while corporate tax rates are high, second highest corporate tax rate in the world, at 36.8%. However, the House of Representatives has passed a bill which will increase the consumption tax to 10% in October 2015. The government has\",\n \"id\": \"15573063\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporate tax in the United States\\n\\n\\ndetail for non-small corporations on Schedule M-3 to Form 1120. After the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, on December 20, 2017, the corporate tax rate has been changed to a flat 21% starting January 1, 2018 (previously 35%). The adjacent table lists the tax rates on corporate income applied by each state, but not by local governments within states. Because state and local taxes are deductible expenses for federal income tax purposes, the effective tax rate in each state is not a\",\n \"id\": \"1150216\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bulgaria\\n\\n\\ninterior and justice are allocated the largest share of the annual government budget, whereas those responsible for the environment, tourism and energy receive the least amount of funding. Taxes form the bulk of government revenue at 30% of GDP. Bulgaria has some of the lowest corporate income tax rates in the EU at a flat 10% rate. The tax system is two-tier. Value added tax, excise duties, corporate and personal income tax are national, whereas real estate, inheritance, and vehicle taxes are levied by local\",\n \"id\": \"3074692\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dividend tax\\n\\n\\npremium for the second-generation National Health Insurance (NHI) of Taiwan. In Turkey there is an income tax withholding of 15% on dividends. In the United Kingdom, companies pay UK corporation tax on their profits and the remainder can be paid to shareholders as dividends. From April 2018, the first £2,000 of dividend income is untaxed, regardless of the taxpayer's other income; dividends above this amount are taxed at 7.5% in basic rate income tax band, 32.5% in higher rate income tax band and\",\n \"id\": \"4921318\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Claudia Tenney\\n\\n\\nthe elimination of the individual mandate created by the Affordable Care Act, the limitation of the state and local tax deduction to $10,000 of taxable income, an increase in the standard deduction, and a reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. The reduction of the corporate tax rate is permanent. The personal income tax cuts are temporary. In October 2017, Tenney joined other Members of Congress and Ivanka Trump at an event to advocate for the doubling of the child tax credit; this provision was included\",\n \"id\": \"1432269\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in the United States\\n\\n\\nincome\\\", which is taxed at higher rates and on an annual basis. Because of this distinction, capital is taxed much more lightly than labor. Under the U.S. system, individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts are subject to income tax. Partnerships are not taxed; rather, their partners are subject to income tax on their shares of income and deductions, and take their shares of credits. Some types of business entities may elect to be treated as corporations or as partnerships. Taxpayers are required to file tax returns\",\n \"id\": \"11862522\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Finland\\n\\n\\n%. The corporate tax was fully paid as dividend tax before 2004, but because of neutrality requirements of the EU, the tax credits allowed for dividends are now more complex. Corporate tax was lowered from 24.5% to 20.0% in January 2014. Municipal property taxes are low, since municipalities mostly meet their funding needs via direct income taxes and state subsidies. Tax rates are higher for leisure properties like summer cottages. Property taxes are levied annually on present market value. General rates are 0.60–1.35%, 0.32-0.75%\",\n \"id\": \"20892948\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"South African Institute of Tax Practitioners\\n\\n\\nthe global average top rate of 32%, South Africa’s top personal income tax rate of 40% was high, and in comparison to the global average corporate tax rate of 24%, South Africa's was 28%. According to SAIT, that suggested that South Africa’s tax burden is high compared to other jurisdictions. Because it was important for South Africa to be competitive, in order to encourage economic growth, SAIT recommended to Parliament that they reduce the corporate tax rate to bolster foreign direct investment, infrastructure development\",\n \"id\": \"20622158\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Economy of South Africa\\n\\n\\n, defined as having a per capita income of over R40,000 (in 2000 Rand). The top rate of personal income tax rate in South Africa is 45%; the corporate tax rate is 28%. Other taxes include a value-added tax and a capital gains tax, with the overall tax burden amounting to 23.4% of total domestic income. South Africa has about three times as many recipients of social benefits as it has income tax-payers, an extremely high ratio by international standards. After 1994 resources have\",\n \"id\": \"7651768\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United Kingdom corporation tax\\n\\n\\nto corporation tax saw it move to a dividend imputation system in 1973, under which an individual receiving a dividend became entitled to an income tax credit representing the corporation tax already paid by the company paying the dividend. The classical system was reintroduced in 1999, with the abolition of advance corporation tax and of repayable dividend tax credits. Another change saw the single main rate of tax split into three. Tax competition between jurisdictions reduced the main corporate tax rate from 28% in 2008-2010 to a flat rate of 20%\",\n \"id\": \"17664506\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Unrelated Business Income Tax\\n\\n\\ninclude income derived from the work of unpaid volunteers, income from the sale of donated goods, income from trade shows and conventions, income from legal gaming. The Internal Revenue Service does not consider the receipt of assets from a closely related tax-exempt organization to be unrelated business income. The IRS taxes unrelated business income at the corporate tax rates (IRC section 11) except for certain section 511(b)(2) trusts which are taxed at trust tax rates. Individual retirement accounts generally are subject to tax on income that is taxable to\",\n \"id\": \"10222662\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Flat tax\\n\\n\\nA flat tax (short for flat-rate tax) is a tax system with a constant marginal rate, usually applied to individual or corporate income. A true flat tax would be a proportional tax, but implementations are often progressive and sometimes regressive depending on deductions and exemptions in the tax base. There are various tax systems that are labeled \\\"flat tax\\\" even though they are significantly different. Flat tax proposals differ in how the subject of the tax is defined. A true flat-rate tax is a system of\",\n \"id\": \"2397131\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Income tax in Australia\\n\\n\\nIncome tax in Australia is imposed by the federal government on the taxable income of individuals and corporations. State governments have not imposed income taxes since World War II. On individuals, income tax is levied at progressive rates, and at one of two rates for corporations. The income of partnerships and trusts is not taxed directly, but is taxed on its distribution to the partners or beneficiaries. Income tax is the most important source of revenue for government within the Australian taxation system. Income tax is collected on behalf of the federal\",\n \"id\": \"7243252\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tax haven\\n\\n\\nhavens maintain higher non-zero \\\"headline\\\" rates of corporate taxation, but instead provide complex and confidential BEPS tools and PTRs which bring the \\\"effective\\\" corporate tax rate closer to zero; they all feature prominently in the leading jurisdictions for IP law (see graphic). These \\\"corporate tax havens\\\" (or Conduit OFCs), further increase respectability by requiring the corporate using their BEPS tools/PTRs to main a \\\"substantial presence\\\" in the haven; this is called an employment tax, and can cost the\",\n \"id\": \"13616094\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United Kingdom corporation tax\\n\\n\\nThere was a matching reduction in the basic income tax rate on dividends to 10%, while a new higher-rate of 32.5% was introduced which led to an overall effective 25% tax rate for higher rate taxpayers on dividends (after setting this \\\"notional\\\" tax credit against the tax liability).While non-taxpayers were no longer able to claim this amount from the treasury (as opposed to taxpayers who could deduct it from their tax bill), the 20% ACT (which would have previously been deducted from the dividend\",\n \"id\": \"17664524\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base\\n\\n\\nin the respective Member State with the relevant corporate tax rate. In financial accounting, subsidiaries are included into consolidated statements, if they are controlled by their parent. This is usually assumed when the shareholding exceeds 50%. Strictly legal criteria make it easy to decide for tax purposes whether a company is part of the group or not. However, the participation threshold should be higher in order to avoid excessive tax planning. A high participation threshold (e.g., 75% or 90%) takes into account that consolidation implies a\",\n \"id\": \"11591432\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nevada corporation\\n\\n\\nhas no franchise tax. It also has no corporate income tax or personal income tax. While Nevada likes to promote that there are \\\"no corporation taxes\\\" in the state, there is an annual $200 \\\"Business License Fee\\\" which is paid to the Secretary of State's Office at the time of formation or renewal of the corporation. Nevada additionally applies a 1.475% tax rate for most General Business employers, as opposed to Financial Institutions, on wages after deduction of health benefits paid by the employer and certain wages\",\n \"id\": \"18561102\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Canada small business tax rate\\n\\n\\nIn Canada, the small business tax rate is the tax rate paid by a small business. As of 2018, the small business tax rate is 10%. The general corporate tax rate is 28%. A small business in Canada is defined as a Canadian-based corporation with fewer than 100 employees and under $500,000 in annual income. Small businesses are allowed to claim a \\\"small business deduction\\\" under the \\\"Income Tax Act\\\"; the deduction enumerated in that Act is deducted from the 28% general tax\",\n \"id\": \"5940732\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United Kingdom corporation tax\\n\\n\\nrate of income tax in 1949 was 50%. If the company paid a £100 dividend, the recipient would be treated as if he had earned £200 and had paid £100 in income tax on it – the tax paid by the company fully covered the tax due from the individual on the dividend paid. If, however, the individual was subject to tax at a higher rate (known as \\\"surtax\\\"), he (not the company) would be liable to pay the additional tax. In addition\",\n \"id\": \"17664509\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporate tax\\n\\n\\n. However, treaties and practicality impose limits on taxation of those outside its borders, even on income from sources within the country. Most jurisdictions tax foreign corporations on business income within the jurisdiction when earned through a branch or permanent establishment in the jurisdiction. This tax may be imposed at the same rate as the tax on business income of a resident corporation or at a different rate. Upon payment of dividends, corporations are generally subject to withholding tax only by their country of incorporation. Many countries impose a branch profits tax on\",\n \"id\": \"1029114\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Income taxes in Canada\\n\\n\\nresident in Canada who receive dividends from Canadian corporations. A dividend from a small business (\\\"Canadian-controlled private corporation\\\") is grossed-up by 17 per cent, meaning that the shareholder includes 117 per cent of the dividend amount in income, to reflect the pre-tax income of the small business out of which it has paid the dividend. This income is taxed at the shareholder's personal income tax rate, but a part of the tax is offset by a 10.5217% dividend tax credit (for 2017\",\n \"id\": \"17895747\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tax Attractiveness Index\\n\\n\\npatent box regime applies) are attractive for companies. The tax burden of employees is represented by the personal income tax rate. It increases labor cost for corporations. The lower the income tax rate the more attractive the country thus is for a corporation. R&D investments represent a large expenditure and affect the future product offering. Thus, R&D incentives are crucial for many enterprises. Some countries offer tax incentives, for resident companies conducting R&D, which supports companies to reduce their after tax R&D cost. A double taxation is caused by\",\n \"id\": \"19608819\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporate tax in the United States\\n\\n\\nshareholders are taxed on the corporation's income as it is recognized. Corporations which are not S Corporations are known as C corporations. Before 2018, domestic corporations were taxed on their worldwide income at the federal and state levels. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 changed this system so that subsidiaries are now taxed at the rate of the jurisdiction in which they are established. Corporate income tax is based on net taxable income as defined under federal or state law. Generally, taxable income for a corporation is gross income (\",\n \"id\": \"1150202\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporate tax\\n\\n\\n: Most systems that tax corporations also impose income tax on shareholders of corporations when earnings are distributed. Such distribution of earnings is generally referred to as a dividend. The tax may be at reduced rates. For example, the United States provides for reduced amounts of tax on dividends received by individuals and by corporations. The company law of some jurisdictions prevents corporations from distributing amounts to shareholders except as distribution of earnings. Such earnings may be determined under company law principles or tax principles. In such jurisdictions, exceptions are usually provided\",\n \"id\": \"1029104\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporate tax in the United States\\n\\n\\n: Determinations of what is taxable and at what rate are made at the federal level based on U.S. tax law. Many but not all states incorporate federal law principles in their tax laws to some extent. Federal taxable income equals gross income (gross receipts and other income less cost of goods sold) less tax deductions. Gross income of a corporation and business deductions are determined in much the same manner as for individuals. All income of a corporation is subject to the same federal tax rate. However, corporations may reduce other\",\n \"id\": \"1150214\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ordinary income\\n\\n\\nTax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. Qualified dividends are dividends paid by domestic corporations or by corporations from foreign countries that have a tax treaty with the United States. This rule applies under the condition that the corporation has included the dividends in its own taxable income. Thus pass-through corporations like REITs and REMICs would not distribute qualified dividends, and the dividends from those entities would be taxed at the ordinary income rates. In the United States, ordinary income is taxed at the marginal tax rates. As of 2006, there\",\n \"id\": \"14941850\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporate tax\\n\\n\\nthe United Kingdom or the United States. The United States taxes all types of corporate income for a given company at the same rate, but provide different rates of tax depending on income levels or size of the company. The United States taxes corporations under the same framework of tax law as individuals, with differences related to the inherent natures of corporations and individuals or unincorporated entities. Individuals are not formed, amalgamated, or acquired; and corporations do not incur medical expenses except by way of compensating individuals. Most systems tax both\",\n \"id\": \"1029097\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Real estate in Panama\\n\\n\\nof the actual value of the real property imposed when the seller transfers the title to the buyer. There is also a 10% Capital Gains Tax which can be reduced to 5% if owned by a corporation selling its corporate shares instead of title to the property which also avoids the 2% Title Transfer Tax. Rental income taxes for property owners is exempt for the first $30,000 USD and has a 27% rate on income above that amount. The Capital Gains Tax differs for individuals who only pay a 10% rate\",\n \"id\": \"11518605\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporation tax in France\\n\\n\\nto French corporate tax on profits generated in France, in addition to any profit allocated to France by virtue of international tax treaties, after taking into account tax deductible costs. The 2017 French corporate tax rate was 15% of the taxable income up to and including €38,120, 28% up to €75,000 and above which the rate is 33.3%. By 2020, the whole taxable income of all companies will be taxed at 28%. On 7 November 2017 the French National Assembly approved a new corporate tax exclusively for\",\n \"id\": \"6499951\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"10p tax rate\\n\\n\\n5435 to £6035) to help low-income tax-payers affected by the abolition of the 10% starting rate of income tax. At the same time, the threshold for higher rate income tax was reduced by £600, so that higher rate tax payers would not be able to benefit from the adaptation. These changes were implemented in September 2008. In the years after the abolition of the reduced tax rate for low incomes, the UK government made further adaptations to personal income taxation, notably to the personal allowance\",\n \"id\": \"1863439\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Israel\\n\\n\\nIsrael are usually discussed at the monthly rate so these are included for convenience. A corporation is deemed to be subject to Israeli taxes if its activities are managed and controlled within the State of Israel or established under its laws. A domestic corporation is subject to taxation on its worldwide income. A foreign corporation with an Israeli subsidiary is only taxed on income derived from, accrued or received in Israel, while a non-resident company without a subsidiary is only taxed on income sourced in Israel. A year for tax purposes is\",\n \"id\": \"1977579\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Serbia\\n\\n\\nThe standard Corporate tax rate in Serbia is 15%, although some deductions might apply. The standard VAT rate is 20% and the lower rate is 10%. Income from dividends is a subject to a 15% tax. Serbia has tax treaties with most countries in, but few outside, Europe. The standard personal tax rate is 10%. If the individual earns more than 3 times average salary, an additional tax rate of 10% is applied. For a person earning six times the average salary, an\",\n \"id\": \"2568182\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Massachusetts\\n\\n\\nto 5.0% as amended by the legislature. There is a tax exemption for income below a threshold that varies from year to year. The corporate income tax rate is 8.8%, and the short-term capital gains tax rate is 12%. An unusual provision allows filers to voluntarily pay at the pre-referendum 5.85% income tax rate, which is done by between one and two thousand taxpayers per year. The state imposes a 6.25% sales tax on retail sales of tangible personal property—except for groceries,\",\n \"id\": \"5444286\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Goods and Services Tax (Singapore)\\n\\n\\nsupport for lower-income workers on a continuing basis even after the GST offsets have been distributed. The government also cut direct tax rates, continuing its practice of lowering direct tax rates since 1986. As of 2010, the top marginal rates for corporate tax stood at 17% and personal income tax at 20%, with effective rates being much lower. As a gesture of goodwill, and to assist lower-income groups, several supermarket chains absorbed the 2% increase in GST, ranging for a period of one month\",\n \"id\": \"17192814\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lucerne\\n\\n\\nthe youngest of Switzerland's traditional universities. Thanks to its continuous tax-cutting policies, Lucerne has become Switzerland's most business-friendly canton. Lucerne offers Switzerland's lowest corporate tax rate at cantonal level. Furthermore, Lucerne also offers very moderate personal income tax rates. In a recent published study of BAK Basel Economics taxation index 2012, Lucerne made it to the 4th place with an only marginally 2% higher tax rate compared to the top canton in this comparison. Since November 2009, Zurich Airport can be reached from\",\n \"id\": \"14347914\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Presidency of William Howard Taft\\n\\n\\nfrom progressive senators to add an income tax to the bill, Taft and Aldrich instead arranged for Senator Henry Cabot Lodge to add another amendment to the bill containing a two percent tax on corporate incomes over $5,000. Following the insertion of that amendment, the bill passed the Senate and went to a conference committee, where minor reductions were made to tariff rates and the corporate income tax rate was lowered from two percent to one percent. Despite his disappointment with the high tariff rates contained in the final bill, Taft signed the\",\n \"id\": \"13662156\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Missouri\\n\\n\\ntax related to federal estate tax collection. In 2017, the Tax Foundation rated Missouri as having the 5th-best corporate tax index, and the 15th-best overall tax climate. Missouri's corporate income tax rate is 6.25%; however, 50% of federal income tax payments may be deducted before computing taxable income, leading to an effective rate of 5.2%. In 2012, Missouri had roughly 22,000 MW of installed electricity generation capacity. In 2011, 82% of Missouri's electricity was generated by coal. Ten\",\n \"id\": \"19832957\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eric Greitens\\n\\n\\nMore information on the cuts was released in the following weeks. The plan was to cut individual and corporate taxes by approximately $800 million. The overhaul would reduce the top individual income tax rate by 10% and the corporate income tax rate by nearly a third. The top individual income tax rate would drop from 5.9% to 5.3%. The proposal would also create a non-refundable state tax credit for low-income workers, which Greitens said would essentially eliminate income taxes for 380,000 people. He said the bill\",\n \"id\": \"21293960\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Capital gains tax\\n\\n\\n22%, with a reduced rate of 15% applying where corporate profits are reinvested for the purchase of machinery or equipment and/or the acquisition of new technology. Companies engaged in the exploration or exploitation of hydrocarbon also are subject to the standard corporate tax rate. Personal taxation: Resident individuals are taxed on their worldwide income; nonresidents are taxed only on Ecuadorian-source income. An individual is deemed to be resident if he/she is in Ecuador for more than 6 months in a year. Capital gains are treated as ordinary\",\n \"id\": \"20669244\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne\\n\\n\\nset at a rate \\\"equal to the lowest county income tax rate set by any Maryland county.\\\" In 2006, Maryland residents Brian and Karen Wynne, a married couple, earned income from other states through an S corporation, which filed state income tax returns in 39 states. An S Corporation passes income through to its shareholders for income tax purposes; in contrast, C corporations are considered separate entities from their shareholders for income tax purposes. On their 2006 tax return, the Wynnes claimed an income tax credit against both\",\n \"id\": \"20847298\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in the United States\\n\\n\\nthan on capital income. Divergent taxes and subsidies for different forms of income and spending can also constitute a form of indirect taxation of some activities over others. For example, individual spending on higher education can be said to be \\\"taxed\\\" at a high rate, compared to other forms of personal expenditure which are formally recognized as investments. Taxes are imposed on net income of individuals and corporations by the federal, most state, and some local governments. Citizens and residents are taxed on worldwide income and allowed a credit for\",\n \"id\": \"11862507\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Ukraine\\n\\n\\ntax. Permanent establishment of non-residents are considered separate entity. Tax rate differs between these categories. For residents the tax rate is 18% with few exceptions. For example, insurance companies have to pay 0 to 3% of their income as a special corporate tax, that lowers taxable profit. Ukraine does not impose net wealth tax. The property tax is payable by individuals is the same as that which applies to corporations. Employers pay monthly unified social security contributions (USSC) equivalent to 22% of the gross\",\n \"id\": \"13390399\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Oklahoma\\n\\n\\nState level, both on individuals and corporations. Oklahoma first enacted an individual income tax in 1915 and then a corporate income tax in 1931. Income taxes are steadily increased as a major State revenue source since 1933 when the Oklahoma Constitution was amended to prohibit State-level taxation of property. Income taxes are now the largest source of revenue for the State government, accounting for approximately 36% of total state revenue. Oklahoma has adopted a progressive income tax for individuals, in which the tax rate increases as the amount of personal\",\n \"id\": \"17697095\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Progressivity in United States income tax\\n\\n\\nbracket; (31%-23%)/31% = a 29% effective tax rate savings or discount at the higher income tax bracket). To make the two tax rates realize an equal savings or discount from taking the maximum allowable deductions, the higher income tax bracket would have to have an effective tax rate of ~24.35% (31%-24.35%/31% = 21.4% or the same discount as the lower tax bracket) instead of 23%. This would necessitate an additional income tax of $1,975 from the higher tax bracket ($200,000*24.35%\",\n \"id\": \"16846262\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Taxation in Morocco\\n\\n\\n; br • Income and property profits; br • Income and profits from movable capital; The corporation tax is mandatory on the income and profits of corporations, public institutions and other legal entities that carry out lucrative transactions and irrevocable option to partnerships. Moroccan tax applies territorially. Foreign companies are liable on Moroccan-sourced income if they have a permanent establishment in Morocco. There is an opt-in tax for qualifying activities of 8% of contract amount (see rate table), which requires the submission of a tax declaration\",\n \"id\": \"11276027\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Capital gains tax\\n\\n\\ngains on selling bonds. Interest paid on loans is deductible, although in case the net capital income is negative, only approx. 33% tax credit applies. Companies are taxed at 25%. Share dividends are taxed at 28%. Corporate taxation: Residence for tax purposes is based on the place of incorporation. Resident entities are taxed on worldwide income. Nonresidents are subject to tax only on Ecuador-source income. Capital gains are treated as ordinary income and taxed at the normal corporate rate. The standard rate is\",\n \"id\": \"20669243\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":79,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Why do commentators/voice actors from old footage from the 40s 50s and 60s sound so different than reporters' voices today?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"3akwjo"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"I believe what you're referring to the \\\"transatlantic accent\\\" which was taught in boarding schools up through the early 60's (also many actors and the like learned the accent to be more marketable, as it was seen as an upper-class/well-educated way of speaking).\"}, {\"answer\": \"Old recording equipment had different sensitivity to frequencies we can hear. Just like standard phone conversations sound of lower quality when broadcast on the radio.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Here's a good article on the topic of the mid-Atlantic accent. Though the author prefers calling it \\\"that weirdo announcer-voice\\\" It's especially good on describing how it disappeared. URL_0 \"}, {\"answer\": \"They practiced a lot of elocution. They thought of it as being proper and more sophisticated. No one really practiced this way of speech anymore.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"95673\", \"title\": \"Voice acting\", \"section\": \"Section::::Types.:Automated dialogue replacement.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 20, \"end_paragraph_id\": 20, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\", actor voices are recorded over the original audio track, which can be heard in the background. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees. Automated dialogue replacement (ADR) is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes (also known as \\\"looping\\\" or a \\\"looping session\\\"). ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, or to replace an accented vocal performance. In the UK, it is also called \\\"post-synchronization\\\" or \\\"post-sync\\\".\", \", actor voices are recorded over the original audio track, which can be heard in the background. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees. Automated dialogue replacement (ADR) is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes (also known as \\\"looping\\\" or a \\\"looping session\\\"). ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, or to replace an accented vocal performance. In the UK, it is also called \\\"post-synchronization\\\" or \\\"post-sync\\\".\", \"actor voices are recorded over the original audio track, which can be heard in the background. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees. Automated dialogue replacement (ADR) is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes (also known as \\\"looping\\\" or a \\\"looping session\\\"). ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, or to replace an accented vocal performance. In the UK, it is also called \\\"post-synchronization\\\" or \\\"post-sync\\\".\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Coastal Sound Music Academy\n\n\nThe Coastal Sound Music Academy is a Canadian choral organization based in Coquitlam, British Columbia. It began as a children's choir within the Coquitlam school district in 1989; this was transitioned into the Coastal Sound Music Academy in 2003. Today, the academy offers several different children's choirs, a youth choir, and a 60-voice adult choir. The flagship of the Academy is the \"Children's Touring Concert Choir\", an auditioned choir for children 8–15 years old with unchanged voices from throughout in the Metro Vancouver area. The","id":"21974176"},{"contents":"Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies\n\n\nwanted the voice actors to deliver certain lines. Because Horiyama had attended the Japanese voice recording sessions, he was also present, so he could give advice about things that sounded too different from the Japanese version, and give consultation about technical issues within the game. The voice actors took turns recording their lines to near-final versions of the cutscenes, so they could match the characters' lip flaps. In addition to the voice acting, some sound effects had to be localized, due to sound being used differently in Japanese","id":"21900620"},{"contents":"Bone conduction\n\n\n- or as a treatment option for certain types of hearing impairment. Bone generally conveys lower-frequency sounds better than higher frequency sound. Bone conduction is one reason why a person's voice sounds different to them when it is recorded and played back. Because the skull conducts lower frequencies better than air, people perceive their own voices to be lower and fuller than others do, and a recording of one's own voice frequently sounds higher than one expects. Musicians may use bone conduction using a tuning fork while tuning stringed instruments","id":"13071268"},{"contents":"The Simpsons shorts\n\n\nvoice sounds different in the shorts compared to most episodes of the half-hour show, as Castellaneta originally tried to impersonate Walter Matthau. Although he would retain this characteristic through the early episodes of the regular series, it was gradually dropped as Homer's personality evolved away from that of a stereotypical sitcom father. The producers of the show were in need of someone to do voiceovers, so rather than hire actors, they asked Castellaneta (who had already done some voice work) and Julie Kavner, both members of the Ullman","id":"6714662"},{"contents":"Looney Tunes River Ride\n\n\nFrancois Cote, a composer from Cirque du Soleil, and created their own that was reminiscent of the film’s theme song, but it was actually a whole new piece. They also had to hire German voice actors to do the voices of the characters in the ride. The voice actors from the German release of \"Ice Age\", such as Otto Waalkes, who voices Scrat and Sid, were too expensive, so Thinkwell hired other sound-alike voice actors. Those actors were famous German comedians that were more popular","id":"1169580"},{"contents":"Voice acting in Japan\n\n\n, releasing CDs in the character's name rather than their own. Sometimes the singing style of an anime character is quite different from that of the voice actor, and tracks sung using the style of the character are often included in CDs the voice actors release in their own name. This made singing a central activity for many voice actors, especially those who do voice-overs for anime characters. The limitations imposed on singer voice actors by their recording companies are also less strict than the ones imposed on regular singers. This","id":"13278318"},{"contents":"Augustus Sinclair\n\n\nit.\" Commenting on Doug Boyd's performance, Culp writes \"Sinclair’s voice acting doesn’t hurt. He sounds so skeevy, and yet somehow so charismatic.\" Further adding \"Voice actor Doug Boyd performed a miracle in this case, though; Sinclair sounds like my 96-year-old grandmother filtered through a middle-aged guy who really loves capitalism, and it is somehow bizarrely attractive. Maybe it’s because of the game’s sense of loneliness in fabulous environs populated only with scary enemies?\" Culp agrees with","id":"1266945"},{"contents":"Mila Kunis\n\n\nnatural about Mila. She was 15 when she started, so you were listening to a 15-year-old. Oftentimes with animation they'll have adult actors doing the voices of teenagers and they always sound like Saturday morning voices. They sound oftentimes very forced. She had a very natural quality to Meg that really made what we did with that character kind of really work.\" Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award in the category of Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production in 2007. She also voiced Meg in the \"","id":"15323142"},{"contents":"Road to Salina\n\n\nsophisticated appeal.\" He described the film as:\" A fable showing how tragedy can occur when reality intrudes upon the lonely lives of those who live in a world of fantasy\". The review in Newsday called \"Road to Salina\" \" A very strange film... More perversely compelling than it has a right to be\". In \"The Village Voice\", Robert Colaciello wrote: \" If your taste runs to 70s actors having 60s sex in a 50s film so that a 40s star can suffer, then \"","id":"13408669"},{"contents":"Jeremy Irons\n\n\n, two researchers, a linguist and a sound engineer, found \"the perfect [male] voice\" to be a combination of Irons's and Alan Rickman's voices based on a sample of 50 voices. Coincidentally, the two actors played brothers in the \"Die Hard\" series of films. Speaking at 200 words per minute and pausing for 1.2 seconds between sentences, Irons came very close to the ideal voice model, with the linguist Andrew Linn explaining why his \"deep gravelly tones\" inspired trust in listeners. He","id":"11955862"},{"contents":"Dick Beals\n\n\nRichard \"Dick\" Beals (March 16, 1927 – May 29, 2012) was an American actor and voice actor, who performed many voices in his career, which spanned the period from the early 1950s into the 21st century. Beals specialized in doing the voices of young boys, although he was also hired to voice young female children. Perhaps his most recognizable characterization was the voice of the stop-motion animation figure called \"Speedy Alka-Seltzer\", featured in television commercials for more than 50 years. Beals","id":"11844564"},{"contents":"Invader Zim\n\n\n\" still ended up being one continual scene though. When casting voice actors for \"Invader Zim\", series creator, Jhonen Vasquez did not want actors who were just capable of doing zany voices because it sounded less natural to him. He made a point to cast people with speaking voices that were naturally distinct and out of the ordinary so that the cast did not have to do unnatural voices, but instead just speak naturally. Mark Hamill was originally hired to do the voice of Zim for the pilot episode, but was","id":"20615634"},{"contents":"Van Morrison\n\n\nin the history of rock and roll. As Morrison began live performances of the 40-year-old album \"Astral Weeks\" in 2008, there were comparisons to his youthful voice of 1968. His early voice was described as \"flinty and tender, beseeching and plaintive\". Forty years later, the difference in his vocal range and power were noticeable but reviewers and critic's comments were favourable: \"Morrison's voice has expanded to fill his frame; a deeper, louder roar than the blue-eyed soul voice of his","id":"1618884"},{"contents":"Isaac and Miria\n\n\nof J. Michael Tatum and Caitlin Glass, citing the actors' ability to \"steal the show in every appearance\" and \"sell [the pair] as thoroughly as any voice actors could possibly do, giving them every ounce of verve and idiotic enthusiasm that their characters' action say they should have.\" Hartel comments that the voice actors \"deserve special recognition for some flat out, insane voice work.\" Although Surat and Tool were not opposed to the English dubbing, they felt that Isaac's accent sounded weird and","id":"14011640"},{"contents":"Power (Kanye West song)\n\n\nstated, \"What I was pleased with was, is the relevance of '21st Century Schizoid Man' today.' You know, it still sounds current. It still sounds relevant. That’s really gratifying after all of these years. I mean, that record is what — 40, 50 years old? I don’t know, but very old. Old like me! But it’s lovely to hear a really contemporary artist doing it.\" In an interview with \"Rolling Stone\", Lake further commented,","id":"13987198"},{"contents":"Iori Yagami\n\n\ntheir battles. To find Kyo, Iori sometimes enters the King of Fighters tournaments and uses his teammates as tools to reach him. In an interview with Iori's Japanese voice actor, Kunihiko Yasui comments that he feels responsible as a voice actor for his performances as Iori, taking care to sound different in each installment as a means of developing and protecting his character's humanity. Yasui was replaced by Takanori Hoshino starting in \"The King of Fighters XIV\"; Hoshino said he was delighted to be the new voice actor of","id":"10446757"},{"contents":"Garage Kids\n\n\nthe same outfits as they wear in \"Code Lyoko\", but with minor differences. The various character models (except for Odd's virtual form) can be seen at the links below. Different voice actors are used in \"Garage Kids\". As a result, the character's voices are noticeably different. They are also less than fluent in English, which is easily spotted in fragments of their conversations. All the voices sound much more like French voices. They also sound much younger (around 9–11 years of age","id":"7040841"},{"contents":"Boy-Scoutz 'n the Hood\n\n\nhis voice \"added to the authenticity of his character\". \"The Simpsons\"s creator Matt Groening thought the recording sessions with Borgnine were \"so much fun\". Hank Azaria, who provides the voice of Apu, commented that Borgnine \"had no idea what the hell he was doing. He's a good actor, and he read his lines just fine, but he had no idea what the show was, no idea what we were doing.\" In her book \"My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy\"","id":"6821966"},{"contents":"Lou Scheimer\n\n\nKing Randor and others. The reason producer Lou Scheimer performed the voices for so many supporting characters was that the \"official\" voice actors were contracted to perform no more than three different voices per episode. And since there were usually only three regular cast members working on each show, Lou would fill in the rest of the male cast. This is also why his wife Jay and daughter Erika did various small parts in the first season of \"He-Man\". During the second season of \"He-Man\"","id":"3318950"},{"contents":"The Prime Ministers: The Pioneers\n\n\n\"The Seattle Times\" John Hartl called the archive footage \"fuzzy, scratchy and poorly chosen\". He praised Waltz's voice-over but criticized the remaining voice actors. Hartl advised the viewers to see the 1960 film \"Exodus\" first. Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the voice-overs from well known Hollywood actors was \"unnecessarily distracting\" but opined that history buffs would find it fascinating. Nicole Herrington wrote for \"The New York Times\" that the voice acting was jarring when archival clips of","id":"19131481"},{"contents":"Pocahontas (1995 film)\n\n\nand Scottish and younger than I am, so I had to raise my voice and do different accents. But the more we did it, the more he became like me--older and English.\" Richard White, the voice of Gaston in \"Beauty and the Beast\", was supposed to voice Ratcliffe, but the crew was worried he might sound too much like Gaston, so he was replaced by his co-star David Ogden Stiers, who also voices Ratcliffe's dimwitted assistant Wiggins. Russell Means was cast as","id":"14909189"},{"contents":"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game)\n\n\nappears in the game as a boss. Also to get an idea of, and to perfect his moves, Hayden Christensen helped the developers with the character of Anakin. The game utilized many of the cast members of the 2003 animated series \"\". Additionally, stock footage of the actors from the films appeared in many of the game's cinematics. Alethea McGrath reprised her role as Jocasta Nu from \"Attack of the Clones\", and was the only actor from the films to do so. All other voice actors have","id":"4903774"},{"contents":"Ice Age (2002 film)\n\n\ncomedy. Instead, the role was given to Ray Romano because they thought his voice sounded very elephant-like. Wedge described Romano's voice as deep and slow in delivery, but also with a \"sarcastic wit behind it.\" John Leguizamo, who provided the voice for Sid the Sloth, experimented with over 40 voices for the character, including a slower-sounding voice to fit with the lazy nature of a giant sloth. Leguizamo came up with the final voice for the character after watching footage of sloths and learning","id":"12411328"},{"contents":"Transformers: War for Cybertron\n\n\n360 version reports scores of 79.45% and 76/100. Individual review scores ranged from a 50% approval by \"Edge\" magazine to a 94% approval by Gaming Trend. Reviewers praised the in-game voice acting. G4TV's Matt Kell noted that Peter Cullen's voice work as Optimus was \"commanding and familiar\", adding that the other actors \"even do their best to replicate the voices of the original cartoon.\" Mike Nelson of \"Game Informer\" agreed and noted the game's excellent dialogue, stating \"","id":"13139796"},{"contents":"The New Three Stooges\n\n\nlive-action sequence could serve as a wraparound for four different cartoons. Joe DeRita later commented that this presented something of a problem for viewers: Most of the cartoons ended up with the trio running into the horizon after accidentally causing havoc at their current jobs. The cartoons were unusual for Cambria in that they did not use Syncro-Vox, Cambria's patented technique which used filmed footage of the voice actors' mouths over top of still frames. The pilot cartoon, \"That Little Old Bomb Maker\", featured a","id":"6617136"},{"contents":"Languages in Star Wars\n\n\nidentified an 80-year-old Kalmyk refugee. He recorded her telling folk stories in her native language, and then used the recordings as a basis for sounds that became the Ewok language and were performed by voice actors who imitated the old woman's voice in different styles. For the scene in which C-3PO speaks Ewokese, actor Anthony Daniels worked with Burtt and invented words, based on the Kalmyk recordings. Marcia Calkovsky of Lethbridge University maintains that Tibetan language contributed to Ewok speech \"along\" with Kalmyk, starting the story from attempts","id":"11477732"},{"contents":"ALF (TV series)\n\n\nALF was made to deliver racial jokes and sexual comments. He was actually mocking a then-recent episode of \"L.A. Law\" dealing with Tourette syndrome. Asked to comment, producer Steve Lamar stated that the footage was from an era when things were not so \"ridiculously PC\". \"ALF\" was very popular in Germany after it began airing on ZDF. The actor who dubbed ALF's voice in German, Tommi Piper, recorded two albums and four singles as the four-toothed, eight-stomached cat-","id":"12417930"},{"contents":"Guided by Voices\n\n\n's demise, Pollard was frequently asked about band reunions. In 2007 he told \"MAGNET\": \"To me, it’s just cashing in. If you’re gonna get the band back together, it should be to support a new record, not just to play the hits. That’s like doing the county-fair circuit. I don’t see Guided By Voices reforming. For one thing, there were 50 or 60 people in Guided By Voices over time.\" Pollard also commented on the fact that","id":"9858303"},{"contents":"Ghost singer\n\n\nwith demands which most actors without excellent singing abilities and years of voice training could not fulfill. This is why even in the published soundtracks of many of these film musicals, the actors were credited for the voices rather than the ghost singers. Differently from Hollywood, in the Indian film industry, playback singers are recognized as important contributors and mentioned in the film credits. Top singers like legend Lata Mangeshkar—the 'queen' of Bollywood music—become sometimes stars in their own right. The most famous singers like Mangeshkar,","id":"7628123"},{"contents":"Rick Dees Weekly Top 40\n\n\nshow was initially heard on ten stations, but would expand to 40 by the end of 1983. Part of the Weekly Top 40's appeal in the '80s - and how it differentiated itself from the more sober AT40 - was Rick's colorful, signature use of goofy sound effects and comedy voices, often at the end of each segment before commercial breaks. The voice impressions were by Rick and his wife Julie (a talented voice actor) as well as other mimics, and included characters imported from Rick's popular morning","id":"2904453"},{"contents":"Lou Rawls\n\n\nLouis Allen Rawls (December 1, 1933 – January 6, 2006) was an American singer, songwriter, actor, voice actor, and record producer. Rawls released more than 60 albums, sold more than 40 million records, and had numerous charting singles, most notably his song \"You'll Never Find Another Love like Mine\". He worked as a film, television, and voice actor. He was also a three-time Grammy-winner, all for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance. Rawls was born in","id":"21206572"},{"contents":"I'm No Dummy\n\n\nart, because art never dies. Art is an expression. And we have to stop expressing to kill an art form.” This section ends with Jeff Dunham, the most prominent modern ventriloquist, employing interviews, comments from fans and concert footage. Epilogue Presents what ventriloquists from the past and present are doing today. The documentary has received high praise from film critics as well as the general public. The website Serious Comedy said, \"\"I'm No Dummy\" gives voice to the history and art of ventriloquism.","id":"20043854"},{"contents":"Andrew Ryan (BioShock)\n\n\nagreed, praising the introduction Ryan gives to the player as they enter Rapture. Game Chronicles editor Mark Smith praised the voice acting of the game, praising Shimerman's commitment to the story and theme. Total PlayStation editor gave similar praise to Shimerman, commenting that he and Atlas' voice actor rounded out the cast. Worthplaying editor Brian Dumlao commented that Ryan's voice \"conveys ... the struggle of a man whose ideals are being threatened by a rival businessman\", and praising the delivery of the actors to why the story is","id":"16629786"},{"contents":"Night of Desirable Objects (Fringe)\n\n\nscreams\" for when it died. Tanis commented that the actor voicing the creature placed pieces of orange in his mouth in order to have \"a slobbery, sputtering voice\". For Olivia's scenes with superhearing, Tanis made ordinary, far off items like phones, typewriters, and cars \"sound a little beefier than normal and kept them a bit more up in the mix than they usually would be,\" as these things were not in the same room as her. The sound editors wanted to emphasize that the various","id":"8424885"},{"contents":"Nasal click\n\n\ndistinction from both the plain voiceless and breathy-voiced nasal clicks. In this language they are not voiced after vowel sounds except in rapid speech, and in addition do not have nasal airflow; Trail reports that they instead have active ingressive pulmonic airflow (that is, air is breathed in the nose rather than being vented out). Breathy-voiced (murmured) nasal clicks are less common. They are known from !Kung languages such as Juǀʼhoansi, from Taa, and from the Bantu languages Xhosa and Zulu. They","id":"18309255"},{"contents":"Big Deal on Madonna Street\n\n\nin Italy we speak many different dialects. So, for example, the actor who plays the Sicilian was not Sicilian. He was neither an actor, or a Sicilian! So I had to have a Sicilian dub his voice. Another one of the actors who was supposed to be Bolognesian (from Bologna) was from Naples, so I had to dub his voice. Cardinale spoke French so I had to dub her voice into Sicilian.\" The apartment and pawnshop on \"Via della Madonna\" was in reality located at","id":"4665267"},{"contents":"Warren Sonbert\n\n\nfun to look at, apparently without a message but not without meaning.\" Around 1968, Sonbert stopped using music, and began reediting his old and new images into a longer silent film that intercut many different kinds of footage taken in many different locales. \"'Footage from 1967-1970' is the latest title Warren Sonbert has given his ever-growing, ever-changing film,\" reported Jonas Mekas in his \"Movie Journal\" in \"The Village Voice\" in 1970. \"At earlier screenings it has","id":"11902080"},{"contents":"Shirou Emiya\n\n\ncharacter a different tone than the ones he used previously. As a child, Shirou is voiced by Junko Noda, who refers to her character as \"Chibi Shirou\" due to his appearance and like her work in \"Today's Menu for the Emiya Family\" when Shirou starts cooking hamburgers. Sam Riegel was Shirou's first English voice actor, and Mona Marshall voiced Shirou as a child. Patrick Poole voiced the two incarnations of Shirou appearing in Illya's spin-off anime series. English voice actor Bryce Papenbrook felt honored","id":"13499469"},{"contents":"Flashback (1992 video game)\n\n\n. \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" commented that the Sega CD version is \"virtually identical\" to the Genesis version, but that \"Flashback\" is still an essential purchase for those who do not already own a different version. \"GamePro\", in contrast, argued that the reworked cutscenes \"look so awesome that even gamers who've already completed this game on another platform will want to play it again just to see all the new CD footage\". They also praised the addition of a CD-quality soundtrack and voices","id":"8931293"},{"contents":"Two Steps from the Blues\n\n\nsoul, creating a distinctly Southern sound where all of these styles blended so thoroughly it was impossible to tell where one began and one ended.\" Geoff Brown commented in \"Mojo\": \"no song is wasted and hardly a note sounds false as Bland's blues-wearied voice, driven to anguished screams, grapples with the vicissitudes of life and love, his torment echoed and bolstered by Joe Scott’s memorable horn arrangements.\" \"Downbeat Magazine\" listed the album on \"50 Top Blues Albums Of The Past 50","id":"15700435"},{"contents":"The Voice Senior (German TV series)\n\n\nThe Voice Senior is a German reality talent show created by John de Mol, based on the concept \"The Voice of Germany\". However, participation is only open for candidates of more than 60 years old. It began airing on Sat.1 on December 23, 2018. There are four different stages to the show: producers' auditions, blind auditions, sing offs and final. There has been one winner to date: Dan Lucas (64). The show is originally presenting from current hosts of \"The Voice of","id":"9254769"},{"contents":"Camp Lazlo\n\n\nhimself and Mark O'Hare. The team created some backgrounds using \"Acryl Gouache,\" a mixture of acrylic paint and gouache. Rough Draft Studios, a South Korean studio, produced the \"Camp Lazlo\" footage. Murray asked Tom Kenny to voice characters because Murray felt that Kenny \"adds writing to his roles\" and \"brings so much.\" Murray looked for \"comedic timing\" in his voice actors, and therefore he used many stand-up comics and sketch actors. Carlos Alazraqui, who voiced Rocko from \"","id":"3332774"},{"contents":"The Choirboys (boyband)\n\n\nAn inquest into Aspbury's death determined from video footage at the train station, that Aspbury intentionally jumped into the path of a moving train that was traveling at 60 miles per hour. The singer was being treated at the Essex Centre for Schizophrenia, but was given a day pass to leave the facility at the time of his death. As the Choirboys matured, so did their voices, and to keep the sound of the group the same a new trio replaced Porter-Thaw, Aspbury and Inman. The new group was","id":"21809810"},{"contents":"The Real Ghostbusters\n\n\nMaurice LaMarche noted that while he was asked not to impersonate Harold Ramis, he did so anyway and eventually got the part. LaMarche also noted that Bill Murray had remarked off-handedly to producers that Lorenzo Music's voice of Peter Venkman sounded more like Garfield (who was also voiced by Music at the time.) Bill Murray went on to voice Garfield in \"Garfield: The Movie\" after Music died. A different explanation for the change of actor for Peter Venkman came from Dave Coulier, who took over the role","id":"16717978"},{"contents":"Andrea Romano (voice director)\n\n\n\"On video games I only do special ones because video games tend to become recording 150 different 'oofs,' 20 different strangulation sounds… they aren't challenging to me and they are taxing on an actor's voice.\" Romano did her first voice direction of a video game on 1999's \"Descent 3\". She later worked on \"Animaniacs Splat Ball\", in 1999; \"Floigan Bros.\" and \"Batman Vengeance\", in 2001; \"Teen Titans\", in 2005; \"Diablo III\"","id":"21477028"},{"contents":"Jordi Estadella\n\n\nJordi Estadella Gracia (11 November 1948 – 30 April 2010) was a Spanish voice actor, journalist, radio and television host and film dubber. Estadella's career spanned more than 40 years. He was best known to Spaniards as the host of the game show, \"Un, dos, tres... responda otra vez\", from 1991 until 1993. Estadella began his career in 1970 at Radio Juventud de Barcelona (Barcelona Youth Radio). He began working as a voice actor and dubber beginning in 1977, providing in","id":"12752885"},{"contents":"Assassin's Creed: Revelations\n\n\na \"disconnect\" in the Ubisoft game's current setup, which has voice actors provide voice facial animation separately from body motion capture, which is recorded by different actors. \"I wish it wasn't done separately,\" North said. \"Don't get me wrong, the mo-cap actors do a great job, but there will always be somewhat of a disconnect when it's done this way. After my experiences on the \"Uncharted\" franchise, where the actors do both performance and voice, I can","id":"7102426"},{"contents":"Language processing in the brain\n\n\narea Spt is more selective to female speech than pure tones, and a sub-section of Spt is selective to the speech of their mother in contrast to unfamiliar female voices. It is presently unknown why so many functions are ascribed to the human ADS. An attempt to unify these functions under a single framework was conducted in the 'From where to what' model of language evolution In accordance with this model, each function of the ADS indicates of a different intermediate phase in the evolution of language. The roles of sound","id":"16427892"},{"contents":"The Boss Baby\n\n\nGina Shay and grandson of the film director Ralph Bakshi, who directed the 1972 American adult animated comedy film Fritz the Cat, provided the voice of 7-year old Tim. Having been often present at DreamWorks, McGrath initially asked Bakshi only to provide a temporary voice for Tim to see if the character \"worked\". The producers listened to 30 to 40 children to choose the scratch voice. McGrath explained their decision: \"No one sounded as authentic as Miles did. A lot of child actors are great, but they are","id":"8600125"},{"contents":"WrestleMania 2\n\n\nfirst \"WWF Superstars of Wrestling\", continuing his role as a heel-favoring color commentator. Critical response to the show was poor, with the decision to host the show in three different locations being highly criticized. John Canton, of \"TJR Retro\" website said: \"I'm sure that the idea of doing this show from three different venues sounded like a good idea on paper to Vince McMahon, but it was not effective in terms of producing a quality program.\" \"Voices of Wrestling\"s Bryan Rose commented","id":"21260834"},{"contents":"CIA activities in the Philippines\n\n\nas the returns were 60/40 in favor of the landowner as opposed to the traditional 50/50 split. This seemed unsustainable to the Huks. The in-sustainability was rooted in the new division between the elite and the poor. The peasants then came together to host riots and strikes against the elite in efforts to revert the Philippines back to the \"old\" tactics of farming. Their efforts were futile as the elite received support from the United States. Peasants decided to form their own social organizations as a way to voice concerns,","id":"3483921"},{"contents":"Webby Award\n\n\nInternet Week New York, was named Executive Director of the Webby Awards in 2005. In 2009, the 13th Annual Webby Awards received nearly 10,000 entries from all 50 states and over 60 countries. That same year, more than 500,000 votes were cast in The Webby People's Voice Awards. In 2012, the 16th Annual Webby awards received 1.5 million votes from more than 200 countries for the People's Voice awards. In 2015, the 19th Annual Webby Awards received nearly 13,000 entries from all 50 U.S. states and over 60 countries","id":"4166736"},{"contents":"The Daydreamer (soundtrack)\n\n\nthe original liner notes were omitted. Aside from the title tune, performed by Robert Goulet, rumor has it that it's unclear who provided the vocals on the songs, as the rest are credited to the film's characters rather than the actors who voiced them (and in several instances the singing voices sound nothing like the actors' speaking voices). Nevertheless, the soundtrack album is best known for its rich tunes of happiness made to identify the same voices from the live action/Animagic film. All the songs are","id":"11532205"},{"contents":"Fake Shemp\n\n\nA fake Shemp is someone who appears in a film as a replacement for another actor or person. Their appearance is disguised using methods such as heavy make-up (or a computer-generated equivalent), filming from the back, dubbing in audio and splicing in past footage from the original actor's previous work, using a sound-alike voice actor, or using partial shots of the actor. The concept is named after Shemp Howard, whose sudden death in 1955 necessitated the use of these techniques to finish the films","id":"6138841"},{"contents":"Samurai Cop\n\n\ncalled them in for reshoots in early 1991. Amir Shervan could not afford lighting to shoot at night so the entire film is set during the day. Actors also wore their own clothes and drive their own cars. Much of the film was also shot without sound and done with single takes. Shervan had to dub on voices months after production but could not get many of the bit part actors to return. He chose to use his own voice and warped it in post-production to sound different. His lack of ability","id":"2972706"},{"contents":"Nonverbal communication\n\n\nor non-expressive, many variants of the voice can depict different reactions. The acceptable physical distance is another major difference in the nonverbal communication between cultures. In Latin America and the Middle East the acceptable distance is much shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel comfortable with. This is why an American or a European might wonder why the other person is invading his or her personal space by standing so close, while the other person might wonder why the American/European is standing so far from him or her. In","id":"11595540"},{"contents":"Day of the Tentacle\n\n\nand provided voice work for around five characters each. Recording for the 4,500 lines of dialog occurred at Studio 222 in Hollywood. Barra directed the voice actors separately from a sound production booth. She provided context for each line and described aspects of the game to aid the actors. The voice work in Day of the Tentacle was widely praised for its quality and professionalism in comparison to Sierra's talkie games of the period which suffered from poor audio quality and limited voice acting (some of which consisted of Sierra employees rather than professional","id":"8161110"},{"contents":"King Kong Escapes\n\n\nwhy he was there, and said as a joke: \"Why are you here? I could probably do a better version of you than you could.\". Linda Miller hated her dubbed voice in the American version, but loved the Japanese voice. She was extremely mad at Mr. Rankin, the producer, for not inviting her to dub her own lines when Rhodes Reason (Nelson) was able to re-dub his. It turned out to work this way because Reason was a part of the Screen Actors Guild","id":"9670136"},{"contents":"Deus Ex (video game)\n\n\nEx was to make JC Denton a cipher for the player, to create a better immersion and gameplay experience. He did not want the character to force any emotion so that whatever feelings the player may be experiencing comes from themselves rather than from JC Denton. To do this, Spector instructed voice actor Jay Anthony Franke to record his dialogue without any emotion but in a monotone voice, which is unusual for a voice acting role. Once coded, the team's game systems did not work as intended. The early tests of","id":"8430727"},{"contents":"50 Cent\n\n\nDo\". According to \"Rolling Stone\", \"50's secret weapon is his singing voice - the deceptively amateur-sounding tenor croon that he deploys on almost every chorus\". After The Game's departure Jackson signed Olivia and rap veterans Mobb Deep to G-Unit Records, with Spider Loc, M.O.P., 40 Glocc and Young Hot Rod later joining the label, who all eventually departed the label. Jackson expressed an interest in working with rappers other than G-Unit, such as Lil' Scrappy of BME","id":"18066489"},{"contents":"Jimmy MacDonald (sound effects artist)\n\n\nfrom smoking to continue voicing Mickey Mouse, so he was replaced by MacDonald after the film \"Fun and Fancy Free\" (1947). MacDonald voiced Mickey Mouse until 1977, when he was replaced by young Disney sound-effects man Wayne Allwine for \"The New Mickey Mouse Club\" MacDonald was the original voice actor for Chip, one half of the duo Chip and Dale. He provided the voice of Ajax the Gorilla in \"Donald Duck and the Gorilla\", Dolores the Elephant in \"Tiger Trouble\", \"","id":"5830469"},{"contents":"Hari (actor)\n\n\nHarikeshan Thampi, stage name Hari, is an Indian actor and dubbing artist best known for his work in Malayalam cinema. He has acted in more than 50 films and dubbed for almost 1,000 films. Thampi made his debut in the Malayalam film \"Raja Harishchandra\" as Lohithakshan, son of Raja Harishchandra. Later he switched roles to be a dubbing artist. He lent his voice for Chiranjeevi in 60 films and all of them were super hits. Nagarjjuna, Krishna, and Mohan Babu were identified with his voice in Telugu.","id":"166905"},{"contents":"Miracle of Sound\n\n\nBoth voice actors for the male and the female Commander Shepard in the Mass Effect series (Mark Meer and Jennifer Hale, respectively) performed dramatic readings of parts of the song \"Commander Shepard\" before the release of the \"Mass Effect 3\", to raise publicity. BioWare subsequently sent Dunne advance footage for use in making a song and accompanying music video based on \"Mass Effect 3\", so that his release of \"Take it Back\" could coincide with the game's launch. A line from his song \"","id":"17872514"},{"contents":"Teenage (film)\n\n\nno single narrator for the film. Instead four actors use their voices to portray different people. Jena Malone voices an American girl, Ben Whishaw narrates the British segment, Jessie Usher voices the African-American youth and Julia Hummer narrates the life of a German girl in Nazi Germany, based on Melita Maschmann diary “Account Rendered”. According to \"The Guardian\" the blending of faux Super 8 film footage with the actual archive footage is successful but since it is not flagged as such, it raises questions regarding the authenticity","id":"4967487"},{"contents":"Bionicle: Mask of Light\n\n\nby young adults, while the Turaga were voiced by older actors. The voice actors and their performances were chosen so they would not sound like they came from a specific area of the world, instead sound like they came from and belonged in the Bionicle universe. A notable event during recording was a behind-the-scenes incident between Michas and Francis: originally cast in the respective roles of Jaller and Takua, Michas came into a recording session in a muddled state and began reading Takua's lines by mistake. When Francis","id":"4758742"},{"contents":"The Voice Senior (Polish TV series)\n\n\nThe Voice Senior is a Polish reality talent show that will premiere on December 7, 2019 on the TVP2 television network. \"The Voice Senior\" is part of the international syndication \"The Voice\" and \"The Voice Kids\" based on the reality singing competition launched in the Netherlands as \"The Voice of Holland\", created by Dutch television producer John de Mol. However, participation is only open for candidates of more than 60 years old. The show consists of four different phases: production audition, blind audition,","id":"14226323"},{"contents":"Peter-assment\n\n\na mini-feature entitled \"The Comical Adventures of \"Family Guy\" – Brian & Stewie: The Lost Phone Call\", and footage of the \"Family Guy\" panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International. In addition to the regular cast and Fisher, voice actor Max Burkholder, actors Richard Dreyfuss, Maurice Lamont, Anthony Skillman, and Steve Urquilla; producer Jim Goldenberg; reporter Max Hodges; media reporter Harvey Levin; and voice actors Jack Samson and Will Shadley guest starred in the episode. Recurring","id":"14564559"},{"contents":"Voice acting in Japan\n\n\nVoice acting in Japan is acting as a narrator or as an actor in radio plays or as a character actor in anime and video games. It also involves performing voice-overs for non-Japanese movies and television programs. Because Japan's large animation industry produces 60% of the animated series in the world, voice acting in Japan has a far greater prominence than voice acting in most other countries. Some voice actors—especially certain voice actresses—often have devoted international fan-clubs. Some fans may watch a show","id":"13278290"},{"contents":"Ewok\n\n\nher telling folk stories in her native language, and then used the recordings as a basis for sounds that became the Ewok language and were performed by voice actors who imitated the old woman's voice in different styles. For the scene in which C-3PO speaks Ewokese, actor Anthony Daniels worked with Burtt and invented words, based on the Kalmyk recordings. The Ewoks are involved in a large portion of the final installment in Lucasfilm's \"Star Wars\" trilogy. When the Empire begins operations on the moon of Endor, prior to","id":"12402448"},{"contents":"The Death of Me (Ahmad album)\n\n\ntrack that’s not only impossible to keep from getting stuck in your head, but provides some aptly comic social commentary as well.\" One of the distinct comments made about the album was his voice change to a rapsy sounding voice, quote hiphopdx \"his voice sounds blown out and raspy, and, occasionally, one worries he’s running short on air.\" On the track I'ma Emcee, Nathan S. wrote \"Ahmad not only doing the track’s name justice lyrically, but pulling double duty with some impressive","id":"16501878"},{"contents":"They Shall Not Grow Old\n\n\nThey Shall Not Grow Old is a 2018 documentary film directed and produced by Peter Jackson. The film was created using original footage of World War I from the Imperial War Museum's archives, most of it previously unseen, all over 100 years old by the time of release. Audio is from BBC and Imperial War Museum (IWM) interviews of British servicemen who fought in the conflict. Most of the footage has been colorized and transformed with modern production techniques, with the addition of sound effects and voice acting to be more","id":"10634527"},{"contents":"Börje\n\n\nfrom the name element \"‑ger\" (spear). Börje developed from Old Swedish \"Birghir\" which was pronounced with a voiced velar fricative [ɣ]: [birɣir]. The voiced velar fricative was spelled ⟨gh⟩ i Old Swedish and changed to /j/ after /r/ in modern Svenska. Börje is an ija‑stem. Ija‑stems ended in ‑ir i Old Swedish, which regularly developed into a word final ‑e in modern Swedish. This explains why Börje has grave pitch accent) today: since the synkope at the transition from Proto-","id":"21477197"},{"contents":"Jesus (1979 film)\n\n\nnumerous topics individually or they can watch the film and, when prompted by a \"discovery glass\" icon, can access relevant comments. After they are finished, the viewer is returned to the scene they were watching. To celebrate the 35th anniversary of the film's release, a new DVD and Blu-ray version was released in August 2015, complete with a new musical score and sound effects. Once again all of the voices in the film were dubbed over by unknown British voice actors. Brian Deacon returns to do","id":"2255174"},{"contents":"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)\n\n\nHowever, Vivendi emphasized how faithful an adaptation of the novel it was by showing footage of Tom Bombadil and Old Man Willow, characters usually cut from adaptations. In June, Vivendi continued to push the fidelity of the game on all platforms by revealing the voice actors would be reciting over 5000 lines of dialogue taken \"verbatim\" from the novel. They also explained that as in the novel it is mentioned there are 200 steps at the entrance to Moria, so in the game, there are exactly 200 steps. Previewing the","id":"19290144"},{"contents":"Bill Farmer\n\n\nDisney characters. He asserts that voice acting is not about funny voices, but about acting. His mentor was the versatile voice actor Daws Butler, the man behind many of Hanna-Barbera's characters. He taught Farmer that when doing cartoon voices, you're not merely doing a funny voice, you're an actor and the acting is premier and you have to think like the character you're doing. In 1987, he had a small part as reporter Justin Ballard-Watkins in the film \"RoboCop\". Farmer","id":"16149553"},{"contents":"Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic\n\n\nlines of speech. \"One complete copy of the \"Knights of the Old Republic\" script fills up 10 5-inch binders,\" voice department manager Darragh O'Farrell noted. A cast of around a hundred voice actors, including Ed Asner, Raphael Sbarge, Ethan Phillips, Jennifer Hale, and Phil LaMarr was assembled. \"Fortunately, with a game this size, it's easy to have an actor play a few different characters and scatter those parts throughout the game so you'll never notice it's the same actor you heard","id":"10809293"},{"contents":"Deepika Padukone\n\n\n\"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much. To get to work with him ... is quite wonderful. It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\" In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language, which she felt \"were more graceful\" and \"completely different from today's actors.\" However, her voice was dubbed by the voice artist Mona Ghosh Shetty.","id":"5686076"},{"contents":"Voice therapy (transgender)\n\n\nwant a more authentic sounding female voice. However, it is important to note that vocal surgery alone may not produce a voice that sounds completely feminine, and voice therapy may still be needed. Although there has been evidence to show that all these surgeries can be effective in increasing vocal pitch as measured by F0, results have been mixed. However, many patients do report being satisfied with the results. Negative effects from these surgeries have been noted, including reduced voice quality, reduced vocal loudness, negative effects on swallowing and/or","id":"7023994"},{"contents":"Human voice\n\n\nto do this well before the age of two by listening only to the voices of adults around them who have voices much different from their own, and even though the laryngeal movements causing these phonetic differentiations are deep in the throat and not visible to them. If an abductory movement or adductory movement is strong enough, the vibrations of the vocal folds will stop (or not start). If the gesture is abductory and is part of a speech sound, the sound will be called voiceless. However, voiceless speech sounds are","id":"17629007"},{"contents":"A Series of Psychotic Episodes\n\n\nEpisodes\" has had positive reviews from critics. Harry Deansway from \"The Guardian\" said that Elia was a welcome change saying that: \"Radio comedy is largely populated by plummy World Service voices doing skits that sound like unironic Mr Cholmondley-Warner sketches from Harry Enfield's TV series, so the different tone and voice of Miriam Elia's \"A Series Of Psychotic Episodes\" really stands out.\" However, Deansway also said, \"the show's not quite the finished product, though it probably offers a glimpse into","id":"1195543"},{"contents":"Tales of Eternia\n\n\nabout eight years ago\" regarding graphics. Namco's localization effort was generally seen as sufficient, with the humor of the script translated to the North American audience, but reviewers found the game's voice acting to be deficient and unremarkable. AllGame praised the gameplay, character designs, and 2D graphics, but criticized the game's weaker, less emphasized story, and the voice acting, stating \"It isn't that the voice actors do a horrible job, it's just that more often than not, they sound as if","id":"1471607"},{"contents":"Voice of God\n\n\n; ) is a \"heavenly or divine voice proclaims God's will or judgment.\" It is \"identified with the Holy Spirit, even with God; but it differed essentially from the Prophets, though these spoke as the medium of the Holy Spirit.\" In art it is represented by the Hand of God. In the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament the characteristic attributes of the voice of God are the invisibility of the speaker and a certain remarkable quality in the sound, regardless of its strength or weakness. A sound","id":"7429931"},{"contents":"Voice acting in Japan\n\n\nis a lot more expensive than any other voice acting because of this. Candidates are required to send a short sample recording as a demonstration, and these samples play a large part in the selection process. It is not uncommon for \"Shingeki\" actors and actors performing in small theatres to take a voice acting course in specialized schools and become voice actors, considering the small difference between actor and voice actor. Those who successfully become voice actors sometimes take stage acting roles of their own choosing, and the voice actor's agency","id":"13278316"},{"contents":"Orally Fixated\n\n\nverses sound fantastic, Murphy's vampish delivery spot-on (hearing that voice is always a treat). But then there's a sudden and jarring shift in key for the chorus, which despite being damned catchy sounds likes it's been lifted from a completely different song and hastily pasted on.\" Luis Tovar of Pretty Much Amazing commented that the track \"sounds like typical Roisin Murphy nosh—gritty, nostalgic, and sometimes underwhelming.\" Karen Mason of Shout4Music.com opined that \"Murphy's seductive voice gives a warmth to","id":"13017787"},{"contents":"Slack voice\n\n\nSlack voice (or lax voice) is the pronunciation of consonant or vowels with a glottal opening slightly wider than that occurring in modal voice. Such sounds are often referred to informally as lenis or half-voiced in the case of consonants. In some Chinese varieties, such as Wu, and in a few Austronesian languages, the 'intermediate' phonation of slack stops confuses listeners of languages without these distinctions, so that different transcription systems may use or for the same consonant. In Xhosa, slack-voiced consonants have usually","id":"10329932"},{"contents":"Stadium Arcadium\n\n\nsays \"she's doing something different, she's doing so many vocals that there is never a space. Whenever one voice stops, another one does something in its place. There's very little space, and there are so many vocal parts that are breathy, you don't know what you're listening to. There is so much going on, you can't hear her voice with your conscience, you have to hear it with your subconscience. Some of them have a watery sound, then metallic, she really","id":"7243109"},{"contents":"Voice acting in Japan\n\n\nand \"Newtype\" to describe a voice actor associated with a particular anime or game character. Initially, dubbing and doing voice-overs was a performance of actors who used only their voice, who were called . For convenience, the term was shortened to a new compound consisting of the first and last kanji to make . It was only after the voice acting booms, however, that the word became widespread. Elderly voice actors resent being called \"seiyū\" because during their time, the term had a different (and","id":"13278292"},{"contents":"Music of Bollywood\n\n\nproduce a new sound, which resembled acid house. According to Singh: \"There was lots of disco music in films back in 1982. So I thought why not do something different using disco music only. I got an idea to play all the Indian ragas and give the beat a disco beat – and turn off the tabla. And I did it. And it turned out good.\" The first track \"Raga Bhairavi\" also had a synthesised voice that says \"Om Namah Shivaya\" through a vocoder. Along","id":"16481827"},{"contents":"Chester Bennington\n\n\nLos Angeles Times\" argued, \"Perhaps more than Linkin Park's influential sound, Bennington's real artistic legacy will be the message he put across – the reassurance he offered from the dark\". BBC's Steve Holden called Bennington the \"voice of a generation\", saying his voice was arguably Linkin Park's greatest asset. Jonathan McAloon of \"The Daily Telegraph\" commented, \"Bennington’s death will have an impact on many millennials because his voice was the sound of their millennium\". While talking about Linkin Park","id":"13491676"},{"contents":"Smile (British TV series)\n\n\nplaces and is missing part of his ear (Bandit losing to him in keepy uppy ). Originally, the voice of Nev was prerecorded, and his limited vocabulary played in as appropriate, which was why the puppeteer Ross Mullan was recruited to provide the voice live. As a consequence, Nev's voice in the studio sounded distinctly different from that in the many phone-in games used on the programme. Nev loves socks, jam, Duckie, Barney and Kirsten, calling Kirsten \"Krusty\" (probably because he ca","id":"20559502"},{"contents":"Pete Edmunds\n\n\nhead-voice\"\" - giving him a unique sound. Upon graduating he began working as a voice actor and voiceover artist alongside his acting career. Edmunds has worked in film, television, theatre, commercials and standup comedy - most notably in the main cast role of Peter, the hapless deputy manager, in the British comedy series \"Hotel Getaway\" (ITV). In \"Hotel Getaway\", the actors' performances were completely improvised, whilst numerous hidden cameras captured the footage. On film he acted alongside Toyah","id":"5437143"},{"contents":"Torchlight\n\n\n\", but also tried to give it a distinctly different sound. For this piece, he recorded over 200 live takes using a twelve-string guitar among other instruments. For other portions of the score, he played a pedal steel guitar, and created a different sound from the instrument's typical use in country music. The developers cast voice actors with the help of veteran voice actress Lani Minella, who also performed in the game. In August 2010, Runic CEO Max Schaefer revealed that the game was in development for","id":"10910995"},{"contents":"Pierre Arditi\n\n\nin French film and theater, Arditi is known in the Anglophone world as the French voice of Christopher Reeve. Arditi dubbed Christopher Reeve on the French-language version of the three first Superman films by Richard Donner and Richard Lester. Because of the added footage in the DVD Special Edition of Donner's \"Superman\", the film had to be re-dubbed with a different voice actor. He also provided the French voice for Reeve in the comedy/whodunit \"Deathtrap\". He was the voice of the documentary series","id":"10346500"},{"contents":"Heavy Heavy Low Low\n\n\ndifferent musical style. The instruments for Hospital Bomber were all recorded at once, playing the songs all the way through several times until a single take was chosen for each song. This technique gave the album a rawer sound than their previous albums. In a 2010 interview discussing Hospital Bomber, Robert Smith said the track \"We Incompetent Sperm\" was his favorite off the EP. \" I was sick at the time so my voice sounds different than the other songs and it’s a song about an old, dirty woman who","id":"12186047"},{"contents":"Thomas Funck\n\n\nprimarily worked as a guitar teacher. He performed his original songs in Norwegian radio on guitar. During this time he began to have stories sold, in order to have them read and performed on Swedish radio as well. Charlie Strapp and Froggy Ball had appeared as parts of Swedish radio shows since the mid 40s, but portrayed by regular actors. In the early 50s Funck started to do the voice of Charlie Strapp. The big breakthrough came in 1954, when all voices for the first time were provided by Funck himself,","id":"8395861"},{"contents":"WaveNet\n\n\nindustry purposes would be of a far lower complexity and use different methods than required to fool forensic evidencing methods and electronic ID devices, so that natural voices and voices cloned for entertainment-industry purposes could still be easily told apart by technological analysis. Generating speech from text is an increasingly common task thanks to the popularity of software such as Apple's Siri, Microsoft's Cortana, Amazon Alexa and the Google Assistant. Most such systems use a variation of a technique that involves concatenated sound fragments together to form recognisable sounds and words","id":"7235567"},{"contents":"Voice acting\n\n\nthe animation industry in Japan is so prolific, voice actors in Japan are able to have full-time careers as voice-over artists. Japanese voice actors are able to take greater charge of their careers than voice actors in other countries. Japan has approximately 130 voice acting schools and troupes of voice actors, who work for a specific broadcast company or talent agency. They often attract their own appreciators and fans, who watch shows specifically to hear their favorite actor or actress. Many Japanese voice actors frequently branch into music,","id":"11194625"},{"contents":"The Voice UK (series 3)\n\n\ntrailer for the series premiered following the final of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" at 21:50. The trailer features all four coaches dressed in different medical costumes. They overlook a hospital ward, as many babies cry behind them. Then, the sound of a beautiful voice is heard from the direction of the babies, and stops all the crying. The voice captures the attention of Minogue and Wilson, who both turn around to see who is singing. will.i.am and Jones then turn, as the voice is revealed to be one of","id":"9386792"},{"contents":"Give the People What They Want (Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings album)\n\n\nher most vocally ferocious, lending a self-assured voice to the down and out.\" At Allmusic, Fred Thomas rated it four stars, noting how \"These ten songs sound almost designed to be played on repeat, and keep with the always colorful and ecstatically fun sound audiences have come to expect from one of the best acts going in retrofitted classic soul.\" Elysa Gardner of \"USA Today\" rated it three-and-a-half out of four, commenting that \"her mighty voice and spirit undiminished","id":"941602"},{"contents":"Alan Rickman\n\n\nRickman as an \"honourable mention\" in a list of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination. Two researchers, a linguist and a sound engineer, found \"the perfect [male] voice\" to be a combination of Rickman's and Jeremy Irons' voices based on a sample of 50 voices. Rickman featured in several musical works, including a song composed by Adam Leonard entitled \"Not Alan Rickman\". Credited as 'A Strolling Player' in the sleeve notes, the actor played a \"","id":"18488199"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Coastal Sound Music Academy\\n\\n\\nThe Coastal Sound Music Academy is a Canadian choral organization based in Coquitlam, British Columbia. It began as a children's choir within the Coquitlam school district in 1989; this was transitioned into the Coastal Sound Music Academy in 2003. Today, the academy offers several different children's choirs, a youth choir, and a 60-voice adult choir. The flagship of the Academy is the \\\"Children's Touring Concert Choir\\\", an auditioned choir for children 8–15 years old with unchanged voices from throughout in the Metro Vancouver area. The\",\n \"id\": \"21974176\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies\\n\\n\\nwanted the voice actors to deliver certain lines. Because Horiyama had attended the Japanese voice recording sessions, he was also present, so he could give advice about things that sounded too different from the Japanese version, and give consultation about technical issues within the game. The voice actors took turns recording their lines to near-final versions of the cutscenes, so they could match the characters' lip flaps. In addition to the voice acting, some sound effects had to be localized, due to sound being used differently in Japanese\",\n \"id\": \"21900620\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bone conduction\\n\\n\\n- or as a treatment option for certain types of hearing impairment. Bone generally conveys lower-frequency sounds better than higher frequency sound. Bone conduction is one reason why a person's voice sounds different to them when it is recorded and played back. Because the skull conducts lower frequencies better than air, people perceive their own voices to be lower and fuller than others do, and a recording of one's own voice frequently sounds higher than one expects. Musicians may use bone conduction using a tuning fork while tuning stringed instruments\",\n \"id\": \"13071268\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Simpsons shorts\\n\\n\\nvoice sounds different in the shorts compared to most episodes of the half-hour show, as Castellaneta originally tried to impersonate Walter Matthau. Although he would retain this characteristic through the early episodes of the regular series, it was gradually dropped as Homer's personality evolved away from that of a stereotypical sitcom father. The producers of the show were in need of someone to do voiceovers, so rather than hire actors, they asked Castellaneta (who had already done some voice work) and Julie Kavner, both members of the Ullman\",\n \"id\": \"6714662\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Looney Tunes River Ride\\n\\n\\nFrancois Cote, a composer from Cirque du Soleil, and created their own that was reminiscent of the film’s theme song, but it was actually a whole new piece. They also had to hire German voice actors to do the voices of the characters in the ride. The voice actors from the German release of \\\"Ice Age\\\", such as Otto Waalkes, who voices Scrat and Sid, were too expensive, so Thinkwell hired other sound-alike voice actors. Those actors were famous German comedians that were more popular\",\n \"id\": \"1169580\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Voice acting in Japan\\n\\n\\n, releasing CDs in the character's name rather than their own. Sometimes the singing style of an anime character is quite different from that of the voice actor, and tracks sung using the style of the character are often included in CDs the voice actors release in their own name. This made singing a central activity for many voice actors, especially those who do voice-overs for anime characters. The limitations imposed on singer voice actors by their recording companies are also less strict than the ones imposed on regular singers. This\",\n \"id\": \"13278318\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Augustus Sinclair\\n\\n\\nit.\\\" Commenting on Doug Boyd's performance, Culp writes \\\"Sinclair’s voice acting doesn’t hurt. He sounds so skeevy, and yet somehow so charismatic.\\\" Further adding \\\"Voice actor Doug Boyd performed a miracle in this case, though; Sinclair sounds like my 96-year-old grandmother filtered through a middle-aged guy who really loves capitalism, and it is somehow bizarrely attractive. Maybe it’s because of the game’s sense of loneliness in fabulous environs populated only with scary enemies?\\\" Culp agrees with\",\n \"id\": \"1266945\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mila Kunis\\n\\n\\nnatural about Mila. She was 15 when she started, so you were listening to a 15-year-old. Oftentimes with animation they'll have adult actors doing the voices of teenagers and they always sound like Saturday morning voices. They sound oftentimes very forced. She had a very natural quality to Meg that really made what we did with that character kind of really work.\\\" Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award in the category of Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production in 2007. She also voiced Meg in the \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"15323142\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Road to Salina\\n\\n\\nsophisticated appeal.\\\" He described the film as:\\\" A fable showing how tragedy can occur when reality intrudes upon the lonely lives of those who live in a world of fantasy\\\". The review in Newsday called \\\"Road to Salina\\\" \\\" A very strange film... More perversely compelling than it has a right to be\\\". In \\\"The Village Voice\\\", Robert Colaciello wrote: \\\" If your taste runs to 70s actors having 60s sex in a 50s film so that a 40s star can suffer, then \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"13408669\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jeremy Irons\\n\\n\\n, two researchers, a linguist and a sound engineer, found \\\"the perfect [male] voice\\\" to be a combination of Irons's and Alan Rickman's voices based on a sample of 50 voices. Coincidentally, the two actors played brothers in the \\\"Die Hard\\\" series of films. Speaking at 200 words per minute and pausing for 1.2 seconds between sentences, Irons came very close to the ideal voice model, with the linguist Andrew Linn explaining why his \\\"deep gravelly tones\\\" inspired trust in listeners. He\",\n \"id\": \"11955862\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Beals\\n\\n\\nRichard \\\"Dick\\\" Beals (March 16, 1927 – May 29, 2012) was an American actor and voice actor, who performed many voices in his career, which spanned the period from the early 1950s into the 21st century. Beals specialized in doing the voices of young boys, although he was also hired to voice young female children. Perhaps his most recognizable characterization was the voice of the stop-motion animation figure called \\\"Speedy Alka-Seltzer\\\", featured in television commercials for more than 50 years. Beals\",\n \"id\": \"11844564\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Invader Zim\\n\\n\\n\\\" still ended up being one continual scene though. When casting voice actors for \\\"Invader Zim\\\", series creator, Jhonen Vasquez did not want actors who were just capable of doing zany voices because it sounded less natural to him. He made a point to cast people with speaking voices that were naturally distinct and out of the ordinary so that the cast did not have to do unnatural voices, but instead just speak naturally. Mark Hamill was originally hired to do the voice of Zim for the pilot episode, but was\",\n \"id\": \"20615634\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Van Morrison\\n\\n\\nin the history of rock and roll. As Morrison began live performances of the 40-year-old album \\\"Astral Weeks\\\" in 2008, there were comparisons to his youthful voice of 1968. His early voice was described as \\\"flinty and tender, beseeching and plaintive\\\". Forty years later, the difference in his vocal range and power were noticeable but reviewers and critic's comments were favourable: \\\"Morrison's voice has expanded to fill his frame; a deeper, louder roar than the blue-eyed soul voice of his\",\n \"id\": \"1618884\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Isaac and Miria\\n\\n\\nof J. Michael Tatum and Caitlin Glass, citing the actors' ability to \\\"steal the show in every appearance\\\" and \\\"sell [the pair] as thoroughly as any voice actors could possibly do, giving them every ounce of verve and idiotic enthusiasm that their characters' action say they should have.\\\" Hartel comments that the voice actors \\\"deserve special recognition for some flat out, insane voice work.\\\" Although Surat and Tool were not opposed to the English dubbing, they felt that Isaac's accent sounded weird and\",\n \"id\": \"14011640\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Power (Kanye West song)\\n\\n\\nstated, \\\"What I was pleased with was, is the relevance of '21st Century Schizoid Man' today.' You know, it still sounds current. It still sounds relevant. That’s really gratifying after all of these years. I mean, that record is what — 40, 50 years old? I don’t know, but very old. Old like me! But it’s lovely to hear a really contemporary artist doing it.\\\" In an interview with \\\"Rolling Stone\\\", Lake further commented,\",\n \"id\": \"13987198\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Iori Yagami\\n\\n\\ntheir battles. To find Kyo, Iori sometimes enters the King of Fighters tournaments and uses his teammates as tools to reach him. In an interview with Iori's Japanese voice actor, Kunihiko Yasui comments that he feels responsible as a voice actor for his performances as Iori, taking care to sound different in each installment as a means of developing and protecting his character's humanity. Yasui was replaced by Takanori Hoshino starting in \\\"The King of Fighters XIV\\\"; Hoshino said he was delighted to be the new voice actor of\",\n \"id\": \"10446757\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Garage Kids\\n\\n\\nthe same outfits as they wear in \\\"Code Lyoko\\\", but with minor differences. The various character models (except for Odd's virtual form) can be seen at the links below. Different voice actors are used in \\\"Garage Kids\\\". As a result, the character's voices are noticeably different. They are also less than fluent in English, which is easily spotted in fragments of their conversations. All the voices sound much more like French voices. They also sound much younger (around 9–11 years of age\",\n \"id\": \"7040841\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Boy-Scoutz 'n the Hood\\n\\n\\nhis voice \\\"added to the authenticity of his character\\\". \\\"The Simpsons\\\"s creator Matt Groening thought the recording sessions with Borgnine were \\\"so much fun\\\". Hank Azaria, who provides the voice of Apu, commented that Borgnine \\\"had no idea what the hell he was doing. He's a good actor, and he read his lines just fine, but he had no idea what the show was, no idea what we were doing.\\\" In her book \\\"My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"6821966\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lou Scheimer\\n\\n\\nKing Randor and others. The reason producer Lou Scheimer performed the voices for so many supporting characters was that the \\\"official\\\" voice actors were contracted to perform no more than three different voices per episode. And since there were usually only three regular cast members working on each show, Lou would fill in the rest of the male cast. This is also why his wife Jay and daughter Erika did various small parts in the first season of \\\"He-Man\\\". During the second season of \\\"He-Man\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"3318950\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Prime Ministers: The Pioneers\\n\\n\\n\\\"The Seattle Times\\\" John Hartl called the archive footage \\\"fuzzy, scratchy and poorly chosen\\\". He praised Waltz's voice-over but criticized the remaining voice actors. Hartl advised the viewers to see the 1960 film \\\"Exodus\\\" first. Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the voice-overs from well known Hollywood actors was \\\"unnecessarily distracting\\\" but opined that history buffs would find it fascinating. Nicole Herrington wrote for \\\"The New York Times\\\" that the voice acting was jarring when archival clips of\",\n \"id\": \"19131481\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pocahontas (1995 film)\\n\\n\\nand Scottish and younger than I am, so I had to raise my voice and do different accents. But the more we did it, the more he became like me--older and English.\\\" Richard White, the voice of Gaston in \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", was supposed to voice Ratcliffe, but the crew was worried he might sound too much like Gaston, so he was replaced by his co-star David Ogden Stiers, who also voices Ratcliffe's dimwitted assistant Wiggins. Russell Means was cast as\",\n \"id\": \"14909189\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (video game)\\n\\n\\nappears in the game as a boss. Also to get an idea of, and to perfect his moves, Hayden Christensen helped the developers with the character of Anakin. The game utilized many of the cast members of the 2003 animated series \\\"\\\". Additionally, stock footage of the actors from the films appeared in many of the game's cinematics. Alethea McGrath reprised her role as Jocasta Nu from \\\"Attack of the Clones\\\", and was the only actor from the films to do so. All other voice actors have\",\n \"id\": \"4903774\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ice Age (2002 film)\\n\\n\\ncomedy. Instead, the role was given to Ray Romano because they thought his voice sounded very elephant-like. Wedge described Romano's voice as deep and slow in delivery, but also with a \\\"sarcastic wit behind it.\\\" John Leguizamo, who provided the voice for Sid the Sloth, experimented with over 40 voices for the character, including a slower-sounding voice to fit with the lazy nature of a giant sloth. Leguizamo came up with the final voice for the character after watching footage of sloths and learning\",\n \"id\": \"12411328\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Transformers: War for Cybertron\\n\\n\\n360 version reports scores of 79.45% and 76/100. Individual review scores ranged from a 50% approval by \\\"Edge\\\" magazine to a 94% approval by Gaming Trend. Reviewers praised the in-game voice acting. G4TV's Matt Kell noted that Peter Cullen's voice work as Optimus was \\\"commanding and familiar\\\", adding that the other actors \\\"even do their best to replicate the voices of the original cartoon.\\\" Mike Nelson of \\\"Game Informer\\\" agreed and noted the game's excellent dialogue, stating \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"13139796\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The New Three Stooges\\n\\n\\nlive-action sequence could serve as a wraparound for four different cartoons. Joe DeRita later commented that this presented something of a problem for viewers: Most of the cartoons ended up with the trio running into the horizon after accidentally causing havoc at their current jobs. The cartoons were unusual for Cambria in that they did not use Syncro-Vox, Cambria's patented technique which used filmed footage of the voice actors' mouths over top of still frames. The pilot cartoon, \\\"That Little Old Bomb Maker\\\", featured a\",\n \"id\": \"6617136\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Languages in Star Wars\\n\\n\\nidentified an 80-year-old Kalmyk refugee. He recorded her telling folk stories in her native language, and then used the recordings as a basis for sounds that became the Ewok language and were performed by voice actors who imitated the old woman's voice in different styles. For the scene in which C-3PO speaks Ewokese, actor Anthony Daniels worked with Burtt and invented words, based on the Kalmyk recordings. Marcia Calkovsky of Lethbridge University maintains that Tibetan language contributed to Ewok speech \\\"along\\\" with Kalmyk, starting the story from attempts\",\n \"id\": \"11477732\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"ALF (TV series)\\n\\n\\nALF was made to deliver racial jokes and sexual comments. He was actually mocking a then-recent episode of \\\"L.A. Law\\\" dealing with Tourette syndrome. Asked to comment, producer Steve Lamar stated that the footage was from an era when things were not so \\\"ridiculously PC\\\". \\\"ALF\\\" was very popular in Germany after it began airing on ZDF. The actor who dubbed ALF's voice in German, Tommi Piper, recorded two albums and four singles as the four-toothed, eight-stomached cat-\",\n \"id\": \"12417930\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Guided by Voices\\n\\n\\n's demise, Pollard was frequently asked about band reunions. In 2007 he told \\\"MAGNET\\\": \\\"To me, it’s just cashing in. If you’re gonna get the band back together, it should be to support a new record, not just to play the hits. That’s like doing the county-fair circuit. I don’t see Guided By Voices reforming. For one thing, there were 50 or 60 people in Guided By Voices over time.\\\" Pollard also commented on the fact that\",\n \"id\": \"9858303\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ghost singer\\n\\n\\nwith demands which most actors without excellent singing abilities and years of voice training could not fulfill. This is why even in the published soundtracks of many of these film musicals, the actors were credited for the voices rather than the ghost singers. Differently from Hollywood, in the Indian film industry, playback singers are recognized as important contributors and mentioned in the film credits. Top singers like legend Lata Mangeshkar—the 'queen' of Bollywood music—become sometimes stars in their own right. The most famous singers like Mangeshkar,\",\n \"id\": \"7628123\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rick Dees Weekly Top 40\\n\\n\\nshow was initially heard on ten stations, but would expand to 40 by the end of 1983. Part of the Weekly Top 40's appeal in the '80s - and how it differentiated itself from the more sober AT40 - was Rick's colorful, signature use of goofy sound effects and comedy voices, often at the end of each segment before commercial breaks. The voice impressions were by Rick and his wife Julie (a talented voice actor) as well as other mimics, and included characters imported from Rick's popular morning\",\n \"id\": \"2904453\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lou Rawls\\n\\n\\nLouis Allen Rawls (December 1, 1933 – January 6, 2006) was an American singer, songwriter, actor, voice actor, and record producer. Rawls released more than 60 albums, sold more than 40 million records, and had numerous charting singles, most notably his song \\\"You'll Never Find Another Love like Mine\\\". He worked as a film, television, and voice actor. He was also a three-time Grammy-winner, all for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance. Rawls was born in\",\n \"id\": \"21206572\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"I'm No Dummy\\n\\n\\nart, because art never dies. Art is an expression. And we have to stop expressing to kill an art form.” This section ends with Jeff Dunham, the most prominent modern ventriloquist, employing interviews, comments from fans and concert footage. Epilogue Presents what ventriloquists from the past and present are doing today. The documentary has received high praise from film critics as well as the general public. The website Serious Comedy said, \\\"\\\"I'm No Dummy\\\" gives voice to the history and art of ventriloquism.\",\n \"id\": \"20043854\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Andrew Ryan (BioShock)\\n\\n\\nagreed, praising the introduction Ryan gives to the player as they enter Rapture. Game Chronicles editor Mark Smith praised the voice acting of the game, praising Shimerman's commitment to the story and theme. Total PlayStation editor gave similar praise to Shimerman, commenting that he and Atlas' voice actor rounded out the cast. Worthplaying editor Brian Dumlao commented that Ryan's voice \\\"conveys ... the struggle of a man whose ideals are being threatened by a rival businessman\\\", and praising the delivery of the actors to why the story is\",\n \"id\": \"16629786\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Night of Desirable Objects (Fringe)\\n\\n\\nscreams\\\" for when it died. Tanis commented that the actor voicing the creature placed pieces of orange in his mouth in order to have \\\"a slobbery, sputtering voice\\\". For Olivia's scenes with superhearing, Tanis made ordinary, far off items like phones, typewriters, and cars \\\"sound a little beefier than normal and kept them a bit more up in the mix than they usually would be,\\\" as these things were not in the same room as her. The sound editors wanted to emphasize that the various\",\n \"id\": \"8424885\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nasal click\\n\\n\\ndistinction from both the plain voiceless and breathy-voiced nasal clicks. In this language they are not voiced after vowel sounds except in rapid speech, and in addition do not have nasal airflow; Trail reports that they instead have active ingressive pulmonic airflow (that is, air is breathed in the nose rather than being vented out). Breathy-voiced (murmured) nasal clicks are less common. They are known from !Kung languages such as Juǀʼhoansi, from Taa, and from the Bantu languages Xhosa and Zulu. They\",\n \"id\": \"18309255\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Big Deal on Madonna Street\\n\\n\\nin Italy we speak many different dialects. So, for example, the actor who plays the Sicilian was not Sicilian. He was neither an actor, or a Sicilian! So I had to have a Sicilian dub his voice. Another one of the actors who was supposed to be Bolognesian (from Bologna) was from Naples, so I had to dub his voice. Cardinale spoke French so I had to dub her voice into Sicilian.\\\" The apartment and pawnshop on \\\"Via della Madonna\\\" was in reality located at\",\n \"id\": \"4665267\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Warren Sonbert\\n\\n\\nfun to look at, apparently without a message but not without meaning.\\\" Around 1968, Sonbert stopped using music, and began reediting his old and new images into a longer silent film that intercut many different kinds of footage taken in many different locales. \\\"'Footage from 1967-1970' is the latest title Warren Sonbert has given his ever-growing, ever-changing film,\\\" reported Jonas Mekas in his \\\"Movie Journal\\\" in \\\"The Village Voice\\\" in 1970. \\\"At earlier screenings it has\",\n \"id\": \"11902080\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shirou Emiya\\n\\n\\ncharacter a different tone than the ones he used previously. As a child, Shirou is voiced by Junko Noda, who refers to her character as \\\"Chibi Shirou\\\" due to his appearance and like her work in \\\"Today's Menu for the Emiya Family\\\" when Shirou starts cooking hamburgers. Sam Riegel was Shirou's first English voice actor, and Mona Marshall voiced Shirou as a child. Patrick Poole voiced the two incarnations of Shirou appearing in Illya's spin-off anime series. English voice actor Bryce Papenbrook felt honored\",\n \"id\": \"13499469\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Flashback (1992 video game)\\n\\n\\n. \\\"Electronic Gaming Monthly\\\" commented that the Sega CD version is \\\"virtually identical\\\" to the Genesis version, but that \\\"Flashback\\\" is still an essential purchase for those who do not already own a different version. \\\"GamePro\\\", in contrast, argued that the reworked cutscenes \\\"look so awesome that even gamers who've already completed this game on another platform will want to play it again just to see all the new CD footage\\\". They also praised the addition of a CD-quality soundtrack and voices\",\n \"id\": \"8931293\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Two Steps from the Blues\\n\\n\\nsoul, creating a distinctly Southern sound where all of these styles blended so thoroughly it was impossible to tell where one began and one ended.\\\" Geoff Brown commented in \\\"Mojo\\\": \\\"no song is wasted and hardly a note sounds false as Bland's blues-wearied voice, driven to anguished screams, grapples with the vicissitudes of life and love, his torment echoed and bolstered by Joe Scott’s memorable horn arrangements.\\\" \\\"Downbeat Magazine\\\" listed the album on \\\"50 Top Blues Albums Of The Past 50\",\n \"id\": \"15700435\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Voice Senior (German TV series)\\n\\n\\nThe Voice Senior is a German reality talent show created by John de Mol, based on the concept \\\"The Voice of Germany\\\". However, participation is only open for candidates of more than 60 years old. It began airing on Sat.1 on December 23, 2018. There are four different stages to the show: producers' auditions, blind auditions, sing offs and final. There has been one winner to date: Dan Lucas (64). The show is originally presenting from current hosts of \\\"The Voice of\",\n \"id\": \"9254769\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Camp Lazlo\\n\\n\\nhimself and Mark O'Hare. The team created some backgrounds using \\\"Acryl Gouache,\\\" a mixture of acrylic paint and gouache. Rough Draft Studios, a South Korean studio, produced the \\\"Camp Lazlo\\\" footage. Murray asked Tom Kenny to voice characters because Murray felt that Kenny \\\"adds writing to his roles\\\" and \\\"brings so much.\\\" Murray looked for \\\"comedic timing\\\" in his voice actors, and therefore he used many stand-up comics and sketch actors. Carlos Alazraqui, who voiced Rocko from \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"3332774\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Choirboys (boyband)\\n\\n\\nAn inquest into Aspbury's death determined from video footage at the train station, that Aspbury intentionally jumped into the path of a moving train that was traveling at 60 miles per hour. The singer was being treated at the Essex Centre for Schizophrenia, but was given a day pass to leave the facility at the time of his death. As the Choirboys matured, so did their voices, and to keep the sound of the group the same a new trio replaced Porter-Thaw, Aspbury and Inman. The new group was\",\n \"id\": \"21809810\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Real Ghostbusters\\n\\n\\nMaurice LaMarche noted that while he was asked not to impersonate Harold Ramis, he did so anyway and eventually got the part. LaMarche also noted that Bill Murray had remarked off-handedly to producers that Lorenzo Music's voice of Peter Venkman sounded more like Garfield (who was also voiced by Music at the time.) Bill Murray went on to voice Garfield in \\\"Garfield: The Movie\\\" after Music died. A different explanation for the change of actor for Peter Venkman came from Dave Coulier, who took over the role\",\n \"id\": \"16717978\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Andrea Romano (voice director)\\n\\n\\n\\\"On video games I only do special ones because video games tend to become recording 150 different 'oofs,' 20 different strangulation sounds… they aren't challenging to me and they are taxing on an actor's voice.\\\" Romano did her first voice direction of a video game on 1999's \\\"Descent 3\\\". She later worked on \\\"Animaniacs Splat Ball\\\", in 1999; \\\"Floigan Bros.\\\" and \\\"Batman Vengeance\\\", in 2001; \\\"Teen Titans\\\", in 2005; \\\"Diablo III\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"21477028\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jordi Estadella\\n\\n\\nJordi Estadella Gracia (11 November 1948 – 30 April 2010) was a Spanish voice actor, journalist, radio and television host and film dubber. Estadella's career spanned more than 40 years. He was best known to Spaniards as the host of the game show, \\\"Un, dos, tres... responda otra vez\\\", from 1991 until 1993. Estadella began his career in 1970 at Radio Juventud de Barcelona (Barcelona Youth Radio). He began working as a voice actor and dubber beginning in 1977, providing in\",\n \"id\": \"12752885\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Assassin's Creed: Revelations\\n\\n\\na \\\"disconnect\\\" in the Ubisoft game's current setup, which has voice actors provide voice facial animation separately from body motion capture, which is recorded by different actors. \\\"I wish it wasn't done separately,\\\" North said. \\\"Don't get me wrong, the mo-cap actors do a great job, but there will always be somewhat of a disconnect when it's done this way. After my experiences on the \\\"Uncharted\\\" franchise, where the actors do both performance and voice, I can\",\n \"id\": \"7102426\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Language processing in the brain\\n\\n\\narea Spt is more selective to female speech than pure tones, and a sub-section of Spt is selective to the speech of their mother in contrast to unfamiliar female voices. It is presently unknown why so many functions are ascribed to the human ADS. An attempt to unify these functions under a single framework was conducted in the 'From where to what' model of language evolution In accordance with this model, each function of the ADS indicates of a different intermediate phase in the evolution of language. The roles of sound\",\n \"id\": \"16427892\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Boss Baby\\n\\n\\nGina Shay and grandson of the film director Ralph Bakshi, who directed the 1972 American adult animated comedy film Fritz the Cat, provided the voice of 7-year old Tim. Having been often present at DreamWorks, McGrath initially asked Bakshi only to provide a temporary voice for Tim to see if the character \\\"worked\\\". The producers listened to 30 to 40 children to choose the scratch voice. McGrath explained their decision: \\\"No one sounded as authentic as Miles did. A lot of child actors are great, but they are\",\n \"id\": \"8600125\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"WrestleMania 2\\n\\n\\nfirst \\\"WWF Superstars of Wrestling\\\", continuing his role as a heel-favoring color commentator. Critical response to the show was poor, with the decision to host the show in three different locations being highly criticized. John Canton, of \\\"TJR Retro\\\" website said: \\\"I'm sure that the idea of doing this show from three different venues sounded like a good idea on paper to Vince McMahon, but it was not effective in terms of producing a quality program.\\\" \\\"Voices of Wrestling\\\"s Bryan Rose commented\",\n \"id\": \"21260834\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"CIA activities in the Philippines\\n\\n\\nas the returns were 60/40 in favor of the landowner as opposed to the traditional 50/50 split. This seemed unsustainable to the Huks. The in-sustainability was rooted in the new division between the elite and the poor. The peasants then came together to host riots and strikes against the elite in efforts to revert the Philippines back to the \\\"old\\\" tactics of farming. Their efforts were futile as the elite received support from the United States. Peasants decided to form their own social organizations as a way to voice concerns,\",\n \"id\": \"3483921\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Webby Award\\n\\n\\nInternet Week New York, was named Executive Director of the Webby Awards in 2005. In 2009, the 13th Annual Webby Awards received nearly 10,000 entries from all 50 states and over 60 countries. That same year, more than 500,000 votes were cast in The Webby People's Voice Awards. In 2012, the 16th Annual Webby awards received 1.5 million votes from more than 200 countries for the People's Voice awards. In 2015, the 19th Annual Webby Awards received nearly 13,000 entries from all 50 U.S. states and over 60 countries\",\n \"id\": \"4166736\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Daydreamer (soundtrack)\\n\\n\\nthe original liner notes were omitted. Aside from the title tune, performed by Robert Goulet, rumor has it that it's unclear who provided the vocals on the songs, as the rest are credited to the film's characters rather than the actors who voiced them (and in several instances the singing voices sound nothing like the actors' speaking voices). Nevertheless, the soundtrack album is best known for its rich tunes of happiness made to identify the same voices from the live action/Animagic film. All the songs are\",\n \"id\": \"11532205\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fake Shemp\\n\\n\\nA fake Shemp is someone who appears in a film as a replacement for another actor or person. Their appearance is disguised using methods such as heavy make-up (or a computer-generated equivalent), filming from the back, dubbing in audio and splicing in past footage from the original actor's previous work, using a sound-alike voice actor, or using partial shots of the actor. The concept is named after Shemp Howard, whose sudden death in 1955 necessitated the use of these techniques to finish the films\",\n \"id\": \"6138841\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Samurai Cop\\n\\n\\ncalled them in for reshoots in early 1991. Amir Shervan could not afford lighting to shoot at night so the entire film is set during the day. Actors also wore their own clothes and drive their own cars. Much of the film was also shot without sound and done with single takes. Shervan had to dub on voices months after production but could not get many of the bit part actors to return. He chose to use his own voice and warped it in post-production to sound different. His lack of ability\",\n \"id\": \"2972706\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nonverbal communication\\n\\n\\nor non-expressive, many variants of the voice can depict different reactions. The acceptable physical distance is another major difference in the nonverbal communication between cultures. In Latin America and the Middle East the acceptable distance is much shorter than what most Europeans and Americans feel comfortable with. This is why an American or a European might wonder why the other person is invading his or her personal space by standing so close, while the other person might wonder why the American/European is standing so far from him or her. In\",\n \"id\": \"11595540\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Day of the Tentacle\\n\\n\\nand provided voice work for around five characters each. Recording for the 4,500 lines of dialog occurred at Studio 222 in Hollywood. Barra directed the voice actors separately from a sound production booth. She provided context for each line and described aspects of the game to aid the actors. The voice work in Day of the Tentacle was widely praised for its quality and professionalism in comparison to Sierra's talkie games of the period which suffered from poor audio quality and limited voice acting (some of which consisted of Sierra employees rather than professional\",\n \"id\": \"8161110\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"King Kong Escapes\\n\\n\\nwhy he was there, and said as a joke: \\\"Why are you here? I could probably do a better version of you than you could.\\\". Linda Miller hated her dubbed voice in the American version, but loved the Japanese voice. She was extremely mad at Mr. Rankin, the producer, for not inviting her to dub her own lines when Rhodes Reason (Nelson) was able to re-dub his. It turned out to work this way because Reason was a part of the Screen Actors Guild\",\n \"id\": \"9670136\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Deus Ex (video game)\\n\\n\\nEx was to make JC Denton a cipher for the player, to create a better immersion and gameplay experience. He did not want the character to force any emotion so that whatever feelings the player may be experiencing comes from themselves rather than from JC Denton. To do this, Spector instructed voice actor Jay Anthony Franke to record his dialogue without any emotion but in a monotone voice, which is unusual for a voice acting role. Once coded, the team's game systems did not work as intended. The early tests of\",\n \"id\": \"8430727\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"50 Cent\\n\\n\\nDo\\\". According to \\\"Rolling Stone\\\", \\\"50's secret weapon is his singing voice - the deceptively amateur-sounding tenor croon that he deploys on almost every chorus\\\". After The Game's departure Jackson signed Olivia and rap veterans Mobb Deep to G-Unit Records, with Spider Loc, M.O.P., 40 Glocc and Young Hot Rod later joining the label, who all eventually departed the label. Jackson expressed an interest in working with rappers other than G-Unit, such as Lil' Scrappy of BME\",\n \"id\": \"18066489\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jimmy MacDonald (sound effects artist)\\n\\n\\nfrom smoking to continue voicing Mickey Mouse, so he was replaced by MacDonald after the film \\\"Fun and Fancy Free\\\" (1947). MacDonald voiced Mickey Mouse until 1977, when he was replaced by young Disney sound-effects man Wayne Allwine for \\\"The New Mickey Mouse Club\\\" MacDonald was the original voice actor for Chip, one half of the duo Chip and Dale. He provided the voice of Ajax the Gorilla in \\\"Donald Duck and the Gorilla\\\", Dolores the Elephant in \\\"Tiger Trouble\\\", \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"5830469\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hari (actor)\\n\\n\\nHarikeshan Thampi, stage name Hari, is an Indian actor and dubbing artist best known for his work in Malayalam cinema. He has acted in more than 50 films and dubbed for almost 1,000 films. Thampi made his debut in the Malayalam film \\\"Raja Harishchandra\\\" as Lohithakshan, son of Raja Harishchandra. Later he switched roles to be a dubbing artist. He lent his voice for Chiranjeevi in 60 films and all of them were super hits. Nagarjjuna, Krishna, and Mohan Babu were identified with his voice in Telugu.\",\n \"id\": \"166905\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Miracle of Sound\\n\\n\\nBoth voice actors for the male and the female Commander Shepard in the Mass Effect series (Mark Meer and Jennifer Hale, respectively) performed dramatic readings of parts of the song \\\"Commander Shepard\\\" before the release of the \\\"Mass Effect 3\\\", to raise publicity. BioWare subsequently sent Dunne advance footage for use in making a song and accompanying music video based on \\\"Mass Effect 3\\\", so that his release of \\\"Take it Back\\\" could coincide with the game's launch. A line from his song \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"17872514\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Teenage (film)\\n\\n\\nno single narrator for the film. Instead four actors use their voices to portray different people. Jena Malone voices an American girl, Ben Whishaw narrates the British segment, Jessie Usher voices the African-American youth and Julia Hummer narrates the life of a German girl in Nazi Germany, based on Melita Maschmann diary “Account Rendered”. According to \\\"The Guardian\\\" the blending of faux Super 8 film footage with the actual archive footage is successful but since it is not flagged as such, it raises questions regarding the authenticity\",\n \"id\": \"4967487\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bionicle: Mask of Light\\n\\n\\nby young adults, while the Turaga were voiced by older actors. The voice actors and their performances were chosen so they would not sound like they came from a specific area of the world, instead sound like they came from and belonged in the Bionicle universe. A notable event during recording was a behind-the-scenes incident between Michas and Francis: originally cast in the respective roles of Jaller and Takua, Michas came into a recording session in a muddled state and began reading Takua's lines by mistake. When Francis\",\n \"id\": \"4758742\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Voice Senior (Polish TV series)\\n\\n\\nThe Voice Senior is a Polish reality talent show that will premiere on December 7, 2019 on the TVP2 television network. \\\"The Voice Senior\\\" is part of the international syndication \\\"The Voice\\\" and \\\"The Voice Kids\\\" based on the reality singing competition launched in the Netherlands as \\\"The Voice of Holland\\\", created by Dutch television producer John de Mol. However, participation is only open for candidates of more than 60 years old. The show consists of four different phases: production audition, blind audition,\",\n \"id\": \"14226323\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Peter-assment\\n\\n\\na mini-feature entitled \\\"The Comical Adventures of \\\"Family Guy\\\" – Brian & Stewie: The Lost Phone Call\\\", and footage of the \\\"Family Guy\\\" panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International. In addition to the regular cast and Fisher, voice actor Max Burkholder, actors Richard Dreyfuss, Maurice Lamont, Anthony Skillman, and Steve Urquilla; producer Jim Goldenberg; reporter Max Hodges; media reporter Harvey Levin; and voice actors Jack Samson and Will Shadley guest starred in the episode. Recurring\",\n \"id\": \"14564559\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Voice acting in Japan\\n\\n\\nVoice acting in Japan is acting as a narrator or as an actor in radio plays or as a character actor in anime and video games. It also involves performing voice-overs for non-Japanese movies and television programs. Because Japan's large animation industry produces 60% of the animated series in the world, voice acting in Japan has a far greater prominence than voice acting in most other countries. Some voice actors—especially certain voice actresses—often have devoted international fan-clubs. Some fans may watch a show\",\n \"id\": \"13278290\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ewok\\n\\n\\nher telling folk stories in her native language, and then used the recordings as a basis for sounds that became the Ewok language and were performed by voice actors who imitated the old woman's voice in different styles. For the scene in which C-3PO speaks Ewokese, actor Anthony Daniels worked with Burtt and invented words, based on the Kalmyk recordings. The Ewoks are involved in a large portion of the final installment in Lucasfilm's \\\"Star Wars\\\" trilogy. When the Empire begins operations on the moon of Endor, prior to\",\n \"id\": \"12402448\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Death of Me (Ahmad album)\\n\\n\\ntrack that’s not only impossible to keep from getting stuck in your head, but provides some aptly comic social commentary as well.\\\" One of the distinct comments made about the album was his voice change to a rapsy sounding voice, quote hiphopdx \\\"his voice sounds blown out and raspy, and, occasionally, one worries he’s running short on air.\\\" On the track I'ma Emcee, Nathan S. wrote \\\"Ahmad not only doing the track’s name justice lyrically, but pulling double duty with some impressive\",\n \"id\": \"16501878\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"They Shall Not Grow Old\\n\\n\\nThey Shall Not Grow Old is a 2018 documentary film directed and produced by Peter Jackson. The film was created using original footage of World War I from the Imperial War Museum's archives, most of it previously unseen, all over 100 years old by the time of release. Audio is from BBC and Imperial War Museum (IWM) interviews of British servicemen who fought in the conflict. Most of the footage has been colorized and transformed with modern production techniques, with the addition of sound effects and voice acting to be more\",\n \"id\": \"10634527\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Börje\\n\\n\\nfrom the name element \\\"‑ger\\\" (spear). Börje developed from Old Swedish \\\"Birghir\\\" which was pronounced with a voiced velar fricative [ɣ]: [birɣir]. The voiced velar fricative was spelled ⟨gh⟩ i Old Swedish and changed to /j/ after /r/ in modern Svenska. Börje is an ija‑stem. Ija‑stems ended in ‑ir i Old Swedish, which regularly developed into a word final ‑e in modern Swedish. This explains why Börje has grave pitch accent) today: since the synkope at the transition from Proto-\",\n \"id\": \"21477197\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jesus (1979 film)\\n\\n\\nnumerous topics individually or they can watch the film and, when prompted by a \\\"discovery glass\\\" icon, can access relevant comments. After they are finished, the viewer is returned to the scene they were watching. To celebrate the 35th anniversary of the film's release, a new DVD and Blu-ray version was released in August 2015, complete with a new musical score and sound effects. Once again all of the voices in the film were dubbed over by unknown British voice actors. Brian Deacon returns to do\",\n \"id\": \"2255174\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)\\n\\n\\nHowever, Vivendi emphasized how faithful an adaptation of the novel it was by showing footage of Tom Bombadil and Old Man Willow, characters usually cut from adaptations. In June, Vivendi continued to push the fidelity of the game on all platforms by revealing the voice actors would be reciting over 5000 lines of dialogue taken \\\"verbatim\\\" from the novel. They also explained that as in the novel it is mentioned there are 200 steps at the entrance to Moria, so in the game, there are exactly 200 steps. Previewing the\",\n \"id\": \"19290144\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bill Farmer\\n\\n\\nDisney characters. He asserts that voice acting is not about funny voices, but about acting. His mentor was the versatile voice actor Daws Butler, the man behind many of Hanna-Barbera's characters. He taught Farmer that when doing cartoon voices, you're not merely doing a funny voice, you're an actor and the acting is premier and you have to think like the character you're doing. In 1987, he had a small part as reporter Justin Ballard-Watkins in the film \\\"RoboCop\\\". Farmer\",\n \"id\": \"16149553\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic\\n\\n\\nlines of speech. \\\"One complete copy of the \\\"Knights of the Old Republic\\\" script fills up 10 5-inch binders,\\\" voice department manager Darragh O'Farrell noted. A cast of around a hundred voice actors, including Ed Asner, Raphael Sbarge, Ethan Phillips, Jennifer Hale, and Phil LaMarr was assembled. \\\"Fortunately, with a game this size, it's easy to have an actor play a few different characters and scatter those parts throughout the game so you'll never notice it's the same actor you heard\",\n \"id\": \"10809293\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Deepika Padukone\\n\\n\\n\\\"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much. To get to work with him ... is quite wonderful. It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\\\" In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language, which she felt \\\"were more graceful\\\" and \\\"completely different from today's actors.\\\" However, her voice was dubbed by the voice artist Mona Ghosh Shetty.\",\n \"id\": \"5686076\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Voice therapy (transgender)\\n\\n\\nwant a more authentic sounding female voice. However, it is important to note that vocal surgery alone may not produce a voice that sounds completely feminine, and voice therapy may still be needed. Although there has been evidence to show that all these surgeries can be effective in increasing vocal pitch as measured by F0, results have been mixed. However, many patients do report being satisfied with the results. Negative effects from these surgeries have been noted, including reduced voice quality, reduced vocal loudness, negative effects on swallowing and/or\",\n \"id\": \"7023994\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Human voice\\n\\n\\nto do this well before the age of two by listening only to the voices of adults around them who have voices much different from their own, and even though the laryngeal movements causing these phonetic differentiations are deep in the throat and not visible to them. If an abductory movement or adductory movement is strong enough, the vibrations of the vocal folds will stop (or not start). If the gesture is abductory and is part of a speech sound, the sound will be called voiceless. However, voiceless speech sounds are\",\n \"id\": \"17629007\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"A Series of Psychotic Episodes\\n\\n\\nEpisodes\\\" has had positive reviews from critics. Harry Deansway from \\\"The Guardian\\\" said that Elia was a welcome change saying that: \\\"Radio comedy is largely populated by plummy World Service voices doing skits that sound like unironic Mr Cholmondley-Warner sketches from Harry Enfield's TV series, so the different tone and voice of Miriam Elia's \\\"A Series Of Psychotic Episodes\\\" really stands out.\\\" However, Deansway also said, \\\"the show's not quite the finished product, though it probably offers a glimpse into\",\n \"id\": \"1195543\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tales of Eternia\\n\\n\\nabout eight years ago\\\" regarding graphics. Namco's localization effort was generally seen as sufficient, with the humor of the script translated to the North American audience, but reviewers found the game's voice acting to be deficient and unremarkable. AllGame praised the gameplay, character designs, and 2D graphics, but criticized the game's weaker, less emphasized story, and the voice acting, stating \\\"It isn't that the voice actors do a horrible job, it's just that more often than not, they sound as if\",\n \"id\": \"1471607\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Voice of God\\n\\n\\n; ) is a \\\"heavenly or divine voice proclaims God's will or judgment.\\\" It is \\\"identified with the Holy Spirit, even with God; but it differed essentially from the Prophets, though these spoke as the medium of the Holy Spirit.\\\" In art it is represented by the Hand of God. In the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament the characteristic attributes of the voice of God are the invisibility of the speaker and a certain remarkable quality in the sound, regardless of its strength or weakness. A sound\",\n \"id\": \"7429931\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Voice acting in Japan\\n\\n\\nis a lot more expensive than any other voice acting because of this. Candidates are required to send a short sample recording as a demonstration, and these samples play a large part in the selection process. It is not uncommon for \\\"Shingeki\\\" actors and actors performing in small theatres to take a voice acting course in specialized schools and become voice actors, considering the small difference between actor and voice actor. Those who successfully become voice actors sometimes take stage acting roles of their own choosing, and the voice actor's agency\",\n \"id\": \"13278316\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Orally Fixated\\n\\n\\nverses sound fantastic, Murphy's vampish delivery spot-on (hearing that voice is always a treat). But then there's a sudden and jarring shift in key for the chorus, which despite being damned catchy sounds likes it's been lifted from a completely different song and hastily pasted on.\\\" Luis Tovar of Pretty Much Amazing commented that the track \\\"sounds like typical Roisin Murphy nosh—gritty, nostalgic, and sometimes underwhelming.\\\" Karen Mason of Shout4Music.com opined that \\\"Murphy's seductive voice gives a warmth to\",\n \"id\": \"13017787\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Slack voice\\n\\n\\nSlack voice (or lax voice) is the pronunciation of consonant or vowels with a glottal opening slightly wider than that occurring in modal voice. Such sounds are often referred to informally as lenis or half-voiced in the case of consonants. In some Chinese varieties, such as Wu, and in a few Austronesian languages, the 'intermediate' phonation of slack stops confuses listeners of languages without these distinctions, so that different transcription systems may use or for the same consonant. In Xhosa, slack-voiced consonants have usually\",\n \"id\": \"10329932\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Stadium Arcadium\\n\\n\\nsays \\\"she's doing something different, she's doing so many vocals that there is never a space. Whenever one voice stops, another one does something in its place. There's very little space, and there are so many vocal parts that are breathy, you don't know what you're listening to. There is so much going on, you can't hear her voice with your conscience, you have to hear it with your subconscience. Some of them have a watery sound, then metallic, she really\",\n \"id\": \"7243109\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Voice acting in Japan\\n\\n\\nand \\\"Newtype\\\" to describe a voice actor associated with a particular anime or game character. Initially, dubbing and doing voice-overs was a performance of actors who used only their voice, who were called . For convenience, the term was shortened to a new compound consisting of the first and last kanji to make . It was only after the voice acting booms, however, that the word became widespread. Elderly voice actors resent being called \\\"seiyū\\\" because during their time, the term had a different (and\",\n \"id\": \"13278292\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Music of Bollywood\\n\\n\\nproduce a new sound, which resembled acid house. According to Singh: \\\"There was lots of disco music in films back in 1982. So I thought why not do something different using disco music only. I got an idea to play all the Indian ragas and give the beat a disco beat – and turn off the tabla. And I did it. And it turned out good.\\\" The first track \\\"Raga Bhairavi\\\" also had a synthesised voice that says \\\"Om Namah Shivaya\\\" through a vocoder. Along\",\n \"id\": \"16481827\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chester Bennington\\n\\n\\nLos Angeles Times\\\" argued, \\\"Perhaps more than Linkin Park's influential sound, Bennington's real artistic legacy will be the message he put across – the reassurance he offered from the dark\\\". BBC's Steve Holden called Bennington the \\\"voice of a generation\\\", saying his voice was arguably Linkin Park's greatest asset. Jonathan McAloon of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" commented, \\\"Bennington’s death will have an impact on many millennials because his voice was the sound of their millennium\\\". While talking about Linkin Park\",\n \"id\": \"13491676\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Smile (British TV series)\\n\\n\\nplaces and is missing part of his ear (Bandit losing to him in keepy uppy ). Originally, the voice of Nev was prerecorded, and his limited vocabulary played in as appropriate, which was why the puppeteer Ross Mullan was recruited to provide the voice live. As a consequence, Nev's voice in the studio sounded distinctly different from that in the many phone-in games used on the programme. Nev loves socks, jam, Duckie, Barney and Kirsten, calling Kirsten \\\"Krusty\\\" (probably because he ca\",\n \"id\": \"20559502\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pete Edmunds\\n\\n\\nhead-voice\\\"\\\" - giving him a unique sound. Upon graduating he began working as a voice actor and voiceover artist alongside his acting career. Edmunds has worked in film, television, theatre, commercials and standup comedy - most notably in the main cast role of Peter, the hapless deputy manager, in the British comedy series \\\"Hotel Getaway\\\" (ITV). In \\\"Hotel Getaway\\\", the actors' performances were completely improvised, whilst numerous hidden cameras captured the footage. On film he acted alongside Toyah\",\n \"id\": \"5437143\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Torchlight\\n\\n\\n\\\", but also tried to give it a distinctly different sound. For this piece, he recorded over 200 live takes using a twelve-string guitar among other instruments. For other portions of the score, he played a pedal steel guitar, and created a different sound from the instrument's typical use in country music. The developers cast voice actors with the help of veteran voice actress Lani Minella, who also performed in the game. In August 2010, Runic CEO Max Schaefer revealed that the game was in development for\",\n \"id\": \"10910995\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pierre Arditi\\n\\n\\nin French film and theater, Arditi is known in the Anglophone world as the French voice of Christopher Reeve. Arditi dubbed Christopher Reeve on the French-language version of the three first Superman films by Richard Donner and Richard Lester. Because of the added footage in the DVD Special Edition of Donner's \\\"Superman\\\", the film had to be re-dubbed with a different voice actor. He also provided the French voice for Reeve in the comedy/whodunit \\\"Deathtrap\\\". He was the voice of the documentary series\",\n \"id\": \"10346500\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Heavy Heavy Low Low\\n\\n\\ndifferent musical style. The instruments for Hospital Bomber were all recorded at once, playing the songs all the way through several times until a single take was chosen for each song. This technique gave the album a rawer sound than their previous albums. In a 2010 interview discussing Hospital Bomber, Robert Smith said the track \\\"We Incompetent Sperm\\\" was his favorite off the EP. \\\" I was sick at the time so my voice sounds different than the other songs and it’s a song about an old, dirty woman who\",\n \"id\": \"12186047\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Thomas Funck\\n\\n\\nprimarily worked as a guitar teacher. He performed his original songs in Norwegian radio on guitar. During this time he began to have stories sold, in order to have them read and performed on Swedish radio as well. Charlie Strapp and Froggy Ball had appeared as parts of Swedish radio shows since the mid 40s, but portrayed by regular actors. In the early 50s Funck started to do the voice of Charlie Strapp. The big breakthrough came in 1954, when all voices for the first time were provided by Funck himself,\",\n \"id\": \"8395861\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"WaveNet\\n\\n\\nindustry purposes would be of a far lower complexity and use different methods than required to fool forensic evidencing methods and electronic ID devices, so that natural voices and voices cloned for entertainment-industry purposes could still be easily told apart by technological analysis. Generating speech from text is an increasingly common task thanks to the popularity of software such as Apple's Siri, Microsoft's Cortana, Amazon Alexa and the Google Assistant. Most such systems use a variation of a technique that involves concatenated sound fragments together to form recognisable sounds and words\",\n \"id\": \"7235567\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Voice acting\\n\\n\\nthe animation industry in Japan is so prolific, voice actors in Japan are able to have full-time careers as voice-over artists. Japanese voice actors are able to take greater charge of their careers than voice actors in other countries. Japan has approximately 130 voice acting schools and troupes of voice actors, who work for a specific broadcast company or talent agency. They often attract their own appreciators and fans, who watch shows specifically to hear their favorite actor or actress. Many Japanese voice actors frequently branch into music,\",\n \"id\": \"11194625\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Voice UK (series 3)\\n\\n\\ntrailer for the series premiered following the final of \\\"Strictly Come Dancing\\\" at 21:50. The trailer features all four coaches dressed in different medical costumes. They overlook a hospital ward, as many babies cry behind them. Then, the sound of a beautiful voice is heard from the direction of the babies, and stops all the crying. The voice captures the attention of Minogue and Wilson, who both turn around to see who is singing. will.i.am and Jones then turn, as the voice is revealed to be one of\",\n \"id\": \"9386792\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Give the People What They Want (Sharon Jones & the Dap-Kings album)\\n\\n\\nher most vocally ferocious, lending a self-assured voice to the down and out.\\\" At Allmusic, Fred Thomas rated it four stars, noting how \\\"These ten songs sound almost designed to be played on repeat, and keep with the always colorful and ecstatically fun sound audiences have come to expect from one of the best acts going in retrofitted classic soul.\\\" Elysa Gardner of \\\"USA Today\\\" rated it three-and-a-half out of four, commenting that \\\"her mighty voice and spirit undiminished\",\n \"id\": \"941602\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Alan Rickman\\n\\n\\nRickman as an \\\"honourable mention\\\" in a list of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination. Two researchers, a linguist and a sound engineer, found \\\"the perfect [male] voice\\\" to be a combination of Rickman's and Jeremy Irons' voices based on a sample of 50 voices. Rickman featured in several musical works, including a song composed by Adam Leonard entitled \\\"Not Alan Rickman\\\". Credited as 'A Strolling Player' in the sleeve notes, the actor played a \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"18488199\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":80,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How is it legal for Hershey's to block Cadbury's chocolate from entering the US?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"2uvs66"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"It's not Hershey's blocking Cadbury's. It's Cadbury's blocking Cadbury's because they've sold the rights to Hershey. Cadbury's signed a contract with Hershey's stating that Hershey's would manufacture chocolate in the US and sell it in the US under the Cadbury's name. Hersheys paid Cadbury's a sum of money for this privilege. In return Hershey's gets to use the Cadbury's name and advertizing. In addition Cadbury's agrees not to sell it's own chocolate within the United States. The problem here is that people are importing Cadbury's from the UK and selling it in the US. If Cadbury's does not take steps to prevent this then Hershey's could sue them for breaching the contract mentioned above. Since Cadbury's actually likes that contract (because of all the money Hershey's pays them) then don't like these chocolate importers. So they attempt to block it. It's not Hershey's doing the blocking. It's Cadbury honoring the commitment they made when they signed that contract.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Hershey and Cadbury signed a contract allowing Hershey the exclusive right to make and sell Cadbury chocolate in the US.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Dan opens a lemonade stand on his block. You open a lemonade stand on your block. Dan's lemonade is wildly successful, and people on your block want it. So you pay Dan so that you can make your lemonade and sell it as \\\"Dan's Lemonade\\\" on your block and make money for yourself. Then, Bill from your block starts driving to Dan's block and buying \\\"Dan's Lemonade\\\" from Dan, driving it back to your block, and selling it in a stand right next to yours. You paid Dan to able to make \\\"Dan's Lemonade\\\" so that you could be the person to sell it on your block, but Bill just bought it from Dan's block and came to sell it on your block.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Since there's no top level comment that explains this, I'll collate some of the correct answers from other comments: First of all, Hershey's is not trying to block *all* Cadbury's chocolate. They're going after a specific importer who imports the majority of UK chocolate. Secondly, the way they're allowed to do this isn't exactly through a contract they have with Cadbury's. Yes, they have exclusive rights to manufacture Cadbury's chocolate for distribution in the United States. That isn't the important part\\u2014the important part is that they have exclusive rights in the United States to Cadbury's *trademarks*. For all intents and purposes, this means that Hershey's owns the trademarks in the United States. Now for the explanastion: What's happening here is that there's a company importing Cadbury's chocolate from the UK to the United States and then marketing it as Cadbury's chocolate. Hershey's, since they own the rights to Cadbury's trademarks in the US, is suing them for trademark infringement to block the importation of the \\\"counterfeit goods\\\". TL;DR: Hershey's is the only company allowed to call themselves Cadbury's in the US, and they're suing the importer of the \\\"counterfeit\\\" chocolate bars.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Owner of a [Imported Candy distribution company]( URL_0 ) here, and so far, Hershey has only got one Importer, to stop importing Cadbury's + a few others that look like American candy bars (toffee crisp, for example). They can do this because they own the US distribution rights but, if you wanna be tricky, you can still get them from Canada.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Hershey's has an exclusive license to sell Cadbury's chocolate (or at least stuff they call Cadbury's chocolate) in the US. They paid a lot of money for those rights. Cadbury made this decision and went for it. Now, people are trying to import Cadbury's chocolate and sell it. That is actually against trademark law.\"}, {\"answer\": \"They changed the recipe in Creme Eggs ( URL_0 ) It is going to lose them a large amount of business. Lots of people are very unhappy with the new american style rubbish, follow #cremeegggate\"}, {\"answer\": \"As a Canadian I'm curious if we get real Cadbury or Hershey Cadbury?\"}, {\"answer\": \"Hershey owns the rights to distribute Cadbury in the US. After the rights to do so were sold to them, Cadbury can't come in and compete under the same label. Conceivably, Cadbury could buy the rights to distribute other candy in the US, but not Cadbury-brand; likewise, Cadbury could, hypothetically, buy the rights to distribute Hershey in the UK, in which case Hershey could not sell Hershey-brand candy there (buuut, it could buy the rights to sell *other* candy in the UK). **tl,dr:** brand ownership in multinational corporations is handled by-country, it's not an \\\"overall\\\" thing.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Cadbury's was bought out by Kraft Foods (an American company) several years ago now, and anybody from the UK and from my generation will tell you that most Cadbury products aren't what they used to be. The taste of the chocolate became weaker and the textures dissapeared from some of our favourites like Cadbury's Roses. The brand is still strong and kids will always buy it, but for those of us born in the 70's and 80's, it's a travesty. I haven't bought their products for a few years now. For me personally, it tastes like sugared milk. There's no richness to it anymore.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Well son, you see, we live in a world where the more money you have, the less the rules apply to you. Corporations do a lot of things that aren't fair, and seem like they should be obviously illegal. The sorry truth is that the world isn't fair, and laws only apply to you if you can't pay the price to ignore them. Think of life like Disneyland, most of us will wait in line to go on the rides, but the rich will pay to jump the line. This may be unfair, but the sorry truth is this, if you could afford it, you'd pay to jump the line to. Money is power, and power corrupts. Did that help at all?\"}, {\"answer\": \"IANAL- In order for this to a be a big concern, shouldn't Hershey have to show that these imports did in fact hurt their profit margin? Shouldn't Hershey have to prove that it was Cadbury doing the actual importing. Furthermore, how is clearing customs? If cargo is checked on the way into the country, shouldn't it be a big red flag that a million chocolate eggs are being brought IN? If the government is going to take tax money to perform this task, isn't this case a blatant show that they are failing at the most based task they are supposed to be doing?\"}, {\"answer\": \"From what I understand, Hershey's came to an agreement with the importer in question. That importer imported the vast majority of Cadbury UK's product that was sold in the US. Saying that Hershey's blocked Cadbury's chocolate is incorrect; Hershey convinced the importer to stop importing Cadbury's chocolate. Hershey's may or may not have the legal right to block imports of Cadbury's chocolate, but I'm sure their press release implied that Hershey's successfully banned Cadbury's chocolate, which is what the press picked up on.\"}, {\"answer\": \"They haven't blocked the import...sort of. They have the license to manufacture Cadbury products in the US, and can claim that UK versions coming in to the US violate that licensing agreement. The end result is much the same, but it's the threat of legal action preventing the importation more than some sort of direct control on the importation and selling of them.\"}, {\"answer\": \"LY5: Hershey's paid Cadbury not to sell their chocolate in America. Shops and importers want Cadbury chocolate so bring it in themselves but Hershey's doesn't like that so ask the courts to stop them.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Cadbury sold their rights to Hershey's. Wow that was easy.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Okay so now I'm curious. There's a tiny little store here in Orlando called The British Shoppe. They mostly sell three things: British convenience foods (things that come in cans, jars or bottles, nothing perishable), more tea flavors than have ever been discovered by mankind, and a giant wall o' grossly overpriced British candy (I'm not kidding, a small bag of Jelly Babies is like $9.00). The candy is a huge portion of their sales, and easily 50% of the selection is imported Cadbury's. Is this decision going to completely and utterly fuck them?\"}, {\"answer\": \"So I'm curious to know, last year I sent a package to a friend in the US, little gifts and what not. But I also sent her British Cadbury chocolate, you know since our chocolate is better and I did hear about the Hershey version tasting baaad. So I figured why not. Now I'm wondering could I do this again, or would that be against their agreement, even though what I am sending is private and a gift. not enough to go selling of course.\"}, {\"answer\": \"One of the biggest differences between products from the US and most of the rest of the world be it sweets, pop, ketchup etc. is most the world uses \\\"Sucrose, commonly named table sugar or sugar, is a cane and beet sugar\\\" In the US it is cheaper to use Fructose derived from from corn Syrup due to heavy farm subsidies. Living in a border area I notice the taste difference all the time.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I have a question. Is this on the news a lot in Briton? I doubt most Americans are even aware of this but something pops up on the front page at least once a week.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Canadian here. Anyone know if the Cadbury Dairy Milk bars I buy here are from the UK? or does a similar situation exist with Hershey's in Canada?\"}, {\"answer\": \"So when my mom goes back home every year and brings back a selections box she is smuggling them?????\"}, {\"answer\": \"They struck up an agreement with the importer, where the importer agreed to stop importing.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Prior agreement between the two companies? And yeah, Cadbury is way better than Hershey's\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"11062628\", \"title\": \"Censorship in the United States\", \"section\": \"Section::::Governmental.:Political.:Ban on material support for foreign boycotts.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 115, \"end_paragraph_id\": 115, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"the United States and their foreign affiliates, from supporting the boycott of Israel and provides penalties for those who willingly comply with the boycott. The B.I.S. website states: On this basis, some American businesses have been punished for answering their customers' question about origin of their products. Some pro-Israeli activists have construed the law as forbidding speech and expression that supports any boycott of Israel (as opposed to actions taken to comply with the requests of foreign entities to boycott Israel) whether foreign in origin or domestic, and asked the US Anti-Boycott Office to prosecute divestment campaigners against Israel.\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\", \"he United States and their foreign affiliates, from supporting the boycott of Israel and provides penalties for those who willingly comply with the boycott. The B.I.S. website states: On this basis, some American businesses have been punished fo\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company\n\n\nbrand in the United States and has been Hershey's best-selling product since 1969. Cadbury products are sold by Hershey's in the United States and Mondelēz International in other parts of the world. Chocolate in Cadbury-branded products manufactured in the USA by Hershey uses a different recipe from that used by Cadbury itself. Hershey's has barred the importation of Mondelez Cadbury into the US. Cacao Reserve by Hershey's was marketed as a premium line in comparison to Hershey's other chocolate products. It was discontinued in July 2009","id":"20222965"},{"contents":"Cadbury Caramilk\n\n\nchocolate) but differing considerably in taste, shape, ingredients and packaging is sold as Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel. In New Zealand, a bar similar to the United Kingdom product is sold as the Caramello variant of the Cadbury Dairy Milk line of blocks. In the United States, a similar bar is produced under license by The Hershey Company and sold under the brand Cadbury's Caramello. It uses caramel filling, the chocolate has a sweet taste, and is chewy. The flavor of Cadburys Caramello is often used in ice creams","id":"9857633"},{"contents":"Cadbury Dairy Milk\n\n\nthe company in the past was the 'Shubh Aarambh' Campaign. This campaign made use of the traditional practice of Indian households of having something sweet before every auspicious occasion. It is a traditional belief that this leads to a favourable outcome for the people. This campaign was also a huge hit and positioned Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolates as part of a family name. Cadbury today holds 70% of the market share of the chocolate industry in the country. In 2015, Hershey's blocked imports of overseas-made Cadbury chocolate and","id":"13310005"},{"contents":"Cadbury Dairy Milk\n\n\nCadbury Dairy Milk is a brand of milk chocolate manufactured by Cadbury. It was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1905 and now consists of a number of products. Every product in the Dairy Milk line is made with exclusively milk chocolate. In 2014, Dairy Milk was ranked the best-selling chocolate bar in the UK. It is manufactured and distributed by the Hershey Company in the US under licence from Cadbury. In June 1905 in Birmingham, England, Cadbury made its first Dairy Milk bar, with a higher proportion of","id":"13309988"},{"contents":"Chocolate\n\n\nproducts include Cadbury (the world's largest confectionery manufacturer), Ferrero, Guylian, The Hershey Company, Lindt & Sprüngli, Mars, Incorporated, Milka, Neuhaus and Suchard. Guylian is best known for its chocolate sea shells; Cadbury for its Dairy Milk and Creme Egg. The Hershey Company, the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America, produces the Hershey Bar and Hershey's Kisses. Mars Incorporated, a large privately owned U.S. corporation, produces Mars Bar, Milky Way, M&M's, Twix, and Snickers. Lindt","id":"7416439"},{"contents":"Cadbury\n\n\n. The Hershey Company, based in Pennsylvania, manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery) in the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's \"ethos\". Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets. But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer. The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite","id":"10159884"},{"contents":"Cadbury Creme Egg\n\n\ndecision to change the recipe from the original Dairy Milk chocolate to a cheaper substitute, with reports of a loss of more than £6m in sales. Creme Eggs are produced by Cadbury UK in Birmingham, West Midlands, UK, by The Hershey Company in the United States and by Cadbury Adams in Canada. They are sold by Mondelēz International in all markets except the US, where the Hershey Company has the local marketing rights. At the Bournville factory in Birmingham, in the UK, they are manufactured at a rate","id":"15126485"},{"contents":"List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company\n\n\nchocolate based products. Hershey is also licensed to produce Cadbury products as well as the Kit Kat bar and Rolo candies (which are both owned by Nestlé). Circular-shaped chocolate candies based on two Hershey chocolate bars. Sold only in the United States under license from Nestlé (Nestlé continues to sell the bar worldwide); essentially chocolate-covered wafer bars. Hershey's Kisses brand chocolates (\"kisses\") are pieces of chocolate shaped like very large chocolate chips. Reese’s is the No. 1 selling candy","id":"20222964"},{"contents":"Chocolate\n\n\nin 1862, after buying out the Tuke family business. Cadbury was manufacturing boxed chocolates in England by 1868. Manufacturing their first Easter egg in 1875, Cadbury created the modern chocolate Easter egg after developing a pure cocoa butter that could easily be moulded into smooth shapes. In 1893, Milton S. Hershey purchased chocolate processing equipment at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and soon began the career of Hershey's chocolates with chocolate-coated caramels. Cacao, pronounced by the Olmecs as \"kakawa\", dates to 1000 BC","id":"7416397"},{"contents":"History of chocolate\n\n\nsolid-chocolate factory the same year the process for making solid chocolate was developed and later bought Lindt's factory. Besides Nestlé, several chocolate companies had their start in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Cadbury was manufacturing boxed chocolates in England by 1868. In 1893, Milton S. Hershey purchased chocolate processing equipment at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and soon began the career of Hershey's chocolates with chocolate-coated caramels. Due to improvements in machines, it began the transformation from a drink to a food.","id":"21208667"},{"contents":"History of Cadbury\n\n\nof Cadbury. On 19 January 2010, it was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at £11.5bn (US$18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a \"global confectionery leader\", had to borrow £7 billion (US$11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover. The Hershey Company, based in Pennsylvania, manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery)","id":"7742550"},{"contents":"Cadbury Dairy Milk\n\n\nthen added cocoa butter during processing. According to its spokesman, Cadbury tries to adapt the taste of the product to that which local consumers are accustomed, meaning more akin to a Hershey bar for the US market. There is a variation of taste between the UK Cadbury-produced products and the equivalents produced by Irish Cadbury; the same can be said for locally produced Cadbury products elsewhere in the world. In Ireland Cadbury Dairy Milk used the jingle \"The Perfect Word For Chocolate\" (1986-1988) between (1989","id":"13309994"},{"contents":"Cadbury Creme Egg\n\n\nthe official Cadbury website stating otherwise. American Creme Eggs at the time weighed 34 g and contained 150 calories. Before 2006, the eggs marketed by Hershey were identical to the UK version, weighing 39 g and containing 170 calories. In 2015, the British Cadbury company under the American Mondelēz International conglomerate announced that it had changed the formula of the Cadbury Creme Egg by replacing its Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate with \"standard cocoa mix chocolate\". It had also reduced the packaging from 6 eggs to 5 with a less than proportionate","id":"15126493"},{"contents":"Cadbury\n\n\nto their chocolate business. Accordingly, although the Cadbury group's chocolate products have been sold in the U.S. since 1988, the products are manufactured by Hershey, causing complaints by consumers, who claim they are inferior to the originals. Before the May 2008 demerger, the North American business also contained beverage unit Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages. In 1982, Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Duffy-Mott Company. Cadbury Adams' products include: Cadbury's products were first imported into Australia as early as 1853 when 3 cases of Cadbury's cocoa","id":"10159896"},{"contents":"Rowntree's\n\n\nmajor competitors. Rowntree was the fourth-largest chocolate manufacturer in the world, after Mars, Hershey, and Cadbury, with a 7% global market share. Nestlé eventually won control with an offer valuing Rowntree at £2.55 billion. Strategically, Nestlé had always seen Rowntree as a perfect fit for its own operations. Nestlé had strength in the block chocolate bar business, and Rowntree had strength in the countline branded chocolate business. Rowntree's strong global brands were the key reason for Nestlé's interest. Due to potential synergies","id":"578740"},{"contents":"History of Cadbury\n\n\nbiscuits and drinking chocolate. In 1988, Cadbury US was sold to Hershey for $300 million. In 1986, Schweppes switched its alliance in the UK from Pepsi to Coca-Cola, taking a 51 percent stake in the joint venture Coca-Cola Schweppes. In 1986, the company acquired Canada Dry and Sunkist from RJR Nabisco for $230 million, and took a 30 percent stake in Dr Pepper. As a result of these acquisitions, Cadbury Schweppes became the third largest soft drinks manufacturer in the world. In 1987","id":"7742544"},{"contents":"Deborah Cadbury\n\n\nthat funded social projects. It then focuses on the expansion of the chocolate business as new products were developed with Cadbury, Fry, Rowntree, Van Houten, Lindt, Nestlé, and Hershey all competing for global market shares. Despite its philanthropic roots, the Cadbury company itself (founded by the author's distant relatives, George and Richard Cadbury) is eventually taken over by Kraft. \"Chocolate Wars\" was second on \"The Christian Science Monitor\"'s 2010 list of best nonfiction books. \"Princes at War: The","id":"7724333"},{"contents":"Chocolate bar\n\n\ncocoa butter allowed the chocolate bar to keep its shape and melt in the mouth. In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars in the UK. Cadbury Dairy Milk, first produced in 1905, became the company's best selling bar. In the United States, immigrants who arrived with candy-making skills drove the development of new chocolate bars. Milton S. Hershey, a Pennsylvania caramel maker, saw a German-manufactured chocolate-making machine at the 1893 Chicago World","id":"13310811"},{"contents":"Fry's Turkish Delight\n\n\nFry's Turkish Delight is a chocolate sweet made by Cadbury. It was launched in the UK in 1914 by the Bristol chocolate manufacturer J. S. Fry & Sons and consists of a rose-flavoured Turkish delight surrounded by milk chocolate. The Fry's identity remained in use after Fry & Sons merged with Cadbury in 1919. In Australia and New Zealand the range of \"Turkish\" products released by Cadbury has expanded to include mini Easter eggs, ice-cream, sectioned family block chocolate bars, and small versions used in boxed","id":"17001939"},{"contents":"Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel\n\n\nroasted almonds, launched in 2012. Milk chocolate dessert made with real melted Cadbury chocolate with a smooth caramel underlayer, launched in 2013. Milk chocolate topped doughnuts with a soft caramel centre, launched in 2014. Milk chocolate and caramel flavour beverage, only 40 kcals a cup, launched in 2011. The product is a Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate bar semi-divided into blocks, each of which has a caramel filling. The blocks vary in number according to the size of the bar, but on all bars, the blocks","id":"19054590"},{"contents":"Cadbury Dairy Milk\n\n\nAustralia in 2015. In 1986 the glass and a half symbol appeared on the front of the Irish Dairy Milk wrapper. According to a 2007 report in \"The New York Times\", a British bar contained (in order) milk, sugar, cocoa mass, cocoa butter, vegetable fat and emulsifiers, whilst the American version manufactured by Hershey started its list of ingredients with sugar. It also listed lactose, emulsifier soy lecithin, and “natural and artificial flavorings\". Cadbury supplied its chocolate crumb to Hershey, which","id":"13309993"},{"contents":"Cadbury Snack\n\n\n. During the 1970s there was a Cadbury Snack Finger (chocolate-covered fingers in a blue wrapper) see Cadbury Fingers & in the 2000s there were limited editions of other versions of Snack. During the 1950s & 1960s there were black 'n' white television adverts for them. Colour came out in the 1970s. In 1986 the television advert used the phrase Bridge The Gap cartoon adverts in the 1990s. In Australia, the Cadbury Dairy Milk Snack block is a six-piece bar of milk chocolate filled with six different","id":"5508418"},{"contents":"Hershey's Kissables\n\n\ninterior. Hershey ceased production of Kissables in July 2009. In 2007, the Hershey Company began to change the ingredients of some of its products to replace the relatively expensive cocoa butter with cheaper fats. Hershey's changed the description of the product from \"candy coated milk chocolate\" to \"chocolate candy\" and altered the packaging and product ingredients. According to United States Food and Drug Administration food labeling laws, these modified recipes could not be legally described as milk chocolate. The ingredients in 2005 were: milk chocolate (sugar","id":"10659359"},{"contents":"Hershey bar\n\n\nThe Hershey's Milk Chocolate Bar (commonly called the Hershey's Bar, or more simply the Hershey Bar) is the flagship chocolate bar of the Hershey Company. Hershey refers to it as \"The Great American Chocolate Bar.\" The Hershey Milk Chocolate Bar was first sold in 1900, followed by the Hershey's Milk Chocolate with Almonds variety, which began production in 1908. The Hershey Process milk chocolate in these bars uses fresh milk delivered directly from local farms. The process was developed by Milton Hershey and produced the first","id":"17940640"},{"contents":"Cadbury Dairy Milk\n\n\nother confectionery to the US that infringed on its trademark licensing in a settlement with a grey importer. British Dairy Milk has been blind taste-tested as providing a creamier taste and texture with the Hershey's made chocolate leaving a less pleasing coating on the tongue and somewhat of a stale aftertaste. Cadbury was fined in July 2007 due to its products having been found to have been at risk of infection with salmonella (at a factory in Marlbrook, Herefordshire). It spent a further £30 million decontaminating the factory. On","id":"13310006"},{"contents":"Big Chocolate\n\n\n\"Big Chocolate\" is a business term assigned to multi-national chocolate food producers, akin to the terms assigned to \"Big Oil\" and \"Big Tobacco\". According to self-described fair trade proponents including Ghanaian cooperative Kuapa Kokoo, \"Big Chocolate\" companies are Mondelez (which owns Cadbury), Mars, Nestlé, and The Hershey Company. Together these companies process about 12% of the world's 3 million tons of cocoa each year. At the core of the chocolate debate across Europe, parts of","id":"22017448"},{"contents":"Almond Joy\n\n\npurchased 80% of their production for use in rations (5 million bars/month). The Almond Joy bar was introduced in 1946 as a replacement for the Dreams Bar, which was introduced in 1934, consisting of diced almonds and coconut covered with dark chocolate. In 1978, Peter Paul merged with the Cadbury-Schweppes company of England. In 1988, Hershey’s purchased the United States rights to their chocolate business for $300 million, which included the Mounds, Almond Joy, and York Peppermint Patties brands, in","id":"10641498"},{"contents":"Julius Sumner Miller\n\n\n5-minute segment each episode where he demonstrated physics experiments and explained the principles involved. In the 1970s, Miller was also an occasional guest on \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" in the United States. During the 1980s, Miller appeared in a famous series of Australian television commercials for Cadbury chocolate, using his stock phrase \"Why is it so?\", demonstrating a simple scientific principle, and describing how each block of chocolate \"embraces substantial nourishment and enjoyment,\" and contained \"a glass and a half of full","id":"5425510"},{"contents":"Symphony (candy)\n\n\nSymphony is a variety of two chocolate bars made by The Hershey Company under the Hershey brand name. The milk chocolate contains the identical ingredients used in the regular chocolate bars made by Hershey's, but have varying amounts of some ingredients (specifically cocoa butter, chocolate and lactose) in order to give a creamier flavor. It marked the first departure from Hershey's original milk chocolate recipe in 1894 designed by Milton Hershey. The name \"Symphony\" is given to the bars because it is supposed to be a treat to the","id":"11070756"},{"contents":"Hershey Creamery Company\n\n\nand of unfair competition\". Ziegler found that in addition to making similar products, the packaging used on the chocolates resembled that used by Hershey Company—then called Hershey Chocolate. Investigating complaints from retailers in Boston, New York, Binghamton, Norfolk, and Richmond, Ziegler reportedly found that retailers were confusing the two products, and sometimes deliberately replacing the higher priced Hershey Company products with the Hershey Creamery products. In Harrisburg, Ziegler found a display of Hershey Creamery \"Hershey Kisses\", which were bite-sized chocolate drops","id":"979650"},{"contents":"Cadbury\n\n\noil as a filling some ingredients. Over the next several years, Cadbury began downsizing its products, including trimming chocolate blocks in 2015. On 16 February 2017, it was reported that Cadbury would be closing its factory in Dunedin, New Zealand by March 2018. This is estimated to lead to the loss of 350 jobs. Amanda Banfield, Mondelez's vice-president for Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, clarified that the closure was done due to Mondelez's decision to shift chocolate manufacturing to Cadbury's Australian factories.","id":"10159902"},{"contents":"Darrell Lea\n\n\nover 800 products, including chocolate boxes, sugar free products and fundraising items with 60 extra items created seasonally for Easter and Christmas. In the review conducted by the Quinn family after the restructure, the company eliminated or put on hold many of the lesser-known products to concentrate on expanding the sales and distribution of its more profitable products. In April 2008, Darrell Lea won a five-year legal battle brought by rival chocolate company Cadbury over Darrell Lea's use of the colour purple on its packaging (which Cadbury uses","id":"17094281"},{"contents":"Vegemite\n\n\nB6 and B12 vitamins as well as 50% less sodium\", and was designed in response to consumer demand for foods with lower sugar and salt content plus additional health benefits. Immediate reaction and media reports regarding the new formula were largely positive, but Kraft Foods Australia discontinued the \"My First Vegemite\" product line in 2012 due to poor sales performance. In April 2015, Cadbury announced that it was to release a Vegemite-flavoured block of chocolate on 1 June. The chocolate block is Cadbury's Caramello block updated by","id":"14214815"},{"contents":"Hershey Creamery Company\n\n\nsimilar to the chocolate company's creations. After cease and desist letters failed to resolve the problem, Milton Hershey filed suit in 1921 in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania for trademark infringement. In 1926, a district judged partially sided with Hershey Chocolate and prohibited the creamery from using the name Hershey's in connection with \"manufacture, advertisement, distribution, or sale of, among other things, chocolate, cocoa, chocolate confections, and chocolate or cocoa products\". In 1958, the creamery registered","id":"979651"},{"contents":"Cadbury\n\n\n, Cadbury announced via its Facebook page that the size of its family chocolate blocks will be reduced once again in Australia and New Zealand, to 180g. “Rather than raising the recommended retail price, we’ve made the call to reduce the size of our Cadbury family blocks, and also bring down the recommended retail price slightly, so that our blocks can continue to be an affordable treat for all Australians,” the company said. In the run-up to Easter 2019, Cadbury launched a \"Treasures\" promotion","id":"10159923"},{"contents":"Hershey's Kisses\n\n\nin the US. In 1989, the chocolate drops were the 5th most popular chocolate brand in the United States, spawning sales that topped $400 million. More than 60 million Hershey's Kisses chocolates are produced each day at the company's two factories. Today's Kisses brand chocolates use Hershey's original milk chocolate formula. In 2005 Hershey's Kissables were introduced as a smaller sized, candy coated version of Kisses chocolates. They were discontinued in 2009. Though originally made of solely milk chocolate, many variations of the Kisses","id":"11140126"},{"contents":"History of Hersheypark\n\n\nof the name fell out of use and on June 1, 1905, the newborn town was officially named Hershey. At the same time, Hershey and several business partners, involved with the chocolate company, created the Hershey Trust Company, which would becoming the owner of the future amusement park after Hershey's death in 1945, and the Hershey Improvement Company, which would later be merged with the park and other non-chocolate related operations to form Hershey Estates. With the chocolate factory and the relocation of the Hershey Chocolate Company","id":"11856970"},{"contents":"Mr. Goodbar\n\n\nan individual product and as one of the varieties of Hershey's Miniatures. The formula was modified in 1995 to add more peanuts. In 2008, Hershey replaced cocoa butter with cheaper oil substitutes. Hershey changed the description of the product and altered the packaging slightly along with the ingredients. Though the formula contained chocolate, according to United States Food and Drug Administration food labeling laws, these modified recipes that do not contain cocoa butter cannot be legally described as milk chocolate. By 2014, milk chocolate returned as the primary ingredient","id":"20179599"},{"contents":"Cadbury\n\n\ncreating market specific commercials, reaching more of the Maltese population than ever through digital advertising. The Cadbury signature logo is derived from the signature of William Cadbury. It was adopted as the worldwide logo in the 1970s. Cadbury famously trademarked the colour purple for chocolates with registrations in 1995 and 2004. However, the validity of these trademarks is the matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by Nestlé. In 2008, Todd Stitzer, Cadbury's CEO, was paid a £2,665,000 bonus. Combined with his annual salary of £","id":"10159911"},{"contents":"History of Cadbury\n\n\nimprove the living conditions of company employees. Dairy Milk chocolate, introduced in 1905, used a higher proportion of milk within the recipe compared with rival products. By 1914, the chocolate was the company's best-selling product. Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons in 1919, and Schweppes in 1969. Cadbury was a constant constituent of the FTSE 100 from the index's 1984 inception until the company was bought by Kraft Foods in 2010. In 1824, John Cadbury began selling tea, coffee, and drinking chocolate","id":"7742529"},{"contents":"Flake (chocolate bar)\n\n\nFlake is a brand of chocolate bar currently manufactured by Cadbury consisting of thinly folded milk chocolate. The later product, Cadbury Twirl (chocolate bar), created by Cadbury, has very close similarities to the Flake, and could be considered as a companion covered Flake product. The original Flake product was first developed in 1920 and was discovered by chance by an employee of Cadbury's at the Bournville factory who noticed thin streams of excess chocolate falling from moulds cooled into flaky ripples. By 1930, Cadbury's was selling half-","id":"3647434"},{"contents":"Cadbury's Chocolate Factory, Tasmania\n\n\nCadbury's Chocolate Factory is a working chocolate factory belonging to the Australian division of international confectionery company Cadbury (a division of Mondelez International), and is located in Claremont, Tasmania. Despite being an active production facility, Cadbury's Claremont has a rich history with 18 heritage listed buildings on the site. The factory still features pure granite \"conching\" machines which are over 60 years old but are still in use. Due to its long history, and the general appeal of chocolate, the factory was a major Tasmanian tourism","id":"19349895"},{"contents":"John Cadbury\n\n\nJohn Cadbury (12 August 1801 – 11 May 1889) was an English proprietor and founder of Cadbury, the chocolate business based in Birmingham, England. John Cadbury was born in Birmingham on 12 August 1801 to Richard Tapper Cadbury and his wife Elizabeth Head. He was from a wealthy Quaker family that moved to the area from the west of England. John went to school at Joseph Crosfields Quaker School at Hartshill, Warwickshire. As a Quaker in the early 19th century, he was not allowed to enter a university, so","id":"7182144"},{"contents":"Cadbury\n\n\nCadbury among Britain's most successful exports. Cadbury was established in Birmingham, England in 1824, by John Cadbury who sold tea, coffee and drinking chocolate. Cadbury developed the business with his brother Benjamin, followed by his sons Richard and George. George developed the Bournville estate, a model village designed to give the company's workers improved living conditions. Dairy Milk chocolate, introduced in 1905, used a higher proportion of milk within the recipe compared with rival products. By 1914, the chocolate was the company's best-","id":"10159860"},{"contents":"Hershey's Chocolate World\n\n\nHershey’s Chocolate World is the name of eight visitor centers that started in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. Open year-round, Hershey's Chocolate World offers marketplace shops and restaurants, specializing in Hershey's chocolate products. Attractions include Hershey's Great Chocolate Factory Mystery in 4D, the Hershey Trolley Works, Wrap Happiness, and a free Chocolate Tour ride. The first Hershey's Chocolate World is located off of Hersheypark Drive, in Hershey, Pennsylvania, and is in an entertainment complex that also includes Hersheypark, Hersheypark Stadium","id":"8417162"},{"contents":"Hershey's Chocolate World\n\n\n, Hersheypark Arena, Hershey Museum, and Giant Center. The Las Vegas location is where the Broadway Theatre used to be. Although Hersheypark and Chocolate World are in the same complex, both operate independently of each other. Chocolate World is owned by The Hershey Company (formerly Hershey Foods), while Hersheypark is owned by Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company (HE&R). However, the Hershey Company and HE&R are both owned by the Hershey Trust Company. Parking is available via a separate lot that is free for the first three","id":"8417163"},{"contents":"Cadbury\n\n\nto Hershey's for $284.5 million cash plus the assumption of $30 million in debt. Snapple, Mistic and Stewart's (formerly Cable Car Beverage) were sold by Triarc to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $1.45 billion. In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc. In 2003, Cadbury Schweppes acquired Adams, the US chewing gum operations of Pfizer Inc., for $4.2 billion, making Cadbury the world’s biggest confectionary company. In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes","id":"10159878"},{"contents":"Chocolate\n\n\nIn 2007, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association in the United States, whose members include Hershey, Nestlé, and Archer Daniels Midland, lobbied the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change the legal definition of chocolate to let them substitute partially hydrogenated vegetable oils for cocoa butter, in addition to using artificial sweeteners and milk substitutes. Currently, the FDA does not allow a product to be referred to as \"chocolate\" if the product contains any of these ingredients. In the EU a product can be sold as chocolate if it","id":"7416417"},{"contents":"Cadbury\n\n\n, on suspicion of contamination with melamine. The recall affected the mainland China markets, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Australia. Products recalled included Dark Chocolate, a number of products in the 'Dairy Milk' range and Chocolate Éclairs. Cadbury continues to use hydrogenated oils in many of its signature products. Although trans fats are present, the nutrition labels round the values down to zero. Cadbury recalled two chocolate products after it was tested positive for traces of pork DNA, namely Cadbury Dairy Milk Hazelnut and Cadbury Dairy Milk Roast Almond","id":"10159919"},{"contents":"Cadbury Roses\n\n\nOn You' and included television advertisements presented by the comedian Norman Vaughan. UK, Isle of Man & Republic of Ireland Australia Cadbury Roses Pots Of Joy Strawberry Dream: milk chocolate yoghurt made with real Cadbury chocolate with a strawberry yoghurt layer. Launched 2014. Cadbury Roses Pots Of Joy Hazelnut Whirl: milk chocolate yoghurt made with real Cadbury chocolate with a hazelnut caramel yoghurt layer. Launched 2014. Cadbury Roses Favourites Strawberry Dream: a limited edition bag of Strawberry Dream chocolates. Launching September 2014 as a limited edition. Cadbury Roses","id":"6102970"},{"contents":"History of Cadbury\n\n\nin the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's \"ethos\". Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets. But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer. The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite, who estimated that a takeover by Kraft could put 30,000 jobs \"at risk\". Controversially, RBS, a bank","id":"7742551"},{"contents":"Cadbury\n\n\nIn 1847, John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as \"Cadbury Brothers\". In 1847, Cadbury's competitor Fry's of Bristol produced the first chocolate bar (which would be mass-produced as Fry's Chocolate Cream in 1866). Cadbury introduced his brand of the chocolate bar in 1849, and that same year, Cadbury and Fry's chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a trade fair in Bingley Hall, Birmingham. The Cadbury brothers opened an office in London, and in","id":"10159863"},{"contents":"Hershey's Chocolate World\n\n\nLas Vegas location, Hershey then rebranded all other visitor centers worldwide under the Hershey's Chocolate World name. In July 2016, it was announced that Hershey's Chocolate World would expand to a new location in Times Square and would open in late 2017. The rest of Hershey's Chocolate World contains various shops selling Hershey souvenirs and chocolate, and several counter service meal locations (Dessert Creation Studio, Hershey's Courtyard Food Court, and Hershey's Ice Cream Shop). The main candy store is one of the largest stores of","id":"8417167"},{"contents":"Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker\n\n\nScharffen Berger Chocolate is a line of chocolate produced by Artisan Confections Company, a subsidiary of The Hershey Company. Acquired by Hershey in 2005, it was formerly Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker, an independent Berkeley, California-based chocolate maker, founded in 1996 by sparkling wine maker John Scharffenberger and physician Robert Steinberg. The company was a manufacturer of chocolate — as opposed to the far more common chocolatiers, who make their products using chocolate acquired from wholesalers and manufacturers — the first American company founded in the past 50 years to make","id":"12868938"},{"contents":"99 Flake\n\n\nmanufactured and marketed by Cadburys itself was first developed in the UK in 1920. An employee of Cadbury's noted that when the excess chocolate from the moulds used to create other chocolate bars was drained off, it fell off in a stream and created folded chocolate with flaking properties. The early \"99 Flake\" was a wafer \"sandwich\", not a flake bar inserted into a cone of ice cream. It consisted of a small chocolate flake inserted between two servings of ice cream and placed between two wafer biscuits. In","id":"16870537"},{"contents":"Hershey, Pennsylvania\n\n\nHershey is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Derry Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States. Hershey's chocolates are made in Hershey, which was founded by candy magnate Milton S. Hershey. The community is located east of Harrisburg and is part of the Harrisburg−Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area. Hershey has no legal status as an incorporated municipality, and all its municipal services are provided by Derry Township. The population was 14,257 at the 2010 census. It is popularly called \"Chocolatetown, USA\".","id":"8290661"},{"contents":"Cadbury Dairy Milk\n\n\n14 September 2007, Cadbury Schweppes investigated a manufacturing error over allergy warnings, recalling for the second time in two years thousands of chocolate bars. A printing mistake at the Keynsham factory resulted in the omission of nut allergy labels from 250g Dairy Milk Double Chocolate bars. The 2008 Chinese milk scandal affected Cadbury, when much of the Cadbury Dairy Milk manufactured in mainland China was tainted with melamine. Although it can be safely used in plastic manufacturing, melamine is toxic, particularly to infants. In 2003 worms were found in the","id":"13310007"},{"contents":"Milton S. Hershey\n\n\nuse fresh milk to mass-produce quality milk chocolate. Hershey continued to experiment and perfect the process of making milk chocolate using the techniques he had first learned for adding milk to make caramels when he had moved to Drexel Hill. Since Hershey and his wife could not have children, they decided to help others, establishing the Hershey Industrial School with a Deed of Trust in 1909. In 1918, Hershey transferred the majority of his assets, including control of the company, to the Milton Hershey School Trust fund, to benefit","id":"5201418"},{"contents":"Fry's Turkish Delight\n\n\nchocolates. In the UK, Cadbury also manufacture the Dairy Milk Turkish, using dairy milk chocolate with a slightly different Turkish centre, in the familiar block bar form. As of August 2010 production of Fry's Turkish Delight (along with other products such as Fry's Peppermint Cream, Crunchie etc.) for the UK market is based in Poland. They also now contain no artificial colours (changed from E129 Allura Red AC to natural E160a carotenes and E162 Beetroot Red.) In New Zealand they are still made with artificial","id":"17001940"},{"contents":"Fry's Chocolate Cream\n\n\nsat alongside each other despite essentially being the same bar is unclear. Cadbury also produced a solid milk chocolate bar called \"Five Boys\" using the Fry's trademark from 1902 until 1976. Cadbury produced milk and plain chocolate sandwich bars under the Fry's branding also. Fry's chocolate bar was promoted by model George Lazenby, who later portrayed James Bond in \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\", in 1969. The Fry's chocolate bar was first produced in Union Street, Bristol, England in 1866, where the","id":"17001575"},{"contents":"Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company\n\n\nhim realize that he should split his operations such that if the chocolate company ever failed again as it had, it wouldn't directly impact the town as the DeCamp period had. In 1927, the Hershey Chocolate Company was reorganized and divided into several independent entities under the ownership of Hershey Trust Company. The chocolate company was incorporated and renamed Hershey Chocolate Corporation (today known as The Hershey Company) on October 24. (A prior company called Hershey Chocolate Corporation existed in the early 1920s when National City Bank took control of Hershey","id":"21773071"},{"contents":"Milton S. Hershey\n\n\nOn March 2, 1903, he began construction on what was to become the world's largest chocolate manufacturing company. The facility, completed in 1905, was designed to manufacture chocolate using the latest mass production techniques. Hershey's milk chocolate quickly became the first nationally marketed product of its kind. The factory was in the center of a dairy farmland, but with Hershey's support, houses, businesses, churches and a transportation infrastructure accreted around the plant. Because the land was surrounded by dairy farms, Hershey was able to","id":"5201417"},{"contents":"Chocolate Avenue\n\n\nHershey when he built up the town for his chocolate empire; the other was Cocoa Avenue, which intersects Chocolate Avenue to form the town square. The name of the street was selected by Milton Hershey himself. He picked names for many streets in the town that related to chocolate. Chocolate Avenue is known for its street lamps that are shaped like Hershey's Kisses. These unique lamps were designed by engineers with the Line Material Company and manufactured using a process called aluminum metal spinning in 1963. Some of the kisses are shown","id":"6603096"},{"contents":"Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme\n\n\nHershey's Cookies 'n' Creme is a candy bar manufactured by The Hershey Company. Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme is a flat, white candy bar containing small, uniformly-shaped cookie bits similar in taste and texture to an Oreo. It was introduced in 1994. The \"king-sized\" variant of the bar shares the dimensions of the original bar but is thicker vertically. This is one of the few Hershey's chocolates sold in the United Kingdom. The standard-sized bar has 12 rectangular blocks","id":"14612273"},{"contents":"Milton S. Hershey Mansion\n\n\nThe Milton S. Hershey Mansion, also known as High Point, is a historic house at 100 Mansion Road East in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Built in 1908, it was the home of Hershey Chocolate founder Milton S. Hershey (1857-1945) from 1908 until his death. Hershey is credited with introducing the mass production of chocolate to be sold at low prices, and operated what became the world's largest chocolate maker. His house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983. It presently houses the offices of the Hershey Trust","id":"19282798"},{"contents":"Hershey, Pennsylvania\n\n\n's national soccer team, is from here. The community is home to The Hershey Company, which makes the well-known Hershey Bar and Hershey's Kisses and is the parent company of the H. B. Reese Candy Company, manufacturer of Reese's Peanut Butter Cups. Hershey's Chocolate World is a factory store and virtual tour ride of The Hershey Company. The original Hershey Chocolate Factory, located downtown along Chocolate Avenue, was closed in 2012 due to high operational costs. Although many of the former factory buildings have been demolished","id":"8290671"},{"contents":"Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company\n\n\nHershey Entertainment and Resorts Company is a privately held corporation based in Pennsylvania. Milton S. Hershey established HE&R in 1927 to distinguish and separate his chocolate manufacturing company from his other business ventures. All of his non-chocolate producing businesses were established as Hershey Estates, renamed Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company in 1980. In 1894, Milton S. Hershey founded the Hershey Chocolate Company as a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company. In 1900, the American Caramel Company offered to purchase the Lancaster Caramel Company for $1 million. Hershey accepted the","id":"21773066"},{"contents":"The Checkout\n\n\ntheir \"Joyville\" campaign which promoted a 10% increase (from 200gm to 220gm) in the size of the family blocks of chocolate which \"The Checkout\" portrayed as ironic given that Cadbury had previously reduced the blocks by 20% from 250gm to 200gm. Another was on Anaconda Mountain Bikes which are sold as such but are actually built for road-use only. The show also includes the segment 'F U Tube' that allow viewers to upload their own queries or complaints about goods or services they have purchased.","id":"11925645"},{"contents":"Rowntree's\n\n\nentered into a long-term agreement with Hershey whereby Hershey would produce Rowntree products under license in the US. Rowntree merged with John Mackintosh and Co in 1969, to become Rowntree Mackintosh. Mackintosh produced Rolo, Munchies, Caramac, and Quality Street. Hershey's began U.S. distribution of Kit Kat in 1970 and followed in 1971 with Rolo. In 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh acquired Menier Chocolate of France. In the same year, the board attempted to diversify the business, and made a bid for Bovril, but lost out to","id":"578735"},{"contents":"Hershey's Chocolate World\n\n\nhours only, or via the Hersheypark parking lot (when the park is open), which offers a tram service to and from Hershey's Chocolate World. While the facility is open year-round (except Christmas), hours vary depending on the season, ranging anywhere from 9 am to 11 pm. Hershey's Chocolate World was built as a replacement of the Hershey chocolate plant tour, which had reached its capacity and was no longer able to handle the large numbers of visitors per year. The facility opened on June","id":"8417164"},{"contents":"Cadbury Roses\n\n\nCadbury Roses are a selection of machine wrapped chocolates made by Cadbury. Introduced in 1938, they are named after the English packaging equipment company \"Rose Brothers\" (later Rose Forgrove), based in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, that manufactured and supplied the machines that wrapped the chocolates, although in 2016 the US owners of the company made a controversial decision to wrap the chocolates in identical sized \"flow wraps\". They are an extremely common gift on Mothering Sunday and sell well throughout the Christmas period. They are available in plastic","id":"6102968"},{"contents":"Cadburys Tempo\n\n\nTempo was a chocolate bar produced by Cadbury South Africa, described as a \"Shortcake biscuit and caramel covered in Cadbury's dairy milk chocolate\". The chocolate bar was unique to South Africa. Cadbury's South Africa also produces other bars only available in South Africa, such as \"P.S\", \"Astro's\" and \"Question\". The shortcake biscuit is surrounded by smooth, creamy caramel then smothered in Cadbury milk chocolate. Tempo was developed by Barry Fern and marketed by Lois Wagner in 1986 and was the most","id":"5195849"},{"contents":"Hershey Creamery Company\n\n\nof its warehouse also improved inventory management, order accuracy, and has helped the company continue its growth. Hershey Creamery has been involved in multiple legal disputes with the similarly named Hershey Company, founded around the same time in the city of Lancaster by Milton S. Hershey—despite the proximity, no relation to the founding Hershey brothers. The first troubles came after the Hershey Creamery began producing chocolate candy and cocoa. Milton S. Hershey learned of the candies in 1919, and assigned Charles Ziegler to \"find instances of confusion and infringement","id":"979649"},{"contents":"Cadbury\n\n\nPoland. Cadbury Adams produces candy, gum, breath mints and cough drops. It is headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey. The company was formed after the then Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Adams brand from Pfizer in December 2002 for US$4.2 billion. American Chicle was purchased by Warner-Lambert in 1962; Warner-Lambert renamed the unit Adams in 1997 and merged with Pfizer in 2000. In 1978, Cadbury merged with Peter Paul, makers of Mounds and Almond Joy. In 1988, The Hershey Company acquired the U.S. rights","id":"10159895"},{"contents":"Hershey's Kisses\n\n\nHershey's Kisses is a brand of chocolate manufactured by The Hershey Company. The bite-sized pieces of chocolate have a distinctive shape, commonly described as flat-bottomed teardrops. Hershey's Kisses chocolates are wrapped in squares of lightweight aluminum foil with a narrow strip of paper protruding from the top. The Hershey Kisses were first introduced in 1907. At first, the Hershey Kisses were wrapped by hands and fingers but in 1921, a machine was made so the Kisses would be wrapped automatically. Brothers Walter, Howard and Raymond","id":"11140124"},{"contents":"The Hershey Story\n\n\nThe Hershey Story, The Museum on Chocolate Avenue is devoted to the history and legacy of Milton S. Hershey and the chocolate candy confections he invented. It is located at 63 West Chocolate Avenue in downtown Hershey, Pennsylvania, and opened in January 2009. The interactive Museum Experience chronicles Milton Hershey's life, businesses, community and philanthropies. The Chocolate Lab explores the unique qualities of chocolate through playful, hands-on experiences. The Apprentice Program provides children with activities to complete throughout the Museum Experience. Countries of Origin Chocolate Tasting","id":"1382862"},{"contents":"Cadbury Fingers\n\n\nof 4 fingers. Cadbury Fingers are now available in four different flavours; toffee, white chocolate, dark chocolate and double chocolate, and are made in the following varieties: Cadbury Snack Fingers were available in the late 1970s & early 1980s for a few years. Australian varieties: Fabulous Fingers, the first sub-brand under the Cadbury Fingers brand, was launched in November 2011 with a £2m campaign. In the 1990s, adverts featured comedian Michael Barrymore singing songs about Cadbury Fingers and making note of the chocolate coating","id":"19572301"},{"contents":"Cadbury Snack\n\n\nA Cadbury Snack is a shortcake biscuit squares or two biscuits with chocolate filling, covered with milk chocolate. Three versions of Cadbury Snack are available in the United Kingdom and Ireland: Snack Shortcake (chocolate-coated shortbread in a yellow wrapper), Snack Wafer (chocolate-covered wafer fingers in a pink wrapper) and Snack Sandwich, an individual chocolate-and-biscuit bar similar to the original Jacob's Club biscuit. In February 2015, Cadbury announced that it was ceasing production of the Snack Wafer due to declining sales","id":"5508417"},{"contents":"Rowntree's\n\n\nFitzgerald has accused the company of being slow in new product development and marketing compared to its major competitor of the period, Cadbury. Fitzgerald suggests that Joseph Rowntree imitated the successes of competitors, (Cadbury's Cocoa Essence, French fruit pastilles) and that under his leadership, the company did not introduce any innovations of its own. Around 1898, the company acquired its own cocoa plantations in the West Indies. In 1899, Rowntree introduced its first milk chocolate block. Rowntree had struggled to make a milk chocolate product of comparable","id":"578729"},{"contents":"Milton S. Hershey\n\n\n. The former Hershey Museum displayed a copy of the check Milton Hershey wrote to the White Star Line as a deposit for a first-class stateroom on the \"Titanic\". This copy is now located in the archives of the Hershey Story Museum, which replaced the original Hershey Museum in 2009. Hershey Chocolate supplied the U.S. armed forces with chocolate bars during World War II. These bars were called Ration D Bars and Tropical Chocolate Bars. The Ration D Bar had very specific requirements from the army: It had to weigh","id":"5201423"},{"contents":"Pennsylvania chocolate workers' strike, 1937\n\n\nthe machines were switched off and whole buildings went silent. Some sat down at their posts, others went outside to picket, and hundreds took to the roofs of factory buildings along Chocolate Avenue. During lunchtime, the workers still loyal to Hershey went home. It is unclear how many actually took part in the strike—organizers claim 1,200 while Hershey executives say 400. Strikers decided they would sit-down in shifts. Food would be supplied by a union kitchen, surveillance cameras would make sure Hershey’s property was not damaged","id":"3887212"},{"contents":"C. Emlen Urban\n\n\nworked in Hershey, Pennsylvania during its developing period. Urban knew Milton Hershey through Lancaster's Hamilton Club. As Hershey developed, Urban designed all of the main buildings constructed between 1903 and 1926, including the Original Hershey Chocolate Company Offices and factory (1903), Cocoa House (1 Chocolate Avenue) (1905), Hershey Trust Company (1 W. Chocolate Avenue) (1914), Community Building and Hershey Theatre (14 E. Chocolate Avenue) (1915, 1928-1932), and Convention Hall (former Hershey Museum","id":"5669872"},{"contents":"Hershey's Special Dark\n\n\nHershey's special dark is a chocolate bar manufactured by The Hershey Company. Special Dark is similar to a standard Hershey bar, but is made with a dark (or semi-sweet) variety of chocolate, and contains a higher percentage (45%) of cocoa solids, chocolate liquor and cocoa butter than milk chocolate. The Special Dark bar replaced the similar, if not identical, \"Hershey's Semi-Sweet\" bar in the company's product lineup in the early 1970s. Hershey's Special Dark is available in","id":"20179603"},{"contents":"Types of chocolate\n\n\nice cream. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the naming and ingredients of cocoa products: In March 2007, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association, whose members include Hershey's, Nestlé, and Archer Daniels Midland, began lobbying the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change the legal definition of chocolate to allow the substitution of \"safe and suitable vegetable fats and oils\" (including partially hydrogenated vegetable oils) for cocoa butter in addition to using \"any sweetening agent\" (including artificial sweeteners) and","id":"20779787"},{"contents":"The Hershey Company\n\n\nThe Hershey Company, (known until April 2005 as the Hershey Foods Corporation) commonly called Hershey's or Hershey, is an American company and one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world. It also manufactures baked products, such as cookies, cakes, milk shakes, drinks and many more. Its headquarters are in Hershey, Pennsylvania, which is also home to Hersheypark and Hershey's Chocolate World. It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company, a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company.","id":"5143661"},{"contents":"Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company\n\n\nfor one dollar. On December 12, Hershey Estates relocated from Lebanon to Hershey. On December 20, Hershey Chocolate Company filed notice to the Dauphin County prothonotary's office and the Secretary of the Commonwealth's office that they were no longer connected in the operation of various companies including Hersheypark and Hershey Laundry. This formally separated operations between Hershey Estates properties and Hershey Chocolate Company operations. In 1933, The Hotel Hershey opened, becoming Hershey Estate's second hotel in Hershey. Hershey Estates was a conglomeration, having ownership of such things","id":"21773074"},{"contents":"Twirl (chocolate bar)\n\n\nTwirl is a type of chocolate bar currently manufactured by the brand Cadbury United Kingdom. Introduced by Cadbury United Kingdom as a single bar in the early 1970s, it was repackaged in 1984 as a twin bar. Although still produced in the United Kingdom it has been marketed internationally since the 1990s and is now one of the best-selling chocolate single bar Cadbury owns. It consists of two Flake-style bars covered in milk chocolate. It's rumoured that the Twirl concept evolved from an over-spill flaw in the Flake","id":"2710456"},{"contents":"The Hershey Company\n\n\nto concentrate on chocolate manufacturing, stating to people who questioned him, \"Caramels are just a fad, but chocolate is a permanent thing.\" In 1896, Milton built a milk-processing plant so he could create and refine a recipe for milk chocolate candies. In 1899, he developed the Hershey process, which is less sensitive to milk quality than traditional methods. In 1900, he began manufacturing Hershey's Milk Chocolate Bars, also called Hershey's Bars or Hershey Bars. In 1903, Hershey began construction of a","id":"5143664"},{"contents":"Chocolate box art\n\n\nChocolate box art originally referred literally to decorations on chocolate boxes. Over the years, however, the terminology has changed; it is now applied broadly as an often pejorative term to describe paintings and designs that are overly idealistic and sentimental. Using his own paintings of children, flowers and holiday scenes Richard Cadbury, the son of the founder of Cadbury's, introduced such designs to his chocolate boxes in the late 19th century. Renoir's paintings have been described as \"chocolate box\" and have been derided by Degas and Picasso","id":"9092717"},{"contents":"Chocolate Avenue\n\n\nChocolate Avenue is a street in Hershey, Pennsylvania, that runs past the site of the original Hershey's Chocolate Factory, and is considered to be the main street of the town. It runs northeasterly from Hersheypark Drive to the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 3017 (Lingle Avenue), at which point the road crosses into Lebanon County and continues as Main Street in Palmyra Borough. Most of Chocolate Avenue is a segment of U.S. Route 422. Chocolate Avenue was one of the first two streets built in the town of Hershey by Milton","id":"6603095"},{"contents":"Cadbury Caramilk\n\n\nCaramilk is a candy bar made by Cadbury in Canada. It was first sold in 1968 in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. Variations available, some of them limited editions, include Caramilk made with dark chocolate, maple flavoured, chocolate flavoured, or cappuccino. Thicker versions called \"Caramilk Thick\" and cylindrical versions called \"Caramilk Rolls\" (similar to Rolo) have also been introduced. One of the advertising campaigns for Caramilk bars revolved around the question of how the centre of the confection was put into the","id":"9857630"},{"contents":"Hershey bar\n\n\npoint that other manufacturers often add butyric acid to their milk chocolates. The American bar's taste profile was not as popular with the Canadian public, leading Hershey to introduce a reformulated Canadian bar in 1983. Until 2015, Hershey also added polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) to their chocolate. Artificial vanillin was also removed in 2015. In addition to the standard Milk Chocolate and Milk Chocolate with Almonds varieties, Hershey's produces several other chocolate bars in various flavors: Special Dark chocolate, Cookies 'N' Creme, Symphony (both","id":"17940642"},{"contents":"Military chocolate (United States)\n\n\nCompany. When provided as a morale boost or care package, military chocolate is often no different from normal store-bought bars in taste and composition. However, they are frequently packaged or molded differently. The World War II K ration issued in temperate climates sometimes included a bar of Hershey's commercial-formula sweet chocolate. But instead of being the typical flat thin bar, the K ration chocolate was a thick rectangular bar that was square at each end (in tropical regions, the K ration used Hershey's Tropical Bar","id":"9429711"},{"contents":"Cadbury's Chocolate Factory, Tasmania\n\n\n. The building of the new complex was a massive undertaking, and the new facility was modelled upon Cadbury's Bournville facilities, down to the provision of housing, shops, and sports and other facilities for the employees. The new estate was called \"Cadbury's Estate\" and was located on the banks of the Derwent River in Claremont to the north of Glenorchy. Most of the milk used to make Cadbury's products is sourced from the North-West region of Tasmania and processed at Cadbury's Burnie milk depot. The","id":"19349897"},{"contents":"Dagoba Chocolate\n\n\nand syrup) 100% of the cacao beans used to produce Dagoba Chocolate products are Rainforest Alliance Certified. Dagoba's specialty is their line of 2.83 oz flavor-infused bars created by what the company calls \"The Art of Chocolate Alchemy™\". Here is a list of the current product line of Dagoba chocolate bars. Percentages indicate the cacao content. Dagoba Chocolate also produces a line of Drinking Chocolates: Dagoba Chocolate also produces In October 2006, Dagoba was acquired by The Hershey Company. Hershey's CEO Richard H. Lenny","id":"22061929"},{"contents":"Milton S. Hershey\n\n\nThere, he could obtain the large supplies of fresh milk needed to perfect and produce fine milk chocolate. Excited by the potential of milk chocolate, which at that time was a luxury product, Hershey was determined to develop a formula for milk chocolate and market and sell it to the American public. Through trial and error, he created his own formula for milk chocolate. The first Hershey bar was produced in 1900. Hershey's Kisses were developed in 1907, and the Hershey's Bar with almonds was introduced in 1908.","id":"5201416"},{"contents":"Hershey's Special Dark\n\n\na variety of sizes. There are also Special Dark versions of Hershey's Kisses, chocolate syrup, chocolate chips, baking chocolate, cocoa, and Hershey's Nuggets. Hershey's Special Dark is a component of the traditional Hershey's Miniatures assortment first sold in 1939, when the Special Dark was called Semi-Sweet. In 2006, Hershey's began selling \"Hershey's Special Dark Miniatures\", which included the plain Special Dark bar, along with dark bars with peanuts (similar to a Mr. Goodbar) and with crisped","id":"20179604"},{"contents":"Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery\n\n\n1960s, establishing production facilities in Hamburg, Dijon, Elst and Noisiel. After Eights were launched in 1962. In 1969, the Rowntree board rejected a £37 million takeover bid from General Foods. In 1969, Rowntree entered into a long-term agreement with Hershey whereby Hershey would produce Rowntree products under license in the US. Rowntree merged with John Mackintosh and Co in 1969, to become Rowntree Mackintosh. Mackintosh produced Rolo, Munchies, Caramac and Quality Street. The Yorkie and Lion chocolate bars were introduced in 1976.","id":"7114654"},{"contents":"Chocolate bar\n\n\na paste that could then be molded into a solid chocolate bar for consumption. Inspired by Fry, John Cadbury, founder of Cadbury, introduced his brand of the chocolate bar in 1849. That same year, Fry and Cadbury chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a trade fair in Bingley Hall, Birmingham. Fry's chocolate factory, J. S. Fry & Sons of Bristol, England, began mass-producing chocolate bars and they became very popular. Over 220 Fry's products were introduced in the following decades, including Fry's","id":"13310809"},{"contents":"The Hershey Company\n\n\ncandy\" and \"chocolaty.\" In April 2014, the Hershey chocolate plant on East Chocolate Avenue in Hershey Pennsylvania was demolished to make way for mixed-use development. A 2016 attempt to sell Hershey to Mondelez International was scuttled because of objections by the Hershey Trust. Harry Burnett Reese invented Reese's Peanut Butter Cups after founding the H.B. Reese Candy Company in 1923. Reese died on May 16, 1956 in West Palm Beach, Florida leaving the company to his six sons. On July 2, 1963 the H.B. Reese","id":"5143671"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company\\n\\n\\nbrand in the United States and has been Hershey's best-selling product since 1969. Cadbury products are sold by Hershey's in the United States and Mondelēz International in other parts of the world. Chocolate in Cadbury-branded products manufactured in the USA by Hershey uses a different recipe from that used by Cadbury itself. Hershey's has barred the importation of Mondelez Cadbury into the US. Cacao Reserve by Hershey's was marketed as a premium line in comparison to Hershey's other chocolate products. It was discontinued in July 2009\",\n \"id\": \"20222965\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Caramilk\\n\\n\\nchocolate) but differing considerably in taste, shape, ingredients and packaging is sold as Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel. In New Zealand, a bar similar to the United Kingdom product is sold as the Caramello variant of the Cadbury Dairy Milk line of blocks. In the United States, a similar bar is produced under license by The Hershey Company and sold under the brand Cadbury's Caramello. It uses caramel filling, the chocolate has a sweet taste, and is chewy. The flavor of Cadburys Caramello is often used in ice creams\",\n \"id\": \"9857633\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Dairy Milk\\n\\n\\nthe company in the past was the 'Shubh Aarambh' Campaign. This campaign made use of the traditional practice of Indian households of having something sweet before every auspicious occasion. It is a traditional belief that this leads to a favourable outcome for the people. This campaign was also a huge hit and positioned Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolates as part of a family name. Cadbury today holds 70% of the market share of the chocolate industry in the country. In 2015, Hershey's blocked imports of overseas-made Cadbury chocolate and\",\n \"id\": \"13310005\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Dairy Milk\\n\\n\\nCadbury Dairy Milk is a brand of milk chocolate manufactured by Cadbury. It was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1905 and now consists of a number of products. Every product in the Dairy Milk line is made with exclusively milk chocolate. In 2014, Dairy Milk was ranked the best-selling chocolate bar in the UK. It is manufactured and distributed by the Hershey Company in the US under licence from Cadbury. In June 1905 in Birmingham, England, Cadbury made its first Dairy Milk bar, with a higher proportion of\",\n \"id\": \"13309988\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chocolate\\n\\n\\nproducts include Cadbury (the world's largest confectionery manufacturer), Ferrero, Guylian, The Hershey Company, Lindt & Sprüngli, Mars, Incorporated, Milka, Neuhaus and Suchard. Guylian is best known for its chocolate sea shells; Cadbury for its Dairy Milk and Creme Egg. The Hershey Company, the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America, produces the Hershey Bar and Hershey's Kisses. Mars Incorporated, a large privately owned U.S. corporation, produces Mars Bar, Milky Way, M&M's, Twix, and Snickers. Lindt\",\n \"id\": \"7416439\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury\\n\\n\\n. The Hershey Company, based in Pennsylvania, manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery) in the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's \\\"ethos\\\". Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets. But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer. The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite\",\n \"id\": \"10159884\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Creme Egg\\n\\n\\ndecision to change the recipe from the original Dairy Milk chocolate to a cheaper substitute, with reports of a loss of more than £6m in sales. Creme Eggs are produced by Cadbury UK in Birmingham, West Midlands, UK, by The Hershey Company in the United States and by Cadbury Adams in Canada. They are sold by Mondelēz International in all markets except the US, where the Hershey Company has the local marketing rights. At the Bournville factory in Birmingham, in the UK, they are manufactured at a rate\",\n \"id\": \"15126485\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company\\n\\n\\nchocolate based products. Hershey is also licensed to produce Cadbury products as well as the Kit Kat bar and Rolo candies (which are both owned by Nestlé). Circular-shaped chocolate candies based on two Hershey chocolate bars. Sold only in the United States under license from Nestlé (Nestlé continues to sell the bar worldwide); essentially chocolate-covered wafer bars. Hershey's Kisses brand chocolates (\\\"kisses\\\") are pieces of chocolate shaped like very large chocolate chips. Reese’s is the No. 1 selling candy\",\n \"id\": \"20222964\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chocolate\\n\\n\\nin 1862, after buying out the Tuke family business. Cadbury was manufacturing boxed chocolates in England by 1868. Manufacturing their first Easter egg in 1875, Cadbury created the modern chocolate Easter egg after developing a pure cocoa butter that could easily be moulded into smooth shapes. In 1893, Milton S. Hershey purchased chocolate processing equipment at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and soon began the career of Hershey's chocolates with chocolate-coated caramels. Cacao, pronounced by the Olmecs as \\\"kakawa\\\", dates to 1000 BC\",\n \"id\": \"7416397\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of chocolate\\n\\n\\nsolid-chocolate factory the same year the process for making solid chocolate was developed and later bought Lindt's factory. Besides Nestlé, several chocolate companies had their start in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Cadbury was manufacturing boxed chocolates in England by 1868. In 1893, Milton S. Hershey purchased chocolate processing equipment at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and soon began the career of Hershey's chocolates with chocolate-coated caramels. Due to improvements in machines, it began the transformation from a drink to a food.\",\n \"id\": \"21208667\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of Cadbury\\n\\n\\nof Cadbury. On 19 January 2010, it was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at £11.5bn (US$18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a \\\"global confectionery leader\\\", had to borrow £7 billion (US$11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover. The Hershey Company, based in Pennsylvania, manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery)\",\n \"id\": \"7742550\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Dairy Milk\\n\\n\\nthen added cocoa butter during processing. According to its spokesman, Cadbury tries to adapt the taste of the product to that which local consumers are accustomed, meaning more akin to a Hershey bar for the US market. There is a variation of taste between the UK Cadbury-produced products and the equivalents produced by Irish Cadbury; the same can be said for locally produced Cadbury products elsewhere in the world. In Ireland Cadbury Dairy Milk used the jingle \\\"The Perfect Word For Chocolate\\\" (1986-1988) between (1989\",\n \"id\": \"13309994\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Creme Egg\\n\\n\\nthe official Cadbury website stating otherwise. American Creme Eggs at the time weighed 34 g and contained 150 calories. Before 2006, the eggs marketed by Hershey were identical to the UK version, weighing 39 g and containing 170 calories. In 2015, the British Cadbury company under the American Mondelēz International conglomerate announced that it had changed the formula of the Cadbury Creme Egg by replacing its Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate with \\\"standard cocoa mix chocolate\\\". It had also reduced the packaging from 6 eggs to 5 with a less than proportionate\",\n \"id\": \"15126493\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury\\n\\n\\nto their chocolate business. Accordingly, although the Cadbury group's chocolate products have been sold in the U.S. since 1988, the products are manufactured by Hershey, causing complaints by consumers, who claim they are inferior to the originals. Before the May 2008 demerger, the North American business also contained beverage unit Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages. In 1982, Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Duffy-Mott Company. Cadbury Adams' products include: Cadbury's products were first imported into Australia as early as 1853 when 3 cases of Cadbury's cocoa\",\n \"id\": \"10159896\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rowntree's\\n\\n\\nmajor competitors. Rowntree was the fourth-largest chocolate manufacturer in the world, after Mars, Hershey, and Cadbury, with a 7% global market share. Nestlé eventually won control with an offer valuing Rowntree at £2.55 billion. Strategically, Nestlé had always seen Rowntree as a perfect fit for its own operations. Nestlé had strength in the block chocolate bar business, and Rowntree had strength in the countline branded chocolate business. Rowntree's strong global brands were the key reason for Nestlé's interest. Due to potential synergies\",\n \"id\": \"578740\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of Cadbury\\n\\n\\nbiscuits and drinking chocolate. In 1988, Cadbury US was sold to Hershey for $300 million. In 1986, Schweppes switched its alliance in the UK from Pepsi to Coca-Cola, taking a 51 percent stake in the joint venture Coca-Cola Schweppes. In 1986, the company acquired Canada Dry and Sunkist from RJR Nabisco for $230 million, and took a 30 percent stake in Dr Pepper. As a result of these acquisitions, Cadbury Schweppes became the third largest soft drinks manufacturer in the world. In 1987\",\n \"id\": \"7742544\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Deborah Cadbury\\n\\n\\nthat funded social projects. It then focuses on the expansion of the chocolate business as new products were developed with Cadbury, Fry, Rowntree, Van Houten, Lindt, Nestlé, and Hershey all competing for global market shares. Despite its philanthropic roots, the Cadbury company itself (founded by the author's distant relatives, George and Richard Cadbury) is eventually taken over by Kraft. \\\"Chocolate Wars\\\" was second on \\\"The Christian Science Monitor\\\"'s 2010 list of best nonfiction books. \\\"Princes at War: The\",\n \"id\": \"7724333\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chocolate bar\\n\\n\\ncocoa butter allowed the chocolate bar to keep its shape and melt in the mouth. In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars in the UK. Cadbury Dairy Milk, first produced in 1905, became the company's best selling bar. In the United States, immigrants who arrived with candy-making skills drove the development of new chocolate bars. Milton S. Hershey, a Pennsylvania caramel maker, saw a German-manufactured chocolate-making machine at the 1893 Chicago World\",\n \"id\": \"13310811\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fry's Turkish Delight\\n\\n\\nFry's Turkish Delight is a chocolate sweet made by Cadbury. It was launched in the UK in 1914 by the Bristol chocolate manufacturer J. S. Fry & Sons and consists of a rose-flavoured Turkish delight surrounded by milk chocolate. The Fry's identity remained in use after Fry & Sons merged with Cadbury in 1919. In Australia and New Zealand the range of \\\"Turkish\\\" products released by Cadbury has expanded to include mini Easter eggs, ice-cream, sectioned family block chocolate bars, and small versions used in boxed\",\n \"id\": \"17001939\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel\\n\\n\\nroasted almonds, launched in 2012. Milk chocolate dessert made with real melted Cadbury chocolate with a smooth caramel underlayer, launched in 2013. Milk chocolate topped doughnuts with a soft caramel centre, launched in 2014. Milk chocolate and caramel flavour beverage, only 40 kcals a cup, launched in 2011. The product is a Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate bar semi-divided into blocks, each of which has a caramel filling. The blocks vary in number according to the size of the bar, but on all bars, the blocks\",\n \"id\": \"19054590\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Dairy Milk\\n\\n\\nAustralia in 2015. In 1986 the glass and a half symbol appeared on the front of the Irish Dairy Milk wrapper. According to a 2007 report in \\\"The New York Times\\\", a British bar contained (in order) milk, sugar, cocoa mass, cocoa butter, vegetable fat and emulsifiers, whilst the American version manufactured by Hershey started its list of ingredients with sugar. It also listed lactose, emulsifier soy lecithin, and “natural and artificial flavorings\\\". Cadbury supplied its chocolate crumb to Hershey, which\",\n \"id\": \"13309993\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Snack\\n\\n\\n. During the 1970s there was a Cadbury Snack Finger (chocolate-covered fingers in a blue wrapper) see Cadbury Fingers & in the 2000s there were limited editions of other versions of Snack. During the 1950s & 1960s there were black 'n' white television adverts for them. Colour came out in the 1970s. In 1986 the television advert used the phrase Bridge The Gap cartoon adverts in the 1990s. In Australia, the Cadbury Dairy Milk Snack block is a six-piece bar of milk chocolate filled with six different\",\n \"id\": \"5508418\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey's Kissables\\n\\n\\ninterior. Hershey ceased production of Kissables in July 2009. In 2007, the Hershey Company began to change the ingredients of some of its products to replace the relatively expensive cocoa butter with cheaper fats. Hershey's changed the description of the product from \\\"candy coated milk chocolate\\\" to \\\"chocolate candy\\\" and altered the packaging and product ingredients. According to United States Food and Drug Administration food labeling laws, these modified recipes could not be legally described as milk chocolate. The ingredients in 2005 were: milk chocolate (sugar\",\n \"id\": \"10659359\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey bar\\n\\n\\nThe Hershey's Milk Chocolate Bar (commonly called the Hershey's Bar, or more simply the Hershey Bar) is the flagship chocolate bar of the Hershey Company. Hershey refers to it as \\\"The Great American Chocolate Bar.\\\" The Hershey Milk Chocolate Bar was first sold in 1900, followed by the Hershey's Milk Chocolate with Almonds variety, which began production in 1908. The Hershey Process milk chocolate in these bars uses fresh milk delivered directly from local farms. The process was developed by Milton Hershey and produced the first\",\n \"id\": \"17940640\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Dairy Milk\\n\\n\\nother confectionery to the US that infringed on its trademark licensing in a settlement with a grey importer. British Dairy Milk has been blind taste-tested as providing a creamier taste and texture with the Hershey's made chocolate leaving a less pleasing coating on the tongue and somewhat of a stale aftertaste. Cadbury was fined in July 2007 due to its products having been found to have been at risk of infection with salmonella (at a factory in Marlbrook, Herefordshire). It spent a further £30 million decontaminating the factory. On\",\n \"id\": \"13310006\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Big Chocolate\\n\\n\\n\\\"Big Chocolate\\\" is a business term assigned to multi-national chocolate food producers, akin to the terms assigned to \\\"Big Oil\\\" and \\\"Big Tobacco\\\". According to self-described fair trade proponents including Ghanaian cooperative Kuapa Kokoo, \\\"Big Chocolate\\\" companies are Mondelez (which owns Cadbury), Mars, Nestlé, and The Hershey Company. Together these companies process about 12% of the world's 3 million tons of cocoa each year. At the core of the chocolate debate across Europe, parts of\",\n \"id\": \"22017448\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Almond Joy\\n\\n\\npurchased 80% of their production for use in rations (5 million bars/month). The Almond Joy bar was introduced in 1946 as a replacement for the Dreams Bar, which was introduced in 1934, consisting of diced almonds and coconut covered with dark chocolate. In 1978, Peter Paul merged with the Cadbury-Schweppes company of England. In 1988, Hershey’s purchased the United States rights to their chocolate business for $300 million, which included the Mounds, Almond Joy, and York Peppermint Patties brands, in\",\n \"id\": \"10641498\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Julius Sumner Miller\\n\\n\\n5-minute segment each episode where he demonstrated physics experiments and explained the principles involved. In the 1970s, Miller was also an occasional guest on \\\"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\\\" in the United States. During the 1980s, Miller appeared in a famous series of Australian television commercials for Cadbury chocolate, using his stock phrase \\\"Why is it so?\\\", demonstrating a simple scientific principle, and describing how each block of chocolate \\\"embraces substantial nourishment and enjoyment,\\\" and contained \\\"a glass and a half of full\",\n \"id\": \"5425510\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Symphony (candy)\\n\\n\\nSymphony is a variety of two chocolate bars made by The Hershey Company under the Hershey brand name. The milk chocolate contains the identical ingredients used in the regular chocolate bars made by Hershey's, but have varying amounts of some ingredients (specifically cocoa butter, chocolate and lactose) in order to give a creamier flavor. It marked the first departure from Hershey's original milk chocolate recipe in 1894 designed by Milton Hershey. The name \\\"Symphony\\\" is given to the bars because it is supposed to be a treat to the\",\n \"id\": \"11070756\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey Creamery Company\\n\\n\\nand of unfair competition\\\". Ziegler found that in addition to making similar products, the packaging used on the chocolates resembled that used by Hershey Company—then called Hershey Chocolate. Investigating complaints from retailers in Boston, New York, Binghamton, Norfolk, and Richmond, Ziegler reportedly found that retailers were confusing the two products, and sometimes deliberately replacing the higher priced Hershey Company products with the Hershey Creamery products. In Harrisburg, Ziegler found a display of Hershey Creamery \\\"Hershey Kisses\\\", which were bite-sized chocolate drops\",\n \"id\": \"979650\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury\\n\\n\\noil as a filling some ingredients. Over the next several years, Cadbury began downsizing its products, including trimming chocolate blocks in 2015. On 16 February 2017, it was reported that Cadbury would be closing its factory in Dunedin, New Zealand by March 2018. This is estimated to lead to the loss of 350 jobs. Amanda Banfield, Mondelez's vice-president for Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, clarified that the closure was done due to Mondelez's decision to shift chocolate manufacturing to Cadbury's Australian factories.\",\n \"id\": \"10159902\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Darrell Lea\\n\\n\\nover 800 products, including chocolate boxes, sugar free products and fundraising items with 60 extra items created seasonally for Easter and Christmas. In the review conducted by the Quinn family after the restructure, the company eliminated or put on hold many of the lesser-known products to concentrate on expanding the sales and distribution of its more profitable products. In April 2008, Darrell Lea won a five-year legal battle brought by rival chocolate company Cadbury over Darrell Lea's use of the colour purple on its packaging (which Cadbury uses\",\n \"id\": \"17094281\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vegemite\\n\\n\\nB6 and B12 vitamins as well as 50% less sodium\\\", and was designed in response to consumer demand for foods with lower sugar and salt content plus additional health benefits. Immediate reaction and media reports regarding the new formula were largely positive, but Kraft Foods Australia discontinued the \\\"My First Vegemite\\\" product line in 2012 due to poor sales performance. In April 2015, Cadbury announced that it was to release a Vegemite-flavoured block of chocolate on 1 June. The chocolate block is Cadbury's Caramello block updated by\",\n \"id\": \"14214815\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey Creamery Company\\n\\n\\nsimilar to the chocolate company's creations. After cease and desist letters failed to resolve the problem, Milton Hershey filed suit in 1921 in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania for trademark infringement. In 1926, a district judged partially sided with Hershey Chocolate and prohibited the creamery from using the name Hershey's in connection with \\\"manufacture, advertisement, distribution, or sale of, among other things, chocolate, cocoa, chocolate confections, and chocolate or cocoa products\\\". In 1958, the creamery registered\",\n \"id\": \"979651\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury\\n\\n\\n, Cadbury announced via its Facebook page that the size of its family chocolate blocks will be reduced once again in Australia and New Zealand, to 180g. “Rather than raising the recommended retail price, we’ve made the call to reduce the size of our Cadbury family blocks, and also bring down the recommended retail price slightly, so that our blocks can continue to be an affordable treat for all Australians,” the company said. In the run-up to Easter 2019, Cadbury launched a \\\"Treasures\\\" promotion\",\n \"id\": \"10159923\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey's Kisses\\n\\n\\nin the US. In 1989, the chocolate drops were the 5th most popular chocolate brand in the United States, spawning sales that topped $400 million. More than 60 million Hershey's Kisses chocolates are produced each day at the company's two factories. Today's Kisses brand chocolates use Hershey's original milk chocolate formula. In 2005 Hershey's Kissables were introduced as a smaller sized, candy coated version of Kisses chocolates. They were discontinued in 2009. Though originally made of solely milk chocolate, many variations of the Kisses\",\n \"id\": \"11140126\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of Hersheypark\\n\\n\\nof the name fell out of use and on June 1, 1905, the newborn town was officially named Hershey. At the same time, Hershey and several business partners, involved with the chocolate company, created the Hershey Trust Company, which would becoming the owner of the future amusement park after Hershey's death in 1945, and the Hershey Improvement Company, which would later be merged with the park and other non-chocolate related operations to form Hershey Estates. With the chocolate factory and the relocation of the Hershey Chocolate Company\",\n \"id\": \"11856970\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mr. Goodbar\\n\\n\\nan individual product and as one of the varieties of Hershey's Miniatures. The formula was modified in 1995 to add more peanuts. In 2008, Hershey replaced cocoa butter with cheaper oil substitutes. Hershey changed the description of the product and altered the packaging slightly along with the ingredients. Though the formula contained chocolate, according to United States Food and Drug Administration food labeling laws, these modified recipes that do not contain cocoa butter cannot be legally described as milk chocolate. By 2014, milk chocolate returned as the primary ingredient\",\n \"id\": \"20179599\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury\\n\\n\\ncreating market specific commercials, reaching more of the Maltese population than ever through digital advertising. The Cadbury signature logo is derived from the signature of William Cadbury. It was adopted as the worldwide logo in the 1970s. Cadbury famously trademarked the colour purple for chocolates with registrations in 1995 and 2004. However, the validity of these trademarks is the matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by Nestlé. In 2008, Todd Stitzer, Cadbury's CEO, was paid a £2,665,000 bonus. Combined with his annual salary of £\",\n \"id\": \"10159911\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of Cadbury\\n\\n\\nimprove the living conditions of company employees. Dairy Milk chocolate, introduced in 1905, used a higher proportion of milk within the recipe compared with rival products. By 1914, the chocolate was the company's best-selling product. Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons in 1919, and Schweppes in 1969. Cadbury was a constant constituent of the FTSE 100 from the index's 1984 inception until the company was bought by Kraft Foods in 2010. In 1824, John Cadbury began selling tea, coffee, and drinking chocolate\",\n \"id\": \"7742529\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Flake (chocolate bar)\\n\\n\\nFlake is a brand of chocolate bar currently manufactured by Cadbury consisting of thinly folded milk chocolate. The later product, Cadbury Twirl (chocolate bar), created by Cadbury, has very close similarities to the Flake, and could be considered as a companion covered Flake product. The original Flake product was first developed in 1920 and was discovered by chance by an employee of Cadbury's at the Bournville factory who noticed thin streams of excess chocolate falling from moulds cooled into flaky ripples. By 1930, Cadbury's was selling half-\",\n \"id\": \"3647434\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury's Chocolate Factory, Tasmania\\n\\n\\nCadbury's Chocolate Factory is a working chocolate factory belonging to the Australian division of international confectionery company Cadbury (a division of Mondelez International), and is located in Claremont, Tasmania. Despite being an active production facility, Cadbury's Claremont has a rich history with 18 heritage listed buildings on the site. The factory still features pure granite \\\"conching\\\" machines which are over 60 years old but are still in use. Due to its long history, and the general appeal of chocolate, the factory was a major Tasmanian tourism\",\n \"id\": \"19349895\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"John Cadbury\\n\\n\\nJohn Cadbury (12 August 1801 – 11 May 1889) was an English proprietor and founder of Cadbury, the chocolate business based in Birmingham, England. John Cadbury was born in Birmingham on 12 August 1801 to Richard Tapper Cadbury and his wife Elizabeth Head. He was from a wealthy Quaker family that moved to the area from the west of England. John went to school at Joseph Crosfields Quaker School at Hartshill, Warwickshire. As a Quaker in the early 19th century, he was not allowed to enter a university, so\",\n \"id\": \"7182144\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury\\n\\n\\nCadbury among Britain's most successful exports. Cadbury was established in Birmingham, England in 1824, by John Cadbury who sold tea, coffee and drinking chocolate. Cadbury developed the business with his brother Benjamin, followed by his sons Richard and George. George developed the Bournville estate, a model village designed to give the company's workers improved living conditions. Dairy Milk chocolate, introduced in 1905, used a higher proportion of milk within the recipe compared with rival products. By 1914, the chocolate was the company's best-\",\n \"id\": \"10159860\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey's Chocolate World\\n\\n\\nHershey’s Chocolate World is the name of eight visitor centers that started in Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States. Open year-round, Hershey's Chocolate World offers marketplace shops and restaurants, specializing in Hershey's chocolate products. Attractions include Hershey's Great Chocolate Factory Mystery in 4D, the Hershey Trolley Works, Wrap Happiness, and a free Chocolate Tour ride. The first Hershey's Chocolate World is located off of Hersheypark Drive, in Hershey, Pennsylvania, and is in an entertainment complex that also includes Hersheypark, Hersheypark Stadium\",\n \"id\": \"8417162\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey's Chocolate World\\n\\n\\n, Hersheypark Arena, Hershey Museum, and Giant Center. The Las Vegas location is where the Broadway Theatre used to be. Although Hersheypark and Chocolate World are in the same complex, both operate independently of each other. Chocolate World is owned by The Hershey Company (formerly Hershey Foods), while Hersheypark is owned by Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company (HE&R). However, the Hershey Company and HE&R are both owned by the Hershey Trust Company. Parking is available via a separate lot that is free for the first three\",\n \"id\": \"8417163\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury\\n\\n\\nto Hershey's for $284.5 million cash plus the assumption of $30 million in debt. Snapple, Mistic and Stewart's (formerly Cable Car Beverage) were sold by Triarc to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $1.45 billion. In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc. In 2003, Cadbury Schweppes acquired Adams, the US chewing gum operations of Pfizer Inc., for $4.2 billion, making Cadbury the world’s biggest confectionary company. In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes\",\n \"id\": \"10159878\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chocolate\\n\\n\\nIn 2007, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association in the United States, whose members include Hershey, Nestlé, and Archer Daniels Midland, lobbied the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change the legal definition of chocolate to let them substitute partially hydrogenated vegetable oils for cocoa butter, in addition to using artificial sweeteners and milk substitutes. Currently, the FDA does not allow a product to be referred to as \\\"chocolate\\\" if the product contains any of these ingredients. In the EU a product can be sold as chocolate if it\",\n \"id\": \"7416417\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury\\n\\n\\n, on suspicion of contamination with melamine. The recall affected the mainland China markets, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Australia. Products recalled included Dark Chocolate, a number of products in the 'Dairy Milk' range and Chocolate Éclairs. Cadbury continues to use hydrogenated oils in many of its signature products. Although trans fats are present, the nutrition labels round the values down to zero. Cadbury recalled two chocolate products after it was tested positive for traces of pork DNA, namely Cadbury Dairy Milk Hazelnut and Cadbury Dairy Milk Roast Almond\",\n \"id\": \"10159919\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Roses\\n\\n\\nOn You' and included television advertisements presented by the comedian Norman Vaughan. UK, Isle of Man & Republic of Ireland Australia Cadbury Roses Pots Of Joy Strawberry Dream: milk chocolate yoghurt made with real Cadbury chocolate with a strawberry yoghurt layer. Launched 2014. Cadbury Roses Pots Of Joy Hazelnut Whirl: milk chocolate yoghurt made with real Cadbury chocolate with a hazelnut caramel yoghurt layer. Launched 2014. Cadbury Roses Favourites Strawberry Dream: a limited edition bag of Strawberry Dream chocolates. Launching September 2014 as a limited edition. Cadbury Roses\",\n \"id\": \"6102970\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of Cadbury\\n\\n\\nin the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's \\\"ethos\\\". Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets. But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer. The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite, who estimated that a takeover by Kraft could put 30,000 jobs \\\"at risk\\\". Controversially, RBS, a bank\",\n \"id\": \"7742551\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury\\n\\n\\nIn 1847, John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as \\\"Cadbury Brothers\\\". In 1847, Cadbury's competitor Fry's of Bristol produced the first chocolate bar (which would be mass-produced as Fry's Chocolate Cream in 1866). Cadbury introduced his brand of the chocolate bar in 1849, and that same year, Cadbury and Fry's chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a trade fair in Bingley Hall, Birmingham. The Cadbury brothers opened an office in London, and in\",\n \"id\": \"10159863\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey's Chocolate World\\n\\n\\nLas Vegas location, Hershey then rebranded all other visitor centers worldwide under the Hershey's Chocolate World name. In July 2016, it was announced that Hershey's Chocolate World would expand to a new location in Times Square and would open in late 2017. The rest of Hershey's Chocolate World contains various shops selling Hershey souvenirs and chocolate, and several counter service meal locations (Dessert Creation Studio, Hershey's Courtyard Food Court, and Hershey's Ice Cream Shop). The main candy store is one of the largest stores of\",\n \"id\": \"8417167\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker\\n\\n\\nScharffen Berger Chocolate is a line of chocolate produced by Artisan Confections Company, a subsidiary of The Hershey Company. Acquired by Hershey in 2005, it was formerly Scharffen Berger Chocolate Maker, an independent Berkeley, California-based chocolate maker, founded in 1996 by sparkling wine maker John Scharffenberger and physician Robert Steinberg. The company was a manufacturer of chocolate — as opposed to the far more common chocolatiers, who make their products using chocolate acquired from wholesalers and manufacturers — the first American company founded in the past 50 years to make\",\n \"id\": \"12868938\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"99 Flake\\n\\n\\nmanufactured and marketed by Cadburys itself was first developed in the UK in 1920. An employee of Cadbury's noted that when the excess chocolate from the moulds used to create other chocolate bars was drained off, it fell off in a stream and created folded chocolate with flaking properties. The early \\\"99 Flake\\\" was a wafer \\\"sandwich\\\", not a flake bar inserted into a cone of ice cream. It consisted of a small chocolate flake inserted between two servings of ice cream and placed between two wafer biscuits. In\",\n \"id\": \"16870537\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey, Pennsylvania\\n\\n\\nHershey is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Derry Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States. Hershey's chocolates are made in Hershey, which was founded by candy magnate Milton S. Hershey. The community is located east of Harrisburg and is part of the Harrisburg−Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area. Hershey has no legal status as an incorporated municipality, and all its municipal services are provided by Derry Township. The population was 14,257 at the 2010 census. It is popularly called \\\"Chocolatetown, USA\\\".\",\n \"id\": \"8290661\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Dairy Milk\\n\\n\\n14 September 2007, Cadbury Schweppes investigated a manufacturing error over allergy warnings, recalling for the second time in two years thousands of chocolate bars. A printing mistake at the Keynsham factory resulted in the omission of nut allergy labels from 250g Dairy Milk Double Chocolate bars. The 2008 Chinese milk scandal affected Cadbury, when much of the Cadbury Dairy Milk manufactured in mainland China was tainted with melamine. Although it can be safely used in plastic manufacturing, melamine is toxic, particularly to infants. In 2003 worms were found in the\",\n \"id\": \"13310007\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Milton S. Hershey\\n\\n\\nuse fresh milk to mass-produce quality milk chocolate. Hershey continued to experiment and perfect the process of making milk chocolate using the techniques he had first learned for adding milk to make caramels when he had moved to Drexel Hill. Since Hershey and his wife could not have children, they decided to help others, establishing the Hershey Industrial School with a Deed of Trust in 1909. In 1918, Hershey transferred the majority of his assets, including control of the company, to the Milton Hershey School Trust fund, to benefit\",\n \"id\": \"5201418\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fry's Turkish Delight\\n\\n\\nchocolates. In the UK, Cadbury also manufacture the Dairy Milk Turkish, using dairy milk chocolate with a slightly different Turkish centre, in the familiar block bar form. As of August 2010 production of Fry's Turkish Delight (along with other products such as Fry's Peppermint Cream, Crunchie etc.) for the UK market is based in Poland. They also now contain no artificial colours (changed from E129 Allura Red AC to natural E160a carotenes and E162 Beetroot Red.) In New Zealand they are still made with artificial\",\n \"id\": \"17001940\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fry's Chocolate Cream\\n\\n\\nsat alongside each other despite essentially being the same bar is unclear. Cadbury also produced a solid milk chocolate bar called \\\"Five Boys\\\" using the Fry's trademark from 1902 until 1976. Cadbury produced milk and plain chocolate sandwich bars under the Fry's branding also. Fry's chocolate bar was promoted by model George Lazenby, who later portrayed James Bond in \\\"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\\\", in 1969. The Fry's chocolate bar was first produced in Union Street, Bristol, England in 1866, where the\",\n \"id\": \"17001575\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company\\n\\n\\nhim realize that he should split his operations such that if the chocolate company ever failed again as it had, it wouldn't directly impact the town as the DeCamp period had. In 1927, the Hershey Chocolate Company was reorganized and divided into several independent entities under the ownership of Hershey Trust Company. The chocolate company was incorporated and renamed Hershey Chocolate Corporation (today known as The Hershey Company) on October 24. (A prior company called Hershey Chocolate Corporation existed in the early 1920s when National City Bank took control of Hershey\",\n \"id\": \"21773071\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Milton S. Hershey\\n\\n\\nOn March 2, 1903, he began construction on what was to become the world's largest chocolate manufacturing company. The facility, completed in 1905, was designed to manufacture chocolate using the latest mass production techniques. Hershey's milk chocolate quickly became the first nationally marketed product of its kind. The factory was in the center of a dairy farmland, but with Hershey's support, houses, businesses, churches and a transportation infrastructure accreted around the plant. Because the land was surrounded by dairy farms, Hershey was able to\",\n \"id\": \"5201417\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chocolate Avenue\\n\\n\\nHershey when he built up the town for his chocolate empire; the other was Cocoa Avenue, which intersects Chocolate Avenue to form the town square. The name of the street was selected by Milton Hershey himself. He picked names for many streets in the town that related to chocolate. Chocolate Avenue is known for its street lamps that are shaped like Hershey's Kisses. These unique lamps were designed by engineers with the Line Material Company and manufactured using a process called aluminum metal spinning in 1963. Some of the kisses are shown\",\n \"id\": \"6603096\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme\\n\\n\\nHershey's Cookies 'n' Creme is a candy bar manufactured by The Hershey Company. Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme is a flat, white candy bar containing small, uniformly-shaped cookie bits similar in taste and texture to an Oreo. It was introduced in 1994. The \\\"king-sized\\\" variant of the bar shares the dimensions of the original bar but is thicker vertically. This is one of the few Hershey's chocolates sold in the United Kingdom. The standard-sized bar has 12 rectangular blocks\",\n \"id\": \"14612273\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Milton S. Hershey Mansion\\n\\n\\nThe Milton S. Hershey Mansion, also known as High Point, is a historic house at 100 Mansion Road East in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Built in 1908, it was the home of Hershey Chocolate founder Milton S. Hershey (1857-1945) from 1908 until his death. Hershey is credited with introducing the mass production of chocolate to be sold at low prices, and operated what became the world's largest chocolate maker. His house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983. It presently houses the offices of the Hershey Trust\",\n \"id\": \"19282798\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey, Pennsylvania\\n\\n\\n's national soccer team, is from here. The community is home to The Hershey Company, which makes the well-known Hershey Bar and Hershey's Kisses and is the parent company of the H. B. Reese Candy Company, manufacturer of Reese's Peanut Butter Cups. Hershey's Chocolate World is a factory store and virtual tour ride of The Hershey Company. The original Hershey Chocolate Factory, located downtown along Chocolate Avenue, was closed in 2012 due to high operational costs. Although many of the former factory buildings have been demolished\",\n \"id\": \"8290671\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company\\n\\n\\nHershey Entertainment and Resorts Company is a privately held corporation based in Pennsylvania. Milton S. Hershey established HE&R in 1927 to distinguish and separate his chocolate manufacturing company from his other business ventures. All of his non-chocolate producing businesses were established as Hershey Estates, renamed Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company in 1980. In 1894, Milton S. Hershey founded the Hershey Chocolate Company as a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company. In 1900, the American Caramel Company offered to purchase the Lancaster Caramel Company for $1 million. Hershey accepted the\",\n \"id\": \"21773066\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Checkout\\n\\n\\ntheir \\\"Joyville\\\" campaign which promoted a 10% increase (from 200gm to 220gm) in the size of the family blocks of chocolate which \\\"The Checkout\\\" portrayed as ironic given that Cadbury had previously reduced the blocks by 20% from 250gm to 200gm. Another was on Anaconda Mountain Bikes which are sold as such but are actually built for road-use only. The show also includes the segment 'F U Tube' that allow viewers to upload their own queries or complaints about goods or services they have purchased.\",\n \"id\": \"11925645\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rowntree's\\n\\n\\nentered into a long-term agreement with Hershey whereby Hershey would produce Rowntree products under license in the US. Rowntree merged with John Mackintosh and Co in 1969, to become Rowntree Mackintosh. Mackintosh produced Rolo, Munchies, Caramac, and Quality Street. Hershey's began U.S. distribution of Kit Kat in 1970 and followed in 1971 with Rolo. In 1971, Rowntree Mackintosh acquired Menier Chocolate of France. In the same year, the board attempted to diversify the business, and made a bid for Bovril, but lost out to\",\n \"id\": \"578735\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey's Chocolate World\\n\\n\\nhours only, or via the Hersheypark parking lot (when the park is open), which offers a tram service to and from Hershey's Chocolate World. While the facility is open year-round (except Christmas), hours vary depending on the season, ranging anywhere from 9 am to 11 pm. Hershey's Chocolate World was built as a replacement of the Hershey chocolate plant tour, which had reached its capacity and was no longer able to handle the large numbers of visitors per year. The facility opened on June\",\n \"id\": \"8417164\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Roses\\n\\n\\nCadbury Roses are a selection of machine wrapped chocolates made by Cadbury. Introduced in 1938, they are named after the English packaging equipment company \\\"Rose Brothers\\\" (later Rose Forgrove), based in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, that manufactured and supplied the machines that wrapped the chocolates, although in 2016 the US owners of the company made a controversial decision to wrap the chocolates in identical sized \\\"flow wraps\\\". They are an extremely common gift on Mothering Sunday and sell well throughout the Christmas period. They are available in plastic\",\n \"id\": \"6102968\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadburys Tempo\\n\\n\\nTempo was a chocolate bar produced by Cadbury South Africa, described as a \\\"Shortcake biscuit and caramel covered in Cadbury's dairy milk chocolate\\\". The chocolate bar was unique to South Africa. Cadbury's South Africa also produces other bars only available in South Africa, such as \\\"P.S\\\", \\\"Astro's\\\" and \\\"Question\\\". The shortcake biscuit is surrounded by smooth, creamy caramel then smothered in Cadbury milk chocolate. Tempo was developed by Barry Fern and marketed by Lois Wagner in 1986 and was the most\",\n \"id\": \"5195849\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey Creamery Company\\n\\n\\nof its warehouse also improved inventory management, order accuracy, and has helped the company continue its growth. Hershey Creamery has been involved in multiple legal disputes with the similarly named Hershey Company, founded around the same time in the city of Lancaster by Milton S. Hershey—despite the proximity, no relation to the founding Hershey brothers. The first troubles came after the Hershey Creamery began producing chocolate candy and cocoa. Milton S. Hershey learned of the candies in 1919, and assigned Charles Ziegler to \\\"find instances of confusion and infringement\",\n \"id\": \"979649\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury\\n\\n\\nPoland. Cadbury Adams produces candy, gum, breath mints and cough drops. It is headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey. The company was formed after the then Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Adams brand from Pfizer in December 2002 for US$4.2 billion. American Chicle was purchased by Warner-Lambert in 1962; Warner-Lambert renamed the unit Adams in 1997 and merged with Pfizer in 2000. In 1978, Cadbury merged with Peter Paul, makers of Mounds and Almond Joy. In 1988, The Hershey Company acquired the U.S. rights\",\n \"id\": \"10159895\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey's Kisses\\n\\n\\nHershey's Kisses is a brand of chocolate manufactured by The Hershey Company. The bite-sized pieces of chocolate have a distinctive shape, commonly described as flat-bottomed teardrops. Hershey's Kisses chocolates are wrapped in squares of lightweight aluminum foil with a narrow strip of paper protruding from the top. The Hershey Kisses were first introduced in 1907. At first, the Hershey Kisses were wrapped by hands and fingers but in 1921, a machine was made so the Kisses would be wrapped automatically. Brothers Walter, Howard and Raymond\",\n \"id\": \"11140124\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Hershey Story\\n\\n\\nThe Hershey Story, The Museum on Chocolate Avenue is devoted to the history and legacy of Milton S. Hershey and the chocolate candy confections he invented. It is located at 63 West Chocolate Avenue in downtown Hershey, Pennsylvania, and opened in January 2009. The interactive Museum Experience chronicles Milton Hershey's life, businesses, community and philanthropies. The Chocolate Lab explores the unique qualities of chocolate through playful, hands-on experiences. The Apprentice Program provides children with activities to complete throughout the Museum Experience. Countries of Origin Chocolate Tasting\",\n \"id\": \"1382862\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Fingers\\n\\n\\nof 4 fingers. Cadbury Fingers are now available in four different flavours; toffee, white chocolate, dark chocolate and double chocolate, and are made in the following varieties: Cadbury Snack Fingers were available in the late 1970s & early 1980s for a few years. Australian varieties: Fabulous Fingers, the first sub-brand under the Cadbury Fingers brand, was launched in November 2011 with a £2m campaign. In the 1990s, adverts featured comedian Michael Barrymore singing songs about Cadbury Fingers and making note of the chocolate coating\",\n \"id\": \"19572301\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Snack\\n\\n\\nA Cadbury Snack is a shortcake biscuit squares or two biscuits with chocolate filling, covered with milk chocolate. Three versions of Cadbury Snack are available in the United Kingdom and Ireland: Snack Shortcake (chocolate-coated shortbread in a yellow wrapper), Snack Wafer (chocolate-covered wafer fingers in a pink wrapper) and Snack Sandwich, an individual chocolate-and-biscuit bar similar to the original Jacob's Club biscuit. In February 2015, Cadbury announced that it was ceasing production of the Snack Wafer due to declining sales\",\n \"id\": \"5508417\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rowntree's\\n\\n\\nFitzgerald has accused the company of being slow in new product development and marketing compared to its major competitor of the period, Cadbury. Fitzgerald suggests that Joseph Rowntree imitated the successes of competitors, (Cadbury's Cocoa Essence, French fruit pastilles) and that under his leadership, the company did not introduce any innovations of its own. Around 1898, the company acquired its own cocoa plantations in the West Indies. In 1899, Rowntree introduced its first milk chocolate block. Rowntree had struggled to make a milk chocolate product of comparable\",\n \"id\": \"578729\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Milton S. Hershey\\n\\n\\n. The former Hershey Museum displayed a copy of the check Milton Hershey wrote to the White Star Line as a deposit for a first-class stateroom on the \\\"Titanic\\\". This copy is now located in the archives of the Hershey Story Museum, which replaced the original Hershey Museum in 2009. Hershey Chocolate supplied the U.S. armed forces with chocolate bars during World War II. These bars were called Ration D Bars and Tropical Chocolate Bars. The Ration D Bar had very specific requirements from the army: It had to weigh\",\n \"id\": \"5201423\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pennsylvania chocolate workers' strike, 1937\\n\\n\\nthe machines were switched off and whole buildings went silent. Some sat down at their posts, others went outside to picket, and hundreds took to the roofs of factory buildings along Chocolate Avenue. During lunchtime, the workers still loyal to Hershey went home. It is unclear how many actually took part in the strike—organizers claim 1,200 while Hershey executives say 400. Strikers decided they would sit-down in shifts. Food would be supplied by a union kitchen, surveillance cameras would make sure Hershey’s property was not damaged\",\n \"id\": \"3887212\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"C. Emlen Urban\\n\\n\\nworked in Hershey, Pennsylvania during its developing period. Urban knew Milton Hershey through Lancaster's Hamilton Club. As Hershey developed, Urban designed all of the main buildings constructed between 1903 and 1926, including the Original Hershey Chocolate Company Offices and factory (1903), Cocoa House (1 Chocolate Avenue) (1905), Hershey Trust Company (1 W. Chocolate Avenue) (1914), Community Building and Hershey Theatre (14 E. Chocolate Avenue) (1915, 1928-1932), and Convention Hall (former Hershey Museum\",\n \"id\": \"5669872\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey's Special Dark\\n\\n\\nHershey's special dark is a chocolate bar manufactured by The Hershey Company. Special Dark is similar to a standard Hershey bar, but is made with a dark (or semi-sweet) variety of chocolate, and contains a higher percentage (45%) of cocoa solids, chocolate liquor and cocoa butter than milk chocolate. The Special Dark bar replaced the similar, if not identical, \\\"Hershey's Semi-Sweet\\\" bar in the company's product lineup in the early 1970s. Hershey's Special Dark is available in\",\n \"id\": \"20179603\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Types of chocolate\\n\\n\\nice cream. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the naming and ingredients of cocoa products: In March 2007, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association, whose members include Hershey's, Nestlé, and Archer Daniels Midland, began lobbying the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change the legal definition of chocolate to allow the substitution of \\\"safe and suitable vegetable fats and oils\\\" (including partially hydrogenated vegetable oils) for cocoa butter in addition to using \\\"any sweetening agent\\\" (including artificial sweeteners) and\",\n \"id\": \"20779787\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Hershey Company\\n\\n\\nThe Hershey Company, (known until April 2005 as the Hershey Foods Corporation) commonly called Hershey's or Hershey, is an American company and one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world. It also manufactures baked products, such as cookies, cakes, milk shakes, drinks and many more. Its headquarters are in Hershey, Pennsylvania, which is also home to Hersheypark and Hershey's Chocolate World. It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company, a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company.\",\n \"id\": \"5143661\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company\\n\\n\\nfor one dollar. On December 12, Hershey Estates relocated from Lebanon to Hershey. On December 20, Hershey Chocolate Company filed notice to the Dauphin County prothonotary's office and the Secretary of the Commonwealth's office that they were no longer connected in the operation of various companies including Hersheypark and Hershey Laundry. This formally separated operations between Hershey Estates properties and Hershey Chocolate Company operations. In 1933, The Hotel Hershey opened, becoming Hershey Estate's second hotel in Hershey. Hershey Estates was a conglomeration, having ownership of such things\",\n \"id\": \"21773074\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Twirl (chocolate bar)\\n\\n\\nTwirl is a type of chocolate bar currently manufactured by the brand Cadbury United Kingdom. Introduced by Cadbury United Kingdom as a single bar in the early 1970s, it was repackaged in 1984 as a twin bar. Although still produced in the United Kingdom it has been marketed internationally since the 1990s and is now one of the best-selling chocolate single bar Cadbury owns. It consists of two Flake-style bars covered in milk chocolate. It's rumoured that the Twirl concept evolved from an over-spill flaw in the Flake\",\n \"id\": \"2710456\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Hershey Company\\n\\n\\nto concentrate on chocolate manufacturing, stating to people who questioned him, \\\"Caramels are just a fad, but chocolate is a permanent thing.\\\" In 1896, Milton built a milk-processing plant so he could create and refine a recipe for milk chocolate candies. In 1899, he developed the Hershey process, which is less sensitive to milk quality than traditional methods. In 1900, he began manufacturing Hershey's Milk Chocolate Bars, also called Hershey's Bars or Hershey Bars. In 1903, Hershey began construction of a\",\n \"id\": \"5143664\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chocolate box art\\n\\n\\nChocolate box art originally referred literally to decorations on chocolate boxes. Over the years, however, the terminology has changed; it is now applied broadly as an often pejorative term to describe paintings and designs that are overly idealistic and sentimental. Using his own paintings of children, flowers and holiday scenes Richard Cadbury, the son of the founder of Cadbury's, introduced such designs to his chocolate boxes in the late 19th century. Renoir's paintings have been described as \\\"chocolate box\\\" and have been derided by Degas and Picasso\",\n \"id\": \"9092717\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chocolate Avenue\\n\\n\\nChocolate Avenue is a street in Hershey, Pennsylvania, that runs past the site of the original Hershey's Chocolate Factory, and is considered to be the main street of the town. It runs northeasterly from Hersheypark Drive to the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 3017 (Lingle Avenue), at which point the road crosses into Lebanon County and continues as Main Street in Palmyra Borough. Most of Chocolate Avenue is a segment of U.S. Route 422. Chocolate Avenue was one of the first two streets built in the town of Hershey by Milton\",\n \"id\": \"6603095\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury Caramilk\\n\\n\\nCaramilk is a candy bar made by Cadbury in Canada. It was first sold in 1968 in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. Variations available, some of them limited editions, include Caramilk made with dark chocolate, maple flavoured, chocolate flavoured, or cappuccino. Thicker versions called \\\"Caramilk Thick\\\" and cylindrical versions called \\\"Caramilk Rolls\\\" (similar to Rolo) have also been introduced. One of the advertising campaigns for Caramilk bars revolved around the question of how the centre of the confection was put into the\",\n \"id\": \"9857630\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey bar\\n\\n\\npoint that other manufacturers often add butyric acid to their milk chocolates. The American bar's taste profile was not as popular with the Canadian public, leading Hershey to introduce a reformulated Canadian bar in 1983. Until 2015, Hershey also added polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) to their chocolate. Artificial vanillin was also removed in 2015. In addition to the standard Milk Chocolate and Milk Chocolate with Almonds varieties, Hershey's produces several other chocolate bars in various flavors: Special Dark chocolate, Cookies 'N' Creme, Symphony (both\",\n \"id\": \"17940642\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Military chocolate (United States)\\n\\n\\nCompany. When provided as a morale boost or care package, military chocolate is often no different from normal store-bought bars in taste and composition. However, they are frequently packaged or molded differently. The World War II K ration issued in temperate climates sometimes included a bar of Hershey's commercial-formula sweet chocolate. But instead of being the typical flat thin bar, the K ration chocolate was a thick rectangular bar that was square at each end (in tropical regions, the K ration used Hershey's Tropical Bar\",\n \"id\": \"9429711\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cadbury's Chocolate Factory, Tasmania\\n\\n\\n. The building of the new complex was a massive undertaking, and the new facility was modelled upon Cadbury's Bournville facilities, down to the provision of housing, shops, and sports and other facilities for the employees. The new estate was called \\\"Cadbury's Estate\\\" and was located on the banks of the Derwent River in Claremont to the north of Glenorchy. Most of the milk used to make Cadbury's products is sourced from the North-West region of Tasmania and processed at Cadbury's Burnie milk depot. The\",\n \"id\": \"19349897\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dagoba Chocolate\\n\\n\\nand syrup) 100% of the cacao beans used to produce Dagoba Chocolate products are Rainforest Alliance Certified. Dagoba's specialty is their line of 2.83 oz flavor-infused bars created by what the company calls \\\"The Art of Chocolate Alchemy™\\\". Here is a list of the current product line of Dagoba chocolate bars. Percentages indicate the cacao content. Dagoba Chocolate also produces a line of Drinking Chocolates: Dagoba Chocolate also produces In October 2006, Dagoba was acquired by The Hershey Company. Hershey's CEO Richard H. Lenny\",\n \"id\": \"22061929\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Milton S. Hershey\\n\\n\\nThere, he could obtain the large supplies of fresh milk needed to perfect and produce fine milk chocolate. Excited by the potential of milk chocolate, which at that time was a luxury product, Hershey was determined to develop a formula for milk chocolate and market and sell it to the American public. Through trial and error, he created his own formula for milk chocolate. The first Hershey bar was produced in 1900. Hershey's Kisses were developed in 1907, and the Hershey's Bar with almonds was introduced in 1908.\",\n \"id\": \"5201416\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hershey's Special Dark\\n\\n\\na variety of sizes. There are also Special Dark versions of Hershey's Kisses, chocolate syrup, chocolate chips, baking chocolate, cocoa, and Hershey's Nuggets. Hershey's Special Dark is a component of the traditional Hershey's Miniatures assortment first sold in 1939, when the Special Dark was called Semi-Sweet. In 2006, Hershey's began selling \\\"Hershey's Special Dark Miniatures\\\", which included the plain Special Dark bar, along with dark bars with peanuts (similar to a Mr. Goodbar) and with crisped\",\n \"id\": \"20179604\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery\\n\\n\\n1960s, establishing production facilities in Hamburg, Dijon, Elst and Noisiel. After Eights were launched in 1962. In 1969, the Rowntree board rejected a £37 million takeover bid from General Foods. In 1969, Rowntree entered into a long-term agreement with Hershey whereby Hershey would produce Rowntree products under license in the US. Rowntree merged with John Mackintosh and Co in 1969, to become Rowntree Mackintosh. Mackintosh produced Rolo, Munchies, Caramac and Quality Street. The Yorkie and Lion chocolate bars were introduced in 1976.\",\n \"id\": \"7114654\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chocolate bar\\n\\n\\na paste that could then be molded into a solid chocolate bar for consumption. Inspired by Fry, John Cadbury, founder of Cadbury, introduced his brand of the chocolate bar in 1849. That same year, Fry and Cadbury chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a trade fair in Bingley Hall, Birmingham. Fry's chocolate factory, J. S. Fry & Sons of Bristol, England, began mass-producing chocolate bars and they became very popular. Over 220 Fry's products were introduced in the following decades, including Fry's\",\n \"id\": \"13310809\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Hershey Company\\n\\n\\ncandy\\\" and \\\"chocolaty.\\\" In April 2014, the Hershey chocolate plant on East Chocolate Avenue in Hershey Pennsylvania was demolished to make way for mixed-use development. A 2016 attempt to sell Hershey to Mondelez International was scuttled because of objections by the Hershey Trust. Harry Burnett Reese invented Reese's Peanut Butter Cups after founding the H.B. Reese Candy Company in 1923. Reese died on May 16, 1956 in West Palm Beach, Florida leaving the company to his six sons. On July 2, 1963 the H.B. Reese\",\n \"id\": \"5143671\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":81,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Why are eye colors only blue, green or brown and not other colors like purple, orange or yellow?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"42tb8b"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"Eye color comes from the amount of a specific pigment/dye in your iris called *melanin*. Melanin is a brown pigment found in many places throughout your body, including your hair and skin. The more melanin in your skin, the darker it is. With a few exceptions (I'll get to them later), every eye color comes from a different level of melanin in the topmost layer of the iris. The more melanin, the darker and browner the eye. The less melanin, the lighter and bluer the eye. Green eyes are just blue with a slight tinge of brown. Hazel eyes are a moderate amount of brown. The reason that no melanin = blue is the same reason the sky is blue. It's an optical effect called [Rayleigh scattering]( URL_0 ). The light waves get mixed up and \\\"scattered\\\" by the tiny transparent molecules of the top layer of the iris. Blue light is scattered more than other colors, making the whole area appear blue. There isn't actually any blue pigment in the eye (or in the sky); it's all an optical illusion. There are eye colors that are outside this blue < - > brown spectrum, though. These are amber (gold-ish), gray, and violet. Amber eyes come from a different pigment called lipochrome. Gray eyes are \\\"cloudy\\\" blue eyes. The molecules in the iris have banded together into larger \\\"clumps\\\". The optical effect of this is the same as water molecules clumping together into water droplets and forming a cloud, creating a gray sky. Violet eyes occur only in albinos. There is so little pigment in the iris (not just the topmost layer is pigment-less, but the lower layers as well) that light can actually shine through from inside the eye. This gives you an eerie highlight of the blood vessels running through it, which can appear red or violet depending on the lighting conditions.\"}, {\"answer\": \"What determines your eye color is primarily influenced by the presence of melanin in the eye. To put it very simply, melanin effectively makes things darker. Although, the colors you mentioned do exist rarely. * Brown Eyes: These are the easiest, tons of melanin! The melanin darkens the eyes to a brown shade. * Green Eyes: Melanin is present but, in smaller amounts than you would see in brown eyes. One interesting thing is that melanin still creates brown pigment, there is no actual green pigment in green eyes. The reason that the eyes appear green is because of the way light scatters after being reflected by the eye. * Blue Eyes: Very little melanin (but, not necessarily none). There is still no blue pigment, appearance of blue eyes is caused by the same light scattering mentioned for green eyes. Now for the rarer colors, including the ones you mentioned! * Hazel Eyes: Hazel isn't an agreed upon color but, hazel eyes are usually between brown and green in terms of melanin production. The light scattering explains a lot about how people with hazel eyes tend to seemingly have blue or green eyes depending on lighting. * Grey Eyes: Very little melanin, like blue Eyes but, also thought to contain collagen deposits in the colored part of the eye that influences how the light is scattered. * Amber/Golden Eyes: This would be the orange/yellow eyes that you mentioned. Animals have this a lot more than we do but, it's not unknown in humans. It's caused by a pigment called 'Lipochrome', the eyes also have melanin but, not as much as someone with brown eyes would have. * Red Eyes: Severe albinism can cause you to have near zero melanin. This can result in eyes appearing to be red in the right light. This is caused by the underlying blood vessels showing through. * Violet Eyes: Violet or Purple eyes can also be caused by albinism/near zero melanin. There is a theory that a separate genetic trait called 'Alexandrias Genesis' can cause violet eyes. Elizabeth Taylor is thought to have potentially had this trait, but, others believe it may have just been a trick of the lighting. There are a tremendous amount of positive traits connected to 'Alexandrias Genesis' that make it seem like pseudoscience, it is most likely just a very mild case of albinism. **tl;dr**: Eye color is primarily determined by melanin which works on a scale of less brown - > more brown. Extra colors are caused by light scattering combined with the brown of the melanin but, some other factors exist to produce rarer eye colors.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I saw an African American female back in the early 70's at a department store that had gray eyes. I've never seen anything so beautiful\"}, {\"answer\": \"There's only one color that's ever present in people's eyes and that's brown- it's the same pigment that makes people's skin dark. Blue eyes are caused by the same effect that makes the sky look blue. Eyes look green (or hazel) because of the same light-scattering if they have a little, but not a lot, of pigment in them. People with brown eyes have a lot of pigment.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Eyes are blue, the move through different colors towards dark brown the more melanin is in them. They are blue for a similar reason the sky is blue. Melanin is also what makes skin darker.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Black eyes. I'm a black woman with eyes so dark people almost always think they're black. But they are in fact brown, just a lot darker than brown eyes seen on white people.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"28126203\", \"title\": \"Color preferences\", \"section\": \"Section::::Children.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 5, \"end_paragraph_id\": 5, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"The age when infants begin showing a preference for color is at about 12 weeks old. Generally, children prefer the colors red/pink and blue, and cool colors are preferred over warm colors. Purple is a color favored more by girls than by boys. Color perception of children 35 years of age is an indicator of their developmental stage. Color preferences tend to change as people age. Favoritism of colors varies widely. Often societal influences will have a direct impact on what colors we favor and disdain. In the West, the color black symbolizes mourning and sadness, red symbolizes anger and violence, white symbolizes purity\", \"The age when infants begin showing a preference for color is at about 12 weeks old. Generally, children prefer the colors red/pink and blue, and cool colors are preferred over warm colors. Purple is a color favored more by girls than by boys. Color perception of children 35 years of age is an indicator of their developmental stage. Color preferences tend to change as peo\", \"The age when infants begin showing a preference for color is at about 12 weeks old. Generally, children prefer the colors red/pink and blue, and cool colors are preferred over warm colors. Purple is a color favored more by girls than by boys. Color perception of children 35 years of age is an indicator of their developmental stage. Color preferences tend to change as people age.\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"759008\", \"title\": \"Eye color\", \"section\": \"Section::::Medical implications.:Ocular albinism and eye color.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 71, \"end_paragraph_id\": 71, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Normally, there is a thick layer of melanin on the back of the iris. Even people with the lightest blue eyes, with no melanin on the front of the iris at all, have dark brown coloration on the back of it, to prevent light from scattering around inside the eye. In those with milder forms of albinism, the color of the iris is typically blue but can vary from blue to brown. In severe forms of albinism, there is no pigment on the back of the iris, and light from inside the eye can pass through the iris to the front. In these cases, the only color seen is the red from the hemoglobin of the blood in the capillaries of the iris. Such albinos have pink eyes, as do albino rabbits, mice, or any other animal with a total lack of melanin. Transillumination defects can almost always be observed during an eye examination due to lack of iridial pigmentation. The ocular albino also lacks normal amounts of melanin in the retina as well, which allows more light than normal to reflect off the retina and out of the eye. Because of this, the pupillary reflex is much more pronounced in albino individuals, and this can emphasize the red eye effect in photographs.\", \"Normally, there is a thick layer of melanin on the back of the iris. Even people with the lightest blue eyes, with no melanin on the front of the iris at all, have dark brown coloration on the back of it, to prevent light from scattering around inside the eye. In those with milder forms of albinism, the color of the iris is typically blue but can vary from blue to brown. In severe forms of albinism, there is no pigment on the back of the iris, and light from inside the eye can pass through the iris to the front. In these cases, the only color seen is the red from the hemoglobin of the blood in the capillaries of the iris. Such albinos have pin\", \"Normally, there is a thick layer of melanin on the back of the iris. Even people with the lightest blue eyes, with no melanin on the front of the iris at all, have dark brown coloration on the back of it, to prevent light from scattering around inside the eye. In those with milder forms of albinism, the color of the iris is typically blue but can vary from blue to brown. In severe forms of albinism, there is no pigment on the back of the iris, and light from inside the eye can pass through the iris to the front. In these cases, the only color seen is the red from the hemoglobin of the blood in the capillaries of the iris. Such albinos have pink eyes, as do albino rabbits, mice, or any other animal with a total lack of melanin. Transillumination defects can almost always be observed during an eye examination due to lack of iridial pigmentation. The ocular albino also lacks normal amounts of melanin in the retina as well, which allows more light than normal to reflect off the retina and out of the eye.\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Color wheel\n\n\ncolor wheel includes the blue, red, and yellow primary colors. The corresponding secondary colors are green, orange, and violet or purple. The tertiary colors are green-yellow, yellow-orange, orange-red, red-violet/purple, purple/violet-blue and blue-green. A color wheel based on RGB (red, green, blue) or RGV (red, green, violet) additive primaries has cyan, magenta, and yellow secondaries (cyan was previously known as cyan blue)","id":"1430486"},{"contents":"Complementary colors\n\n\nblue as primary colors with the primary–secondary complementary pairs of red–green, blue-orange, and yellow–purple. In this traditional scheme, a complementary color pair contains one primary color (yellow, blue or red) and a secondary color (green, purple or orange). The complement of any primary color can be made by combining the two other primary colors. For example, to achieve the complement of yellow (a primary color) one could combine red and blue. The result would be purple","id":"17175133"},{"contents":"Diamond color\n\n\nfull spectrum for colored gems and diamonds (Red, Orangish-Red, Reddish-Orange, orange, Yellowish-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Orange-Yellow, Orangish-Yellow, Yellow, Greenish-Yellow, Green-Yellow, Yellow-Green, Yellowish-Green, Green, Bluish-Green, Blue-Green, Green-Blue, Greenish-Blue, Blue, Violetish-Blue, Bluish-Violet, Violet, Purple, Reddish-Purple, Red-Purple, Purple-Red, Purplish-","id":"18004400"},{"contents":"School colors\n\n\n. The choice of colors usually follows the rule of tincture from heraldry, but exceptions to this rule are known. Common primary colors include orange, purple, blue, red, and green. These colors are either paired with a color representing a metal (often black, brown, gray (or silver), white, or gold), or occasionally each other, such as orange/blue, red/green, or blue/yellow. Pairing two metals, such as black/white, silver/gold,","id":"3474781"},{"contents":"Color\n\n\nbasic\" color names distinguish dark/cool colors from bright/warm colors. The next colors to be distinguished are usually red and then yellow or green. All languages with six \"basic\" colors include black, white, red, green, blue, and yellow. The pattern holds up to a set of twelve: black, gray, white, pink, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, and [[azure (color)|azure]] (distinct from blue in [[Russian","id":"6127835"},{"contents":"Opponent process\n\n\nin this diagram are those which reciprocally evoke each other in the eye. Thus, yellow demands purple; orange, blue; red, green; and vice versa: Thus again all intermediate gradations reciprocally evoke each other.\" Ewald Hering proposed opponent color theory in 1892. He thought that the colors red, yellow, green, and blue are special in that any other color can be described as a mix of them, and that they exist in opposite pairs. That is, either red or green is perceived and never","id":"20433516"},{"contents":"List of Star Wars species (F–J)\n\n\nare more directed to the front of the head, while the most commonly males have them spanned all across the top of their head. Iridonian eye colors are often similar to the eye colors of humans, with blues and browns being the most common. Yellow, purple, red, green, and orange eyes are seen regularly. However, Darth Maul's red-yellow eye color was apparently the result of corruption by the Dark Side. Iridonians also traditionally have facial tattoos, typically composed of a pattern of thin lines -","id":"12304153"},{"contents":"Color term\n\n\nblue. To Russian speakers, and are as separate as red and pink, or orange and brown. Several researchers have studied the Ova-Himba perception of colors. The Ova-Himba use four color names: \"zuzu\" stands for dark shades of blue, red, green, and purple; \"vapa\" is white and some shades of yellow; \"buru\" is some shades of green and blue; and \"dambu\" is some other shades of green, red, and brown. It is thought that","id":"19429198"},{"contents":"Tanzanite\n\n\non different paths, with different color absorption on each of the three optical axes. As a result of this phenomenon, a multitude of colors have been observed in various specimens: shades of purple, violet, indigo, blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, red and brown. After heating, tanzanite becomes dichroic. The dichroic colors range from violet through bluish-violet to indigo and violetish-blue to blue. Clarity grading in colored gemstones is based on the eye-clean standard, that is, a","id":"10840857"},{"contents":"Coloradd\n\n\ncolors: red (magenta), blue (cyan), and yellow. Colors derived from other colors have the symbols of the combined colors, creating derivative colors (orange, green, purple and brown) and dark or white tones. Metalized colors like silver or gold are shown with a left parenthesis on the symbols. Since its creation, Coloradd has been applied in various services, mainly in Portugal: It was also recognised by Buenos Aires University and TEDx Oporto. In September 2017, Mattel launched a colorblind-friendly","id":"692624"},{"contents":"RYB color model\n\n\nRYB (an abbreviation of red–yellow–blue) denotes the use of red, yellow, and blue pigments as primary colors in art and design, particularly painting. RYB (red–yellow–blue) make up the primary color triad in a standard artist's color wheel. The secondary colors purple–orange–green (sometimes called violet–orange–green) make up another triad. Triads are formed by three equidistant colors on a particular color wheel. Other common color wheels represent the light model (RGB","id":"3035668"},{"contents":"Blue–green distinction in language\n\n\nCatalan distinguishes blue (') from green (') and grey ('). Other basic or common colors by its own right are ' \"purple\", ' \"yellow\", ' \"orange\", ' \"red\", ' \"pink\", ' \"brown\", ' \"grey\", ' \"black\" and ' \"white\". For all these colors except black and white it is possible to indicate different shades using ' \"light\" and ' \"dark\"; for blue","id":"12751675"},{"contents":"Neotibicen pronotalis\n\n\ncoloration may be sandy orange, tan, lime green, ocherous yellow, dull yellow or orange, or any combination of these. Eye coloration varies as well, most individuals though, have slate blue eyes, although some may have green, brown, or tan eyes . The venter is lightly pruinosed. \"N. pronotalis\" have variable mesonotal coloration and patterning, which can be the typical well-defined \"Neotibicen\" mesonotal patterns or dark, obscure patterns. Mesontal colors are usually tan, red, and black. The","id":"9814211"},{"contents":"List of Star Wars species (U–Z)\n\n\ncolors of humans, with blues and browns being the most common. Yellow, purple, red, green, and orange eyes are seen regularly. However, Darth Maul's red-yellow eye color was apparently the result of corruption by the Dark Side. Zabrak also traditionally have facial tattoos, typically composed of a pattern of thin lines, which is considered the most traditional of Zabrak tattoos. In certain cases these tattoos can be quite elaborate (Maul's extensive black tattoo was actually a Nightbrother tattoo, not a traditional Zabrak","id":"12304419"},{"contents":"Blue–green distinction in language\n\n\nby the speakers not primarily distinguishing the hue, but using terms that describe other color components such as saturation and luminosity, or other properties of the object being described. For example, \"blue\" and \"green\" might be distinguished, but a single term might be used for both if the color is dark. Furthermore, green might be associated with yellow, and blue with black or gray. According to Brent Berlin and Paul Kay's 1969 study \"\", distinct terms for brown, purple, pink, orange","id":"12751650"},{"contents":"Tertiary color\n\n\nfor the RYB tertiary colors are not set. For the six RYB hues intermediate between the RYB primary and secondary colors, the names amber/marigold (yellow–orange), vermilion/cinnabar (red–orange), magenta (red–purple), violet/indigo (blue–purple), teal/aqua (blue-green), and chartreuse/lime green (yellow–green) are commonly found. The names for the twelve quaternary colors are more variable, if they exist at all, though","id":"5094761"},{"contents":"List of Endurance episodes\n\n\nonly one team from each SuperTeam would be allowed to participate in the challenge— ultimately, Purple and Blue represent their SuperTeams, with their challenge requiring them to use rafts to collect three flags, each of which is in their SuperTeam colors. In the end, the Purple/Red/Orange SuperTeam wins (second for Purple and Red, first and only for Orange), and Yellow and Blue are sent to the Temple, despite growing resentment of Purple and Green's alliance from the other teams. Yellow becomes the third","id":"7210259"},{"contents":"Kerguelen shag\n\n\nneck are deep blue or purple, except that a black cap reaches below the eye to the chin and ear coverts. The face and throat pouch are dark brown, ornamented with yellow-orange tubercles. The bill is horn-colored or brown; the eyes are hazel. The legs and feet vary from dark brown to dark-blotched bright pink. Breeding adults have a little black erectile crest on the forehead, yellow or orange caruncles (large warts) above the base of the bill, and a bright blue ring","id":"17267208"},{"contents":"Theory of Colours\n\n\nthose which reciprocally evoke each other in the eye. Thus, yellow demands violet; orange [demands] blue; purple [demands] green; and vice versa: thus... all intermediate gradations reciprocally evoke each other; the simpler colour demanding the compound, and vice versa ( paragraph #50). In the same way that light and dark spectra yielded green from the mixture of blue and yellow—Goethe completed his colour wheel by recognising the importance of magenta—\"For Newton, only spectral colors could count as fundamental. By contrast","id":"8282833"},{"contents":"Blue-crowned parakeet\n\n\ndull blue coloring on the forehead, crown, cheeks, and ears in the nominate, but less blue in other subspecies. It has a ring of white featherless skin around each eye, though this is bright orange-yellow in wild \"T. acuticaudata neumanni\". The breast feathers may also be tinged with blue, though they are more commonly green to yellow-green. Closed wing coloring matches that of the body while extended wings show blue-brown, becoming chestnut on the outer flight feathers. The tail feathers are","id":"12751333"},{"contents":"For Colored Girls\n\n\ne.g. \"lady in red\", \"lady in brown\", and \"lady in yellow\"). Like its source material, each character deals with a different personal conflict, such as love, abandonment, rape, infidelity, and abortion. Each woman is represented by a color: Jo Bradmore represents red, Tangie Adrose represents orange, Yasmine represents yellow, Juanita Sims represents green, Kelly Watkins represents blue, Nyla Adrose represents purple, Crystal Wallace represents brown, and Rose represents pink. Additionally, the characters of","id":"19623623"},{"contents":"Bell pepper\n\n\nvegetable. The most common colors of bell peppers are green, yellow, orange and red. More rarely, brown, white, lavender, and dark purple peppers can be seen, depending on the variety. Most typically, unripe fruits are green or, less commonly, pale yellow or purple. Red bell peppers are simply ripened green peppers, although the \"Permagreen\" variety maintains its green color even when fully ripe. As such, mixed colored peppers also exist during parts of the ripening process. Like the tomato,","id":"21146260"},{"contents":"Tertiary color\n\n\nwho suggest that tertiary colors are created by intermixing pairs of secondary colors: orange-green, green-purple, purple-orange; or by intermixing complementary colors. This approach to tertiary color relates specifically to color in the form of paints, pigments and dyes. The primary colors in an RGB color wheel are red, green, and blue, because these are the three additive colors—the primary colors of light. The secondary colors in an RGB color wheel are cyan, magenta, and yellow because these are the","id":"5094759"},{"contents":"Skatoony\n\n\nthe exception of \"Skatoony North America\", all non-English language Skatoony releases uses animation footage from the original British version, which is why Tony Eagle Eyes are the hosts' boss instead of Charles La Puck. In \"Skatoony\", the quizblock has 6 colored squares - green, red, pink, purple, blue and yellow. The children get the green, pink and blue squares (occasionally they get purple, red and yellow squares), and the cartoon contestants get the red, yellow and purple.","id":"14842041"},{"contents":"Hilaire Hiler\n\n\n, orange, and violet, respectively, and the variations between each color could be endless. By contrast, Hiler's spectrum is based on ten color groups: yellow, orange, orange-red, red, purple, blue, turquoise, sea green, green, and leaf green. Each group contains three variations, yielding the 30-step wheel. More steps then this would be indiscernible to the human eye, according to Hiler's \"Threshold Theory.\" This theory also dictates the need for proportionally more gradations from violet","id":"9813707"},{"contents":"Eye color\n\n\nbe due to the deposition of the yellow pigment called lipochrome in the iris (which is also found in green eyes). Amber eyes should not be confused with hazel eyes; although hazel eyes may contain specks of amber or gold, they usually tend to comprise many other colors, including green, brown and orange. Also, hazel eyes may appear to shift in color and consist of flecks and ripples, while amber eyes are of a solid gold hue. Even though amber is considered to be like gold, some people","id":"992598"},{"contents":"Color term\n\n\nred\", \"green\", \"yellow\", \"blue\", \"brown\", \"orange\", \"pink\", \"purple\", and \"grey\". Italian, Russian and Hebrew have twelve, distinguishing blue and azure. That doesn't mean English speakers cannot describe the difference of the two colors, of course; however, in English, \"azure\" is not a basic color term because one can say \"bright sky blue\" instead, while \"pink\" is basic because","id":"19429209"},{"contents":"Cliff Dwellers (painting)\n\n\nwere advised to use the colors in ways that would produce harmonious intervals and chords. Bellows had begun using the system sometime in 1909 or 1910. According to art historian Michael Quick, \"Cliff Dwellers\" was his most complex exploration of the Maratta color system. It contained three chords: \"orange\", red-purple, and green-blue; \"blue-purple\", green, and red-orange; and \"yellow-green\", red, and blue ... But Bellows used the colors of each","id":"14278165"},{"contents":"Lagerstroemia\n\n\nmedium multiple-trunked trees and shrubs. The leaves of temperate species provide autumn color. Flowers are borne in summer and autumn in panicles of crinkled flowers with a crepe-like texture. Colors vary from deep purple to red to white, with almost every shade in between. Although no blue-flowered varieties exist, the flowers trend toward the blue end of the spectrum with no orange or yellow except in stamens and pistils. The fruit is a capsule, green and succulent at first, then ripening to dark brown or","id":"1811089"},{"contents":"Nintendo 64 controller\n\n\nwatermelon red, jungle green, fire orange, ice blue, grape purple, and special edition colors like gold, atomic purple, extreme green, \"Donkey Kong 64\" banana bunch yellow, \"Pokémon\" blue and yellow, and \"Millennium 2000\" platinum. Players would often take apart Nintendo 64 controllers to mix-and-match the tops and bottoms of the shell, creating bi-color controllers. When the Nintendo 64 is switched on, the joystick on each controller is automatically calibrated by recording the current position","id":"14931643"},{"contents":"Sapphire\n\n\nNational Museum of Natural History, in Washington, D.C., is one of the largest faceted gem-quality blue sapphires in existence. Sapphires in colors other than blue are called \"fancy\" or \"parti colored\" sapphires. Fancy sapphires are often found in yellow, orange, green, brown, purple and violet hues. Particolored sapphires are those stones which exhibit two or more colors within a single stone. Australia is the largest source of particolored sapphires; they are not commonly used in mainstream jewelry and remain relatively unknown.","id":"10329897"},{"contents":"TRS-80 Color Computer\n\n\nBasic graphics commands could be used with the artifact colors. Some users went on to develop a set of 16 artifact colors using a 4×2 pixel matrix, giving this set of colors: black, dark cyan, brick red, light violet, dark blue, azure (the blue above), olive green, brown, purple, light blue, orange, yellow, light gray, blue-white, pink-white, and white. Use of POKE commands also made these colors available to the graphics commands, although the","id":"12901634"},{"contents":"Color term\n\n\nred\". In English, the use of the word \"orange\" for a fruit predates its use as a color term. The word comes from French , which derives via Sanskrit from a Dravidian language such as Tamil or Tulu. The derived form \"orangish\" as a color is attested from the late 19th century by reference to the fruit. Nevertheless, \"orange\" (color) is usually given equal status to red, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, pink, gray, white and black","id":"19429216"},{"contents":"BSAVE\n\n\nin a C128 image are BLACK, WHITE, RED, CYAN, PURPLE, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, ORANGE, BROWN, LIGHT RED,DARK GREY,MEDIUM GREY,LIGHT GREEN, LIGHT BLUE,and LIGHT GREY. Pixel color is represented by 2 bits in HIRES mode and 4 bits in Multi Color Mode. But as indicated above, not all 16 Colors can be displayed in a pixel block. The BLOAD command did not exist on the C64. Instead a BASIC program could use a \"non-relocating","id":"21931514"},{"contents":"Diamond color\n\n\nblue diamonds (such as the Hope Diamond) can be dramatically more valuable. Of all colored diamonds, red diamonds are the rarest. The Aurora Pyramid of Hope displays a spectacular array of naturally colored diamonds, including red diamonds. Diamonds occur in a variety of colors—steel gray, white, blue, yellow, orange, red, green, pink to purple, brown, and black. Colored diamonds contain interstitial impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration; pure diamonds are perfectly transparent and colorless. Diamonds are scientifically","id":"18004385"},{"contents":"Impossiball\n\n\nthe two pieces with the same three colors are mirror images of each other. The twelve-color version has red, pink, orange, yellow, two shades of green, three shades of blue, purple, brown and white. In spite of its daunting appearance and greater number of possible positions, the Impossiball is not much more difficult than the standard 2×2×2 Pocket Cube. This is because it is not a deep-cut puzzle; it only has pentagonal face layers which are similar in structure to the square face layers","id":"4910298"},{"contents":"Brown\n\n\nBrown is a composite color. In the CMYK color model used in printing or painting, brown is made by combining red, black, and yellow, or red, yellow, and blue. In the RGB color model used to project colors onto television screens and computer monitors, brown is made by combining red and green, in specific proportions. In painting, brown is generally made by adding black to orange. Mixing red-green-blue pigments makes mud color. The brown color is seen widely in nature, in","id":"17937407"},{"contents":"Orange bluet\n\n\nan orange bar. On female orange bluets, the thorax is similar looking to the male thorax only the color is dull yellow instead of orange. Her abdomen is mostly black above and dull yellow below. Her large eyes are yellow-brown with small yellow postocular spots connected by a thin, yellow bar. The female can also be one of three forms. The first remains blue throughout life, one becomes green and the third becomes orange. This bluet is often found near streams, ponds, pools with still waters,","id":"17770989"},{"contents":"Complementary colors\n\n\n. He wrote that \"Yellow is a light which has been dampened by darkness; blue is a darkness weakened by light.\" Out of the opposition of blue and yellow, through a process called \"steigerung, or \"augmentation\" a third color, red, was born. Goethe also proposed several sets of complementary colors which \"demanded\" each other. According to Goethe, \"yellow 'demands' violet; orange [demands] blue; purple [demands] green; and vice versa\". Goethe's ideas","id":"17175145"},{"contents":"Subtractive color\n\n\npigments. It is used in art and art education, particularly in painting. It predated modern scientific color theory. Red, yellow, and blue are the primary colors of the standard color \"wheel\". The secondary colors, violet (or purple), orange, and green (VOG) make up another triad, formed by mixing equal amounts of red and blue, red and yellow, and blue and yellow, respectively. The RYB primary colors became the foundation of 18th-century theories of color vision as the","id":"14420247"},{"contents":"Evolutionary anachronism\n\n\nthat birds are attracted to are usually small, with only a thin protective skin, and the colors are red or dark shades of blue or purple. Fruits categorized as mammal syndrome are bigger than bird fruits. They possess a tough rind or husk, emit a strong odor when ripe but retain a dull coloration of brown, burnished yellow, orange or remain green, because most mammals have a powerful sense of smell but poor color vision in general, primates being the most notable exception. The megafauna dispersal syndrome refers to those","id":"13516732"},{"contents":"Bolle's pigeon\n\n\n. Eyes rounded, yellow to orange with black pupil and lightly framed by a thin, flesh-colored eye ring. Back, rump and wings brownish gray, which in adult males with metallic blue shoulders. The primary and secondary remiges are blackish brown. The chest, blue-dark gray, stained purple in males. Belly is pale gray pastel. Females, less conspicuous, do not hold the highlights, reflections and metallic hues, and even the colors are more 'gray' and off. Mainly dark grey with","id":"3603093"},{"contents":"List of Endurance episodes\n\n\nselection challenge, where a colored ball representing the 7 team colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, and gray) will drop from a match stick- like pyramid. The person who catches the ball chooses the guy and girl for that colored team. Jon Crocilla and Sabrina Lloyd become the Yellow Team, Aaron Thornburg and Jonna Mannion become the Blue Team, Christian Justice and Ashley Gudzak become the Red Team, Trevor Wilkins and Lana Neiman become the Green Team (even though Trevor was originally to be","id":"7210154"},{"contents":"Brown\n\n\ncomposite color, made by combining red, yellow and black.. It can be thought of as dark orange, but it can also be made in other ways. In the RGB color model, which uses red, green and blue light in various combinations to make all the colors on computer and television screens, it is made by mixing red and green light. In terms of the visible spectrum, \"brown\" refers to high wavelength (low frequency) hues, yellow, orange, or red, in combination with low","id":"17937417"},{"contents":"Atmospheric optics\n\n\na rainbow (only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maxima, then fading to a minima at the other side of the arc). For colors seen by a normal human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (popularly memorized by mnemonics like Roy G. Biv). However, color-blind persons will see fewer colors. Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not","id":"17441329"},{"contents":"Diamond\n\n\nlattice. Plastic deformation is the cause of color in some brown and perhaps pink and red diamonds. In order of increasing rarity, yellow diamond is followed by brown, colorless, then by blue, green, black, pink, orange, purple, and red. \"Black\", or Carbonado, diamonds are not truly black, but rather contain numerous dark inclusions that give the gems their dark appearance. Colored diamonds contain impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration, while pure or nearly pure diamonds are transparent and colorless","id":"8160829"},{"contents":"Spirit duplicator\n\n\npaler as the colored wax is used up. The usual wax color was aniline purple (mauve), a cheap, moderately durable pigment that provided good contrast, but masters were also manufactured in red, green, blue, black, and the hard-to-find orange, yellow, and brown. All except black reproduced in pastel shades: pink, mint, sky blue, and so on. Spirit duplicators had the useful ability to print multiple colors in a single pass, which made them popular with cartoonists.","id":"1996412"},{"contents":"Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate\n\n\nKay identified eleven possible basic color categories: white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray. To be considered a basic color category, the term for the color in each language had to meet certain criteria: In case of doubt, the following \"subsidiary criteria\" were implemented: Berlin and Kay also found that, in languages with fewer than the maximum eleven color categories, the colors followed a specific evolutionary pattern. This pattern is as follows: In","id":"8526016"},{"contents":"Green\n\n\nlanguages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue). (See distinction of green from blue) These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote \"green\", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective orange","id":"12080805"},{"contents":"GloFish\n\n\nThe GloFish is a patented and trademarked brand of genetically engineered fluorescent fish. A variety of different GloFish are currently on the market. Zebrafish were the first GloFish available in pet stores, and are now sold in bright red, green, orange-yellow, blue, pink, and purple fluorescent colors. Recently \"Electric Green\", \"Sunburst Orange\", \"Moonrise Pink\", \"Starfire Red\", \"Cosmic Blue\", and \"Galactic Purple\" colored tetra (\"Gymnocorymbus ternetzi\"), an \"","id":"10876497"},{"contents":"Tertiary color\n\n\nthree subtractive colors—the primary colors of pigment. The tertiary color names used in the descriptions of RGB (or equivalently CMYK) systems are shown below. The primary colors in an RYB color wheel are red, yellow, and blue. The secondary colors — orange, green, and purple — are made by combining the primary colors. In the red–yellow–blue system as used in traditional painting and interior design, tertiary colors are typically named by combining the names of the adjacent primary and secondary. The terms","id":"5094760"},{"contents":"Color term\n\n\nsea green\") or compounded basic color words (e.g. \"yellow-green\"). There are many different dimensions by which color varies. For example, hue (shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple), saturation (\"deep\" vs. \"pale\"), and brightness or intensity make up the HSI color space. The adjective \"fluorescent\" in English refers to moderately high brightness with strong color saturation. Pastel refers to colors with high brightness and low saturation. Some","id":"19429193"},{"contents":"Pumpkinseed\n\n\nNew York). They are orange, green, yellow or blue in color, with speckles over their sides and back and a yellow-orange breast and belly. The coloration of the ctenoid scales of the pumpkinseed is one of the most vibrant of any freshwater fish and can range from an olive-green or brown to bright orange and blue. The sides are covered with vertical bars that are a faint green or blue, which are typically more prevalent in female pumpkinseeds. Orange spots may cover the dorsal, anal,","id":"8331603"},{"contents":"Perceptual paradox\n\n\nman-made light sources, the color of the apple remains unchanging. Color perception appears to be independent of light wavelength. Edwin Land demonstrated this by illuminating a room with two wavelengths of light of approximately 500 nm and 520 nm (both improperly called \"green\"). The room was perceived in full color, with all colors appearing unattenuated, like red, orange, yellow, blue, and purple, despite the absence of photons other than two close to 510 nm. Note that formula_2 light misuses the terminology RGB","id":"8751739"},{"contents":"Color printing\n\n\ncolor. For example, red and green yields yellow, red and blue yields magenta (a purple hue), and green and blue yield cyan (a turquoise hue). Only yellow is counter-intuitive. Yellow, cyan and magenta are merely the \"basic\" secondary colors: unequal mixtures of the primaries give rise to perception of many other colors all of which may be considered \"tertiary.\" While there are many techniques for reproducing images in color, specific graphic processes and industrial equipment are used for mass reproduction","id":"5191244"},{"contents":"My Child\n\n\n. All African-American and Hispanic dolls had brown eyes (Hispanic dolls eyes have orange rays above their pupils). The other dolls had blue, aqua, green or brown eyes. Occasionally a doll can be found with a factory \"flaw\" and their eye color can vary from the standard, for example hazel, lilac, blue-gray or blue-green. However, some people attribute this to aging rather than to a factory flaw. There is also a variety of hair colors. The African-American","id":"8112836"},{"contents":"Nickelodeon Toys\n\n\ncan make Floam shapes and patterns to make Floam creations. It includes one bed to lay the Floam on, various pockets to insert Floam in to make shapes. and 4 rollers and a hand roller to roll patterns in. Four other Floam colors are included. The Floam Dome comes with 4 different Floam colors like Red, Black, Orange, Green, Purple, Blue, Yellow and Light Purple. It also comes with 4 cookie cutters to use to make different designs with the Floam. This is being sold as of","id":"8242452"},{"contents":"Santonin\n\n\n, as if they were yellow or green, and occasionally blue or red; it also imparts a yellow or green color to the urine, and a reddish-purple color if that fluid be alkaline. Prof. Giovanni was led to believe that the apparent yellow color of objects observed by the eye, when under the influence of santonin, did not depend upon an elective action on the optic nerves, but rather to the yellow color which the drug itself takes when exposed to the air. Santonin colored by the air does not","id":"7856320"},{"contents":"For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf\n\n\nstruggles and obstacles that African-American women may face throughout their lives and is a representation of sisterhood and coming of age as an African-American woman. The poems are choreographed to music that weaves together interconnected stories. The choreopoem is performed by a cast of seven nameless women only identified by the colors they are assigned. They are the lady in red, lady in orange, lady in yellow, lady in green, lady in blue, lady in brown, and lady in purple. Subjects from rape, abandonment,","id":"8975444"},{"contents":"Grupo Capoeira Brasil\n\n\ndifferent colors in their graduation system. They are: Yellow, Orange, Red, Blue, Green, Purple, Brown and Black. Beginner students (before becoming \"Graduados\") have transitional cords between the main cords, for example: Yellow and Raw cord. The highest-level color should be worn on the top, as shown in the image. Mestres are legendary for their skill, wisdom, and tact both inside and out of the roda. They have solidified their Capoeira games by consolidating all of the physical","id":"12216948"},{"contents":"Eye color\n\n\nof the Aurès Mountains in Northwest Africa, in the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. Under magnification, gray eyes exhibit small amounts of yellow and brown color in the iris. As with blue eyes, the color of green eyes does not result simply from the pigmentation of the iris. The green color is caused by the combination of: 1) an amber or light brown pigmentation in the stroma of the iris (which has a low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade","id":"992611"},{"contents":"Color\n\n\n([[American English]]), or colour ([[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth English]]), is the characteristic of [[human]] [[Color vision|visual perception]] described through color \"categories\", with names such as [[red]], [[orange (colour)|orange]], [[yellow]], [[green]], [[blue]], or [[purple]]. This perception of color derives from the stimulation of","id":"6127797"},{"contents":"Putt-Putt (series)\n\n\n8) Players can change Putt-Putt's color to original purple, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, black, brown, pink, gray, or rainbow. All colors can be painted on again. This also changes the color of the dashboard in \"Putt-Putt Enters the Race\", \"Putt-Putt Joins the Circus\", \"Putt-Putt and Pep's Balloon-O-Rama\", \"Putt-Putt Travels Through Time\" and \"Putt-Putt Saves the Zoo","id":"15847070"},{"contents":"Complementary colors\n\n\nsearching for oppositions of blue with orange, of red with green, of yellow with purple, searching for broken colors and neutral colors to harmonize the brutality of extremes, trying to make the colors intense, and not a harmony of greys.\" Describing his painting, \"The Night Café\", to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: \"I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center,","id":"17175154"},{"contents":"ROYGBIV\n\n\ncolor circle, which he constructed to explain additive color mixing, into seven colors. His color sequence including the tertiary color indigo is kept alive today by the \"Roy G. Biv\" mnemonic. Originally he used only five colors, but later he added orange and indigo to match the number of musical notes in the major scale. The Munsell color system, the first formal color notation system (1905), names only five \"principal hues\": red, yellow, green, blue, and purple (although note that","id":"14396781"},{"contents":"For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf\n\n\nempowerment, struggle and loss into a complex representation of sisterhood. The cast consists of seven nameless African-American women only identified by the colors they are assigned. They are the lady in red, lady in orange, lady in yellow, lady in green, lady in blue, lady in brown, and lady in purple. Subjects from rape, abandonment, abortion and domestic violence are tackled. Shange originally wrote the monologues as separate poems in 1974. Her writing style is idiosyncratic and she often uses vernacular language, unique","id":"8975439"},{"contents":"Autumn leaf color\n\n\nAutumn leaf color is a phenomenon that affects the normal green leaves of many deciduous trees and shrubs by which they take on, during a few weeks in the autumn season, various shades of red, yellow, purple, black, blue, orange, magenta, and brown. The phenomenon is commonly called autumn colours or autumn foliage in British English and fall colors, fall foliage, or simply foliage in American English. In some areas of Canada and the United States, \"leaf peeping\" tourism is a major contribution to","id":"2572471"},{"contents":"Providence Place\n\n\nopen spots are in that area, red signifies no spots available, and blue is for notice of handicapped spots. Another big change is that the garage floors are color code, each floor is represented by a different color. Floor P1, the bottom most floor, is Brown, P2 is Blue, P3 is Red, L1 is Purple, L1.5 is Yellow, L2 is Green, L2.5 is Orange, and L3 is Pink. There are signs alerting shoppers how many spaces on each level are empty. The last additions","id":"4476893"},{"contents":"Amber\n\n\nby celluloid and even glass. Baltic amber is sometimes colored artificially, but also called \"true amber\". Amber occurs in a range of different colors. As well as the usual yellow-orange-brown that is associated with the color \"amber\", amber itself can range from a whitish color through a pale lemon yellow, to brown and almost black. Other uncommon colors include red amber (sometimes known as \"cherry amber\"), green amber, and even blue amber, which is rare and highly sought","id":"1341609"},{"contents":"Eye color\n\n\nthe lightest tints of blue. To meet the need for standardized classification, at once simple yet detailed enough for research purposes, Seddon et al. developed a graded system based on the predominant iris color and the amount of brown or yellow pigment present. There are three pigment colors that determine, depending on their proportion, the outward appearance of the iris, along with structural color. Green irises, for example, have blue and some yellow. Brown irises contain mostly brown. Some eyes have a dark ring around the iris","id":"992592"},{"contents":"List of Donald Duck universe characters\n\n\ntheir age, the girls routinely wear high-heeled shoes. Like the nephews, April, May & June usually wear the colors red, blue and green, but unlike them, a color assignment has never been established. The girls also frequently wear yellow, purple and orange. However, one might consider \"blue\" to be April's color since that was the color she wore when she appeared solo in \"Dell Giant\" #35. It is also unknown which nephew is paired with which niece when they double","id":"59472"},{"contents":"Place (Reddit)\n\n\nor \"tile\") on an empty canvas, but had to wait before placing another. The waiting time varied from 5 to 20 minutes throughout the experiment. The choice of color for a user's pixel was between white, light gray, gray, black, pink, red, orange, brown, yellow, light green, green, aqua-blue, green-blue, blue, violet and purple. The early hours of the canvas were characterized by random pixel placement and chaotic attempts at image creation. Among","id":"522806"},{"contents":"Trix (cereal)\n\n\noriginal cereal included three colors: \"Orangey Orange\" (formerly named Orange Orange), \"Lemony Yellow\" (formerly named Lemon Yellow), and \"Raspberry Red\". Five fruit shapes and colors were added over the years: \"Grapity (or Grapey) Purple\", (1984–present), \"Lime Green\" (1991-1998, 2007-2015, 2017–present), \"Wildberry Blue\" (1996–2007, 2018–present), \"Berry Blue\" (2007-2015, 2017–present), and \"Watermelon\"","id":"14642918"},{"contents":"Rank in Judo\n\n\n) just before the blue. Sometimes, competitors are organized into two categories depending on grading; the first is from white to green, and the second is purple through black. In Canada belt rankings for Seniors are, in ascending order: white, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and finally black. Belt rankings for Juniors use, white, white-yellow, yellow, yellow-orange, orange, orange-green, green, green-blue, blue, blue-brown, and brown.","id":"16638577"},{"contents":"Color symbolism\n\n\nstill symbolized by white in Australia and the USA but by blue in other countries like India. Similarly, the church influenced the perception of colors like crimson and purple. Largely because the dyes for these colors could only be sourced from precious pigments, religious figures like Madonna, Cardinals, and the Virgin were seen in scarlet and purple. Today, purple symbolizes evil and infidelity in Japan, but the same is symbolized by blue in East Asia and by yellow in France. Additionally, the sacred color of Hindu and Buddhist monks","id":"11079469"},{"contents":"Diamond enhancement\n\n\nthan thorough, as the stone's body color will conceal one or more of the flash colors. For example, in brown-tinted \"champagne\" diamonds, the orange-yellow flashes are concealed, leaving only the blue-purple flashes to be seen. One last but important feature of fracture-filled diamonds is the color of the solution itself: it is sometimes a yellowish to brownish, and along with being visible in transmitted light, it can affect the overall color of the diamond, making the diamond fall an","id":"20164632"},{"contents":"Evangelion (mecha)\n\n\n's armor is primarily purple; some components are colored neon green, light blue, orange, and black. Its helmet bears the signature unicorn-like single horn, and a 'frill', giving an appearance reminiscent of a ceratopsian dinosaur. The horn and the glowing eyes also gives the Evangelion a rather demonic appearance. It also has a distinctive chest plate resembling pectoral muscles, as opposed to the regular V-shaped chest plate the other Evangelions have. The humanoid entity beneath the armor has light brown skin, two","id":"13832349"},{"contents":"Toucan Sam\n\n\nthe pieces in the cereal: (red = cherry, yellow = lemon, orange = orange). The additions of new colors have made this color scheme no longer accurate. There are now eight colors of this cereal. The first new color was green, which was introduced in 1991, then purple in 1994, and blue in 1996. The colors, perhaps, represent different flavors present in the cereal, but each color has the same flavor. A parody of Toucan Sam can be briefly seen on an episode of","id":"19429558"},{"contents":"Sapphire\n\n\nSapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminum oxide () with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, copper, or magnesium. It is typically blue, but natural \"fancy\" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; \"parti sapphires\" show two or more colors. The only color corundum stone that the term sapphire is not used for is red, which is called a ruby. Pink colored corundum may be either classified","id":"10329890"},{"contents":"Game Wave Family Entertainment System\n\n\nand DVD playback control. The controller has 4 alphabetical buttons along the top labeled \"A\", \"B\", \"C\", and \"D\" designed primarily for selecting responses in trivia games. A numeric keypad lines the bottom of the controller with Menu and Setup buttons. The Game Wave controllers came in 6 colors: blue, yellow, green, red, purple, and orange. Blue, yellow, green, and red come packaged with the console, whereas the purple and orange controllers could be purchased","id":"7150597"},{"contents":"Summit (game)\n\n\nmilitary \"value\". The six countries and their colors are: United States (Blue), Soviet Union (Red), China (Yellow), India (Green), Western Europe (Purple), and South America (Orange), Each of the player countries are worth 10 points, while the brown regions vary from 2, 4, 6, and 8. For the board is a small circlet holder with colored flags to remind players which countries are in alliance. This piece is largely viewed as a","id":"2874065"},{"contents":"Benno Rothschild\n\n\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin. The work depicts Gertie the Duck and her ducklings rowing in a regatta. Gertie stands at the bow of the boat with her wings raised and facing toward her ducklings. The ducklins populate the boat's hull and each hold an oar with a pink shaft and blue fin. The ducklings are each painted a bright solid color—orange, purple, red, green and yellow. Gertie's body and wings are blue and her back is red. All of the ducks have yellow bills and large eyes.","id":"8894553"},{"contents":"Diamond enhancement\n\n\nThe former treatment produces a green to black color that penetrates the whole stone, while the latter treatment produces a blue, blue-green, or green color that only penetrates about 1 millimeter deep. Annealing of these stones (from 500–900 °C for neutron-bombarded stones and from 500–1200 °C for electron-bombarded stones) produces orange, yellow, brown, or pink. Blue to blue-green stones that are not annealed are separated from natural stones in the same manner as gamma ray-treated stones. Prior","id":"20164644"},{"contents":"Tonicella lokii\n\n\nTonicella lokii, commonly known as the flame lined chiton or Loki's chiton, is a chiton in the lined chiton genus \"Tonicella\". Like most chitons in this genus, \"T. lokii\" has blue, white, purple or black zig-zaged lines on each of the eight valves. The background color of the valves is often brown or red, but can also be bright blue or yellow to orange. The girdle is hairless and brown to red or pink. It has radiating bands and often bears a yellow","id":"11451592"},{"contents":"Purple Mark\n\n\nin accord with the cycle of the seasons: blue and purple in the winter, then the weather warms up green, yellow, and orange, then red in the autumn before cycling back to his winter colors. The process of applying the dye takes about four hours when he changes color, with two hours every two weeks for touch-up for \"vibrancy.\" He also attempts to eat and drink along a similar pattern of color. By his own account, the name \"Purple Mark\" predates his colorful self","id":"16847070"},{"contents":"Red-violet\n\n\nbright hue. In some traditional usage, red-violet is the name given to an intermediate or tertiary color that, along with yellow-orange (gold) and also green-blue (cyan), forms a color wheel triad group. Most contemporary usage, however, would list magenta as the name for the tertiary color in question. Red-violet or pigment purple (pigment red-violet) represents the way the color purple (red-violet) was normally reproduced in pigments, paints, or colored pencils","id":"12926966"},{"contents":"Cosmic ray visual phenomena\n\n\nthat the flashes were white, with one exception where the astronaut observed \"blue with a white cast, like a blue diamond.\" On other space missions, astronauts reported seeing other colors such as yellow and pale green, though rarely. Others instead reported that the flashes were predominantly yellow, while others reported colors such as orange and red, in addition to the most common colors of white and blue. The main shapes seen are \"spots\" (or \"dots\"), \"stars\" (or \"supernovas","id":"17666642"},{"contents":"IPod Nano\n\n\nwould last 24 hours of music playback, and only 4 hours of video playback, compared to the 5 hours of the previous generation. The six previous colors (silver, black, mint, turquoise, berry red, and rose pink) were replaced by silver, black, purple, light blue, green, yellow, orange, red, and pink, for a total of nine, although the Product Red color was only available directly from Apple (website and retail stores). Apple marketed the new colors as \"","id":"10531672"},{"contents":"List of Angel's Friends characters\n\n\non her childhood friend, Alexander, who doesn't feel the same for her, he is in love with Gloria. She has got short brown hair and eyes of the same color. She wears a green scarp, a yellow long-sleeved shirt underneath a short-sleeved dark purple one and jeans. Alexander () is Lily's childhood best friend who is in love with Gloria. Sweet is also in love with him. He has got short brown hair and dark blue eyes, he wears a yellow shirt and","id":"9336607"},{"contents":"Tonicella lineata\n\n\nTonicella lineata, commonly known as the lined chiton, is a species of chiton from the North Pacific. \"T. lineata\" is a very colorful chiton, having blue, purple or black straight or zig-zag lines on each of the eight valves. The background color of the valves is often brown or red, but can also be bright blue or yellow to orange. The girdle is hairless and brown to red or pink, often with regular yellow or white patches. This species grows to 5 cm in length.","id":"1416655"},{"contents":"Vaccinium reticulatum\n\n\nthen green or green with reddish patches. The flowers are bell-shaped, long, variable in color, red to yellow or pink. The fruit is an edible berry diameter, ranging in color from blue to purple to red to orange to yellow. The color does not necessarily indicate the ripeness of the berries. The berries taste similar to the related cranberries, less ripe ones being tart, while ripe berries are quite sweet. They are an important food source for the nēnē (\"Branta sandvicensis\"); the","id":"14702964"},{"contents":"On Vision and Colours\n\n\n2/3 of this activity, and its complement, blue, is only 1/3. Yellow is ¾ of the full activity, and its complement, violet, is only ¼. The range of all colors contains a continuous series of innumerable shades that blend into each other. Why are red, green, orange, blue, yellow, and violet given names and considered to be the most important? Because they represent the retina's activity in the simplest fractions or ratios. The same is true of the seven keynotes in the musical diatonic","id":"3830242"},{"contents":"Deciduous\n\n\nin non-green colored foliage. The brightest leaf colors are produced when days grow short and nights are cool, but remain above freezing. These other pigments include carotenoids that are yellow, brown, and orange. Anthocyanin pigments produce red and purple colors, though they are not always present in the leaves. Rather, they are produced in the foliage in late summer, when sugars are trapped in the leaves after the process of abscission begins. Parts of the world that have showy displays of bright autumn colors are limited to","id":"18342022"},{"contents":"ATA Martial Arts\n\n\nvarious rank. White, Orange, Yellow, Camo, Green, Purple, Blue, Brown, Red and Black stripes run along the center of the belt from one end to the other. These locations may also utilize black wrapped stripes around one end to signify \"time-in-grade\" or \"Degree of Rank\" with advancement to the next belt color after obtaining five (5) stripes or 'degrees'. A form (poome sae) is a series of kicks, blocks and other techniques put together","id":"1637763"},{"contents":"Shades of blue\n\n\naccording to the logarithmic scale which governs human perception) in three dimensions in the Munsell color solid, which is shaped like an elongated oval at an angle. In order for all the colors to be spaced uniformly, it was found necessary to use a color wheel with five primary colors: red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The Munsell color displayed is only approximate, as these spectral colors have been adjusted to fit into the sRGB gamut. In the 21st century, this hue is classified as an intermediate","id":"4269859"},{"contents":"Blue dasher\n\n\nblue color, yellow-striped thorax, and metallic green eyes. Females are somewhat less colorful than the male, an example of sexual dimorphism. While they have a matching yellow-striped thorax, their abdomen has a distinct brown and yellow striping that sets them apart from the male, along with contrasting red eyes. Both sexes develop a frosted color with age. Blue dashers live near still, calm bodies of water, such as ponds, marshes, slow-moving waterways, and ditches, in warm areas typically at","id":"7794614"},{"contents":"King County Metro\n\n\nstop has two color designations; in the northbound direction, every other bus stop is a Red/Yellow or Green/Blue stop, while in the southbound direction they are Green/Yellow and Red/Blue. On 2nd and 4th Avenues, routes are grouped into Orange and White stops. The bus stop color groupings are identified by a colored plate installed above or on the side of the bus stop sign. On 3rd Avenue only, there are additional colored markers one block ahead of each bus stop on the trolley overhead","id":"14664248"},{"contents":"Copper in architecture\n\n\nsteel as traces of copper salts may accelerate corrosion. In some cases, anodizing may protect thicker aluminum, such as aluminum window system mullions. Copper goes through a natural oxidation process that forms a unique protective patina on the metal. The surface of the metal undergoes a series of color changes: from iridescent/salmon pinks to oranges and reds interspersed with brassy yellows, blues, greens and purples. As the oxide thickens, these colors are replaced by russet and chocolate browns, dull slate grays or blacks, and finally to","id":"21635335"},{"contents":"Diamond\n\n\nof atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions being boron and nitrogen). Small numbers of defects or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) color diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange or red. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion (ability to disperse light of different colors). Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years.","id":"8160806"},{"contents":"List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) characters\n\n\ngold necklace with a heart. His eyes are green-blue in color, while his ears/hair is a neon purple-pink color. Twylah is a cat with blue fur and purple bangs. Although she doesn’t appear in the show, her colors are hypothesized based on the colors of her associates: Milah, Shilah, and Delilah. Delilah revealed that Twylah had a litter of kittens, causing her absence in the cats’ singing competition, which is why they were choosing someone to sing with them. A","id":"4167748"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Color wheel\\n\\n\\ncolor wheel includes the blue, red, and yellow primary colors. The corresponding secondary colors are green, orange, and violet or purple. The tertiary colors are green-yellow, yellow-orange, orange-red, red-violet/purple, purple/violet-blue and blue-green. A color wheel based on RGB (red, green, blue) or RGV (red, green, violet) additive primaries has cyan, magenta, and yellow secondaries (cyan was previously known as cyan blue)\",\n \"id\": \"1430486\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Complementary colors\\n\\n\\nblue as primary colors with the primary–secondary complementary pairs of red–green, blue-orange, and yellow–purple. In this traditional scheme, a complementary color pair contains one primary color (yellow, blue or red) and a secondary color (green, purple or orange). The complement of any primary color can be made by combining the two other primary colors. For example, to achieve the complement of yellow (a primary color) one could combine red and blue. The result would be purple\",\n \"id\": \"17175133\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diamond color\\n\\n\\nfull spectrum for colored gems and diamonds (Red, Orangish-Red, Reddish-Orange, orange, Yellowish-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Orange-Yellow, Orangish-Yellow, Yellow, Greenish-Yellow, Green-Yellow, Yellow-Green, Yellowish-Green, Green, Bluish-Green, Blue-Green, Green-Blue, Greenish-Blue, Blue, Violetish-Blue, Bluish-Violet, Violet, Purple, Reddish-Purple, Red-Purple, Purple-Red, Purplish-\",\n \"id\": \"18004400\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"School colors\\n\\n\\n. The choice of colors usually follows the rule of tincture from heraldry, but exceptions to this rule are known. Common primary colors include orange, purple, blue, red, and green. These colors are either paired with a color representing a metal (often black, brown, gray (or silver), white, or gold), or occasionally each other, such as orange/blue, red/green, or blue/yellow. Pairing two metals, such as black/white, silver/gold,\",\n \"id\": \"3474781\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Color\\n\\n\\nbasic\\\" color names distinguish dark/cool colors from bright/warm colors. The next colors to be distinguished are usually red and then yellow or green. All languages with six \\\"basic\\\" colors include black, white, red, green, blue, and yellow. The pattern holds up to a set of twelve: black, gray, white, pink, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, and [[azure (color)|azure]] (distinct from blue in [[Russian\",\n \"id\": \"6127835\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Opponent process\\n\\n\\nin this diagram are those which reciprocally evoke each other in the eye. Thus, yellow demands purple; orange, blue; red, green; and vice versa: Thus again all intermediate gradations reciprocally evoke each other.\\\" Ewald Hering proposed opponent color theory in 1892. He thought that the colors red, yellow, green, and blue are special in that any other color can be described as a mix of them, and that they exist in opposite pairs. That is, either red or green is perceived and never\",\n \"id\": \"20433516\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Star Wars species (F–J)\\n\\n\\nare more directed to the front of the head, while the most commonly males have them spanned all across the top of their head. Iridonian eye colors are often similar to the eye colors of humans, with blues and browns being the most common. Yellow, purple, red, green, and orange eyes are seen regularly. However, Darth Maul's red-yellow eye color was apparently the result of corruption by the Dark Side. Iridonians also traditionally have facial tattoos, typically composed of a pattern of thin lines -\",\n \"id\": \"12304153\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Color term\\n\\n\\nblue. To Russian speakers, and are as separate as red and pink, or orange and brown. Several researchers have studied the Ova-Himba perception of colors. The Ova-Himba use four color names: \\\"zuzu\\\" stands for dark shades of blue, red, green, and purple; \\\"vapa\\\" is white and some shades of yellow; \\\"buru\\\" is some shades of green and blue; and \\\"dambu\\\" is some other shades of green, red, and brown. It is thought that\",\n \"id\": \"19429198\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tanzanite\\n\\n\\non different paths, with different color absorption on each of the three optical axes. As a result of this phenomenon, a multitude of colors have been observed in various specimens: shades of purple, violet, indigo, blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, red and brown. After heating, tanzanite becomes dichroic. The dichroic colors range from violet through bluish-violet to indigo and violetish-blue to blue. Clarity grading in colored gemstones is based on the eye-clean standard, that is, a\",\n \"id\": \"10840857\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Coloradd\\n\\n\\ncolors: red (magenta), blue (cyan), and yellow. Colors derived from other colors have the symbols of the combined colors, creating derivative colors (orange, green, purple and brown) and dark or white tones. Metalized colors like silver or gold are shown with a left parenthesis on the symbols. Since its creation, Coloradd has been applied in various services, mainly in Portugal: It was also recognised by Buenos Aires University and TEDx Oporto. In September 2017, Mattel launched a colorblind-friendly\",\n \"id\": \"692624\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"RYB color model\\n\\n\\nRYB (an abbreviation of red–yellow–blue) denotes the use of red, yellow, and blue pigments as primary colors in art and design, particularly painting. RYB (red–yellow–blue) make up the primary color triad in a standard artist's color wheel. The secondary colors purple–orange–green (sometimes called violet–orange–green) make up another triad. Triads are formed by three equidistant colors on a particular color wheel. Other common color wheels represent the light model (RGB\",\n \"id\": \"3035668\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Blue–green distinction in language\\n\\n\\nCatalan distinguishes blue (') from green (') and grey ('). Other basic or common colors by its own right are ' \\\"purple\\\", ' \\\"yellow\\\", ' \\\"orange\\\", ' \\\"red\\\", ' \\\"pink\\\", ' \\\"brown\\\", ' \\\"grey\\\", ' \\\"black\\\" and ' \\\"white\\\". For all these colors except black and white it is possible to indicate different shades using ' \\\"light\\\" and ' \\\"dark\\\"; for blue\",\n \"id\": \"12751675\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Neotibicen pronotalis\\n\\n\\ncoloration may be sandy orange, tan, lime green, ocherous yellow, dull yellow or orange, or any combination of these. Eye coloration varies as well, most individuals though, have slate blue eyes, although some may have green, brown, or tan eyes . The venter is lightly pruinosed. \\\"N. pronotalis\\\" have variable mesonotal coloration and patterning, which can be the typical well-defined \\\"Neotibicen\\\" mesonotal patterns or dark, obscure patterns. Mesontal colors are usually tan, red, and black. The\",\n \"id\": \"9814211\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Star Wars species (U–Z)\\n\\n\\ncolors of humans, with blues and browns being the most common. Yellow, purple, red, green, and orange eyes are seen regularly. However, Darth Maul's red-yellow eye color was apparently the result of corruption by the Dark Side. Zabrak also traditionally have facial tattoos, typically composed of a pattern of thin lines, which is considered the most traditional of Zabrak tattoos. In certain cases these tattoos can be quite elaborate (Maul's extensive black tattoo was actually a Nightbrother tattoo, not a traditional Zabrak\",\n \"id\": \"12304419\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Blue–green distinction in language\\n\\n\\nby the speakers not primarily distinguishing the hue, but using terms that describe other color components such as saturation and luminosity, or other properties of the object being described. For example, \\\"blue\\\" and \\\"green\\\" might be distinguished, but a single term might be used for both if the color is dark. Furthermore, green might be associated with yellow, and blue with black or gray. According to Brent Berlin and Paul Kay's 1969 study \\\"\\\", distinct terms for brown, purple, pink, orange\",\n \"id\": \"12751650\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tertiary color\\n\\n\\nfor the RYB tertiary colors are not set. For the six RYB hues intermediate between the RYB primary and secondary colors, the names amber/marigold (yellow–orange), vermilion/cinnabar (red–orange), magenta (red–purple), violet/indigo (blue–purple), teal/aqua (blue-green), and chartreuse/lime green (yellow–green) are commonly found. The names for the twelve quaternary colors are more variable, if they exist at all, though\",\n \"id\": \"5094761\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Endurance episodes\\n\\n\\nonly one team from each SuperTeam would be allowed to participate in the challenge— ultimately, Purple and Blue represent their SuperTeams, with their challenge requiring them to use rafts to collect three flags, each of which is in their SuperTeam colors. In the end, the Purple/Red/Orange SuperTeam wins (second for Purple and Red, first and only for Orange), and Yellow and Blue are sent to the Temple, despite growing resentment of Purple and Green's alliance from the other teams. Yellow becomes the third\",\n \"id\": \"7210259\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kerguelen shag\\n\\n\\nneck are deep blue or purple, except that a black cap reaches below the eye to the chin and ear coverts. The face and throat pouch are dark brown, ornamented with yellow-orange tubercles. The bill is horn-colored or brown; the eyes are hazel. The legs and feet vary from dark brown to dark-blotched bright pink. Breeding adults have a little black erectile crest on the forehead, yellow or orange caruncles (large warts) above the base of the bill, and a bright blue ring\",\n \"id\": \"17267208\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Theory of Colours\\n\\n\\nthose which reciprocally evoke each other in the eye. Thus, yellow demands violet; orange [demands] blue; purple [demands] green; and vice versa: thus... all intermediate gradations reciprocally evoke each other; the simpler colour demanding the compound, and vice versa ( paragraph #50). In the same way that light and dark spectra yielded green from the mixture of blue and yellow—Goethe completed his colour wheel by recognising the importance of magenta—\\\"For Newton, only spectral colors could count as fundamental. By contrast\",\n \"id\": \"8282833\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Blue-crowned parakeet\\n\\n\\ndull blue coloring on the forehead, crown, cheeks, and ears in the nominate, but less blue in other subspecies. It has a ring of white featherless skin around each eye, though this is bright orange-yellow in wild \\\"T. acuticaudata neumanni\\\". The breast feathers may also be tinged with blue, though they are more commonly green to yellow-green. Closed wing coloring matches that of the body while extended wings show blue-brown, becoming chestnut on the outer flight feathers. The tail feathers are\",\n \"id\": \"12751333\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"For Colored Girls\\n\\n\\ne.g. \\\"lady in red\\\", \\\"lady in brown\\\", and \\\"lady in yellow\\\"). Like its source material, each character deals with a different personal conflict, such as love, abandonment, rape, infidelity, and abortion. Each woman is represented by a color: Jo Bradmore represents red, Tangie Adrose represents orange, Yasmine represents yellow, Juanita Sims represents green, Kelly Watkins represents blue, Nyla Adrose represents purple, Crystal Wallace represents brown, and Rose represents pink. Additionally, the characters of\",\n \"id\": \"19623623\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bell pepper\\n\\n\\nvegetable. The most common colors of bell peppers are green, yellow, orange and red. More rarely, brown, white, lavender, and dark purple peppers can be seen, depending on the variety. Most typically, unripe fruits are green or, less commonly, pale yellow or purple. Red bell peppers are simply ripened green peppers, although the \\\"Permagreen\\\" variety maintains its green color even when fully ripe. As such, mixed colored peppers also exist during parts of the ripening process. Like the tomato,\",\n \"id\": \"21146260\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tertiary color\\n\\n\\nwho suggest that tertiary colors are created by intermixing pairs of secondary colors: orange-green, green-purple, purple-orange; or by intermixing complementary colors. This approach to tertiary color relates specifically to color in the form of paints, pigments and dyes. The primary colors in an RGB color wheel are red, green, and blue, because these are the three additive colors—the primary colors of light. The secondary colors in an RGB color wheel are cyan, magenta, and yellow because these are the\",\n \"id\": \"5094759\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Skatoony\\n\\n\\nthe exception of \\\"Skatoony North America\\\", all non-English language Skatoony releases uses animation footage from the original British version, which is why Tony Eagle Eyes are the hosts' boss instead of Charles La Puck. In \\\"Skatoony\\\", the quizblock has 6 colored squares - green, red, pink, purple, blue and yellow. The children get the green, pink and blue squares (occasionally they get purple, red and yellow squares), and the cartoon contestants get the red, yellow and purple.\",\n \"id\": \"14842041\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hilaire Hiler\\n\\n\\n, orange, and violet, respectively, and the variations between each color could be endless. By contrast, Hiler's spectrum is based on ten color groups: yellow, orange, orange-red, red, purple, blue, turquoise, sea green, green, and leaf green. Each group contains three variations, yielding the 30-step wheel. More steps then this would be indiscernible to the human eye, according to Hiler's \\\"Threshold Theory.\\\" This theory also dictates the need for proportionally more gradations from violet\",\n \"id\": \"9813707\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eye color\\n\\n\\nbe due to the deposition of the yellow pigment called lipochrome in the iris (which is also found in green eyes). Amber eyes should not be confused with hazel eyes; although hazel eyes may contain specks of amber or gold, they usually tend to comprise many other colors, including green, brown and orange. Also, hazel eyes may appear to shift in color and consist of flecks and ripples, while amber eyes are of a solid gold hue. Even though amber is considered to be like gold, some people\",\n \"id\": \"992598\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Color term\\n\\n\\nred\\\", \\\"green\\\", \\\"yellow\\\", \\\"blue\\\", \\\"brown\\\", \\\"orange\\\", \\\"pink\\\", \\\"purple\\\", and \\\"grey\\\". Italian, Russian and Hebrew have twelve, distinguishing blue and azure. That doesn't mean English speakers cannot describe the difference of the two colors, of course; however, in English, \\\"azure\\\" is not a basic color term because one can say \\\"bright sky blue\\\" instead, while \\\"pink\\\" is basic because\",\n \"id\": \"19429209\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cliff Dwellers (painting)\\n\\n\\nwere advised to use the colors in ways that would produce harmonious intervals and chords. Bellows had begun using the system sometime in 1909 or 1910. According to art historian Michael Quick, \\\"Cliff Dwellers\\\" was his most complex exploration of the Maratta color system. It contained three chords: \\\"orange\\\", red-purple, and green-blue; \\\"blue-purple\\\", green, and red-orange; and \\\"yellow-green\\\", red, and blue ... But Bellows used the colors of each\",\n \"id\": \"14278165\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lagerstroemia\\n\\n\\nmedium multiple-trunked trees and shrubs. The leaves of temperate species provide autumn color. Flowers are borne in summer and autumn in panicles of crinkled flowers with a crepe-like texture. Colors vary from deep purple to red to white, with almost every shade in between. Although no blue-flowered varieties exist, the flowers trend toward the blue end of the spectrum with no orange or yellow except in stamens and pistils. The fruit is a capsule, green and succulent at first, then ripening to dark brown or\",\n \"id\": \"1811089\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nintendo 64 controller\\n\\n\\nwatermelon red, jungle green, fire orange, ice blue, grape purple, and special edition colors like gold, atomic purple, extreme green, \\\"Donkey Kong 64\\\" banana bunch yellow, \\\"Pokémon\\\" blue and yellow, and \\\"Millennium 2000\\\" platinum. Players would often take apart Nintendo 64 controllers to mix-and-match the tops and bottoms of the shell, creating bi-color controllers. When the Nintendo 64 is switched on, the joystick on each controller is automatically calibrated by recording the current position\",\n \"id\": \"14931643\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sapphire\\n\\n\\nNational Museum of Natural History, in Washington, D.C., is one of the largest faceted gem-quality blue sapphires in existence. Sapphires in colors other than blue are called \\\"fancy\\\" or \\\"parti colored\\\" sapphires. Fancy sapphires are often found in yellow, orange, green, brown, purple and violet hues. Particolored sapphires are those stones which exhibit two or more colors within a single stone. Australia is the largest source of particolored sapphires; they are not commonly used in mainstream jewelry and remain relatively unknown.\",\n \"id\": \"10329897\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"TRS-80 Color Computer\\n\\n\\nBasic graphics commands could be used with the artifact colors. Some users went on to develop a set of 16 artifact colors using a 4×2 pixel matrix, giving this set of colors: black, dark cyan, brick red, light violet, dark blue, azure (the blue above), olive green, brown, purple, light blue, orange, yellow, light gray, blue-white, pink-white, and white. Use of POKE commands also made these colors available to the graphics commands, although the\",\n \"id\": \"12901634\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Color term\\n\\n\\nred\\\". In English, the use of the word \\\"orange\\\" for a fruit predates its use as a color term. The word comes from French , which derives via Sanskrit from a Dravidian language such as Tamil or Tulu. The derived form \\\"orangish\\\" as a color is attested from the late 19th century by reference to the fruit. Nevertheless, \\\"orange\\\" (color) is usually given equal status to red, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, pink, gray, white and black\",\n \"id\": \"19429216\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"BSAVE\\n\\n\\nin a C128 image are BLACK, WHITE, RED, CYAN, PURPLE, GREEN, BLUE, YELLOW, ORANGE, BROWN, LIGHT RED,DARK GREY,MEDIUM GREY,LIGHT GREEN, LIGHT BLUE,and LIGHT GREY. Pixel color is represented by 2 bits in HIRES mode and 4 bits in Multi Color Mode. But as indicated above, not all 16 Colors can be displayed in a pixel block. The BLOAD command did not exist on the C64. Instead a BASIC program could use a \\\"non-relocating\",\n \"id\": \"21931514\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diamond color\\n\\n\\nblue diamonds (such as the Hope Diamond) can be dramatically more valuable. Of all colored diamonds, red diamonds are the rarest. The Aurora Pyramid of Hope displays a spectacular array of naturally colored diamonds, including red diamonds. Diamonds occur in a variety of colors—steel gray, white, blue, yellow, orange, red, green, pink to purple, brown, and black. Colored diamonds contain interstitial impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration; pure diamonds are perfectly transparent and colorless. Diamonds are scientifically\",\n \"id\": \"18004385\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Impossiball\\n\\n\\nthe two pieces with the same three colors are mirror images of each other. The twelve-color version has red, pink, orange, yellow, two shades of green, three shades of blue, purple, brown and white. In spite of its daunting appearance and greater number of possible positions, the Impossiball is not much more difficult than the standard 2×2×2 Pocket Cube. This is because it is not a deep-cut puzzle; it only has pentagonal face layers which are similar in structure to the square face layers\",\n \"id\": \"4910298\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Brown\\n\\n\\nBrown is a composite color. In the CMYK color model used in printing or painting, brown is made by combining red, black, and yellow, or red, yellow, and blue. In the RGB color model used to project colors onto television screens and computer monitors, brown is made by combining red and green, in specific proportions. In painting, brown is generally made by adding black to orange. Mixing red-green-blue pigments makes mud color. The brown color is seen widely in nature, in\",\n \"id\": \"17937407\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Orange bluet\\n\\n\\nan orange bar. On female orange bluets, the thorax is similar looking to the male thorax only the color is dull yellow instead of orange. Her abdomen is mostly black above and dull yellow below. Her large eyes are yellow-brown with small yellow postocular spots connected by a thin, yellow bar. The female can also be one of three forms. The first remains blue throughout life, one becomes green and the third becomes orange. This bluet is often found near streams, ponds, pools with still waters,\",\n \"id\": \"17770989\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Complementary colors\\n\\n\\n. He wrote that \\\"Yellow is a light which has been dampened by darkness; blue is a darkness weakened by light.\\\" Out of the opposition of blue and yellow, through a process called \\\"steigerung, or \\\"augmentation\\\" a third color, red, was born. Goethe also proposed several sets of complementary colors which \\\"demanded\\\" each other. According to Goethe, \\\"yellow 'demands' violet; orange [demands] blue; purple [demands] green; and vice versa\\\". Goethe's ideas\",\n \"id\": \"17175145\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Subtractive color\\n\\n\\npigments. It is used in art and art education, particularly in painting. It predated modern scientific color theory. Red, yellow, and blue are the primary colors of the standard color \\\"wheel\\\". The secondary colors, violet (or purple), orange, and green (VOG) make up another triad, formed by mixing equal amounts of red and blue, red and yellow, and blue and yellow, respectively. The RYB primary colors became the foundation of 18th-century theories of color vision as the\",\n \"id\": \"14420247\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Evolutionary anachronism\\n\\n\\nthat birds are attracted to are usually small, with only a thin protective skin, and the colors are red or dark shades of blue or purple. Fruits categorized as mammal syndrome are bigger than bird fruits. They possess a tough rind or husk, emit a strong odor when ripe but retain a dull coloration of brown, burnished yellow, orange or remain green, because most mammals have a powerful sense of smell but poor color vision in general, primates being the most notable exception. The megafauna dispersal syndrome refers to those\",\n \"id\": \"13516732\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bolle's pigeon\\n\\n\\n. Eyes rounded, yellow to orange with black pupil and lightly framed by a thin, flesh-colored eye ring. Back, rump and wings brownish gray, which in adult males with metallic blue shoulders. The primary and secondary remiges are blackish brown. The chest, blue-dark gray, stained purple in males. Belly is pale gray pastel. Females, less conspicuous, do not hold the highlights, reflections and metallic hues, and even the colors are more 'gray' and off. Mainly dark grey with\",\n \"id\": \"3603093\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Endurance episodes\\n\\n\\nselection challenge, where a colored ball representing the 7 team colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, and gray) will drop from a match stick- like pyramid. The person who catches the ball chooses the guy and girl for that colored team. Jon Crocilla and Sabrina Lloyd become the Yellow Team, Aaron Thornburg and Jonna Mannion become the Blue Team, Christian Justice and Ashley Gudzak become the Red Team, Trevor Wilkins and Lana Neiman become the Green Team (even though Trevor was originally to be\",\n \"id\": \"7210154\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Brown\\n\\n\\ncomposite color, made by combining red, yellow and black.. It can be thought of as dark orange, but it can also be made in other ways. In the RGB color model, which uses red, green and blue light in various combinations to make all the colors on computer and television screens, it is made by mixing red and green light. In terms of the visible spectrum, \\\"brown\\\" refers to high wavelength (low frequency) hues, yellow, orange, or red, in combination with low\",\n \"id\": \"17937417\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atmospheric optics\\n\\n\\na rainbow (only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maxima, then fading to a minima at the other side of the arc). For colors seen by a normal human eye, the most commonly cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (popularly memorized by mnemonics like Roy G. Biv). However, color-blind persons will see fewer colors. Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not\",\n \"id\": \"17441329\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diamond\\n\\n\\nlattice. Plastic deformation is the cause of color in some brown and perhaps pink and red diamonds. In order of increasing rarity, yellow diamond is followed by brown, colorless, then by blue, green, black, pink, orange, purple, and red. \\\"Black\\\", or Carbonado, diamonds are not truly black, but rather contain numerous dark inclusions that give the gems their dark appearance. Colored diamonds contain impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration, while pure or nearly pure diamonds are transparent and colorless\",\n \"id\": \"8160829\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Spirit duplicator\\n\\n\\npaler as the colored wax is used up. The usual wax color was aniline purple (mauve), a cheap, moderately durable pigment that provided good contrast, but masters were also manufactured in red, green, blue, black, and the hard-to-find orange, yellow, and brown. All except black reproduced in pastel shades: pink, mint, sky blue, and so on. Spirit duplicators had the useful ability to print multiple colors in a single pass, which made them popular with cartoonists.\",\n \"id\": \"1996412\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate\\n\\n\\nKay identified eleven possible basic color categories: white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray. To be considered a basic color category, the term for the color in each language had to meet certain criteria: In case of doubt, the following \\\"subsidiary criteria\\\" were implemented: Berlin and Kay also found that, in languages with fewer than the maximum eleven color categories, the colors followed a specific evolutionary pattern. This pattern is as follows: In\",\n \"id\": \"8526016\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Green\\n\\n\\nlanguages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue). (See distinction of green from blue) These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote \\\"green\\\", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective orange\",\n \"id\": \"12080805\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"GloFish\\n\\n\\nThe GloFish is a patented and trademarked brand of genetically engineered fluorescent fish. A variety of different GloFish are currently on the market. Zebrafish were the first GloFish available in pet stores, and are now sold in bright red, green, orange-yellow, blue, pink, and purple fluorescent colors. Recently \\\"Electric Green\\\", \\\"Sunburst Orange\\\", \\\"Moonrise Pink\\\", \\\"Starfire Red\\\", \\\"Cosmic Blue\\\", and \\\"Galactic Purple\\\" colored tetra (\\\"Gymnocorymbus ternetzi\\\"), an \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"10876497\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tertiary color\\n\\n\\nthree subtractive colors—the primary colors of pigment. The tertiary color names used in the descriptions of RGB (or equivalently CMYK) systems are shown below. The primary colors in an RYB color wheel are red, yellow, and blue. The secondary colors — orange, green, and purple — are made by combining the primary colors. In the red–yellow–blue system as used in traditional painting and interior design, tertiary colors are typically named by combining the names of the adjacent primary and secondary. The terms\",\n \"id\": \"5094760\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Color term\\n\\n\\nsea green\\\") or compounded basic color words (e.g. \\\"yellow-green\\\"). There are many different dimensions by which color varies. For example, hue (shades of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple), saturation (\\\"deep\\\" vs. \\\"pale\\\"), and brightness or intensity make up the HSI color space. The adjective \\\"fluorescent\\\" in English refers to moderately high brightness with strong color saturation. Pastel refers to colors with high brightness and low saturation. Some\",\n \"id\": \"19429193\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pumpkinseed\\n\\n\\nNew York). They are orange, green, yellow or blue in color, with speckles over their sides and back and a yellow-orange breast and belly. The coloration of the ctenoid scales of the pumpkinseed is one of the most vibrant of any freshwater fish and can range from an olive-green or brown to bright orange and blue. The sides are covered with vertical bars that are a faint green or blue, which are typically more prevalent in female pumpkinseeds. Orange spots may cover the dorsal, anal,\",\n \"id\": \"8331603\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Perceptual paradox\\n\\n\\nman-made light sources, the color of the apple remains unchanging. Color perception appears to be independent of light wavelength. Edwin Land demonstrated this by illuminating a room with two wavelengths of light of approximately 500 nm and 520 nm (both improperly called \\\"green\\\"). The room was perceived in full color, with all colors appearing unattenuated, like red, orange, yellow, blue, and purple, despite the absence of photons other than two close to 510 nm. Note that formula_2 light misuses the terminology RGB\",\n \"id\": \"8751739\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Color printing\\n\\n\\ncolor. For example, red and green yields yellow, red and blue yields magenta (a purple hue), and green and blue yield cyan (a turquoise hue). Only yellow is counter-intuitive. Yellow, cyan and magenta are merely the \\\"basic\\\" secondary colors: unequal mixtures of the primaries give rise to perception of many other colors all of which may be considered \\\"tertiary.\\\" While there are many techniques for reproducing images in color, specific graphic processes and industrial equipment are used for mass reproduction\",\n \"id\": \"5191244\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"My Child\\n\\n\\n. All African-American and Hispanic dolls had brown eyes (Hispanic dolls eyes have orange rays above their pupils). The other dolls had blue, aqua, green or brown eyes. Occasionally a doll can be found with a factory \\\"flaw\\\" and their eye color can vary from the standard, for example hazel, lilac, blue-gray or blue-green. However, some people attribute this to aging rather than to a factory flaw. There is also a variety of hair colors. The African-American\",\n \"id\": \"8112836\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nickelodeon Toys\\n\\n\\ncan make Floam shapes and patterns to make Floam creations. It includes one bed to lay the Floam on, various pockets to insert Floam in to make shapes. and 4 rollers and a hand roller to roll patterns in. Four other Floam colors are included. The Floam Dome comes with 4 different Floam colors like Red, Black, Orange, Green, Purple, Blue, Yellow and Light Purple. It also comes with 4 cookie cutters to use to make different designs with the Floam. This is being sold as of\",\n \"id\": \"8242452\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Santonin\\n\\n\\n, as if they were yellow or green, and occasionally blue or red; it also imparts a yellow or green color to the urine, and a reddish-purple color if that fluid be alkaline. Prof. Giovanni was led to believe that the apparent yellow color of objects observed by the eye, when under the influence of santonin, did not depend upon an elective action on the optic nerves, but rather to the yellow color which the drug itself takes when exposed to the air. Santonin colored by the air does not\",\n \"id\": \"7856320\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf\\n\\n\\nstruggles and obstacles that African-American women may face throughout their lives and is a representation of sisterhood and coming of age as an African-American woman. The poems are choreographed to music that weaves together interconnected stories. The choreopoem is performed by a cast of seven nameless women only identified by the colors they are assigned. They are the lady in red, lady in orange, lady in yellow, lady in green, lady in blue, lady in brown, and lady in purple. Subjects from rape, abandonment,\",\n \"id\": \"8975444\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Grupo Capoeira Brasil\\n\\n\\ndifferent colors in their graduation system. They are: Yellow, Orange, Red, Blue, Green, Purple, Brown and Black. Beginner students (before becoming \\\"Graduados\\\") have transitional cords between the main cords, for example: Yellow and Raw cord. The highest-level color should be worn on the top, as shown in the image. Mestres are legendary for their skill, wisdom, and tact both inside and out of the roda. They have solidified their Capoeira games by consolidating all of the physical\",\n \"id\": \"12216948\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eye color\\n\\n\\nof the Aurès Mountains in Northwest Africa, in the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. Under magnification, gray eyes exhibit small amounts of yellow and brown color in the iris. As with blue eyes, the color of green eyes does not result simply from the pigmentation of the iris. The green color is caused by the combination of: 1) an amber or light brown pigmentation in the stroma of the iris (which has a low or moderate concentration of melanin) with: 2) a blue shade\",\n \"id\": \"992611\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Color\\n\\n\\n([[American English]]), or colour ([[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth English]]), is the characteristic of [[human]] [[Color vision|visual perception]] described through color \\\"categories\\\", with names such as [[red]], [[orange (colour)|orange]], [[yellow]], [[green]], [[blue]], or [[purple]]. This perception of color derives from the stimulation of\",\n \"id\": \"6127797\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Putt-Putt (series)\\n\\n\\n8) Players can change Putt-Putt's color to original purple, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, black, brown, pink, gray, or rainbow. All colors can be painted on again. This also changes the color of the dashboard in \\\"Putt-Putt Enters the Race\\\", \\\"Putt-Putt Joins the Circus\\\", \\\"Putt-Putt and Pep's Balloon-O-Rama\\\", \\\"Putt-Putt Travels Through Time\\\" and \\\"Putt-Putt Saves the Zoo\",\n \"id\": \"15847070\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Complementary colors\\n\\n\\nsearching for oppositions of blue with orange, of red with green, of yellow with purple, searching for broken colors and neutral colors to harmonize the brutality of extremes, trying to make the colors intense, and not a harmony of greys.\\\" Describing his painting, \\\"The Night Café\\\", to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: \\\"I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center,\",\n \"id\": \"17175154\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"ROYGBIV\\n\\n\\ncolor circle, which he constructed to explain additive color mixing, into seven colors. His color sequence including the tertiary color indigo is kept alive today by the \\\"Roy G. Biv\\\" mnemonic. Originally he used only five colors, but later he added orange and indigo to match the number of musical notes in the major scale. The Munsell color system, the first formal color notation system (1905), names only five \\\"principal hues\\\": red, yellow, green, blue, and purple (although note that\",\n \"id\": \"14396781\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf\\n\\n\\nempowerment, struggle and loss into a complex representation of sisterhood. The cast consists of seven nameless African-American women only identified by the colors they are assigned. They are the lady in red, lady in orange, lady in yellow, lady in green, lady in blue, lady in brown, and lady in purple. Subjects from rape, abandonment, abortion and domestic violence are tackled. Shange originally wrote the monologues as separate poems in 1974. Her writing style is idiosyncratic and she often uses vernacular language, unique\",\n \"id\": \"8975439\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Autumn leaf color\\n\\n\\nAutumn leaf color is a phenomenon that affects the normal green leaves of many deciduous trees and shrubs by which they take on, during a few weeks in the autumn season, various shades of red, yellow, purple, black, blue, orange, magenta, and brown. The phenomenon is commonly called autumn colours or autumn foliage in British English and fall colors, fall foliage, or simply foliage in American English. In some areas of Canada and the United States, \\\"leaf peeping\\\" tourism is a major contribution to\",\n \"id\": \"2572471\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Providence Place\\n\\n\\nopen spots are in that area, red signifies no spots available, and blue is for notice of handicapped spots. Another big change is that the garage floors are color code, each floor is represented by a different color. Floor P1, the bottom most floor, is Brown, P2 is Blue, P3 is Red, L1 is Purple, L1.5 is Yellow, L2 is Green, L2.5 is Orange, and L3 is Pink. There are signs alerting shoppers how many spaces on each level are empty. The last additions\",\n \"id\": \"4476893\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Amber\\n\\n\\nby celluloid and even glass. Baltic amber is sometimes colored artificially, but also called \\\"true amber\\\". Amber occurs in a range of different colors. As well as the usual yellow-orange-brown that is associated with the color \\\"amber\\\", amber itself can range from a whitish color through a pale lemon yellow, to brown and almost black. Other uncommon colors include red amber (sometimes known as \\\"cherry amber\\\"), green amber, and even blue amber, which is rare and highly sought\",\n \"id\": \"1341609\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eye color\\n\\n\\nthe lightest tints of blue. To meet the need for standardized classification, at once simple yet detailed enough for research purposes, Seddon et al. developed a graded system based on the predominant iris color and the amount of brown or yellow pigment present. There are three pigment colors that determine, depending on their proportion, the outward appearance of the iris, along with structural color. Green irises, for example, have blue and some yellow. Brown irises contain mostly brown. Some eyes have a dark ring around the iris\",\n \"id\": \"992592\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Donald Duck universe characters\\n\\n\\ntheir age, the girls routinely wear high-heeled shoes. Like the nephews, April, May & June usually wear the colors red, blue and green, but unlike them, a color assignment has never been established. The girls also frequently wear yellow, purple and orange. However, one might consider \\\"blue\\\" to be April's color since that was the color she wore when she appeared solo in \\\"Dell Giant\\\" #35. It is also unknown which nephew is paired with which niece when they double\",\n \"id\": \"59472\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Place (Reddit)\\n\\n\\nor \\\"tile\\\") on an empty canvas, but had to wait before placing another. The waiting time varied from 5 to 20 minutes throughout the experiment. The choice of color for a user's pixel was between white, light gray, gray, black, pink, red, orange, brown, yellow, light green, green, aqua-blue, green-blue, blue, violet and purple. The early hours of the canvas were characterized by random pixel placement and chaotic attempts at image creation. Among\",\n \"id\": \"522806\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Trix (cereal)\\n\\n\\noriginal cereal included three colors: \\\"Orangey Orange\\\" (formerly named Orange Orange), \\\"Lemony Yellow\\\" (formerly named Lemon Yellow), and \\\"Raspberry Red\\\". Five fruit shapes and colors were added over the years: \\\"Grapity (or Grapey) Purple\\\", (1984–present), \\\"Lime Green\\\" (1991-1998, 2007-2015, 2017–present), \\\"Wildberry Blue\\\" (1996–2007, 2018–present), \\\"Berry Blue\\\" (2007-2015, 2017–present), and \\\"Watermelon\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"14642918\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rank in Judo\\n\\n\\n) just before the blue. Sometimes, competitors are organized into two categories depending on grading; the first is from white to green, and the second is purple through black. In Canada belt rankings for Seniors are, in ascending order: white, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and finally black. Belt rankings for Juniors use, white, white-yellow, yellow, yellow-orange, orange, orange-green, green, green-blue, blue, blue-brown, and brown.\",\n \"id\": \"16638577\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Color symbolism\\n\\n\\nstill symbolized by white in Australia and the USA but by blue in other countries like India. Similarly, the church influenced the perception of colors like crimson and purple. Largely because the dyes for these colors could only be sourced from precious pigments, religious figures like Madonna, Cardinals, and the Virgin were seen in scarlet and purple. Today, purple symbolizes evil and infidelity in Japan, but the same is symbolized by blue in East Asia and by yellow in France. Additionally, the sacred color of Hindu and Buddhist monks\",\n \"id\": \"11079469\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diamond enhancement\\n\\n\\nthan thorough, as the stone's body color will conceal one or more of the flash colors. For example, in brown-tinted \\\"champagne\\\" diamonds, the orange-yellow flashes are concealed, leaving only the blue-purple flashes to be seen. One last but important feature of fracture-filled diamonds is the color of the solution itself: it is sometimes a yellowish to brownish, and along with being visible in transmitted light, it can affect the overall color of the diamond, making the diamond fall an\",\n \"id\": \"20164632\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Evangelion (mecha)\\n\\n\\n's armor is primarily purple; some components are colored neon green, light blue, orange, and black. Its helmet bears the signature unicorn-like single horn, and a 'frill', giving an appearance reminiscent of a ceratopsian dinosaur. The horn and the glowing eyes also gives the Evangelion a rather demonic appearance. It also has a distinctive chest plate resembling pectoral muscles, as opposed to the regular V-shaped chest plate the other Evangelions have. The humanoid entity beneath the armor has light brown skin, two\",\n \"id\": \"13832349\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Toucan Sam\\n\\n\\nthe pieces in the cereal: (red = cherry, yellow = lemon, orange = orange). The additions of new colors have made this color scheme no longer accurate. There are now eight colors of this cereal. The first new color was green, which was introduced in 1991, then purple in 1994, and blue in 1996. The colors, perhaps, represent different flavors present in the cereal, but each color has the same flavor. A parody of Toucan Sam can be briefly seen on an episode of\",\n \"id\": \"19429558\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sapphire\\n\\n\\nSapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminum oxide () with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, copper, or magnesium. It is typically blue, but natural \\\"fancy\\\" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; \\\"parti sapphires\\\" show two or more colors. The only color corundum stone that the term sapphire is not used for is red, which is called a ruby. Pink colored corundum may be either classified\",\n \"id\": \"10329890\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Game Wave Family Entertainment System\\n\\n\\nand DVD playback control. The controller has 4 alphabetical buttons along the top labeled \\\"A\\\", \\\"B\\\", \\\"C\\\", and \\\"D\\\" designed primarily for selecting responses in trivia games. A numeric keypad lines the bottom of the controller with Menu and Setup buttons. The Game Wave controllers came in 6 colors: blue, yellow, green, red, purple, and orange. Blue, yellow, green, and red come packaged with the console, whereas the purple and orange controllers could be purchased\",\n \"id\": \"7150597\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Summit (game)\\n\\n\\nmilitary \\\"value\\\". The six countries and their colors are: United States (Blue), Soviet Union (Red), China (Yellow), India (Green), Western Europe (Purple), and South America (Orange), Each of the player countries are worth 10 points, while the brown regions vary from 2, 4, 6, and 8. For the board is a small circlet holder with colored flags to remind players which countries are in alliance. This piece is largely viewed as a\",\n \"id\": \"2874065\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Benno Rothschild\\n\\n\\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin. The work depicts Gertie the Duck and her ducklings rowing in a regatta. Gertie stands at the bow of the boat with her wings raised and facing toward her ducklings. The ducklins populate the boat's hull and each hold an oar with a pink shaft and blue fin. The ducklings are each painted a bright solid color—orange, purple, red, green and yellow. Gertie's body and wings are blue and her back is red. All of the ducks have yellow bills and large eyes.\",\n \"id\": \"8894553\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diamond enhancement\\n\\n\\nThe former treatment produces a green to black color that penetrates the whole stone, while the latter treatment produces a blue, blue-green, or green color that only penetrates about 1 millimeter deep. Annealing of these stones (from 500–900 °C for neutron-bombarded stones and from 500–1200 °C for electron-bombarded stones) produces orange, yellow, brown, or pink. Blue to blue-green stones that are not annealed are separated from natural stones in the same manner as gamma ray-treated stones. Prior\",\n \"id\": \"20164644\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tonicella lokii\\n\\n\\nTonicella lokii, commonly known as the flame lined chiton or Loki's chiton, is a chiton in the lined chiton genus \\\"Tonicella\\\". Like most chitons in this genus, \\\"T. lokii\\\" has blue, white, purple or black zig-zaged lines on each of the eight valves. The background color of the valves is often brown or red, but can also be bright blue or yellow to orange. The girdle is hairless and brown to red or pink. It has radiating bands and often bears a yellow\",\n \"id\": \"11451592\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Purple Mark\\n\\n\\nin accord with the cycle of the seasons: blue and purple in the winter, then the weather warms up green, yellow, and orange, then red in the autumn before cycling back to his winter colors. The process of applying the dye takes about four hours when he changes color, with two hours every two weeks for touch-up for \\\"vibrancy.\\\" He also attempts to eat and drink along a similar pattern of color. By his own account, the name \\\"Purple Mark\\\" predates his colorful self\",\n \"id\": \"16847070\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Red-violet\\n\\n\\nbright hue. In some traditional usage, red-violet is the name given to an intermediate or tertiary color that, along with yellow-orange (gold) and also green-blue (cyan), forms a color wheel triad group. Most contemporary usage, however, would list magenta as the name for the tertiary color in question. Red-violet or pigment purple (pigment red-violet) represents the way the color purple (red-violet) was normally reproduced in pigments, paints, or colored pencils\",\n \"id\": \"12926966\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cosmic ray visual phenomena\\n\\n\\nthat the flashes were white, with one exception where the astronaut observed \\\"blue with a white cast, like a blue diamond.\\\" On other space missions, astronauts reported seeing other colors such as yellow and pale green, though rarely. Others instead reported that the flashes were predominantly yellow, while others reported colors such as orange and red, in addition to the most common colors of white and blue. The main shapes seen are \\\"spots\\\" (or \\\"dots\\\"), \\\"stars\\\" (or \\\"supernovas\",\n \"id\": \"17666642\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"IPod Nano\\n\\n\\nwould last 24 hours of music playback, and only 4 hours of video playback, compared to the 5 hours of the previous generation. The six previous colors (silver, black, mint, turquoise, berry red, and rose pink) were replaced by silver, black, purple, light blue, green, yellow, orange, red, and pink, for a total of nine, although the Product Red color was only available directly from Apple (website and retail stores). Apple marketed the new colors as \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"10531672\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Angel's Friends characters\\n\\n\\non her childhood friend, Alexander, who doesn't feel the same for her, he is in love with Gloria. She has got short brown hair and eyes of the same color. She wears a green scarp, a yellow long-sleeved shirt underneath a short-sleeved dark purple one and jeans. Alexander () is Lily's childhood best friend who is in love with Gloria. Sweet is also in love with him. He has got short brown hair and dark blue eyes, he wears a yellow shirt and\",\n \"id\": \"9336607\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tonicella lineata\\n\\n\\nTonicella lineata, commonly known as the lined chiton, is a species of chiton from the North Pacific. \\\"T. lineata\\\" is a very colorful chiton, having blue, purple or black straight or zig-zag lines on each of the eight valves. The background color of the valves is often brown or red, but can also be bright blue or yellow to orange. The girdle is hairless and brown to red or pink, often with regular yellow or white patches. This species grows to 5 cm in length.\",\n \"id\": \"1416655\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vaccinium reticulatum\\n\\n\\nthen green or green with reddish patches. The flowers are bell-shaped, long, variable in color, red to yellow or pink. The fruit is an edible berry diameter, ranging in color from blue to purple to red to orange to yellow. The color does not necessarily indicate the ripeness of the berries. The berries taste similar to the related cranberries, less ripe ones being tart, while ripe berries are quite sweet. They are an important food source for the nēnē (\\\"Branta sandvicensis\\\"); the\",\n \"id\": \"14702964\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"On Vision and Colours\\n\\n\\n2/3 of this activity, and its complement, blue, is only 1/3. Yellow is ¾ of the full activity, and its complement, violet, is only ¼. The range of all colors contains a continuous series of innumerable shades that blend into each other. Why are red, green, orange, blue, yellow, and violet given names and considered to be the most important? Because they represent the retina's activity in the simplest fractions or ratios. The same is true of the seven keynotes in the musical diatonic\",\n \"id\": \"3830242\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Deciduous\\n\\n\\nin non-green colored foliage. The brightest leaf colors are produced when days grow short and nights are cool, but remain above freezing. These other pigments include carotenoids that are yellow, brown, and orange. Anthocyanin pigments produce red and purple colors, though they are not always present in the leaves. Rather, they are produced in the foliage in late summer, when sugars are trapped in the leaves after the process of abscission begins. Parts of the world that have showy displays of bright autumn colors are limited to\",\n \"id\": \"18342022\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"ATA Martial Arts\\n\\n\\nvarious rank. White, Orange, Yellow, Camo, Green, Purple, Blue, Brown, Red and Black stripes run along the center of the belt from one end to the other. These locations may also utilize black wrapped stripes around one end to signify \\\"time-in-grade\\\" or \\\"Degree of Rank\\\" with advancement to the next belt color after obtaining five (5) stripes or 'degrees'. A form (poome sae) is a series of kicks, blocks and other techniques put together\",\n \"id\": \"1637763\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shades of blue\\n\\n\\naccording to the logarithmic scale which governs human perception) in three dimensions in the Munsell color solid, which is shaped like an elongated oval at an angle. In order for all the colors to be spaced uniformly, it was found necessary to use a color wheel with five primary colors: red, yellow, green, blue, and purple. The Munsell color displayed is only approximate, as these spectral colors have been adjusted to fit into the sRGB gamut. In the 21st century, this hue is classified as an intermediate\",\n \"id\": \"4269859\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Blue dasher\\n\\n\\nblue color, yellow-striped thorax, and metallic green eyes. Females are somewhat less colorful than the male, an example of sexual dimorphism. While they have a matching yellow-striped thorax, their abdomen has a distinct brown and yellow striping that sets them apart from the male, along with contrasting red eyes. Both sexes develop a frosted color with age. Blue dashers live near still, calm bodies of water, such as ponds, marshes, slow-moving waterways, and ditches, in warm areas typically at\",\n \"id\": \"7794614\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"King County Metro\\n\\n\\nstop has two color designations; in the northbound direction, every other bus stop is a Red/Yellow or Green/Blue stop, while in the southbound direction they are Green/Yellow and Red/Blue. On 2nd and 4th Avenues, routes are grouped into Orange and White stops. The bus stop color groupings are identified by a colored plate installed above or on the side of the bus stop sign. On 3rd Avenue only, there are additional colored markers one block ahead of each bus stop on the trolley overhead\",\n \"id\": \"14664248\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Copper in architecture\\n\\n\\nsteel as traces of copper salts may accelerate corrosion. In some cases, anodizing may protect thicker aluminum, such as aluminum window system mullions. Copper goes through a natural oxidation process that forms a unique protective patina on the metal. The surface of the metal undergoes a series of color changes: from iridescent/salmon pinks to oranges and reds interspersed with brassy yellows, blues, greens and purples. As the oxide thickens, these colors are replaced by russet and chocolate browns, dull slate grays or blacks, and finally to\",\n \"id\": \"21635335\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diamond\\n\\n\\nof atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions being boron and nitrogen). Small numbers of defects or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) color diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange or red. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion (ability to disperse light of different colors). Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years.\",\n \"id\": \"8160806\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) characters\\n\\n\\ngold necklace with a heart. His eyes are green-blue in color, while his ears/hair is a neon purple-pink color. Twylah is a cat with blue fur and purple bangs. Although she doesn’t appear in the show, her colors are hypothesized based on the colors of her associates: Milah, Shilah, and Delilah. Delilah revealed that Twylah had a litter of kittens, causing her absence in the cats’ singing competition, which is why they were choosing someone to sing with them. A\",\n \"id\": \"4167748\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":82,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Why isn't getting checked for cancerous tumors, or tumors in general, a routine process?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"4j298z"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"The problem is that there are very many downsides to routine checks. Too many downsides, in fact. First of all, we do not have the resources to preform routine checks on everybody. In many places, there are already long waiting lists when people need certain types of scans or care. If we tie up our limited amount of scanning equipment and personnel that can use these machines and interpret the results with millions of people who don't even need them, the waiting lists will only get longer and longer. Secondly, body scans are not magic. They can detect if there are irregularities in your body. They cannot immediately detect whether this irregularity is something to be concerned about or not. Most of us have irregularities in our bodies that are absolutely nothing to worry about, just a result of how we aren't perfect beings and don't grow perfectly. If everybody gets routinely scanned, all of these irregularities are going to pop up and doctors will pretty much be obligated to investigate them further. Even though 99% of them are absolutely not any danger to you. That means more tests (so again, more strain on our limited resources) and also means more stress Which brings me to point three: quality of life. Basically, routine scans do not improve quality of life. In rare rare rare rare exceedingly rare cases, they might detect something slightly earlier than it would otherwise have been detected. In most cases it is going to detect harmless irregularities, which will lead to people having to undergo more (and sometimes painful testing), which they will have to wait longer for due to the longer wait lists, which all accumulates in a huge increase in stress. All to tell you something they knew already, namely that there is nothing wrong with you. Basically, the very marginal benefits of a system like this do not outweigh the much more common adverse effects (all the extra stress and pain of tests that people will experience and the added wait time to everybody else who *does* need these tests and might be in a worst position due to the long wait), so we don't do it.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Several scenarios. One. You don't find any tumours. That's because you haven't got any. Doesn't mean you won't get one I'm the next month or year. But since a doctor has told you then you feel safe. But you shouldn't. You don't have a tumour TODAY. Two. You find a tumour. Great. Except not all positives will be right so you just gave a lot of people drugs, worry and surgery who did not need it! Three. You don't find any tumour, but you missed it. So that's a waste and false security for the patient. Four. You find a tumour and they have cancer. The rarest of all the outcomes. Also it's hard to find a tumour when there are no symptoms. How many people had to be screened and at what cost? And what about the increase in radiation exposure or the minor surgery to have a look? Both have risks and you cause more harm in doing the screening than the number of people caught *who wouldn't have been caught later when they had symptoms*. It's also very hard looking for rare events in a huge population. And quite counterintuitive. It's actually a fascinating area URL_1 URL_0 \"}, {\"answer\": \"Finding them can be difficult and/or expensive. Why don't doctors run a full scan of every conceivable system and perform every test? It's too expensive, painful and time consuming. We don't have the technology to be proactive, so often we have to be reactive.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Diagnostic imaging physicist here. This is a lot more complex of an issue than it sounds. For starters, checking women that are middle age and older for breast cancer IS a routine process. Women over 50 are recommended to have mammograms (breast x-rays) every six months. Any kind of program like that is called \\\"screening\\\", and since it involves radiation, there are a LOT of legal guidelines. In the US it's regulated by the FDA, a purview enabled by the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA). I do safety checks on mammography machines, and let me tell you, they are a real pain in the butt. Not because mammography is complicated - it isn't, compared to other types of diagnostic imaging - it's because the FDA takes any program where (usually) healthy people are exposed to radiation on purpose VERY seriously. And frankly, they should. There needs to be a definite trade-off between early breast cancer detection and any harm that might occur to patients, not just from radiation but from the stress of having to go through a biopsy when it turns out to be negative anyway. So let's say we were to start screening for something else. We would need to impose all the safety guidelines, regulations, and checks on that type of imaging as well. This is starting to happen for lung cancer, a few screening programs are already in place nationwide. Like for mammography, these have to be scrutinized to a ridiculous degree in order to be FDA (or state, in some cases) approved. This increases cost per scan, and also substantially increases throughput on CT machines. So to do it, you can't already be booked solid with emergency patients, inpatients and what have you. No problem, you say, let's not use radiation. Let's use MRI or ultrasound instead. Those don't emit (ionizing) radiation. MRI is most likely a straight-up no go. Depending on the equipment and the anatomy of interest, those exams might be 20-60 minutes each (mammograms and chest CTs take 5 or less). Most MRI scanners already have near-constant throughput, so adding hundreds more patients per week is not going to happen. As for ultrasound, since they can only penetrate into the body a few centimeters, it's difficult to examine large body parts with them. Plus, ultrasound is useless on air-filled structures like the lungs (air reflects ultrasound) and is problematic with water-filled structures like the bladder (which block ultrasound). So what would you screen with ultrasound, then? Pregnant mothers? Yep, we already do that. Those considerations aside, let's say we did screening anyway - a full body CT for everyone who wants one. That's a lot of radiation, for starters. Plus it'll take radiologists a long time to scrutinize hundreds of full body scans (radiologists are already accused of missing breast cancers because of the ridiculously high throughput needed when reviewing mammograms). And even if you find anything, there's a huge chance it'll just be benign. You end up worrying the patient, exposing them to a ton of radiation, and subjecting them to biopsies or even surgery for nothing. Independent CT clinics offering full body scans used to be commonplace, but aren't anymore, for precisely those reasons. The worst outcome of all would be a patient that actually had cancer, and then a scan missed it. They might develop symptoms later, and then ignore them, because the scan turned up negative, right? It's a false sense of security. Bottom line, it sounds like a good idea, but it's just not worth it. It's much better to restrict scans to people with risk factors and/or symptoms.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Because there's no easy/quick/cheap way to do it. The sorts of machines that we have that can do full-body scans that would be able to catch a wide range of tumors are expensive to build/buy/operate, and already in high demand. It would cost a fortune to regularly scan everyone, when statistically only a very tiny percentage of 'normal' healthy people are likely to have tumors.\"}, {\"answer\": \"There's no easy way to detect a tumor. MRI can do it, but you need to know where to look; just scanning your brain costs thousands of dollars, a full body MRI is prohibitively expensive except in the most extreme of cases. As well, with most forms of cancer, more obvious symptoms manifest themselves before the cancer becomes lethal. Skin cancer produces a distinctive rash, breast and testicular cancer create easily-felt lumps, bladder cancer leads causes blood in the urine, etc. The most common and deadly of cancers are among the most obvious, so simply paying attention to your own body and keeping an eye out for unusual changes is very nearly as good as a full body MRI.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Well because lots of tumors can only be detected through x-rays and mri's, etc. But if you scan your body every year the radiation would slowly make you sick and ironically will damage your dna and rna which will then create defective cells that become cancer. Thats how the discoverers of x-ray's died, of cancer after their bodies became riddled with tumors. So the best we can do is tell people to be aware of their symptoms and obviously check your body for any strange lumps, etc. Us women are actually supposed to do a thorough breast examination every month on our own at home to check for lumps.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"8653561\", \"title\": \"Exploratory surgery\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Exploratory surgery is a diagnostic method used by doctors when trying to find a diagnosis for an ailment. It can be performed in both humans and animals, but it is far more common in animals. It is used most commonly to diagnose or locate cancer in humans.\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\", \"Exploratory surgery is a diagnostic method used by doctors when trying to find a diagnosis for an ailment. It can be performed in both humans and animals, but it is far more common in animals. It is used most commonly to diagnose or locate cancer in humans.\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"273501\", \"title\": \"Radiation oncologist\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"A radiation oncologist is a specialist physician who uses ionizing radiation (such as megavoltage X-rays or radionuclides) in the treatment of cancer. Radiation oncology is one of the three primary specialties, the other two being surgical and medical oncology, involved in the treatment of cancer. Radiation can be given as a curative modality, either alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. It may also be used palliatively, to relieve symptoms in patients with incurable cancers. A radiation oncologist may also use radiation to treat some benign diseases, including benign tumors. In some countries (not the United States), radiotherapy and chemotherapy are controlled by a single oncologist who is a \\\"clinical oncologist\\\". Radiation oncologists work closely with other physicians such as surgical oncologists, interventional radiologists, internal medicine subspecialists, and medical oncologists, as well as medical physicists and technicians as part of the multi-disciplinary cancer team..\", \"A radiation oncologist is a specialist physician who uses ionizing radiation (such as megavoltage X-rays or radionuclides) in the treatment of cancer. Radiation oncology is one of the three primary specialties, the other two being surgical and medical oncology, involved in the treatment of cancer. Radiation can be given as a curative modality, either alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. It may also be used palliatively, to relieve symptoms in patients with incurable cancers. A radiation oncologist may also use radiation to treat some benign diseases, including benign tumors. In some countries (not the United States), radiotherapy and chemotherapy are controlled by a single oncologist who is a \\\"clinical oncologist\\\". Radiation oncologists work closely with other physicians such as surgical oncologists, interventional radiologists, internal medicine subspecialists, and medical oncologists, as well as medical physicists and technicians as part of the multi-disciplinary cancer team.. Radiation oncologists undergo four years of oncology specific training whereas oncologists who deliver chemotherapy have two years of additional training in cancer care during fellowship after internal medicine residency in the United States.\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"13705072\", \"title\": \"Breast cancer screening\", \"section\": \"Section::::Mammography.:Criticisms.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 61, \"end_paragraph_id\": 61, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Consequently, finding and treating many cases of DCIS represents overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Treatment is given to all women with DCIS because it is currently impossible to predict which patients with DCIS will have an indolent, non-fatal course, and which few will inevitably progress to invasive cancer and premature death if left untreated.\", \"Consequently, finding and treating many cases of DCIS represents overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Treatment is given to all women with DCIS because it is currently impossible to predict which patients with DCIS will have an indolent, non-fatal course, and which few will inevitably progress to invasive cancer and premature death if left untreated. Consequently, all patients with DCIS are treated in much the same way, with at least wide local excision, and sometimes mastectomy if the DCIS is very extensive. The cure rate for DCIS if treated appropriately is extremely high, partly because the majority of DCIS cases were harmless in the first place. The phenomenon of finding pre-invasive malignancy or nonmalignant benign\", \"Consequently, finding and treating many cases of DCIS represents overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Treatment is given to all women with DCIS because it is currently impossible to predict which patients with DCIS will have an indolent, non-fatal course, and which few will inevitably progress to invasive cancer and premature death if left untreated. Consequently, all patients with DCIS are treated in much the same way, with at least wide local excision, and sometimes mastectomy if the DCIS is very extensive. The cure rate for DCIS if treated appropriately is extremely high, partly because the majority of DCIS cases were harmless in the first place. The phenomenon of finding pre-invasive malignancy or nonmalignant benign\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"13705072\", \"title\": \"Breast cancer screening\", \"section\": \"Section::::Mammography.:Mechanism.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 16, \"end_paragraph_id\": 16, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"The X-ray image, called a \\\"radiograph\\\", is sent to a physician who specializes in interpreting these images, called a \\\"radiologist\\\". The image may be on plain photographic film or digital mammography on a computer screen; despite the much higher cost of the digital systems, the two methods are generally considered equally effective. The equipment may use a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system. There is considerable variation in interpreting the images; the same image may be declared normal by one radiologist and suspicious by another. It can be helpful to compare the\", \"The X-ray image, called a \\\"radiograph\\\", is sent to a physician who specializes in interpreting these images, called a \\\"radiologist\\\". The image may be on plain photographic film or digital mammography on a computer screen; despite the much higher cost of the digital systems, the two methods are generally considered equally effective. The equipment may use a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system. There is considerable variation in interpreting the images; the same image may be declared normal by one radiologist and suspicious by another. It can be helpful to compare the\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Noninvasive genotyping\n\n\n, or Down Syndrome, which is what is most routinely checked for by NIPD screens. This same technique is also utilized to identify the incidence of tumor DNA in the blood, which can both provide early detection of tumor growth and indicate relapse in cancer. Circulating tumor DNA can be found in the blood before metastasis occurs and, therefore, detection of certain mutant alleles may enhance survival rates in cancer patients. In a recent study, ctDNA was shown to be \"a broadly applicable, sensitive, and specific biomarker that can","id":"6066545"},{"contents":"Aurora A kinase\n\n\ncells it becomes an aneuploid- containing more chromosomes than normal. Aneuploidy is a trait of many cancerous tumors. Ordinarily, Aurora A expression levels are kept in check by the tumor suppressor protein p53. Mutations of the chromosome region that contains Aurora A, 20q13, are generally considered to have a poor prognosis. Osimertinib and rociletinib, two anti cancer drugs for lung cancer, work by shutting off mutant EGFR, which initially kills cancerous tumors, but the tumors rewire and activate Aurora kinase A, becoming cancerous growths again. According to","id":"7776542"},{"contents":"Cancer of unknown primary origin\n\n\nthe mediastinum of the chest and/or retroperitoneal space of the abdomen may have a germ cell tumor. Cancer of unknown primary source is not a single type of cancer, although researchers have attempted to find a common characteristic that explains why a cancer might spread very early without causing symptoms at the site of origin. It is generally accepted that cancer of unknown primary site exists because the primary tumor is not identified due to clinical or technological inefficiencies, or because the primary tumor regresses or stays dormant after spreading the cancer cells that generate the","id":"12540265"},{"contents":"Host response to cancer therapy\n\n\ncytokines and growth factors that in turn augment the invasive and metastatic potential of tumors. Surgical resection of a tumor is one of the primary treatment modalities for cancer and can be curative especially for patients with early disease. However, there is evidence that tumor resection generates a permissive environment for tumor growth, in part, via host-mediated processes. As part of the wound healing process, surgical tissue trauma is rapidly followed by a cascade of inflammatory processes. Many of the growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix-modifying enzymes","id":"4332560"},{"contents":"Cancer stem cell\n\n\nCancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. CSCs are therefore tumorigenic (tumor-forming), perhaps in contrast to other non-tumorigenic cancer cells. CSCs may generate tumors through the stem cell processes of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types. Such cells are hypothesized to persist in tumors as a distinct population and cause relapse and","id":"16898319"},{"contents":"Skin cancer in cats and dogs\n\n\nexcised along with the tumor do not contain any cancer cells. If the tumor is larger, a small sample is removed for analysis and depending on the results, appropriate treatment is chosen. Depending on the tumor type and its level of aggressiveness, additional diagnostic tests can include blood tests to assess the pet’s overall health, chest X-rays to check for lung metastasis, and abdominal ultrasound to check for metastasis to other internal organs. The specific treatment will depend on the tumor's type, location, size, and","id":"9043117"},{"contents":"L1 (protein)\n\n\nthere's L1CAM overexpression in all types of cancer cells, which has been associated with poor prognosis, tumor progression and metastasis. This up-regulation may not be necessarily associated with mutations in L1 transcription factors. It has been seen this protein plays a key role in inflammatory reactions as the one's taking place in the tissue surrounding a tumor. This could explain why this protein gets suddenly overproduced in tumor cells. L1CAM's diverse functions make tumor cells more aggressive and resistant. Their migratory and motility related functions may result key","id":"5789797"},{"contents":"Carcinogenesis\n\n\neither case, expression of these genes promotes the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell division, survival, or other properties of cancer cells. Tumor suppressor genes are often disabled by cancer-promoting genetic changes. Finally Oncovirinae, viruses that contain an oncogene, are categorized as oncogenic because they trigger the growth of tumorous tissues in the host. This process is also referred to as viral transformation. There is a diverse classification scheme for the various genomic changes that may contribute to the generation of","id":"6778494"},{"contents":"Tumor marker\n\n\nA tumor marker is a biomarker found in blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated by the presence of one or more types of cancer. There are many different tumor markers, each indicative of a particular disease process, and they are used in oncology to help detect the presence of cancer. An elevated level of a tumor marker can indicate cancer; however, there can also be other causes of the elevation (false positive values). Tumor markers can be produced directly by the tumor or by non-","id":"8117524"},{"contents":"Circulating tumor DNA\n\n\nbeen shown to be useful in studying the clonal evolution of a patient’s cancer before and after treatment regimens. Implementation of ctDNA in clinical practice is largely hindered by the lack of standardized methods for ctDNA processing and analysis. Standardization of methods for sample collection (including time of collection), downstream processing (DNA extraction and amplification), quantification and validation must be established before ctDNA analysis can become a routine clinical assay. Furthermore, creation of a panel of ‘standard’ tumor-associated biomarkers may be necessary given the resolution","id":"13614315"},{"contents":"Combined small-cell lung carcinoma\n\n\nan exponential (or near exponential) fashion. Unless this runaway cell division process is checked, a clinically apparent tumor will eventually form as the mass reaches sufficient size to be detected clinically, or begins to cause signs or symptoms. Approximately 98% of lung cancers are eventually diagnosed as a histological variant of carcinoma, a term that signifies that the tumor derives from transformed epithelial cells, or cells that have acquired epithelial characteristics as a result of cell differentiation. The histogenesis of c-SCLC and other multiphasic forms of lung cancer","id":"13718035"},{"contents":"Cancer immunology\n\n\nthe most well known application is cancer immunotherapy, where the immune system is used to treat cancer. Cancer immunosurveillance is a theory formulated in 1957 by Burnet and Thomas, who proposed that lymphocytes act as sentinels in recognizing and eliminating continuously arising, nascent transformed cells. Cancer immunosurveillance appears to be an important host protection process that decreases cancer rates through inhibition of carcinogenesis and maintaining of regular cellular homeostasis. It has also been suggested that immunosurveillance primarily functions as a component of a more general process of cancer immunoediting. Tumors may express tumor","id":"2803111"},{"contents":"Ovarian cancer\n\n\ngenerally include alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and/or human chorionic gonadotropin. For women with stromal cancers, tests for hormones like estrogen, testosterone, and inhibin are sometimes helpful. Inhibin can also be useful for monitoring the progress of sex-cord tumors, along with mullerian inhibiting substance. AFP can also be used to monitor Sertoli-Leydig tumors. In dysgerminomas, lactate dehydrogenase and its two isozymes (LDH-1 and LDH-2) are used to test for recurrence. Women with ovarian cancer may not need routine surveillance imaging to monitor the","id":"20215965"},{"contents":"Translationally controlled tumour protein\n\n\ninteracts with F-actin and mitotic spindle and regulates cell shape by interacting with the cytoskeleton. Since most cellular processes, such as the cell cycle and cancer, involve changes in the cytoskeleton; it becomes apparent why TCTP is important. Moreover, if the gene encoding TCTP is knocked-out in mice, it becomes embryonic lethal, and they die \"in utero\" (in the womb). Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP/tpt1) is a regulator of the cancer stem cell compartment, the tumor reversion program","id":"2946801"},{"contents":"Ariel Hollinshead\n\n\nfragments. This led to one of the first identification of tumor antigens (also called \"tumor-associated antigens\"). She then began working with human tumors from people with lung cancer, and again had to develop methods to isolate tumor antigens from them. This work led to the first clinical trials of cancer vaccines using tumor antigens in the early 1970s. She then began following the same process to identify and test tumor antigens from women with ovarian cancer, and her work resulted in clinical trials in the early 1980s.","id":"11748498"},{"contents":"Prognosis marker\n\n\nBRAF mutations in melanoma, and FGFR3 mutations in bladder cancer. Detection of cancer hotspot mutations are made feasible by the advance of next-generation sequencing (NGS) that offers high-throughput sequencing of target amplicons. Table1: DNA prognostic markers for common cancer types For liquid tumors, sufficient amount of DNA could be easily obtained since blood draw from patient is simple and noninvasive; for solid tumors, needle biopsy is often performed to collect tumor DNA, a process more invasive with limited DNA quantity for downstream analysis. An alternative","id":"14725878"},{"contents":"Management of prostate cancer\n\n\n, in general, offered to men whose cancer remains within the prostate. Clinicians may reserve hormonal therapy and chemotherapy for disease that has spread beyond the prostate. However, there are exceptions: radiation therapy can treat some advanced tumors, and hormonal therapy some early-stage tumors. Doctors may also propose cryotherapy (the process of freezing the tumor), hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy if initial treatment fails and the cancer progresses. Active surveillance is observation and regular monitoring without invasive treatment. In the context of prostate disease this usually","id":"682270"},{"contents":"Cancer stem cell\n\n\ntumor-regenerative capacity: the cancer stem cell (CSC) and stochastic model. However, certain perspectives maintain that this demarcation is artificial, since both processes act in complementary manners as far as actual tumor populations are concerned. The cancer stem cell model, also known as the Hierarchical Model proposes that tumors are hierarchically organized (CSCs lying at the apex (Fig. 3).) Within the cancer population of the tumors there are cancer stem cells (CSC) that are tumorigenic cells and are biologically distinct from other subpopulations","id":"16898323"},{"contents":"Cancer of unknown primary origin\n\n\nnatural tissue without generating a cancer there. In this case, the “primary tumor” would never exist (see Figure). This can explain why the primary site is not identified even on postmortem examination in many patients with these cancers. This view of CUP may provide relief to health professionals and patients. After a detailed imaging and pathologic analysis, oncologists can tell their patients with CUP that metastasis does not always involve the formation of a primary tumor, and that their diagnostic evaluation is complete. In recent years, microscopic","id":"12540268"},{"contents":"Tumor antigen\n\n\nTumor antigen is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are useful tumor markers in identifying tumor cells with diagnostic tests and are potential candidates for use in cancer therapy. The field of cancer immunology studies such topics. Normal proteins in the body are not antigenic because of self-tolerance, a process in which self-reacting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and autoantibody-producing B lymphocytes are called \"centrally\" in primary lymphatic tissue (BM) and","id":"5454830"},{"contents":"Carcinogenesis\n\n\noverwhelm the signals to regulate it, that cell growth quickly spirals out of control. Often, because these genes regulate the processes that prevent most damage to genes themselves, the rate of mutations increases as one gets older, because DNA damage forms a feedback loop. Mutation of tumor suppressor genes that are passed on to the next generation of not merely cells, but their offspring, can cause increased likelihoods for cancers to be inherited. Members within these families have increased incidence and decreased latency of multiple tumors. The mode of inheritance","id":"6778558"},{"contents":"ARHGDIB\n\n\nin their roles in tumor formation and spread of tumor to other organs (the process of metastasis). For example, RhoGDI2 functions as a suppressor of metastasis but not a tumor suppressor in bladder cancer cells, while RhoGDI1 is a ubiquitous suppressor of tumor growth in all sites so far examined in bladder cancer models), suggesting that their cellular functions must diverge to cause these differential effects. While there are clear links between the alteration of RhoGDI2 protein levels and disease progression and/or metastasis in several types of cancer, the mechanistic underpinnings","id":"20907433"},{"contents":"Steven Libutti\n\n\nnanoparticles are being pursued. Libutti was the first to administer TNF bound colloidal gold nanoparticles as targeted therapy to cancer patients. The overall goal of Libutti's work is to translate a better understanding of tumor cell-endothelial cell interactions, within the context of the tumor microenvironment, into better therapies for patients with cancer. Dr. Libutti is also studying the role of tumor suppressor genes such as \"MEN1\" in the process of tumor formation. Specifically, deciphering the role of \"MEN1\" in the tissue selective development of tumors is","id":"19665746"},{"contents":"Hybridoma technology\n\n\nto detect occult bone marrow metastases in patients with apparently localized prostate cancer. Although immuno-cytochemistry using tumor-associated monoclonal antibodies has led to an improved ability to detect occult breast cancer cells in bone marrow aspirates and peripheral blood, further development of this method is necessary before it can be used routinely. One major drawback of immuno-cytochemistry is that only tumor-associated and not tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies are used, and as a result, some cross-reaction with normal cells can occur. In order to effectively","id":"15274103"},{"contents":"CBR1\n\n\nprocesses. CBR1 has been reported to relate to tumor progression. Suppression of CBR1 expression was associated with poor prognosis in uterine endometrial cancer and uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Previous studies showed that decreased CBR1 expression is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in ovarian cancer, and induction of CBR1 expression in ovarian tumors leads to a spontaneous decrease in tumor size. Recent study demonstrates that CBR1 attenuates apoptosis and promotes cell survival in pancreatic β cell lines under glucotoxic and glucolipotoxic conditions via reducing ROS generation. Their data demonstrates that CBR1","id":"21019700"},{"contents":"José Alencar\n\n\nfor the Senate in 2010, but was forced to give up due to the advanced stage of his cancer disease. On a routine check-up, José Alencar was diagnosed with stomach and kidney cancer in 1997. After undergoing treatment for some length of time, he had his right kidney and two-thirds of his stomach surgically removed. Five years later, a malignant tumor in his prostate was removed. As the disease had metastasized, it continued to spread, and in 2006 doctors discovered a sarcoma in his abdomen.","id":"2446139"},{"contents":"Catherine Margaret Shachaf\n\n\nremoving MYC expression kills the tumor and that MYC reprograms the tumor cells. When MYC expression is taken away from the tumor cells, they are released to their inherent embryonic program. The appearance of the tissue formed in this process looks normal by histology (a method used by pathologists to determine the presence of cancer cells). However, Shachaf showed that the cells derived from the tumor are \"camouflaged\" to appear normal but have the capability to easily revert and become tumors. The MYC protein in cancers correlates with poor prognosis","id":"5009456"},{"contents":"Cancer immunology\n\n\nCancer immunoediting is a process in which immune system interacts with tumor cells. It consists of three phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape. These phases are often referred to as \"the three Es\" of cancer immunoediting. Both, adaptive and innate immune system participate in immunoediting. In the elimination phase, the immune response leads to destruction of tumor cells and therefore to tumor suppression. However, some tumor cells may gain more mutations, change their characteristics and evade the immune system. These cells might enter the equilibrium phase,","id":"2803114"},{"contents":"Somatic evolution in cancer\n\n\nnew blood vessels to support their growth via the process of \"sustained angiogenesis\". During the development of most cancers, primary tumor cells acquire the ability to undergo \"invasion and metastasis\" whereby they migrate into the surrounding tissue and travel to distant sites in the body, forming secondary tumors. The pathways that cells take toward becoming malignant cancers are variable, and the order in which the hallmarks are acquired can vary from tumor to tumor. The early genetic events in tumorigenesis are difficult to measure clinically, but can be simulated","id":"7217919"},{"contents":"Cancer of unknown primary origin\n\n\ncancerous stem cells migrate away from their natural tissue and give rise to a cancer in the new site before or without generating a tumor in their original tissue. Forming a tumor in a tissue is not a prerequisite for stem cells to move away from that tissue. Stem cells can migrate from their natural tissue and initiate a cancer in the new site before generating a detectable tumor in their natural tissue. In this case, the primary tumor could be identified after some time. However, stem cells can also migrate away from their","id":"12540267"},{"contents":"Laurent Susini\n\n\ntumor cells quit their malignant status, and thus, revert?, Laurent Susini joined Molecular Engines Laboratories (M.E.L.), a biotech company with headquarters and laboratories located in Paris (France), in 2000, to develop a new generation of innovative drugs against cancer with Adam Telerman and Robert Amson. By conducting differential gene expression and bio-informatics analyses on the tumor reversion cellular models, they identified more than 200 genes involved in the process of tumor reversion, and specifically TCTP (Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein / Translationally Controlled Tumour","id":"12656431"},{"contents":"Steven Libutti\n\n\nChristina, Melissa, and Michael. His sister, Eileen Libutti, is an accomplished attorney in New York. Libutti is studying tumor neovascular formation and the interaction between tumor cells, endothelial cells and the components of the tumor microenvironment. The goal of Libutti's research program is to develop novel cancer therapies through a better understanding of the tumor microenvironment. The interaction of a tumor and its vasculature is critical for both tumor growth and the spread of tumor cells to distant organs. The process of new vessel development within the tumor is","id":"19665741"},{"contents":"Tumor marker\n\n\n\"biomarker\" heading and is not discussed here. Tumor markers may be used for the following purposes: As stated in the BMJ 2009, tumor markers should not generally be used for the purpose of diagnosis of cancers, as opposed to monitoring purposes in certain cancers, or in certain cases, for screening purposes. The use of these tests without understanding their utility has resulted in inappropriate use of tumor marker blood tests, which has resulted in inappropriate over-investigation for cancers. Tumor markers can be determined in serum or rarely","id":"8117526"},{"contents":"Warburg hypothesis\n\n\nof cancer. The current popular opinion is that cancer cells ferment glucose while keeping up the same level of respiration that was present before the process of carcinogenesis, and thus the Warburg effect would be defined as the observation that cancer cells exhibit glycolysis with lactate production and mitochondrial respiration even in the presence of oxygen. Warburg's hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924. He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g.,","id":"14152081"},{"contents":"Tumor-associated endothelial cell\n\n\nbeen implicated in the initiation of angiogenesis. Dr. Judah Folkman played an important role in studying the role of angiogenesis in promoting tumor growth. He identified tumor's response to hypoxia as a leading contributor to angiogenesis and cancer growth. Angiogenesis was originally introduced as a Hallmark of Cancer based on assumptions that the underlying processes were similar amongst different tumor types. However, there are now multiple studies that illustrate the complexity behind these previous simple conceptions of angiogenesis, indicating that the way cancer cells interact with and co-opt new blood vessel","id":"3114828"},{"contents":"Microvesicles\n\n\ndisease state may be used as an informative blood-based biosignature for cancer. microvesicles express many membrane-bound proteins, some of which can be used as tumor biomarkers. Several tumor markers accessible as proteins in blood or urine have been used to screen and diagnose various types of cancer. In general, tumor markers are produced either by the tumor itself or by the body in response to the presence of cancer or some inflammatory conditions. If a tumor marker level is higher than normal, the patient is examined more closely to","id":"10330141"},{"contents":"Knudson hypothesis\n\n\nIt was later found that carcinogenesis (the development of cancer) depended both on the mutation of proto-oncogenes (genes that stimulate cell proliferation) and on the deactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which are genes that keep proliferation in check. Knudson's hypothesis refers specifically, however, to the heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes. A mutation in both alleles is required, as a single functional tumor suppressor gene is usually sufficient. Some tumor suppressor genes have been found to be \"dose-dependent\" so that inhibition of one","id":"20002170"},{"contents":"Spindle cell sarcoma\n\n\nSpindle cell sarcoma is a type of connective tissue cancer in which the cells are spindle-shaped when examined under a microscope. The tumors generally begin in layers of connective tissue such as that under the skin, between muscles, and surrounding organs, and will generally start as a small lump with inflammation that grows. At first the lump will be self-contained as the tumor exists in its stage 1 state, and will not necessarily expand beyond its encapsulated form. However, it may develop cancerous processes that can only be","id":"13045407"},{"contents":"Mutanome\n\n\nThe mutanome is the entirety of somatic cancer mutations in an individual tumor.br Carcinogenesis is largely driven by changes in the DNA sequence of the genomes of cancer cells. This process leads to a unique repertoire of mutations (′the mutanome′) in every patient’s tumor. The mutanome encodes peptides that can be targets for T cells, which play a central role in the immune response.br A description of individual mutanomes of human tumors has been made feasible by the introduction of Next Generation Sequencing Technology (NGS). Cancer mutanomes can be defined by","id":"21512896"},{"contents":"Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis\n\n\nBreast cancer metastatic mouse models are experimental approaches in which mice are genetically manipulated to develop a mammary tumor leading to distant focal lesions of mammary epithelium . Recent ameliorations in maneuvering the mouse genome have provided the technology to induce mammary cancers in mice arising from genetic mutations that have been identified in human cancer. This means models can be generated based upon molecular lesions consistent with the human disease. Metastasis is a process of migration of tumour cells from the primary cancer site to a distant location where the cancer cells form secondary tumors. Metastatic","id":"7611718"},{"contents":"Agenus\n\n\nexpressed in mammalian B-lineage cells. The Prophage Series of patient-specific cancer vaccine candidates can also enhance the immune system's response to tumors. Because each cancer is unique, the vaccine is derived from the patient's own tumor sample. To process these samples, Agenus has established a multi-product Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) facility, which has already helped process over 1,000 tumor samples from across the globe. The company's QS-21 Stimulon® adjuvant platform strengthens and broadens immune responses to antigens on cancers or foreign","id":"19643601"},{"contents":"Magnetic nanoparticles\n\n\ncancer research to target and treat tumors in combination with magnetic hyperthermia or nanoparticle-delivered cancer drugs. Despite research efforts, however, the accumulation of nanoparticles inside of cancer tumors of all types is sub-optimal, even with affinity ligands. Willhelm et al. conducted a broad analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumors and concluded that the median amount of injected dose reaching a solid tumor is only 0.7%. The challenge of accumulating large amounts of nanoparticles inside of tumors is arguably the biggest obstacle facing nanomedicine in general. While direct","id":"18079878"},{"contents":"Carcinogenesis\n\n\nDNA damage accumulates without repair, inevitably leading to cancer. Mutations of tumor suppressor genes that occur in germline cells are passed along to offspring, and increase the likelihood for cancer diagnoses in subsequent generations. Members of these families have increased incidence and decreased latency of multiple tumors. The tumor types are typical for each type of tumor suppressor gene mutation, with some mutations causing particular cancers, and other mutations causing others. The mode of inheritance of mutant tumor suppressors is that an affected member inherits a defective copy from one parent,","id":"6778552"},{"contents":"Microvesicles\n\n\nby independent research groups has demonstrated that microvesicles from the cells of healthy tissues, or selected miRNAs from these microvesicles, can be employed to reverse many tumors in pre-clinical cancer models, and may be used in combination with chemotherapy. Conversely, microvesicles processed from a tumor cell are involved in the transport of cancer proteins and in delivering microRNA to the surrounding healthy tissue. It leads to a change of healthy cell phenotype and creates a tumor-friendly environment. Microvesicles play an important role in tumor angiogenesis and in the degradation","id":"10330143"},{"contents":"Metastasis\n\n\nas part of management programs for metastasis. Although metastasis is widely accepted to be the result of the tumor cells migration, there is a hypothesis saying that some metastases are the result of inflammatory processes by abnormal immune cells. The existence of metastatic cancers in the absence of primary tumors also suggests that metastasis is not always caused by malignant cells that leave primary tumors. In March 2014 researchers discovered the oldest complete example of a human with metastatic cancer. The tumors had developed in a 3,000-year-old skeleton found in 2013 in a","id":"19325896"},{"contents":"Somatic evolution in cancer\n\n\naccording to known biology. Macroscopic tumors are now beginning to be described in terms of their underlying genetic changes, providing additional data to refine the framework described in The Hallmarks of Cancer. The theory about the monoclonal origin of cancer states that, in general, neoplasms arise from a single cell of origin. While it is possible that certain carcinogens may mutate more than one cell at once, the tumor mass usually represents progeny of a single cell, or very few cells. A series of mutations is required in the process of","id":"7217920"},{"contents":"Somatic evolution in cancer\n\n\nresearch shows that in many cancers there is apparent hierarchy among cells. in general, there is a small population of cells in the tumor – about 0.2%–1% – that exhibits stem cell-like properties. These cells have the ability to give rise to a variety of cells in tumor tissue, self-renew indefinitely, and upon transfer can form new tumors. According to the hypothesis, cancer stem cells are the only cells capable of tumorigenesis – initiation of a new tumor. Cancer stem cell hypothesis might explain such phenomena as","id":"7217922"},{"contents":"Tumor antigen vaccine\n\n\nis processed into epitopes. Delivery of the gene is particularly challenging for this type of vaccine. Viral vaccines usually work by preventing the spread of the virus. Similarly, cancer vaccines can be designed to target common antigens before cancer evolves if an individual has appropriate risk factors. Additional preventive applications include preventing the cancer from evolving further or undergoing metastasis and preventing relapse after remission. Therapeutic vaccines focus on killing existing tumors. While cancer vaccines have generally been demonstrated to be safe, their efficacy still needs improvement. One way to potentially","id":"16162687"},{"contents":"Primary tumor\n\n\nA primary tumor is a tumor growing at the anatomical site where tumor progression began and proceeded to yield a cancerous mass. Most cancers develop at their primary site but then go on to metastasize or spread to other parts of the body. These further tumors are secondary tumors. Most cancers continue to be called after their primary site, as in breast cancer or lung cancer for example, even after they have spread to other parts of the body. Cancer of unknown primary origin is cancer in which secondary tumors are found but the","id":"16673345"},{"contents":"Carcinogenesis\n\n\n, cancer cells undergo a process of natural selection: the few cells with new genetic changes that enhance their survival or reproduction continue to multiply, and soon come to dominate the growing tumor, as cells with less favorable genetic change are out-competed. This is exactly how pathogens such as MRSA can become antibiotic-resistant (or how HIV can become drug-resistant), and the same reason why crop blights and pests can become pesticide-resistant. This evolution is why cancer recurrences will have cells that have acquired cancer","id":"6778533"},{"contents":"Prostate cancer\n\n\n, offered to men whose cancer remains within the prostate. Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy are often reserved for disease that has spread beyond the prostate. There are exceptions: local or metastasis-directed therapy by radiation treatment may be used for advanced tumors with a limited amount of metastases, and hormonal therapy is used for some early stage tumors. Cryotherapy (the process of freezing the tumor), hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy may also be offered if initial treatment fails and the cancer progresses. Sipuleucel-T, a cancer vaccine has","id":"5992069"},{"contents":"Sigma-2 receptor\n\n\nstudies have shown inhibition of selective sigma receptor radioligands by antidepressants, in the mouse and rat brain. Sigma-2 receptors have been associated with pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. Tumor cells are shown to over-express sigma-2 receptors, allowing for potential cancer therapies as many sigma-2 receptor mediated cell responses happen only in tumor cells. Tumor cell responses are modulated via ligand binding. Sigma receptor ligands can act as agonists or antagonists, generating different cellular responses. Agonists inhibit tumor cell","id":"11222203"},{"contents":"Breast cancer stem cell\n\n\ndrivers of metastases and tumor growth. The microenvironment in which these cells reside is filled with residential inflammatory cells that provide the needed signaling cues for BCSC-mediated self-renewal and survival. Furthermore, the production of cytokines allows these cells to escape from the primary tumor and travel through the circulation to distant organs, commencing the process of metastasis. Due to their significant role in driving disease progression, BCSCs represent a new target by which to treat the tumor at the source of metastasis. Cancer stem cells in breast tumors were","id":"9821953"},{"contents":"Benign tumor\n\n\nwithin an enclosed space such as the cranium, respiratory tract, sinus or inside bones. Tumors of endocrine tissues may overproduce certain hormones, especially when the cells are well differentiated. Examples include thyroid adenomas and adrenocortical adenomas. Although most benign tumors are not life-threatening, many types of benign tumors have the potential to become cancerous (malignant) through a process known as tumor progression. For this reason and other possible negative health effects, some benign tumors are removed by surgery. Benign tumors are very diverse, and may","id":"15074535"},{"contents":"Somatic evolution in cancer\n\n\nthe clone with loss of p53 has been associated with an increased risk of a pre-malignant tumor becoming cancerous. It is thought that the process of developing cancer involves successive waves of clonal expansions within the tumor. The term \"field cancerization\" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or \"field\" of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer. Since then, the terms \"field cancerization\" and \"field defect\" have","id":"7217903"},{"contents":"Tumor promotion\n\n\nTumor promotion is a process in carcinogenesis by which various factors permit the descendants of a single initiated cell to survive and expand in number, i.e. to resist apoptosis and to undergo clonal growth. This is a step toward tumor progression. In order for a tumor cell to survive, it must decrease its expression of tumor suppressor genes such as p53, BRCA1, BRCA2, RB1, or the fas receptor. A tumor suppressor would trigger an apoptotic pathway in a cancer cell if there were DNA damage, polyploidy, or uncontrolled cell","id":"7148658"},{"contents":"Sarcoma\n\n\nbone scan to evaluate whether the cancer has spread to other bones. Staging for soft tissue sarcomas typically includes imaging of the primary tumor by MRI or CT to determine tumor size, as well as contrast-enhanced CT of the chest to evaluate for metastatic tumors in the lungs. Like some other cancers, sarcomas are assigned a grade (low, intermediate, or high) based on the appearance of the tumor cells under a microscope. In general, grade refers to how aggressive the cancer is and how likely it is to","id":"4103432"},{"contents":"Radiation therapy\n\n\ncancer in actual clinical practice. For example, leukemias are not generally curable with radiation therapy, because they are disseminated through the body. Lymphoma may be radically curable if it is localised to one area of the body. Similarly, many of the common, moderately radioresponsive tumors are routinely treated with curative doses of radiation therapy if they are at an early stage. For example: non-melanoma skin cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, anal cancer, and","id":"6722645"},{"contents":"Miki Roqué\n\n\n2011, after undergoing a routine check-up due to back problems, Roqué was diagnosed with pelvic cancer, undergoing surgery to excise a malignant tumor the following day. Betis' fan clubs raised funds for his treatment, while Carles Puyol, of the same province, financed €30,000 for specialist private treatment. On 24 June 2012, after just over a year of illness, Roqué lost his battle against cancer and died, two weeks before his 24th birthday. His death prompted a series of tributes on Twitter, including from","id":"17792874"},{"contents":"D-amino acid oxidase\n\n\nenzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) to treat tumors in cancer patients. This treatment uses RgDAAO as the enzyme and D-alanine as a substrate to create a reactive oxygen species H2O2 as a product. H2O2 permeates through tumor cells and damages biopolymers. The damage done by H2O2 creates a cytotoxic metabolite from a nontoxic prodrug within the tumor cells, which then creates a toxic substance in those cells alone. This process is beneficial for cancer patients, because this treatment is toxic only to tumor cells, while chemotherapy is toxic to all","id":"13106424"},{"contents":"Regulatory T cell\n\n\ntumor microenvironment. Although it is not entirely understood, it is thought that these lymphocytes target cancerous cells and therefore slow or terminate the development of the tumor. However, this process is complicated because Tregs seem to be preferentially trafficked to the tumor microenvironment. While Tregs normally make up only about 4% of CD4 T cells, they can make up as much as 20–30% of the total CD4 population around the tumor microenvironment. Although high levels of TILs were initially thought to be important in determining an immune response against cancer,","id":"15413674"},{"contents":"Alcohol and cancer\n\n\nhepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with type C cirrhosis, found that alcohol influenced tumor volume doubling time (TVDT). A study of chick embryos suggests that alcohol stimulates their tumor growth by fueling the production of a growth factor that stimulates blood vessel development in tumors. A 2006 study in mice showed moderate drinking resulted in larger and stronger tumors via a process known as angiogenesis. A study where high amounts of alcohol were given to mice suggests that it accelerates their cancer growth by speeding up the loss of body fat and","id":"2588644"},{"contents":"Breast cancer\n\n\nIn 2012, researchers said that there are four genetically distinct types of the breast cancer and that in each type, hallmark genetic changes lead to many cancers. Other genetic predispositions include the density of the breast tissue and hormonal levels. Women with dense breast tissue are more likely to get tumors and are less likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer- because the dense tissue makes tumors less visible on mammograms. Furthermore, women with naturally high estrogen and progesterone levels are also at higher risk for tumor development. Breast changes like atypical ductal","id":"20597177"},{"contents":"Calcium-binding protein\n\n\ncells, which can be easily differentiated from carcinomas. This differentiation is later applied for a diagnosis on ovarian stromal tumors. Also, another member of the EF-hand superfamily is the S100B protein, which regulates p53. P53 is known as a tumor suppressor protein and in this case acts as a transcriptional activator or repressor of numerous genes. S100B proteins are abundantly found in cancerous tumor cells causing them to be overexpressed, therefore making these proteins useful for classifying tumors. In addition, this explains why this protein can easily interact","id":"14257333"},{"contents":"Spinal disease\n\n\ntissue builds up from abnormal cells that multiply quickly in a specific region. Tumors generally are broken down into categories known as benign, meaning non-cancerous, or malignant, meaning cancerous, and also primary or secondary. Primary spinal tumors begin in either the spinal cord or spinal column, whereas secondary spinal tumors begin elsewhere and spread to the spinal region. Symptoms for spinal tumors may vary due to factors such as the type of tumor, the region of the spine, and the health of the patient. Back pain is","id":"18317384"},{"contents":"Laurent Susini\n\n\nMore particularly his expertise was instrumental for the genetic and epigenetic analyses of single revertant cells from different cancer cell lines, for the identification of a \"drugable\" target and for the generation of pharmacological compounds able to kill cancer cells. TCTP (Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein was identified in a screen between tumor cells and revertant cells. Inhibition of TCTP influences reversion of tumor cells. Therefore, the objective was to develop drugs targeting TCTP in cancers overexpressing the protein. Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP/tpt1) is a regulator of","id":"12656433"},{"contents":"RNAi-Based Identification System and interference of Specific Cancer Cells\n\n\nand prognostic tool in tumor and cancer classifications, although current tumor classification methods do not incorporate experimental knowledge. As is evident in experimental knowledge, different types of cancer can be associated with the irregular expression of particular miRNAs. Other parameters considered to be critical are the location of the miRNAs on the strand, cancer associated genomic regions, epigenetic alteration of miRNA expression and abnormalities in processing target genes and proteins. Recent evidence show that miRNAs play an important role in human malignancies and could act as a tumor/oncogene suppressor. Recently","id":"12786809"},{"contents":"Epidemiology of cancer\n\n\nmillion infants. Several estimates of incidence exist. According to SEER, in the United States: Teratoma (a germ cell tumor) often is cited as the most common tumor in this age group, but most teratomas are surgically removed while still benign, hence not necessarily cancer. Prior to the widespread routine use of prenatal ultrasound examinations, the incidence of sacrococcygeal teratomas diagnosed at birth was 25 to 29 per million births. Female and male infants have essentially the same overall cancer incidence rates, a notable difference compared to older children","id":"12311174"},{"contents":"Primitive neuroectodermal tumor\n\n\nPrimitive neuroectodermal tumor is a malignant (cancerous) neural crest tumor. It is a rare tumor, usually occurring in children and young adults under 25 years of age. The overall 5 year survival rate is about 53%. It gets its name because the majority of the cells in the tumor are derived from neuroectoderm, but have not developed and differentiated in the way a normal neuron would, and so the cells appear \"primitive\". PNET belongs to the Ewing family of tumors. Using gene transfer of SV40 large T","id":"20905302"},{"contents":"Tumor antigen vaccine\n\n\nAccording to the National Cancer Institute, a tumor antigen vaccine is a \"vaccine made of cancer cells, parts of cancer cells, or pure tumor antigens (substances isolated from tumor cells)\". A tumor antigen vaccine may stimulate the body's immune system to find and kill cancer cells. As such, tumor antigen vaccines are a type of cancer immunotherapy. Tumor antigen vaccines work the same way that viral vaccines work, by training the immune system to attack cells that contain the antigens in the vaccine. The difference is","id":"16162681"},{"contents":"Host response to cancer therapy\n\n\nfor many cancers. These agents induce death in rapidly dividing cells thus targeting tumor cells, but at the same time damaging healthy tissue. Consequently, non-malignant host cells activate wound healing and inflammatory mechanisms to repair chemotherapy-induced damage. These repair mechanisms have the potential to exacerbate tumor promoting processes such as angiogenesis and metastasis. In mouse tumor models, different chemotherapy types induce a rapid mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells that home to the tumor site where they promote angiogenesis. In addition, a variety of immune cell types","id":"4332556"},{"contents":"Brain tumor\n\n\nA brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. There are two main types of tumors: cancerous (malignant) tumors and benign (non-cancerous) tumors. Cancerous tumors can be divided into primary tumors, which start within the brain, and secondary tumors, which have spread from elsewhere, known as brain metastasis tumors. All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involved. These symptoms may include headaches, seizures, problems with vision, vomiting and mental changes","id":"16635911"},{"contents":"Chromosome instability\n\n\nThey also control transcription, and process nuclear transport. The research associated with chromosomal instability is associated with solid tumors, which are tumors that refer to a solid mass of cancer cells that grow in organ systems and can occur anywhere in the body. These tumors are opposed to liquid tumors, which occur in the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Although chromosome instability has long been proposed to promote tumor progression, recent studies suggest that chromosome instability can either promote or suppress tumor progression. The difference between the two are","id":"13594629"},{"contents":"The Hallmarks of Cancer\n\n\n). In addition, cell division in normal, non-cancerous cells is tightly controlled. In cancer cells, these processes are deregulated because the proteins that control them are altered, leading to increased growth and cell division within the tumor. To tightly control cell division, cells have processes within them that prevent cell growth and division. These processes are orchestrated by proteins known as tumor suppressor genes. These genes take information from the cell to ensure that it is ready to divide, and will halt division if not (when","id":"20048754"},{"contents":"Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7\n\n\nof Smad7 in pancreatic cancer is still controversial. Over-expression or constitutive activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can promote tumor processes. EGF-induced MMP-9 expression enhances tumor invasion and metastasis in some kinds of tumor cells such as breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Smad7 exerts an inhibitory effect on the EGF signaling pathway. Therefore, it may play a role in prevention of cancer metastasis. SMAD7 signaling has been studied in a recent Celgene Phase III trial, NCT ID number 94, which interacts with the SMAD7 pathway","id":"1825091"},{"contents":"Healthcare in Ghana\n\n\nlikely to be diagnosed with high-grade tumors that are negative for expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and the HER2/neu marker. These triple negative breast tumors are more aggressive and result in higher breast cancer mortality rates. Explanations for the delayed presentation among women in Ghana have been traced to the cost of, and access to, routine screening mammography. Furthermore, women with breast cancer in Ghana describe a feeling of hopelessness and helplessness, largely due to their belief in fatalism, which contributes to denial as","id":"6626602"},{"contents":"Metastasis suppressor\n\n\nA metastasis suppressor is a protein that acts to slow or prevent metastases (secondary tumors) from spreading in the body of an organism with cancer. Metastasis is one of the most lethal cancer processes. This process is responsible for about ninety percent of human cancer deaths. Proteins that act to slow or prevent metastases are different from those that act to suppress tumor growth. Genes for about a dozen such proteins are known in humans and other animals. The treatment of cancer usually aims to destroy and/or stop the growth of the primary","id":"976437"},{"contents":"Bert Vogelstein\n\n\nUniversity, he developed many mathematical models to understand the evolutionary process of cancer which lead to various hypotheses about mechanisms and timing of progression and seeding of metastases. In the 1980s, Vogelstein developed new experimental approaches to study human tumors. His studies of various stages of colorectal cancers led him to propose a specific model for human tumorigenesis in 1988. In particular, he suggested that \"cancer is caused by sequential mutations of specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes\". The first tumor suppressor gene validating this hypothesis was that encoding p53.","id":"11548734"},{"contents":"Cancer vaccine\n\n\neffective in eliciting immune responses in spontaneous cancer models. Defined tumor antigens decrease the risk of autoimmunity, but because the immune response is directed to a single epitope, tumors can evade destruction through antigen loss variance. A process called \"epitope spreading\" or \"provoked immunity\" may mitigate this weakness, as sometimes an immune response to a single antigen can lead to immunity against other antigens on the same tumor. For example, since Hsp70 plays an important role in the presentation of antigens of destroyed cells including cancer cells, this","id":"6137416"},{"contents":"Benign tumor\n\n\nTGFα and erythropoietin). One of the most important factors in classifying a tumor as benign or malignant is its invasive potential. If a tumor lacks the ability to invade adjacent tissues or spread to distant sites by metastasizing then it is benign, whereas invasive or metastatic tumors are malignant. For this reason, benign tumors are not classed as cancer. Benign tumors will grow in a contained area usually encapsulated in a fibrous connective tissue capsule. The growth rates of benign and malignant tumors also differ; benign tumors generally grow more slowly","id":"15074543"},{"contents":"Circulating tumor DNA\n\n\ntreatment regimen. ctDNA originates directly from the tumor or from circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which describes viable, intact tumor cells that shed from primary tumors and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The precise mechanism of ctDNA release is unclear. The biological processes postulated to be involved in ctDNA release include apoptosis and necrosis from dying cells, or active release from viable tumor cells. Studies in both human (healthy and cancer patients) and xenografted mice show that the size of fragmented cfDNA is predominantly 166bp long, which corresponds","id":"13614287"},{"contents":"Surface epithelial-stromal tumor\n\n\nnormal ovary. Brenner tumors may be benign or malignant, depending on whether the tumor cells invade the surrounding tissue. Small cell ovarian cancer (SCCO) are generally classified into epithelial tumors associated with distinctive endocrine features. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recognises SCCO as two distinct entities: Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Hypercalcemic Type ( SCCOHT) and Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Pulmonary Type ( SCCOPT). Small cell tumours are rare and aggressive, they contribute to less than 2% of all gynaecologic malignancies. The average age","id":"15273275"},{"contents":"Gynecomastia\n\n\nmay show different histological features such as increased connective tissue fibrosis, an increase in the number of ducts, less inflammation than in the acute stage of gynecomastia, increased subareolar fat, and hyalinization of the stroma. When surgery is performed, the gland is routinely sent to the lab to confirm the presence of gynecomastia and to check for tumors under a microscope. The utility of pathologic examination of breast tissue removed from male adolescent gynecomastia patients has recently been questioned due to the rarity of breast cancer in this population. The spectrum of","id":"19991463"},{"contents":"CXorf38 Isoform 1\n\n\ndata shows increased CXorf38 expression in a variety of cancers with the greatest expression in endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, and urothelial cancer. There is also experimental evidence to show that CXorf38 is 1 of 163 genes that are upregulated in ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3 and OV-90) overexpressing CD157, an exoenzyme that regulates leukocyte diapedesis. High CD157 expression strengthens the probability of processes favoring tumor progression such as cell motility, and weakens processes inhibiting tumor progression such as apoptosis. 1. Patent WO2012175562A2 claims that CXorf38 is 1 of 3 genes","id":"2786826"},{"contents":"Tumor-associated endothelial cell\n\n\nTumor-associated endothelial cells or tumor endothelial cells (TECs) refers to cells lining the tumor-associated blood vessels that control the passage of nutrients into surrounding tumor tissue. Across different cancer types, tumor-associated blood vessels have been discovered to differ significantly from normal blood vessels in morphology, gene expression, and functionality in ways that promote cancer progression. There has been notable interest in developing cancer therapeutics that capitalize on these abnormalities of the tumor-associated endothelium to destroy tumors. Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) have been","id":"3114822"},{"contents":"Cancer research\n\n\nvarious onco- and tumor suppressor genes can be disrupted at different stages of tumor progression. Mutations in such genes can be used to classify the malignancy of a tumor. In later stages, tumors can develop a resistance to cancer treatment. The identification of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is important to understand tumor progression and treatment success. The role of a given gene in cancer progression may vary tremendously, depending on the stage and type of cancer involved. Prompt detection of cancer is important, since it is usually more difficult to treat","id":"14387224"},{"contents":"Immune system\n\n\n. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells also kill tumorous cells in a similar way, especially if the tumor cells have fewer MHC class I molecules on their surface than normal; this is a common phenomenon with tumors. Sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system. Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers. Tumor cells","id":"15052162"},{"contents":"Tumor M2-PK\n\n\ncolon cancer and 56% (confidence interval 41–74%) for rectal cancer. Its specificity is 95%. The M2-PK test is not dependent on occult blood (ELISA method), so it can detect bleeding or non-bleeding bowel cancer and also polyps with high sensitivity and high specificity with no false negative, but false positives may occur. Most people are more willing to accept non-invasive preventive medical check-ups. Therefore, the measurement of tumor M2-PK in stool samples, with follow-up by colonoscopy to","id":"20138498"},{"contents":"Cancer immunology\n\n\nin which the immune system doesn’t recognise all tumor cells, but at the same time the tumor doesn’t grow. This condition may lead to the phase of escape, in which the tumor gains dominance over immune system, starts growing and establishes immunosuppressive environment. As a consequence of immunoediting, tumor cell clones less responsive to the immune system gain dominance in the tumor through time, as the recognized cells are eliminated. This process may be considered akin to Darwinian evolution, where cells containing pro-oncogenic or immunosuppressive mutations survive","id":"2803115"},{"contents":"Tumor-associated endothelial cell\n\n\neffect and has been exploited for cancer nano-therapeutics. Unfortunately the effectiveness of this mechanism for drug nano-carriers remains inconsistent due to the heterogeneity of this EPR effect within and amongst different tumors. Tumor type, size, and location affect the nature of the surrounding vasculature and stroma and contribute to this heterogeneity in EPR effect. The idea of tumors promoting angiogenesis, or the process of forming new blood vessels, has been around since the discovery of VEGF in 1989. The branching patterning of tumor-associated endothelial cells has","id":"3114827"},{"contents":"Proliferative index\n\n\nProliferation, as one of the hallmarks and most fundamental biological processes in tumors, is associated with tumor progression, response to therapy, and cancer patient survival. Consequently, the evaluation of a tumor proliferative index (or growth fraction) has clinical significance in characterizing many solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. This has led investigators to develop different technologies to evaluate the proliferation index in tumor samples. The most commonly used methods in evaluating a proliferative index include mitotic indexing, thymidine-labeling index, bromodeoxyuridine assay, the determination of fraction of","id":"7148659"},{"contents":"Melanoma\n\n\nT2+ tumors, mucosal tumors, ocular melanoma and tumors of the limbs. A process called lymphoscintigraphy is performed in which a radioactive tracer is injected at the tumor site to localize the sentinel node(s). Further precision is provided using a blue tracer dye, and surgery is performed to biopsy the node(s). Routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunoperoxidase staining will be adequate to rule out node involvement. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests on nodes, usually performed to test for entry into clinical trials, now demonstrate","id":"16355400"},{"contents":"TBX3\n\n\nto the expansion of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and is a key player in regulating pluripotency-related genes in these cells. CSCs contribute to tumor relapse and drug resistance and thus this may be another mechanism by which TBX3 contributes to cancer formation and tumor aggressiveness. The mechanisms by which TBX3 contributes to oncogenic processes involve, in part, its ability to inhibit the tumor suppressor pathways p14/p53/p21, p16/pRb, \"p57\", \"PTEN\", \"E-cadherin\" and activating the angiogenesis","id":"21019659"},{"contents":"Gynecomastia\n\n\nhCG levels are abnormally high, then ultrasound of the testicles should be performed to check for signs of a hormone-secreting testicular tumor. Markers of testicular, adrenal, or other tumors such as urinary 17-ketosteroid or serum dehydroepiandrosterone may also be checked if there is evidence of hormonal imbalance on physical examination. If high levels of If this evaluation does not reveal the cause of gynecomastia, then it is considered to be idiopathic gynecomastia (of unclear cause). Other causes of male breast enlargement such as mastitis, breast cancer, pseudogynecomastia","id":"19991460"},{"contents":"Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results\n\n\nPacific Islanders. The SEER Program registries routinely collect data on patient demographics, primary tumor site, tumor morphology and stage at diagnosis, first course of treatment, and follow-up for vital status. The SEER Program is the only comprehensive source of population-based information in the United States that includes stage of cancer at the time of diagnosis and patient survival data. SEER began collecting data on cancer cases on January 1, 1973, in the states of Connecticut, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, Hawaii, and the","id":"15828601"},{"contents":"Ovarian cancer\n\n\n. They can also secrete hormones which change the menstrual cycle. In 25% of germ-cell tumors, the cancer is discovered during a routine examination and does not cause symptoms. Diagnosing germ cell tumors may be difficult because the normal menstrual cycle and puberty can cause pain and pelvic symptoms, and a young woman may even believe these symptoms to be those of pregnancy, and not seek treatment due to the stigma of teen pregnancy. Blood tests for alpha-fetoprotein, karyotype, human chorionic gonadotropin, and liver function are","id":"20215913"},{"contents":"Invasion (cancer)\n\n\nterm “epithelial-mesenchymal transition” (EMT) was put to use to clarify the reversibility of this process . Currently, EMT is known to underlie the processes of embryogenesis and inflammation and regeneration of tissues and, certainly, plays a key role in the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Tumor cells spreading into the surrounding tissues and distant organs are known to reproduce the mechanisms and migration types characteristic of normal, non-tumor cells during physiological processes. Tumor cells, similar to normal cells, are capable of activating these mechanisms for changing","id":"11740443"},{"contents":"Regulatory T cell\n\n\nprognosis. This trend is seen in cancers such as colorectal carcinoma and follicular lymphoma. This could be due to Treg's ability to suppress general inflammation which is known to trigger cell proliferation and metastasis . These opposite effects indicate that Treg's role in the development of cancer is highly dependent on both type and location of the tumor. Although it is still not entirely understood how Tregs are preferentially trafficked to the tumor microenvironment, the chemotaxis is probably driven by the production of chemokines by the tumor. Treg infiltration into the tumor microenvironment","id":"15413676"},{"contents":"Invasion (cancer)\n\n\n. A relationship between the application of drugs on the basis of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer therapy and progression of the tumor process was established. The explanation of this relationship became possible only after the identification of tumor cells capable of amoeboid migration. These data most likely indicate that, under conditions of a reduction in or complete loss of their ability to spread to the surrounding tissues using the main molecules that perform adhesion and destruction of the extracellular matrix, tumor cells turn to the amoeboid mechanism of invasion, which becomes the only and","id":"11740467"},{"contents":"Brain tumor\n\n\ngreatest of any type of cancer. The signs and symptoms of brain tumors are broad. People may experience symptoms regardless of whether the tumor is benign (not cancerous) or cancerous. Primary and secondary brain tumors present with similar symptoms, depending on the location, size, and rate of growth of the tumor. For example, larger tumors in the frontal lobe can cause changes in the ability to think. However, a smaller tumor in an area such as Wernicke's area (small area responsible for language comprehension) can","id":"16635916"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Noninvasive genotyping\\n\\n\\n, or Down Syndrome, which is what is most routinely checked for by NIPD screens. This same technique is also utilized to identify the incidence of tumor DNA in the blood, which can both provide early detection of tumor growth and indicate relapse in cancer. Circulating tumor DNA can be found in the blood before metastasis occurs and, therefore, detection of certain mutant alleles may enhance survival rates in cancer patients. In a recent study, ctDNA was shown to be \\\"a broadly applicable, sensitive, and specific biomarker that can\",\n \"id\": \"6066545\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Aurora A kinase\\n\\n\\ncells it becomes an aneuploid- containing more chromosomes than normal. Aneuploidy is a trait of many cancerous tumors. Ordinarily, Aurora A expression levels are kept in check by the tumor suppressor protein p53. Mutations of the chromosome region that contains Aurora A, 20q13, are generally considered to have a poor prognosis. Osimertinib and rociletinib, two anti cancer drugs for lung cancer, work by shutting off mutant EGFR, which initially kills cancerous tumors, but the tumors rewire and activate Aurora kinase A, becoming cancerous growths again. According to\",\n \"id\": \"7776542\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cancer of unknown primary origin\\n\\n\\nthe mediastinum of the chest and/or retroperitoneal space of the abdomen may have a germ cell tumor. Cancer of unknown primary source is not a single type of cancer, although researchers have attempted to find a common characteristic that explains why a cancer might spread very early without causing symptoms at the site of origin. It is generally accepted that cancer of unknown primary site exists because the primary tumor is not identified due to clinical or technological inefficiencies, or because the primary tumor regresses or stays dormant after spreading the cancer cells that generate the\",\n \"id\": \"12540265\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Host response to cancer therapy\\n\\n\\ncytokines and growth factors that in turn augment the invasive and metastatic potential of tumors. Surgical resection of a tumor is one of the primary treatment modalities for cancer and can be curative especially for patients with early disease. However, there is evidence that tumor resection generates a permissive environment for tumor growth, in part, via host-mediated processes. As part of the wound healing process, surgical tissue trauma is rapidly followed by a cascade of inflammatory processes. Many of the growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix-modifying enzymes\",\n \"id\": \"4332560\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cancer stem cell\\n\\n\\nCancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. CSCs are therefore tumorigenic (tumor-forming), perhaps in contrast to other non-tumorigenic cancer cells. CSCs may generate tumors through the stem cell processes of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell types. Such cells are hypothesized to persist in tumors as a distinct population and cause relapse and\",\n \"id\": \"16898319\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Skin cancer in cats and dogs\\n\\n\\nexcised along with the tumor do not contain any cancer cells. If the tumor is larger, a small sample is removed for analysis and depending on the results, appropriate treatment is chosen. Depending on the tumor type and its level of aggressiveness, additional diagnostic tests can include blood tests to assess the pet’s overall health, chest X-rays to check for lung metastasis, and abdominal ultrasound to check for metastasis to other internal organs. The specific treatment will depend on the tumor's type, location, size, and\",\n \"id\": \"9043117\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"L1 (protein)\\n\\n\\nthere's L1CAM overexpression in all types of cancer cells, which has been associated with poor prognosis, tumor progression and metastasis. This up-regulation may not be necessarily associated with mutations in L1 transcription factors. It has been seen this protein plays a key role in inflammatory reactions as the one's taking place in the tissue surrounding a tumor. This could explain why this protein gets suddenly overproduced in tumor cells. L1CAM's diverse functions make tumor cells more aggressive and resistant. Their migratory and motility related functions may result key\",\n \"id\": \"5789797\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Carcinogenesis\\n\\n\\neither case, expression of these genes promotes the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell division, survival, or other properties of cancer cells. Tumor suppressor genes are often disabled by cancer-promoting genetic changes. Finally Oncovirinae, viruses that contain an oncogene, are categorized as oncogenic because they trigger the growth of tumorous tissues in the host. This process is also referred to as viral transformation. There is a diverse classification scheme for the various genomic changes that may contribute to the generation of\",\n \"id\": \"6778494\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tumor marker\\n\\n\\nA tumor marker is a biomarker found in blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated by the presence of one or more types of cancer. There are many different tumor markers, each indicative of a particular disease process, and they are used in oncology to help detect the presence of cancer. An elevated level of a tumor marker can indicate cancer; however, there can also be other causes of the elevation (false positive values). Tumor markers can be produced directly by the tumor or by non-\",\n \"id\": \"8117524\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Circulating tumor DNA\\n\\n\\nbeen shown to be useful in studying the clonal evolution of a patient’s cancer before and after treatment regimens. Implementation of ctDNA in clinical practice is largely hindered by the lack of standardized methods for ctDNA processing and analysis. Standardization of methods for sample collection (including time of collection), downstream processing (DNA extraction and amplification), quantification and validation must be established before ctDNA analysis can become a routine clinical assay. Furthermore, creation of a panel of ‘standard’ tumor-associated biomarkers may be necessary given the resolution\",\n \"id\": \"13614315\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Combined small-cell lung carcinoma\\n\\n\\nan exponential (or near exponential) fashion. Unless this runaway cell division process is checked, a clinically apparent tumor will eventually form as the mass reaches sufficient size to be detected clinically, or begins to cause signs or symptoms. Approximately 98% of lung cancers are eventually diagnosed as a histological variant of carcinoma, a term that signifies that the tumor derives from transformed epithelial cells, or cells that have acquired epithelial characteristics as a result of cell differentiation. The histogenesis of c-SCLC and other multiphasic forms of lung cancer\",\n \"id\": \"13718035\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cancer immunology\\n\\n\\nthe most well known application is cancer immunotherapy, where the immune system is used to treat cancer. Cancer immunosurveillance is a theory formulated in 1957 by Burnet and Thomas, who proposed that lymphocytes act as sentinels in recognizing and eliminating continuously arising, nascent transformed cells. Cancer immunosurveillance appears to be an important host protection process that decreases cancer rates through inhibition of carcinogenesis and maintaining of regular cellular homeostasis. It has also been suggested that immunosurveillance primarily functions as a component of a more general process of cancer immunoediting. Tumors may express tumor\",\n \"id\": \"2803111\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ovarian cancer\\n\\n\\ngenerally include alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and/or human chorionic gonadotropin. For women with stromal cancers, tests for hormones like estrogen, testosterone, and inhibin are sometimes helpful. Inhibin can also be useful for monitoring the progress of sex-cord tumors, along with mullerian inhibiting substance. AFP can also be used to monitor Sertoli-Leydig tumors. In dysgerminomas, lactate dehydrogenase and its two isozymes (LDH-1 and LDH-2) are used to test for recurrence. Women with ovarian cancer may not need routine surveillance imaging to monitor the\",\n \"id\": \"20215965\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Translationally controlled tumour protein\\n\\n\\ninteracts with F-actin and mitotic spindle and regulates cell shape by interacting with the cytoskeleton. Since most cellular processes, such as the cell cycle and cancer, involve changes in the cytoskeleton; it becomes apparent why TCTP is important. Moreover, if the gene encoding TCTP is knocked-out in mice, it becomes embryonic lethal, and they die \\\"in utero\\\" (in the womb). Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP/tpt1) is a regulator of the cancer stem cell compartment, the tumor reversion program\",\n \"id\": \"2946801\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ariel Hollinshead\\n\\n\\nfragments. This led to one of the first identification of tumor antigens (also called \\\"tumor-associated antigens\\\"). She then began working with human tumors from people with lung cancer, and again had to develop methods to isolate tumor antigens from them. This work led to the first clinical trials of cancer vaccines using tumor antigens in the early 1970s. She then began following the same process to identify and test tumor antigens from women with ovarian cancer, and her work resulted in clinical trials in the early 1980s.\",\n \"id\": \"11748498\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Prognosis marker\\n\\n\\nBRAF mutations in melanoma, and FGFR3 mutations in bladder cancer. Detection of cancer hotspot mutations are made feasible by the advance of next-generation sequencing (NGS) that offers high-throughput sequencing of target amplicons. Table1: DNA prognostic markers for common cancer types For liquid tumors, sufficient amount of DNA could be easily obtained since blood draw from patient is simple and noninvasive; for solid tumors, needle biopsy is often performed to collect tumor DNA, a process more invasive with limited DNA quantity for downstream analysis. An alternative\",\n \"id\": \"14725878\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Management of prostate cancer\\n\\n\\n, in general, offered to men whose cancer remains within the prostate. Clinicians may reserve hormonal therapy and chemotherapy for disease that has spread beyond the prostate. However, there are exceptions: radiation therapy can treat some advanced tumors, and hormonal therapy some early-stage tumors. Doctors may also propose cryotherapy (the process of freezing the tumor), hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy if initial treatment fails and the cancer progresses. Active surveillance is observation and regular monitoring without invasive treatment. In the context of prostate disease this usually\",\n \"id\": \"682270\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cancer stem cell\\n\\n\\ntumor-regenerative capacity: the cancer stem cell (CSC) and stochastic model. However, certain perspectives maintain that this demarcation is artificial, since both processes act in complementary manners as far as actual tumor populations are concerned. The cancer stem cell model, also known as the Hierarchical Model proposes that tumors are hierarchically organized (CSCs lying at the apex (Fig. 3).) Within the cancer population of the tumors there are cancer stem cells (CSC) that are tumorigenic cells and are biologically distinct from other subpopulations\",\n \"id\": \"16898323\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cancer of unknown primary origin\\n\\n\\nnatural tissue without generating a cancer there. In this case, the “primary tumor” would never exist (see Figure). This can explain why the primary site is not identified even on postmortem examination in many patients with these cancers. This view of CUP may provide relief to health professionals and patients. After a detailed imaging and pathologic analysis, oncologists can tell their patients with CUP that metastasis does not always involve the formation of a primary tumor, and that their diagnostic evaluation is complete. In recent years, microscopic\",\n \"id\": \"12540268\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tumor antigen\\n\\n\\nTumor antigen is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are useful tumor markers in identifying tumor cells with diagnostic tests and are potential candidates for use in cancer therapy. The field of cancer immunology studies such topics. Normal proteins in the body are not antigenic because of self-tolerance, a process in which self-reacting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and autoantibody-producing B lymphocytes are called \\\"centrally\\\" in primary lymphatic tissue (BM) and\",\n \"id\": \"5454830\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Carcinogenesis\\n\\n\\noverwhelm the signals to regulate it, that cell growth quickly spirals out of control. Often, because these genes regulate the processes that prevent most damage to genes themselves, the rate of mutations increases as one gets older, because DNA damage forms a feedback loop. Mutation of tumor suppressor genes that are passed on to the next generation of not merely cells, but their offspring, can cause increased likelihoods for cancers to be inherited. Members within these families have increased incidence and decreased latency of multiple tumors. The mode of inheritance\",\n \"id\": \"6778558\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"ARHGDIB\\n\\n\\nin their roles in tumor formation and spread of tumor to other organs (the process of metastasis). For example, RhoGDI2 functions as a suppressor of metastasis but not a tumor suppressor in bladder cancer cells, while RhoGDI1 is a ubiquitous suppressor of tumor growth in all sites so far examined in bladder cancer models), suggesting that their cellular functions must diverge to cause these differential effects. While there are clear links between the alteration of RhoGDI2 protein levels and disease progression and/or metastasis in several types of cancer, the mechanistic underpinnings\",\n \"id\": \"20907433\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Steven Libutti\\n\\n\\nnanoparticles are being pursued. Libutti was the first to administer TNF bound colloidal gold nanoparticles as targeted therapy to cancer patients. The overall goal of Libutti's work is to translate a better understanding of tumor cell-endothelial cell interactions, within the context of the tumor microenvironment, into better therapies for patients with cancer. Dr. Libutti is also studying the role of tumor suppressor genes such as \\\"MEN1\\\" in the process of tumor formation. Specifically, deciphering the role of \\\"MEN1\\\" in the tissue selective development of tumors is\",\n \"id\": \"19665746\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hybridoma technology\\n\\n\\nto detect occult bone marrow metastases in patients with apparently localized prostate cancer. Although immuno-cytochemistry using tumor-associated monoclonal antibodies has led to an improved ability to detect occult breast cancer cells in bone marrow aspirates and peripheral blood, further development of this method is necessary before it can be used routinely. One major drawback of immuno-cytochemistry is that only tumor-associated and not tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies are used, and as a result, some cross-reaction with normal cells can occur. In order to effectively\",\n \"id\": \"15274103\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"CBR1\\n\\n\\nprocesses. CBR1 has been reported to relate to tumor progression. Suppression of CBR1 expression was associated with poor prognosis in uterine endometrial cancer and uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Previous studies showed that decreased CBR1 expression is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in ovarian cancer, and induction of CBR1 expression in ovarian tumors leads to a spontaneous decrease in tumor size. Recent study demonstrates that CBR1 attenuates apoptosis and promotes cell survival in pancreatic β cell lines under glucotoxic and glucolipotoxic conditions via reducing ROS generation. Their data demonstrates that CBR1\",\n \"id\": \"21019700\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"José Alencar\\n\\n\\nfor the Senate in 2010, but was forced to give up due to the advanced stage of his cancer disease. On a routine check-up, José Alencar was diagnosed with stomach and kidney cancer in 1997. After undergoing treatment for some length of time, he had his right kidney and two-thirds of his stomach surgically removed. Five years later, a malignant tumor in his prostate was removed. As the disease had metastasized, it continued to spread, and in 2006 doctors discovered a sarcoma in his abdomen.\",\n \"id\": \"2446139\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Catherine Margaret Shachaf\\n\\n\\nremoving MYC expression kills the tumor and that MYC reprograms the tumor cells. When MYC expression is taken away from the tumor cells, they are released to their inherent embryonic program. The appearance of the tissue formed in this process looks normal by histology (a method used by pathologists to determine the presence of cancer cells). However, Shachaf showed that the cells derived from the tumor are \\\"camouflaged\\\" to appear normal but have the capability to easily revert and become tumors. The MYC protein in cancers correlates with poor prognosis\",\n \"id\": \"5009456\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cancer immunology\\n\\n\\nCancer immunoediting is a process in which immune system interacts with tumor cells. It consists of three phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape. These phases are often referred to as \\\"the three Es\\\" of cancer immunoediting. Both, adaptive and innate immune system participate in immunoediting. In the elimination phase, the immune response leads to destruction of tumor cells and therefore to tumor suppression. However, some tumor cells may gain more mutations, change their characteristics and evade the immune system. These cells might enter the equilibrium phase,\",\n \"id\": \"2803114\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Somatic evolution in cancer\\n\\n\\nnew blood vessels to support their growth via the process of \\\"sustained angiogenesis\\\". During the development of most cancers, primary tumor cells acquire the ability to undergo \\\"invasion and metastasis\\\" whereby they migrate into the surrounding tissue and travel to distant sites in the body, forming secondary tumors. The pathways that cells take toward becoming malignant cancers are variable, and the order in which the hallmarks are acquired can vary from tumor to tumor. The early genetic events in tumorigenesis are difficult to measure clinically, but can be simulated\",\n \"id\": \"7217919\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cancer of unknown primary origin\\n\\n\\ncancerous stem cells migrate away from their natural tissue and give rise to a cancer in the new site before or without generating a tumor in their original tissue. Forming a tumor in a tissue is not a prerequisite for stem cells to move away from that tissue. Stem cells can migrate from their natural tissue and initiate a cancer in the new site before generating a detectable tumor in their natural tissue. In this case, the primary tumor could be identified after some time. However, stem cells can also migrate away from their\",\n \"id\": \"12540267\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Laurent Susini\\n\\n\\ntumor cells quit their malignant status, and thus, revert?, Laurent Susini joined Molecular Engines Laboratories (M.E.L.), a biotech company with headquarters and laboratories located in Paris (France), in 2000, to develop a new generation of innovative drugs against cancer with Adam Telerman and Robert Amson. By conducting differential gene expression and bio-informatics analyses on the tumor reversion cellular models, they identified more than 200 genes involved in the process of tumor reversion, and specifically TCTP (Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein / Translationally Controlled Tumour\",\n \"id\": \"12656431\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Steven Libutti\\n\\n\\nChristina, Melissa, and Michael. His sister, Eileen Libutti, is an accomplished attorney in New York. Libutti is studying tumor neovascular formation and the interaction between tumor cells, endothelial cells and the components of the tumor microenvironment. The goal of Libutti's research program is to develop novel cancer therapies through a better understanding of the tumor microenvironment. The interaction of a tumor and its vasculature is critical for both tumor growth and the spread of tumor cells to distant organs. The process of new vessel development within the tumor is\",\n \"id\": \"19665741\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tumor marker\\n\\n\\n\\\"biomarker\\\" heading and is not discussed here. Tumor markers may be used for the following purposes: As stated in the BMJ 2009, tumor markers should not generally be used for the purpose of diagnosis of cancers, as opposed to monitoring purposes in certain cancers, or in certain cases, for screening purposes. The use of these tests without understanding their utility has resulted in inappropriate use of tumor marker blood tests, which has resulted in inappropriate over-investigation for cancers. Tumor markers can be determined in serum or rarely\",\n \"id\": \"8117526\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Warburg hypothesis\\n\\n\\nof cancer. The current popular opinion is that cancer cells ferment glucose while keeping up the same level of respiration that was present before the process of carcinogenesis, and thus the Warburg effect would be defined as the observation that cancer cells exhibit glycolysis with lactate production and mitochondrial respiration even in the presence of oxygen. Warburg's hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924. He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g.,\",\n \"id\": \"14152081\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tumor-associated endothelial cell\\n\\n\\nbeen implicated in the initiation of angiogenesis. Dr. Judah Folkman played an important role in studying the role of angiogenesis in promoting tumor growth. He identified tumor's response to hypoxia as a leading contributor to angiogenesis and cancer growth. Angiogenesis was originally introduced as a Hallmark of Cancer based on assumptions that the underlying processes were similar amongst different tumor types. However, there are now multiple studies that illustrate the complexity behind these previous simple conceptions of angiogenesis, indicating that the way cancer cells interact with and co-opt new blood vessel\",\n \"id\": \"3114828\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Microvesicles\\n\\n\\ndisease state may be used as an informative blood-based biosignature for cancer. microvesicles express many membrane-bound proteins, some of which can be used as tumor biomarkers. Several tumor markers accessible as proteins in blood or urine have been used to screen and diagnose various types of cancer. In general, tumor markers are produced either by the tumor itself or by the body in response to the presence of cancer or some inflammatory conditions. If a tumor marker level is higher than normal, the patient is examined more closely to\",\n \"id\": \"10330141\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Knudson hypothesis\\n\\n\\nIt was later found that carcinogenesis (the development of cancer) depended both on the mutation of proto-oncogenes (genes that stimulate cell proliferation) and on the deactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which are genes that keep proliferation in check. Knudson's hypothesis refers specifically, however, to the heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes. A mutation in both alleles is required, as a single functional tumor suppressor gene is usually sufficient. Some tumor suppressor genes have been found to be \\\"dose-dependent\\\" so that inhibition of one\",\n \"id\": \"20002170\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Spindle cell sarcoma\\n\\n\\nSpindle cell sarcoma is a type of connective tissue cancer in which the cells are spindle-shaped when examined under a microscope. The tumors generally begin in layers of connective tissue such as that under the skin, between muscles, and surrounding organs, and will generally start as a small lump with inflammation that grows. At first the lump will be self-contained as the tumor exists in its stage 1 state, and will not necessarily expand beyond its encapsulated form. However, it may develop cancerous processes that can only be\",\n \"id\": \"13045407\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mutanome\\n\\n\\nThe mutanome is the entirety of somatic cancer mutations in an individual tumor.br Carcinogenesis is largely driven by changes in the DNA sequence of the genomes of cancer cells. This process leads to a unique repertoire of mutations (′the mutanome′) in every patient’s tumor. The mutanome encodes peptides that can be targets for T cells, which play a central role in the immune response.br A description of individual mutanomes of human tumors has been made feasible by the introduction of Next Generation Sequencing Technology (NGS). Cancer mutanomes can be defined by\",\n \"id\": \"21512896\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis\\n\\n\\nBreast cancer metastatic mouse models are experimental approaches in which mice are genetically manipulated to develop a mammary tumor leading to distant focal lesions of mammary epithelium . Recent ameliorations in maneuvering the mouse genome have provided the technology to induce mammary cancers in mice arising from genetic mutations that have been identified in human cancer. This means models can be generated based upon molecular lesions consistent with the human disease. Metastasis is a process of migration of tumour cells from the primary cancer site to a distant location where the cancer cells form secondary tumors. Metastatic\",\n \"id\": \"7611718\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Agenus\\n\\n\\nexpressed in mammalian B-lineage cells. The Prophage Series of patient-specific cancer vaccine candidates can also enhance the immune system's response to tumors. Because each cancer is unique, the vaccine is derived from the patient's own tumor sample. To process these samples, Agenus has established a multi-product Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) facility, which has already helped process over 1,000 tumor samples from across the globe. The company's QS-21 Stimulon® adjuvant platform strengthens and broadens immune responses to antigens on cancers or foreign\",\n \"id\": \"19643601\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Magnetic nanoparticles\\n\\n\\ncancer research to target and treat tumors in combination with magnetic hyperthermia or nanoparticle-delivered cancer drugs. Despite research efforts, however, the accumulation of nanoparticles inside of cancer tumors of all types is sub-optimal, even with affinity ligands. Willhelm et al. conducted a broad analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumors and concluded that the median amount of injected dose reaching a solid tumor is only 0.7%. The challenge of accumulating large amounts of nanoparticles inside of tumors is arguably the biggest obstacle facing nanomedicine in general. While direct\",\n \"id\": \"18079878\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Carcinogenesis\\n\\n\\nDNA damage accumulates without repair, inevitably leading to cancer. Mutations of tumor suppressor genes that occur in germline cells are passed along to offspring, and increase the likelihood for cancer diagnoses in subsequent generations. Members of these families have increased incidence and decreased latency of multiple tumors. The tumor types are typical for each type of tumor suppressor gene mutation, with some mutations causing particular cancers, and other mutations causing others. The mode of inheritance of mutant tumor suppressors is that an affected member inherits a defective copy from one parent,\",\n \"id\": \"6778552\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Microvesicles\\n\\n\\nby independent research groups has demonstrated that microvesicles from the cells of healthy tissues, or selected miRNAs from these microvesicles, can be employed to reverse many tumors in pre-clinical cancer models, and may be used in combination with chemotherapy. Conversely, microvesicles processed from a tumor cell are involved in the transport of cancer proteins and in delivering microRNA to the surrounding healthy tissue. It leads to a change of healthy cell phenotype and creates a tumor-friendly environment. Microvesicles play an important role in tumor angiogenesis and in the degradation\",\n \"id\": \"10330143\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Metastasis\\n\\n\\nas part of management programs for metastasis. Although metastasis is widely accepted to be the result of the tumor cells migration, there is a hypothesis saying that some metastases are the result of inflammatory processes by abnormal immune cells. The existence of metastatic cancers in the absence of primary tumors also suggests that metastasis is not always caused by malignant cells that leave primary tumors. In March 2014 researchers discovered the oldest complete example of a human with metastatic cancer. The tumors had developed in a 3,000-year-old skeleton found in 2013 in a\",\n \"id\": \"19325896\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Somatic evolution in cancer\\n\\n\\naccording to known biology. Macroscopic tumors are now beginning to be described in terms of their underlying genetic changes, providing additional data to refine the framework described in The Hallmarks of Cancer. The theory about the monoclonal origin of cancer states that, in general, neoplasms arise from a single cell of origin. While it is possible that certain carcinogens may mutate more than one cell at once, the tumor mass usually represents progeny of a single cell, or very few cells. A series of mutations is required in the process of\",\n \"id\": \"7217920\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Somatic evolution in cancer\\n\\n\\nresearch shows that in many cancers there is apparent hierarchy among cells. in general, there is a small population of cells in the tumor – about 0.2%–1% – that exhibits stem cell-like properties. These cells have the ability to give rise to a variety of cells in tumor tissue, self-renew indefinitely, and upon transfer can form new tumors. According to the hypothesis, cancer stem cells are the only cells capable of tumorigenesis – initiation of a new tumor. Cancer stem cell hypothesis might explain such phenomena as\",\n \"id\": \"7217922\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tumor antigen vaccine\\n\\n\\nis processed into epitopes. Delivery of the gene is particularly challenging for this type of vaccine. Viral vaccines usually work by preventing the spread of the virus. Similarly, cancer vaccines can be designed to target common antigens before cancer evolves if an individual has appropriate risk factors. Additional preventive applications include preventing the cancer from evolving further or undergoing metastasis and preventing relapse after remission. Therapeutic vaccines focus on killing existing tumors. While cancer vaccines have generally been demonstrated to be safe, their efficacy still needs improvement. One way to potentially\",\n \"id\": \"16162687\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Primary tumor\\n\\n\\nA primary tumor is a tumor growing at the anatomical site where tumor progression began and proceeded to yield a cancerous mass. Most cancers develop at their primary site but then go on to metastasize or spread to other parts of the body. These further tumors are secondary tumors. Most cancers continue to be called after their primary site, as in breast cancer or lung cancer for example, even after they have spread to other parts of the body. Cancer of unknown primary origin is cancer in which secondary tumors are found but the\",\n \"id\": \"16673345\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Carcinogenesis\\n\\n\\n, cancer cells undergo a process of natural selection: the few cells with new genetic changes that enhance their survival or reproduction continue to multiply, and soon come to dominate the growing tumor, as cells with less favorable genetic change are out-competed. This is exactly how pathogens such as MRSA can become antibiotic-resistant (or how HIV can become drug-resistant), and the same reason why crop blights and pests can become pesticide-resistant. This evolution is why cancer recurrences will have cells that have acquired cancer\",\n \"id\": \"6778533\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Prostate cancer\\n\\n\\n, offered to men whose cancer remains within the prostate. Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy are often reserved for disease that has spread beyond the prostate. There are exceptions: local or metastasis-directed therapy by radiation treatment may be used for advanced tumors with a limited amount of metastases, and hormonal therapy is used for some early stage tumors. Cryotherapy (the process of freezing the tumor), hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy may also be offered if initial treatment fails and the cancer progresses. Sipuleucel-T, a cancer vaccine has\",\n \"id\": \"5992069\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sigma-2 receptor\\n\\n\\nstudies have shown inhibition of selective sigma receptor radioligands by antidepressants, in the mouse and rat brain. Sigma-2 receptors have been associated with pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. Tumor cells are shown to over-express sigma-2 receptors, allowing for potential cancer therapies as many sigma-2 receptor mediated cell responses happen only in tumor cells. Tumor cell responses are modulated via ligand binding. Sigma receptor ligands can act as agonists or antagonists, generating different cellular responses. Agonists inhibit tumor cell\",\n \"id\": \"11222203\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Breast cancer stem cell\\n\\n\\ndrivers of metastases and tumor growth. The microenvironment in which these cells reside is filled with residential inflammatory cells that provide the needed signaling cues for BCSC-mediated self-renewal and survival. Furthermore, the production of cytokines allows these cells to escape from the primary tumor and travel through the circulation to distant organs, commencing the process of metastasis. Due to their significant role in driving disease progression, BCSCs represent a new target by which to treat the tumor at the source of metastasis. Cancer stem cells in breast tumors were\",\n \"id\": \"9821953\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Benign tumor\\n\\n\\nwithin an enclosed space such as the cranium, respiratory tract, sinus or inside bones. Tumors of endocrine tissues may overproduce certain hormones, especially when the cells are well differentiated. Examples include thyroid adenomas and adrenocortical adenomas. Although most benign tumors are not life-threatening, many types of benign tumors have the potential to become cancerous (malignant) through a process known as tumor progression. For this reason and other possible negative health effects, some benign tumors are removed by surgery. Benign tumors are very diverse, and may\",\n \"id\": \"15074535\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Somatic evolution in cancer\\n\\n\\nthe clone with loss of p53 has been associated with an increased risk of a pre-malignant tumor becoming cancerous. It is thought that the process of developing cancer involves successive waves of clonal expansions within the tumor. The term \\\"field cancerization\\\" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or \\\"field\\\" of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer. Since then, the terms \\\"field cancerization\\\" and \\\"field defect\\\" have\",\n \"id\": \"7217903\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tumor promotion\\n\\n\\nTumor promotion is a process in carcinogenesis by which various factors permit the descendants of a single initiated cell to survive and expand in number, i.e. to resist apoptosis and to undergo clonal growth. This is a step toward tumor progression. In order for a tumor cell to survive, it must decrease its expression of tumor suppressor genes such as p53, BRCA1, BRCA2, RB1, or the fas receptor. A tumor suppressor would trigger an apoptotic pathway in a cancer cell if there were DNA damage, polyploidy, or uncontrolled cell\",\n \"id\": \"7148658\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sarcoma\\n\\n\\nbone scan to evaluate whether the cancer has spread to other bones. Staging for soft tissue sarcomas typically includes imaging of the primary tumor by MRI or CT to determine tumor size, as well as contrast-enhanced CT of the chest to evaluate for metastatic tumors in the lungs. Like some other cancers, sarcomas are assigned a grade (low, intermediate, or high) based on the appearance of the tumor cells under a microscope. In general, grade refers to how aggressive the cancer is and how likely it is to\",\n \"id\": \"4103432\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Radiation therapy\\n\\n\\ncancer in actual clinical practice. For example, leukemias are not generally curable with radiation therapy, because they are disseminated through the body. Lymphoma may be radically curable if it is localised to one area of the body. Similarly, many of the common, moderately radioresponsive tumors are routinely treated with curative doses of radiation therapy if they are at an early stage. For example: non-melanoma skin cancer, head and neck cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, anal cancer, and\",\n \"id\": \"6722645\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Miki Roqué\\n\\n\\n2011, after undergoing a routine check-up due to back problems, Roqué was diagnosed with pelvic cancer, undergoing surgery to excise a malignant tumor the following day. Betis' fan clubs raised funds for his treatment, while Carles Puyol, of the same province, financed €30,000 for specialist private treatment. On 24 June 2012, after just over a year of illness, Roqué lost his battle against cancer and died, two weeks before his 24th birthday. His death prompted a series of tributes on Twitter, including from\",\n \"id\": \"17792874\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"D-amino acid oxidase\\n\\n\\nenzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) to treat tumors in cancer patients. This treatment uses RgDAAO as the enzyme and D-alanine as a substrate to create a reactive oxygen species H2O2 as a product. H2O2 permeates through tumor cells and damages biopolymers. The damage done by H2O2 creates a cytotoxic metabolite from a nontoxic prodrug within the tumor cells, which then creates a toxic substance in those cells alone. This process is beneficial for cancer patients, because this treatment is toxic only to tumor cells, while chemotherapy is toxic to all\",\n \"id\": \"13106424\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Regulatory T cell\\n\\n\\ntumor microenvironment. Although it is not entirely understood, it is thought that these lymphocytes target cancerous cells and therefore slow or terminate the development of the tumor. However, this process is complicated because Tregs seem to be preferentially trafficked to the tumor microenvironment. While Tregs normally make up only about 4% of CD4 T cells, they can make up as much as 20–30% of the total CD4 population around the tumor microenvironment. Although high levels of TILs were initially thought to be important in determining an immune response against cancer,\",\n \"id\": \"15413674\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Alcohol and cancer\\n\\n\\nhepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with type C cirrhosis, found that alcohol influenced tumor volume doubling time (TVDT). A study of chick embryos suggests that alcohol stimulates their tumor growth by fueling the production of a growth factor that stimulates blood vessel development in tumors. A 2006 study in mice showed moderate drinking resulted in larger and stronger tumors via a process known as angiogenesis. A study where high amounts of alcohol were given to mice suggests that it accelerates their cancer growth by speeding up the loss of body fat and\",\n \"id\": \"2588644\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Breast cancer\\n\\n\\nIn 2012, researchers said that there are four genetically distinct types of the breast cancer and that in each type, hallmark genetic changes lead to many cancers. Other genetic predispositions include the density of the breast tissue and hormonal levels. Women with dense breast tissue are more likely to get tumors and are less likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer- because the dense tissue makes tumors less visible on mammograms. Furthermore, women with naturally high estrogen and progesterone levels are also at higher risk for tumor development. Breast changes like atypical ductal\",\n \"id\": \"20597177\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Calcium-binding protein\\n\\n\\ncells, which can be easily differentiated from carcinomas. This differentiation is later applied for a diagnosis on ovarian stromal tumors. Also, another member of the EF-hand superfamily is the S100B protein, which regulates p53. P53 is known as a tumor suppressor protein and in this case acts as a transcriptional activator or repressor of numerous genes. S100B proteins are abundantly found in cancerous tumor cells causing them to be overexpressed, therefore making these proteins useful for classifying tumors. In addition, this explains why this protein can easily interact\",\n \"id\": \"14257333\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Spinal disease\\n\\n\\ntissue builds up from abnormal cells that multiply quickly in a specific region. Tumors generally are broken down into categories known as benign, meaning non-cancerous, or malignant, meaning cancerous, and also primary or secondary. Primary spinal tumors begin in either the spinal cord or spinal column, whereas secondary spinal tumors begin elsewhere and spread to the spinal region. Symptoms for spinal tumors may vary due to factors such as the type of tumor, the region of the spine, and the health of the patient. Back pain is\",\n \"id\": \"18317384\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Laurent Susini\\n\\n\\nMore particularly his expertise was instrumental for the genetic and epigenetic analyses of single revertant cells from different cancer cell lines, for the identification of a \\\"drugable\\\" target and for the generation of pharmacological compounds able to kill cancer cells. TCTP (Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein was identified in a screen between tumor cells and revertant cells. Inhibition of TCTP influences reversion of tumor cells. Therefore, the objective was to develop drugs targeting TCTP in cancers overexpressing the protein. Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP/tpt1) is a regulator of\",\n \"id\": \"12656433\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"RNAi-Based Identification System and interference of Specific Cancer Cells\\n\\n\\nand prognostic tool in tumor and cancer classifications, although current tumor classification methods do not incorporate experimental knowledge. As is evident in experimental knowledge, different types of cancer can be associated with the irregular expression of particular miRNAs. Other parameters considered to be critical are the location of the miRNAs on the strand, cancer associated genomic regions, epigenetic alteration of miRNA expression and abnormalities in processing target genes and proteins. Recent evidence show that miRNAs play an important role in human malignancies and could act as a tumor/oncogene suppressor. Recently\",\n \"id\": \"12786809\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Epidemiology of cancer\\n\\n\\nmillion infants. Several estimates of incidence exist. According to SEER, in the United States: Teratoma (a germ cell tumor) often is cited as the most common tumor in this age group, but most teratomas are surgically removed while still benign, hence not necessarily cancer. Prior to the widespread routine use of prenatal ultrasound examinations, the incidence of sacrococcygeal teratomas diagnosed at birth was 25 to 29 per million births. Female and male infants have essentially the same overall cancer incidence rates, a notable difference compared to older children\",\n \"id\": \"12311174\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Primitive neuroectodermal tumor\\n\\n\\nPrimitive neuroectodermal tumor is a malignant (cancerous) neural crest tumor. It is a rare tumor, usually occurring in children and young adults under 25 years of age. The overall 5 year survival rate is about 53%. It gets its name because the majority of the cells in the tumor are derived from neuroectoderm, but have not developed and differentiated in the way a normal neuron would, and so the cells appear \\\"primitive\\\". PNET belongs to the Ewing family of tumors. Using gene transfer of SV40 large T\",\n \"id\": \"20905302\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tumor antigen vaccine\\n\\n\\nAccording to the National Cancer Institute, a tumor antigen vaccine is a \\\"vaccine made of cancer cells, parts of cancer cells, or pure tumor antigens (substances isolated from tumor cells)\\\". A tumor antigen vaccine may stimulate the body's immune system to find and kill cancer cells. As such, tumor antigen vaccines are a type of cancer immunotherapy. Tumor antigen vaccines work the same way that viral vaccines work, by training the immune system to attack cells that contain the antigens in the vaccine. The difference is\",\n \"id\": \"16162681\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Host response to cancer therapy\\n\\n\\nfor many cancers. These agents induce death in rapidly dividing cells thus targeting tumor cells, but at the same time damaging healthy tissue. Consequently, non-malignant host cells activate wound healing and inflammatory mechanisms to repair chemotherapy-induced damage. These repair mechanisms have the potential to exacerbate tumor promoting processes such as angiogenesis and metastasis. In mouse tumor models, different chemotherapy types induce a rapid mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells that home to the tumor site where they promote angiogenesis. In addition, a variety of immune cell types\",\n \"id\": \"4332556\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Brain tumor\\n\\n\\nA brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the brain. There are two main types of tumors: cancerous (malignant) tumors and benign (non-cancerous) tumors. Cancerous tumors can be divided into primary tumors, which start within the brain, and secondary tumors, which have spread from elsewhere, known as brain metastasis tumors. All types of brain tumors may produce symptoms that vary depending on the part of the brain involved. These symptoms may include headaches, seizures, problems with vision, vomiting and mental changes\",\n \"id\": \"16635911\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chromosome instability\\n\\n\\nThey also control transcription, and process nuclear transport. The research associated with chromosomal instability is associated with solid tumors, which are tumors that refer to a solid mass of cancer cells that grow in organ systems and can occur anywhere in the body. These tumors are opposed to liquid tumors, which occur in the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Although chromosome instability has long been proposed to promote tumor progression, recent studies suggest that chromosome instability can either promote or suppress tumor progression. The difference between the two are\",\n \"id\": \"13594629\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Hallmarks of Cancer\\n\\n\\n). In addition, cell division in normal, non-cancerous cells is tightly controlled. In cancer cells, these processes are deregulated because the proteins that control them are altered, leading to increased growth and cell division within the tumor. To tightly control cell division, cells have processes within them that prevent cell growth and division. These processes are orchestrated by proteins known as tumor suppressor genes. These genes take information from the cell to ensure that it is ready to divide, and will halt division if not (when\",\n \"id\": \"20048754\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7\\n\\n\\nof Smad7 in pancreatic cancer is still controversial. Over-expression or constitutive activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can promote tumor processes. EGF-induced MMP-9 expression enhances tumor invasion and metastasis in some kinds of tumor cells such as breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Smad7 exerts an inhibitory effect on the EGF signaling pathway. Therefore, it may play a role in prevention of cancer metastasis. SMAD7 signaling has been studied in a recent Celgene Phase III trial, NCT ID number 94, which interacts with the SMAD7 pathway\",\n \"id\": \"1825091\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Healthcare in Ghana\\n\\n\\nlikely to be diagnosed with high-grade tumors that are negative for expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and the HER2/neu marker. These triple negative breast tumors are more aggressive and result in higher breast cancer mortality rates. Explanations for the delayed presentation among women in Ghana have been traced to the cost of, and access to, routine screening mammography. Furthermore, women with breast cancer in Ghana describe a feeling of hopelessness and helplessness, largely due to their belief in fatalism, which contributes to denial as\",\n \"id\": \"6626602\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Metastasis suppressor\\n\\n\\nA metastasis suppressor is a protein that acts to slow or prevent metastases (secondary tumors) from spreading in the body of an organism with cancer. Metastasis is one of the most lethal cancer processes. This process is responsible for about ninety percent of human cancer deaths. Proteins that act to slow or prevent metastases are different from those that act to suppress tumor growth. Genes for about a dozen such proteins are known in humans and other animals. The treatment of cancer usually aims to destroy and/or stop the growth of the primary\",\n \"id\": \"976437\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bert Vogelstein\\n\\n\\nUniversity, he developed many mathematical models to understand the evolutionary process of cancer which lead to various hypotheses about mechanisms and timing of progression and seeding of metastases. In the 1980s, Vogelstein developed new experimental approaches to study human tumors. His studies of various stages of colorectal cancers led him to propose a specific model for human tumorigenesis in 1988. In particular, he suggested that \\\"cancer is caused by sequential mutations of specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes\\\". The first tumor suppressor gene validating this hypothesis was that encoding p53.\",\n \"id\": \"11548734\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cancer vaccine\\n\\n\\neffective in eliciting immune responses in spontaneous cancer models. Defined tumor antigens decrease the risk of autoimmunity, but because the immune response is directed to a single epitope, tumors can evade destruction through antigen loss variance. A process called \\\"epitope spreading\\\" or \\\"provoked immunity\\\" may mitigate this weakness, as sometimes an immune response to a single antigen can lead to immunity against other antigens on the same tumor. For example, since Hsp70 plays an important role in the presentation of antigens of destroyed cells including cancer cells, this\",\n \"id\": \"6137416\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Benign tumor\\n\\n\\nTGFα and erythropoietin). One of the most important factors in classifying a tumor as benign or malignant is its invasive potential. If a tumor lacks the ability to invade adjacent tissues or spread to distant sites by metastasizing then it is benign, whereas invasive or metastatic tumors are malignant. For this reason, benign tumors are not classed as cancer. Benign tumors will grow in a contained area usually encapsulated in a fibrous connective tissue capsule. The growth rates of benign and malignant tumors also differ; benign tumors generally grow more slowly\",\n \"id\": \"15074543\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Circulating tumor DNA\\n\\n\\ntreatment regimen. ctDNA originates directly from the tumor or from circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which describes viable, intact tumor cells that shed from primary tumors and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The precise mechanism of ctDNA release is unclear. The biological processes postulated to be involved in ctDNA release include apoptosis and necrosis from dying cells, or active release from viable tumor cells. Studies in both human (healthy and cancer patients) and xenografted mice show that the size of fragmented cfDNA is predominantly 166bp long, which corresponds\",\n \"id\": \"13614287\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Surface epithelial-stromal tumor\\n\\n\\nnormal ovary. Brenner tumors may be benign or malignant, depending on whether the tumor cells invade the surrounding tissue. Small cell ovarian cancer (SCCO) are generally classified into epithelial tumors associated with distinctive endocrine features. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recognises SCCO as two distinct entities: Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Hypercalcemic Type ( SCCOHT) and Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Pulmonary Type ( SCCOPT). Small cell tumours are rare and aggressive, they contribute to less than 2% of all gynaecologic malignancies. The average age\",\n \"id\": \"15273275\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gynecomastia\\n\\n\\nmay show different histological features such as increased connective tissue fibrosis, an increase in the number of ducts, less inflammation than in the acute stage of gynecomastia, increased subareolar fat, and hyalinization of the stroma. When surgery is performed, the gland is routinely sent to the lab to confirm the presence of gynecomastia and to check for tumors under a microscope. The utility of pathologic examination of breast tissue removed from male adolescent gynecomastia patients has recently been questioned due to the rarity of breast cancer in this population. The spectrum of\",\n \"id\": \"19991463\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"CXorf38 Isoform 1\\n\\n\\ndata shows increased CXorf38 expression in a variety of cancers with the greatest expression in endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, and urothelial cancer. There is also experimental evidence to show that CXorf38 is 1 of 163 genes that are upregulated in ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3 and OV-90) overexpressing CD157, an exoenzyme that regulates leukocyte diapedesis. High CD157 expression strengthens the probability of processes favoring tumor progression such as cell motility, and weakens processes inhibiting tumor progression such as apoptosis. 1. Patent WO2012175562A2 claims that CXorf38 is 1 of 3 genes\",\n \"id\": \"2786826\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tumor-associated endothelial cell\\n\\n\\nTumor-associated endothelial cells or tumor endothelial cells (TECs) refers to cells lining the tumor-associated blood vessels that control the passage of nutrients into surrounding tumor tissue. Across different cancer types, tumor-associated blood vessels have been discovered to differ significantly from normal blood vessels in morphology, gene expression, and functionality in ways that promote cancer progression. There has been notable interest in developing cancer therapeutics that capitalize on these abnormalities of the tumor-associated endothelium to destroy tumors. Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) have been\",\n \"id\": \"3114822\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cancer research\\n\\n\\nvarious onco- and tumor suppressor genes can be disrupted at different stages of tumor progression. Mutations in such genes can be used to classify the malignancy of a tumor. In later stages, tumors can develop a resistance to cancer treatment. The identification of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes is important to understand tumor progression and treatment success. The role of a given gene in cancer progression may vary tremendously, depending on the stage and type of cancer involved. Prompt detection of cancer is important, since it is usually more difficult to treat\",\n \"id\": \"14387224\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Immune system\\n\\n\\n. Tumor antigens are presented on MHC class I molecules in a similar way to viral antigens. This allows killer T cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal. NK cells also kill tumorous cells in a similar way, especially if the tumor cells have fewer MHC class I molecules on their surface than normal; this is a common phenomenon with tumors. Sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system. Clearly, some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers. Tumor cells\",\n \"id\": \"15052162\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tumor M2-PK\\n\\n\\ncolon cancer and 56% (confidence interval 41–74%) for rectal cancer. Its specificity is 95%. The M2-PK test is not dependent on occult blood (ELISA method), so it can detect bleeding or non-bleeding bowel cancer and also polyps with high sensitivity and high specificity with no false negative, but false positives may occur. Most people are more willing to accept non-invasive preventive medical check-ups. Therefore, the measurement of tumor M2-PK in stool samples, with follow-up by colonoscopy to\",\n \"id\": \"20138498\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cancer immunology\\n\\n\\nin which the immune system doesn’t recognise all tumor cells, but at the same time the tumor doesn’t grow. This condition may lead to the phase of escape, in which the tumor gains dominance over immune system, starts growing and establishes immunosuppressive environment. As a consequence of immunoediting, tumor cell clones less responsive to the immune system gain dominance in the tumor through time, as the recognized cells are eliminated. This process may be considered akin to Darwinian evolution, where cells containing pro-oncogenic or immunosuppressive mutations survive\",\n \"id\": \"2803115\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tumor-associated endothelial cell\\n\\n\\neffect and has been exploited for cancer nano-therapeutics. Unfortunately the effectiveness of this mechanism for drug nano-carriers remains inconsistent due to the heterogeneity of this EPR effect within and amongst different tumors. Tumor type, size, and location affect the nature of the surrounding vasculature and stroma and contribute to this heterogeneity in EPR effect. The idea of tumors promoting angiogenesis, or the process of forming new blood vessels, has been around since the discovery of VEGF in 1989. The branching patterning of tumor-associated endothelial cells has\",\n \"id\": \"3114827\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Proliferative index\\n\\n\\nProliferation, as one of the hallmarks and most fundamental biological processes in tumors, is associated with tumor progression, response to therapy, and cancer patient survival. Consequently, the evaluation of a tumor proliferative index (or growth fraction) has clinical significance in characterizing many solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. This has led investigators to develop different technologies to evaluate the proliferation index in tumor samples. The most commonly used methods in evaluating a proliferative index include mitotic indexing, thymidine-labeling index, bromodeoxyuridine assay, the determination of fraction of\",\n \"id\": \"7148659\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Melanoma\\n\\n\\nT2+ tumors, mucosal tumors, ocular melanoma and tumors of the limbs. A process called lymphoscintigraphy is performed in which a radioactive tracer is injected at the tumor site to localize the sentinel node(s). Further precision is provided using a blue tracer dye, and surgery is performed to biopsy the node(s). Routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunoperoxidase staining will be adequate to rule out node involvement. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests on nodes, usually performed to test for entry into clinical trials, now demonstrate\",\n \"id\": \"16355400\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"TBX3\\n\\n\\nto the expansion of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and is a key player in regulating pluripotency-related genes in these cells. CSCs contribute to tumor relapse and drug resistance and thus this may be another mechanism by which TBX3 contributes to cancer formation and tumor aggressiveness. The mechanisms by which TBX3 contributes to oncogenic processes involve, in part, its ability to inhibit the tumor suppressor pathways p14/p53/p21, p16/pRb, \\\"p57\\\", \\\"PTEN\\\", \\\"E-cadherin\\\" and activating the angiogenesis\",\n \"id\": \"21019659\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gynecomastia\\n\\n\\nhCG levels are abnormally high, then ultrasound of the testicles should be performed to check for signs of a hormone-secreting testicular tumor. Markers of testicular, adrenal, or other tumors such as urinary 17-ketosteroid or serum dehydroepiandrosterone may also be checked if there is evidence of hormonal imbalance on physical examination. If high levels of If this evaluation does not reveal the cause of gynecomastia, then it is considered to be idiopathic gynecomastia (of unclear cause). Other causes of male breast enlargement such as mastitis, breast cancer, pseudogynecomastia\",\n \"id\": \"19991460\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results\\n\\n\\nPacific Islanders. The SEER Program registries routinely collect data on patient demographics, primary tumor site, tumor morphology and stage at diagnosis, first course of treatment, and follow-up for vital status. The SEER Program is the only comprehensive source of population-based information in the United States that includes stage of cancer at the time of diagnosis and patient survival data. SEER began collecting data on cancer cases on January 1, 1973, in the states of Connecticut, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, Hawaii, and the\",\n \"id\": \"15828601\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ovarian cancer\\n\\n\\n. They can also secrete hormones which change the menstrual cycle. In 25% of germ-cell tumors, the cancer is discovered during a routine examination and does not cause symptoms. Diagnosing germ cell tumors may be difficult because the normal menstrual cycle and puberty can cause pain and pelvic symptoms, and a young woman may even believe these symptoms to be those of pregnancy, and not seek treatment due to the stigma of teen pregnancy. Blood tests for alpha-fetoprotein, karyotype, human chorionic gonadotropin, and liver function are\",\n \"id\": \"20215913\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Invasion (cancer)\\n\\n\\nterm “epithelial-mesenchymal transition” (EMT) was put to use to clarify the reversibility of this process . Currently, EMT is known to underlie the processes of embryogenesis and inflammation and regeneration of tissues and, certainly, plays a key role in the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Tumor cells spreading into the surrounding tissues and distant organs are known to reproduce the mechanisms and migration types characteristic of normal, non-tumor cells during physiological processes. Tumor cells, similar to normal cells, are capable of activating these mechanisms for changing\",\n \"id\": \"11740443\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Regulatory T cell\\n\\n\\nprognosis. This trend is seen in cancers such as colorectal carcinoma and follicular lymphoma. This could be due to Treg's ability to suppress general inflammation which is known to trigger cell proliferation and metastasis . These opposite effects indicate that Treg's role in the development of cancer is highly dependent on both type and location of the tumor. Although it is still not entirely understood how Tregs are preferentially trafficked to the tumor microenvironment, the chemotaxis is probably driven by the production of chemokines by the tumor. Treg infiltration into the tumor microenvironment\",\n \"id\": \"15413676\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Invasion (cancer)\\n\\n\\n. A relationship between the application of drugs on the basis of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors in cancer therapy and progression of the tumor process was established. The explanation of this relationship became possible only after the identification of tumor cells capable of amoeboid migration. These data most likely indicate that, under conditions of a reduction in or complete loss of their ability to spread to the surrounding tissues using the main molecules that perform adhesion and destruction of the extracellular matrix, tumor cells turn to the amoeboid mechanism of invasion, which becomes the only and\",\n \"id\": \"11740467\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Brain tumor\\n\\n\\ngreatest of any type of cancer. The signs and symptoms of brain tumors are broad. People may experience symptoms regardless of whether the tumor is benign (not cancerous) or cancerous. Primary and secondary brain tumors present with similar symptoms, depending on the location, size, and rate of growth of the tumor. For example, larger tumors in the frontal lobe can cause changes in the ability to think. However, a smaller tumor in an area such as Wernicke's area (small area responsible for language comprehension) can\",\n \"id\": \"16635916\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":83,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How do icy-hot gels work?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"7nhcgs"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"A lot of answers are saying \\\"menthol cools\\\", but that's wrong. Menthol produces the *sensation* of cooling without *actually* cooling, by activating the nerve receptors that would normally react to cold temperatures.\"}, {\"answer\": \"The active ingredients in Icy Hot formulations are menthol or a combination of menthol and methyl salicylate. The ingredients cause a cooling sensation followed by a warming sensation that distracts you from the pain by blocking pain signals sent to the brain. The cooling sensation dulls the pain while the warming sensation relaxes it away.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Just like how hot peppers and spicy food taste \\\"hot\\\" some chemicals can make your skin feel cold. There temperature isn't changing, but your skin feels like it is. These hot/cold sensations can interfere with pain receptors so they're an effective analgesic (substance that makes you hurt less) for muscle and joint pain. Deeper dive, [cold recpectors]( URL_0 )\"}, {\"answer\": \"There is a particular family of receptors that react to compounds like menthol and capcasin. They transmit temperature signals as well as pain signals. They submit the information of heating or cooling from external sources to your brain. You brain, therefore interprets the binding of menthol or capcasin as a cooling/heating event on your extremities or skin. The relationship to pain is not well understood, but these receptors can also transmit pain signals. It is thought that loading these receptors up with the temperature-related compounds keep them from transmitting a pain signal as they are now more actively transmitting the temperature specific signals to the brain.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Follow-up question: is it possible to burn yourself with an overapplication of menthol?\"}, {\"answer\": \"As people have said the chemicals stimulate the nerve ending in the area. The way this blocks pain is by bombarding those same nerve endings with signals that tell you its hot or cold, instead of pain. This is because the nerve can basically only send one type of signal at a time, and will send the strong signal first. If you're interested in understanding pain pathways look at ascending and descending pain pathways, for a deeper understanding.\"}, {\"answer\": \"The creams such as Deep-heat are called counter-irritants. They cause the skin to react to a chemical inside the gel/cream. This only affects the surface of the skin, and causes a heating effect on the area\"}, {\"answer\": \"It\\u2019s basically a chemical burn/reaction with your skin. Doesn\\u2019t actually do anything except makes you think it\\u2019s doing something.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"26412019\", \"title\": \"Physics of magnetic resonance imaging\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"The physics of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) concerns fundamental physical considerations of MRI techniques and technological aspects of MRI devices. MRI is a medical imaging technique mostly used in radiology and nuclear medicine in order to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the body, and to detect pathologies including tumors, inflammation, neurological conditions such as stroke, disorders of muscles and joints, and abnormalities in the heart and blood vessels among others. Contrast agents may be injected intravenously or into a joint to enhance the image and facilitate diagnosis. Unlike CT and X-ray, MRI uses no ionizing radiation and is therefore a safe procedure suitable for diagnosis in children and repeated runs. Patients with specific non-ferromagnetic metal implants, cochlear implants, and cardiac pacemakers nowadays may also have an MRI in spite of effects of the strong magnetic fields. This does not apply on older devices, details for medical professionals are provided by the device's manufacturer.\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\", \"MRI is a medical imaging technique mostly used in radiology and nuclear medicine in order to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the body, and to detect pathologies including tumors, inflammation, neurological conditions such as stroke, disorders of muscles and joints, and abnormalities in the heart and blood vessels among others.\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Guar gum\n\n\nin applications such as soups, which do not require clear results. Guar gum is a hydrocolloid, hence is useful for making thick pastes without forming a gel, and for keeping water bound in a sauce or emulsion. Guar gum can be used for thickening cold and hot liquids, to make hot gels, light foams and as an emulsion stabilizer. Guar gum can be used for cottage cheeses, curds, yogurt, sauces, soups and frozen desserts. Guar gum is also a good source of fiber with 80% soluble","id":"20517861"},{"contents":"Time and Again (short story)\n\n\nready to go he heads to the mountain road to start plowing and salting the icy roads. The narrator talks of how he wishes he did not work anymore and how he was getting too old to do it. He wants to stop work to watch his hogs grow old and die. Next, the narrator goes on to talk about how Mr. Weeks brags of what a good job he does plowing the roads. While the narrator plows one side of the road, Mr. Weeks plows the other so they will honk to each","id":"17684960"},{"contents":"Water gel explosive\n\n\neffective in increasing the sensitivity of the explosive because they do not uniformly mix through the solution. They also lose sensitivity as storage time increases. Liquid non-self-explosive sensitizers like nitrobenzene and liquid nitrotoluene have not worked well either because they are difficult to hold in suspension. Liquid aliphatic mononitrates have been found to work very effectively as sensitizers when they are well mixed in the water gel. Water gel explosives tend to be less toxic and are less hazardous than dynamite to manufacture, transport, and store. Water gels are","id":"11397039"},{"contents":"Savlon\n\n\nThese agents were discovered and first developed by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). Savlon is commonly sold as an over-the-counter antiseptic cream. It is used for cleansing and prevention of infection in skin lesions, including small cuts and blisters and minor burns, and is useful in first aid kits. Other items sold in the Savlon range include wound wash, antiseptic spray, healing gel, a Dual Action Gel which includes a local anaesthetic, and adhesive bandages. Currently, its antiseptic liquid comes in the SKU sizes","id":"21358584"},{"contents":"Betty Hay\n\n\nshowed that the key constraint on migration was space. The second was using Nomarski optics to study how corneal fibroblasts migrated through the stroma in vivo and in collagen gels (a technique developed by JB and Tom Elsdale in Scotland). This work showed that contact inhibition of movement occurred in vivo and in 3D gels. Gary Greenburg then entered Betty' lab as a graduate student, and they started working with 48-hour chick embryos. They were able to see epithelia transform into mesenchyme when they were suspended in collagen gels. Jim Fitchett","id":"18951625"},{"contents":"Fastest Man Alive\n\n\nto audiences. However, in all of this excitement, it was easy to miss how the pilot did not always completely gel together. There were several well-executed and exhilarating moments, but there were also just as many things that didn't work (most of the supporting cast and the dialogue). This week's episode, however, makes up for it and is a better indication of what the powers-that-be behind \"The Flash\" are capable of doing with the character.\" Alan Sepinwall of","id":"8423106"},{"contents":"2 On\n\n\nalso produced by Mustard) mixed with the icy flow of Cassie‘s “Me & U,” blending #TurnUp club culture (TURN DOWN FOR WHAT?!) with hypnotic minimal beats — it’s all sorts of sexy.\" Jon Ali, in his blog, appraised the song as \"a hot slow-burning R&B number packed with an icy electro beat and a infectious chorus loaded with plenty of memorable sexual come-ons. The song works so well in its simplicity\" and the sample used as \"all sorts","id":"5668370"},{"contents":"How Do You Get That Lonely\n\n\n\"How Do You Get That Lonely\" is a song written by Rory Feek and Jamie Teachenor, and recorded by American country music artist Blaine Larsen. It was released November 1st, 2004, reaching number 18 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It also peaked at #91 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Larsen's only Hot 100 entry. \"How Do You Get That Lonely\" had originally appeared in Larsen's album \"In My High School\" on Giantslayer Records. The song","id":"6817878"},{"contents":"Only (Nicki Minaj song)\n\n\n, with production assistance from HBM and Rock City. \"Only\" is a hip-hop song that contains an \"icy\" production that sits \"ominously\" underneath dirty lyrical metaphors. \"Only\" peaked at number 12 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, giving Nicki Minaj her fourth number one on the latter chart and making her the only female rap artist to do so. The song was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association","id":"5625684"},{"contents":"Marathon\n\n\nreduce the effect of \"hitting the wall\", as they provide easy to digest energy during the run. Energy gels usually contain varying amounts of sodium and potassium and some also contain caffeine. They need to be consumed with a certain amount of water. Recommendations for how often to take an energy gel during the race range widely. Alternatives to gels include various forms of concentrated sugars, and foods high in simple carbohydrates that can be digested easily. Many runners experiment with consuming energy supplements during training runs to determine what works","id":"4698414"},{"contents":"Nail technician\n\n\ndeformities or nail disease before treatment and give clients advice about looking after their hands and nails, and recommend nail care products. Training to become a nail technician involves doing a professional course that normally takes at least a year to complete. Courses will more than likely cover anatomy and physiology of the nails, hands, arms, feet and legs, contraindications that may arise, identifying diseases and disorders, proper sanitation and sterilizing techniques, how to perform nail services safely, gel polish application, liquid and powder enhancements and hard gel","id":"9448446"},{"contents":"Intendix\n\n\nor active electrodes. While both of these electrodes require electrode gel, like conventional electrodes, the active electrodes do not require skin preparation and are more robust to external noise. This is because active electrodes feature amplifiers and other electronics within each electrode, whereas passive electrodes first send brain signals along cables before amplification. In 2010, g.tec introduced the Sahara dry electrode, which does not require gel. Signal processing: In typical BCIs, signal processing often involves different stages. For example, spatial filtering algorithms will determine how to best","id":"8641037"},{"contents":"Agarose gel electrophoresis\n\n\nTBE, to be used in electrophoresis. The agarose is dispersed in the buffer before heating it to near-boiling point, but avoid boiling. The melted agarose is allowed to cool sufficiently before pouring the solution into a cast as the cast may warp or crack if the agarose solution is too hot. A comb is placed in the cast to create wells for loading sample, and the gel should be completely set before use. The concentration of gel affects the resolution of DNA separation. For a standard agarose gel electrophoresis,","id":"1665963"},{"contents":"Maria Konnikova\n\n\nearned her Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University in 2013. She chose Columbia University so that she could work with psychologist Walter Mischel; her student profile stated she was interested in... ...the effects of hot and cool emotional states on self-control ability and decision making, especially under risk and uncertainty. How do individual differences play into decision making processes? How are normal decision processes disrupted under hot conditions, and how can a better understanding of these disruptions allow us to make better decisions? She is also interested in the","id":"11924911"},{"contents":"Love Always\n\n\nK-Ci & JoJo, seeking to shed Jodeci's \"bad boy image\", began working on other projects. They appeared as featured artists in songs including Tupac Shakur's \"How Do U Want It\", which topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and E-40's Rapper's Ball, which peaked 29th on the Hot 100. They recorded their first songs as a duo, \"If You Think You're Lonely Now\" and \"How Could You\", for the soundtrack albums \"Jason's Lyric\" and","id":"7207997"},{"contents":"This Is How We Do It (album)\n\n\nThis Is How We Do It is the debut studio album by Montell Jordan. The album peaked at #12 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and #4 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and was certified platinum. The album also featured the single \"This Is How We Do It\", which made it to #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, #1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and #1 on the Rhythmic Top 40. Another single, \"Somethin'","id":"16592894"},{"contents":"Buster Crabbe\n\n\nin the comedy \"Swim Team\" (1979) and as a sheriff in the horror film \"Alien Dead\" (1980), followed by \"The Comeback Trail\" (1982), one year before his death. Crabbe also appeared in television commercials for Hormel Chili, Icy Hot, and the Magic Mold Bodyshirt, an upper body male girdle of sorts, which purportedly helped in weight loss. Through Icy Hot, he was actively involved in arthritis education. Despite his numerous film and television appearances, he is best","id":"10355061"},{"contents":"Icy Blu\n\n\nIcy Blu (born Laurel Yurchick, June 1, 1974) is an American recording artist who had a brief pop career in the early 1990s. In 1991, Icy Blu released a self-titled album containing the singles \"Pump It (Nice an' Hard)\" and \"I Wanna Be Your Girl\". Both singles entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. \"Pump It (Nice an' Hard)\", which samples Salt-N-Pepa's \"Push It\", reached the top 10","id":"12194942"},{"contents":"Gel electrophoresis\n\n\npolyacrylamide forms in a chemical polymerization reaction. Agarose gels are made from the natural polysaccharide polymers extracted from seaweed. Agarose gels are easily cast and handled compared to other matrices, because the gel setting is a physical rather than chemical change. Samples are also easily recovered. After the experiment is finished, the resulting gel can be stored in a plastic bag in a refrigerator. Agarose gels do not have a uniform pore size, but are optimal for electrophoresis of proteins that are larger than 200 kDa. Agarose gel electrophoresis can also","id":"12380473"},{"contents":"Emanuela Del Gado\n\n\n. Gel networks can be stretched, flow, squeezed or fractured, but a fundamental understanding of such processes is still lacking. Del Gado's group have developed novel theoretical and computational approaches, as well as investigating how the topology of the gel network can determine softening, strain-hardening and brittleness. She has studied how different structural constituents and frozen-in stresses can modify the gel mechanics, and used this understanding to explain experimental observations in a range of materials. Del Gado uses a spatio-temporal analysis of the microscopic","id":"10581141"},{"contents":"Clothespin\n\n\nvideo etc., a spring-type clothespin is called a \"CP 47\", \"C47\", \"47\", \"peg\", \"ammo\", or \"bullet\". It is most useful on the set since lights used on film sets quickly become far too hot to touch; a wooden C47 is used to attach a color correction gel or diffusion to the barn doors on a light. The wooden clothespins do not transmit heat very effectively, and therefore are safe to touch, even when attached","id":"2026313"},{"contents":"Liesegang rings\n\n\nsharp concentric rings of insoluble silver dichromate formed. It has aroused the curiosity of chemists for many years. When formed in a test tube by diffusing one component from the top, layers or bands of precipitate form, rather than rings. The reactions are most usually carried out in test tubes into which a gel is formed that contains a dilute solution of one of the reactants. If a hot solution of agar gel also containing a dilute solution of potassium dichromate is poured in a test tube, and after the gel solidifies a","id":"12994304"},{"contents":"Gel electrophoresis\n\n\nDNA fragments) and 2% (good resolution for small 0.2–1kb fragments) agarose dissolved in electrophoresis buffer. Up to 3% can be used for separating very tiny fragments but a vertical polyacrylamide gel is more appropriate in this case. Low percentage gels are very weak and may break when you try to lift them. High percentage gels are often brittle and do not set evenly. 1% gels are common for many applications.\" Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is used for separating proteins ranging in size from 5 to","id":"12380475"},{"contents":"Sol–gel process\n\n\npossible to obtain porous solid matrices called xerogels. In addition, a sol–gel process was developed in the 1950s for the production of radioactive powders of UO and ThO for nuclear fuels, without generation of large quantities of dust. Macroscopic optical elements and active optical components as well as large area hot mirrors, cold mirrors, lenses, and beam splitters all with optimal geometry can be made quickly and at low cost via the sol–gel route. In the processing of high performance ceramic nanomaterials with superior opto-mechanical properties","id":"12547194"},{"contents":"Origin of water on Earth\n\n\ncause all water on the planet to freeze. Earth could not have condensed from the protoplanetary disk with its current oceans of water because the early inner Solar System was far too hot for water to condense. Instead, water and other volatiles must have been delivered to Earth from the outer Solar System later in its history. Modern geochemical evidence suggests that water was delivered to Earth by impacts from icy planetesimals similar in composition to modern asteroids in the outer edges of the asteroid belt. However, when and how that water was delivered","id":"89040"},{"contents":"Hot Little Rocket\n\n\nalbum, \"Our Work and Why We Do It\", was recorded in Chicago, and reached No. 9 on the \"!earshot\" charts in 2003. The band's third album, \"How to Lose Everything\", was produced by Steve Albini. The band was signed to the Filed-Under music label. The band released a single, \"Like Killers\", from the album. In 2005, the EP \"Laika\" was reissued. Hot Little Rocket disbanded following the release of a final self","id":"10491708"},{"contents":"Bruneian International Certificate of Identity\n\n\nStateless Persons, in practice holders of an ICI do not qualify for the visa exemption to Germany. However, holders of an ICI can still benefit from the visa exemption to Hungary and Slovenia since the Hungarian and Slovenian Governments do not require the ICI to be issued under the terms of the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. Furthermore, Spain, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and Croatia does not recognise the Brunei International Certificate of Identity and thus the travel document is not valid for travel to these countries.","id":"20692918"},{"contents":"Mouth & MacNeal\n\n\n\" and \"Hello-A\" both reached #1 in the Netherlands. In 1972, \"How Do You Do\" reached the top of the charts throughout Continental Europe and Scandinavia. \"How Do You Do\" was made popular in the United States by radio personality Jim Connors and the song eventually reached #8 in the U.S. in July 1972. \"How Do You Do\" spent 19 weeks in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and won the R.I.A.A. gold disc on 2 August 1972. Selling over a million copies","id":"8805787"},{"contents":"Pectin\n\n\n. These form a 3-dimensional molecular net that creates the macromolecular gel. The gelling-mechanism is called a low-water-activity gel or sugar-acid-pectin gel. While low-ester/low-methoxy pectins need calcium to form a gel, they can do so at lower soluble solids and higher pH-values than high-ester pectins. Normally low-ester pectins form gels with a range of pH from 2.6 to 7.0 and with a soluble solids content between 10 and 70%. The non-","id":"999374"},{"contents":"Refrigeration\n\n\nis a solid, such as silicone gel, activated carbon, or zeolite, unlike in the absorption cycle where absorbent is liquid. When the working fluid is a gas that is compressed and expanded but doesn't change phase, the refrigeration cycle is called a \"gas cycle\". Air is most often this working fluid. As there is no condensation and evaporation intended in a gas cycle, components corresponding to the condenser and evaporator in a vapor compression cycle are the hot and cold gas-to-gas heat exchangers in","id":"2303471"},{"contents":"Orange G\n\n\nthe process of agarose gel electrophoresis, running approximately at the size of a 50 Base pair (bp) DNA molecule, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Bromophenol blue and xylene cyanol can also be used for this purpose. (However, the apparent \"size\" of all these dyes varies according to the concentration of agarose in the gel and the buffer system used, so one should look up the appropriate reference before using the dyes to determine how far a gel has run.) Despite its two ionizable groups, it shows only","id":"10311551"},{"contents":"Orica\n\n\n, Powergel™ and Eurodyn™. \"Power Gel\" was a U.S. Registered Trademark for Hercules Inc. in 1967, but it is now owned by Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd. Minova is a member of the Orica Group. Products and services include: Orica is a supplier of sodium cyanide for gold extraction. Products and services include: Once Australia's tallest building, the former ICI Building in East Melbourne, now Orica House, was Australia's tallest during the 1950s and was one of the first high-rise buildings in Australia","id":"15064931"},{"contents":"Canada's Worst Driver 10\n\n\nalso admits to this, though, unlike Jason, concedes that it was clearly the wrong thing to do. Siham shows no awareness of how fast she actually went during the challenge. Tyler also gets called out over his bad performance on that challenge, but does get one bit of good news as he's told that since his final Icy Corner run was the best in the challenge and would likely avoid most dangerous situations in real-life, they're retroactively upgrading it to a pass, doing Andrew a super favor of","id":"5359088"},{"contents":"Jacqui McQueen\n\n\n, stating: \"When the relationship first started, we didn't know how they were going to gel and how it was going to work, because people were such fans of Jacqui and Tony. Some people still ask me if those two are going to get back together, but people are really taken with Rhys and Jacqui.\" Cooper believes it's her own working relationship with Moss that helps make the pairing a success stating: \"It's a nice collaboration and we try to make it funny, emotional, hard","id":"21925274"},{"contents":"Tu che di gel sei cinta\n\n\n\"Tu che di gel sei cinta\" (\"You who are girdled with ice\") is a soprano aria from act 3, scene 1, of Puccini's 1926 opera \"Turandot\". It is sung by Liù under torture, prior to her suicide. The words were written by Puccini himself while waiting for librettists Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni to deliver the next part of the libretto. When the librettists read them, they decided that they could not do better than that. In their work on \"Turandot\"","id":"13323775"},{"contents":"Trisha Yearwood\n\n\n. \"How Do I Live\" was the first single issued and was included in the 1997 film \"Con Air\". The song was also nominated for Best Song at the Academy Awards. \"How Do I Live\" was originally recorded by LeAnn Rimes for the film. Rimes's version became a major hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at number 2, while Yearwood's version peaked at 2 on the \"Billboard\" country chart. The song also reached number 23 on the \"Billboard\" Hot","id":"14474438"},{"contents":"Long Road Out of Eden\n\n\nwell as Top 20 hits on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts. The album produced five straight hits on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts with \"How Long\", \"Busy Being Fabulous\", \"No More Cloudy Days\", \"What Do I Do With My Heart\", and \"I Don't Want to Hear Anymore\". The album debuted at No. 1 in the U.S. and won the band two Grammy awards for \"How Long\" and the instrumental \"I Dreamed There Was No War\".","id":"18357700"},{"contents":"Fire retardant gel\n\n\n, chief of Firebreak response program, a private response team, stated: \"If whoever is running the fire thinks it's too dangerous to go into a particular area, we don't go into that area.\" These gels are useful when filming scenes in which it is desired to give the illusion that someone is on fire. To do so, the gel is applied to an area of the body. Next, a fuel is placed on top of the gel. When ready to film the scene, the fuel","id":"17487172"},{"contents":"Wood glue\n\n\nmuch drips out and much soaks into the wood leaving very little on the surface for the bond), or thicker formulations (gel) which can fill very small gaps, do not flow out of the joint, and do not soak so quickly into wood. Thinner cyanoacrylate glue does not bond more quickly nor form shorter polymer chains than the gel version when used on wood. The chemical nature of wood significantly delays polymerization of cyanoacrylate. When it finally polymerizes in a wood joint, enough gel remains for a better bond than","id":"3025089"},{"contents":"Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby\n\n\nhimself and his wife, and instead threw himself into his work with icy determination, working very long hours without a break. Wavell recalled: \"He went on with his work and asked no sympathy. Only those who stood close to him knew how heavy the blow had been, how nearly it had broken him, and what courage it had taken to withstand it\". Allenby assessed the Turkish Army's fighting force that he was facing to be 46,000 rifles and 2,800 sabres, and estimated that he could take Jerusalem with","id":"487979"},{"contents":"Rhys Ashworth\n\n\nWhen the relationship first started, we didn't know how they were going to gel and how it was going to work, because people were such fans of Jacqui and Tony. Some people still ask me if those two are going to get back together, but people are really taken with Rhys and Jacqui.\" Cooper believes it's her own working relationship with Moss that helps make the pairing a success stating: \"It's a nice collaboration and we try to make it funny, emotional, hard-hitting, three","id":"3716876"},{"contents":"Nature of a Sista'\n\n\nHow Do I Love Thee\" and \"Latifah's Had It Up 2 Here\" were released as the second and third singles, respectively. They were promoted through accompanying music videos. \"How Do I Love Thee\" peaked at number 13 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs \"Billboard\" chart on February 22, 1992, and remained on the chart for 16 weeks. \"Latifah's Had It Up 2 Here\" also reached number eight on the Hot Rap Songs \"Billboard\" chart on February 8,","id":"15142616"},{"contents":"LeAnn Rimes\n\n\nmillion copies in the United States, certifying 4× Multi-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album contained an extended version of the single \"How Do I Live\", which became a major pop hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, reaching number two. \"How Do I Live\" set a new record for becoming the longest-running single in \"Billboard\" Hot 100 history, spending 69 weeks on the chart. On October 13, 1997, she published her first novel, titled \"","id":"2715310"},{"contents":"How Do You Like Me Now?!\n\n\n31 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming Keith's biggest hit at the time. Furthermore, \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" was declared the number-one country song of 2000 according to \"Billboard\". The third and fourth singles from this album, respectively, were \"Country Comes to Town\" (#4 on Hot Country Songs) and \"You Shouldn't Kiss Me Like This\", which spent three non-contiguous weeks at number one on the country chart as well.","id":"9147529"},{"contents":"How Do You Like Me Now?! (song)\n\n\n\"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in November 1999 as the second single and title track from his album of the same name. Keith wrote it with Chuck Cannon. The song spent five weeks at Number One on the \"Billboard\" U.S. Hot Country Songs chart beginning in March 2000. It was his first major crossover hit peaking at number 31 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song was","id":"19299413"},{"contents":"Kai the Hatchet-Wielding Hitchhiker\n\n\nsexual encounter was consensual and the murder premeditated; however, Kai said that after the viral video in California, he had no need to have sex with men like Galfy, who Kai described as unattractive, stating \"Do you know how many hot chicks—never mind. Even if I was gay, do you know how many hot guys wanted to fuck me after that shit in California? I'm not even being vain. It's just a fact, like—no offense, but he [Galfy] was not","id":"3424251"},{"contents":"Aesthetic Realism\n\n\nits having-to-do-with other things\", is in this poem. It begins with a hot, quiet afternoon in Montana, and travels through time and space, showing that the diversity of reality is surprisingly connected, and things, people and places usually regarded as separate \"have a great deal to do with each other.\" The poem ends with these lines: “I can’t tell you how important Siegel’s work is in the light of my present understanding of the modern poem...\" wrote","id":"20434906"},{"contents":"VRLA battery\n\n\nwet\" cells in glass jars used special valves to allow tilt from vertical to one horizontal direction in 1927 to 1931 or 1932. The gel cells were less likely to leak when the portable set was handled roughly. A modern gel battery (also known as a \"gel cell\") is a VRLA battery with a gelified electrolyte; the sulfuric acid is mixed with fumed silica, which makes the resulting mass gel-like and immobile. Unlike a flooded wet-cell lead-acid battery, these batteries do not need","id":"12534026"},{"contents":"Hair gel\n\n\n, by what would later be renamed the Dep Corporation. Marketed under the brand name Dep, modern hair gel was given this name by its inventor, Luis Montoya, in recognition of the substance that gave it its unique, non-greasy consistency: diethyl phthalate, commonly abbreviated as DEP. Many brands of hair gel in North America and the UK come in numbered variants. Higher numbered gels maintain a greater \"hold\" on hair, while lower numbers do not make the hair as stiff and in some products give the","id":"315599"},{"contents":"Dishwashing liquid\n\n\nvariously as cartridges, gel, liquids, pacs, powder, and tablets. Any dishwashing liquid may contain bleach, enzymes, or rinsing aids. Some dishwashing detergents may be homemade, using ingredients such as borax, essential oil, eucalyptus oil and grated bar soap, among others. Dishwashing detergents can be formulated to work under different circumstances. In some cases suitably formulated they can be used with cold water or sea water, although they will not generally work as well as those intended for, and used with, hot water","id":"11029511"},{"contents":"Hotpoint\n\n\n. In 2002, it had a 23% share of the white goods market in the United Kingdom. The \"Holby City\" actress Lisa Faulkner starred in their 2010 \"Campaign for Cooking Confidence\". In 2009, it worked with Kelly Hoppen to produce its interior design \"Hot Style\" campaign. The company has also worked in conjunction with the P&G detergent brand Ariel. It currently recommends Excel Gel. Before 2004, Hotpoint recommended Persil Automatic & Comfort Fabric softener. In the past it has also advertised Bounce Tumble dryer","id":"1613637"},{"contents":"Hot Dog (TV series)\n\n\nand later, as host of the ABC series, \"Discovery\"), which took him on tours to various factories, \"Hot Dog\" explained, in a humorous manner, how we do things (such as snore) and how things were made (such as the eponymous hot dogs and their buns, plus condiments like mustard). Seventy topics were covered during the course of this series, which lasted thirteen episodes and rerun the rest of the season. NBC won a Peabody award for the series in 1970.","id":"3297830"},{"contents":"PH-sensitive polymers\n\n\nswap their inner and outer molecules depending on the properties of the polymers involved. Responses other than simply swelling and deswelling with a change in pH are possible as well. Researchers have created polymers that undergo a sol-gel transition (from a solution to a gel) with a change in pH, but which also change from being a stiff gel to a soft gel for certain pH values. pH sensitive polymers can be synthesized using several common polymerization methods. Functional groups may need to be protected so that they do not react","id":"16436118"},{"contents":"Shower gel\n\n\nShower gel (also shower cream or body wash) is a specialized liquid product used for cleaning the body during showers. Not to be confused with liquid soaps, shower gels, in fact, do not contain saponified oil. Instead, it uses synthetic detergents derived from either petroleum or plant sources. Body washes and shower gels holds a lower pH value than the traditional soap, which is also known to feel less drying to the skin. In certain cases, sodium stearate is added to the chemical combination to create a solid","id":"5251815"},{"contents":"Rollerball pen\n\n\nThe thickness and suspending power of gels allows the use of pigments in gelled ink, which yields a greater variety of brighter colors than is possible in liquid ink. Gels also allow for the use of heavier pigments with metallic or glitter effects, or opaque pastel pigments that can be seen on dark surfaces. Liquid ink roller ball pens flow extremely consistently and skip less than gel ink pens do. The lower viscosity of liquid ink increases the likelihood of consistent inking of the ball, whereas the higher viscosity of gel ink produces \"","id":"6504389"},{"contents":"List of Hot Country Singles & Tracks number ones of 2000\n\n\nand June. Only two other acts, Lonestar and Hill's husband Tim McGraw, had more than one Hot Country Songs number one during the year. Other singles with extended runs at number one include \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" by Toby Keith, \"I Hope You Dance\" by Lee Ann Womack featuring Sons of the Desert and \"That's the Way\" by Jo Dee Messina, each of which topped the chart for five weeks. \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" was","id":"18772134"},{"contents":"Organogels\n\n\nindentation only on a significantly small scale. The tip is lowered into the sample and a laser reflecting off the cantilever allows for precise measurements to be obtained. In this technique, the tensile strength of the gel is measured in one direction. The two important measurements to make include the force applied per unit area and the amount of elongation under a known applied force. This test provides information for how a gel will respond when an external force is applied. Due to varying degrees of cross-linkage in a gel network,","id":"20867922"},{"contents":"How Do I Breathe\n\n\n\"How Do I Breathe\" is an R&B single by Mario. It is the first single from his third studio album \"Go\". The single was released on May 15, 2007. It was produced by Stargate. On the issue date of July 7, 2007, the single debuted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at number 91. \"How Do I Breathe\" also debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 30 on download sales alone, the day before the physical release of the song. It also","id":"823687"},{"contents":"Pharmacokinetics of estradiol\n\n\nhot flashes. Transdermal estradiol is available in the forms of patches, gels, emulsions, and sprays. In the case of gels, emulsions, and sprays, the route is sometimes referred to as \"topical\" rather than as transdermal. Estradiol has moderate skin permeability, which is based on the lipophilicity and hydrophilicity of a compound. In general, the more hydroxyl groups that are present in a steroid, the less its skin permeability. For this reason, estrone and progesterone have higher skin permeability, while estriol and cortisol","id":"21909929"},{"contents":"Andrew D. Bernstein\n\n\nand Icy Hot. His work has been showcased in many exhibitions over the years. He is only one of four photographers whose work is on permanent display at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, MA. Andrew has received many honors and awards including induction into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2013. Andrew is also known as a sports television personality as well. He is the host of \"Through The Lens\", which is a regular feature on the Lakers channel on Time Warner Cable SportsNet LA","id":"15196548"},{"contents":"The Long Goodbye (song)\n\n\n. The single was Number One hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts, and a #39 hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Ronnie Dunn was initially challenged by this song. \"For me, I didn't know if I could sing some of these songs, if I could get inside them. So I'd take the tracks home...Paul Brady's demo of 'The Long Good-bye was intimidating...How do you do that? I","id":"5380934"},{"contents":"Flixborough disaster\n\n\nTheir immediate cause was human error but ICI felt that saying that most accidents were caused by human error was no more useful than saying that most falls are caused by gravity. ICI had not simply reminded operators to be more careful, but issued explicit instructions on the required quality of isolations, and the required quality of its documentation. The more onerous requirements were justified as follows: In accordance with this view, post-Flixborough (and without waiting for the Inquiry Report), ICI Petrochemicals instituted a review of how it controlled","id":"9605684"},{"contents":"Charmaine Yee\n\n\nPilot Pens, The Taiwan Visitor’s Association, Best Denki, TK Trichokare, Ricola and Bone Marrow Donors Programme and onboard entertainment for China Airlines and Garuda Indonesia. She has also worked as an event / television host, having interviewed international celebrities including Tom Hanks, Melissa McCarthy, Rebel Wilson of Pitch Perfect 3; movie stars such as Dwayne Johnson of Rampage, Hugh Jackman of Logan; television stars eg. Jeannie Mai of DIVA How Do I Look Asia, the Hot Guys from HOT GUYS WHO COOK (Diva Universal)","id":"18423132"},{"contents":"My Type (Saweetie song)\n\n\n\"My Type\" is a song by American rapper Saweetie, released as a single on June 11, 2019, by Icy, Artistry Records and Warner Records. It was first released as part of her 2019 EP \"Icy\", and a music video was released for the track in July 2019. It was the basis of a social media challenge, and also became Saweetie's first entry on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, debuting at number 81 before peaking at 37. The song was written by Diamonté Harper","id":"16931514"},{"contents":"Proteomics Standards Initiative\n\n\nproteomics: The gel electrophoresis working group defined reporting requirements for gel electrophoresis experiments. The document is at the stage of a recommendation and has been published. The corresponding data exchange format is called \"GelML\" and a stable version was released in late 2007. The gel electrophoresis working group also focuses on image analysis with the gel image informatics recommendation that is currently in public review phase while the corresponding exchange format is only a draft (as of April 2009). The sample processing working group defines requirements concerning all the sample pre","id":"13879911"},{"contents":"How Do I Make You\n\n\n\"How Do I Make You\", which ultimately featured Nicolette Larson on backing vocals, was released as an advance single from the album \"Mad Love\". It exemplified Ronstadt's Rock evolution, propelling her stardom in the direction of new wave. Shipped on January 15, 1980, \"How Do I Make You\" hit number 6 on the \"Cash Box\" Top 100 chart. On the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, it reached a peak of number 10. A non-album track: Ronstadt's version","id":"176499"},{"contents":"How Do I Live\n\n\nOverall, \"How Do I Live\" by Rimes spent 62 weeks in the US Top 40 and 30 weeks on the UK Top 40 singles chart. On March 11, 2017, \"Closer\" by The Chainsmokers and Halsey set the new record for the most amount of time a song has spent in the top five of the Hot 100 when it was ranked at number five, marking its 27th week in the top five (though unlike \"How Do I Live\" this was nonconsecutive). On July 29, 2017","id":"5261312"},{"contents":"How Do I Get There\n\n\n\"How Do I Get There\" is a song written by Chris Farren, and co-written and recorded by American country music artist Deana Carter. It was released in August 1997 as the fourth single from her debut album \"Did I Shave My Legs for This?\". The song became her third single to reach the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was Carter's last Number One hit on the country chart. \"How Do I Get There\" debuted at number","id":"5323806"},{"contents":"Citric acid\n\n\nin the darkroom. Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate can be used as a blood acid regulator. Soldering fFlux. Citric acid is an excellent soldering flux, either dry or as a concentrated solution in water. It should be removed after soldering, especially with fine wires, as it is mildly corrosive. It dissolves and rinses quickly in hot water. In materials science, the Citrate-gel method is a process similar to the sol-gel method, which is a method for producing solid materials from small molecules.","id":"10159354"},{"contents":"Incendiary device\n\n\ncertain chemicals into a 'gel' to slow, but not stop, combustion, releasing energy over a longer time than an explosive device. In the case of napalm, the gel adheres to surfaces and resists suppression. A range of early thermal weapons were in use ancient and early armies using hot pitch, oil, resin, animal fat and other similar compounds. Substances such as quicklime and sulfur could be toxic and blinding. Incendiary mixtures, such as the petroleum-based Greek fire, were launched by throwing machines or","id":"4444088"},{"contents":"Size-exclusion chromatography\n\n\nthere are short and well-defined separation times and narrow bands, which lead to good sensitivity. There is also no sample loss because solutes do not interact with the stationary phase. The other advantage to this experimental method is that in certain cases, it is feasible to determine the approximate molecular weight of a compound. The shape and size of the compound (eluent) determine how the compound interacts with the gel (stationary phase). To determine approximate molecular weight, the elution volumes of compounds with their corresponding molecular weights","id":"11909438"},{"contents":"Belly to Belly\n\n\nfree from major label pressure to \"follow up this big hit or that hit\". The band was given complete control to do whatever seemed appropriate to the members, without having to try to please others. \"Letter to a Friend\" was an idea Lane had about how relationships should end; the parties agree that they don't gel, but that they can go their separate ways without animosity. Lane admits that this was \"wishful thinking\", since all of his failed relationships have ended on bad terms. \"","id":"7199308"},{"contents":"Kip Anderson\n\n\nthe guitarist Mickey Baker. Lack of commercial gains from recording led Anderson to find work as a disc jockey. Everlast Records released Anderson's third single, \"I Will Cry\" (1962), and \"Here I Am, Try Me,\" and \"That's When the Crying Begins\" (1964) followed; the latter reached number 79 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. His stock rose further with \"I'll Get Along\", \"Woman How Do You Make Me Love You Like I Do\"","id":"9062346"},{"contents":"Rectal microbicide\n\n\nTruvada every day. The order in which participants followed the study regimens was assigned randomly, with a break between each regimen. The procedures carried out as part of MTN-017 determined how much of each drug is absorbed in blood, rectal fluid, and tissue, and also assessed any changes in cells or tissue. Study participants were asked about any side effects, what they liked and disliked about using the gel either daily or with sex, and whether they would consider using the gel in the future. Gel acceptability and adherence were","id":"6529984"},{"contents":"Peter Hollins (businessman)\n\n\n. In the late 1980s, he worked with halomethanes (these compounds destroyed the ozone layer), then moving in 1987 to ICI Soda Ash Products. From 1989-92 he was General Manager of ICI Resins BV (ICI Holland at Waalwijk). He then worked for a joint venture of ICI and Enichem, of Italy, called European Vinyls Corporation (EVC Brussels), as Chief Operating Officer until 1998. The company was floated on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange in 1994. It was the world's biggest producer of PVC","id":"17335691"},{"contents":"Red Hot Mamma\n\n\nBells\" for Satan and his minions. When Satan tries to put the moves on Betty, she fixes him with a (literally) icy stare, freezing him and all of Hell. When she falls through a hole and onto an icy surface below, Betty wakes up to find the fire out with the windows open and her bed frozen, and she goes to bed, this time under a pile of warm quilts. Clips of the redrawn colorized version were used in the compilation movie \"Betty Boop For President: The","id":"3650565"},{"contents":"Aiyu jelly\n\n\nset into a jelly either in a cool location or in the refrigerator. One must keep in mind certain things when making aiyu jelly or else the gel may not set: Water will slowly seep out of the jelly some time after it sets, and it will turn back to a liquid over the course of several days. The jelly is usually served with honey and lemon juice but can also be included in other sweetened beverages or shaved ice and is particularly popular as a cool drink in hot summers. Since the gel does","id":"15933575"},{"contents":"Gel dosimetry\n\n\nGel dosimeters are manufactured from radiation sensitive chemicals that, upon irradiation with ionising radiation, undergo a fundamental change in their properties as a function of the absorbed radiation dose. Over many years individuals have endeavoured to measure absorbed radiation dose distributions using gels. As long ago as 1950, the radiation-induced colour change in dyes was used to investigate radiation doses in gels. Further, in 1957 depth doses of photons and electrons in agar gels were investigated using spectrophotometry. Gel dosimetry today however, is founded mainly on the work of","id":"16345552"},{"contents":"Maroon 5\n\n\nup to \"Songs About Jane\" is \"sexier and stronger\", gaining inspiration from iconic 80s artists such as Prince, Shabba Ranks, Michael Jackson and Talking Heads. Ann Powers writing for \"Los Angeles Times\" said \"It Won't Be Soon Before Long\" is \"An icy-hot blend of electro-funk and blue-eyed soul that works its cruel streak with the confidence of Daniel Craig's James Bond\". Before its release, \"Makes Me Wonder\" was the No. 1 selling single","id":"156608"},{"contents":"Restriction map\n\n\nshould also sum up to be the same size as each other. If fragment sizes do not properly add up, there are two likely problems. In one case, some of the smaller fragments may have run off the end of the gel. This frequently occurs if the gel is run too long. A second possible source of error is that the gel was not dense enough and therefore was unable to resolve fragments close in size. This leads to a lack of separation of fragments which were close in size. If all","id":"16692692"},{"contents":"Difference gel electrophoresis\n\n\npoint), vertical (change in size) or diagonal (change in both size and isoelectric point). Reciprocal Labeling is done to make sure the changes seen are not due to dye-dependent interactions. It overcomes limitations in traditional 2D electrophoresis that are due to inter-gel variation. This can be considerable even with identical samples. Since the proteins from the different sample types (e.g. healthy/diseased, virulent/non-virulent) are run on the same gel they can be directly compared. To do this","id":"17585311"},{"contents":"QPNC-PAGE\n\n\ninherently stable and free of monomers or radicals. Fresh polyacrylamide gels are further hydrophilic, electrically neutral and do not bind proteins. Sieving effects due to gravity-induced compression of the gel can be excluded for the same reasons. In a medium without molecular sieving properties a high-resolution can be expected. Before an electrophoretic run is started the prepared 4% T (total polymer content (T)), 2.67% C (cross-linker concentration (C)) gel is pre-run to equilibrate it. It","id":"21833901"},{"contents":"Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis\n\n\non denaturing gradient gels, it is possible to detect fragments that have mutations in the first melting domain (Helms, 1990). Placing two samples side-by-side on the gel and allowing them to denature together, researchers can easily see even the smallest differences in two samples or fragments of DNA. There are a number of disadvantages to this technique: \"Chemical gradients such as those used in DGGE are not as reproducible, are difficult to establish and often do not completely resolve heteroduplexes\" (Westburg, 2001)","id":"5072838"},{"contents":"Animal glue\n\n\nglue begins to gel, it pulls the joint together. Violin makers may glue the center seams of top and back plates together using a \"rubbed joint\" rather than using clamps. This technique involves coating half of the joint with hot hide glue, and then rubbing the other half against the joint until the hide glue starts to gel, at which point the glue becomes tacky. At this point the plate is set aside without clamps, and the hide glue pulls the joint together as it hardens. Hide glue regains its","id":"13120171"},{"contents":"Gel dosimetry\n\n\nin 1996. Numerous authors subsequently published results of work investigating different compositions and formulations of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters and were summarised by Senden. Other work has also included the development of less toxic polymer gels. The fundamental science underpinning polymer gel dosimetry was reviewed along with the various 'read-out' and evaluation techniques and clinical dosimetry applications in the 2010 Topical Review publication by Baldock \"et al\". In June 1995 whilst attending the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) annual meeting in Boston, USA, Clive","id":"16345564"},{"contents":"Rama Bansil\n\n\napplicant for more than a dozen grants from the National Science Foundation and private institutions, with total funding approaching three million dollars. In the course of her scientific career Dr. Bansil has authored or co-authored nearly one hundred publications. The recent focus of her work has been the molecular structure of gels, the physics of gel formation, diffusion in gels and the kinetics of phase transitions and chemical reactions in gels. Her early work, prior to 2000, focused on biophysics, chemical physics, polymer physics (gelation and phase","id":"19436169"},{"contents":"Agarose gel electrophoresis\n\n\nit is necessary to work on the gel for any extended period of time. The transilluminator apparatus may also contain image capture devices, such as a digital or polaroid camera, that allow an image of the gel to be taken or printed. For gel electrophoresis of protein, the bands may be visualised with Coomassie or silver stains. The separated DNA bands are often used for further procedures, and a DNA band may be cut out of the gel as a slice, dissolved and purified. Contaminants however may affect some downstream procedures","id":"1665974"},{"contents":"How Do You Do (Mouth & MacNeal song)\n\n\n\"How Do You Do\" released in 1971 was an international hit single for Dutch duo Mouth & MacNeal. It was #1 in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, and New Zealand. It also spent 19 weeks in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 a year later, and a cover version by Scots-German duo Die Windows (later Windows) reached #1 in Germany. The single earned Mouth & MacNeal, and its composers Hans van Hemert and Harry van Hoof, the 1972 Buma Export Award for","id":"17909513"},{"contents":"Plantago asiatica\n\n\nleaves and the seeds have anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antitussive, cardiac, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic efficacy. The roots can be made into a decoction to treat coughs. Scientific studies have shown that \"Plantago asiatica\" petroleum extract has a significant antidepressant effect, and the hot water extracts of P. major and P. asiatica have anti-leukaemia, anti-cancer and anti-viral activities, as well as the activity of regulating cell-mediated immunity. The seed gel extract can work as a lubricant to promote laxation","id":"21302991"},{"contents":"Gel electrophoresis of proteins\n\n\nusing buffers with lower pH values is that the acrylamide gel is more stable at lower pH values, so the gels can be stored for long periods of time before use. As voltage is applied, the anions (and negatively charged sample molecules) migrate toward the positive electrode (anode) in the lower chamber, the leading ion is Cl ( high mobility and high concentration); glycinate is the trailing ion (low mobility and low concentration). SDS-protein particles do not migrate freely at the border between the Cl","id":"16396327"},{"contents":"Missha\n\n\nFace Shop and Skin Food. Missha products range from makeup, skin care, to body and hair products; such as All-Around Safe Block Soft Finish Sun Milk SPF 50, Cool Fitting Body Gel and Hot Burning Body Gel. Missha is also known for making high quality, lower cost duplications of more expensive brands. For example, the Missha Time Revolution First Treatment Essence is a popular duplication of luxury brand essence SK-II, and the Missha Time Revolution Night Repair Science Activator Ampoule is a popular duplicate of the","id":"14756709"},{"contents":"Sephadex\n\n\nSephadex is a trademark for cross-linked dextran gel used for gel filtration. It was launched by Pharmacia in 1959, after development work by Jerker Porath and Per Flodin. The name is derived from separation Pharmacia dextran. It is normally manufactured in a bead form and most commonly used for gel filtration columns. By varying the degree of cross-linking, the fractionation properties of the gel can be altered. These highly specialized gel filtration and chromatographic media are composed of macroscopic beads synthetically derived from the polysaccharide dextran. The organic","id":"17338514"},{"contents":"John Cullen (chemical engineer)\n\n\nto Cambridge to do a PhD in gas absorption. He married Betty Hopkins in 1954, and they had four children. He died 14 January 2018. Cullen joined the research department of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority in 1956, moving to ICI, Billingham as a chemical plant manager, where he remained for three years before going to New York as technical liaison for ICI. He returned to the UK in 1963 to oversee the building of the refinery on Teesside as a joint venture between ICI and Phillips Petroleum. From 1967","id":"4130493"},{"contents":"Azealia Banks\n\n\nNovember, Banks announced on her Instagram account that she would be releasing an Christmas-themed extended play on December 7, 2018 named \"Icy Colors Change\". A demo of the title track was released in December 2017. The project will explore more jazz-oriented sounds. The project was released on December 19 after several delays, with a promotional single titled \"What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?\" released on December 13. Tracks included are \"Icy Colors Change\", and \"What Are You Doing","id":"8049870"},{"contents":"MAGIChip\n\n\nthe primers in each individual gel pads. This procedure was applied to the identification of beta-globin gene mutation in the patients of beta thalassemia patients and to detection of anthrax toxin gene. The chips also provides a good platform for performing PCR directly on the chip (in individual gel pads) as it is easy to isolate each gel pad from its neighbour unlike typical microarray chips which face serious problems in doing the same task For the analysis of hybridization results obtained with fluorescently labelled target molecules fluorescence microscopes are employed. The instrument","id":"17836283"},{"contents":"Contra la Corriente (Marc Anthony album)\n\n\n. \"Si Te Vas\" (\"If You Go\") was the third single from the album, released in 1998; it reached number-eight on Hot Latin Tracks. \"Contra la Corriente\" (\"Against the Current\") and \"No Me Conoces\" (\"You Do Not Know Me\") both reached number-two on Hot Latin Tracks., \"No Sabes Como Duele\" (\"You Do Not Know How It Hurts\") was the last single to be released from the album","id":"11150869"},{"contents":"Pegler Yorkshire\n\n\ndid not stop it becoming a generic term for this type of pipe fitting. In 1958, the works merged with the Metals Division of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) to form Yorkshire Imperial Metals. Yorkshire Copper Works (Holdings), representing the copper works, owned 50% and ICI owned the other 50%. In 1962 ICI created Imperial Metal Industries (IMI) to look after its half-share of YIM. In 1968 IMI bought Yorkshire's half-share in the business. Yorkshire Fittings then became IMI Yorkshire","id":"9260006"},{"contents":"XC2200\n\n\nto manufacture them in China. Prototype with the original name TM-SC2030 prototype was completed in 1982. After problems with the original Chinese designed engine and gearbox in 1985 it was decided to import the German air-cooled diesel engines and mechanical transmissions KHD413 ZF. Serial production started in 1986 with the number of vehicles produced approximately 2000 pieces per year. Vehicles were able to work under different conditions across mainland China from warm areas in the south, across the hot sands of the Gobi Desert to the icy heights of Tibet.","id":"17863316"},{"contents":"List of Regular Show characters\n\n\nlazy personality, it is implied that she does. Starla \"Muscle Woman\" Gutsmandottir-Sorenstein (voiced by Courtenay Taylor) is an obese green woman similar in appearance to Muscle Man. She works at Icy & Hot Jewelry & Apparel. In the episode \"Muscle Woman\", she developed a crush on Mordecai and had previously dated two other people as indicated by a tattoo on her lower back. When Mordecai broke up with her, she became extremely angry, destroying everything in her path, including a helicopter. She","id":"18265969"},{"contents":"Some Girls (Rachel Stevens song)\n\n\nRobinson based some of the song's lines on anecdotes that they had heard. The song uses Richard X's \"icy\" synth-pop sound. The synthesiser used was a Fairlight CMI Series IIx previously owned by pop group the Thompson Twins. It also features the German schaffel beat popularized by glam rock. Reviewers compared the song's glam-influenced sound to T. Rex's 1971 single \"Hot Love\" and the work of Adam Ant. They also noted similarities between \"Some Girls\" and the more recent electronic glam","id":"5164440"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Guar gum\\n\\n\\nin applications such as soups, which do not require clear results. Guar gum is a hydrocolloid, hence is useful for making thick pastes without forming a gel, and for keeping water bound in a sauce or emulsion. Guar gum can be used for thickening cold and hot liquids, to make hot gels, light foams and as an emulsion stabilizer. Guar gum can be used for cottage cheeses, curds, yogurt, sauces, soups and frozen desserts. Guar gum is also a good source of fiber with 80% soluble\",\n \"id\": \"20517861\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Time and Again (short story)\\n\\n\\nready to go he heads to the mountain road to start plowing and salting the icy roads. The narrator talks of how he wishes he did not work anymore and how he was getting too old to do it. He wants to stop work to watch his hogs grow old and die. Next, the narrator goes on to talk about how Mr. Weeks brags of what a good job he does plowing the roads. While the narrator plows one side of the road, Mr. Weeks plows the other so they will honk to each\",\n \"id\": \"17684960\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water gel explosive\\n\\n\\neffective in increasing the sensitivity of the explosive because they do not uniformly mix through the solution. They also lose sensitivity as storage time increases. Liquid non-self-explosive sensitizers like nitrobenzene and liquid nitrotoluene have not worked well either because they are difficult to hold in suspension. Liquid aliphatic mononitrates have been found to work very effectively as sensitizers when they are well mixed in the water gel. Water gel explosives tend to be less toxic and are less hazardous than dynamite to manufacture, transport, and store. Water gels are\",\n \"id\": \"11397039\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Savlon\\n\\n\\nThese agents were discovered and first developed by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). Savlon is commonly sold as an over-the-counter antiseptic cream. It is used for cleansing and prevention of infection in skin lesions, including small cuts and blisters and minor burns, and is useful in first aid kits. Other items sold in the Savlon range include wound wash, antiseptic spray, healing gel, a Dual Action Gel which includes a local anaesthetic, and adhesive bandages. Currently, its antiseptic liquid comes in the SKU sizes\",\n \"id\": \"21358584\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Betty Hay\\n\\n\\nshowed that the key constraint on migration was space. The second was using Nomarski optics to study how corneal fibroblasts migrated through the stroma in vivo and in collagen gels (a technique developed by JB and Tom Elsdale in Scotland). This work showed that contact inhibition of movement occurred in vivo and in 3D gels. Gary Greenburg then entered Betty' lab as a graduate student, and they started working with 48-hour chick embryos. They were able to see epithelia transform into mesenchyme when they were suspended in collagen gels. Jim Fitchett\",\n \"id\": \"18951625\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fastest Man Alive\\n\\n\\nto audiences. However, in all of this excitement, it was easy to miss how the pilot did not always completely gel together. There were several well-executed and exhilarating moments, but there were also just as many things that didn't work (most of the supporting cast and the dialogue). This week's episode, however, makes up for it and is a better indication of what the powers-that-be behind \\\"The Flash\\\" are capable of doing with the character.\\\" Alan Sepinwall of\",\n \"id\": \"8423106\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"2 On\\n\\n\\nalso produced by Mustard) mixed with the icy flow of Cassie‘s “Me & U,” blending #TurnUp club culture (TURN DOWN FOR WHAT?!) with hypnotic minimal beats — it’s all sorts of sexy.\\\" Jon Ali, in his blog, appraised the song as \\\"a hot slow-burning R&B number packed with an icy electro beat and a infectious chorus loaded with plenty of memorable sexual come-ons. The song works so well in its simplicity\\\" and the sample used as \\\"all sorts\",\n \"id\": \"5668370\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do You Get That Lonely\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do You Get That Lonely\\\" is a song written by Rory Feek and Jamie Teachenor, and recorded by American country music artist Blaine Larsen. It was released November 1st, 2004, reaching number 18 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It also peaked at #91 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Larsen's only Hot 100 entry. \\\"How Do You Get That Lonely\\\" had originally appeared in Larsen's album \\\"In My High School\\\" on Giantslayer Records. The song\",\n \"id\": \"6817878\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Only (Nicki Minaj song)\\n\\n\\n, with production assistance from HBM and Rock City. \\\"Only\\\" is a hip-hop song that contains an \\\"icy\\\" production that sits \\\"ominously\\\" underneath dirty lyrical metaphors. \\\"Only\\\" peaked at number 12 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, giving Nicki Minaj her fourth number one on the latter chart and making her the only female rap artist to do so. The song was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association\",\n \"id\": \"5625684\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Marathon\\n\\n\\nreduce the effect of \\\"hitting the wall\\\", as they provide easy to digest energy during the run. Energy gels usually contain varying amounts of sodium and potassium and some also contain caffeine. They need to be consumed with a certain amount of water. Recommendations for how often to take an energy gel during the race range widely. Alternatives to gels include various forms of concentrated sugars, and foods high in simple carbohydrates that can be digested easily. Many runners experiment with consuming energy supplements during training runs to determine what works\",\n \"id\": \"4698414\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nail technician\\n\\n\\ndeformities or nail disease before treatment and give clients advice about looking after their hands and nails, and recommend nail care products. Training to become a nail technician involves doing a professional course that normally takes at least a year to complete. Courses will more than likely cover anatomy and physiology of the nails, hands, arms, feet and legs, contraindications that may arise, identifying diseases and disorders, proper sanitation and sterilizing techniques, how to perform nail services safely, gel polish application, liquid and powder enhancements and hard gel\",\n \"id\": \"9448446\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Intendix\\n\\n\\nor active electrodes. While both of these electrodes require electrode gel, like conventional electrodes, the active electrodes do not require skin preparation and are more robust to external noise. This is because active electrodes feature amplifiers and other electronics within each electrode, whereas passive electrodes first send brain signals along cables before amplification. In 2010, g.tec introduced the Sahara dry electrode, which does not require gel. Signal processing: In typical BCIs, signal processing often involves different stages. For example, spatial filtering algorithms will determine how to best\",\n \"id\": \"8641037\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Agarose gel electrophoresis\\n\\n\\nTBE, to be used in electrophoresis. The agarose is dispersed in the buffer before heating it to near-boiling point, but avoid boiling. The melted agarose is allowed to cool sufficiently before pouring the solution into a cast as the cast may warp or crack if the agarose solution is too hot. A comb is placed in the cast to create wells for loading sample, and the gel should be completely set before use. The concentration of gel affects the resolution of DNA separation. For a standard agarose gel electrophoresis,\",\n \"id\": \"1665963\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Maria Konnikova\\n\\n\\nearned her Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University in 2013. She chose Columbia University so that she could work with psychologist Walter Mischel; her student profile stated she was interested in... ...the effects of hot and cool emotional states on self-control ability and decision making, especially under risk and uncertainty. How do individual differences play into decision making processes? How are normal decision processes disrupted under hot conditions, and how can a better understanding of these disruptions allow us to make better decisions? She is also interested in the\",\n \"id\": \"11924911\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Love Always\\n\\n\\nK-Ci & JoJo, seeking to shed Jodeci's \\\"bad boy image\\\", began working on other projects. They appeared as featured artists in songs including Tupac Shakur's \\\"How Do U Want It\\\", which topped the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and E-40's Rapper's Ball, which peaked 29th on the Hot 100. They recorded their first songs as a duo, \\\"If You Think You're Lonely Now\\\" and \\\"How Could You\\\", for the soundtrack albums \\\"Jason's Lyric\\\" and\",\n \"id\": \"7207997\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"This Is How We Do It (album)\\n\\n\\nThis Is How We Do It is the debut studio album by Montell Jordan. The album peaked at #12 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 and #4 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and was certified platinum. The album also featured the single \\\"This Is How We Do It\\\", which made it to #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, #1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and #1 on the Rhythmic Top 40. Another single, \\\"Somethin'\",\n \"id\": \"16592894\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Buster Crabbe\\n\\n\\nin the comedy \\\"Swim Team\\\" (1979) and as a sheriff in the horror film \\\"Alien Dead\\\" (1980), followed by \\\"The Comeback Trail\\\" (1982), one year before his death. Crabbe also appeared in television commercials for Hormel Chili, Icy Hot, and the Magic Mold Bodyshirt, an upper body male girdle of sorts, which purportedly helped in weight loss. Through Icy Hot, he was actively involved in arthritis education. Despite his numerous film and television appearances, he is best\",\n \"id\": \"10355061\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Icy Blu\\n\\n\\nIcy Blu (born Laurel Yurchick, June 1, 1974) is an American recording artist who had a brief pop career in the early 1990s. In 1991, Icy Blu released a self-titled album containing the singles \\\"Pump It (Nice an' Hard)\\\" and \\\"I Wanna Be Your Girl\\\". Both singles entered the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. \\\"Pump It (Nice an' Hard)\\\", which samples Salt-N-Pepa's \\\"Push It\\\", reached the top 10\",\n \"id\": \"12194942\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gel electrophoresis\\n\\n\\npolyacrylamide forms in a chemical polymerization reaction. Agarose gels are made from the natural polysaccharide polymers extracted from seaweed. Agarose gels are easily cast and handled compared to other matrices, because the gel setting is a physical rather than chemical change. Samples are also easily recovered. After the experiment is finished, the resulting gel can be stored in a plastic bag in a refrigerator. Agarose gels do not have a uniform pore size, but are optimal for electrophoresis of proteins that are larger than 200 kDa. Agarose gel electrophoresis can also\",\n \"id\": \"12380473\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Emanuela Del Gado\\n\\n\\n. Gel networks can be stretched, flow, squeezed or fractured, but a fundamental understanding of such processes is still lacking. Del Gado's group have developed novel theoretical and computational approaches, as well as investigating how the topology of the gel network can determine softening, strain-hardening and brittleness. She has studied how different structural constituents and frozen-in stresses can modify the gel mechanics, and used this understanding to explain experimental observations in a range of materials. Del Gado uses a spatio-temporal analysis of the microscopic\",\n \"id\": \"10581141\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Clothespin\\n\\n\\nvideo etc., a spring-type clothespin is called a \\\"CP 47\\\", \\\"C47\\\", \\\"47\\\", \\\"peg\\\", \\\"ammo\\\", or \\\"bullet\\\". It is most useful on the set since lights used on film sets quickly become far too hot to touch; a wooden C47 is used to attach a color correction gel or diffusion to the barn doors on a light. The wooden clothespins do not transmit heat very effectively, and therefore are safe to touch, even when attached\",\n \"id\": \"2026313\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Liesegang rings\\n\\n\\nsharp concentric rings of insoluble silver dichromate formed. It has aroused the curiosity of chemists for many years. When formed in a test tube by diffusing one component from the top, layers or bands of precipitate form, rather than rings. The reactions are most usually carried out in test tubes into which a gel is formed that contains a dilute solution of one of the reactants. If a hot solution of agar gel also containing a dilute solution of potassium dichromate is poured in a test tube, and after the gel solidifies a\",\n \"id\": \"12994304\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gel electrophoresis\\n\\n\\nDNA fragments) and 2% (good resolution for small 0.2–1kb fragments) agarose dissolved in electrophoresis buffer. Up to 3% can be used for separating very tiny fragments but a vertical polyacrylamide gel is more appropriate in this case. Low percentage gels are very weak and may break when you try to lift them. High percentage gels are often brittle and do not set evenly. 1% gels are common for many applications.\\\" Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is used for separating proteins ranging in size from 5 to\",\n \"id\": \"12380475\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sol–gel process\\n\\n\\npossible to obtain porous solid matrices called xerogels. In addition, a sol–gel process was developed in the 1950s for the production of radioactive powders of UO and ThO for nuclear fuels, without generation of large quantities of dust. Macroscopic optical elements and active optical components as well as large area hot mirrors, cold mirrors, lenses, and beam splitters all with optimal geometry can be made quickly and at low cost via the sol–gel route. In the processing of high performance ceramic nanomaterials with superior opto-mechanical properties\",\n \"id\": \"12547194\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Origin of water on Earth\\n\\n\\ncause all water on the planet to freeze. Earth could not have condensed from the protoplanetary disk with its current oceans of water because the early inner Solar System was far too hot for water to condense. Instead, water and other volatiles must have been delivered to Earth from the outer Solar System later in its history. Modern geochemical evidence suggests that water was delivered to Earth by impacts from icy planetesimals similar in composition to modern asteroids in the outer edges of the asteroid belt. However, when and how that water was delivered\",\n \"id\": \"89040\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hot Little Rocket\\n\\n\\nalbum, \\\"Our Work and Why We Do It\\\", was recorded in Chicago, and reached No. 9 on the \\\"!earshot\\\" charts in 2003. The band's third album, \\\"How to Lose Everything\\\", was produced by Steve Albini. The band was signed to the Filed-Under music label. The band released a single, \\\"Like Killers\\\", from the album. In 2005, the EP \\\"Laika\\\" was reissued. Hot Little Rocket disbanded following the release of a final self\",\n \"id\": \"10491708\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bruneian International Certificate of Identity\\n\\n\\nStateless Persons, in practice holders of an ICI do not qualify for the visa exemption to Germany. However, holders of an ICI can still benefit from the visa exemption to Hungary and Slovenia since the Hungarian and Slovenian Governments do not require the ICI to be issued under the terms of the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. Furthermore, Spain, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands and Croatia does not recognise the Brunei International Certificate of Identity and thus the travel document is not valid for travel to these countries.\",\n \"id\": \"20692918\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mouth & MacNeal\\n\\n\\n\\\" and \\\"Hello-A\\\" both reached #1 in the Netherlands. In 1972, \\\"How Do You Do\\\" reached the top of the charts throughout Continental Europe and Scandinavia. \\\"How Do You Do\\\" was made popular in the United States by radio personality Jim Connors and the song eventually reached #8 in the U.S. in July 1972. \\\"How Do You Do\\\" spent 19 weeks in the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and won the R.I.A.A. gold disc on 2 August 1972. Selling over a million copies\",\n \"id\": \"8805787\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pectin\\n\\n\\n. These form a 3-dimensional molecular net that creates the macromolecular gel. The gelling-mechanism is called a low-water-activity gel or sugar-acid-pectin gel. While low-ester/low-methoxy pectins need calcium to form a gel, they can do so at lower soluble solids and higher pH-values than high-ester pectins. Normally low-ester pectins form gels with a range of pH from 2.6 to 7.0 and with a soluble solids content between 10 and 70%. The non-\",\n \"id\": \"999374\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Refrigeration\\n\\n\\nis a solid, such as silicone gel, activated carbon, or zeolite, unlike in the absorption cycle where absorbent is liquid. When the working fluid is a gas that is compressed and expanded but doesn't change phase, the refrigeration cycle is called a \\\"gas cycle\\\". Air is most often this working fluid. As there is no condensation and evaporation intended in a gas cycle, components corresponding to the condenser and evaporator in a vapor compression cycle are the hot and cold gas-to-gas heat exchangers in\",\n \"id\": \"2303471\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Orange G\\n\\n\\nthe process of agarose gel electrophoresis, running approximately at the size of a 50 Base pair (bp) DNA molecule, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Bromophenol blue and xylene cyanol can also be used for this purpose. (However, the apparent \\\"size\\\" of all these dyes varies according to the concentration of agarose in the gel and the buffer system used, so one should look up the appropriate reference before using the dyes to determine how far a gel has run.) Despite its two ionizable groups, it shows only\",\n \"id\": \"10311551\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Orica\\n\\n\\n, Powergel™ and Eurodyn™. \\\"Power Gel\\\" was a U.S. Registered Trademark for Hercules Inc. in 1967, but it is now owned by Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd. Minova is a member of the Orica Group. Products and services include: Orica is a supplier of sodium cyanide for gold extraction. Products and services include: Once Australia's tallest building, the former ICI Building in East Melbourne, now Orica House, was Australia's tallest during the 1950s and was one of the first high-rise buildings in Australia\",\n \"id\": \"15064931\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Canada's Worst Driver 10\\n\\n\\nalso admits to this, though, unlike Jason, concedes that it was clearly the wrong thing to do. Siham shows no awareness of how fast she actually went during the challenge. Tyler also gets called out over his bad performance on that challenge, but does get one bit of good news as he's told that since his final Icy Corner run was the best in the challenge and would likely avoid most dangerous situations in real-life, they're retroactively upgrading it to a pass, doing Andrew a super favor of\",\n \"id\": \"5359088\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jacqui McQueen\\n\\n\\n, stating: \\\"When the relationship first started, we didn't know how they were going to gel and how it was going to work, because people were such fans of Jacqui and Tony. Some people still ask me if those two are going to get back together, but people are really taken with Rhys and Jacqui.\\\" Cooper believes it's her own working relationship with Moss that helps make the pairing a success stating: \\\"It's a nice collaboration and we try to make it funny, emotional, hard\",\n \"id\": \"21925274\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tu che di gel sei cinta\\n\\n\\n\\\"Tu che di gel sei cinta\\\" (\\\"You who are girdled with ice\\\") is a soprano aria from act 3, scene 1, of Puccini's 1926 opera \\\"Turandot\\\". It is sung by Liù under torture, prior to her suicide. The words were written by Puccini himself while waiting for librettists Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni to deliver the next part of the libretto. When the librettists read them, they decided that they could not do better than that. In their work on \\\"Turandot\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"13323775\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Trisha Yearwood\\n\\n\\n. \\\"How Do I Live\\\" was the first single issued and was included in the 1997 film \\\"Con Air\\\". The song was also nominated for Best Song at the Academy Awards. \\\"How Do I Live\\\" was originally recorded by LeAnn Rimes for the film. Rimes's version became a major hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, peaking at number 2, while Yearwood's version peaked at 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" country chart. The song also reached number 23 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot\",\n \"id\": \"14474438\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Long Road Out of Eden\\n\\n\\nwell as Top 20 hits on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts. The album produced five straight hits on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts with \\\"How Long\\\", \\\"Busy Being Fabulous\\\", \\\"No More Cloudy Days\\\", \\\"What Do I Do With My Heart\\\", and \\\"I Don't Want to Hear Anymore\\\". The album debuted at No. 1 in the U.S. and won the band two Grammy awards for \\\"How Long\\\" and the instrumental \\\"I Dreamed There Was No War\\\".\",\n \"id\": \"18357700\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fire retardant gel\\n\\n\\n, chief of Firebreak response program, a private response team, stated: \\\"If whoever is running the fire thinks it's too dangerous to go into a particular area, we don't go into that area.\\\" These gels are useful when filming scenes in which it is desired to give the illusion that someone is on fire. To do so, the gel is applied to an area of the body. Next, a fuel is placed on top of the gel. When ready to film the scene, the fuel\",\n \"id\": \"17487172\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wood glue\\n\\n\\nmuch drips out and much soaks into the wood leaving very little on the surface for the bond), or thicker formulations (gel) which can fill very small gaps, do not flow out of the joint, and do not soak so quickly into wood. Thinner cyanoacrylate glue does not bond more quickly nor form shorter polymer chains than the gel version when used on wood. The chemical nature of wood significantly delays polymerization of cyanoacrylate. When it finally polymerizes in a wood joint, enough gel remains for a better bond than\",\n \"id\": \"3025089\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby\\n\\n\\nhimself and his wife, and instead threw himself into his work with icy determination, working very long hours without a break. Wavell recalled: \\\"He went on with his work and asked no sympathy. Only those who stood close to him knew how heavy the blow had been, how nearly it had broken him, and what courage it had taken to withstand it\\\". Allenby assessed the Turkish Army's fighting force that he was facing to be 46,000 rifles and 2,800 sabres, and estimated that he could take Jerusalem with\",\n \"id\": \"487979\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rhys Ashworth\\n\\n\\nWhen the relationship first started, we didn't know how they were going to gel and how it was going to work, because people were such fans of Jacqui and Tony. Some people still ask me if those two are going to get back together, but people are really taken with Rhys and Jacqui.\\\" Cooper believes it's her own working relationship with Moss that helps make the pairing a success stating: \\\"It's a nice collaboration and we try to make it funny, emotional, hard-hitting, three\",\n \"id\": \"3716876\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nature of a Sista'\\n\\n\\nHow Do I Love Thee\\\" and \\\"Latifah's Had It Up 2 Here\\\" were released as the second and third singles, respectively. They were promoted through accompanying music videos. \\\"How Do I Love Thee\\\" peaked at number 13 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs \\\"Billboard\\\" chart on February 22, 1992, and remained on the chart for 16 weeks. \\\"Latifah's Had It Up 2 Here\\\" also reached number eight on the Hot Rap Songs \\\"Billboard\\\" chart on February 8,\",\n \"id\": \"15142616\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"LeAnn Rimes\\n\\n\\nmillion copies in the United States, certifying 4× Multi-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album contained an extended version of the single \\\"How Do I Live\\\", which became a major pop hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, reaching number two. \\\"How Do I Live\\\" set a new record for becoming the longest-running single in \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 history, spending 69 weeks on the chart. On October 13, 1997, she published her first novel, titled \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"2715310\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\\n\\n\\n31 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, becoming Keith's biggest hit at the time. Furthermore, \\\"How Do You Like Me Now?!\\\" was declared the number-one country song of 2000 according to \\\"Billboard\\\". The third and fourth singles from this album, respectively, were \\\"Country Comes to Town\\\" (#4 on Hot Country Songs) and \\\"You Shouldn't Kiss Me Like This\\\", which spent three non-contiguous weeks at number one on the country chart as well.\",\n \"id\": \"9147529\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do You Like Me Now?! (song)\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do You Like Me Now?!\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in November 1999 as the second single and title track from his album of the same name. Keith wrote it with Chuck Cannon. The song spent five weeks at Number One on the \\\"Billboard\\\" U.S. Hot Country Songs chart beginning in March 2000. It was his first major crossover hit peaking at number 31 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The song was\",\n \"id\": \"19299413\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kai the Hatchet-Wielding Hitchhiker\\n\\n\\nsexual encounter was consensual and the murder premeditated; however, Kai said that after the viral video in California, he had no need to have sex with men like Galfy, who Kai described as unattractive, stating \\\"Do you know how many hot chicks—never mind. Even if I was gay, do you know how many hot guys wanted to fuck me after that shit in California? I'm not even being vain. It's just a fact, like—no offense, but he [Galfy] was not\",\n \"id\": \"3424251\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Aesthetic Realism\\n\\n\\nits having-to-do-with other things\\\", is in this poem. It begins with a hot, quiet afternoon in Montana, and travels through time and space, showing that the diversity of reality is surprisingly connected, and things, people and places usually regarded as separate \\\"have a great deal to do with each other.\\\" The poem ends with these lines: “I can’t tell you how important Siegel’s work is in the light of my present understanding of the modern poem...\\\" wrote\",\n \"id\": \"20434906\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"VRLA battery\\n\\n\\nwet\\\" cells in glass jars used special valves to allow tilt from vertical to one horizontal direction in 1927 to 1931 or 1932. The gel cells were less likely to leak when the portable set was handled roughly. A modern gel battery (also known as a \\\"gel cell\\\") is a VRLA battery with a gelified electrolyte; the sulfuric acid is mixed with fumed silica, which makes the resulting mass gel-like and immobile. Unlike a flooded wet-cell lead-acid battery, these batteries do not need\",\n \"id\": \"12534026\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hair gel\\n\\n\\n, by what would later be renamed the Dep Corporation. Marketed under the brand name Dep, modern hair gel was given this name by its inventor, Luis Montoya, in recognition of the substance that gave it its unique, non-greasy consistency: diethyl phthalate, commonly abbreviated as DEP. Many brands of hair gel in North America and the UK come in numbered variants. Higher numbered gels maintain a greater \\\"hold\\\" on hair, while lower numbers do not make the hair as stiff and in some products give the\",\n \"id\": \"315599\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dishwashing liquid\\n\\n\\nvariously as cartridges, gel, liquids, pacs, powder, and tablets. Any dishwashing liquid may contain bleach, enzymes, or rinsing aids. Some dishwashing detergents may be homemade, using ingredients such as borax, essential oil, eucalyptus oil and grated bar soap, among others. Dishwashing detergents can be formulated to work under different circumstances. In some cases suitably formulated they can be used with cold water or sea water, although they will not generally work as well as those intended for, and used with, hot water\",\n \"id\": \"11029511\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hotpoint\\n\\n\\n. In 2002, it had a 23% share of the white goods market in the United Kingdom. The \\\"Holby City\\\" actress Lisa Faulkner starred in their 2010 \\\"Campaign for Cooking Confidence\\\". In 2009, it worked with Kelly Hoppen to produce its interior design \\\"Hot Style\\\" campaign. The company has also worked in conjunction with the P&G detergent brand Ariel. It currently recommends Excel Gel. Before 2004, Hotpoint recommended Persil Automatic & Comfort Fabric softener. In the past it has also advertised Bounce Tumble dryer\",\n \"id\": \"1613637\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hot Dog (TV series)\\n\\n\\nand later, as host of the ABC series, \\\"Discovery\\\"), which took him on tours to various factories, \\\"Hot Dog\\\" explained, in a humorous manner, how we do things (such as snore) and how things were made (such as the eponymous hot dogs and their buns, plus condiments like mustard). Seventy topics were covered during the course of this series, which lasted thirteen episodes and rerun the rest of the season. NBC won a Peabody award for the series in 1970.\",\n \"id\": \"3297830\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"PH-sensitive polymers\\n\\n\\nswap their inner and outer molecules depending on the properties of the polymers involved. Responses other than simply swelling and deswelling with a change in pH are possible as well. Researchers have created polymers that undergo a sol-gel transition (from a solution to a gel) with a change in pH, but which also change from being a stiff gel to a soft gel for certain pH values. pH sensitive polymers can be synthesized using several common polymerization methods. Functional groups may need to be protected so that they do not react\",\n \"id\": \"16436118\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shower gel\\n\\n\\nShower gel (also shower cream or body wash) is a specialized liquid product used for cleaning the body during showers. Not to be confused with liquid soaps, shower gels, in fact, do not contain saponified oil. Instead, it uses synthetic detergents derived from either petroleum or plant sources. Body washes and shower gels holds a lower pH value than the traditional soap, which is also known to feel less drying to the skin. In certain cases, sodium stearate is added to the chemical combination to create a solid\",\n \"id\": \"5251815\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rollerball pen\\n\\n\\nThe thickness and suspending power of gels allows the use of pigments in gelled ink, which yields a greater variety of brighter colors than is possible in liquid ink. Gels also allow for the use of heavier pigments with metallic or glitter effects, or opaque pastel pigments that can be seen on dark surfaces. Liquid ink roller ball pens flow extremely consistently and skip less than gel ink pens do. The lower viscosity of liquid ink increases the likelihood of consistent inking of the ball, whereas the higher viscosity of gel ink produces \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"6504389\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Hot Country Singles & Tracks number ones of 2000\\n\\n\\nand June. Only two other acts, Lonestar and Hill's husband Tim McGraw, had more than one Hot Country Songs number one during the year. Other singles with extended runs at number one include \\\"How Do You Like Me Now?!\\\" by Toby Keith, \\\"I Hope You Dance\\\" by Lee Ann Womack featuring Sons of the Desert and \\\"That's the Way\\\" by Jo Dee Messina, each of which topped the chart for five weeks. \\\"How Do You Like Me Now?!\\\" was\",\n \"id\": \"18772134\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Organogels\\n\\n\\nindentation only on a significantly small scale. The tip is lowered into the sample and a laser reflecting off the cantilever allows for precise measurements to be obtained. In this technique, the tensile strength of the gel is measured in one direction. The two important measurements to make include the force applied per unit area and the amount of elongation under a known applied force. This test provides information for how a gel will respond when an external force is applied. Due to varying degrees of cross-linkage in a gel network,\",\n \"id\": \"20867922\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do I Breathe\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do I Breathe\\\" is an R&B single by Mario. It is the first single from his third studio album \\\"Go\\\". The single was released on May 15, 2007. It was produced by Stargate. On the issue date of July 7, 2007, the single debuted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 at number 91. \\\"How Do I Breathe\\\" also debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 30 on download sales alone, the day before the physical release of the song. It also\",\n \"id\": \"823687\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pharmacokinetics of estradiol\\n\\n\\nhot flashes. Transdermal estradiol is available in the forms of patches, gels, emulsions, and sprays. In the case of gels, emulsions, and sprays, the route is sometimes referred to as \\\"topical\\\" rather than as transdermal. Estradiol has moderate skin permeability, which is based on the lipophilicity and hydrophilicity of a compound. In general, the more hydroxyl groups that are present in a steroid, the less its skin permeability. For this reason, estrone and progesterone have higher skin permeability, while estriol and cortisol\",\n \"id\": \"21909929\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Andrew D. Bernstein\\n\\n\\nand Icy Hot. His work has been showcased in many exhibitions over the years. He is only one of four photographers whose work is on permanent display at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, MA. Andrew has received many honors and awards including induction into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2013. Andrew is also known as a sports television personality as well. He is the host of \\\"Through The Lens\\\", which is a regular feature on the Lakers channel on Time Warner Cable SportsNet LA\",\n \"id\": \"15196548\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Long Goodbye (song)\\n\\n\\n. The single was Number One hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts, and a #39 hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Ronnie Dunn was initially challenged by this song. \\\"For me, I didn't know if I could sing some of these songs, if I could get inside them. So I'd take the tracks home...Paul Brady's demo of 'The Long Good-bye was intimidating...How do you do that? I\",\n \"id\": \"5380934\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Flixborough disaster\\n\\n\\nTheir immediate cause was human error but ICI felt that saying that most accidents were caused by human error was no more useful than saying that most falls are caused by gravity. ICI had not simply reminded operators to be more careful, but issued explicit instructions on the required quality of isolations, and the required quality of its documentation. The more onerous requirements were justified as follows: In accordance with this view, post-Flixborough (and without waiting for the Inquiry Report), ICI Petrochemicals instituted a review of how it controlled\",\n \"id\": \"9605684\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Charmaine Yee\\n\\n\\nPilot Pens, The Taiwan Visitor’s Association, Best Denki, TK Trichokare, Ricola and Bone Marrow Donors Programme and onboard entertainment for China Airlines and Garuda Indonesia. She has also worked as an event / television host, having interviewed international celebrities including Tom Hanks, Melissa McCarthy, Rebel Wilson of Pitch Perfect 3; movie stars such as Dwayne Johnson of Rampage, Hugh Jackman of Logan; television stars eg. Jeannie Mai of DIVA How Do I Look Asia, the Hot Guys from HOT GUYS WHO COOK (Diva Universal)\",\n \"id\": \"18423132\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"My Type (Saweetie song)\\n\\n\\n\\\"My Type\\\" is a song by American rapper Saweetie, released as a single on June 11, 2019, by Icy, Artistry Records and Warner Records. It was first released as part of her 2019 EP \\\"Icy\\\", and a music video was released for the track in July 2019. It was the basis of a social media challenge, and also became Saweetie's first entry on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, debuting at number 81 before peaking at 37. The song was written by Diamonté Harper\",\n \"id\": \"16931514\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Proteomics Standards Initiative\\n\\n\\nproteomics: The gel electrophoresis working group defined reporting requirements for gel electrophoresis experiments. The document is at the stage of a recommendation and has been published. The corresponding data exchange format is called \\\"GelML\\\" and a stable version was released in late 2007. The gel electrophoresis working group also focuses on image analysis with the gel image informatics recommendation that is currently in public review phase while the corresponding exchange format is only a draft (as of April 2009). The sample processing working group defines requirements concerning all the sample pre\",\n \"id\": \"13879911\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do I Make You\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do I Make You\\\", which ultimately featured Nicolette Larson on backing vocals, was released as an advance single from the album \\\"Mad Love\\\". It exemplified Ronstadt's Rock evolution, propelling her stardom in the direction of new wave. Shipped on January 15, 1980, \\\"How Do I Make You\\\" hit number 6 on the \\\"Cash Box\\\" Top 100 chart. On the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, it reached a peak of number 10. A non-album track: Ronstadt's version\",\n \"id\": \"176499\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do I Live\\n\\n\\nOverall, \\\"How Do I Live\\\" by Rimes spent 62 weeks in the US Top 40 and 30 weeks on the UK Top 40 singles chart. On March 11, 2017, \\\"Closer\\\" by The Chainsmokers and Halsey set the new record for the most amount of time a song has spent in the top five of the Hot 100 when it was ranked at number five, marking its 27th week in the top five (though unlike \\\"How Do I Live\\\" this was nonconsecutive). On July 29, 2017\",\n \"id\": \"5261312\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do I Get There\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do I Get There\\\" is a song written by Chris Farren, and co-written and recorded by American country music artist Deana Carter. It was released in August 1997 as the fourth single from her debut album \\\"Did I Shave My Legs for This?\\\". The song became her third single to reach the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was Carter's last Number One hit on the country chart. \\\"How Do I Get There\\\" debuted at number\",\n \"id\": \"5323806\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Citric acid\\n\\n\\nin the darkroom. Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate can be used as a blood acid regulator. Soldering fFlux. Citric acid is an excellent soldering flux, either dry or as a concentrated solution in water. It should be removed after soldering, especially with fine wires, as it is mildly corrosive. It dissolves and rinses quickly in hot water. In materials science, the Citrate-gel method is a process similar to the sol-gel method, which is a method for producing solid materials from small molecules.\",\n \"id\": \"10159354\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Incendiary device\\n\\n\\ncertain chemicals into a 'gel' to slow, but not stop, combustion, releasing energy over a longer time than an explosive device. In the case of napalm, the gel adheres to surfaces and resists suppression. A range of early thermal weapons were in use ancient and early armies using hot pitch, oil, resin, animal fat and other similar compounds. Substances such as quicklime and sulfur could be toxic and blinding. Incendiary mixtures, such as the petroleum-based Greek fire, were launched by throwing machines or\",\n \"id\": \"4444088\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Size-exclusion chromatography\\n\\n\\nthere are short and well-defined separation times and narrow bands, which lead to good sensitivity. There is also no sample loss because solutes do not interact with the stationary phase. The other advantage to this experimental method is that in certain cases, it is feasible to determine the approximate molecular weight of a compound. The shape and size of the compound (eluent) determine how the compound interacts with the gel (stationary phase). To determine approximate molecular weight, the elution volumes of compounds with their corresponding molecular weights\",\n \"id\": \"11909438\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Belly to Belly\\n\\n\\nfree from major label pressure to \\\"follow up this big hit or that hit\\\". The band was given complete control to do whatever seemed appropriate to the members, without having to try to please others. \\\"Letter to a Friend\\\" was an idea Lane had about how relationships should end; the parties agree that they don't gel, but that they can go their separate ways without animosity. Lane admits that this was \\\"wishful thinking\\\", since all of his failed relationships have ended on bad terms. \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"7199308\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kip Anderson\\n\\n\\nthe guitarist Mickey Baker. Lack of commercial gains from recording led Anderson to find work as a disc jockey. Everlast Records released Anderson's third single, \\\"I Will Cry\\\" (1962), and \\\"Here I Am, Try Me,\\\" and \\\"That's When the Crying Begins\\\" (1964) followed; the latter reached number 79 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. His stock rose further with \\\"I'll Get Along\\\", \\\"Woman How Do You Make Me Love You Like I Do\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"9062346\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rectal microbicide\\n\\n\\nTruvada every day. The order in which participants followed the study regimens was assigned randomly, with a break between each regimen. The procedures carried out as part of MTN-017 determined how much of each drug is absorbed in blood, rectal fluid, and tissue, and also assessed any changes in cells or tissue. Study participants were asked about any side effects, what they liked and disliked about using the gel either daily or with sex, and whether they would consider using the gel in the future. Gel acceptability and adherence were\",\n \"id\": \"6529984\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Peter Hollins (businessman)\\n\\n\\n. In the late 1980s, he worked with halomethanes (these compounds destroyed the ozone layer), then moving in 1987 to ICI Soda Ash Products. From 1989-92 he was General Manager of ICI Resins BV (ICI Holland at Waalwijk). He then worked for a joint venture of ICI and Enichem, of Italy, called European Vinyls Corporation (EVC Brussels), as Chief Operating Officer until 1998. The company was floated on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange in 1994. It was the world's biggest producer of PVC\",\n \"id\": \"17335691\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Red Hot Mamma\\n\\n\\nBells\\\" for Satan and his minions. When Satan tries to put the moves on Betty, she fixes him with a (literally) icy stare, freezing him and all of Hell. When she falls through a hole and onto an icy surface below, Betty wakes up to find the fire out with the windows open and her bed frozen, and she goes to bed, this time under a pile of warm quilts. Clips of the redrawn colorized version were used in the compilation movie \\\"Betty Boop For President: The\",\n \"id\": \"3650565\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Aiyu jelly\\n\\n\\nset into a jelly either in a cool location or in the refrigerator. One must keep in mind certain things when making aiyu jelly or else the gel may not set: Water will slowly seep out of the jelly some time after it sets, and it will turn back to a liquid over the course of several days. The jelly is usually served with honey and lemon juice but can also be included in other sweetened beverages or shaved ice and is particularly popular as a cool drink in hot summers. Since the gel does\",\n \"id\": \"15933575\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gel dosimetry\\n\\n\\nGel dosimeters are manufactured from radiation sensitive chemicals that, upon irradiation with ionising radiation, undergo a fundamental change in their properties as a function of the absorbed radiation dose. Over many years individuals have endeavoured to measure absorbed radiation dose distributions using gels. As long ago as 1950, the radiation-induced colour change in dyes was used to investigate radiation doses in gels. Further, in 1957 depth doses of photons and electrons in agar gels were investigated using spectrophotometry. Gel dosimetry today however, is founded mainly on the work of\",\n \"id\": \"16345552\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Maroon 5\\n\\n\\nup to \\\"Songs About Jane\\\" is \\\"sexier and stronger\\\", gaining inspiration from iconic 80s artists such as Prince, Shabba Ranks, Michael Jackson and Talking Heads. Ann Powers writing for \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" said \\\"It Won't Be Soon Before Long\\\" is \\\"An icy-hot blend of electro-funk and blue-eyed soul that works its cruel streak with the confidence of Daniel Craig's James Bond\\\". Before its release, \\\"Makes Me Wonder\\\" was the No. 1 selling single\",\n \"id\": \"156608\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Restriction map\\n\\n\\nshould also sum up to be the same size as each other. If fragment sizes do not properly add up, there are two likely problems. In one case, some of the smaller fragments may have run off the end of the gel. This frequently occurs if the gel is run too long. A second possible source of error is that the gel was not dense enough and therefore was unable to resolve fragments close in size. This leads to a lack of separation of fragments which were close in size. If all\",\n \"id\": \"16692692\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Difference gel electrophoresis\\n\\n\\npoint), vertical (change in size) or diagonal (change in both size and isoelectric point). Reciprocal Labeling is done to make sure the changes seen are not due to dye-dependent interactions. It overcomes limitations in traditional 2D electrophoresis that are due to inter-gel variation. This can be considerable even with identical samples. Since the proteins from the different sample types (e.g. healthy/diseased, virulent/non-virulent) are run on the same gel they can be directly compared. To do this\",\n \"id\": \"17585311\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"QPNC-PAGE\\n\\n\\ninherently stable and free of monomers or radicals. Fresh polyacrylamide gels are further hydrophilic, electrically neutral and do not bind proteins. Sieving effects due to gravity-induced compression of the gel can be excluded for the same reasons. In a medium without molecular sieving properties a high-resolution can be expected. Before an electrophoretic run is started the prepared 4% T (total polymer content (T)), 2.67% C (cross-linker concentration (C)) gel is pre-run to equilibrate it. It\",\n \"id\": \"21833901\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis\\n\\n\\non denaturing gradient gels, it is possible to detect fragments that have mutations in the first melting domain (Helms, 1990). Placing two samples side-by-side on the gel and allowing them to denature together, researchers can easily see even the smallest differences in two samples or fragments of DNA. There are a number of disadvantages to this technique: \\\"Chemical gradients such as those used in DGGE are not as reproducible, are difficult to establish and often do not completely resolve heteroduplexes\\\" (Westburg, 2001)\",\n \"id\": \"5072838\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Animal glue\\n\\n\\nglue begins to gel, it pulls the joint together. Violin makers may glue the center seams of top and back plates together using a \\\"rubbed joint\\\" rather than using clamps. This technique involves coating half of the joint with hot hide glue, and then rubbing the other half against the joint until the hide glue starts to gel, at which point the glue becomes tacky. At this point the plate is set aside without clamps, and the hide glue pulls the joint together as it hardens. Hide glue regains its\",\n \"id\": \"13120171\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gel dosimetry\\n\\n\\nin 1996. Numerous authors subsequently published results of work investigating different compositions and formulations of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters and were summarised by Senden. Other work has also included the development of less toxic polymer gels. The fundamental science underpinning polymer gel dosimetry was reviewed along with the various 'read-out' and evaluation techniques and clinical dosimetry applications in the 2010 Topical Review publication by Baldock \\\"et al\\\". In June 1995 whilst attending the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) annual meeting in Boston, USA, Clive\",\n \"id\": \"16345564\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rama Bansil\\n\\n\\napplicant for more than a dozen grants from the National Science Foundation and private institutions, with total funding approaching three million dollars. In the course of her scientific career Dr. Bansil has authored or co-authored nearly one hundred publications. The recent focus of her work has been the molecular structure of gels, the physics of gel formation, diffusion in gels and the kinetics of phase transitions and chemical reactions in gels. Her early work, prior to 2000, focused on biophysics, chemical physics, polymer physics (gelation and phase\",\n \"id\": \"19436169\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Agarose gel electrophoresis\\n\\n\\nit is necessary to work on the gel for any extended period of time. The transilluminator apparatus may also contain image capture devices, such as a digital or polaroid camera, that allow an image of the gel to be taken or printed. For gel electrophoresis of protein, the bands may be visualised with Coomassie or silver stains. The separated DNA bands are often used for further procedures, and a DNA band may be cut out of the gel as a slice, dissolved and purified. Contaminants however may affect some downstream procedures\",\n \"id\": \"1665974\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do You Do (Mouth & MacNeal song)\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do You Do\\\" released in 1971 was an international hit single for Dutch duo Mouth & MacNeal. It was #1 in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, and New Zealand. It also spent 19 weeks in the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 a year later, and a cover version by Scots-German duo Die Windows (later Windows) reached #1 in Germany. The single earned Mouth & MacNeal, and its composers Hans van Hemert and Harry van Hoof, the 1972 Buma Export Award for\",\n \"id\": \"17909513\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Plantago asiatica\\n\\n\\nleaves and the seeds have anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antitussive, cardiac, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic efficacy. The roots can be made into a decoction to treat coughs. Scientific studies have shown that \\\"Plantago asiatica\\\" petroleum extract has a significant antidepressant effect, and the hot water extracts of P. major and P. asiatica have anti-leukaemia, anti-cancer and anti-viral activities, as well as the activity of regulating cell-mediated immunity. The seed gel extract can work as a lubricant to promote laxation\",\n \"id\": \"21302991\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gel electrophoresis of proteins\\n\\n\\nusing buffers with lower pH values is that the acrylamide gel is more stable at lower pH values, so the gels can be stored for long periods of time before use. As voltage is applied, the anions (and negatively charged sample molecules) migrate toward the positive electrode (anode) in the lower chamber, the leading ion is Cl ( high mobility and high concentration); glycinate is the trailing ion (low mobility and low concentration). SDS-protein particles do not migrate freely at the border between the Cl\",\n \"id\": \"16396327\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Missha\\n\\n\\nFace Shop and Skin Food. Missha products range from makeup, skin care, to body and hair products; such as All-Around Safe Block Soft Finish Sun Milk SPF 50, Cool Fitting Body Gel and Hot Burning Body Gel. Missha is also known for making high quality, lower cost duplications of more expensive brands. For example, the Missha Time Revolution First Treatment Essence is a popular duplication of luxury brand essence SK-II, and the Missha Time Revolution Night Repair Science Activator Ampoule is a popular duplicate of the\",\n \"id\": \"14756709\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sephadex\\n\\n\\nSephadex is a trademark for cross-linked dextran gel used for gel filtration. It was launched by Pharmacia in 1959, after development work by Jerker Porath and Per Flodin. The name is derived from separation Pharmacia dextran. It is normally manufactured in a bead form and most commonly used for gel filtration columns. By varying the degree of cross-linking, the fractionation properties of the gel can be altered. These highly specialized gel filtration and chromatographic media are composed of macroscopic beads synthetically derived from the polysaccharide dextran. The organic\",\n \"id\": \"17338514\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"John Cullen (chemical engineer)\\n\\n\\nto Cambridge to do a PhD in gas absorption. He married Betty Hopkins in 1954, and they had four children. He died 14 January 2018. Cullen joined the research department of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority in 1956, moving to ICI, Billingham as a chemical plant manager, where he remained for three years before going to New York as technical liaison for ICI. He returned to the UK in 1963 to oversee the building of the refinery on Teesside as a joint venture between ICI and Phillips Petroleum. From 1967\",\n \"id\": \"4130493\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Azealia Banks\\n\\n\\nNovember, Banks announced on her Instagram account that she would be releasing an Christmas-themed extended play on December 7, 2018 named \\\"Icy Colors Change\\\". A demo of the title track was released in December 2017. The project will explore more jazz-oriented sounds. The project was released on December 19 after several delays, with a promotional single titled \\\"What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?\\\" released on December 13. Tracks included are \\\"Icy Colors Change\\\", and \\\"What Are You Doing\",\n \"id\": \"8049870\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"MAGIChip\\n\\n\\nthe primers in each individual gel pads. This procedure was applied to the identification of beta-globin gene mutation in the patients of beta thalassemia patients and to detection of anthrax toxin gene. The chips also provides a good platform for performing PCR directly on the chip (in individual gel pads) as it is easy to isolate each gel pad from its neighbour unlike typical microarray chips which face serious problems in doing the same task For the analysis of hybridization results obtained with fluorescently labelled target molecules fluorescence microscopes are employed. The instrument\",\n \"id\": \"17836283\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Contra la Corriente (Marc Anthony album)\\n\\n\\n. \\\"Si Te Vas\\\" (\\\"If You Go\\\") was the third single from the album, released in 1998; it reached number-eight on Hot Latin Tracks. \\\"Contra la Corriente\\\" (\\\"Against the Current\\\") and \\\"No Me Conoces\\\" (\\\"You Do Not Know Me\\\") both reached number-two on Hot Latin Tracks., \\\"No Sabes Como Duele\\\" (\\\"You Do Not Know How It Hurts\\\") was the last single to be released from the album\",\n \"id\": \"11150869\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pegler Yorkshire\\n\\n\\ndid not stop it becoming a generic term for this type of pipe fitting. In 1958, the works merged with the Metals Division of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) to form Yorkshire Imperial Metals. Yorkshire Copper Works (Holdings), representing the copper works, owned 50% and ICI owned the other 50%. In 1962 ICI created Imperial Metal Industries (IMI) to look after its half-share of YIM. In 1968 IMI bought Yorkshire's half-share in the business. Yorkshire Fittings then became IMI Yorkshire\",\n \"id\": \"9260006\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"XC2200\\n\\n\\nto manufacture them in China. Prototype with the original name TM-SC2030 prototype was completed in 1982. After problems with the original Chinese designed engine and gearbox in 1985 it was decided to import the German air-cooled diesel engines and mechanical transmissions KHD413 ZF. Serial production started in 1986 with the number of vehicles produced approximately 2000 pieces per year. Vehicles were able to work under different conditions across mainland China from warm areas in the south, across the hot sands of the Gobi Desert to the icy heights of Tibet.\",\n \"id\": \"17863316\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Regular Show characters\\n\\n\\nlazy personality, it is implied that she does. Starla \\\"Muscle Woman\\\" Gutsmandottir-Sorenstein (voiced by Courtenay Taylor) is an obese green woman similar in appearance to Muscle Man. She works at Icy & Hot Jewelry & Apparel. In the episode \\\"Muscle Woman\\\", she developed a crush on Mordecai and had previously dated two other people as indicated by a tattoo on her lower back. When Mordecai broke up with her, she became extremely angry, destroying everything in her path, including a helicopter. She\",\n \"id\": \"18265969\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Some Girls (Rachel Stevens song)\\n\\n\\nRobinson based some of the song's lines on anecdotes that they had heard. The song uses Richard X's \\\"icy\\\" synth-pop sound. The synthesiser used was a Fairlight CMI Series IIx previously owned by pop group the Thompson Twins. It also features the German schaffel beat popularized by glam rock. Reviewers compared the song's glam-influenced sound to T. Rex's 1971 single \\\"Hot Love\\\" and the work of Adam Ant. They also noted similarities between \\\"Some Girls\\\" and the more recent electronic glam\",\n \"id\": \"5164440\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":84,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Ok. Now we know that there is water on mars, what does this mean for the future and how can we benefit from this discovery? Can humans live on mars?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"3mqbb8"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"This does not really change things for humans. We already knew there was water on Mars, we just weren't sure of any liquid water. The surface is still generally too cold, and too low pressure, for a human to survive. You'd need an enclosed environment, and if you had one of those you could just melt water ice from the planet.\"}, {\"answer\": \"One of things it might change is making it more *difficult* to explore Mars or live on it. More widespread liquid water near or on the surface increases the risk of cross-contamination: either wiping out existing ecosystems on Mars before we even get a chance to discover them, or accidentally colonizing Mars with a new ecosystem from Earth, with microbes from our robot landers. Right now we're already using techniques to avoid that: sterilizing our probes before they launch, and only landing in areas where Earth life *probably* couldn't survive. But we've already discovered our sterilization techniques aren't good enough, and this means our idea of where Earth life could survive on Mars might not be good enough either.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Well, we have known there was water on Mars since about 1976. Just, it was only known to exist in vapor and solid form. Now we know it's also present in liquid form, kept so through large amounts of salt. Doesn't really change the picture for human habitation.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Mars manned exploration ideas are sort of a romantic throwback in an era of remote-controlled robots. Anything you might hope to find exploring mars by sending people there can be done far more cost-effectively (not to mention safely) by robots. And if your goal is just to set up a colony, there's no particular advantage to trying to live on Mars that you wouldn't get by trying to live on the moon. Although Mars has some interesting geology including water, it's 500X further away and that makes it much harder. (By comparison, the people who discovered the New World back in the day had experience travelling that far, just in other directions.) Just living in earth orbit for the time required to get to Mars introduces [undesirable physiological changes]( URL_0 ) in astronauts, including vision problems and loss of muscle mass and bone density.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Does anyone ever [search for their question]( URL_0 ) first...\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"4923933\", \"title\": \"Terraforming of Mars\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 2, \"end_paragraph_id\": 2, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Terraforming of Mars is a hypothetical process of planetary engineering by which the surface and climate of Mars would be deliberately changed to make large areas of the environment hospitable to humans, thus making the colonization of Mars safer and sustainable\", \"Terraforming of Mars is a hypothetical process of planetary engineering by which the surface and climate of Mars would be deliberately changed to make large areas of the environment hospitable to humans, thus making the colonization of Mars safer and sustainable. There are a few proposed terraforming concepts, some of which present prohibitive economic and natural resource costs. As of 2019, there is disagreement as to whether or not it is currently feasible to terraform Mars. In particular, experts disagree about whether Mars may have enough geologically accessible to use methods of terraforming that rely primarily on extant (and subsequent water vapor release) for positive feedback.\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"I'm OK – You're OK\n\n\nwith the challenges of human psychology, the final two chapters of the book discuss the question of improving morality and society. In particular, he asks, if we are not to succumb to domination by the Parent ego state, how can individuals enlightened through TA know how they \"should\" live their lives? Starting from his axiomatic statement \"I'm OK, You're OK\", he acknowledges that accepting it at face value raises the same philosophical dilemmas as the problem of evil does for believers in a just, omnipotent","id":"6551406"},{"contents":"Macaulayite\n\n\n, Wilson said: \"It is exciting because this particular mineral contains water. It's a very fine grain mineral and water is bound to the inner surfaces. There's been a lot of speculation about the occurrence of water on Mars. We don't know but it could be associated with this mineral.\" Janice Bishop, a Mars specialist from the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence Institute also told the BBC that: \"All life forms as we know it require liquid water so if we can actually find periods of time","id":"13076359"},{"contents":"Dan Quayle\n\n\nstatements: \"Mars is essentially in the same orbit [as Earth]...Mars is somewhat the same distance from the Sun, which is very important. We have seen pictures where there are canals, we believe, and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If oxygen, that means we can breathe.\" On June 15, 1992, Quayle altered 12-year-old student William Figueroa's correct spelling of \"potato\" to \"potatoe\" at the Muñoz Rivera Elementary School spelling bee in Trenton","id":"15932373"},{"contents":"Douglas Vakoch\n\n\nhaving humans onboard a deep space mission is that we excel at dealing with the unpredictable.\" The Mars One plan to send settlers on a one-way mission adds additional stresses for astronauts, Vakoch told \"Discovery Channel Magazine\": \"Mars One is revolutionary because it overcomes one of the greatest challenges faced by past missions planned for the Red Planet: getting back home safely,\" adding that \"[a]stronauts usually have the comfort of knowing they can return to a safe, familiar environment. However difficult the mission is","id":"1160580"},{"contents":"Social inequity aversion\n\n\nthe reward of the individual who received the most. According to Sarah Brosnan, \"human beings have a similar approach, we do not live in a world of absolute values but one in which we are constantly comparing ourselves with those about us and, like a capuchin, we can tell when we are being short changed\". This can directly be connected to social inequality in that we as humans know what social inequality is and can identify it as an injustice; it is how we know that something such as unequal pay","id":"15634209"},{"contents":"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\n\n\nGrey hematite is a mineral indicator of past water,\" said Dr. Joy Crisp, JPL project scientist. \"It is not always associated with water, but it often is.\" Scientists have wanted to find out which of these processes created grey hematite on Mars since 1998, when Mars Global Surveyor spotted large concentrations of the mineral near the planet's equator (seen in the right picture). This discovery provided the first mineral evidence that Mars' history may have included water. \"We want to know if the grains","id":"9986762"},{"contents":"Andrew Ng\n\n\nthe lives of people, not an anathema that will \"enslave\" the human race. To quote his Quora response: Worrying about AI evil superintelligence today is like worrying about overpopulation on the planet Mars. We haven't even landed on the planet yet!He sees the potential benefits of AI as outweighing the threats, which seem exaggerated. And that's one reason he set out on the mission to democratize AI learning so that people everywhere can learn more about it and understand how it can help us. Mark Zuckerberg has taken a","id":"11531169"},{"contents":"Nature\n\n\nevidence suggests that in the distant past the planet Mars possessed bodies of liquid water on the surface. For a brief period in Mars' history, it may have also been capable of forming life. At present though, most of the water remaining on Mars is frozen. If life exists at all on Mars, it is most likely to be located underground where liquid water can still exist. Conditions on the other terrestrial planets, Mercury and Venus, appear to be too harsh to support life as we know it. But","id":"2035166"},{"contents":"Lorenzo Valla's Dialogue on Free Will\n\n\ncharacteristics, and that we are free to decide how we use those attributes. Lorenzo speaks about how the differences amongst our characteristics are things that God knows, and that we can not know about all of the things we don't have, and that we are best to just do all that we can to make the best of what we know we do have. The heart of Lorenzo's initial argument is that although God does know who we are and what we are going to do, we still have the ability to","id":"15468966"},{"contents":"Phoenix (band)\n\n\ncertification. Mars also reflected on the benefits of the band's belated success: \"We're lucky that we didn't have a hit single for a while, so when we play live, people are not expecting just one song, and we don't tour as a greatest hits band, which can be sad, I'm sure.\" In a more general sense, Mars also emphasized the importance of the live setting for Phoenix and its relationship to studio work: \"I guess we're perfectionists in the way that","id":"2812354"},{"contents":"Mars\n\n\nWhatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable. Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in Texas, intended to signal Martians. In recent decades, the high-resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in Mars Global Surveyor, revealed no artifacts of habitation by \"intelligent\" life, but pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues from commentators such as Richard C. Hoagland. Reminiscent of the \"canali\"","id":"17472382"},{"contents":"Lost!\n\n\nSun\", Martin said, \"The line in this song 'Just because I'm losing doesn't mean I'm lost' is what the whole record came out of because we were feeling down at the end of the last tour. That line arrived and it was, 'OK, that's how we kinda feel. We know we can improve.\" The ensuing track evolved in different versions. The song's musicscape features a church organ riff, tribal drum-circle groove, and minimal handclaps. Towards the","id":"15033417"},{"contents":"Astrobiology\n\n\nMission objectives are to help assess Mars' habitability and in doing so, determine whether Mars is or has ever been able to support life, collect data for a future human mission, study Martian geology, its climate, and further assess the role that water, an essential ingredient for life as we know it, played in forming minerals on Mars. The \"Tanpopo\" mission is an orbital astrobiology experiment investigating the potential interplanetary transfer of life, organic compounds, and possible terrestrial particles in the low Earth orbit. The purpose","id":"2544050"},{"contents":"Morgan Freeman\n\n\nsuffer from the police. [...] Because of the technology—everybody has a smartphone—now we can see what the police are doing. We can show the world, Look, this is what happened in that situation. So why are so many people dying in police custody? And why are they all black? And why are all the police killing them white? What is that? The police have always said, 'I feared for my safety.' Well, now we know. OK. You feared","id":"489847"},{"contents":"Deweyism\n\n\nof every student and see what their own outlook is and how we can get there—not a collective outlook defined by blanket societal expectations of success by every person. Dewey states, \"To know what a power really is we must know what its end, use, or function is.\" In sum, a student cannot achieve power over their future until they know what their future can be. Teachers cannot prepare students for a future we cannot foretell as a result of ever-changing technology. People","id":"3561539"},{"contents":"Mars Needs Women\n\n\nNicholson, what is it?'. And I said, 'Mars Needs Women!' He said, 'When can you start?' It was almost like a fond throwback to the days at Columbia, when they'd just trust someone with a project. We had a low-budget profile like an old Hawks movie. I don't put myself in the same class, but I do admire them and know how they worked with their bosses\". John Ashley, who had just made \"The Eye Creatures","id":"6877235"},{"contents":"Treasure (Bruno Mars song)\n\n\nbeats\". Kyle Anderson from \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote \"We should probably just change the name of this year from '2013' to '1978', because there are more sparkly suits and disco guitars than we know what to do with\" and that \"Bruno Mars has gone full-on Betamax for his new video for the track 'Treasure'. It's all there: the suits, the setting, and the bong-water video effects\". Jordan Sargent of \"Spin\" said that Mars was","id":"1350117"},{"contents":"Interplanetary contamination\n\n\nwas given to Mars missions and a Mars sample-return. They came to the conclusion that telerobotic approaches could permit direct study of the samples on the Mars surface via telepresence from Mars orbit, permitting rapid exploration and use of human cognition to take advantage of chance discoveries and feedback from the results obtained so far. They found that telepresence exploration of Mars has many advantages. The astronauts have near real-time control of the robots, and can respond immediately to discoveries. It also prevents contamination both ways and has mobility benefits","id":"13685011"},{"contents":"Kraurya\n\n\nan unconscious state lying in the police station, while Murty afraid the police might arrest him for murder makes a desperate getaway. \"Kraurya\" is a Kannada word meaning \"cruelty\". The story and the film deal with the violence of the human mind. The protagonist is a victim of this violence. Girish Kasaravalli contemplates on how humans can wreck other's lives by displaying behaviour lacking humanitarian consideration. We know that something we say can hurt another peron. But we still say it. That we know it is just","id":"7764824"},{"contents":"Composition of Mars\n\n\nThe composition of Mars covers the branch of the geology of Mars that describes the make-up of the planet Mars. Like Earth, Mars is a differentiated planet, meaning that it has a central core made up of metallic iron and nickel surrounded by a less dense, silicate mantle and crust. The planet's distinctive red color is due to the oxidation of iron on its surface. Much of what we know about the elemental composition of Mars comes from orbiting spacecraft and landers. (See Exploration of Mars for list.","id":"17653404"},{"contents":"Young, Wild & Free\n\n\nuntil they're stingers.\" Mars' pop-soul chorus is also nostalgic: \"So what, we get drunk/So what, we smoke weed/We’re just having fun/We don’t care who sees/So what, we go out/That's how it's supposed to be/Living young and wild and free.\" The song received mixed reviews from most music critics. For \"Entertainment Weekly\", Kyle Anderson praised its \"sweet\" Mars' hook; with \"song of summer written","id":"19478372"},{"contents":"Vera Mulyani\n\n\nplatform will be realized by creating structures and supporting technologies that will result in a viable city in the extreme environments of the red planet. In her own words Ms. Mulyani states: ”It is not enough to just travel to Mars and survive, now we must develop a way in which we can sustainably live and love on Mars. It is essential that we call on a new generation of thinkers and innovators to make this a reality.” In addition, Mars City Design recently completed a successful Kickstarter campaign to raise funds","id":"8064765"},{"contents":"Mars in culture\n\n\nthe world over. In Europe it is stated that I have been in communication with Mars, and all sorts of exaggerations have spring up. Whatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable. Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in Texas with the intention of signaling Martians. In recent decades, the high resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in Mars Global Surveyor, revealed no artifacts of habitation by '","id":"18414646"},{"contents":"Heartthrob (album)\n\n\nfuture gonna look like for this band?' Some of the answers were really boring...We went through numbers: 'How much do we want to sell? What kind of venues do we want to play? What's our dream size of venue? What countries do we want to play that we haven't played before?' We took all that information and said to ourselves, 'OK, we can't make another record that sounds like what people expect from Tegan and Sara. We can make a record","id":"10697628"},{"contents":"Mars to Stay\n\n\nMars effort, siphoning off money and engineering talent for the next two decades. If we aspire to a long-term human presence on Mars—and I believe that should be our overarching goal for the foreseeable future—we must drastically change our focus. Our purely exploratory efforts should aim higher than a place we've already set foot on six times. In recent years my philosophy on colonizing Mars has evolved. I now believe that human visitors to the Red Planet should commit to staying there permanently. One-way tickets","id":"9821776"},{"contents":"Merlin Donald\n\n\ngradual, with the invention of the first permanent external symbols. But then it accelerated, and the numbers of external prepresentational devices now available has altered how humans use their biologically given cognitive resources, what they can know, where that knowledge is stored, and what kinds of codes are needed to decipher what is stored... When we study literate English-speaking adults living in a technologically advanced society, we are looking at a subtype that is not any more typical of the whole human species, than, say, the members","id":"9671226"},{"contents":"See You on the Other Side (Korn album)\n\n\nDavis stated \"We went through a lot of drama with Head leaving and getting off our label and making the album by ourselves.\" Regarding Brian \"Head\" Welch's departure, James \"Munky\" Shaffer recalled \"There was kind of a moment where we didn't know what we were going to do and how we were going to continue. We kind of decided, 'OK, we can just sit back and we can put out a greatest hits album and end this or we can use this opportunity and instead","id":"3629488"},{"contents":"The Concept of Anxiety\n\n\nHunt, George Laird interpreted Kierkegaard's writing as basically asking \"How can we understand ourselves?\" He wrote the following in 1958: What makes man human? Although Kierkegaard does not emphasize the word, he thinks of man in terms of his creatureliness. Man's creatureliness lies in the fact that he stands between life and death. Made in the image of God, he knows what it means to feel the presence of eternity. Feeling the nearness of eternity, utterly dependent upon it for his meaning, he also knows","id":"20011715"},{"contents":"Irminsul\n\n\nhim, Apollo. From this fact the opinion of those men appears somewhat probable who hold that the Saxons were descended from the Greeks, because the Greeks call Mars Hirmin or Hermes, a word which we use even to this day, either for blame or praise, without knowing its meaning. Widukind is confused, however, about the name of the god, since the Roman Mars and the Greek Hermes do not correspond. Tolley supposes that the name Hirmin, of which Widukind does not know the meaning, is not to","id":"14592420"},{"contents":"Octahedron (album)\n\n\nstars out of ten and said, \"We already knew The Mars Volta could shred. Now we know they can slow the pace too and be equally as compelling.\" Tiny Mix Tapes gave it three-and-a-half stars out of five and said it \"isn’t a representation of the best The Mars Volta are capable of, but it is a glimpse into the power they possess when they better harness their capabilities.\" musicOMH also gave it a score of three-and-a-half stars","id":"5000981"},{"contents":"Sole Satisfier\n\n\nelse can turn out good either. And the goodness of the human heart can ultimately come only from the One who is goodness, who is the Good itself.\" Benedict XVI also asked rhetorically: \"What did Jesus actually bring, if not world peace, universal prosperity, and a better world? The answer is very simple: God. He has brought God. ...He has brought God, and now we know his face, now we can call upon him. Now we know the path that we human beings","id":"6101094"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\n, liquid water is a necessary but not sufficient condition for life as we know it because habitability is a function of a multitude of environmental parameters. Chemical, physical, geological, and geographic attributes shape the environments on Mars. Isolated measurements of these factors may be insufficient to deem an environment habitable, but the sum of measurements can help predict locations with greater or lesser habitability potential. Habitable environments need not be inhabited, and for purposes of planetary protection, scientists are trying to identify potential habitats where stowaway bacteria from Earth on","id":"21381744"},{"contents":"How Should We Then Live?\n\n\n, and religious. He also makes extensive references to art and architecture as a means of showing how these movements reflected changing patterns of thought through time. Schaeffer's central premise is: when we base society on the Bible, on the infinite-personal God who is there and has spoken, this provides an absolute by which we can conduct our lives and by which we can judge society. This leads to what Schaeffer calls \"Freedom without chaos.\" When we base society on humanism, which he defines as \"a","id":"5734425"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\nshows no evidence of water (hydrogenated regolith) at the active sites, so its authors also support the hypotheses of either short-lived atmospheric water vapour deliquesence, or dry granular flows. They conclude that liquid water on today's Mars may be limited to traces of dissolved moisture from the atmosphere and thin films, which are challenging environments for life as we know it. Since the \"Viking\" landers that searched for current microbial life in 1976, NASA has pursued a \"follow the water\" strategy on Mars. However","id":"21381743"},{"contents":"Grace Got You\n\n\nGod’s grace has you… no matter what comes your way, you can live your life as if you’ve already read the last page of the book and know how the whole thing turns out. Our eternity is set! On your worst day, Christ is OK with you. He adores you. He’s pleased with you. How is that possible? No clue, but it is. That’s the most amazing news of all! When we originally made the album, we wanted to have someone rap,","id":"21616459"},{"contents":"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\n\n\ncovered with a thin layer of rocks. Radar from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter gave a strong reflection from the top and base of LDAs, meaning that pure water ice made up the bulk of the formation (between the two reflections). Based on the experiments of the Phoenix lander and the studies of the Mars Odyssey from orbit, frozen water is now known to exist at just under the surface of Mars in the far north and south (high latitudes). The discovery of water ice in LDAs demonstrates that water is found","id":"11337208"},{"contents":"HD 162826\n\n\nbut terrestrial planets are possible. A rocky terrestrial planet situated in a Mars-like orbit at about 1.525 AU could potentially be habitable. However, more studies on this star are needed in order to verify these habitability factors. Lead researcher Ivan Ramirez explained the significance of finding solar siblings: \"We want to know where we were born. If we can figure out in what part of the galaxy the Sun formed, we can constrain conditions on the early Solar System. That could help us understand why we are here.","id":"21050322"},{"contents":"Abraham Malpan\n\n\non 9 September 1845. He was buried on the next day in the Maramon Church. The funeral service was conducted by his nephew Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan, of the Malankara Syrian Church. Abraham Malpan can be seen as a conservative radical reformer or a harried schismatic in the annals of Indian Christianity. Due to Abraham Malpan's untimely death and his lack of writings, it is hard to know what Malpan desired. But what we do know is that he was a zealous, passionate and a stern man. He lived for","id":"14239241"},{"contents":"Lorenzo Valla's Dialogue on Free Will\n\n\ndecide to live within God's grace and make the most of what we have. Antonio and Lorenzo go on to agree on the terms of the concepts of free will and predestination. It is important to note that both Antonio and Lorenzo consider themselves to be devout Roman Catholics. The two agree that in terms of the Catholic Church's view of predestination, that God does indeed know how we will act. The two also agree that the term free will can be defined as the ability for humans to make decisions about their","id":"15468967"},{"contents":"Seymour Siegel\n\n\nthe Commission to recall the results when Nazi physicians ignored the sanctity of individual lives to serve what they saw as a greater good for mankind: Experiments for the `good of medicine' or for the sake of the `progress of knowledge' are not automatically legitimated, if they cause harm to people now, because someone in the future might benefit. What comes in the future is what the Talmudic literature calls `the secrets of the Almighty. This does not mean that we have no responsibility toward the future. However,","id":"259655"},{"contents":"Epistemology\n\n\nEpistemology addresses such questions as: \"What makes justified beliefs justified?\", \"What does it mean to say that we know something?\", and fundamentally \"How do we know that we know?\" The word \"epistemology\" is derived from the ancient Greek \"epistēmē\" meaning \"knowledge\" and the suffix \"-logy\", meaning \"logical discourse\" (derived from the Greek word \"logos\" meaning \"discourse\"). It is analogue to the German \"Wissenschaftslehre\" (literally, theory of","id":"9156169"},{"contents":"Entropy and life\n\n\ndetection system to look for life on Mars during the upcoming space mission. When thinking about this problem, Lovelock wondered “how can we be sure that Martian life, if any, will reveal itself to tests based on Earth’s lifestyle?” To Lovelock, the basic question was “What is life, and how should it be recognized?” When speaking about this issue with some of his colleagues at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he was asked what he would do to look for life on Mars. To this,","id":"14269881"},{"contents":"William Clancey\n\n\n20 years. Some of you could be walking on Mars before you are forty years old. You just have to believe. Your...attitude...matters. You must believe in discovery and adventure. If you let other people say 'it can't be done,' I can promise you, you will be 50 years old like me one day, and we will STILL be sending tin cans around the Earth, round and round going nowhere.” In an essay entitled “Living On Mars Time,” Clancey has","id":"16841268"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\non the planet. Understanding the extent and situation of water on Mars is vital to assess the planet’s potential for harboring life and for providing usable resources for future human exploration. For this reason, \"Follow the Water\" was the science theme of NASA's Mars Exploration Program (MEP) in the first decade of the 21st century. Discoveries by the 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs), Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and Mars \"Phoenix\" lander have been instrumental in answering key questions about","id":"21381649"},{"contents":"Gorilla (song)\n\n\ninterview, this time for \"GQ\", Mars revealed the song's conception, saying that \"it was just painting a picture—some animalistic sex\". When asked about what the meaning is for \"making love like a gorilla\", Mars replied aggressively \"What does that sound like to you? Come on...What is this, 1933? We can't talk about this?\". Regarding the line \"I got a body full of liquor with a cocaine kicker\", Mars said that his inspiration came","id":"5482997"},{"contents":"Pior Cenário Possível\n\n\nand women, vocalist Jimmy London said: \"We create the concept of each Matanza album even before we write the first song. Now, however, it would be required to live in Mars to talk about a good mess, celebratory gunfire and fun. Who knows if we won't be in a better mood in the next work.\" About adding a second guitarist, he said: \"It's one more instrument, and that means, 20% plus arranging, noise and pressure capacity. We had a process","id":"21246702"},{"contents":"Mars and Beyond\n\n\n, and, as done before, science fiction comics of the time are parodied. This segment also features Kimball's comic tone and a cameo appearance by Donald Duck. Later on, the program adopts a serious tone as it profiles each of the planets in the Solar System, explaining what would happen if a human were to live on each of them. The program claims that, whereas most of the planets are either too cold or too hot for life as we know it, life on Mars could almost be normal.","id":"10894357"},{"contents":"You're in the Movies\n\n\ngames to be \"quite an organic process\": \"Sometimes we'd have a movie and we'd say OK, we want the player to do this in the scene, which is the action we want, so try to think of a game idea for this. But other times we'd be thinking, \"Oh, you know what, we got this great idea for a game and these are the essential actions we can get out of it, how are we going to use it in movies?\" So","id":"12355434"},{"contents":"Agent Carter (TV series)\n\n\nthe time periods the series could potentially explore following the first season given Carter's role in \"\", Atwell said, \"I think the great thing about the fact that I've already played her at the end of her life means that we know ... [Now] we have an opportunity, if the show does go into second and third and fourth and fifth [seasons], we know that we can explore all of these aspects of her character because we know she lives such a long life and she's had","id":"20992273"},{"contents":"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\n\n\nat even lower latitudes. Future colonists on Mars will be able to tap into these ice deposits, instead of having to travel to much higher latitudes. Another major advantage of LDAs over other sources of Martian water is that they can easily detected and mapped from orbit. Lobate debris aprons are shown below from the Phlegra Montes, which are at a latitude of 38.2 degrees north. The Phoenix lander set down at about 68 degrees north latitude, so the discovery of water ice in LDAs greatly expands the range of easily available on","id":"11337209"},{"contents":"Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus\n\n\nif the situation actually obtains. This allows Wittgenstein to explain how false propositions can have meaning (a problem which Russell struggled with for many years): just as we can see directly from the picture the situation which it depicts without knowing if it in fact obtains, analogously, when we understand a proposition we grasp its truth conditions or its sense, that is, we know what the world must be like if it is true, without knowing if it is in fact true (TLP 4.024, 4.431). It is","id":"10889321"},{"contents":"2016 Citizen Soldier 400\n\n\ndon’t even know what to say\" and that his team just needs \"to go out there each week and try to be as prepared as we can. We’re not going to change who we are. We didn’t do that before the Chase started. We just got hot and we got momentum, and hopefully we don’t lose it. I mean, I don’t know how we got it, I don’t know how to keep it, I just know that we’re going to continue to approach","id":"15570965"},{"contents":"Conversion to Christianity\n\n\nbegan to passionately proclaim the Christian gospel (good news). In the book of Romans there is a description of what transpires through water baptism. We died to sin; how can we live in it any longer? (repentance) Or don’t you know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a","id":"7973128"},{"contents":"Mars to Stay\n\n\nretire there, or maybe we can bring them back.\" An article by Dirk Schulze-Makuch (Washington State University) and Paul Davies (Arizona State University) from the book \"The Human Mission to Mars: Colonizing the Red Planet\" highlights their mission plans as: The astronauts would be sent supplies from Earth regularly. This proposal was picked up for discussion in a number of public sources. A proposal for a one-way human settlement mission to Mars was put forward in 2012 by the Mars One, a","id":"9821761"},{"contents":"Multivariate adaptive regression spline\n\n\nfigure shows that wind does not affect the ozone level unless visibility is low. We see that MARS can build quite flexible regression surfaces by combining hinge functions. To obtain the above expression, the MARS model building procedure automatically selects which variables to use (some variables are important, others not), the positions of the kinks in the hinge functions, and how the hinge functions are combined. MARS builds models of the form The model is a weighted sum of basis functions formula_19. Each formula_20 is a constant coefficient. For","id":"9273823"},{"contents":"Mars to Stay\n\n\nunlike, for example the Moon—a permanent Martian settlement is thought to be the most effective way to ensure that humanity becomes a space-faring, multi-planet species. Through the use of digital fabricators and in vitro fertilisation it is assumed a permanent human settlement on Mars can grow organically from an original thirty to forty pioneers. A Mars to Stay mission following Aldrin's proposal would enlist astronauts in the following timeline: As Aldrin has said, \"who knows what advances will have taken place. The first generation can","id":"9821760"},{"contents":"Epistemology\n\n\n\" We have a logical rule that says \"All humans are mortal\" and an assertion that \"Socrates is human\" and we deduce that \"Socrates is mortal\". In this example how do we know that Socrates is human? Presumably we apply other rules such as: \"All born from human females are human.\" Which then leaves open the question how do we know that all born from humans are human? This is the regress problem: how can we eventually terminate a logical argument with some statement(s) that","id":"9156219"},{"contents":"John P. Grotzinger\n\n\nto in situ investigations by the Mars Exploration Rovers, most studies of water-related processes had been based on orbiter analysis of geomorphic and spectroscopic attributes. However, we can now directly examine the record of past surface processes, including the role of water, through sedimentologic studies of the stratigraphic record of Mars. Many processes that operate at a planetary surface have the potential to create a record of sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks can provide clues that allow past environmental conditions to be reconstructed. Therefore, the detection of sediment transport by","id":"8686886"},{"contents":"Dugald Semple\n\n\nmeans that the more we get away from nature and congregate people in towns and cities, there is more crime, disease and war. We cannot get away from nature without suffering thereby. We have got to live closer to the laws of our being. We must have a healthy body, but that is not enough. We are suffering today from an unbalanced proportion of activities – we seem to know how to do everything, and yet we do not know how to walk properly. We can link up the world","id":"15001399"},{"contents":"Present\n\n\n. A number of meditative techniques aim to help the practiser live in the present moment. Christianity views God as being outside of time and, from the divine perspective past, present and future are actualized in the now of eternity. This trans-temporal conception of God has been proposed as a solution to the problem of divine foreknowledge (i.e. how can God know what we will do in the future without us being determined to do it) since at least Boethius. Thomas Aquinas offers the metaphor of a watchman, representing God","id":"16466186"},{"contents":"Evidence of water on Mars found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\n\n\nE; 43.28° N, 176.9° E; and 45° N, 164.5° E. Two others are in the Diacria quadrangle: 46.7° N, 176.8° E and 46.33° N, 176.9° E. This discovery proves that future colonists on Mars will be able to obtain water from a wide variety of locations. The ice can be dug up, melted, then taken apart to provide fresh oxygen and hydrogen for rocket fuel. Hydrogen is the powerful fuel used by the space shuttle main engines. So-called","id":"12754186"},{"contents":"Human mission to Mars\n\n\nmean that this rocket would be significantly smaller than an Earth-to-orbit rocket. Mars-to-orbit launch can also be achieved in single stage. Despite this, landing an ascent rocket on Mars will be difficult. Reentry for a large rocket will be difficult. In 2014 NASA proposed the Mars Ecopoiesis Test Bed. One of the medical supplies that might be needed is a considerable mass of intravenous fluid, which is mainly water but contains other substances so it can be added directly to the human blood stream.","id":"5848441"},{"contents":"Projectivism\n\n\nto discuss as if it were a feature of the world. In short: when we believe we have observed a causal connection all we have really experienced is a conjunction between two separate events. We can only know about the world through experience, so causation as a feature of the world is something unknowable to a human being. What does it mean to say that the probability that a coin lands heads is ½? One might think that the coin will either land upward or it will not, the probability is not a","id":"2688592"},{"contents":"Evidence of water on Mars found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\n\n\ndiscovery of water ice in LDAs greatly expands the range of easily available on Mars. It is far easier to land a spaceship near the equator of Mars, so the closer water is available to the equator the better it will be for future colonists. Of interest from the days of the Viking Orbiters are piles of material surrounding cliffs; they are now called lobate debris aprons (LDAs). These features have a convex topography and a gentle slope from cliffs or escarpments; this suggests flow away from the steep source cliff.","id":"12754177"},{"contents":"Mare Boreum quadrangle\n\n\n. This was a significant discovery because the chemical has the potential of being used for rocket fuel and as a source of oxygen for future colonists. Also, under certain conditions perchlorate can inhibit life; however some microorganisms obtain energy from the substance (by anaerobic reduction). The chemical when mixed with water can greatly lower freezing points, in a manner similar to how salt is applied to roads to melt ice. So, perchlorate may be allowing small amounts of liquid water to form on Mars today. Gullies, which are","id":"13767979"},{"contents":"Space architecture\n\n\nConstellation program does call for landing humans on Mars after a permanent base on the Moon is demonstrated, but details of the base architecture are far from established. It is likely that the first permanent settlement will consist of consecutive crews landing prefabricated habitat modules in the same location and linking them together to form a base. In some of these modern, economy models of the Mars mission, we see the crew size reduced to a minimal 4 or 6. Such a loss in variety of social relationships can lead to challenges in forming","id":"14538806"},{"contents":"Jorge J. E. Gracia\n\n\nRevelation Participants: Gregory Bassham, David Vessey, Colleen McCluskey, and Bruce Reichenbach. Response by Jorge Gracia. Comments by Reichenbach appeared in Sofia. 14. Session of the Society for Christian Philosophers at the American Academy of Religion meetings in Toronto, Nov. 25, 2002, devoted to How Can We Know What God Means? The Interpretation of Revelation Participants: Kathryn J. S. Smith, Ian H. Henderson, and Alan G. Padgett. Response by Jorge Gracia 15. Book discussion of How Can We Know What God Means? The","id":"12866341"},{"contents":"Environmental philosophy\n\n\nEnvironmental philosophy is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the natural environment and humans' place within it. It asks crucial questions about human environmental relations such as \"What do we mean when we talk about nature?\" \"What is the value of the natural, that is non-human environment to us, or in itself?\" \"How should we respond to environmental challenges such as environmental degradation, pollution and climate change?\" \"How can we best understand the relationship between the natural world and human technology","id":"15882090"},{"contents":"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)\n\n\n've spoken about how S.H.I.E.L.D. treats gifteds or views them, and they're categorized, things like that. What does that mean when one of your own is now considered someone with an ability? How do you categorize her?Whedon elaborated that \"We're going to walk her through the steps of discovering what this really means, and coming to terms with it. All that stuff is really interesting to us, and in television, because we have time to explore, we can take her origin on all sorts of different paths.","id":"21387013"},{"contents":"Frances Moore Lappé\n\n\n, meaning, and connection, which she describes as the essence of human dignity. Democracy is not only what we do in the voting booth but involves our daily choices of what we buy and how we live. She believes that only by \"living democracy\" can we effectively solve today's social and environmental crisis. Lappé began her writing career early in life. She first gained prominence in the early 1970s with the publication of her book \"Diet for a Small Planet\", which has sold several million copies. In","id":"17965657"},{"contents":"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\n\n\nfilm, the hero, renamed Quaid, travels to Mars on a dangerous mission, but the initial memory implant scene foreshadows much of what he achieves while there, causing the viewer to question whether events in the story are real or are all in Quaid's purchased memory. A remake of \"Total Recall\" was directed by Len Wiseman and released on August 3, 2012. This film was largely based on the original and does not credit Dick as a writer. \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\" was first","id":"1393161"},{"contents":"Implicit stereotype\n\n\nbehavior may manifest itself as a person declining an invitation to touch someone's pitbull (dog) on the street out of fear, but this person can't exactly understand why they are afraid and where their fear traces back to. Implicit bias can persist even when an individual rejects the bias explicitly. Our feelings and experiences can dictate how we look at the world. These can also become beneficial to us in the future because if we know what to avoid and how that made us feel, we can run or fight if","id":"13154842"},{"contents":"Saving Planet Earth\n\n\nof the series are disappearing because of one species: humans. We know that we are using more than our fair share of the planet and its resources and we must now redress this imbalance. Any effort to do so – no matter how big or small – is valuable, if we wish to ensure a future that is healthy for all life on planet Earth so we have to save earth from various types of Pollution, Waste food, Drained Water etc. The earth is our mother planet in which we born and understand","id":"8493931"},{"contents":"Treaty of Chicago\n\n\n; but it is not enough! We sold it to you for the benefit of your children, to farm and to live upon. We have now but little left. We shall want it all for ourselves. We know not how long we may live, and we wish to have some lands for our children to hunt upon. You are gradually taking away our hunting-grounds. Your children are driving us before them. We are growing uneasy. What lands you have, you may retain forever; but we shall","id":"343069"},{"contents":"Strange Lives EP\n\n\nfirst found popularity and share their name with lead singer Elliot Wan.\" Adding on, he praises the whispered spoken word middle eight, and compares it with something that American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars would do. Furthermore, Jones comments that \"Strange Lives seem to know what their sound is and to me there’s cohesion in their sonic voice. At times you might find their lyrical content immature – teenage jealousy and infatuation – but these are emotions we can experience at any age. This a band for everybody.","id":"4565740"},{"contents":"Vastitas Borealis\n\n\nof being used for rocket fuel and as a source of oxygen for future colonists. Under certain conditions perchlorate can inhibit life; however some microorganisms obtain energy from the substance (by anaerobic reduction). The chemical when mixed with water can greatly lower freezing points, in a manner similar to how salt is applied to roads to melt ice. Perchlorate strongly attracts water; consequently it could pull humidity from the air and produce a small amount of liquid water on Mars today. Gullies, which are common in certain areas of Mars","id":"11612691"},{"contents":"Tim Sullivan (writer)\n\n\nwe get both of them in one convenient package. How could this book be anything but great? Unfortunately, \"The Martian Viking\" deals a lot less with Vikings than we were promised, although Mars does feature quite prominently, and as far as crapsack future societies go, the book does present us with a pretty interesting one... The world we are presented with is a fairly interesting form of dystopia... All-in-all, \"The Martian Viking\" was a pretty fun read... Tim Sullivan managed to set","id":"17909361"},{"contents":"Anders Dale\n\n\nhis graduate work his interest “shifted to learning how to test models of how the brain works. Ideally you'd like to test your models not in anesthetized animals and brain slices, but by measuring brain activity in humans non-invasively. I wanted to study normal people doing normal tasks. That was what brought me to imaging. My goal was to see what kind of things we can measure non-invasively that can be quantitatively related to the models we want to build...I wanted to know what exactly we are","id":"2864104"},{"contents":"Pretty. Odd.\n\n\n\" received relatively poor sales in competition with its predecessor, which was certified platinum in a matter of months. \"It's really hard to judge how the album is doing based on record sales, you know?\" Ross told MTV News. \"We look at that, and we don't really know what that even means. All we can go off is being on [the Honda Civic Tour] and seeing that people are getting into the new stuff, and that's the only way we can tell firsthand if","id":"8499564"},{"contents":"Crommelin (Martian crater)\n\n\nor water can produce layers. Groundwater may have been involved in the formation of layers in some places. Parts of Crommelin crater display many thin layers. These may reflect different climates in the past—some of which were much wetter. Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. Many craters once contained lakes. Because some crater floors show deltas, we know that water had to be present for some time.","id":"5204138"},{"contents":"The Sky So Big and Black\n\n\nhumans to suit the Martian environment, the future of ecospecting doesn't look good to Telemachus; he thinks the future of Mars is with the \"Nations\" of Mars-formed humans. It's estimated that modifying people can be done in just two to three generations, whereas terraforming Mars might take thousands of years. Thus he wants her to get an advanced degree and go into some always-needed occupation like science or medicine. When they strike a \"scorehole\", a very large deposit of methane and water,","id":"9074825"},{"contents":"Growing block universe\n\n\nbecause he is in the past; he does not know that now is now. But how can we be sure we are not in the same position? There is nothing special with Socrates. Therefore, we do not know whether now is now. However, some have argued that there is an ontological distinction between the past and the present. For instance, Forrest (2004) argues that although there exists a past, it is lifeless and inactive. Consciousness, as well as the flow of time, is not active","id":"20042543"},{"contents":"The Glamour Chase\n\n\nher? Added to that, since Amy's been traveling with him for a while now, why does she now think The Doctor is from Mars? As the ancient spaceship re-activates, the Doctor discovers that nothing and no-one can be trusted. The things that seem most real could actually be literal fabrications - and very deadly indeed. Who can the Doctor believe when no one is what they seem? And how can he defeat an enemy who can bend matter itself at its will? For the Doctor,","id":"9679026"},{"contents":"When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision\n\n\nact of naming has been till now a male prerogative, how we can begin to see and name – and therefore live – afresh.” The essay by Rich was written to support her gender, to let women know that they need to break from the roles which society places upon them. “Until we can understand the assumptions in which we are drenched we cannot know ourselves.”. Rich stood up for the fact that women had a chance to no longer be afraid to embrace who they are, their individuality","id":"12105842"},{"contents":"Neuroethics\n\n\nand ethical issues. The field is so young that any attempt to define its scope and limits now will undoubtedly be proved wrong in the future, as neuroscience develops and its implications continue to be revealed. At present, however, we can discern two general categories of neuroethical issue: those emerging from what we can do and those emerging from what we know. In the first category are the ethical problems raised by advances in functional neuroimaging, psychopharmacology, brain implants and brain-machine interfaces. In the second category are the","id":"14092665"},{"contents":"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\n\n\nmore clues to past water were found. On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that \"Spirit\" had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \"Humphrey\". Raymond Arvidson, the McDonnell University Professor and chair of Earth and planetary sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, reported during a NASA press conference: \"If we found this rock on Earth, we would say it is a volcanic rock that had a little fluid moving through it.\" In contrast to the rocks found by the twin","id":"11337189"},{"contents":"Schiaparelli EDM\n\n\ncargo. Just as the EDM itself was tested on Earth to gain knowledge about how it would perform on Mars, the EDM is also a test for future missions. Study of what happened is critical, as significant breakthroughs in understanding can impact the lessons learned from a mission, which in turn effects public opinion, technology, future mission design, and even the feelings of everyone involved. For example, \"Beagle 2\" Mars lander was suspected to have undergone a high velocity impact with Mars in 2003, but when it","id":"14104173"},{"contents":"Pierre-Alexis Dumas\n\n\nMy concern in life is, what does quality mean and how do you achieve it?\" - On the meaning of \"luxury\" \"We must know the past but live in the present and look to the future…. Some items last 100 years, while others do not survive two years.\" \"It's not really about the stitch. It's about being aware of the sense of touch, being able to stitch with your eyes closed, being able to represent yourself and the object you're making in","id":"15852590"},{"contents":"Bioconservatism\n\n\n, then dignity 'consists in what we are and what we have the potential to become, not in our pedigree or social origin'. It can be seen, then, than improved capabilities does not affect moral status, and that we should sustain an inclusive view that recognize our enhanced descendants as possessors of dignity. For transhumanists 'there is no need to behave as if there were deep moral difference between technological and other means of enhancing human lives'. Distinguishing between types of enhancement Bostrom discusses a criticism levelled against transhumanists","id":"18868884"},{"contents":"Treasure (Bruno Mars song)\n\n\nWops was how it is we like to feel on stage when performing. We’re fun, like to dance and party, and we didn't really get to do a lot of that on the first album. Even going to festivals and seeing big bands live, like Coldplay or Bruce Springsteen, we knew the second time around we wanted something fun. It’s the kind of song where the whole band can get up and jam and have this Earth, Wind and Fire kind of moment\". \"Treasure\" is","id":"1350094"},{"contents":"Allison Perkins\n\n\n's a history there.\" Tomlin explained how then-Head Writers Christopher Whitesell and Lorraine Broderick had thought, \"OK, where can we do something where we do bring back that history but also explore something that's going to affect the future of this show?\" He added that \"One Life to Live\" had been \"so fortunate to get Barbara Garrick, who played the role originally, because we used those flashbacks from 13, 14 years ago. It's a treat for the audience that has invested in","id":"22042285"},{"contents":"Shifting Baselines\n\n\nocean, necessarily. You can also make a film about the broader idea of shifting baselines, which refers to the lowered standards created when we can no longer tell what is natural for our world any more. For instance, how do we know how clean our water originally was? Today all of our water has small, but ever-increasing levels of mercury, lead, and other even more poisonous compounds. Certainly a certain amount of that has always been in the water, but how much is normal? How much","id":"20624234"},{"contents":"Dreamtime (book)\n\n\ntime, we are also what we are \"not\", and that we can only know who we are if we experience our boundaries\". He denounces Western scientists and anthropologists for their approaches to the study of such cultures, arguing that they have misrepresented them by attempting to fit them within the Western ideas of objectivity. He argues that in future, anthropologists must reach their own boundaries, and recognize the wilderness of their consciousness before they can truly understand the worldview of \"archaic\" humans. Writing in \"The Journal","id":"785531"},{"contents":"The Subjection of Women\n\n\nnot must be found out in practice. In reality, we don't know what women's nature is, because it is so wrapped up in how they have been raised. Mill suggests we should test out what women can and can't do – experiment. Women are brought up to act as if they were weak, emotional, docile – a traditional prejudice. If we tried equality, we would see that there were benefits for individual women. They would be free of the unhappiness of being told what to do by","id":"14214134"},{"contents":"Can We Dance\n\n\n\"Can We Dance\" is the debut single by British pop band the Vamps. It was released in the United Kingdom on 29 September 2013 as the lead single from their debut studio album \"Meet the Vamps\" (2014). The song debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, being kept off the top spot by OneRepublic's \"Counting Stars\". \"Can We Dance\" was written by Karl Michael, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Timz Lam and Espionage, and produced by Mars and","id":"1668286"},{"contents":"The Psychotechnic League\n\n\nbeen able to embark on a full-scale colonization of Mars, quickly enough for Rostomily to have spent most of his adult life there. Knowing what we know now about space programs and how much they cost, this is utter nonsense – unless, within a decade or so of the world-destroying war, this timeline managed to achieve anti-gravity or another miracle way of jumping at a low cost out of Earth's gravity well. Which is also highly implausible, to say the least. Otherwise, it is","id":"19882481"},{"contents":"Proclus\n\n\nfor the origin and character of all things in the universe. The second is a need to account for how we can know this origin and character of things. These two aims are related: they begin from the assumption that we can know reality, and then ask the question of what reality must be like, in its origin and unfolding, so that we can know it. An important element in the Neoplatonic answer to these questions is its reaction to Scepticism. In response to the sceptical position that we only know the","id":"4969066"},{"contents":"Samosdelka\n\n\ninvestigated area covered more than 2 square kilometers. \"This is a hugely important discovery ... We can now shed light on one of the most intriguing mysteries of that period – how the Khazars actually lived. We know very little about the Khazars – about their traditions, their funerary rites, their culture.\" The layout of the city conforms to the written sources. As reported by Norman Finkelshteyn, it was \"a city bisected by riverbeds with a central island citadel of fired brick\". The central portion of Samosdelka was","id":"5503855"},{"contents":"John L. McKenzie\n\n\nis derived from what Jesus was, said and did. I believe that the little we have left of what he said and did tells us more about how we can now in our world realize the possibilities of human existence than all the wisdom of the past and present—that is he tells us something about how to live that no one else has ever told us. I apply to him what the late Vince Lombardi said about winning: Jesus is not an important person, he is the only person. I believe that","id":"15703483"},{"contents":"What the Bleep Do We Know!?\n\n\nto a confused message\". Despite his caveats, he recommends that people see the film, stating: \"I hope it develops into a cult movie in the UK as it has in the US. Science and engineering are important for our future, and anything that engages the public can only be a good thing.\" Simon Singh called it pseudoscience and said the suggestion \"that if observing water changes its molecular structure, and if we are 90% water, then by observing ourselves we can change at a fundamental level","id":"11015498"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"I'm OK – You're OK\\n\\n\\nwith the challenges of human psychology, the final two chapters of the book discuss the question of improving morality and society. In particular, he asks, if we are not to succumb to domination by the Parent ego state, how can individuals enlightened through TA know how they \\\"should\\\" live their lives? Starting from his axiomatic statement \\\"I'm OK, You're OK\\\", he acknowledges that accepting it at face value raises the same philosophical dilemmas as the problem of evil does for believers in a just, omnipotent\",\n \"id\": \"6551406\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Macaulayite\\n\\n\\n, Wilson said: \\\"It is exciting because this particular mineral contains water. It's a very fine grain mineral and water is bound to the inner surfaces. There's been a lot of speculation about the occurrence of water on Mars. We don't know but it could be associated with this mineral.\\\" Janice Bishop, a Mars specialist from the Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence Institute also told the BBC that: \\\"All life forms as we know it require liquid water so if we can actually find periods of time\",\n \"id\": \"13076359\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dan Quayle\\n\\n\\nstatements: \\\"Mars is essentially in the same orbit [as Earth]...Mars is somewhat the same distance from the Sun, which is very important. We have seen pictures where there are canals, we believe, and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If oxygen, that means we can breathe.\\\" On June 15, 1992, Quayle altered 12-year-old student William Figueroa's correct spelling of \\\"potato\\\" to \\\"potatoe\\\" at the Muñoz Rivera Elementary School spelling bee in Trenton\",\n \"id\": \"15932373\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Douglas Vakoch\\n\\n\\nhaving humans onboard a deep space mission is that we excel at dealing with the unpredictable.\\\" The Mars One plan to send settlers on a one-way mission adds additional stresses for astronauts, Vakoch told \\\"Discovery Channel Magazine\\\": \\\"Mars One is revolutionary because it overcomes one of the greatest challenges faced by past missions planned for the Red Planet: getting back home safely,\\\" adding that \\\"[a]stronauts usually have the comfort of knowing they can return to a safe, familiar environment. However difficult the mission is\",\n \"id\": \"1160580\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Social inequity aversion\\n\\n\\nthe reward of the individual who received the most. According to Sarah Brosnan, \\\"human beings have a similar approach, we do not live in a world of absolute values but one in which we are constantly comparing ourselves with those about us and, like a capuchin, we can tell when we are being short changed\\\". This can directly be connected to social inequality in that we as humans know what social inequality is and can identify it as an injustice; it is how we know that something such as unequal pay\",\n \"id\": \"15634209\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\\n\\n\\nGrey hematite is a mineral indicator of past water,\\\" said Dr. Joy Crisp, JPL project scientist. \\\"It is not always associated with water, but it often is.\\\" Scientists have wanted to find out which of these processes created grey hematite on Mars since 1998, when Mars Global Surveyor spotted large concentrations of the mineral near the planet's equator (seen in the right picture). This discovery provided the first mineral evidence that Mars' history may have included water. \\\"We want to know if the grains\",\n \"id\": \"9986762\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Andrew Ng\\n\\n\\nthe lives of people, not an anathema that will \\\"enslave\\\" the human race. To quote his Quora response: Worrying about AI evil superintelligence today is like worrying about overpopulation on the planet Mars. We haven't even landed on the planet yet!He sees the potential benefits of AI as outweighing the threats, which seem exaggerated. And that's one reason he set out on the mission to democratize AI learning so that people everywhere can learn more about it and understand how it can help us. Mark Zuckerberg has taken a\",\n \"id\": \"11531169\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nature\\n\\n\\nevidence suggests that in the distant past the planet Mars possessed bodies of liquid water on the surface. For a brief period in Mars' history, it may have also been capable of forming life. At present though, most of the water remaining on Mars is frozen. If life exists at all on Mars, it is most likely to be located underground where liquid water can still exist. Conditions on the other terrestrial planets, Mercury and Venus, appear to be too harsh to support life as we know it. But\",\n \"id\": \"2035166\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lorenzo Valla's Dialogue on Free Will\\n\\n\\ncharacteristics, and that we are free to decide how we use those attributes. Lorenzo speaks about how the differences amongst our characteristics are things that God knows, and that we can not know about all of the things we don't have, and that we are best to just do all that we can to make the best of what we know we do have. The heart of Lorenzo's initial argument is that although God does know who we are and what we are going to do, we still have the ability to\",\n \"id\": \"15468966\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Phoenix (band)\\n\\n\\ncertification. Mars also reflected on the benefits of the band's belated success: \\\"We're lucky that we didn't have a hit single for a while, so when we play live, people are not expecting just one song, and we don't tour as a greatest hits band, which can be sad, I'm sure.\\\" In a more general sense, Mars also emphasized the importance of the live setting for Phoenix and its relationship to studio work: \\\"I guess we're perfectionists in the way that\",\n \"id\": \"2812354\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars\\n\\n\\nWhatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable. Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in Texas, intended to signal Martians. In recent decades, the high-resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in Mars Global Surveyor, revealed no artifacts of habitation by \\\"intelligent\\\" life, but pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues from commentators such as Richard C. Hoagland. Reminiscent of the \\\"canali\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"17472382\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lost!\\n\\n\\nSun\\\", Martin said, \\\"The line in this song 'Just because I'm losing doesn't mean I'm lost' is what the whole record came out of because we were feeling down at the end of the last tour. That line arrived and it was, 'OK, that's how we kinda feel. We know we can improve.\\\" The ensuing track evolved in different versions. The song's musicscape features a church organ riff, tribal drum-circle groove, and minimal handclaps. Towards the\",\n \"id\": \"15033417\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Astrobiology\\n\\n\\nMission objectives are to help assess Mars' habitability and in doing so, determine whether Mars is or has ever been able to support life, collect data for a future human mission, study Martian geology, its climate, and further assess the role that water, an essential ingredient for life as we know it, played in forming minerals on Mars. The \\\"Tanpopo\\\" mission is an orbital astrobiology experiment investigating the potential interplanetary transfer of life, organic compounds, and possible terrestrial particles in the low Earth orbit. The purpose\",\n \"id\": \"2544050\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Morgan Freeman\\n\\n\\nsuffer from the police. [...] Because of the technology—everybody has a smartphone—now we can see what the police are doing. We can show the world, Look, this is what happened in that situation. So why are so many people dying in police custody? And why are they all black? And why are all the police killing them white? What is that? The police have always said, 'I feared for my safety.' Well, now we know. OK. You feared\",\n \"id\": \"489847\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Deweyism\\n\\n\\nof every student and see what their own outlook is and how we can get there—not a collective outlook defined by blanket societal expectations of success by every person. Dewey states, \\\"To know what a power really is we must know what its end, use, or function is.\\\" In sum, a student cannot achieve power over their future until they know what their future can be. Teachers cannot prepare students for a future we cannot foretell as a result of ever-changing technology. People\",\n \"id\": \"3561539\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars Needs Women\\n\\n\\nNicholson, what is it?'. And I said, 'Mars Needs Women!' He said, 'When can you start?' It was almost like a fond throwback to the days at Columbia, when they'd just trust someone with a project. We had a low-budget profile like an old Hawks movie. I don't put myself in the same class, but I do admire them and know how they worked with their bosses\\\". John Ashley, who had just made \\\"The Eye Creatures\",\n \"id\": \"6877235\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Treasure (Bruno Mars song)\\n\\n\\nbeats\\\". Kyle Anderson from \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" wrote \\\"We should probably just change the name of this year from '2013' to '1978', because there are more sparkly suits and disco guitars than we know what to do with\\\" and that \\\"Bruno Mars has gone full-on Betamax for his new video for the track 'Treasure'. It's all there: the suits, the setting, and the bong-water video effects\\\". Jordan Sargent of \\\"Spin\\\" said that Mars was\",\n \"id\": \"1350117\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Interplanetary contamination\\n\\n\\nwas given to Mars missions and a Mars sample-return. They came to the conclusion that telerobotic approaches could permit direct study of the samples on the Mars surface via telepresence from Mars orbit, permitting rapid exploration and use of human cognition to take advantage of chance discoveries and feedback from the results obtained so far. They found that telepresence exploration of Mars has many advantages. The astronauts have near real-time control of the robots, and can respond immediately to discoveries. It also prevents contamination both ways and has mobility benefits\",\n \"id\": \"13685011\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kraurya\\n\\n\\nan unconscious state lying in the police station, while Murty afraid the police might arrest him for murder makes a desperate getaway. \\\"Kraurya\\\" is a Kannada word meaning \\\"cruelty\\\". The story and the film deal with the violence of the human mind. The protagonist is a victim of this violence. Girish Kasaravalli contemplates on how humans can wreck other's lives by displaying behaviour lacking humanitarian consideration. We know that something we say can hurt another peron. But we still say it. That we know it is just\",\n \"id\": \"7764824\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Composition of Mars\\n\\n\\nThe composition of Mars covers the branch of the geology of Mars that describes the make-up of the planet Mars. Like Earth, Mars is a differentiated planet, meaning that it has a central core made up of metallic iron and nickel surrounded by a less dense, silicate mantle and crust. The planet's distinctive red color is due to the oxidation of iron on its surface. Much of what we know about the elemental composition of Mars comes from orbiting spacecraft and landers. (See Exploration of Mars for list.\",\n \"id\": \"17653404\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Young, Wild & Free\\n\\n\\nuntil they're stingers.\\\" Mars' pop-soul chorus is also nostalgic: \\\"So what, we get drunk/So what, we smoke weed/We’re just having fun/We don’t care who sees/So what, we go out/That's how it's supposed to be/Living young and wild and free.\\\" The song received mixed reviews from most music critics. For \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\", Kyle Anderson praised its \\\"sweet\\\" Mars' hook; with \\\"song of summer written\",\n \"id\": \"19478372\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vera Mulyani\\n\\n\\nplatform will be realized by creating structures and supporting technologies that will result in a viable city in the extreme environments of the red planet. In her own words Ms. Mulyani states: ”It is not enough to just travel to Mars and survive, now we must develop a way in which we can sustainably live and love on Mars. It is essential that we call on a new generation of thinkers and innovators to make this a reality.” In addition, Mars City Design recently completed a successful Kickstarter campaign to raise funds\",\n \"id\": \"8064765\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars in culture\\n\\n\\nthe world over. In Europe it is stated that I have been in communication with Mars, and all sorts of exaggerations have spring up. Whatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable. Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in Texas with the intention of signaling Martians. In recent decades, the high resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in Mars Global Surveyor, revealed no artifacts of habitation by '\",\n \"id\": \"18414646\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Heartthrob (album)\\n\\n\\nfuture gonna look like for this band?' Some of the answers were really boring...We went through numbers: 'How much do we want to sell? What kind of venues do we want to play? What's our dream size of venue? What countries do we want to play that we haven't played before?' We took all that information and said to ourselves, 'OK, we can't make another record that sounds like what people expect from Tegan and Sara. We can make a record\",\n \"id\": \"10697628\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars to Stay\\n\\n\\nMars effort, siphoning off money and engineering talent for the next two decades. If we aspire to a long-term human presence on Mars—and I believe that should be our overarching goal for the foreseeable future—we must drastically change our focus. Our purely exploratory efforts should aim higher than a place we've already set foot on six times. In recent years my philosophy on colonizing Mars has evolved. I now believe that human visitors to the Red Planet should commit to staying there permanently. One-way tickets\",\n \"id\": \"9821776\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Merlin Donald\\n\\n\\ngradual, with the invention of the first permanent external symbols. But then it accelerated, and the numbers of external prepresentational devices now available has altered how humans use their biologically given cognitive resources, what they can know, where that knowledge is stored, and what kinds of codes are needed to decipher what is stored... When we study literate English-speaking adults living in a technologically advanced society, we are looking at a subtype that is not any more typical of the whole human species, than, say, the members\",\n \"id\": \"9671226\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"See You on the Other Side (Korn album)\\n\\n\\nDavis stated \\\"We went through a lot of drama with Head leaving and getting off our label and making the album by ourselves.\\\" Regarding Brian \\\"Head\\\" Welch's departure, James \\\"Munky\\\" Shaffer recalled \\\"There was kind of a moment where we didn't know what we were going to do and how we were going to continue. We kind of decided, 'OK, we can just sit back and we can put out a greatest hits album and end this or we can use this opportunity and instead\",\n \"id\": \"3629488\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Concept of Anxiety\\n\\n\\nHunt, George Laird interpreted Kierkegaard's writing as basically asking \\\"How can we understand ourselves?\\\" He wrote the following in 1958: What makes man human? Although Kierkegaard does not emphasize the word, he thinks of man in terms of his creatureliness. Man's creatureliness lies in the fact that he stands between life and death. Made in the image of God, he knows what it means to feel the presence of eternity. Feeling the nearness of eternity, utterly dependent upon it for his meaning, he also knows\",\n \"id\": \"20011715\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Irminsul\\n\\n\\nhim, Apollo. From this fact the opinion of those men appears somewhat probable who hold that the Saxons were descended from the Greeks, because the Greeks call Mars Hirmin or Hermes, a word which we use even to this day, either for blame or praise, without knowing its meaning. Widukind is confused, however, about the name of the god, since the Roman Mars and the Greek Hermes do not correspond. Tolley supposes that the name Hirmin, of which Widukind does not know the meaning, is not to\",\n \"id\": \"14592420\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Octahedron (album)\\n\\n\\nstars out of ten and said, \\\"We already knew The Mars Volta could shred. Now we know they can slow the pace too and be equally as compelling.\\\" Tiny Mix Tapes gave it three-and-a-half stars out of five and said it \\\"isn’t a representation of the best The Mars Volta are capable of, but it is a glimpse into the power they possess when they better harness their capabilities.\\\" musicOMH also gave it a score of three-and-a-half stars\",\n \"id\": \"5000981\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sole Satisfier\\n\\n\\nelse can turn out good either. And the goodness of the human heart can ultimately come only from the One who is goodness, who is the Good itself.\\\" Benedict XVI also asked rhetorically: \\\"What did Jesus actually bring, if not world peace, universal prosperity, and a better world? The answer is very simple: God. He has brought God. ...He has brought God, and now we know his face, now we can call upon him. Now we know the path that we human beings\",\n \"id\": \"6101094\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\n, liquid water is a necessary but not sufficient condition for life as we know it because habitability is a function of a multitude of environmental parameters. Chemical, physical, geological, and geographic attributes shape the environments on Mars. Isolated measurements of these factors may be insufficient to deem an environment habitable, but the sum of measurements can help predict locations with greater or lesser habitability potential. Habitable environments need not be inhabited, and for purposes of planetary protection, scientists are trying to identify potential habitats where stowaway bacteria from Earth on\",\n \"id\": \"21381744\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Should We Then Live?\\n\\n\\n, and religious. He also makes extensive references to art and architecture as a means of showing how these movements reflected changing patterns of thought through time. Schaeffer's central premise is: when we base society on the Bible, on the infinite-personal God who is there and has spoken, this provides an absolute by which we can conduct our lives and by which we can judge society. This leads to what Schaeffer calls \\\"Freedom without chaos.\\\" When we base society on humanism, which he defines as \\\"a\",\n \"id\": \"5734425\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\nshows no evidence of water (hydrogenated regolith) at the active sites, so its authors also support the hypotheses of either short-lived atmospheric water vapour deliquesence, or dry granular flows. They conclude that liquid water on today's Mars may be limited to traces of dissolved moisture from the atmosphere and thin films, which are challenging environments for life as we know it. Since the \\\"Viking\\\" landers that searched for current microbial life in 1976, NASA has pursued a \\\"follow the water\\\" strategy on Mars. However\",\n \"id\": \"21381743\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Grace Got You\\n\\n\\nGod’s grace has you… no matter what comes your way, you can live your life as if you’ve already read the last page of the book and know how the whole thing turns out. Our eternity is set! On your worst day, Christ is OK with you. He adores you. He’s pleased with you. How is that possible? No clue, but it is. That’s the most amazing news of all! When we originally made the album, we wanted to have someone rap,\",\n \"id\": \"21616459\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\\n\\n\\ncovered with a thin layer of rocks. Radar from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter gave a strong reflection from the top and base of LDAs, meaning that pure water ice made up the bulk of the formation (between the two reflections). Based on the experiments of the Phoenix lander and the studies of the Mars Odyssey from orbit, frozen water is now known to exist at just under the surface of Mars in the far north and south (high latitudes). The discovery of water ice in LDAs demonstrates that water is found\",\n \"id\": \"11337208\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"HD 162826\\n\\n\\nbut terrestrial planets are possible. A rocky terrestrial planet situated in a Mars-like orbit at about 1.525 AU could potentially be habitable. However, more studies on this star are needed in order to verify these habitability factors. Lead researcher Ivan Ramirez explained the significance of finding solar siblings: \\\"We want to know where we were born. If we can figure out in what part of the galaxy the Sun formed, we can constrain conditions on the early Solar System. That could help us understand why we are here.\",\n \"id\": \"21050322\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Abraham Malpan\\n\\n\\non 9 September 1845. He was buried on the next day in the Maramon Church. The funeral service was conducted by his nephew Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan, of the Malankara Syrian Church. Abraham Malpan can be seen as a conservative radical reformer or a harried schismatic in the annals of Indian Christianity. Due to Abraham Malpan's untimely death and his lack of writings, it is hard to know what Malpan desired. But what we do know is that he was a zealous, passionate and a stern man. He lived for\",\n \"id\": \"14239241\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lorenzo Valla's Dialogue on Free Will\\n\\n\\ndecide to live within God's grace and make the most of what we have. Antonio and Lorenzo go on to agree on the terms of the concepts of free will and predestination. It is important to note that both Antonio and Lorenzo consider themselves to be devout Roman Catholics. The two agree that in terms of the Catholic Church's view of predestination, that God does indeed know how we will act. The two also agree that the term free will can be defined as the ability for humans to make decisions about their\",\n \"id\": \"15468967\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Seymour Siegel\\n\\n\\nthe Commission to recall the results when Nazi physicians ignored the sanctity of individual lives to serve what they saw as a greater good for mankind: Experiments for the `good of medicine' or for the sake of the `progress of knowledge' are not automatically legitimated, if they cause harm to people now, because someone in the future might benefit. What comes in the future is what the Talmudic literature calls `the secrets of the Almighty. This does not mean that we have no responsibility toward the future. However,\",\n \"id\": \"259655\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Epistemology\\n\\n\\nEpistemology addresses such questions as: \\\"What makes justified beliefs justified?\\\", \\\"What does it mean to say that we know something?\\\", and fundamentally \\\"How do we know that we know?\\\" The word \\\"epistemology\\\" is derived from the ancient Greek \\\"epistēmē\\\" meaning \\\"knowledge\\\" and the suffix \\\"-logy\\\", meaning \\\"logical discourse\\\" (derived from the Greek word \\\"logos\\\" meaning \\\"discourse\\\"). It is analogue to the German \\\"Wissenschaftslehre\\\" (literally, theory of\",\n \"id\": \"9156169\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Entropy and life\\n\\n\\ndetection system to look for life on Mars during the upcoming space mission. When thinking about this problem, Lovelock wondered “how can we be sure that Martian life, if any, will reveal itself to tests based on Earth’s lifestyle?” To Lovelock, the basic question was “What is life, and how should it be recognized?” When speaking about this issue with some of his colleagues at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he was asked what he would do to look for life on Mars. To this,\",\n \"id\": \"14269881\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"William Clancey\\n\\n\\n20 years. Some of you could be walking on Mars before you are forty years old. You just have to believe. Your...attitude...matters. You must believe in discovery and adventure. If you let other people say 'it can't be done,' I can promise you, you will be 50 years old like me one day, and we will STILL be sending tin cans around the Earth, round and round going nowhere.” In an essay entitled “Living On Mars Time,” Clancey has\",\n \"id\": \"16841268\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\non the planet. Understanding the extent and situation of water on Mars is vital to assess the planet’s potential for harboring life and for providing usable resources for future human exploration. For this reason, \\\"Follow the Water\\\" was the science theme of NASA's Mars Exploration Program (MEP) in the first decade of the 21st century. Discoveries by the 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs), Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and Mars \\\"Phoenix\\\" lander have been instrumental in answering key questions about\",\n \"id\": \"21381649\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gorilla (song)\\n\\n\\ninterview, this time for \\\"GQ\\\", Mars revealed the song's conception, saying that \\\"it was just painting a picture—some animalistic sex\\\". When asked about what the meaning is for \\\"making love like a gorilla\\\", Mars replied aggressively \\\"What does that sound like to you? Come on...What is this, 1933? We can't talk about this?\\\". Regarding the line \\\"I got a body full of liquor with a cocaine kicker\\\", Mars said that his inspiration came\",\n \"id\": \"5482997\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pior Cenário Possível\\n\\n\\nand women, vocalist Jimmy London said: \\\"We create the concept of each Matanza album even before we write the first song. Now, however, it would be required to live in Mars to talk about a good mess, celebratory gunfire and fun. Who knows if we won't be in a better mood in the next work.\\\" About adding a second guitarist, he said: \\\"It's one more instrument, and that means, 20% plus arranging, noise and pressure capacity. We had a process\",\n \"id\": \"21246702\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars and Beyond\\n\\n\\n, and, as done before, science fiction comics of the time are parodied. This segment also features Kimball's comic tone and a cameo appearance by Donald Duck. Later on, the program adopts a serious tone as it profiles each of the planets in the Solar System, explaining what would happen if a human were to live on each of them. The program claims that, whereas most of the planets are either too cold or too hot for life as we know it, life on Mars could almost be normal.\",\n \"id\": \"10894357\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"You're in the Movies\\n\\n\\ngames to be \\\"quite an organic process\\\": \\\"Sometimes we'd have a movie and we'd say OK, we want the player to do this in the scene, which is the action we want, so try to think of a game idea for this. But other times we'd be thinking, \\\"Oh, you know what, we got this great idea for a game and these are the essential actions we can get out of it, how are we going to use it in movies?\\\" So\",\n \"id\": \"12355434\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Agent Carter (TV series)\\n\\n\\nthe time periods the series could potentially explore following the first season given Carter's role in \\\"\\\", Atwell said, \\\"I think the great thing about the fact that I've already played her at the end of her life means that we know ... [Now] we have an opportunity, if the show does go into second and third and fourth and fifth [seasons], we know that we can explore all of these aspects of her character because we know she lives such a long life and she's had\",\n \"id\": \"20992273\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\\n\\n\\nat even lower latitudes. Future colonists on Mars will be able to tap into these ice deposits, instead of having to travel to much higher latitudes. Another major advantage of LDAs over other sources of Martian water is that they can easily detected and mapped from orbit. Lobate debris aprons are shown below from the Phlegra Montes, which are at a latitude of 38.2 degrees north. The Phoenix lander set down at about 68 degrees north latitude, so the discovery of water ice in LDAs greatly expands the range of easily available on\",\n \"id\": \"11337209\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus\\n\\n\\nif the situation actually obtains. This allows Wittgenstein to explain how false propositions can have meaning (a problem which Russell struggled with for many years): just as we can see directly from the picture the situation which it depicts without knowing if it in fact obtains, analogously, when we understand a proposition we grasp its truth conditions or its sense, that is, we know what the world must be like if it is true, without knowing if it is in fact true (TLP 4.024, 4.431). It is\",\n \"id\": \"10889321\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"2016 Citizen Soldier 400\\n\\n\\ndon’t even know what to say\\\" and that his team just needs \\\"to go out there each week and try to be as prepared as we can. We’re not going to change who we are. We didn’t do that before the Chase started. We just got hot and we got momentum, and hopefully we don’t lose it. I mean, I don’t know how we got it, I don’t know how to keep it, I just know that we’re going to continue to approach\",\n \"id\": \"15570965\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Conversion to Christianity\\n\\n\\nbegan to passionately proclaim the Christian gospel (good news). In the book of Romans there is a description of what transpires through water baptism. We died to sin; how can we live in it any longer? (repentance) Or don’t you know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a\",\n \"id\": \"7973128\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars to Stay\\n\\n\\nretire there, or maybe we can bring them back.\\\" An article by Dirk Schulze-Makuch (Washington State University) and Paul Davies (Arizona State University) from the book \\\"The Human Mission to Mars: Colonizing the Red Planet\\\" highlights their mission plans as: The astronauts would be sent supplies from Earth regularly. This proposal was picked up for discussion in a number of public sources. A proposal for a one-way human settlement mission to Mars was put forward in 2012 by the Mars One, a\",\n \"id\": \"9821761\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Multivariate adaptive regression spline\\n\\n\\nfigure shows that wind does not affect the ozone level unless visibility is low. We see that MARS can build quite flexible regression surfaces by combining hinge functions. To obtain the above expression, the MARS model building procedure automatically selects which variables to use (some variables are important, others not), the positions of the kinks in the hinge functions, and how the hinge functions are combined. MARS builds models of the form The model is a weighted sum of basis functions formula_19. Each formula_20 is a constant coefficient. For\",\n \"id\": \"9273823\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars to Stay\\n\\n\\nunlike, for example the Moon—a permanent Martian settlement is thought to be the most effective way to ensure that humanity becomes a space-faring, multi-planet species. Through the use of digital fabricators and in vitro fertilisation it is assumed a permanent human settlement on Mars can grow organically from an original thirty to forty pioneers. A Mars to Stay mission following Aldrin's proposal would enlist astronauts in the following timeline: As Aldrin has said, \\\"who knows what advances will have taken place. The first generation can\",\n \"id\": \"9821760\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Epistemology\\n\\n\\n\\\" We have a logical rule that says \\\"All humans are mortal\\\" and an assertion that \\\"Socrates is human\\\" and we deduce that \\\"Socrates is mortal\\\". In this example how do we know that Socrates is human? Presumably we apply other rules such as: \\\"All born from human females are human.\\\" Which then leaves open the question how do we know that all born from humans are human? This is the regress problem: how can we eventually terminate a logical argument with some statement(s) that\",\n \"id\": \"9156219\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"John P. Grotzinger\\n\\n\\nto in situ investigations by the Mars Exploration Rovers, most studies of water-related processes had been based on orbiter analysis of geomorphic and spectroscopic attributes. However, we can now directly examine the record of past surface processes, including the role of water, through sedimentologic studies of the stratigraphic record of Mars. Many processes that operate at a planetary surface have the potential to create a record of sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks can provide clues that allow past environmental conditions to be reconstructed. Therefore, the detection of sediment transport by\",\n \"id\": \"8686886\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dugald Semple\\n\\n\\nmeans that the more we get away from nature and congregate people in towns and cities, there is more crime, disease and war. We cannot get away from nature without suffering thereby. We have got to live closer to the laws of our being. We must have a healthy body, but that is not enough. We are suffering today from an unbalanced proportion of activities – we seem to know how to do everything, and yet we do not know how to walk properly. We can link up the world\",\n \"id\": \"15001399\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Present\\n\\n\\n. A number of meditative techniques aim to help the practiser live in the present moment. Christianity views God as being outside of time and, from the divine perspective past, present and future are actualized in the now of eternity. This trans-temporal conception of God has been proposed as a solution to the problem of divine foreknowledge (i.e. how can God know what we will do in the future without us being determined to do it) since at least Boethius. Thomas Aquinas offers the metaphor of a watchman, representing God\",\n \"id\": \"16466186\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Evidence of water on Mars found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\\n\\n\\nE; 43.28° N, 176.9° E; and 45° N, 164.5° E. Two others are in the Diacria quadrangle: 46.7° N, 176.8° E and 46.33° N, 176.9° E. This discovery proves that future colonists on Mars will be able to obtain water from a wide variety of locations. The ice can be dug up, melted, then taken apart to provide fresh oxygen and hydrogen for rocket fuel. Hydrogen is the powerful fuel used by the space shuttle main engines. So-called\",\n \"id\": \"12754186\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Human mission to Mars\\n\\n\\nmean that this rocket would be significantly smaller than an Earth-to-orbit rocket. Mars-to-orbit launch can also be achieved in single stage. Despite this, landing an ascent rocket on Mars will be difficult. Reentry for a large rocket will be difficult. In 2014 NASA proposed the Mars Ecopoiesis Test Bed. One of the medical supplies that might be needed is a considerable mass of intravenous fluid, which is mainly water but contains other substances so it can be added directly to the human blood stream.\",\n \"id\": \"5848441\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Projectivism\\n\\n\\nto discuss as if it were a feature of the world. In short: when we believe we have observed a causal connection all we have really experienced is a conjunction between two separate events. We can only know about the world through experience, so causation as a feature of the world is something unknowable to a human being. What does it mean to say that the probability that a coin lands heads is ½? One might think that the coin will either land upward or it will not, the probability is not a\",\n \"id\": \"2688592\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Evidence of water on Mars found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\\n\\n\\ndiscovery of water ice in LDAs greatly expands the range of easily available on Mars. It is far easier to land a spaceship near the equator of Mars, so the closer water is available to the equator the better it will be for future colonists. Of interest from the days of the Viking Orbiters are piles of material surrounding cliffs; they are now called lobate debris aprons (LDAs). These features have a convex topography and a gentle slope from cliffs or escarpments; this suggests flow away from the steep source cliff.\",\n \"id\": \"12754177\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mare Boreum quadrangle\\n\\n\\n. This was a significant discovery because the chemical has the potential of being used for rocket fuel and as a source of oxygen for future colonists. Also, under certain conditions perchlorate can inhibit life; however some microorganisms obtain energy from the substance (by anaerobic reduction). The chemical when mixed with water can greatly lower freezing points, in a manner similar to how salt is applied to roads to melt ice. So, perchlorate may be allowing small amounts of liquid water to form on Mars today. Gullies, which are\",\n \"id\": \"13767979\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Space architecture\\n\\n\\nConstellation program does call for landing humans on Mars after a permanent base on the Moon is demonstrated, but details of the base architecture are far from established. It is likely that the first permanent settlement will consist of consecutive crews landing prefabricated habitat modules in the same location and linking them together to form a base. In some of these modern, economy models of the Mars mission, we see the crew size reduced to a minimal 4 or 6. Such a loss in variety of social relationships can lead to challenges in forming\",\n \"id\": \"14538806\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jorge J. E. Gracia\\n\\n\\nRevelation Participants: Gregory Bassham, David Vessey, Colleen McCluskey, and Bruce Reichenbach. Response by Jorge Gracia. Comments by Reichenbach appeared in Sofia. 14. Session of the Society for Christian Philosophers at the American Academy of Religion meetings in Toronto, Nov. 25, 2002, devoted to How Can We Know What God Means? The Interpretation of Revelation Participants: Kathryn J. S. Smith, Ian H. Henderson, and Alan G. Padgett. Response by Jorge Gracia 15. Book discussion of How Can We Know What God Means? The\",\n \"id\": \"12866341\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Environmental philosophy\\n\\n\\nEnvironmental philosophy is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the natural environment and humans' place within it. It asks crucial questions about human environmental relations such as \\\"What do we mean when we talk about nature?\\\" \\\"What is the value of the natural, that is non-human environment to us, or in itself?\\\" \\\"How should we respond to environmental challenges such as environmental degradation, pollution and climate change?\\\" \\\"How can we best understand the relationship between the natural world and human technology\",\n \"id\": \"15882090\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)\\n\\n\\n've spoken about how S.H.I.E.L.D. treats gifteds or views them, and they're categorized, things like that. What does that mean when one of your own is now considered someone with an ability? How do you categorize her?Whedon elaborated that \\\"We're going to walk her through the steps of discovering what this really means, and coming to terms with it. All that stuff is really interesting to us, and in television, because we have time to explore, we can take her origin on all sorts of different paths.\",\n \"id\": \"21387013\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Frances Moore Lappé\\n\\n\\n, meaning, and connection, which she describes as the essence of human dignity. Democracy is not only what we do in the voting booth but involves our daily choices of what we buy and how we live. She believes that only by \\\"living democracy\\\" can we effectively solve today's social and environmental crisis. Lappé began her writing career early in life. She first gained prominence in the early 1970s with the publication of her book \\\"Diet for a Small Planet\\\", which has sold several million copies. In\",\n \"id\": \"17965657\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\\n\\n\\nfilm, the hero, renamed Quaid, travels to Mars on a dangerous mission, but the initial memory implant scene foreshadows much of what he achieves while there, causing the viewer to question whether events in the story are real or are all in Quaid's purchased memory. A remake of \\\"Total Recall\\\" was directed by Len Wiseman and released on August 3, 2012. This film was largely based on the original and does not credit Dick as a writer. \\\"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale\\\" was first\",\n \"id\": \"1393161\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Implicit stereotype\\n\\n\\nbehavior may manifest itself as a person declining an invitation to touch someone's pitbull (dog) on the street out of fear, but this person can't exactly understand why they are afraid and where their fear traces back to. Implicit bias can persist even when an individual rejects the bias explicitly. Our feelings and experiences can dictate how we look at the world. These can also become beneficial to us in the future because if we know what to avoid and how that made us feel, we can run or fight if\",\n \"id\": \"13154842\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Saving Planet Earth\\n\\n\\nof the series are disappearing because of one species: humans. We know that we are using more than our fair share of the planet and its resources and we must now redress this imbalance. Any effort to do so – no matter how big or small – is valuable, if we wish to ensure a future that is healthy for all life on planet Earth so we have to save earth from various types of Pollution, Waste food, Drained Water etc. The earth is our mother planet in which we born and understand\",\n \"id\": \"8493931\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Treaty of Chicago\\n\\n\\n; but it is not enough! We sold it to you for the benefit of your children, to farm and to live upon. We have now but little left. We shall want it all for ourselves. We know not how long we may live, and we wish to have some lands for our children to hunt upon. You are gradually taking away our hunting-grounds. Your children are driving us before them. We are growing uneasy. What lands you have, you may retain forever; but we shall\",\n \"id\": \"343069\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Strange Lives EP\\n\\n\\nfirst found popularity and share their name with lead singer Elliot Wan.\\\" Adding on, he praises the whispered spoken word middle eight, and compares it with something that American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars would do. Furthermore, Jones comments that \\\"Strange Lives seem to know what their sound is and to me there’s cohesion in their sonic voice. At times you might find their lyrical content immature – teenage jealousy and infatuation – but these are emotions we can experience at any age. This a band for everybody.\",\n \"id\": \"4565740\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vastitas Borealis\\n\\n\\nof being used for rocket fuel and as a source of oxygen for future colonists. Under certain conditions perchlorate can inhibit life; however some microorganisms obtain energy from the substance (by anaerobic reduction). The chemical when mixed with water can greatly lower freezing points, in a manner similar to how salt is applied to roads to melt ice. Perchlorate strongly attracts water; consequently it could pull humidity from the air and produce a small amount of liquid water on Mars today. Gullies, which are common in certain areas of Mars\",\n \"id\": \"11612691\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tim Sullivan (writer)\\n\\n\\nwe get both of them in one convenient package. How could this book be anything but great? Unfortunately, \\\"The Martian Viking\\\" deals a lot less with Vikings than we were promised, although Mars does feature quite prominently, and as far as crapsack future societies go, the book does present us with a pretty interesting one... The world we are presented with is a fairly interesting form of dystopia... All-in-all, \\\"The Martian Viking\\\" was a pretty fun read... Tim Sullivan managed to set\",\n \"id\": \"17909361\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anders Dale\\n\\n\\nhis graduate work his interest “shifted to learning how to test models of how the brain works. Ideally you'd like to test your models not in anesthetized animals and brain slices, but by measuring brain activity in humans non-invasively. I wanted to study normal people doing normal tasks. That was what brought me to imaging. My goal was to see what kind of things we can measure non-invasively that can be quantitatively related to the models we want to build...I wanted to know what exactly we are\",\n \"id\": \"2864104\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pretty. Odd.\\n\\n\\n\\\" received relatively poor sales in competition with its predecessor, which was certified platinum in a matter of months. \\\"It's really hard to judge how the album is doing based on record sales, you know?\\\" Ross told MTV News. \\\"We look at that, and we don't really know what that even means. All we can go off is being on [the Honda Civic Tour] and seeing that people are getting into the new stuff, and that's the only way we can tell firsthand if\",\n \"id\": \"8499564\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Crommelin (Martian crater)\\n\\n\\nor water can produce layers. Groundwater may have been involved in the formation of layers in some places. Parts of Crommelin crater display many thin layers. These may reflect different climates in the past—some of which were much wetter. Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. Many craters once contained lakes. Because some crater floors show deltas, we know that water had to be present for some time.\",\n \"id\": \"5204138\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Sky So Big and Black\\n\\n\\nhumans to suit the Martian environment, the future of ecospecting doesn't look good to Telemachus; he thinks the future of Mars is with the \\\"Nations\\\" of Mars-formed humans. It's estimated that modifying people can be done in just two to three generations, whereas terraforming Mars might take thousands of years. Thus he wants her to get an advanced degree and go into some always-needed occupation like science or medicine. When they strike a \\\"scorehole\\\", a very large deposit of methane and water,\",\n \"id\": \"9074825\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Growing block universe\\n\\n\\nbecause he is in the past; he does not know that now is now. But how can we be sure we are not in the same position? There is nothing special with Socrates. Therefore, we do not know whether now is now. However, some have argued that there is an ontological distinction between the past and the present. For instance, Forrest (2004) argues that although there exists a past, it is lifeless and inactive. Consciousness, as well as the flow of time, is not active\",\n \"id\": \"20042543\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Glamour Chase\\n\\n\\nher? Added to that, since Amy's been traveling with him for a while now, why does she now think The Doctor is from Mars? As the ancient spaceship re-activates, the Doctor discovers that nothing and no-one can be trusted. The things that seem most real could actually be literal fabrications - and very deadly indeed. Who can the Doctor believe when no one is what they seem? And how can he defeat an enemy who can bend matter itself at its will? For the Doctor,\",\n \"id\": \"9679026\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision\\n\\n\\nact of naming has been till now a male prerogative, how we can begin to see and name – and therefore live – afresh.” The essay by Rich was written to support her gender, to let women know that they need to break from the roles which society places upon them. “Until we can understand the assumptions in which we are drenched we cannot know ourselves.”. Rich stood up for the fact that women had a chance to no longer be afraid to embrace who they are, their individuality\",\n \"id\": \"12105842\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Neuroethics\\n\\n\\nand ethical issues. The field is so young that any attempt to define its scope and limits now will undoubtedly be proved wrong in the future, as neuroscience develops and its implications continue to be revealed. At present, however, we can discern two general categories of neuroethical issue: those emerging from what we can do and those emerging from what we know. In the first category are the ethical problems raised by advances in functional neuroimaging, psychopharmacology, brain implants and brain-machine interfaces. In the second category are the\",\n \"id\": \"14092665\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\\n\\n\\nmore clues to past water were found. On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that \\\"Spirit\\\" had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \\\"Humphrey\\\". Raymond Arvidson, the McDonnell University Professor and chair of Earth and planetary sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, reported during a NASA press conference: \\\"If we found this rock on Earth, we would say it is a volcanic rock that had a little fluid moving through it.\\\" In contrast to the rocks found by the twin\",\n \"id\": \"11337189\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Schiaparelli EDM\\n\\n\\ncargo. Just as the EDM itself was tested on Earth to gain knowledge about how it would perform on Mars, the EDM is also a test for future missions. Study of what happened is critical, as significant breakthroughs in understanding can impact the lessons learned from a mission, which in turn effects public opinion, technology, future mission design, and even the feelings of everyone involved. For example, \\\"Beagle 2\\\" Mars lander was suspected to have undergone a high velocity impact with Mars in 2003, but when it\",\n \"id\": \"14104173\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pierre-Alexis Dumas\\n\\n\\nMy concern in life is, what does quality mean and how do you achieve it?\\\" - On the meaning of \\\"luxury\\\" \\\"We must know the past but live in the present and look to the future…. Some items last 100 years, while others do not survive two years.\\\" \\\"It's not really about the stitch. It's about being aware of the sense of touch, being able to stitch with your eyes closed, being able to represent yourself and the object you're making in\",\n \"id\": \"15852590\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bioconservatism\\n\\n\\n, then dignity 'consists in what we are and what we have the potential to become, not in our pedigree or social origin'. It can be seen, then, than improved capabilities does not affect moral status, and that we should sustain an inclusive view that recognize our enhanced descendants as possessors of dignity. For transhumanists 'there is no need to behave as if there were deep moral difference between technological and other means of enhancing human lives'. Distinguishing between types of enhancement Bostrom discusses a criticism levelled against transhumanists\",\n \"id\": \"18868884\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Treasure (Bruno Mars song)\\n\\n\\nWops was how it is we like to feel on stage when performing. We’re fun, like to dance and party, and we didn't really get to do a lot of that on the first album. Even going to festivals and seeing big bands live, like Coldplay or Bruce Springsteen, we knew the second time around we wanted something fun. It’s the kind of song where the whole band can get up and jam and have this Earth, Wind and Fire kind of moment\\\". \\\"Treasure\\\" is\",\n \"id\": \"1350094\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Allison Perkins\\n\\n\\n's a history there.\\\" Tomlin explained how then-Head Writers Christopher Whitesell and Lorraine Broderick had thought, \\\"OK, where can we do something where we do bring back that history but also explore something that's going to affect the future of this show?\\\" He added that \\\"One Life to Live\\\" had been \\\"so fortunate to get Barbara Garrick, who played the role originally, because we used those flashbacks from 13, 14 years ago. It's a treat for the audience that has invested in\",\n \"id\": \"22042285\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shifting Baselines\\n\\n\\nocean, necessarily. You can also make a film about the broader idea of shifting baselines, which refers to the lowered standards created when we can no longer tell what is natural for our world any more. For instance, how do we know how clean our water originally was? Today all of our water has small, but ever-increasing levels of mercury, lead, and other even more poisonous compounds. Certainly a certain amount of that has always been in the water, but how much is normal? How much\",\n \"id\": \"20624234\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dreamtime (book)\\n\\n\\ntime, we are also what we are \\\"not\\\", and that we can only know who we are if we experience our boundaries\\\". He denounces Western scientists and anthropologists for their approaches to the study of such cultures, arguing that they have misrepresented them by attempting to fit them within the Western ideas of objectivity. He argues that in future, anthropologists must reach their own boundaries, and recognize the wilderness of their consciousness before they can truly understand the worldview of \\\"archaic\\\" humans. Writing in \\\"The Journal\",\n \"id\": \"785531\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Subjection of Women\\n\\n\\nnot must be found out in practice. In reality, we don't know what women's nature is, because it is so wrapped up in how they have been raised. Mill suggests we should test out what women can and can't do – experiment. Women are brought up to act as if they were weak, emotional, docile – a traditional prejudice. If we tried equality, we would see that there were benefits for individual women. They would be free of the unhappiness of being told what to do by\",\n \"id\": \"14214134\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Can We Dance\\n\\n\\n\\\"Can We Dance\\\" is the debut single by British pop band the Vamps. It was released in the United Kingdom on 29 September 2013 as the lead single from their debut studio album \\\"Meet the Vamps\\\" (2014). The song debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, being kept off the top spot by OneRepublic's \\\"Counting Stars\\\". \\\"Can We Dance\\\" was written by Karl Michael, Bruno Mars, Philip Lawrence, Timz Lam and Espionage, and produced by Mars and\",\n \"id\": \"1668286\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Psychotechnic League\\n\\n\\nbeen able to embark on a full-scale colonization of Mars, quickly enough for Rostomily to have spent most of his adult life there. Knowing what we know now about space programs and how much they cost, this is utter nonsense – unless, within a decade or so of the world-destroying war, this timeline managed to achieve anti-gravity or another miracle way of jumping at a low cost out of Earth's gravity well. Which is also highly implausible, to say the least. Otherwise, it is\",\n \"id\": \"19882481\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Proclus\\n\\n\\nfor the origin and character of all things in the universe. The second is a need to account for how we can know this origin and character of things. These two aims are related: they begin from the assumption that we can know reality, and then ask the question of what reality must be like, in its origin and unfolding, so that we can know it. An important element in the Neoplatonic answer to these questions is its reaction to Scepticism. In response to the sceptical position that we only know the\",\n \"id\": \"4969066\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Samosdelka\\n\\n\\ninvestigated area covered more than 2 square kilometers. \\\"This is a hugely important discovery ... We can now shed light on one of the most intriguing mysteries of that period – how the Khazars actually lived. We know very little about the Khazars – about their traditions, their funerary rites, their culture.\\\" The layout of the city conforms to the written sources. As reported by Norman Finkelshteyn, it was \\\"a city bisected by riverbeds with a central island citadel of fired brick\\\". The central portion of Samosdelka was\",\n \"id\": \"5503855\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"John L. McKenzie\\n\\n\\nis derived from what Jesus was, said and did. I believe that the little we have left of what he said and did tells us more about how we can now in our world realize the possibilities of human existence than all the wisdom of the past and present—that is he tells us something about how to live that no one else has ever told us. I apply to him what the late Vince Lombardi said about winning: Jesus is not an important person, he is the only person. I believe that\",\n \"id\": \"15703483\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"What the Bleep Do We Know!?\\n\\n\\nto a confused message\\\". Despite his caveats, he recommends that people see the film, stating: \\\"I hope it develops into a cult movie in the UK as it has in the US. Science and engineering are important for our future, and anything that engages the public can only be a good thing.\\\" Simon Singh called it pseudoscience and said the suggestion \\\"that if observing water changes its molecular structure, and if we are 90% water, then by observing ourselves we can change at a fundamental level\",\n \"id\": \"11015498\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":85,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Why do I feel a tingling feeling in my genitals when I feel I think about falling from a really high place? Like a sky scraper."},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"1xatn9"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"this always gets asked and no one has a concrete answer. I heard on a documentary that its actually your balls/ovaries tucking into your body to protect themselves presumably from physical trauma. But I cant find anything on the internet to validate. Its a quick physical movement that causes the feel. Similar to falling when the balls or ovaries are actually moving. If you are in free fall long enough like in a space shuttle your body stops because they cant go tucking in any further or your body realizes they no longer need protecting. TL;DR your balls protecting themselves by tucking into your body\"}, {\"answer\": \"The dartos muscle, which is in the skin of the scrotum, is controlled by the sympathetic (fight or flight) division of the nervous system. When your brain thinks you're about to fall off a cliff, the whole sympathetic nervous system flares up, including the dartos muscle which causes that weird feeling in your scrotum.\"}, {\"answer\": \"AIUI, it's actually imagining a common physical reaction to falling. The same way you can have a dream where you're falling - except you're awake and imagining this scenario. So the next question I suppose is why you get this feeling when you fall for real. Presumably it has to do with the temporary weightlessness your body experiences and your genital area is sensitive. A car going fast over a hump in the road can create the same effect sometimes. Fear of heights is instinctive afaiaa - pretty much everyone has it. It's the one thing in a game or movie that actually affects me - i.e I can sit and watch horror films etc with no reaction at all - I don't get scared watching them. But if I fall in a game I sometimes experience the sensation of falling for real and the mere thought of being somewhere precarious and high up can make me shudder.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Everyone has two parts of their nervous system that are constantly battling. Parasympathetic (energy uptake) and Sympathetic (energy expenditure). The sensations of *tingling genitals* or *heart dropping* or even *butterflies in my stomach* is the sudden burst of energy your body just sent through to the sympathetic system (energy expenditure, or fight/flight). Engaging the sympathetic nervous system pretty much stops the parasympathetic from working. Things the sympathetic controls are (but not limited to) lungs (for more oxygen); heart (for more blood to take the oxygen to muscles); guts (to close all sphincters and prevent digestion); adrenal glands (to pump epinephrine); bladder (to evacuate bowls); genitals (to induce labor, secrete gametes, or ejaculate) and even hair (to make it stand on end) The best thing to describe it is your body says \\\"stop using energy on digestion\\\" and \\\"**GO**\\\" to every other damn thing that'll get you away from that ledge.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I get the female version of this. I call it Minge Twinge.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I don't know, but my guess would be that it's your body reminding you of what pain is by sending a tingly feeling in your tender spots. Thus, reminding you not to do something stupid. So you lean over a balcony, your body's like \\\"screw that... hey... self... remember how sensitive your nuts are? Yeah, don't lean over too far - this could hurt...\\\"\"}, {\"answer\": \"You know what's fucked up? When I was a kid my cousin told me this only happens to you if you have a small dick. Whenever my friends went to an amusement park and they asked me if I felt that tingle, I was like \\\"fuck no, my dick is huge\\\" it was a hard knock life\"}, {\"answer\": \"Sometimes when I climb stairs really quickly I get this feeling. It's not really my balls but like a feeling in my lower back. It sort of feels orgasmic. Is this the same thing?\"}, {\"answer\": \"Intense fear or stress is a powerful diuretic (according to author Matt Stone, anyway). I wonder if it's a more urethral response to keep you from peeing yourself, rather than a genital response.\"}, {\"answer\": \"The external cremaster muscle contracts in fight/flight scenarios. You can also make it happen by stroking your inner thigh. reference for fight/flight (sorry for the graphic pic): URL_0 cremasteric reflex: URL_1 \"}, {\"answer\": \"This stopped happening to me when I was around 10 or so, for some reason. And yes, I have been in intense drops/falls (on roller coasters) since then.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I'm not sure if it's related but the chemical response in your brain related to fear is distinctly similar to that which arouses you. Ergo; bdsm etc.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I always thought it was part of our flight response. Blood is being re-routed away from that part of our bodies to more vital escape-focused parts.\"}, {\"answer\": \"In Scotland we have a word for that feeling when you see something painful or that feeling of falling, we say it 'gies us the grue'\"}, {\"answer\": \"When I went skydiving, I was surprised NOT to get this sensation. Raised railroad crossing at moderate speed on the other hand? Ohhhh boy!\"}, {\"answer\": \"Is it a fizzing sensation just behind your penis? James May has that problem.\"}, {\"answer\": \"It's all of your potential future children screaming at you to be careful\"}, {\"answer\": \"anyone else's balls just tingled whilst thinking about it?\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"28800940\", \"title\": \"Balconing\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Balconing is the act of jumping into a swimming pool from a balcony or falling from height while climbing from one balcony to another, performed by foreign tourists during holidays. The term was formed through a combination of the Spanish word \\\"balc\\u00f3n\\\" (balcony) and the English suffix \\\"ing\\\", a suffix that most Spanish associate with English culture and English people, in reference the origin of most practitioners. In 2010 and 2011, a spate of injuries attributed to \\\"balconing\\\" by the Spanish press occurred among tourists in\", \"Balconing is the act of jumping into a swimming pool from a balcony or falling from height while climbing from one balcony to another, performed by foreign tourists during holidays. The term was formed through a combination of the Spanish word \\\"balc\\u00f3n\\\" (balcony) and the English suffix \\\"ing\\\", a suffix that most Spanish associate with English culture and English people, in reference the origin of most practitioners. In 2010 and 2011, a spate of injuries attributed to \\\"balconing\\\" by the Spanish press occurred among tourists in\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"27935348\", \"title\": \"Silent Hill: Downpour\", \"section\": \"Section::::Development.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 16, \"end_paragraph_id\": 16, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"The history and atmosphere of Brno, Czech Republic, where the studios for Vatra is located, influenced \\\"Downpour\\\". The design director Brian Gomez remarked that the country's history lent the game \\\"this certain heaviness that we wouldnt have gotten if at lunchtime we were going out to the beach,\\\" as well as giving the staff \\\"an appreciation for the macabre\\\" that he believed was an asset to the game. A nearby gorge, Propast Macocha (\\\"Stepmother Abyss\\\"), provided the inspiration for the \\\"Devil's Pit\\\" level of the\", \"The history and atmosphere of Brno, Czech Republic, where the studios for Vatra is located, influenced \\\"Downpour\\\". The design director Brian Gomez remarked that the country's history lent the game \\\"this certain heaviness that we wouldnt have gotten if at lunchtime we were going out to the beach,\\\" as well as giving the staff \\\"an appreciation for the macabre\\\" that he believed was an asset to the game. A nearby gorge, Propast Macocha (\\\"Stepmother Abyss\\\"), provided the inspiration for the \\\"Devil's Pit\\\" level of the game. As part of a promotion for the game, Konami held a Facebook contest from 1016 February 2011\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"R.O.S.E. (Jessie J album)\n\n\nin the feeling. But to do that I had to be really strong; to know that I wasn't going to be able to be pushed and fall over. That's why it took me a long time. I don't feel that I've ever learned so much about myself at any other time in my life.\" After some time off working with DJ Camper, Jessie J became inspired to write again. \"[DJ Camper] put the \"Think About That\" beat on repeat before going outside for","id":"502031"},{"contents":"My Name Is My Name\n\n\ndescribed the tape as street-oriented music intended for his longtime fans. \"Wrath of Caine is basically just me catering to my core. It's all about just street Hip Hop, street music\" he said. \"It's just something that I like to do. It's something that I feel like has no boundaries, no parameters. I can do what I really, really want to do…[my approach to the mixtape is] not about more of a creative [decision], I just think it","id":"14928159"},{"contents":"Who You Really Are\n\n\ntypes of determination...and I think all of our characters are reacting in very different ways to that, which is the whole point of doing it. When one of your best friends comes out as a superhero, how do you react to that? And just trying to find out, “Oh, my friend changed, they’re different, and how do I feel about that? And this is cool, but it’s scary, and I don’t know how I feel about that. And it’s wonderful,","id":"13498702"},{"contents":"Wrath of Caine\n\n\nthat I feel like has no boundaries, no parameters. I can do what I really, really want to do…[my approach to the mixtape is] not about more of a creative [decision], I just think it's about more of what I want to hear for myself and what my fans want to hear. They want to hear lyrics, they want to hear street [music]…it's just the whole street life perspective.\" On January 27, 2013, during an interview with Miss Info,","id":"3854239"},{"contents":"Twist in My Sobriety\n\n\n's mostly about the particular relationship with the world one feels when entering adulthood. \"the song is really about not understanding - when you're 18, you've got a very particular emotional relationship with the world, you feel very isolated, and everybody else is so distant and cold. And I think I was singing about not feeling anything or not being moved by things around. I think this is a strong feeling when you're just after adolescence.\" Malcolm Messiter plays the oboe on the song, which is featured","id":"16659641"},{"contents":"Who You Really Are\n\n\nand why can’t I have that? Or, I don’t want that. Or, does Skye want that?” It just, to me, captures a whole bunch of questions, which is what we try to do.\" On the title of the episode, Bell said \"I think for all of us, “who you really are” is revealed in these kind of situations. Which side are you on, how do you feel about that, who do you stand with, how do you feel","id":"13498703"},{"contents":"Tinashe\n\n\nto \"Billboard\" the meaning behind the title: \"I always had it in the back of my head, but it started to become more and more relevant to my current state of my career. With all this traveling I've done this past year and everything I've gone through, it just really feels like an adventure, a journey, a ride\", and when asked why she feels she isn't being heard she stated, \"I feel like I've been working really hard this year at developing a","id":"1896365"},{"contents":"Ambition (fragrance)\n\n\nthe fragrance \"Ambition\". Sparks states \"I want to do it all, that's why Ambition is called what it is, because that's how I feel my life right now. I want to do everything, and I feel there is a lot of people out there like me that are just as ambitious... Right now, I feel like I can take on the world... Ambition is the perfect word for where I am in my life right now.\" When it came around to Sparks' creating her","id":"8973164"},{"contents":"She Won't Be Lonely Long\n\n\n. I think that's my strength, recognizing songs that people really do like. Most of the time, it is the kind of song I personally gravitate to and genuinely like. Looking back, it's rare that I think a certain cut is a charter and it's not in reality.\" Walker also discussed recording \"Feels so Right\" by saying, \"I've loved that song for most of my life. When I was 12, my mom and I went and saw Alabama play, and when they","id":"19103739"},{"contents":"The Careless Years\n\n\nand I liked it a lot, but I had reservations. And I thought, \"Do I tell him [the producer] about my reservations? Or do I pretend I really just love it? I don't want to lose the job,\" you know. And finally I went about it honestly and just told them just what my feelings were. And he said, \"Those are my feelings, and I'm doing a rewrite, just on those items\".\" Bosley Crowther of \"The New York","id":"10108819"},{"contents":"Sticks and Stones (Nicola Roberts song)\n\n\nothers and it also shows us that people now have a place for expression. Whether it be twitter or blog posts it gives people a place to offload. Whenever I have bought somebody's record I always flick through and search for the ones that I really relate to at that time, they become my favourites, I play that song to death and then the rest of the album gets its chance. Music is there to milk an emotion I think. Whether it be a party track when you want to feel sky high","id":"18689684"},{"contents":"Ricky Martin\n\n\nFebruary 2015. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album, making this Martin's second Grammy win to date. In October 2014, he released his album Life. He commented on the album: \"I was really in touch with my emotions. I think this album is very multi-layered, just like life is. It's about feeling anger. It's about feeling joy. It's about feeling uncertainty. It's about feeling. And all my emotions are part of this production.\"","id":"4550053"},{"contents":"Amarte Es un Placer (album)\n\n\nthe tracks' composition: \"Here something special was done, probably because I had more time to write a few things,\" he added. When asked why he opted not to record an English-language album as other Latin acts such as Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin had successfully done, Miguel replied: \"I think that Spanish is a good language. I like my language and I really feel proud of it. I'm not saying that I won't do it in the future, sing in English, I","id":"6207740"},{"contents":"What Separates Me from You\n\n\nnowhere.\" McKinnon said the song is a \"more personal song [...] It discusses how the choices I've made to put my best foot forward in my career, in a sense, have really done damage to my personal life.\" Both \"You Be Tails, I'll Be Sonic\" and \"Out of Time\" talk about \"how I feel like I'm doing what I want with my life, but I think, \"Wow, I just did something that really affected me.\"\"","id":"20334337"},{"contents":"Infinity on High\n\n\nwhere we're going to be a year from now, and this is what you're going to be saying about us.' But this time, we realized that a lot of bands should spend less time running their mouths and more time writing their songs.\" In 2013, Wentz reflected, \"on a record like \"Infinity on High\", I feel like I tried really hard to explain my perspective – and when I look back on it in hindsight I think it’s an extremely unrelatable record. Critics felt","id":"6459811"},{"contents":"Richard Bracewell\n\n\nAustralia and from other territories really keen to see it. We didn't do a red carpet, we just did a friends and family screening on the eve of its release. I even bought drinks at my own premiere! It's generated warmth but I think – are we allowed to say things like it's a peculiarly British film? It feels different? It's a little bit quirky? It's got an intentional DIY feel to it? It's meant to be like that. I think maybe that's something","id":"8088516"},{"contents":"Heart Attack (Demi Lovato song)\n\n\ndescribed the song, said: \"It's about me being really scared to fall in love again after being rejected, after feeling so fragile and vulnerable all the time — thinking, I don't know if I can do this ever again!\" Lovato told on MTV, about the song's lyrical address to \"falling in love and taking that risk\". But, she's terrified and, by 'she,' I mean me. But, I think everyone comes to a point where they feel very vulnerable","id":"6822687"},{"contents":"Mikhail Baryshnikov\n\n\nAmerican, he said, \"I like to think like I'm a man of the world. I feel totally Parisian in Paris. Totally Parisian. I have my place here, a lot of close friends and collaborators here, whom I can really feel like I can talk serious business with them. Human business, not 'business' business. Paris was always the dream of my childhood. We grew up on French art, like all Russians. America, United States, North America - it's a new country","id":"1945479"},{"contents":"Nightingale (Demi Lovato song)\n\n\n\"Nightingale is definitely a personal song. It’s about one of my friends, actually, that passed away when we were thirteen. I feel like, sometimes I literally, I know when he’s in the room with me. And, I just have a really strong connection to him. I feel like he’s my nightingale.\" In other words, she feels like her friend is her guardian angel. The song is entirely dedicated to her friend Trenton Stout, who hanged himself at the age of thirteen.","id":"13855758"},{"contents":"Maria Connor\n\n\n. She also confirmed that she had signed another contract that would keep her in the show til September 2013. Ghadie revealed that it does not feel like she has been on the show for 12 years: \"I'm 30 in July so it's quite scary, really! I was 17 when I joined so it just feels like my life is going really quickly! When I first joined, I was on a three-month contract. I thought I'd do my three months and then I'd be off.","id":"8754786"},{"contents":"Outshined\n\n\ninterview, Cornell said, \"I've never really been biographical in my lyrics, so when I wrote a line like 'I'm looking California and feeling Minnesota' from 'Outshined', it just felt refreshing.\" Cornell on the song: I don't know how everyone else feels ... but I definitely go through periods of extreme self-confidence, feeling like I can do anything. Perhaps a fan will sense that, like in a performance, and the hero image creeps out. But then someone will say","id":"11427212"},{"contents":"Never or Now\n\n\nin Norway 2003, Scott-lee spoke about the album's planned release, \"My new album is called \"Unleashed\" and it's coming out in July, in the UK and also here in the Netherlands and as I said I've been writing it for over a year so I've taken my time and I've wrote about 40 tracks and I picked the best 12 to put on the album so I feel proud I feel like I've done a good job and I think it's a really good album","id":"14472337"},{"contents":"Chris Barnes (musician)\n\n\n-written story with something that just looks really direct.\" \"I never was one for fashion or trying to impress people. I just wanted to do the best I could and feel good about what I do and be proud of the time that I put into my art and that's how I feel about it. When it stops becoming fun for me and when it starts becoming upsetting to see where it goes is the day that I just put it aside and let my bodies of works speak for me. Hopefully","id":"3885380"},{"contents":"Gregory Corso\n\n\nall the preliminaries and she going just so far and I understanding why not getting angry saying You must feel! It's beautiful to feel! Instead take her in my arms lean against an old crooked tombstone and woo her the entire night the constellations in the sky— When she introduces me to her parents back straightened, hair finally combed, strangled by a tie, should I sit knees together on their 3rd degree sofa and not ask Where's the bathroom? How else to feel other than I am, often thinking Flash","id":"6547811"},{"contents":"Relapse (Eminem album)\n\n\ntime to be able to figure out things. I wanted to be able to make my songs feel like something again. I know a lot of stuff on \"Relapse\" was comical and funny punchline jokes, but a lot of the songs didn't really feel like anything. I had to go back and listen to some of my older music to try to figure out what I was doing wrong. Once I felt like I figured that out, I started making songs that felt like something again.\" About the accents","id":"14485625"},{"contents":"Poo Bear Presents Bearthday Music\n\n\nThe album's pre-sale began on April 6, 2018. When asked in an interview with Idolator on why he decided to release the project now, Poo Bear said \"I just feel like now is the right time. I feel like my name is a little bit more familiar than it was before. You know, my music won't get lost as fast. I know that a lot of people still don't know who I am, but I just feel like I'm in a better place right now","id":"11080946"},{"contents":"Dark Horse (Twista album)\n\n\n, he spoke about where the album fits in with what he's done in the past, saying, \"I think it fits in perfectly. I look at it as a continuum, or a protocol. Everybody looks forward to hearing what the Twista’s next album will sound like, in the hopes that it sounds like the original material they’ve heard. And I feel like you can always do different projects and venture out, but I definitely feel like when I go down my lane to give them the next Twista","id":"5764694"},{"contents":"Red Letter Year\n\n\nRed Letter Year is the 16th studio album by singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco, released on September 30, 2008. Says DiFranco about the album: “When I listen to my new record, I hear a very relaxed me, which I think has been absent in a lot of my recorded canon. Now I feel like I’m in a really good place. My partner Mike Napolitano co-produced this record – my guitar and voice have never sounded better, and that’s because of him. I’ve got this","id":"20106588"},{"contents":"The Dreamer/The Believer\n\n\nI sold this many.' It's stuff that made you feel something, it's stuff that you can use that inspired your life. I think about hip-hop like Brand Nubian and KRS-One and N.W.A and Rakim, that stuff inspired my life. Those things really shaped who I am.\" The Target Exclusive Edition comes with two additional tracks. The second single off the album was \"Blue Sky\" which was officially made available on iTunes October 7, 2011. The song samples \"Mr. Blue Sky","id":"12208930"},{"contents":"Dear Mama\n\n\nsong like Don McLean's \"Vincent,\" that one about Van Gogh. The lyric on that song is so touching. That's how I want to make my songs feel. Take \"Dear Mama\" — I aimed that one straight for my homies' heartstrings.\" When questioned on possible misogyny in his lyrics, Shakur defended his music, noting that he worked in the studio with women and played his songs for women pre-release, remarking, \"Why do you think I wrote 'Dear Mama'?","id":"13735891"},{"contents":"Chris Cornell\n\n\nto not only imagine what it feels like to not be there, but try to remind myself that I could just wake up the next day and it could be gone because that happens, and not to worry about it. And at the same time, when I'm feeling great, I remember the depression and think about the differences in what I'm feeling and why I would feel that way, and not be reactionary one way or the other. You just have to realize that these are patterns of life and you","id":"5177445"},{"contents":"Chanel ready-to-wear collection\n\n\nI really, really loved the layering, the colors, the tweed—I wanted so many pieces right away… Everything was brilliant. I think was very me. I feel like I could wear everything in the collection.\" \"We saw the punk girl. I think I saw the sophisticated, the very young teenagers—they were all there, it feels like a brand that you can wear throughout any age,\" noted Alicia Vikander. \"I think that's one of the most extraordinary things about Karl,","id":"6500708"},{"contents":"Normal People Scare Me\n\n\n.\" An autistic woman tells Cross \"Yes, I do. Because why should I not--why should I feel bad about something I can't really change? I might as well look at the good things about it.\" Another boy says to Cross \"I don't like being autistic\", and when Cross asks why, the boy responds: \"Because it's hard for me to have changes and all the other stuff.\" A woman states to Cross of her experiences with autism: \"I cry","id":"18204456"},{"contents":"Lalah Hathaway\n\n\nsound. She has stated, \"I am his daughter and that's the truth of who I am, every day. When I was 15, and then, 20, I didn't get why people were asking me how I felt about him and his music. But when I turned 25, I began to understand. Like my father, I want to leave a legacy of music that makes people really feel something, whether it be happiness, sadness, grief or heartache. I also want them to appreciate my","id":"6997279"},{"contents":"The New Classic\n\n\nam and tell my story because I feel like I have a really interesting story and a lot of people don't know that because a lot of people don't see the interviews and I would like to put it in my music that I've been waiting for the right time for something that I feel like people will hear in the right platform and I think it will be this album so the near future will just be trying to tell my story in that album next year.\" In an interview with \"Billboard\"","id":"12484650"},{"contents":"Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film)\n\n\nTykwer said, \"I feel like I understand very much about the structure and the motivations of the characters when I'm writing the script, but I really do understand the atmosphere and the emotional and the more abstract part of the film when I'm investigating the music, and when I'm planning the music for it. ... When I then come to the shooting, having worked for three years on the music and three years on the script, I really feel like I know exactly the two worlds and how to combine","id":"11701142"},{"contents":"Love Streams (film)\n\n\nJapanese film director Shinji Aoyama listed \"Love Streams\" as one of the Greatest Films of All Time in 2012. He said, \"When I think about Cassavetes, I always feel happy. I feel glad that I like movies. I'm sure I will always feel this way until the day I die, and I intend to feel this way too. At the end of \"Love Streams\", Cassavetes smiles as he sees the dog next to him, which turned into a naked man. I live my life","id":"18995865"},{"contents":"Wishmaster 2: Evil Never Dies\n\n\nthe film: \"That's one that I have very mixed feelings about because there are parts of it that I really like, but I think, all in all, it's a little dumb. To tell you the truth, I haven't seen it since I, uh, made it. When I was making it, I thought it was good. I thought a lot of it was kind of funny or clever. I definitely feel it has merit. From what I can gather, it's one of","id":"2828942"},{"contents":"Harold Budd\n\n\nno longer felt that way. \"It was a time in my life when things weren't just falling together for me, and I thought that I was just going to let it all slide ... and I was sincere about it but if I had been more conscious of my real feelings and had explored my inner sanctum more I would've seen that it was a preposterous thing to do ... I was dreadfully lonely; I was living alone in the desert and had been for too long, really, and I felt that","id":"452591"},{"contents":"Téa Delgado\n\n\n, \"There are many times when I think I didn't get a scene. When you don't feel anything, it's frustrating. I'm less hard on myself because I realize how difficult what we do is. But, as an actor, you hope that you go in there and get caught up in the moment. I think, self-indulgently, that's why we become actors in the first place — to feel things.\" \"One Life to Live\" viewers originally resisted Todd being paired with","id":"10922589"},{"contents":"Jeanne Liotta\n\n\n-time recordings of the sky. She also produced a series of short films entitled \"Science's 10 Most Beautiful Experiments\". She has said: \"Each person has the responsibility or opportunity as a human being to discover what their world is made of and what they think about it - to observe and take notes and reflect upon - that's our jobs as human beings somehow, that's what I feel like I'm doing when I make things. It's just my thinking.\" The artist's films have","id":"17509133"},{"contents":"Shift 2: Unleashed\n\n\nexperience of what the game is. I don't want the game to feel like I have a career and then I can go online to compete with my friends, I want it to feel like one whole. Autolog really weaves everything together into one compelling package. If you race this game and you beat people on your friends list, that's going to give you more XP to propel you in your career.\" Marcus Nilsson, the executive producer of \"Shift 2: Unleashed\", said this about why they","id":"9898406"},{"contents":"Evelyn Sharp (suffragist)\n\n\n. I have really been very unhappy about it and feel I have no right to thwart you, much as I should regret feeling that you were undergoing those terrible hardships. It has caused you as much pain as it has me, and I feel I can no longer think of my own feelings. I cannot write more, but you will be happy now, won't you. (Jane Sharp, letter to her daughter (November, 1911) Evelyn immediately became active in the militant campaign, and later that","id":"16398995"},{"contents":"Javon Ringer\n\n\nwas faster than the fastest time at the NFL combine. Ringer said of the workout, \"I think I did pretty well, especially coming back from my knee injury. I'm still not 100 percent, probably around 85 or 90. This is basically another big stepping stone from what I did at the combine. Now that I was able to do some training, I felt like my change of direction was superb. I feel like I did really well in the shuttle and in the three-cone drill.\"","id":"11053487"},{"contents":"Agápē (mixtape)\n\n\nI know it will be OK. I believe in myself\" she sings, referring to her constant label troubles. JoJo states \"It's kind of about me moving from South Boston to Los Angeles and my decision to do that. Feeling like I needed a place to explore and grow.\" She goes on further in another interview stating \"It's the mission statement for what we were going to expand upon, and I was touching on the feeling like you don't belong anywhere but you still feel like you're","id":"10462226"},{"contents":"Somersault (Beach Fossils album)\n\n\ninto great detail about how the song came to be. “It’s a lot about myself, I guess. It’s about me facing depression head on. I was trying to work on music and I was feeling so fucking low. Just like, in the dirt. I couldn’t get anything to happen. My creativity was completely zapped. I was kind of breaking down. I hadn’t really been sleeping. I started working on this song, and I really liked how it was feeling. I put lyrics","id":"15177129"},{"contents":"Aparna Kumar\n\n\never, aptly describes the journey to the Everest. \"When I rest I feel utterly lifeless except that my throat burns when I draw breath...I can scarcely go on. No despair, no happiness, no anxiety. I have not lost the mastery of my feelings, there are actually no more feelings. I consist only of will. After each few meters this too fizzles out in unending tiredness. Then I think nothing. I let myself fall, just lie there. For an indefinite time I remain completely irresolute","id":"13681979"},{"contents":"Commonwealth (Patchett novel)\n\n\nhad this great imagination. But the wonderful thing about publishing this book at 52 is that I know that I am capable of working from a place of deep imagination. Now I just feel like I own every part of myself and my life and my imagination and the rocky terrain of my own brain, and that feels really good.” Patchett frankly used her own memories in writing this novel and in it she raises the question of whether writing fiction based on real events and people is inherently exploitative.The famous novelist in","id":"13228735"},{"contents":"The Dreamer/The Believer\n\n\ncan really generate good spirit, the spirit of the music and just good energy. I'm excited about the album 'The Dreamer, The Believer'. I feel blessed that I got to work with No I.D. I'm enthused to do hip-hop, which is something that I have to do when I feel it. It's the spirit and energy of hip-hop that made you just enjoy it and love the music and not feel like, 'Man, is this gonna sell?' or '","id":"12208929"},{"contents":"Blackout (Britney Spears album)\n\n\nand that I have all these imperfections. [...] I think what's touching about it is that it's from the perspective of someone who feels like they really need this person just to feel safe and feel good.\" Spears named the song her favorite from \"Blackout\". The sixth track, \"Get Naked (I Got a Plan)\" is an uptempo song about sex. It is a duet between Spears and Danja, who sings the chorus with his voice distorted to sound like a decaying moan.","id":"16129943"},{"contents":"Jennifer Connelly\n\n\nto previous roles, Connelly said: There was a period where I felt like I wasn't quite being considered for the projects that I wanted to work on because maybe people were thinking. 'I'm not going to cast the girl who was in that movie for this adult project.' I've felt for a long time that this is what I want to do so I'm happy at this point to just take my time and work on projects that I feel really strongly about and the rest of the time just","id":"15683613"},{"contents":"Liberation (Christina Aguilera album)\n\n\n.\" About the title of the album Aguilera explained, \"I wanted to have a title that meant freeing myself from anything that wasn't my truth. That's a constant I think in everyone's life: every time you feel stifled in a current situation where you feel you're not quite yourself or being bogged down by other people's opinions. Or when you feel like you're stuck in a stagnant place.\" On the May 2018 cover of \"Paper\" magazine, Aguilera appeared bare-faced without makeup","id":"11787773"},{"contents":"Ms. Kelly: Diva Deluxe\n\n\nDaylight,\" I remember listening to [it] and I was like, 'Oh my god, this feels like a great day. Got the wind in your hair, just feels good.' That's what I loved about it the most.\" Commenting on her decision to work with Travis McCoy, she told \"Blues & Soul\". \"I figured me and Travis together would be an unusual tyepa duo. And I'm really happy I trusted my instincts. Because it turned out to be a really","id":"7209972"},{"contents":"Porcupine (album)\n\n\n\"Matthew and Son\". In 1984 McCulloch said, \"I think \"Porcupine\" was a classic autobiographical album, the most honest thing that I'd ever written or sung.\" Talking about how the album made him feel, he went on to say, \"I found the material from it really heavy to play – like, really oppressive. That's the only reason why I didn't like the album. The songs were great but it didn't make me happy.\" He also said, \"A","id":"19766190"},{"contents":"Domonic Jones\n\n\nHigh School in his home city of Richmond, Virginia. When deciding to attend college, staying close to home was a big reason for selection VCU. Jones said, \"To have my parents and close friends see me play is a big part of why I chose to play here. I really don't feel any pressure [to do well]; I've played in front of these people my whole life. I just go out and play my game.\" In his freshman season, Jones averaged 8.6 points and","id":"14316116"},{"contents":"Mal Evans\n\n\n: Paul [McCartney] is really cutting down on the Apple staff members. I was elevated to office boy [Evans was made MD of Apple, but very briefly] and I feel very hurt and sad inside—only big boys don't cry. Why I should feel hurt and reason for writing this is ego. ... I thought I was different from other people in my relationship with The Beatles and being loved by them and treated so nice, I felt like one of the family. Seems I fetch and carry","id":"6412591"},{"contents":"Adam Watts (musician)\n\n\nthe ears and sometimes for the eyes, but it's all unified. This recent music and art feels as close to my core as anything I've done in the past... when I listen or look, there's this mirror like effect... like it's reflecting what it's like to be inside my skin. It's funny because with this kind of process, I don't find myself thinking much about whether people like it or not... I hope they do, but I realize people will either get it or","id":"13715415"},{"contents":"The Man. The Music. The Show.\n\n\n. I’m going to dance like I’ve never danced before.\" and about the setlist, he told, \"If I hear the intro to a song and don’t get a tingle, then I take it out. For me, it has to feel like, “I can’t wait to sing this song.” Because if I don’t feel that, how can the audience feel excited about it?\" Warren Carlyle was signed as the creative director for the show, while Ashley Wallen choreographed the dancers","id":"15910715"},{"contents":"I Love You (The Neighbourhood album)\n\n\nis not always the easiest thing to do. I think for Jesse Rutherford lyrically, what I really like about him and about us as a band is that a lot of his lyrics aren't necessarily pre-ordained, because he's not trying to force it. A lot of his lyrics are off the top of his head when he first hears the song, because that makes it more natural, it's legitimately what he is thinking about and how he is feeling when he hears that song.\" Reception to \"","id":"375125"},{"contents":"Tommy (Klein EP)\n\n\nabout friendship. At the time I was watching \"The Sound of Music\" loads and I love musicals and the drama and exaggeration of saying things you want to say to your friend but just stretched out. Playing around with that and the tonalities of how something is supposed to sound, and then placing it a certain way, I guess that is why certain things do sound dark. But even if I’m feeling sad or whatever, I’ll make stuff from my own head and for me it feels warm because I","id":"18551068"},{"contents":"Britney: For the Record\n\n\nadded \"I think it's too in control, If I wasn't under the restraints I'm under, I'd feel so liberated. When I tell them the way I feel, it's like they hear but they're really not listening. I never wanted to become one of those prisoner people. I always wanted to feel free.\" The singer also commented on her feelings towards fans and her music style. \"It's weird because your music is a reflection of what you're going through,\" she","id":"15824945"},{"contents":"A Little More Personal (Raw)\n\n\nthe album in the country. \"I just found this out today - my album went gold there. It was a great feeling because it was very unexpected\", the singer revealed. \"I would love to (tour Taiwan). I haven't toured at all at this point, but I would really love to do that. It's a great feeling to know that people in other places and other countries are aware of my music and what I do\". The tour, however, didn't happen for","id":"359022"},{"contents":"Ikayukta Tunnillie\n\n\ndoesn't have enough food for the weekend or the week, that's when I draw – and also, when I feel like drawing, that's when I draw\". Selling drawings to the co-op was Tunnillie's only source of income. Tunnillie was very humble about her work, stating in the Dorset Annual Collection of 1980, \"Even though I can't really draw well, it's fortunate that they put my prints in a book like this – even through I can't draw like the others do","id":"5917938"},{"contents":"James Brown\n\n\nnow ... But it was necessary to teach pride then, and I think the song did a lot of good for a lot of people ... People called \"Black and Proud\" militant and angry – maybe because of the line about dying on your feet instead of living on your knees. But really, if you listen to it, it sounds like a children's song. That's why I had children in it, so children who heard it could grow up feeling pride ... The song cost me a lot of my","id":"15697208"},{"contents":"This Is What the Truth Feels Like\n\n\n. You have to try, at least. I was so embarrassed by just everything. I just didn't want to be that person that just went down after all of that. A lot of the time in the sessions, they weren't letting me write. They were giving me tracks and doing it all. I was like, Why am I here? Then I got the perfect combination of people to really support me and make me feel confident. It was an amazing awakening. I walked into the session and","id":"20846967"},{"contents":"Lynne Frederick\n\n\non her religious beliefs when she was asked about the progressive Roman Catholic priest's response to the Pope declaring premarital sex a sin. \"I really agree with the other priests that it should have never been issued. I think that does put the Church back; I really do. I can say it because I'm not particularly religious. But I think people who are religious, I hope they would feel that it's not a step forward. I think premarital sex is a good idea. I think the worst thing","id":"7982794"},{"contents":"Logic (rapper)\n\n\nmy first mixtape, I realized everything I put in my music — the hours, the lyricism, the time, the grind, pain, sweat, blood, tears — I get it back. I see it.\" He further commented, saying \"The thing is, I feel like so many artists, well, not really artists but so many people think they can rap and they just want a deal and the glitz and the glamour and the women, but they don't understand that all I do and want","id":"21288380"},{"contents":"Evanescence (Evanescence album)\n\n\nfans: \"I can really hear myself singing about my relationship with Evanescence and with the fans. There's always one big relationship on a record that I sing about the most. I feel like my big relationship on this album [is] with Evanescence itself, and with the fans. I think lyrically you're hearing a lot about a relationship, a struggle with a relationship or love in a relationship, and mostly I'm singing about that.\" For the album, the band was influenced by artists such as","id":"18892026"},{"contents":"The Only She Chapters\n\n\nnow that I think about it, it's like 'Damn, I easily could've called this something else and let be its own thing,' because I feel like I unintentionally alienated a lot of my fans that just wanted to hear what I normally do as Prefuse. That, for me, is my biggest regret about it. It's not that I regret the music, I just should have catalogued it differently.\" At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics,","id":"10462531"},{"contents":"World Gone Mad\n\n\n, you have to take the approach, 'If this is my last record, am I gonna be happy?' I think that's a really important thing. And if it comes down and there's a situation that I really feel it's important that we do another Suicidal record, I would have to talk to my family, 'cause it takes a lot of time and commitment [to do] that.\" \"World Gone Mad\" has received generally positive reviews from critics. Nik Young of \"Metal","id":"1410252"},{"contents":"How It Feels to Be Lost\n\n\n\" in a 2019 interview with \"Loudwire\". \"The year or two after touring that record, I had a really hard time going onstage and believing in the things I was saying. I didn’t feel like a legend. I didn’t feel like all those positive things that I was trying to push across to people. After \"Gossip\", we weren’t sure what we were going to do. We were talking about maybe doing a hiatus.” Quinn explained that his biggest regret was not taking a","id":"17596847"},{"contents":"Talk Talk\n\n\nthere and listening and really thinking about what it was about, I could get that in my eyes. But you cannot do it. It just feels stupid. It was depressing and I wish I'd never done it.\" During the making of \"Spirit of Eden\", Talk Talk manager Keith Aspden had attempted to free the band from their record contract with EMI. \"I knew by that time that EMI was not the company this band should be with\", Aspden said. \"I was fearful that","id":"21946981"},{"contents":"This Ain't Love\n\n\ntwist to it. There's no hurt in doing that and I think I have really come out of my shell with this record.\" In the chorus, Mauboy sings: \"This ain't love, I don't feel and nothing hurts. Cause this ain't love that I feel.\" Jessie Papain of \"The West Australian\" described \"This Ain't Love\" as \"synth-heavy\". Several music critics noted that the song's musical style was reminiscent of Rudimental, Disclosure and Ella Eyre.","id":"18894550"},{"contents":"Eve (rapper)\n\n\nseveral buzz singles before the official single and said the album will have 'hard street stuff', 'radio singles' and stuff to listen to 'when you're feeling down'. In an interview on Billboard.com Eve said: \"One of the biggest things that I wanted to do on this album was make people realize why they fell in love with me in the first place and then take them on a journey to where I am now musically. My ear is different but I think people will recognize me. I","id":"3262563"},{"contents":"Unbroken (Demi Lovato album)\n\n\nseventh best album of 2011. In a May 2013 interview with \"Billboard\" promoting her fourth studio album \"Demi\" (2013), Lovato herself has expressed mixed feelings about the album, stating: \"I don't know! I got sick of the songs. When I would play them onstage, I was just like, 'Oh my gosh, I can't play these anymore.' And I have to wonder, was that album really who I was? Was I just experimenting with sounds? I think","id":"6926099"},{"contents":"Assume Form\n\n\ndescribed \"Assume Form\"'s lead single \"Don't Miss It\" as \"sad boy music\", and explained that \"on this record, I'm just talking about how I feel now, and I will continue to write about how I feel, or sometimes I won't talk about how I feel, but I'll fucking damn well choose when I do and when I don't – without feeling like because I'm a man I shouldn't do that.\" In an interview with \"Exclaim!\"","id":"21038744"},{"contents":"My Krazy Life\n\n\nthe C to a B because it's where I'm from and it's also bringing something new. It's drawing more attention, you feel me? And it's, like, I'm not doing it to draw attention. I'm doing it to because that's really what I say and that's really where I'm from. I'm from Bompton...You gonna feel like you're from Bompton too when you're done listening to the album.\" In January 2012, YG changed the album's","id":"18411582"},{"contents":"Shotgun (George Ezra song)\n\n\n, trying to figure out their lives. I kind of felt like, 'Well, what I need to do is take myself away and see if I can make any more sense of (what I'm feeling). And I ended up going to Barcelona for a month, and I just stayed in one place instead of travelling around. It was lovely, and I think that's when I realized that it was like, an anxious feeling that I had.\" \"Shotgun\" is originally in the key of","id":"5584120"},{"contents":"Paris Hilton's My New BFF\n\n\ngiven the final word on the future of the franchise by stating; \"[Producers] call almost every single day, from every country around the world, wanting me to do \"BFF\" shows. Italy, Germany, Russia, Japan; I've been offered to do it everywhere. But I feel like I've really grown up and the show is something that was really fun, but I'm 30 years old now and I feel like I've moved on from that show.\" Hilton added that she is","id":"11121243"},{"contents":"Firdos Square statue destruction\n\n\ninfighting, corruption, killing, looting. Saddam has gone, but now in his place, we have 1,000 Saddams. I feel like Iraq has been stolen from us. Bush and Blair are definitely liars. They destroyed Iraq and took us back to zero and took us back to the Middle Ages or earlier. If I was a criminal I would kill them with my bare hands.\" He subsequently said \"when I go past that statue, I feel pain and shame. I ask myself, \"Why did I","id":"1967742"},{"contents":"This Is What the Truth Feels Like\n\n\ncollaborators knew she was in crisis because of her lyrics\". When asked in a \"GQ\" interview: \"Did you think this project was going to be a heartbreak album? It seems like a falling-in-love album. Was that a surprise?\" Stefani responded: You are right. I did not think anything. I wasn't thinking. I was feeling and I was dying. And then I was just like, You can't go down like this! You have to turn this into music","id":"20846966"},{"contents":"Sky Ferreira\n\n\ninto her home. In an interview with \"Rookie\", Ferreira said: \"I've never said anything [about this publicly] because I don't want it to define me, but I feel like it's appropriate to say something [here]. People feel like it defines you, and it doesn't. It's really unfortunate and disgusting and traumatizing, but it doesn't make you who you are.\" Ferreira dropped out of high school after completing her sophomore year. Ferreira began maintaining a Myspace profile","id":"5114159"},{"contents":"Carmen Electra\n\n\n. I guess I was trying to cling to whatever I had. I'd lost my mom and my sister; I didn't want to lose anyone else. We were married for about five months. When I started going through some really hard times with Dennis, I became addicted to feeling that pain instead of dealing with my feelings about my mom and sister. But at some point, I realized I had to stop blaming him. So I got out of my marriage and started reading a lot of self-help","id":"15627210"},{"contents":"Crimes of Passion (1984 film)\n\n\nbut actively encourages you to come up with your thoughts.\" Turner says she felt \"really good\" about the film \"because I feel that was really brave, and I was risking a lot there - in an acting sense. I was satisfied with that. I think that's some of my best work. I don't think the film is as good as it could have been, but I'm very proud of my work in it. Ken made me brave. Ken Russell. And my agent was encouraging","id":"20299618"},{"contents":"Melanie Lynskey\n\n\nonly thing I have to go on is my own instinct. So if a director gives me a note that doesn't feel like it's in line with my instinct, it's very hard for me to do something that sort of feels like a lie. So, I'll argue it, and I can get kind of feisty because I feel it in my body, I know what is right\". Asked by an interviewer in 2012 on how she felt about typically being cast—up to that point—as","id":"16530067"},{"contents":"Something Else (Tech N9ne album)\n\n\nsaying: \"I write music on an impulse; I write it as I feel it. If I was just writing bullshit songs trying to make a hit, yeah, I could give you a song six months in advance. Nigga, I'm doing my album in a month's time. I'm writing it...recording it, going to write another one, really feeling the music for some months and then go in the studio for like a month and a half and do it. Everybody don't work like","id":"6159184"},{"contents":"Private Duty Nurses\n\n\n, so that's what we did. Armitage heard about the band Sky, went to see them perform at a high school, and cast them in the film. Armitage says Corman left him alone for most of the film. He wanted us to do whatever we felt, what we were thinking of poetically, socially, culturally at the time. So I tried to look at it from a woman's point-of-view, adding my own feelings about what was going on. Corman and I got along very","id":"13783983"},{"contents":"Hypostatic model of personality\n\n\nshe loves me\" (feeling about the other's intended actions). Problem solution: My girlfriend wants to make up with me, \"and I think that's better for both of us\" (thinking about the other's intended actions). Problem definition: I love my girlfriend, \"and I always make her gifts\" (acting out feelings). Problem solution: I love my girlfriend, \"and I'm always gentle with her\" (expressing feelings). Problem definition: I can see in her","id":"22074688"},{"contents":"Red Mosquito\n\n\nfood. It was really, really bad. Looking back at it, it doesn't seem as intense as it was, but it was horrible. I just felt not human and looking back I should have got through that show somehow, and I think the fact that Neil [Young] was there made me feel like I could get off the hook in some way and I did go out for a few songs. I just didn't feel good about the whole thing, I felt swallowed up by the whole deal","id":"3097705"},{"contents":"Love in the Future\n\n\nand the talent that we have on the album is better than we’ve ever had. As far as producers, co-writers and people just helping shape the sound. I feel like Kanye’s leadership was great in helping to do that. I really feel good about it.\" The album's lead single \"Who Do We Think We Are\" featuring Rick Ross was released on March 25, 2013. On May 6, 2013, the music video was released for the single. The album's second single \"","id":"2610170"},{"contents":"Baby I'm Burning\n\n\n— \"I Really Got the Feeling\" — that caught on with country music fans. The song was a pop-styled ballad, written by Billy Vera, that bore no resemblance to the disco feel of \"Baby, I'm Burning.\" The subject matter of \"I Really Got the Feeling\" was about a woman who falls in love with a man at first sight, citing him as a virtuous individual. She plans to stay with him for the rest of her life, regardless of \"what my Daddy","id":"5677354"},{"contents":"Kat Bjelland\n\n\nknow, I really hate to talk about it because she's great now, but in my childhood she was very abusive,\" she said. \"It probably did help my creativity a lot [though]. I was always grounded. I hate to talk about it because I feel like she doesn't think that she did it, but she was [abusive] and it influenced my life quite a great deal.\" Bjelland became interested in music as a young child, and began listening to rock and roll records","id":"17499907"},{"contents":"Indya Moore\n\n\nthey are still subjected to the same \"surveillance and scrutiny\" as women, and to a desire to use fashion to take back that power: MOORE: I feel like that about fashion. I feel like that about us having the autonomy to express ourselves. I'm non-binary but I don't really talk about it that much. I don't feel like people really are there yet for understanding it, which I don't mind, but I also acknowledge the way people see me as a woman. And","id":"928176"},{"contents":"Father, Son, Holy Ghost (album)\n\n\nwas an insane amount of stuff.\" In a rare interview in the aftermath of Girls' breakup, White revealed that his relationship with Owens during the recording process was difficult, with the two barely on speaking terms. \"While we were making the album – he’s my best friend – but we weren’t talking, and I still don’t really know why. To me, I think maybe something happened that he feels uncomfortable talking about, but really, I’ll never know.\" White felt that from the","id":"6467999"},{"contents":"Everybody (Madonna song)\n\n\nlike I'm really out of shape right now, I don't like falling off horses, so I'm going to do one more song.\" On October 6, 2012, Madonna performed \"Everybody\" during The MDNA Tour in San Jose to celebrate the single's 30th anniversary. She said, \"Today is a very special day for me. It is the 30th anniversary of the release of my first-ever single. I remember the amazing feeling I had when I heard the song on the radio the first","id":"3141679"},{"contents":"The Naughtiest Girl is a Monitor\n\n\nfeel a bit guilty “I know she accused me wrongly of stealing, but she didn’t really play the fool in class; her behaviour was really the results of my tricks” thinks Julian. Elizabeth is summoned to William's office and she explains why she thought Julian was a thief. Julian is then summoned and says “Oh, I see. A lolly of Elizabeth’s fell out of my pocket, did it? And there was a marked coin in my pocket? So that’s why Elizabeth accused me of","id":"20782453"},{"contents":"2013 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\n\n\ncombination to earn 87.65 for his Parisian Walkways routine, 2.57 points in front of China's Yan Han who skated a technically flawless program. In the interview after the short program, Hanyu expressed his disappointment. \"I do not feel good about my performance. I think I missed the Lutz because my timing was a bit fast. I did not feel the pressure from being the national champion. I did not focus on winning or losing to Daisuke (Takahashi) or Takahito (Mura), and I was focusing on my","id":"7430539"},{"contents":"Distance (Christina Perri song)\n\n\nto him in a song. That's where I go.\" Perri also talked about the experience of working with Jason Mraz on the new version: \"When a song is born, there's one thing it's about or one feeling it gives for the artist. There's one feeling 'Distance' has given me which is stitched up on my heart, but I think it's always up for interpretation from the listener's perspective. Jason and I performed it together one time because we were doing a radio show","id":"6209861"},{"contents":"Tracey Ullman's Show\n\n\nat school. I watched her present the Olympics and she's incredible. She's really passionate when talking about horses, and she talks really fast... 'Beautiful filly, beautiful filly...' She never stops, you never feel uncomfortable with her, she knows how to talk to everybody. And I got this feeling that she was like, 'Oh, don't worry, I'll work the Christmas holidays, I can do that show, I'll work Boxing Day as well, nothing like the holidays.'","id":"15663302"},{"contents":"Keith Ellison\n\n\n\"I have been nervous about this interview with you, because what I feel like saying is, 'Sir, prove to me that you are not working with our enemies.' And I know you're not. I'm not accusing you of being an enemy, but that's the way I feel, and I think a lot of Americans will feel that way.\" Ellison replied that his constituents, \"know that I have a deep love and affection for my country. There's no one who's more","id":"13288107"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"R.O.S.E. (Jessie J album)\\n\\n\\nin the feeling. But to do that I had to be really strong; to know that I wasn't going to be able to be pushed and fall over. That's why it took me a long time. I don't feel that I've ever learned so much about myself at any other time in my life.\\\" After some time off working with DJ Camper, Jessie J became inspired to write again. \\\"[DJ Camper] put the \\\"Think About That\\\" beat on repeat before going outside for\",\n \"id\": \"502031\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"My Name Is My Name\\n\\n\\ndescribed the tape as street-oriented music intended for his longtime fans. \\\"Wrath of Caine is basically just me catering to my core. It's all about just street Hip Hop, street music\\\" he said. \\\"It's just something that I like to do. It's something that I feel like has no boundaries, no parameters. I can do what I really, really want to do…[my approach to the mixtape is] not about more of a creative [decision], I just think it\",\n \"id\": \"14928159\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Who You Really Are\\n\\n\\ntypes of determination...and I think all of our characters are reacting in very different ways to that, which is the whole point of doing it. When one of your best friends comes out as a superhero, how do you react to that? And just trying to find out, “Oh, my friend changed, they’re different, and how do I feel about that? And this is cool, but it’s scary, and I don’t know how I feel about that. And it’s wonderful,\",\n \"id\": \"13498702\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wrath of Caine\\n\\n\\nthat I feel like has no boundaries, no parameters. I can do what I really, really want to do…[my approach to the mixtape is] not about more of a creative [decision], I just think it's about more of what I want to hear for myself and what my fans want to hear. They want to hear lyrics, they want to hear street [music]…it's just the whole street life perspective.\\\" On January 27, 2013, during an interview with Miss Info,\",\n \"id\": \"3854239\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Twist in My Sobriety\\n\\n\\n's mostly about the particular relationship with the world one feels when entering adulthood. \\\"the song is really about not understanding - when you're 18, you've got a very particular emotional relationship with the world, you feel very isolated, and everybody else is so distant and cold. And I think I was singing about not feeling anything or not being moved by things around. I think this is a strong feeling when you're just after adolescence.\\\" Malcolm Messiter plays the oboe on the song, which is featured\",\n \"id\": \"16659641\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Who You Really Are\\n\\n\\nand why can’t I have that? Or, I don’t want that. Or, does Skye want that?” It just, to me, captures a whole bunch of questions, which is what we try to do.\\\" On the title of the episode, Bell said \\\"I think for all of us, “who you really are” is revealed in these kind of situations. Which side are you on, how do you feel about that, who do you stand with, how do you feel\",\n \"id\": \"13498703\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tinashe\\n\\n\\nto \\\"Billboard\\\" the meaning behind the title: \\\"I always had it in the back of my head, but it started to become more and more relevant to my current state of my career. With all this traveling I've done this past year and everything I've gone through, it just really feels like an adventure, a journey, a ride\\\", and when asked why she feels she isn't being heard she stated, \\\"I feel like I've been working really hard this year at developing a\",\n \"id\": \"1896365\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ambition (fragrance)\\n\\n\\nthe fragrance \\\"Ambition\\\". Sparks states \\\"I want to do it all, that's why Ambition is called what it is, because that's how I feel my life right now. I want to do everything, and I feel there is a lot of people out there like me that are just as ambitious... Right now, I feel like I can take on the world... Ambition is the perfect word for where I am in my life right now.\\\" When it came around to Sparks' creating her\",\n \"id\": \"8973164\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"She Won't Be Lonely Long\\n\\n\\n. I think that's my strength, recognizing songs that people really do like. Most of the time, it is the kind of song I personally gravitate to and genuinely like. Looking back, it's rare that I think a certain cut is a charter and it's not in reality.\\\" Walker also discussed recording \\\"Feels so Right\\\" by saying, \\\"I've loved that song for most of my life. When I was 12, my mom and I went and saw Alabama play, and when they\",\n \"id\": \"19103739\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Careless Years\\n\\n\\nand I liked it a lot, but I had reservations. And I thought, \\\"Do I tell him [the producer] about my reservations? Or do I pretend I really just love it? I don't want to lose the job,\\\" you know. And finally I went about it honestly and just told them just what my feelings were. And he said, \\\"Those are my feelings, and I'm doing a rewrite, just on those items\\\".\\\" Bosley Crowther of \\\"The New York\",\n \"id\": \"10108819\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sticks and Stones (Nicola Roberts song)\\n\\n\\nothers and it also shows us that people now have a place for expression. Whether it be twitter or blog posts it gives people a place to offload. Whenever I have bought somebody's record I always flick through and search for the ones that I really relate to at that time, they become my favourites, I play that song to death and then the rest of the album gets its chance. Music is there to milk an emotion I think. Whether it be a party track when you want to feel sky high\",\n \"id\": \"18689684\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ricky Martin\\n\\n\\nFebruary 2015. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album, making this Martin's second Grammy win to date. In October 2014, he released his album Life. He commented on the album: \\\"I was really in touch with my emotions. I think this album is very multi-layered, just like life is. It's about feeling anger. It's about feeling joy. It's about feeling uncertainty. It's about feeling. And all my emotions are part of this production.\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"4550053\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Amarte Es un Placer (album)\\n\\n\\nthe tracks' composition: \\\"Here something special was done, probably because I had more time to write a few things,\\\" he added. When asked why he opted not to record an English-language album as other Latin acts such as Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin had successfully done, Miguel replied: \\\"I think that Spanish is a good language. I like my language and I really feel proud of it. I'm not saying that I won't do it in the future, sing in English, I\",\n \"id\": \"6207740\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"What Separates Me from You\\n\\n\\nnowhere.\\\" McKinnon said the song is a \\\"more personal song [...] It discusses how the choices I've made to put my best foot forward in my career, in a sense, have really done damage to my personal life.\\\" Both \\\"You Be Tails, I'll Be Sonic\\\" and \\\"Out of Time\\\" talk about \\\"how I feel like I'm doing what I want with my life, but I think, \\\"Wow, I just did something that really affected me.\\\"\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"20334337\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Infinity on High\\n\\n\\nwhere we're going to be a year from now, and this is what you're going to be saying about us.' But this time, we realized that a lot of bands should spend less time running their mouths and more time writing their songs.\\\" In 2013, Wentz reflected, \\\"on a record like \\\"Infinity on High\\\", I feel like I tried really hard to explain my perspective – and when I look back on it in hindsight I think it’s an extremely unrelatable record. Critics felt\",\n \"id\": \"6459811\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Bracewell\\n\\n\\nAustralia and from other territories really keen to see it. We didn't do a red carpet, we just did a friends and family screening on the eve of its release. I even bought drinks at my own premiere! It's generated warmth but I think – are we allowed to say things like it's a peculiarly British film? It feels different? It's a little bit quirky? It's got an intentional DIY feel to it? It's meant to be like that. I think maybe that's something\",\n \"id\": \"8088516\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Heart Attack (Demi Lovato song)\\n\\n\\ndescribed the song, said: \\\"It's about me being really scared to fall in love again after being rejected, after feeling so fragile and vulnerable all the time — thinking, I don't know if I can do this ever again!\\\" Lovato told on MTV, about the song's lyrical address to \\\"falling in love and taking that risk\\\". But, she's terrified and, by 'she,' I mean me. But, I think everyone comes to a point where they feel very vulnerable\",\n \"id\": \"6822687\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mikhail Baryshnikov\\n\\n\\nAmerican, he said, \\\"I like to think like I'm a man of the world. I feel totally Parisian in Paris. Totally Parisian. I have my place here, a lot of close friends and collaborators here, whom I can really feel like I can talk serious business with them. Human business, not 'business' business. Paris was always the dream of my childhood. We grew up on French art, like all Russians. America, United States, North America - it's a new country\",\n \"id\": \"1945479\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nightingale (Demi Lovato song)\\n\\n\\n\\\"Nightingale is definitely a personal song. It’s about one of my friends, actually, that passed away when we were thirteen. I feel like, sometimes I literally, I know when he’s in the room with me. And, I just have a really strong connection to him. I feel like he’s my nightingale.\\\" In other words, she feels like her friend is her guardian angel. The song is entirely dedicated to her friend Trenton Stout, who hanged himself at the age of thirteen.\",\n \"id\": \"13855758\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Maria Connor\\n\\n\\n. She also confirmed that she had signed another contract that would keep her in the show til September 2013. Ghadie revealed that it does not feel like she has been on the show for 12 years: \\\"I'm 30 in July so it's quite scary, really! I was 17 when I joined so it just feels like my life is going really quickly! When I first joined, I was on a three-month contract. I thought I'd do my three months and then I'd be off.\",\n \"id\": \"8754786\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Outshined\\n\\n\\ninterview, Cornell said, \\\"I've never really been biographical in my lyrics, so when I wrote a line like 'I'm looking California and feeling Minnesota' from 'Outshined', it just felt refreshing.\\\" Cornell on the song: I don't know how everyone else feels ... but I definitely go through periods of extreme self-confidence, feeling like I can do anything. Perhaps a fan will sense that, like in a performance, and the hero image creeps out. But then someone will say\",\n \"id\": \"11427212\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Never or Now\\n\\n\\nin Norway 2003, Scott-lee spoke about the album's planned release, \\\"My new album is called \\\"Unleashed\\\" and it's coming out in July, in the UK and also here in the Netherlands and as I said I've been writing it for over a year so I've taken my time and I've wrote about 40 tracks and I picked the best 12 to put on the album so I feel proud I feel like I've done a good job and I think it's a really good album\",\n \"id\": \"14472337\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chris Barnes (musician)\\n\\n\\n-written story with something that just looks really direct.\\\" \\\"I never was one for fashion or trying to impress people. I just wanted to do the best I could and feel good about what I do and be proud of the time that I put into my art and that's how I feel about it. When it stops becoming fun for me and when it starts becoming upsetting to see where it goes is the day that I just put it aside and let my bodies of works speak for me. Hopefully\",\n \"id\": \"3885380\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gregory Corso\\n\\n\\nall the preliminaries and she going just so far and I understanding why not getting angry saying You must feel! It's beautiful to feel! Instead take her in my arms lean against an old crooked tombstone and woo her the entire night the constellations in the sky— When she introduces me to her parents back straightened, hair finally combed, strangled by a tie, should I sit knees together on their 3rd degree sofa and not ask Where's the bathroom? How else to feel other than I am, often thinking Flash\",\n \"id\": \"6547811\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Relapse (Eminem album)\\n\\n\\ntime to be able to figure out things. I wanted to be able to make my songs feel like something again. I know a lot of stuff on \\\"Relapse\\\" was comical and funny punchline jokes, but a lot of the songs didn't really feel like anything. I had to go back and listen to some of my older music to try to figure out what I was doing wrong. Once I felt like I figured that out, I started making songs that felt like something again.\\\" About the accents\",\n \"id\": \"14485625\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Poo Bear Presents Bearthday Music\\n\\n\\nThe album's pre-sale began on April 6, 2018. When asked in an interview with Idolator on why he decided to release the project now, Poo Bear said \\\"I just feel like now is the right time. I feel like my name is a little bit more familiar than it was before. You know, my music won't get lost as fast. I know that a lot of people still don't know who I am, but I just feel like I'm in a better place right now\",\n \"id\": \"11080946\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dark Horse (Twista album)\\n\\n\\n, he spoke about where the album fits in with what he's done in the past, saying, \\\"I think it fits in perfectly. I look at it as a continuum, or a protocol. Everybody looks forward to hearing what the Twista’s next album will sound like, in the hopes that it sounds like the original material they’ve heard. And I feel like you can always do different projects and venture out, but I definitely feel like when I go down my lane to give them the next Twista\",\n \"id\": \"5764694\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Red Letter Year\\n\\n\\nRed Letter Year is the 16th studio album by singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco, released on September 30, 2008. Says DiFranco about the album: “When I listen to my new record, I hear a very relaxed me, which I think has been absent in a lot of my recorded canon. Now I feel like I’m in a really good place. My partner Mike Napolitano co-produced this record – my guitar and voice have never sounded better, and that’s because of him. I’ve got this\",\n \"id\": \"20106588\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Dreamer/The Believer\\n\\n\\nI sold this many.' It's stuff that made you feel something, it's stuff that you can use that inspired your life. I think about hip-hop like Brand Nubian and KRS-One and N.W.A and Rakim, that stuff inspired my life. Those things really shaped who I am.\\\" The Target Exclusive Edition comes with two additional tracks. The second single off the album was \\\"Blue Sky\\\" which was officially made available on iTunes October 7, 2011. The song samples \\\"Mr. Blue Sky\",\n \"id\": \"12208930\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dear Mama\\n\\n\\nsong like Don McLean's \\\"Vincent,\\\" that one about Van Gogh. The lyric on that song is so touching. That's how I want to make my songs feel. Take \\\"Dear Mama\\\" — I aimed that one straight for my homies' heartstrings.\\\" When questioned on possible misogyny in his lyrics, Shakur defended his music, noting that he worked in the studio with women and played his songs for women pre-release, remarking, \\\"Why do you think I wrote 'Dear Mama'?\",\n \"id\": \"13735891\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chris Cornell\\n\\n\\nto not only imagine what it feels like to not be there, but try to remind myself that I could just wake up the next day and it could be gone because that happens, and not to worry about it. And at the same time, when I'm feeling great, I remember the depression and think about the differences in what I'm feeling and why I would feel that way, and not be reactionary one way or the other. You just have to realize that these are patterns of life and you\",\n \"id\": \"5177445\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chanel ready-to-wear collection\\n\\n\\nI really, really loved the layering, the colors, the tweed—I wanted so many pieces right away… Everything was brilliant. I think was very me. I feel like I could wear everything in the collection.\\\" \\\"We saw the punk girl. I think I saw the sophisticated, the very young teenagers—they were all there, it feels like a brand that you can wear throughout any age,\\\" noted Alicia Vikander. \\\"I think that's one of the most extraordinary things about Karl,\",\n \"id\": \"6500708\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Normal People Scare Me\\n\\n\\n.\\\" An autistic woman tells Cross \\\"Yes, I do. Because why should I not--why should I feel bad about something I can't really change? I might as well look at the good things about it.\\\" Another boy says to Cross \\\"I don't like being autistic\\\", and when Cross asks why, the boy responds: \\\"Because it's hard for me to have changes and all the other stuff.\\\" A woman states to Cross of her experiences with autism: \\\"I cry\",\n \"id\": \"18204456\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lalah Hathaway\\n\\n\\nsound. She has stated, \\\"I am his daughter and that's the truth of who I am, every day. When I was 15, and then, 20, I didn't get why people were asking me how I felt about him and his music. But when I turned 25, I began to understand. Like my father, I want to leave a legacy of music that makes people really feel something, whether it be happiness, sadness, grief or heartache. I also want them to appreciate my\",\n \"id\": \"6997279\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The New Classic\\n\\n\\nam and tell my story because I feel like I have a really interesting story and a lot of people don't know that because a lot of people don't see the interviews and I would like to put it in my music that I've been waiting for the right time for something that I feel like people will hear in the right platform and I think it will be this album so the near future will just be trying to tell my story in that album next year.\\\" In an interview with \\\"Billboard\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"12484650\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film)\\n\\n\\nTykwer said, \\\"I feel like I understand very much about the structure and the motivations of the characters when I'm writing the script, but I really do understand the atmosphere and the emotional and the more abstract part of the film when I'm investigating the music, and when I'm planning the music for it. ... When I then come to the shooting, having worked for three years on the music and three years on the script, I really feel like I know exactly the two worlds and how to combine\",\n \"id\": \"11701142\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Love Streams (film)\\n\\n\\nJapanese film director Shinji Aoyama listed \\\"Love Streams\\\" as one of the Greatest Films of All Time in 2012. He said, \\\"When I think about Cassavetes, I always feel happy. I feel glad that I like movies. I'm sure I will always feel this way until the day I die, and I intend to feel this way too. At the end of \\\"Love Streams\\\", Cassavetes smiles as he sees the dog next to him, which turned into a naked man. I live my life\",\n \"id\": \"18995865\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wishmaster 2: Evil Never Dies\\n\\n\\nthe film: \\\"That's one that I have very mixed feelings about because there are parts of it that I really like, but I think, all in all, it's a little dumb. To tell you the truth, I haven't seen it since I, uh, made it. When I was making it, I thought it was good. I thought a lot of it was kind of funny or clever. I definitely feel it has merit. From what I can gather, it's one of\",\n \"id\": \"2828942\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Harold Budd\\n\\n\\nno longer felt that way. \\\"It was a time in my life when things weren't just falling together for me, and I thought that I was just going to let it all slide ... and I was sincere about it but if I had been more conscious of my real feelings and had explored my inner sanctum more I would've seen that it was a preposterous thing to do ... I was dreadfully lonely; I was living alone in the desert and had been for too long, really, and I felt that\",\n \"id\": \"452591\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Téa Delgado\\n\\n\\n, \\\"There are many times when I think I didn't get a scene. When you don't feel anything, it's frustrating. I'm less hard on myself because I realize how difficult what we do is. But, as an actor, you hope that you go in there and get caught up in the moment. I think, self-indulgently, that's why we become actors in the first place — to feel things.\\\" \\\"One Life to Live\\\" viewers originally resisted Todd being paired with\",\n \"id\": \"10922589\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jeanne Liotta\\n\\n\\n-time recordings of the sky. She also produced a series of short films entitled \\\"Science's 10 Most Beautiful Experiments\\\". She has said: \\\"Each person has the responsibility or opportunity as a human being to discover what their world is made of and what they think about it - to observe and take notes and reflect upon - that's our jobs as human beings somehow, that's what I feel like I'm doing when I make things. It's just my thinking.\\\" The artist's films have\",\n \"id\": \"17509133\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shift 2: Unleashed\\n\\n\\nexperience of what the game is. I don't want the game to feel like I have a career and then I can go online to compete with my friends, I want it to feel like one whole. Autolog really weaves everything together into one compelling package. If you race this game and you beat people on your friends list, that's going to give you more XP to propel you in your career.\\\" Marcus Nilsson, the executive producer of \\\"Shift 2: Unleashed\\\", said this about why they\",\n \"id\": \"9898406\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Evelyn Sharp (suffragist)\\n\\n\\n. I have really been very unhappy about it and feel I have no right to thwart you, much as I should regret feeling that you were undergoing those terrible hardships. It has caused you as much pain as it has me, and I feel I can no longer think of my own feelings. I cannot write more, but you will be happy now, won't you. (Jane Sharp, letter to her daughter (November, 1911) Evelyn immediately became active in the militant campaign, and later that\",\n \"id\": \"16398995\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Javon Ringer\\n\\n\\nwas faster than the fastest time at the NFL combine. Ringer said of the workout, \\\"I think I did pretty well, especially coming back from my knee injury. I'm still not 100 percent, probably around 85 or 90. This is basically another big stepping stone from what I did at the combine. Now that I was able to do some training, I felt like my change of direction was superb. I feel like I did really well in the shuttle and in the three-cone drill.\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"11053487\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Agápē (mixtape)\\n\\n\\nI know it will be OK. I believe in myself\\\" she sings, referring to her constant label troubles. JoJo states \\\"It's kind of about me moving from South Boston to Los Angeles and my decision to do that. Feeling like I needed a place to explore and grow.\\\" She goes on further in another interview stating \\\"It's the mission statement for what we were going to expand upon, and I was touching on the feeling like you don't belong anywhere but you still feel like you're\",\n \"id\": \"10462226\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Somersault (Beach Fossils album)\\n\\n\\ninto great detail about how the song came to be. “It’s a lot about myself, I guess. It’s about me facing depression head on. I was trying to work on music and I was feeling so fucking low. Just like, in the dirt. I couldn’t get anything to happen. My creativity was completely zapped. I was kind of breaking down. I hadn’t really been sleeping. I started working on this song, and I really liked how it was feeling. I put lyrics\",\n \"id\": \"15177129\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Aparna Kumar\\n\\n\\never, aptly describes the journey to the Everest. \\\"When I rest I feel utterly lifeless except that my throat burns when I draw breath...I can scarcely go on. No despair, no happiness, no anxiety. I have not lost the mastery of my feelings, there are actually no more feelings. I consist only of will. After each few meters this too fizzles out in unending tiredness. Then I think nothing. I let myself fall, just lie there. For an indefinite time I remain completely irresolute\",\n \"id\": \"13681979\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Commonwealth (Patchett novel)\\n\\n\\nhad this great imagination. But the wonderful thing about publishing this book at 52 is that I know that I am capable of working from a place of deep imagination. Now I just feel like I own every part of myself and my life and my imagination and the rocky terrain of my own brain, and that feels really good.” Patchett frankly used her own memories in writing this novel and in it she raises the question of whether writing fiction based on real events and people is inherently exploitative.The famous novelist in\",\n \"id\": \"13228735\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Dreamer/The Believer\\n\\n\\ncan really generate good spirit, the spirit of the music and just good energy. I'm excited about the album 'The Dreamer, The Believer'. I feel blessed that I got to work with No I.D. I'm enthused to do hip-hop, which is something that I have to do when I feel it. It's the spirit and energy of hip-hop that made you just enjoy it and love the music and not feel like, 'Man, is this gonna sell?' or '\",\n \"id\": \"12208929\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Blackout (Britney Spears album)\\n\\n\\nand that I have all these imperfections. [...] I think what's touching about it is that it's from the perspective of someone who feels like they really need this person just to feel safe and feel good.\\\" Spears named the song her favorite from \\\"Blackout\\\". The sixth track, \\\"Get Naked (I Got a Plan)\\\" is an uptempo song about sex. It is a duet between Spears and Danja, who sings the chorus with his voice distorted to sound like a decaying moan.\",\n \"id\": \"16129943\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jennifer Connelly\\n\\n\\nto previous roles, Connelly said: There was a period where I felt like I wasn't quite being considered for the projects that I wanted to work on because maybe people were thinking. 'I'm not going to cast the girl who was in that movie for this adult project.' I've felt for a long time that this is what I want to do so I'm happy at this point to just take my time and work on projects that I feel really strongly about and the rest of the time just\",\n \"id\": \"15683613\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Liberation (Christina Aguilera album)\\n\\n\\n.\\\" About the title of the album Aguilera explained, \\\"I wanted to have a title that meant freeing myself from anything that wasn't my truth. That's a constant I think in everyone's life: every time you feel stifled in a current situation where you feel you're not quite yourself or being bogged down by other people's opinions. Or when you feel like you're stuck in a stagnant place.\\\" On the May 2018 cover of \\\"Paper\\\" magazine, Aguilera appeared bare-faced without makeup\",\n \"id\": \"11787773\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ms. Kelly: Diva Deluxe\\n\\n\\nDaylight,\\\" I remember listening to [it] and I was like, 'Oh my god, this feels like a great day. Got the wind in your hair, just feels good.' That's what I loved about it the most.\\\" Commenting on her decision to work with Travis McCoy, she told \\\"Blues & Soul\\\". \\\"I figured me and Travis together would be an unusual tyepa duo. And I'm really happy I trusted my instincts. Because it turned out to be a really\",\n \"id\": \"7209972\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Porcupine (album)\\n\\n\\n\\\"Matthew and Son\\\". In 1984 McCulloch said, \\\"I think \\\"Porcupine\\\" was a classic autobiographical album, the most honest thing that I'd ever written or sung.\\\" Talking about how the album made him feel, he went on to say, \\\"I found the material from it really heavy to play – like, really oppressive. That's the only reason why I didn't like the album. The songs were great but it didn't make me happy.\\\" He also said, \\\"A\",\n \"id\": \"19766190\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Domonic Jones\\n\\n\\nHigh School in his home city of Richmond, Virginia. When deciding to attend college, staying close to home was a big reason for selection VCU. Jones said, \\\"To have my parents and close friends see me play is a big part of why I chose to play here. I really don't feel any pressure [to do well]; I've played in front of these people my whole life. I just go out and play my game.\\\" In his freshman season, Jones averaged 8.6 points and\",\n \"id\": \"14316116\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mal Evans\\n\\n\\n: Paul [McCartney] is really cutting down on the Apple staff members. I was elevated to office boy [Evans was made MD of Apple, but very briefly] and I feel very hurt and sad inside—only big boys don't cry. Why I should feel hurt and reason for writing this is ego. ... I thought I was different from other people in my relationship with The Beatles and being loved by them and treated so nice, I felt like one of the family. Seems I fetch and carry\",\n \"id\": \"6412591\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Adam Watts (musician)\\n\\n\\nthe ears and sometimes for the eyes, but it's all unified. This recent music and art feels as close to my core as anything I've done in the past... when I listen or look, there's this mirror like effect... like it's reflecting what it's like to be inside my skin. It's funny because with this kind of process, I don't find myself thinking much about whether people like it or not... I hope they do, but I realize people will either get it or\",\n \"id\": \"13715415\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Man. The Music. The Show.\\n\\n\\n. I’m going to dance like I’ve never danced before.\\\" and about the setlist, he told, \\\"If I hear the intro to a song and don’t get a tingle, then I take it out. For me, it has to feel like, “I can’t wait to sing this song.” Because if I don’t feel that, how can the audience feel excited about it?\\\" Warren Carlyle was signed as the creative director for the show, while Ashley Wallen choreographed the dancers\",\n \"id\": \"15910715\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"I Love You (The Neighbourhood album)\\n\\n\\nis not always the easiest thing to do. I think for Jesse Rutherford lyrically, what I really like about him and about us as a band is that a lot of his lyrics aren't necessarily pre-ordained, because he's not trying to force it. A lot of his lyrics are off the top of his head when he first hears the song, because that makes it more natural, it's legitimately what he is thinking about and how he is feeling when he hears that song.\\\" Reception to \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"375125\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tommy (Klein EP)\\n\\n\\nabout friendship. At the time I was watching \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" loads and I love musicals and the drama and exaggeration of saying things you want to say to your friend but just stretched out. Playing around with that and the tonalities of how something is supposed to sound, and then placing it a certain way, I guess that is why certain things do sound dark. But even if I’m feeling sad or whatever, I’ll make stuff from my own head and for me it feels warm because I\",\n \"id\": \"18551068\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Britney: For the Record\\n\\n\\nadded \\\"I think it's too in control, If I wasn't under the restraints I'm under, I'd feel so liberated. When I tell them the way I feel, it's like they hear but they're really not listening. I never wanted to become one of those prisoner people. I always wanted to feel free.\\\" The singer also commented on her feelings towards fans and her music style. \\\"It's weird because your music is a reflection of what you're going through,\\\" she\",\n \"id\": \"15824945\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"A Little More Personal (Raw)\\n\\n\\nthe album in the country. \\\"I just found this out today - my album went gold there. It was a great feeling because it was very unexpected\\\", the singer revealed. \\\"I would love to (tour Taiwan). I haven't toured at all at this point, but I would really love to do that. It's a great feeling to know that people in other places and other countries are aware of my music and what I do\\\". The tour, however, didn't happen for\",\n \"id\": \"359022\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ikayukta Tunnillie\\n\\n\\ndoesn't have enough food for the weekend or the week, that's when I draw – and also, when I feel like drawing, that's when I draw\\\". Selling drawings to the co-op was Tunnillie's only source of income. Tunnillie was very humble about her work, stating in the Dorset Annual Collection of 1980, \\\"Even though I can't really draw well, it's fortunate that they put my prints in a book like this – even through I can't draw like the others do\",\n \"id\": \"5917938\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"James Brown\\n\\n\\nnow ... But it was necessary to teach pride then, and I think the song did a lot of good for a lot of people ... People called \\\"Black and Proud\\\" militant and angry – maybe because of the line about dying on your feet instead of living on your knees. But really, if you listen to it, it sounds like a children's song. That's why I had children in it, so children who heard it could grow up feeling pride ... The song cost me a lot of my\",\n \"id\": \"15697208\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"This Is What the Truth Feels Like\\n\\n\\n. You have to try, at least. I was so embarrassed by just everything. I just didn't want to be that person that just went down after all of that. A lot of the time in the sessions, they weren't letting me write. They were giving me tracks and doing it all. I was like, Why am I here? Then I got the perfect combination of people to really support me and make me feel confident. It was an amazing awakening. I walked into the session and\",\n \"id\": \"20846967\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lynne Frederick\\n\\n\\non her religious beliefs when she was asked about the progressive Roman Catholic priest's response to the Pope declaring premarital sex a sin. \\\"I really agree with the other priests that it should have never been issued. I think that does put the Church back; I really do. I can say it because I'm not particularly religious. But I think people who are religious, I hope they would feel that it's not a step forward. I think premarital sex is a good idea. I think the worst thing\",\n \"id\": \"7982794\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Logic (rapper)\\n\\n\\nmy first mixtape, I realized everything I put in my music — the hours, the lyricism, the time, the grind, pain, sweat, blood, tears — I get it back. I see it.\\\" He further commented, saying \\\"The thing is, I feel like so many artists, well, not really artists but so many people think they can rap and they just want a deal and the glitz and the glamour and the women, but they don't understand that all I do and want\",\n \"id\": \"21288380\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Evanescence (Evanescence album)\\n\\n\\nfans: \\\"I can really hear myself singing about my relationship with Evanescence and with the fans. There's always one big relationship on a record that I sing about the most. I feel like my big relationship on this album [is] with Evanescence itself, and with the fans. I think lyrically you're hearing a lot about a relationship, a struggle with a relationship or love in a relationship, and mostly I'm singing about that.\\\" For the album, the band was influenced by artists such as\",\n \"id\": \"18892026\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Only She Chapters\\n\\n\\nnow that I think about it, it's like 'Damn, I easily could've called this something else and let be its own thing,' because I feel like I unintentionally alienated a lot of my fans that just wanted to hear what I normally do as Prefuse. That, for me, is my biggest regret about it. It's not that I regret the music, I just should have catalogued it differently.\\\" At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics,\",\n \"id\": \"10462531\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"World Gone Mad\\n\\n\\n, you have to take the approach, 'If this is my last record, am I gonna be happy?' I think that's a really important thing. And if it comes down and there's a situation that I really feel it's important that we do another Suicidal record, I would have to talk to my family, 'cause it takes a lot of time and commitment [to do] that.\\\" \\\"World Gone Mad\\\" has received generally positive reviews from critics. Nik Young of \\\"Metal\",\n \"id\": \"1410252\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How It Feels to Be Lost\\n\\n\\n\\\" in a 2019 interview with \\\"Loudwire\\\". \\\"The year or two after touring that record, I had a really hard time going onstage and believing in the things I was saying. I didn’t feel like a legend. I didn’t feel like all those positive things that I was trying to push across to people. After \\\"Gossip\\\", we weren’t sure what we were going to do. We were talking about maybe doing a hiatus.” Quinn explained that his biggest regret was not taking a\",\n \"id\": \"17596847\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Talk Talk\\n\\n\\nthere and listening and really thinking about what it was about, I could get that in my eyes. But you cannot do it. It just feels stupid. It was depressing and I wish I'd never done it.\\\" During the making of \\\"Spirit of Eden\\\", Talk Talk manager Keith Aspden had attempted to free the band from their record contract with EMI. \\\"I knew by that time that EMI was not the company this band should be with\\\", Aspden said. \\\"I was fearful that\",\n \"id\": \"21946981\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"This Ain't Love\\n\\n\\ntwist to it. There's no hurt in doing that and I think I have really come out of my shell with this record.\\\" In the chorus, Mauboy sings: \\\"This ain't love, I don't feel and nothing hurts. Cause this ain't love that I feel.\\\" Jessie Papain of \\\"The West Australian\\\" described \\\"This Ain't Love\\\" as \\\"synth-heavy\\\". Several music critics noted that the song's musical style was reminiscent of Rudimental, Disclosure and Ella Eyre.\",\n \"id\": \"18894550\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eve (rapper)\\n\\n\\nseveral buzz singles before the official single and said the album will have 'hard street stuff', 'radio singles' and stuff to listen to 'when you're feeling down'. In an interview on Billboard.com Eve said: \\\"One of the biggest things that I wanted to do on this album was make people realize why they fell in love with me in the first place and then take them on a journey to where I am now musically. My ear is different but I think people will recognize me. I\",\n \"id\": \"3262563\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Unbroken (Demi Lovato album)\\n\\n\\nseventh best album of 2011. In a May 2013 interview with \\\"Billboard\\\" promoting her fourth studio album \\\"Demi\\\" (2013), Lovato herself has expressed mixed feelings about the album, stating: \\\"I don't know! I got sick of the songs. When I would play them onstage, I was just like, 'Oh my gosh, I can't play these anymore.' And I have to wonder, was that album really who I was? Was I just experimenting with sounds? I think\",\n \"id\": \"6926099\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Assume Form\\n\\n\\ndescribed \\\"Assume Form\\\"'s lead single \\\"Don't Miss It\\\" as \\\"sad boy music\\\", and explained that \\\"on this record, I'm just talking about how I feel now, and I will continue to write about how I feel, or sometimes I won't talk about how I feel, but I'll fucking damn well choose when I do and when I don't – without feeling like because I'm a man I shouldn't do that.\\\" In an interview with \\\"Exclaim!\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"21038744\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"My Krazy Life\\n\\n\\nthe C to a B because it's where I'm from and it's also bringing something new. It's drawing more attention, you feel me? And it's, like, I'm not doing it to draw attention. I'm doing it to because that's really what I say and that's really where I'm from. I'm from Bompton...You gonna feel like you're from Bompton too when you're done listening to the album.\\\" In January 2012, YG changed the album's\",\n \"id\": \"18411582\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shotgun (George Ezra song)\\n\\n\\n, trying to figure out their lives. I kind of felt like, 'Well, what I need to do is take myself away and see if I can make any more sense of (what I'm feeling). And I ended up going to Barcelona for a month, and I just stayed in one place instead of travelling around. It was lovely, and I think that's when I realized that it was like, an anxious feeling that I had.\\\" \\\"Shotgun\\\" is originally in the key of\",\n \"id\": \"5584120\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Paris Hilton's My New BFF\\n\\n\\ngiven the final word on the future of the franchise by stating; \\\"[Producers] call almost every single day, from every country around the world, wanting me to do \\\"BFF\\\" shows. Italy, Germany, Russia, Japan; I've been offered to do it everywhere. But I feel like I've really grown up and the show is something that was really fun, but I'm 30 years old now and I feel like I've moved on from that show.\\\" Hilton added that she is\",\n \"id\": \"11121243\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Firdos Square statue destruction\\n\\n\\ninfighting, corruption, killing, looting. Saddam has gone, but now in his place, we have 1,000 Saddams. I feel like Iraq has been stolen from us. Bush and Blair are definitely liars. They destroyed Iraq and took us back to zero and took us back to the Middle Ages or earlier. If I was a criminal I would kill them with my bare hands.\\\" He subsequently said \\\"when I go past that statue, I feel pain and shame. I ask myself, \\\"Why did I\",\n \"id\": \"1967742\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"This Is What the Truth Feels Like\\n\\n\\ncollaborators knew she was in crisis because of her lyrics\\\". When asked in a \\\"GQ\\\" interview: \\\"Did you think this project was going to be a heartbreak album? It seems like a falling-in-love album. Was that a surprise?\\\" Stefani responded: You are right. I did not think anything. I wasn't thinking. I was feeling and I was dying. And then I was just like, You can't go down like this! You have to turn this into music\",\n \"id\": \"20846966\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sky Ferreira\\n\\n\\ninto her home. In an interview with \\\"Rookie\\\", Ferreira said: \\\"I've never said anything [about this publicly] because I don't want it to define me, but I feel like it's appropriate to say something [here]. People feel like it defines you, and it doesn't. It's really unfortunate and disgusting and traumatizing, but it doesn't make you who you are.\\\" Ferreira dropped out of high school after completing her sophomore year. Ferreira began maintaining a Myspace profile\",\n \"id\": \"5114159\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Carmen Electra\\n\\n\\n. I guess I was trying to cling to whatever I had. I'd lost my mom and my sister; I didn't want to lose anyone else. We were married for about five months. When I started going through some really hard times with Dennis, I became addicted to feeling that pain instead of dealing with my feelings about my mom and sister. But at some point, I realized I had to stop blaming him. So I got out of my marriage and started reading a lot of self-help\",\n \"id\": \"15627210\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Crimes of Passion (1984 film)\\n\\n\\nbut actively encourages you to come up with your thoughts.\\\" Turner says she felt \\\"really good\\\" about the film \\\"because I feel that was really brave, and I was risking a lot there - in an acting sense. I was satisfied with that. I think that's some of my best work. I don't think the film is as good as it could have been, but I'm very proud of my work in it. Ken made me brave. Ken Russell. And my agent was encouraging\",\n \"id\": \"20299618\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Melanie Lynskey\\n\\n\\nonly thing I have to go on is my own instinct. So if a director gives me a note that doesn't feel like it's in line with my instinct, it's very hard for me to do something that sort of feels like a lie. So, I'll argue it, and I can get kind of feisty because I feel it in my body, I know what is right\\\". Asked by an interviewer in 2012 on how she felt about typically being cast—up to that point—as\",\n \"id\": \"16530067\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Something Else (Tech N9ne album)\\n\\n\\nsaying: \\\"I write music on an impulse; I write it as I feel it. If I was just writing bullshit songs trying to make a hit, yeah, I could give you a song six months in advance. Nigga, I'm doing my album in a month's time. I'm writing it...recording it, going to write another one, really feeling the music for some months and then go in the studio for like a month and a half and do it. Everybody don't work like\",\n \"id\": \"6159184\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Private Duty Nurses\\n\\n\\n, so that's what we did. Armitage heard about the band Sky, went to see them perform at a high school, and cast them in the film. Armitage says Corman left him alone for most of the film. He wanted us to do whatever we felt, what we were thinking of poetically, socially, culturally at the time. So I tried to look at it from a woman's point-of-view, adding my own feelings about what was going on. Corman and I got along very\",\n \"id\": \"13783983\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hypostatic model of personality\\n\\n\\nshe loves me\\\" (feeling about the other's intended actions). Problem solution: My girlfriend wants to make up with me, \\\"and I think that's better for both of us\\\" (thinking about the other's intended actions). Problem definition: I love my girlfriend, \\\"and I always make her gifts\\\" (acting out feelings). Problem solution: I love my girlfriend, \\\"and I'm always gentle with her\\\" (expressing feelings). Problem definition: I can see in her\",\n \"id\": \"22074688\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Red Mosquito\\n\\n\\nfood. It was really, really bad. Looking back at it, it doesn't seem as intense as it was, but it was horrible. I just felt not human and looking back I should have got through that show somehow, and I think the fact that Neil [Young] was there made me feel like I could get off the hook in some way and I did go out for a few songs. I just didn't feel good about the whole thing, I felt swallowed up by the whole deal\",\n \"id\": \"3097705\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Love in the Future\\n\\n\\nand the talent that we have on the album is better than we’ve ever had. As far as producers, co-writers and people just helping shape the sound. I feel like Kanye’s leadership was great in helping to do that. I really feel good about it.\\\" The album's lead single \\\"Who Do We Think We Are\\\" featuring Rick Ross was released on March 25, 2013. On May 6, 2013, the music video was released for the single. The album's second single \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"2610170\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Baby I'm Burning\\n\\n\\n— \\\"I Really Got the Feeling\\\" — that caught on with country music fans. The song was a pop-styled ballad, written by Billy Vera, that bore no resemblance to the disco feel of \\\"Baby, I'm Burning.\\\" The subject matter of \\\"I Really Got the Feeling\\\" was about a woman who falls in love with a man at first sight, citing him as a virtuous individual. She plans to stay with him for the rest of her life, regardless of \\\"what my Daddy\",\n \"id\": \"5677354\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kat Bjelland\\n\\n\\nknow, I really hate to talk about it because she's great now, but in my childhood she was very abusive,\\\" she said. \\\"It probably did help my creativity a lot [though]. I was always grounded. I hate to talk about it because I feel like she doesn't think that she did it, but she was [abusive] and it influenced my life quite a great deal.\\\" Bjelland became interested in music as a young child, and began listening to rock and roll records\",\n \"id\": \"17499907\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Indya Moore\\n\\n\\nthey are still subjected to the same \\\"surveillance and scrutiny\\\" as women, and to a desire to use fashion to take back that power: MOORE: I feel like that about fashion. I feel like that about us having the autonomy to express ourselves. I'm non-binary but I don't really talk about it that much. I don't feel like people really are there yet for understanding it, which I don't mind, but I also acknowledge the way people see me as a woman. And\",\n \"id\": \"928176\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Father, Son, Holy Ghost (album)\\n\\n\\nwas an insane amount of stuff.\\\" In a rare interview in the aftermath of Girls' breakup, White revealed that his relationship with Owens during the recording process was difficult, with the two barely on speaking terms. \\\"While we were making the album – he’s my best friend – but we weren’t talking, and I still don’t really know why. To me, I think maybe something happened that he feels uncomfortable talking about, but really, I’ll never know.\\\" White felt that from the\",\n \"id\": \"6467999\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Everybody (Madonna song)\\n\\n\\nlike I'm really out of shape right now, I don't like falling off horses, so I'm going to do one more song.\\\" On October 6, 2012, Madonna performed \\\"Everybody\\\" during The MDNA Tour in San Jose to celebrate the single's 30th anniversary. She said, \\\"Today is a very special day for me. It is the 30th anniversary of the release of my first-ever single. I remember the amazing feeling I had when I heard the song on the radio the first\",\n \"id\": \"3141679\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Naughtiest Girl is a Monitor\\n\\n\\nfeel a bit guilty “I know she accused me wrongly of stealing, but she didn’t really play the fool in class; her behaviour was really the results of my tricks” thinks Julian. Elizabeth is summoned to William's office and she explains why she thought Julian was a thief. Julian is then summoned and says “Oh, I see. A lolly of Elizabeth’s fell out of my pocket, did it? And there was a marked coin in my pocket? So that’s why Elizabeth accused me of\",\n \"id\": \"20782453\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"2013 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships\\n\\n\\ncombination to earn 87.65 for his Parisian Walkways routine, 2.57 points in front of China's Yan Han who skated a technically flawless program. In the interview after the short program, Hanyu expressed his disappointment. \\\"I do not feel good about my performance. I think I missed the Lutz because my timing was a bit fast. I did not feel the pressure from being the national champion. I did not focus on winning or losing to Daisuke (Takahashi) or Takahito (Mura), and I was focusing on my\",\n \"id\": \"7430539\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Distance (Christina Perri song)\\n\\n\\nto him in a song. That's where I go.\\\" Perri also talked about the experience of working with Jason Mraz on the new version: \\\"When a song is born, there's one thing it's about or one feeling it gives for the artist. There's one feeling 'Distance' has given me which is stitched up on my heart, but I think it's always up for interpretation from the listener's perspective. Jason and I performed it together one time because we were doing a radio show\",\n \"id\": \"6209861\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tracey Ullman's Show\\n\\n\\nat school. I watched her present the Olympics and she's incredible. She's really passionate when talking about horses, and she talks really fast... 'Beautiful filly, beautiful filly...' She never stops, you never feel uncomfortable with her, she knows how to talk to everybody. And I got this feeling that she was like, 'Oh, don't worry, I'll work the Christmas holidays, I can do that show, I'll work Boxing Day as well, nothing like the holidays.'\",\n \"id\": \"15663302\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Keith Ellison\\n\\n\\n\\\"I have been nervous about this interview with you, because what I feel like saying is, 'Sir, prove to me that you are not working with our enemies.' And I know you're not. I'm not accusing you of being an enemy, but that's the way I feel, and I think a lot of Americans will feel that way.\\\" Ellison replied that his constituents, \\\"know that I have a deep love and affection for my country. There's no one who's more\",\n \"id\": \"13288107\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":86,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Why do fight scenes in older movies look so fake compared to newer movies? Isn't it just choreography? Not CGI (mostly)."},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"2c4zmh"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"Because that was good enough for audiences of the day. Most people have little exposure to real fighting, and up until the 60's, the only martial art they were likely to have seen was boxing. Movies followed these expectations, and most fights were stand up punching. With the rise of the Hong Kong movie industry, and martial arts stars like Bruce Lee, audience expectations changed. Stand up punching seemed slow and ponderous, so it was necessary to mix in some more sophisticated fighting. Also, the way audiences viewed their movie heros changed. You used to have John Wayne cowboy type leads, who were better than everyone else by virtue of being special. He won his fight because he was always stronger, tougher, and luckier than mere supporting roles, that all the reason the audience needed. Today's heroes are usually a little more nuanced. If they are going to win a fight against a bigger, stronger opponent, the movie has to show how he outsmarts or outskills the big lug.\"}, {\"answer\": \"If you mean older western movies, it's because it's BAD choreography. Watch some old chinese movies and you'll see some frighteningly realistic stuff. Jackie Chan talked about it in some documentary how americans and europeans were completely incapable of staging a good fight scene for most of the 20th century.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Hi, I do professional fight choreography. The last century has seen a lot of innovation in staged violence. Prior to the advent of film as a medium staged combat was only really used for theater, and the main type of serious violence that plays had been using for centuries was fencing. (pummeling someone would have been more slapstick, and likely would have just used an actual slapstick for the fight) This meant that the fight choreographers of the early to mid 1900's were educated in how to put together a sword fight, with any hand to hand combat as a bit of an afterthought. (there would also be firearms used, but that was more of an armorer's department, rather than a fight choreographer). In the 1900's brawling became the primary way to have physical violence outside of gunplay, as swords were no longer a modern weapon. Unfortunately we did not have the stage combat \\\"technology\\\" to choreograph these fights well. The blocking techniques used in film also did not lend themselves to good fight scenes. (the scene of shatner punching the alien: look at how close their heads are to one another, there is no room for a realistic punch) In film people's faces are generally closer than people naturally get to each other, so that they can both be in the same frame. With the advances in stage violence over the last 60ish years we now have some good western brawler choreography styles to use for knock-down drag-out fights, which also works well for simulating domestic violence, and we have a new generation of fight choreographers who can do a brawl as well as they can do a sword duel.\"}, {\"answer\": \"In addition to kouhoutek's great answer, it's also related to technology. Specifically, old films have deteriorated, especially in terms of sound quality. Old films are often poorly rendered into video format for television, and as a result the \\\"sound design\\\" is much flatter and less effective than it would have been in a theatrical run of the original movie. Sound actually makes a huge impression on how you perceive action, and can even convince you to \\\"see\\\" things that aren't there (like, for example, a punch that would shatter a normal person's skull if it were real). Additionally, modern sound recording and production for films is light years more sophisticated, both in terms of equipment and in terms of technique, than it was in the 40's-70's. Plus, modern sound is recorded with video mastering in mind, so it's already designed to sound good both in the theater and on TV. [From Russia With Love]( URL_0 ) (1963) had some pretty good fight scenes. All in all this is a very \\\"realistic\\\" style of fight choreography of two people chaotically pulling every dirty trick they can to win a fight in the dark. But again, the hokiest thing about this scene is the sound design... not so much the dynamics of volume & depth which seem ok in this case, but simply the recorded sounds they used. That one punch to the chin uses a sound that could have come from a cartoon.\"}, {\"answer\": \"How can you even compare them with as many times as they change the camera angles these days? While kinda on topic, why so many dark scenes? In the old days I can understand. Maybe to help cover mistakes, and to make up for lack of resources at the time. But these days? Sure let's go see a movie that'll probably give us motion sickness, if they ever turn up the lights enough to see what's going on. Directors using those 2 tricks are pathetic.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Not sure if someone added this. But the new standard of quick cutting and camera shaking makes fight scenes appear more intense then they are a lot of the times\"}, {\"answer\": \"Have you seen James Caan as \\\"Sonny Corleone\\\" beating up his brother-in-law in \\\"the Godfather\\\"? THAT was some convincing butt-kicking!\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"19597\", \"title\": \"Machinima\", \"section\": \"Section::::Production.:Comparison to film techniques.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 32, \"end_paragraph_id\": 32, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Like live action, machinima is recorded in real-time, and real people can act and control the camera. Filmmakers are often encouraged to follow traditional cinematic conventions, such as avoiding wide fields of view, the overuse of slow motion, and errors in visual continuity. Unlike live action, machinima involves less expensive, digital special effects and sets, possibly with a science-fiction or historical theme. Explosions and stunts can be tried and repeated without monetary cost and risk of injury, and the host environment may allow unrealistic physical constraints. University of Cambridge experiments in 2002 and 2003 attempted to use machinima to re-create a scene from the 1942 live-action film \\\"Casablanca\\\"\", \"Machinima filming differed from traditional cinematography in that character expression was limited, but camera movements were more flexible and improvised. Nitsche compared this experiment to an unpredictable Dogme 95 production.\", \"Like live action, machinima is recorded in real-time, and real people can act and control the camera. Filmmakers are often encouraged to follow traditional cinematic conventions, such as avoiding wide fields of view, the overuse of slow motion, and errors in visual continuity. Unlike live action, machinima involves less expensive, digital special effects and sets, possibly with a science-fiction or historical theme. Explosions and stunts can be tried and repeated without monetary cost and risk of injury, and the host environment may allow unrealistic physical constraints. University of Cambridge experiments in 2002 and 2003 attempted to use machinima to re-create a scene from the 1942 live-action film \\\"Casablanca\\\". Machinima filming differed from traditional cinematography in that character expression was limited, but camera movements were more flexible and improvised. Nitsche compared this experiment to an unpredictable Dogme 95 production.\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"227135\", \"title\": \"Stage combat\", \"section\": \"Section::::Techniques.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 21, \"end_paragraph_id\": 21, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"The fighting styles in movies set in the Medieval or Renaissance period may be unrealistic and historically inaccurate. Most fight choreographers use a mix between Asian martial arts and sports fencing to re-enact fight scenes. This generally due to the look of the fighting asked for by the director. If the director wants the story to flow a certain way, then the fight director will choreograph the fights to fit that style and tell the story. For stage combat, all edges should be dulled and points blunted so that there is no risk of severe injury if someone is accidentally stabbed. In addition, weapons that\", \"Most fight choreographers use a mix between Asian martial arts and sports fencing to re-enact fight scenes. This generally due to the look of the fighting asked for by the director. If the director wants the story to flow a certain way, then the fight director will choreograph the fights to fit that style and tell the story. F\", \"The fighting styles in movies set in the Medieval or Renaissance period may be unrealistic and historically inaccurate. Most fight choreographers use a mix between Asian martial arts and sports fencing to re-enact fight scenes. This generally due to the look of the fighting asked for by the director. If the director wants the story to flow a certain way, then the fight director will choreograph the fights to fit that style and tell the story. For stage combat, all edges should be dulled and points blunted so that there is no risk of severe injury if someone is accidentally stabbed. In addition, weapons that\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"43121106\", \"title\": \"Motion-capture acting\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Motion-capture acting, also called performance-capture acting, sometimes abbreviated as MoCap or Pcap, is a type of acting in which an actor wears markers or sensors on a skintight bodysuit or directly on the skin. Several cameras from different angles record the actor's movements simultaneously, recording the three-dimensional position of the sensors and not recording the rest of the actor. Sampling is done many times each second, aided by advances in computer technology. The resulting database of 3-D points permits a filmmaker or video game creator to create a digital character and to place this character in an entirely new setting,\", \"The resulting database of 3-D points permits a filmmaker or video game creator to create a digital character and to place this character in an entirely new setting, such as on top of a fictional volcano or flying through the air. This type of acting is seen as a growth area, with predictions that there will be more work in future for actors. Some theatrical agents represent motion-capt\", \"Motion-capture acting, also called performance-capture acting, sometimes abbreviated as MoCap or Pcap, is a type of acting in which an actor wears markers or sensors on a skintight bodysuit or directly on the skin. Several cameras from different angles record the actor's movements simultaneously, recording the three-dimensional position of the sensors and not recording the rest of the actor. Sampling is done many times each second, aided by advances in computer technology. The resulting database of 3-D points permits a filmmaker or video game creator to create a digital character and to place this character in an entirely new setting, such as on top of a fictional volcano or flying through the air. This type of acting is seen as a growth area, with predictions that there will be more work in future for actors. Some theatrical agents represent motion-capture actors.\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"When Harry Met Sally...\n\n\nWell, why don't I just fake one, just do one?'\" Ryan suggested that the scene take place in a restaurant, and it was Crystal who came up with the scene's classic punchline – \"I'll have what she's having.\" In 2005, the quote was listed 33rd on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes list of memorable movie lines. Reiner recalls that at a test screening, all of the women in the audience were laughing while all of the men were silent.","id":"14667796"},{"contents":"The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption\n\n\nfor most of the movie to be set in Europe. But because of the movie's limited budget, the director moved the movie to Thailand, where it's cheaper to shoot. They used CGI to add the sand around Horus's city, which is supposed to be in a desert. They had 400 extras for the battle scenes, but most of the fighting was done with the main cast plus just 12 stunt men, who played multiple roles in different costumes so they could be in all of the battles. The","id":"17893457"},{"contents":"Love Bite\n\n\n\" Reviewer Karl De Mesa mourned the underabundance of werewolf sightings: \"when we do see the beast the darn CGI makes it look like this one might just fall into the B-movie bin.\" Reviewer Ellis Whitehouse expressed some outrage: \"The wolf itself is a disgustingly ugly piece of CGI work, with it changing size and shape as the scenes progress, one minute it'll be twice the size a human with the fattest head in existence, next it'll be a puny mongrel cowering in front of a car","id":"9890398"},{"contents":"Inale\n\n\ncrave for a well produced traditional Nollywood movie I suggest you see Inale. This is one Nollywood movie anyone could enjoy. The visuals were beautiful, the actors acted effortlessly\". He praised the cinematography, editing and sound of the film, but talked down on the music, which he feels isn't traditional enough. Elnathan John, on the other hand, commended the music but faulted the scripting and the choreography of the dance and fight scenes. He concluded by stating: \"It is a tremendously ambitious attempt at producing","id":"18914087"},{"contents":"Captain America: The Winter Soldier\n\n\n, they wanted to stay with live action, which is a dying art form. If they can build it, they built it. If we could do it, we did it. They wanted to do as little CGI as possible. That's why the movie looks so great.\" Nevertheless, six special effects companies are involved in creating the visual effects of the film, including Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), Scanline VFX, Lola VFX, Luma Pictures, Whiskytree and The Embassy, with previsualization completed by","id":"11663602"},{"contents":"Fight Back to School II\n\n\nher sister drags her to play tennis. 6.Chow and Sharla Cheung look for a new apartment. Chow senses something suspicious between his girlfriend and Sharla also senses that Chow is hiding something away from her which explains why in the end of the movie Sharla Cheung gets the maths teacher for a boyfriend. 7.An Extended scene of Sandy and her sister talk about chow in the cafeteria scene. 8.The scene of Stephen forced to go home by his fake mother who is a cop. There is an Alternate shorter scene when Stephen gets expelled by","id":"11208280"},{"contents":"Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior\n\n\nemphasized over its storyline or characters. Its onrush of chase scenes, hand-to-hand combat and acrobatics, The fight choreography drew notice for its quality, the inventiveness of the moves and lack of CGI and wire-fu. The film currently holds an 86% \"Fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 105 reviews, with the consensus being: \"While \"Ong-Bak: The Thai Warrior\" may be no great shakes as a movie, critics are hailing the emergence of a new star in Tony","id":"17212438"},{"contents":"Knight and Day\n\n\n\"'Knight and Day' aspires to the light charm of a romantic action comedy like 'Charade' or 'Romancing the Stone,' but would come closer if it dialed down the relentless action. The romance part goes without saying after a Meet Cute contrived in an airport, and the comedy seems to generate naturally between Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz. But why do so many summer movies find it obligatory to inflict us with CGI overkill? I'd sorta rather see Diaz and Cruise in action scenes on a human scale","id":"17611030"},{"contents":"Kingz (film)\n\n\nof the 2008 Fantastic Fest Online, Jude Felton compared it favourably to \"From Dusk Till Dawn\" and \"Botched\", saying it did well, especially given the short length:It's well shot, with some excellent camera, and is very slick looking throughout... the cast do a decent job even if the characters are on the cliched side. What really holds it all together though is the choreography of the action scenes, which for a movie this size are nothing short of excellent... In terms of the plot","id":"11597528"},{"contents":"Hsiao Ho (actor)\n\n\nand also took a lead role in Fake Ghost Catchers, directed by Lau Kar Wing. Fake Ghost Catchers is marketed by Celestial Pictures as being made two years before Ghostbusters (inferring that the idea for Ghostbusters may have come from the movie). Hou is also known for portraying the \"disfigured swordsman\" and doubling complicated action scenes in 1993's \"Iron Monkey\". He was also the action director for the movie Shaolin Avengers (1994). In 1982 he was nominated for Best Action Choreography for the movie Legendary Weapons","id":"8938051"},{"contents":"Sleepless Night (2011 film)\n\n\nbeing a joint Belgian-French-Luxembourgian production, the film had to be partially shot in these locations having the dance club scene shot in Belgium and the kitchen and parking scenes shot in Luxembourg. For the fight scene in the kitchen, director Jardin desired \"a fight that would be interesting for people who don’t like fights in films. Not just for crazy people who like kung-fu movies.\" Sisley was familiar with martial arts and boxing and jujitsu worked on the choreography for the fight scene before having a","id":"5370195"},{"contents":"Live by Night (film)\n\n\nfan of the movies Ben Affleck has directed. That's why \"Live by Night\" is such a disappointment. I was actively looking forward to it. And I would have given it any benefit of the doubt, but this movie just isn't there. It feels like a rushed project that Affleck had to get out of the way before he plays Batman again.\" Owen Gleiberman of \"Variety\" also gave the film a mixed review, writing: \"It's like seeing the ghost of a terrific movie:","id":"18746392"},{"contents":"13 Assassins (2010 film)\n\n\n. Miike had strayed from the use of CGI in the film as well as planning the scenes via storyboarding, insisting on shooting the scenes right away. In a separate interview, however, Miike said that some CGI were used, albeit minimal. Over half of the thirteen actors playing the assassins were reportedly inexperienced in sword fighting and horseback riding, and Miike wanted them to be just that, explaining, \"If the actors had been skilled from the beginning, and had been in several samurai movies before, the way they","id":"1158239"},{"contents":"Compilation film\n\n\nthese musical films. Another example is the movie \"Moonwalker\" (1988) with pop singer Michael Jackson which mostly consists of older footage from his music videos and concerts, and some newer footage to give some resemblance of a story. A special kind of compilation films are movies where old footage is simply filmed again, but on a higher budget. A famous example is the first Monty Python movie \"And Now For Something Completely Different\" (1973), where most of the scenes are recreations of the most popular sketches","id":"834445"},{"contents":"Alone (2015 Hindi film)\n\n\nhowever. Filmfare praised the two lead actors, but gave film 3 stars, stating that \"The only reason why \"Alone\" will work is for its erotic packaging. Those looking for a genuine scary movie will only get bad rehashes of scenes from The Conjuring and other popular Hollywood fare.\" Times of India gave it a 2.5 and said, \"When you scratch the surface, you don't end up scared shitless. And isn't that what \"Alone\" is meant to do?\" Bollywood Hungama gave it","id":"19189888"},{"contents":"The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water\n\n\nauthor Edward Douglas wrote: \"The CGI animation just looks weird.\" Philippe Dauman said that the CGI elements are intended to \"refresh and give another boost\" to the characters. The film features live action scenes directed by Mike Mitchell. Filming began on September 30, 2013 and lasted through November 5, 2013, on various locations in Savannah, Georgia and Tybee Island. The Savannah Film Office first announced that the film would shoot live action scenes in Savannah for 40 days on July 11, 2013. Will Hammargren,","id":"9336533"},{"contents":"True Legend\n\n\n-style residences. Yuen Woo Ping preferred to shoot their original structure rather than building it in sound stages, which may look fake. The scene in which Andy On and Vincent Zhao fights at Hukou Waterfall is said to be the hardest fight scene to shoot in the entire film according to Yuen Woo Ping. Yuen Woo Ping stated, \"The safety issue for that scene was the biggest challenge of the whole movie. The landscape looks magnificent but are very dangerous; there was no chance for us to make any mistakes.","id":"7408644"},{"contents":"Felicity Huffman\n\n\n. Barb is a Lifetime movie heroine: a tough, divorced mother who raised her children alone, and is fighting now to bring her son's murderer to justice. Except this isn't that kind of show, and Barb's battles have not just made her stronger; they've made her hate all the people she's felt she had to fight. Which is why Huffman's gut-wrenching performance is so startling. A bundle of barely concealed fury, Huffman forces us to invest in a woman who thinks her bigotry","id":"16212898"},{"contents":"The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption\n\n\nrest of the extras weren't trained to fight, so they stayed in the background, and careful observers can see that they aren't actually doing any dangerous fighting themselves. They were originally planning for Zulu Kondo to throw his hammer, then have it magically fly back to his hand. But they decided to cut that bit when they saw the 2011 movie Thor had already done the same thing. Many of the movie's scenes were done at tourist locations, which they weren't able to reserve just for themselves. So","id":"17893458"},{"contents":"Enter Three Dragons\n\n\nEnter Three Dragons” isn't as wacky as “Clones,” but there's definitely enough unintentional entertainment that makes it just as fun.\" and gave the rate 6 out of 10. The movie however gave confusion to people due to the random additional fight scenes and cuts of the film. The movie was released in alternate name which gave some people a confusion with the titles. The Korean release of the movie was released the title after \"Three Avengers\". But the thing that makes even more confuse is the","id":"15936934"},{"contents":"Dracula A.D. 1972\n\n\n] his stirring fight scene with Van Helsing is a highlight. ... How can Hammer fans not like this stuff?\" In his 2017 book on vampire movies of the 1970s, author Gary A. Smith wrote that looking back on the film, \"what seemed like a terrible idea back in 1972, really isn't so dire after all. Now, so far removed from its contemporary setting, the swinging London of \"Dracula A.D. 1972\" seems as much a period piece as the Victorian settings of its predecessors. The main","id":"1012963"},{"contents":"Serhat Arvas\n\n\nhis education at İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality Performance Arts Center. In 2003 Yıldırım Stunt Team was disbanded. Arvas took on a side role in the well-known Turkish serial called \"Kurtlar Vadisi\" in 2004. As intending to give fight scenes a more professional look in his movies, he formed “Serhat Arvas Stunt Team” in late 2004. He also continued his studies on arranging fight scenes, fight choreographies, stunting, camera angles and action in cinema. Team’s first short feature project called \"Fists of Vengeance\" highly","id":"214881"},{"contents":"The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (video game)\n\n\nthe game did not take advantage of the system's graphical capabilities, and wrote, \"The cut scenes are more like storyboards than movie sequences. You don't get to see too many clips from the film, just stills taken from specific scenes. Why would they do this when all other movie-based games use real-time sequences, if not actual clips from the film? […] This could come as a disappointment to players expecting to re-live the movie's magic through a game. During the","id":"5441736"},{"contents":"Obsessed (2009 film)\n\n\nthe choreography and noted the scene as the highlight of the film. McKiernan called it the \"best knock-down, drag-out girlfight\" of 2009. However, Alex Navarro from Screened called the fight \"boring\" because of the poor filming and editing of the scene. At the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, \"Obsessed\" was nominated in the category of Choice Movie: Drama, while Beyoncé was a nominee for the Choice Movie Actress: Drama award. The fight scene between Sharon and Lisa garnered Beyoncé and Larter","id":"17914564"},{"contents":"Tom-Yum-Goong\n\n\ndislike people who take liberties. Kham is finally reunited with Kohrn. Compared to \"\", which was noted for its lack of wirework and CGI, this movie uses CGI in several scenes, from the obvious (helicopter scene, and an entirely computer-animated dream sequence), to the subtle (a glass window shattering in the four-minute steadicam long take that follows Jaa up several flights of stairs as he dispatches thug after thug in dramatic fashion). The largest example of CGI is Tony Jaa's dramatic leap","id":"3663803"},{"contents":"I Can Only Imagine (film)\n\n\nEhrlich of IndieWire gave the film a \"C–\" saying: \"There’s a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made; why they all end with links to religious websites; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart-brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window...Art can be affirmation, but affirmation cannot be art.\" Faith-based reviewers mostly gave the movie positive reviews. Megan Basham of \"","id":"9598846"},{"contents":"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion\n\n\nSimon Abrams of RogerEbert.com gave the film a 4/4 rating and writes the film \"is everything I want but rarely get from superhero and big-budget fantasy movie\" adding \"the fight scenes... are so creative that they make even the most frequently abused creative shortcuts seem novel, everything from computer-generated imagery (CGI) to speed-ramping... You care what happens to the cast as they, aided by wires, hurl volleys of arrows at disposable minions and CGI animals.\" Anita Iyer from \"Khaleej Times\"","id":"15193871"},{"contents":"It's Alive! (1969 film)\n\n\na package to one of their stations. It was frantic. It was a different way of doing movies.\" Kirk later called it \"a monster movie so cheap that the monster wore a scuba suit and had ping-pong balls for eyes\". The cave scenes were filmed in Onyx Cave in Eureka Springs, Arkansas. The monster suit for the dinosaur was reused from one of Buchanan's older films, \"Creature of Destruction\". Buchanan said \"Tommy was a really fine actor, but he just disappeared into","id":"20343520"},{"contents":"Blooddrunk (song)\n\n\nperiod (between 2005–2007), and arrived at the conclusion that he was addicted to hurting himself \"so bad\". When discussing the track in interviews, Laiho has made reference to the fact that he self-harmed in the past. However, Laiho has noted that the song isn't \"necessarily just about cutting yourself but about other things you do to yourself and you don't know why\". One interviewer commented that the phrase \"blood drunk\" appears in the 2007 movie \"300\", although Laiho stated","id":"1196905"},{"contents":"Jerry Lewis\n\n\n. ... quoting Chris Fujiwara, \"\"The Patsy\" is a film so radical that it makes comedy out of the situation of a comedian who isn't funny.\" The final scene of \"The Patsy\" is famous for revealing to the audience the movie as a movie, and Lewis as actor/director. Lewis wrote in \"The Total Filmmaker\", his belief in breaking the fourth wall, actors looking directly into the camera, despite industry norms. More contemporary comedies such as \"The Larry Sanders Show\"","id":"16001803"},{"contents":"The Land Before Time\n\n\ncuteness that can turn minds of all ages to mush.\" \"Los Angeles Times\" writer Sheila Benson also stated that the movie's enjoyment was limited to younger viewers, remarking \"do dinosaurs really lend themselves to ootsie-cutesiness?\" Many reviewers compared \"The Land Before Time\" to films from Disney's Golden Age. Steven Rea of the \"Philadelphia Inquirer\" said that the movie \"looks and sounds as if it came out of the Disney Studios of the '40s or '50s. Which isn't necessarily","id":"3279873"},{"contents":"Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters\n\n\nfull-length movie to \"Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters for DVD\", just like the film soundtrack's title. The DVD features include the ten fake endings as shown on the internet, a \"making of\" featurette, promos, the \"Deleted Scenes\" episode, a music video, and an eighty-minute animatic (rough cut) of the movie made out of the deleted scenes from the film and scenes from the \"Deleted Scenes\" episode as well as a commentary. Rock and","id":"21275696"},{"contents":"The Midnight Hour\n\n\n\"San Bernardino Sun\" deemed the film a \"less-than-satisfying teenage monster movie,\" adding: \"The two-hour made-for-TV movie is billed as a humorous horror romp, but \"The Midnight Hour\" is really a campy monster bash in which revived corpses break into song and dance. Expect neither tricks nor treats, just lots of rock music, fake-looking special effects, and slow-moving scenes.\" A review published in \"The Des Moines Register\" noted:","id":"16664926"},{"contents":"Battle of the Bastards\n\n\nbattle scenes, which is why they are rarely used except in \"big budget war films\". Weiss added, \"Miguel's really outdone himself. Fully fleshed out medieval battles require a tremendous amount of resources and choreography to get them right. It feels like we're doing something fresh that you don't see on TV and movies very often.\" Four camera crews were used for the battle scene. The 500 extras were largely the Snow and Bolton armies as Wildlings, archers, swordsmen and spearmen. Each army was","id":"21388158"},{"contents":"The Angry Birds Movie\n\n\nof today deserve better. So do I, come to think of it\". In his review for \"TheWrap\", Alonso Duralde wrote, \"Let's be clear, then: \"The Angry Birds Movie\" isn't pointless because it's based on an app. It's pointless because it's pointless\". Stephen Whitty of the New York \"Daily News\" gave the film one out of five stars, writing, \"\"The Angry Birds Movie\" is just fowl\". In August 2016, Rovio","id":"2050835"},{"contents":"Change Your Life (Iggy Azalea song)\n\n\nchoreography which she felt was \"so '80s and awful with these emphatic movements\". The scene where Azalea emerges from the swimming pool topless with red pasties covering her nipples pays homage to a similar scene in \"Showgirls\". Azalea explained, \"So if I'm gonna do that movie, I can't leave out the best, most awesome, tacky, what-the-fuck moment\". Azalea felt the scene was also important because she wanted to address recent criticism of her small breasts and use it","id":"773890"},{"contents":"Great Beans of China\n\n\nthat the romance in it uses real facts and situations that actually happen in real life, usually you'd find romance in films that's a bunch of fake sweet stuff put in there just for the sake of selling the movie, which is a very degrading thing to do, while Fool El Seen el Azeem is a masterpiece. A very beautiful film filled with enormous comedy scenes, and a very interesting story, usually the type of films you'd find starring Egyptian actor Mohamed Henedi. It is quite Ironic how the movie","id":"8536649"},{"contents":"Ann Richards\n\n\nis not something that you can fake. And she looked at me and she said \"I love the movies\" with this childlike voice, this passion. Standing next to me at that moment was not the former governor, a political swordsman... she was like all the rest of us, just someone who loved the movies. It's a terrible loss for Texas in so many ways, but for the cultural community to have an advocate in that position, you don't have that but once a generation, if you","id":"13770906"},{"contents":"Battleground (short story)\n\n\nthe Germans during the Battle of the Bulge. His written response was changed to \"SCREW YOU!\" in the televised episode. Several film shots and action scenes remind of famous war/action movies. So William Hurt has his head in the pool at waterline like Martin Sheen in \"Apocalypse Now\" at the end. The last surviving toy soldier has an \"army of one\" look and attitude like \"Rambo\" and the elevator scenes bear strong similarities with the \"Die Hard\" movie fight scenes. The story","id":"306759"},{"contents":"Emmanuel Lubezki\n\n\nmovie was shot so as to appear to be photographed in one continuous take. Lubezki won the award again in 2015 for Iñárritu's \"The Revenant\", becoming a milestone for his third consecutive win and for being the first cinematographer to do so. The film was shot entirely in the wilderness during a cold season, minimizing the amount of CGI and using only natural lighting. It was an extremely difficult process that required a limited amount of time to shoot each scene, which delayed the production, causing budget overruns and changes","id":"7443347"},{"contents":"Donnie Yen\n\n\nchoreograph fight scenes in Hollywood films, such as \"\" (2000) and \"Blade II\" (2002). His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies. In 2002, Jet Li was filming the movie \"Hero\" and insisted to the director that he wanted Yen to play the role of Sky, his adversary, due to Yen's martial arts ability. Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two","id":"7787622"},{"contents":"Bulletproof Monk\n\n\ncinematography (the former he compared to an \"afternoon Japanese kiddie series\"), and concluded that \"they made a ton of junky movies in Hong Kong, but those were dazzlingly fluid and high-flying junky movies. This American retread has the same sort of hack plot but none of the bravura. It makes them look like monkeys, and not bulletproof ones.\" Bill Stamets of the \"Chicago Reader\" panned \"Bulletproof Monk\" for having \"routine\" fight scenes and juvenile humor, and that \"the","id":"2215722"},{"contents":"Negatives (1988 film)\n\n\nGary. There she discovers the nasty secret to why the school mistress Madeline Abadon, played by Jackie James, looks (and remains) so young. This second part of the \"Fright House\" feature was pulled and reedited from the footage shot for the original \"Negatives\". However Debbie Rochon's scenes do not appear in the renamed film \"Fright House\". \"Negatives\" was one of the first movies in which Rochon appeared and helped launch her career as a horror film Scream Queen. Duane Jones suffered a","id":"2063511"},{"contents":"Kings Row\n\n\n\", Otto Friedrich noted that the movie had a formidable array of acting talent, and that the scene in which he saw that his legs were gone was his \"one great opportunity.\" Reagan recalled in his memoir that he had \"neither the experience nor talent to fake it,\" so he carried out exhaustive research, talking to disabled people and doctors, and practicing the line every chance he got. On the night before the scene was shot he had little sleep, so he looked suitably worn out, and","id":"1280800"},{"contents":"Love Bite\n\n\nin the film and what we do see is CGI, which was a little disappointing for me.\" A reviewer for \"GMA News Online\" was also mostly positive: \"Add a generous tone of comedy to this naughty UK horror movie and what you've got are well-sketched characters and great plot potential that, unfortunately, just drags in the execution. There's a lot of side stories here that never get developed and left unresolved like stray threads. For all its faults though, \"Love Bite\" is","id":"9890400"},{"contents":"Hans Zimmer\n\n\nIn the score, Zimmer uses synthesizers (mostly a Fairlight CMI) mixed with steel drums. Zimmer explained that \"It was a road movie, and road movies usually have jangly guitars or a bunch of strings. I kept thinking don't be bigger than the characters. Try to keep it contained. The Raymond character doesn't actually know where he is. The world is so different to him. He might as well be on Mars. So, why don't we just invent our own world music for a world","id":"897370"},{"contents":"Bram Stoker's Dracula's Guest\n\n\nThe two older men meet up in front of the dungeon grating shortly after Bram finds Elizabeth and fight. The Admiral wins in spite of taunting by the Count and the scene fades out. Critical reception has been predominantly negative. \"Dread Central\" and \"DVD Talk\" both rated the movie negatively, and \"Dread Central\" remarked that although Feifer \"tries really hard on his minuscule budget to recreate the look, talk, and manner of a Victorian era vampire movie - not an ounce of it feels authentic, like","id":"5329651"},{"contents":"Rurouni Kenshin: Kyoto Inferno\n\n\nis a fantastic movie\" and goes on to say \"Even in the age of a high budget Marvel Cinematic Universe, \"Rurouni Kenshin: Kyoto Inferno\" is a very rare treat. As there aren’t as many of these movies being made based on anime of this caliber and the few that do get made avoiding sticking to the same formula, both overall and for the choreography during the battles, the experience still manages to feel fresh. Especially compared to the current comic book movies from the west recently. Not to","id":"10679435"},{"contents":"Harry Reichenbach\n\n\nTarzan fan. One of the actors Reichenbach worked for was Rudolf Valentino. Reichenbach convinced him to grow beard to cause a bad reaction that was followed by a good one when he \"agreed\" to shave it. For the 1915 film \"Trilby\", which included nude scenes and hypnotism, Reichenbach hired a young woman to run several times around the block and take a seat besides him just before the movie ended. She looked agitated and exhausted and Reichenbach hinted that the hypnosis scenes in the movie might have something to do","id":"99049"},{"contents":"After Earth\n\n\nthe best movie he's made in years.\" Charlie Jane Anders of Io9 commented that \"Having suffered through \"Last Airbender\", I can attest that this film is no \"Last Airbender\"... \"After Earth\" stays grounded, and manages to tell a pretty decent story.\" The special effects received a mixed response. Rene Rodriguez of \"The Miami Herald\" said that \"the CGI creatures in the film look as fake as the monkeys in \"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\"\"","id":"19938313"},{"contents":"The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water\n\n\nbe CGI-animated, with an Internet Movie Database staff commenting, \"When Paramount announced there would be a new \"SpongeBob SquarePants\" movie, the assumption was that it would be animated (like all other incarnations of \"SpongeBob\"). The very brief footage from tonight's presentation suggested otherwise – it looked as though this was a CGI/live-action hybrid akin to \"Alvin and the Chipmunks\", \"Yogi Bear\", \"The Smurfs\", etc.\" In an article published by ComingSoon.net,","id":"9336532"},{"contents":"Mile 22\n\n\nMile 22\" worth it.\" Brian Lowry of CNN stated, \"In fact, Uwais' action sequences—fast paced and electric—are easily the highlight of a movie otherwise characterized by an abundance of automatic-weapons fire and tedious dialogue during the fleeting gaps between those bursts.\" David Fear of \"Rolling Stone\" gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, criticizing the editing of the fight scenes and stating, \"Why go through the trouble of giving Iko Uwais several fight scenes and editing them so that","id":"4230806"},{"contents":"The Shallows (film)\n\n\nCollet-Serra being considered for the job. Collet-Serra viewed the movie as one about survival and noted \"this isn't a creature movie\". Likewise from the very beginning Collet-Serra decided not to place an emphasis on gore. Blake Lively joined the cast in August 2015. Lively was partly inspired by her husband, Ryan Reynolds', work in the similarly minimalist film \"Buried\", stating \"that was one of the reasons why I wanted to take on this movie so much, because I know","id":"13672612"},{"contents":"The Psychotronic Man\n\n\nfunds. At the time Chicago’s mayor Richard J. Daley actively discouraged movie making because he felt the movies that were being made at that time period were mostly negative and rebellious, and he wanted Chicago to be seen in a good light. As a result of this there were almost no permits issued to get scenes filmed. According to Peter Spelson's DVD commentary, this meant that all of the scenes including the downtown running gun battles and the high speed car chases with fake police cars were filmed illegally and without permission or","id":"2560579"},{"contents":"Logan (film)\n\n\n3.5/4 and said \"the film recognizes that superhero movies such as last year's forgettable \"\" have become meaningless spectacle ... I'd rank it beside \"\" among the best X-Men entries.\" Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com stated, \"\"Logan\" has stakes that feel real, and fight choreography that's fluid and gorgeous instead of just computer-generated effects. Most importantly, \"Logan\" has characters with which you identify and about whom you care. It's not just 'great for a superhero movie'","id":"17306838"},{"contents":"List of The Inbetweeners characters\n\n\nextended edition of 'The Inbetweeners Movie', a bonus scene reveals that he pursues older women because of his lust after Polly and he thinks that they look like her, despite the fact that they do not. In the movie, he has a girlfriend of a similar age named Nicole, whom he swears he couldn't cheat on whilst on holiday because he thinks he loves her and he has \"effics\" (ethics); however, his definition of cheating changes conveniently with his sexual activity, such as \"it","id":"8525076"},{"contents":"Blood Lake\n\n\nterrible, the editing is laughably inept, and the acting is as non existent as the gore\". [re]Search my Trash's Mike Haberfelner similarly condemned \"Blood Lake\", writing, \"Basically, this is hardcore porn and slasher movie rolled into one - and at least on paper that seems a good idea as slasher movies often use sexual allusions anyways, so why not just make the sex explicit? Unfortunately, \"Blood Lake\" doesn't quite function that way, as the sex scenes don't seem to be","id":"16624462"},{"contents":"Beyond the Mask\n\n\nmedia site BreatheCast gave the film four stars, saying \"The movie's fight choreography and period costuming are to be commended. With a slim budget of $4 million, Burns Family Productions manages to create a film that visually rivals many big budget movies of the same genre (such as 'The Count of Monte Cristo' and 'Zorro'.) Variety (magazine) gave the film a largely negative review, calling it a \"a mostly stiff, infrequently stirring attempt to furnish a swashbuckling historical yarn for Christian audiences","id":"17354101"},{"contents":"Jesse Stone: Night Passage\n\n\nscene just look beautiful?\" In his review on \"DVD Talk\", Paul Mavis was \"more than pleasantly surprised by this solid, no-frills made-for-TV movie.\" Mavis wrote: Mavis went on to note that although the film \"isn't necessarily surprising in its actual mystery; the killer is revealed early, and the denouement is familiar,\" what works well is \"the sustained atmosphere that Harmon and screenwriter Tom Epperson ... manage, a downbeat, hard-boiled, yet surprisingly compassionate","id":"17653300"},{"contents":"Small Soldiers\n\n\nplanning to use a lot of Stan Winston's puppets—he had made some very elaborate puppets that could do a lot of things. But in practice, we found it was much simpler and cheaper to let the CGI people do the work after we'd shot the scenes. So, I would say, it's one-third puppetry and the rest CGI in \"Small Soldiers\", even though the original idea was to do mostly puppetry.\" Based on 44 reviews, the film has an approval rating of a","id":"7890026"},{"contents":"Torched (film)\n\n\nwrote \"Even though \"Torched\" may lack the realism that's in a movie like \"Irréversible\" and is over-the-top with its violence; it is still plenty shocking and brutal enough that I believe it qualifies as one of the more nasty rape-revenge films to be made. It isn't just a shallow exploitation film, there is some genuine character development in the movie, and while the rape scene itself didn't really have the punch that other movies have, the torture and balls-out","id":"1736563"},{"contents":"Say It Isn't So (film)\n\n\n\"A comedy character can't be successfully embarrassed for more than a few seconds at a time. Even then, it's best if they don't know what they've done wrong--if the joke's on them, and they don't get it. ... \"Say It Isn't So,\" on the other hand, keeps a character embarrassed in scene after scene, until he becomes an...embarrassment. The movie doesn't understand that embarrassment comes in a sudden painful flush of realization; drag it out,","id":"9346962"},{"contents":"Vassalord\n\n\na vampire who lives the playboy lifestyle. Solving crimes and fighting his lust for blood, who refuses to drink human blood. Cherry also fights lust for his own master while Johnny delights in nothing more so than seducing Cherry at every turn. Cherry is very possessive, and is in a relationship with Rayflo. Rayfell is the supposed twin of Johnny Rayflo. Whether they are related or not isn't known. However, they do look and act very similar which is why they can be called twins. She is a Succubus","id":"16012872"},{"contents":"Tekken: Blood Vengeance\n\n\nmatter how vague and pointless the reasons behind it. Besides, this movie is way better than any other \"Tekken\" movie that has come out to date, anime or live-action, so at least it has that going for it.\" PALGN's Bev Chen said \"It’s actually not a bad film, especially when you compare it to the dismal live-action \"Tekken\" film that was released last year – the story adds a fair bit to the game’s mythos and the fight scenes are pretty","id":"10721513"},{"contents":"Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters\n\n\nbeen bad experiences with animatronics throughout various productions but I saw this company Spectral Motion. They did the \"Hellboy\" movies and I just loved it.\" Wirkola added: \"I come from Norway where we can't afford CGI. But this is a fantastical world of witches and trolls and I wanted to ground the movie where I could. The blood should look real.\" Janssen, however, despite Wirkola's warnings, \"was not entirely prepared for how involved and long that was going to be\" and \"","id":"8139598"},{"contents":"The Story of Us (film)\n\n\nthought this movie would be entertaining? The same person who thinks we need more dialogue about why guys do the wrong thing with rolls of toilet paper. And who thinks the misery of this film can be repaired by a showboat monologue at the end that's well-delivered by Pfeiffer, but reads like an audition scene.\" In the \"San Francisco Chronicle\", Mick LaSalle wrote: \"Anyone so naive as to turn to Hollywood for a wise and honest statement about marriage deserves this film... One thing the movie","id":"5121322"},{"contents":"Merah Putih (2009 film)\n\n\n\"This movie is a reminder for all of us of why we become Indonesia at the beginning. I hope this movie can encourage the young generation to love this country and to make our Indonesia better,\" Donny said. Despite a series of fighting and explosions scenes, you won't find a spectacular amount of action in this film, especially if you are a war movie lover. Allyn said that this first movie was more of an introduction of the characters and transitions of how they became mature. He promised that there","id":"11664089"},{"contents":"Westfront 1918\n\n\n, in his review in the New York Times on 22 Nov 1987, compares the film unfavorably to Lewis Milestone's \"All Quiet in the Westfront,\" stating: \"\"[The German film] isn't nearly as moving as \"All Quiet,\" it has a power of its own... Pabst is especially good at giving a gritty documentary quality to the battle scenes; the pointless slaughter comes through. The movie is weaker when it focuses on individual soldiers... The truth of the movie is all in the trenches","id":"19673432"},{"contents":"MTV Movie & TV Awards\n\n\nthat work in the movie industry. The award is given to an actor that managed to inspire others with a diverse portfolio of work and a transcendent reputation in the public eye. Since 1993, scenes are spoofed, mostly from that year's most popular films, although television shows and older movies have also been chosen. This may include sound and video montages, replacing some of the original cast with other actors (commonly, the hosts of each year's show) generally mocking the scenes of that film. The diversity of","id":"5698097"},{"contents":"Solomon Kane (film)\n\n\n] makes for a genuinely intriguing hero\". The only fault is the final confrontation, where the \"clashingly mainstream touch\" of a CGI demon \"[punctures] the movie's careful atmosphere of pre-Enlightenment dread\". \"Variety\" gave the film a negative review, stating that the film \"just isn't much fun\". Bassett's direction is described as being handled \"confidently if without much flair\" while Purefoy \"gamely endures heavy exertion throughout; it's not his fault the script lends his character","id":"2966840"},{"contents":"American Beauty (1999 film)\n\n\nhomeless woman: \"When you see something like that, it's like God is looking right at you, just for a second. And if you're careful, you can look right back.\" Jane asks: \"And what do you see?\" Ricky: \"Beauty.\" Ball said, \"They wanted to cut that scene. They said it's not important. I said, 'You're out of your fucking mind. It's one of the most important scenes in the movie!' [","id":"210066"},{"contents":"Stock sound effect\n\n\ngame stock sound effect for a scream. Often compared to the Wilhelm scream, its prominence in a number of movies has launched a few nicknames such as Howie Long Scream, in reference to Howie Long's character's death scene in the 1996 film \"Broken Arrow\". It appears to have originated from a fight scene in the 1980 film \"The Ninth Configuration\". An older equivalent of the Howie scream was one originating from Lucille La Verne's voice of the Evil Queen in \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\"","id":"14045325"},{"contents":"Streets of Fire\n\n\n's [Jimmy] Iovine and me and Joel Silver... And about 20 minutes into the movie Jimmy turns to me and he goes... this movie is really shitty isn't it? It's really bad. I said, yeah, it's a really bad script. Why didn't anyone notice that the script was bad? It stinks. I can't even watch it... Joel's on the other side going, what am I gonna do next? There's gotta be a next project, and they","id":"18438990"},{"contents":"American Sniper\n\n\nblog \"Information is Beautiful\" deduced that, while taking creative licence into account, the film was 56.9% accurate when compared to real-life events, summarizing: \"a lot of the events in the movie did happen, although Kyle's involvement in them was repeatedly exaggerated\". One aspect of the film that received negative comment was its use of a fake baby doll in one scene, which was so obviously artificial that it became a distraction. In at least one media screening of the film, the audience laughed","id":"2892806"},{"contents":"Cabin Pressure (film)\n\n\nex-husband and an oddball technician must race against the clock to find where the disgruntled former employee is, and regain control of the aircraft before it crashes into Seattle. Principal photography took place in Vancouver, British Columbia. \"Cabin Pressure\" (released in home video as \"Hijack'd\") was reviewed in \"The Movie Scene\", \"... 'Cabin Pressure' isn't so much a movie but a collection of movie cliches surrounding a troubled plane, in this case a completely computer operated plane. As such","id":"20051603"},{"contents":"Wong Shun Leung\n\n\nstraits at the time, so I didn't have to do the film (just) to make money.\" The role of Lee's final opponent was thus played by basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. In another interview, Wong said, \"It was for \"Game of Death\", but I declined because I thought that the moves of Wing Chun style wouldn’t look good on film. I think the Wing Chun method is ugly for movies but very good and very logical for real fighting.\" In 1973","id":"17032032"},{"contents":"True Legend\n\n\nhe thought were the most important in the movie to be converted into 3-D. It took up to six entire months just to convert these two fight scenes into 3-D. Despite his efforts, a number of countries who bought the movies distribution rights didn't release the movie in 3-D because workers in movie theaters would have to tell the audiences when they should put on their 3-D glasses and take it off as there are scenes in between the 3-D scenes that are in 2-D. Jay Chou also helped with designing some of the actor's outfits as","id":"7408647"},{"contents":"Chicken Girls: The Movie\n\n\ntells her that everyone is talking about the dance, and no one seems concerned about academics. While hanging out with Flash and Ace, TK asks if they can do a reshoot on the movie. Ace is confused why the aren’t done with the movie yet and tells Flash that his basketball skills will get rusty. Flash remarks that you have to make sacrifices for art. They two soon get into a fight. TK plays peace maker, saying that this is why they haven’t been asked to the dance. Ace","id":"20961259"},{"contents":"The Condemned\n\n\nto the film was overwhelmingly negative. Rotten Tomatoes lists the film with a 15% rating, registering 15 \"fresh\" reviews out of 99, while Metacritic gives the film a 23% rating. Complaints against \"The Condemned\" included complaints of plot holes, overly preachy tone, lack of plot progression, hypocritical morals, poor fight choreography and one \"fake\" wrestler. V.A. Musetto of the \"New York Post\" gave the film zero stars out of four, describing it as a \"sickeningly violent and inane movie","id":"20920425"},{"contents":"Cop Land\n\n\nbuilds slowly but achieves a stunning payoff when Freddy decides to clean up his town ... Freddy awakes to his own potential, and it's exhilarating to watch the character and the actor revive in unison. Nearly down for the count in the movie ring, Stallone isn't just back in the fight. He's a winner\". In his review for the \"San Francisco Chronicle\", Mick LaSalle also liked Stallone's work: \"His transformation is more than a matter of weight. He looks spiritually beaten and terribly sad","id":"20747948"},{"contents":"Ryan Pickett (filmmaker)\n\n\nthink it is better that folks see it and come to their own conclusions. Just as beauty is in the eye of the beholder, the relevance, resonance and power of LOOK resides entirely in the eye of the person watching it.\" Writer Terra King reviewed \"Look\" and said that the movie was \"deep and full of metaphor.\" Writer Sean Kernan examined in his Yahoo Voices article \"Look is an Elegant Examination of Beauty\" how captivating visuals revealed why \"Look\" won so many awards. Matthew Saliba","id":"10819628"},{"contents":"Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell\n\n\nblizzards, they opted to return to South Africa, where \"\" was filmed. The opening scene was filmed in the desert, made to look like snow with filters and video processing techniques. The nice weather was explained by climate change causing unusual warmth in the Arctic. The crew used CGI for many of the Graboid scenes. \"Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell\" received mixed reviews. Tim Janson of \"The SciFi Movie Page\" gave the film two stars out of five, saying \"While none of the","id":"22102503"},{"contents":"Ragini MMS 2\n\n\nbecomes familiar. A little more attention to that, and to the storyline, and this will become a solid franchise.\" Namita Karkera of \"Rediff.com\" gave the film a score of 1.5 out of 5 noting, \"Sunny Leone looks hot alright but with scary scenes being average at best, Ragini MMS 2 isn't half as scary as it is supposed to be. At best, the film seems like a spoof. The second half of the movie however fares better. Overall the movie still manages to scare at","id":"4365056"},{"contents":"Snakes on a Plane\n\n\nto see when I was a kid\" further clarifying \"I feel sorry for all those people that are going through that whole trip of ‘Why would Samuel Jackson do something like this?’ and ‘It’s lowbrow.’ It’s a movie. People go to movies on Saturday to get away from the war in Iraq and taxes and election news and pedophiles online and just go and have some fun and I like doing movies that are fun.” The film's B movie-esque title generated a lot of","id":"1757256"},{"contents":"Hannah Montana: The Movie\n\n\nmovie is that celebrity looks easy but is hard. The real lesson, as always, is that since even Miley has to work overtime to \"be\" Hannah, every girl in the audience – if she tries hard enough – can become the star she longs to be.\" Peter Hartlaub from \"San Francisco Chronicle\" praised: \"\"Hannah Montana: The Movie\" isn't an abomination. The characters are wholesome, the plot is easy to follow and the songs all sound the same, so you can really","id":"18938479"},{"contents":"Vintiöt\n\n\nOften he just recites things he is allowed and not allowed to do in a nasal voice. In this sketch a middle-class couple returns home from a cruise to the Estonian capital city of Tallinn, which is a popular place to visit by the Finns, mostly because you can buy cheap alcohol and fake products there. The couple proceeds to unpack their shopping - a pirate version of the movie \"Häjyt\" featuring Samuli Edelmann, one of the show's actors, two cartons of cigarettes (one has a piece of","id":"7623365"},{"contents":"Red State (2011 film)\n\n\nTrue independence is schlepping that shit to the people yourself. And that's what I intend to do...\" \"Yes, anybody can make a movie, we know that now ... What we aim to prove is that anybody can release a movie as well, and it's not enough to just make it and sell it anymore, I'm sorry. ... Indie film isn't dead people, it just grew up. It's just indie film 2.0 now, and in indie film 2.0 we don't let them sell","id":"1967890"},{"contents":"I Do Bidoo Bidoo: Heto nAPO Sila!\n\n\n\" also gave the film a favorable review stating, \"The \"pamamanhikan\" scene is brilliant: old fashioned metaphoric speech, initiating an awesome \"salawikain\" battle that segues into one of the most charming numbers in the movie (“Salawikain”).\" The same goes with the review from Philippine Entertainment Portal (PEP), stating that the movie is a total charmer and its production design is just as excellent, while every backdrop looks meticulously planned. It further added, \"\"Well-choreographed musical numbers help","id":"14832302"},{"contents":"Avatar: The Last Airbender\n\n\nlook. He praised the action scenes as \"well rendered\", comparing the development of the avatar world to that of \"The Lord of the Rings\", and the fight choreography as \"wonderful in its most minor details\". D. F. Smith enjoyed the series' painstaking backgrounds. \"Cricket\" Te praised each episode's color palette and the choreography's combination of martial arts and magic. Nick Hartel criticized the animation, although he found it an improvement over previous Nickelodeon shows. Chris Mitchell called the animation fluid.","id":"2887842"},{"contents":"Enter the Game of Death\n\n\nproves yet again that Bruce Le sucks, and was the worst \"fake Bruce\" of them all. Even Dragon Lee had some charm, compared to him. The reason behind Le's loathsomeness is the audacious levels of \"action\" he and his producers packed into each of his movies; plot, character development, and even dialog were cast aside whenever possible and replaced by unending kung-fu battles. At least Bruce Le was a good martial artist, with some impressive kicks, but the guy just looks too goofy","id":"20131306"},{"contents":"Sammo Hung\n\n\nthe 1970s generally featured highly stylised fighting sequences in period or fantasy settings, Hung's choreography, set in modern urban areas, was more realistic and frenetic - featuring long one-on-one fight scenes. The fight sequences from several of these films, such as those in \"Winners and Sinners\" (1982) and \"Wheels on Meals\" (1985) came to define 1980s martial arts movies. In 1983, the collaboration between the triumvirate of Hung, Jackie Chan, and Yuen Biao began with Chan's \"","id":"12944559"},{"contents":"Bleach (manga)\n\n\n, monsters and the afterlife. The action style and storytelling found in \"Bleach\" are inspired by cinema, though Kubo has not revealed any specific movie as being an influence for fight scenes. When pressed, he told interviewers that he liked \"Snatch\" but did not use it as a model. \"Bleach\"s fight choreography is instead constructed with the aid of rock music, which the author listens to while imagining the fights in order to give him a sense of pacing for the panel cuts and change of angles through the","id":"7650051"},{"contents":"Antihistamine\n\n\nmostly short term studies or studies which look at too few people to make general assumptions. Another gap in the research is in information reporting the health effects for individuals with long term allergies to take antihistamines for a long period of time. Newer antihistamines have been demonstrated to be effective in treating hives. However, there is not research comparing the relative efficacy of these drugs. Most studies of antihistamines reported on people who are younger, so the effects on people over age 65 are not as well understood. Older people are more","id":"14777339"},{"contents":"Stick (film)\n\n\nThe movie's advertising slogan was: \"The only thing he couldn't do was stick to the rules.\" Leonard hung up a poster in his den with the word \"rules\" covered by a piece of paper on which was written the word \"script\". \"The movie isn't anything like the book,\" he said. \"The plot was taken out. In place of the scam are machine guns.\" Leonard compared it with the film made of \"52 Pick-Up\". \"One","id":"12113374"},{"contents":"The Puppetoon Movie\n\n\nthe same 12 additional Puppetoons. The film opens on a film set, where Gumby and his friends are filming a dinosaur movie. A ferocious Tyrannosaurus rex named Arnie charges on set and is about to devour a young doe named Barbara when suddenly, he removes his false teeth and lets the doe go out of sympathy. Gumby as a director cuts the scene and questions Arnie on his hesitation to act ferocious. Although Arnie knows it is all just acting, he feels unfit for the part because it just isn't him.","id":"6760863"},{"contents":"Software rendering\n\n\ngraphical accelerator, including: Contrary to real-time rendering, performance is only of second priority with pre-rendering. It is used mainly in the film industry to create high-quality renderings of lifelike scenes. Many special effects in today's movies are entirely or partially created by computer graphics. For example, the character of Gollum in the Peter Jackson \"The Lord of the Rings\" films is completely computer-generated imagery (CGI). Also for animation movies, CGI is gaining popularity. Most notably Pixar has","id":"3740363"},{"contents":"Peter Yates\n\n\n\" said Yates around this time. \"I don't crave power. I really wouldn't want to trade places with anyone, not even Steven Spielberg. Look at what power can do to a gifted director like Robert Altman. It isn't necessarily healthy. I just want to make the movies that I want to make and, if by chance a few of them should turn out to be important or influential or successful, well, that would be an accident, wouldn't it?\" Following \"The Dresser\"","id":"555672"},{"contents":"Kuei Chih-Hung\n\n\nphotography, lighting and so on.\" \"Compared to smaller studios, there are advantages and disadvantages to working for Shaw Brothers. Perhaps things have improved now, but in the past, independent productions were always running out of funds and that affected both the quality of the movie and your own livelihood. Shaw Brothers is at least well-equipped. If you need a set for a period movie, for example, just take a look in the sculpture room of the studio and you will find Shanghainese masters who specialize in","id":"7022811"},{"contents":"Buttons (The Pussycat Dolls song)\n\n\nsmoke is filled and halfway through the video, the floor turns on fire. The video ends with the girls walking away. Tom Breihan from \"The Village Voice\" ranked the video at number 10 on his favorite videos of 2006 for its \"flashy editing, decent choreography, a distinct look. If those are easy things to do, why isn't every pop video this good?\" Samantha Friedman of VH1 described the dance routine as \"intriguing and sexy and sassy.\" \"Playboy\" magazine ranked the clip at","id":"9256054"},{"contents":"The Avengers (2012 film)\n\n\nlong lens, talky movies – I like to see the space I'm in and relate to it, so 3D kinda fits my aesthetic anyway. And the technology has advanced so far in the past couple years.\" Whedon also said that \"there definitely are movies that shouldn't be in 3D\" but \"\"The Avengers\" isn't obnoxiously 3D. There's no, 'Oh look, we're going to spend 20 minutes going through this tunnel because it's in 3D!' And no one is pointing at","id":"3908971"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"When Harry Met Sally...\\n\\n\\nWell, why don't I just fake one, just do one?'\\\" Ryan suggested that the scene take place in a restaurant, and it was Crystal who came up with the scene's classic punchline – \\\"I'll have what she's having.\\\" In 2005, the quote was listed 33rd on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes list of memorable movie lines. Reiner recalls that at a test screening, all of the women in the audience were laughing while all of the men were silent.\",\n \"id\": \"14667796\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption\\n\\n\\nfor most of the movie to be set in Europe. But because of the movie's limited budget, the director moved the movie to Thailand, where it's cheaper to shoot. They used CGI to add the sand around Horus's city, which is supposed to be in a desert. They had 400 extras for the battle scenes, but most of the fighting was done with the main cast plus just 12 stunt men, who played multiple roles in different costumes so they could be in all of the battles. The\",\n \"id\": \"17893457\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Love Bite\\n\\n\\n\\\" Reviewer Karl De Mesa mourned the underabundance of werewolf sightings: \\\"when we do see the beast the darn CGI makes it look like this one might just fall into the B-movie bin.\\\" Reviewer Ellis Whitehouse expressed some outrage: \\\"The wolf itself is a disgustingly ugly piece of CGI work, with it changing size and shape as the scenes progress, one minute it'll be twice the size a human with the fattest head in existence, next it'll be a puny mongrel cowering in front of a car\",\n \"id\": \"9890398\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Inale\\n\\n\\ncrave for a well produced traditional Nollywood movie I suggest you see Inale. This is one Nollywood movie anyone could enjoy. The visuals were beautiful, the actors acted effortlessly\\\". He praised the cinematography, editing and sound of the film, but talked down on the music, which he feels isn't traditional enough. Elnathan John, on the other hand, commended the music but faulted the scripting and the choreography of the dance and fight scenes. He concluded by stating: \\\"It is a tremendously ambitious attempt at producing\",\n \"id\": \"18914087\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Captain America: The Winter Soldier\\n\\n\\n, they wanted to stay with live action, which is a dying art form. If they can build it, they built it. If we could do it, we did it. They wanted to do as little CGI as possible. That's why the movie looks so great.\\\" Nevertheless, six special effects companies are involved in creating the visual effects of the film, including Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), Scanline VFX, Lola VFX, Luma Pictures, Whiskytree and The Embassy, with previsualization completed by\",\n \"id\": \"11663602\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fight Back to School II\\n\\n\\nher sister drags her to play tennis. 6.Chow and Sharla Cheung look for a new apartment. Chow senses something suspicious between his girlfriend and Sharla also senses that Chow is hiding something away from her which explains why in the end of the movie Sharla Cheung gets the maths teacher for a boyfriend. 7.An Extended scene of Sandy and her sister talk about chow in the cafeteria scene. 8.The scene of Stephen forced to go home by his fake mother who is a cop. There is an Alternate shorter scene when Stephen gets expelled by\",\n \"id\": \"11208280\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior\\n\\n\\nemphasized over its storyline or characters. Its onrush of chase scenes, hand-to-hand combat and acrobatics, The fight choreography drew notice for its quality, the inventiveness of the moves and lack of CGI and wire-fu. The film currently holds an 86% \\\"Fresh\\\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 105 reviews, with the consensus being: \\\"While \\\"Ong-Bak: The Thai Warrior\\\" may be no great shakes as a movie, critics are hailing the emergence of a new star in Tony\",\n \"id\": \"17212438\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Knight and Day\\n\\n\\n\\\"'Knight and Day' aspires to the light charm of a romantic action comedy like 'Charade' or 'Romancing the Stone,' but would come closer if it dialed down the relentless action. The romance part goes without saying after a Meet Cute contrived in an airport, and the comedy seems to generate naturally between Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz. But why do so many summer movies find it obligatory to inflict us with CGI overkill? I'd sorta rather see Diaz and Cruise in action scenes on a human scale\",\n \"id\": \"17611030\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kingz (film)\\n\\n\\nof the 2008 Fantastic Fest Online, Jude Felton compared it favourably to \\\"From Dusk Till Dawn\\\" and \\\"Botched\\\", saying it did well, especially given the short length:It's well shot, with some excellent camera, and is very slick looking throughout... the cast do a decent job even if the characters are on the cliched side. What really holds it all together though is the choreography of the action scenes, which for a movie this size are nothing short of excellent... In terms of the plot\",\n \"id\": \"11597528\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hsiao Ho (actor)\\n\\n\\nand also took a lead role in Fake Ghost Catchers, directed by Lau Kar Wing. Fake Ghost Catchers is marketed by Celestial Pictures as being made two years before Ghostbusters (inferring that the idea for Ghostbusters may have come from the movie). Hou is also known for portraying the \\\"disfigured swordsman\\\" and doubling complicated action scenes in 1993's \\\"Iron Monkey\\\". He was also the action director for the movie Shaolin Avengers (1994). In 1982 he was nominated for Best Action Choreography for the movie Legendary Weapons\",\n \"id\": \"8938051\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sleepless Night (2011 film)\\n\\n\\nbeing a joint Belgian-French-Luxembourgian production, the film had to be partially shot in these locations having the dance club scene shot in Belgium and the kitchen and parking scenes shot in Luxembourg. For the fight scene in the kitchen, director Jardin desired \\\"a fight that would be interesting for people who don’t like fights in films. Not just for crazy people who like kung-fu movies.\\\" Sisley was familiar with martial arts and boxing and jujitsu worked on the choreography for the fight scene before having a\",\n \"id\": \"5370195\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Live by Night (film)\\n\\n\\nfan of the movies Ben Affleck has directed. That's why \\\"Live by Night\\\" is such a disappointment. I was actively looking forward to it. And I would have given it any benefit of the doubt, but this movie just isn't there. It feels like a rushed project that Affleck had to get out of the way before he plays Batman again.\\\" Owen Gleiberman of \\\"Variety\\\" also gave the film a mixed review, writing: \\\"It's like seeing the ghost of a terrific movie:\",\n \"id\": \"18746392\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"13 Assassins (2010 film)\\n\\n\\n. Miike had strayed from the use of CGI in the film as well as planning the scenes via storyboarding, insisting on shooting the scenes right away. In a separate interview, however, Miike said that some CGI were used, albeit minimal. Over half of the thirteen actors playing the assassins were reportedly inexperienced in sword fighting and horseback riding, and Miike wanted them to be just that, explaining, \\\"If the actors had been skilled from the beginning, and had been in several samurai movies before, the way they\",\n \"id\": \"1158239\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Compilation film\\n\\n\\nthese musical films. Another example is the movie \\\"Moonwalker\\\" (1988) with pop singer Michael Jackson which mostly consists of older footage from his music videos and concerts, and some newer footage to give some resemblance of a story. A special kind of compilation films are movies where old footage is simply filmed again, but on a higher budget. A famous example is the first Monty Python movie \\\"And Now For Something Completely Different\\\" (1973), where most of the scenes are recreations of the most popular sketches\",\n \"id\": \"834445\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Alone (2015 Hindi film)\\n\\n\\nhowever. Filmfare praised the two lead actors, but gave film 3 stars, stating that \\\"The only reason why \\\"Alone\\\" will work is for its erotic packaging. Those looking for a genuine scary movie will only get bad rehashes of scenes from The Conjuring and other popular Hollywood fare.\\\" Times of India gave it a 2.5 and said, \\\"When you scratch the surface, you don't end up scared shitless. And isn't that what \\\"Alone\\\" is meant to do?\\\" Bollywood Hungama gave it\",\n \"id\": \"19189888\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water\\n\\n\\nauthor Edward Douglas wrote: \\\"The CGI animation just looks weird.\\\" Philippe Dauman said that the CGI elements are intended to \\\"refresh and give another boost\\\" to the characters. The film features live action scenes directed by Mike Mitchell. Filming began on September 30, 2013 and lasted through November 5, 2013, on various locations in Savannah, Georgia and Tybee Island. The Savannah Film Office first announced that the film would shoot live action scenes in Savannah for 40 days on July 11, 2013. Will Hammargren,\",\n \"id\": \"9336533\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"True Legend\\n\\n\\n-style residences. Yuen Woo Ping preferred to shoot their original structure rather than building it in sound stages, which may look fake. The scene in which Andy On and Vincent Zhao fights at Hukou Waterfall is said to be the hardest fight scene to shoot in the entire film according to Yuen Woo Ping. Yuen Woo Ping stated, \\\"The safety issue for that scene was the biggest challenge of the whole movie. The landscape looks magnificent but are very dangerous; there was no chance for us to make any mistakes.\",\n \"id\": \"7408644\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Felicity Huffman\\n\\n\\n. Barb is a Lifetime movie heroine: a tough, divorced mother who raised her children alone, and is fighting now to bring her son's murderer to justice. Except this isn't that kind of show, and Barb's battles have not just made her stronger; they've made her hate all the people she's felt she had to fight. Which is why Huffman's gut-wrenching performance is so startling. A bundle of barely concealed fury, Huffman forces us to invest in a woman who thinks her bigotry\",\n \"id\": \"16212898\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption\\n\\n\\nrest of the extras weren't trained to fight, so they stayed in the background, and careful observers can see that they aren't actually doing any dangerous fighting themselves. They were originally planning for Zulu Kondo to throw his hammer, then have it magically fly back to his hand. But they decided to cut that bit when they saw the 2011 movie Thor had already done the same thing. Many of the movie's scenes were done at tourist locations, which they weren't able to reserve just for themselves. So\",\n \"id\": \"17893458\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Enter Three Dragons\\n\\n\\nEnter Three Dragons” isn't as wacky as “Clones,” but there's definitely enough unintentional entertainment that makes it just as fun.\\\" and gave the rate 6 out of 10. The movie however gave confusion to people due to the random additional fight scenes and cuts of the film. The movie was released in alternate name which gave some people a confusion with the titles. The Korean release of the movie was released the title after \\\"Three Avengers\\\". But the thing that makes even more confuse is the\",\n \"id\": \"15936934\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dracula A.D. 1972\\n\\n\\n] his stirring fight scene with Van Helsing is a highlight. ... How can Hammer fans not like this stuff?\\\" In his 2017 book on vampire movies of the 1970s, author Gary A. Smith wrote that looking back on the film, \\\"what seemed like a terrible idea back in 1972, really isn't so dire after all. Now, so far removed from its contemporary setting, the swinging London of \\\"Dracula A.D. 1972\\\" seems as much a period piece as the Victorian settings of its predecessors. The main\",\n \"id\": \"1012963\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Serhat Arvas\\n\\n\\nhis education at İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality Performance Arts Center. In 2003 Yıldırım Stunt Team was disbanded. Arvas took on a side role in the well-known Turkish serial called \\\"Kurtlar Vadisi\\\" in 2004. As intending to give fight scenes a more professional look in his movies, he formed “Serhat Arvas Stunt Team” in late 2004. He also continued his studies on arranging fight scenes, fight choreographies, stunting, camera angles and action in cinema. Team’s first short feature project called \\\"Fists of Vengeance\\\" highly\",\n \"id\": \"214881\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (video game)\\n\\n\\nthe game did not take advantage of the system's graphical capabilities, and wrote, \\\"The cut scenes are more like storyboards than movie sequences. You don't get to see too many clips from the film, just stills taken from specific scenes. Why would they do this when all other movie-based games use real-time sequences, if not actual clips from the film? […] This could come as a disappointment to players expecting to re-live the movie's magic through a game. During the\",\n \"id\": \"5441736\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Obsessed (2009 film)\\n\\n\\nthe choreography and noted the scene as the highlight of the film. McKiernan called it the \\\"best knock-down, drag-out girlfight\\\" of 2009. However, Alex Navarro from Screened called the fight \\\"boring\\\" because of the poor filming and editing of the scene. At the 2009 Teen Choice Awards, \\\"Obsessed\\\" was nominated in the category of Choice Movie: Drama, while Beyoncé was a nominee for the Choice Movie Actress: Drama award. The fight scene between Sharon and Lisa garnered Beyoncé and Larter\",\n \"id\": \"17914564\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tom-Yum-Goong\\n\\n\\ndislike people who take liberties. Kham is finally reunited with Kohrn. Compared to \\\"\\\", which was noted for its lack of wirework and CGI, this movie uses CGI in several scenes, from the obvious (helicopter scene, and an entirely computer-animated dream sequence), to the subtle (a glass window shattering in the four-minute steadicam long take that follows Jaa up several flights of stairs as he dispatches thug after thug in dramatic fashion). The largest example of CGI is Tony Jaa's dramatic leap\",\n \"id\": \"3663803\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"I Can Only Imagine (film)\\n\\n\\nEhrlich of IndieWire gave the film a \\\"C–\\\" saying: \\\"There’s a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made; why they all end with links to religious websites; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart-brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window...Art can be affirmation, but affirmation cannot be art.\\\" Faith-based reviewers mostly gave the movie positive reviews. Megan Basham of \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"9598846\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion\\n\\n\\nSimon Abrams of RogerEbert.com gave the film a 4/4 rating and writes the film \\\"is everything I want but rarely get from superhero and big-budget fantasy movie\\\" adding \\\"the fight scenes... are so creative that they make even the most frequently abused creative shortcuts seem novel, everything from computer-generated imagery (CGI) to speed-ramping... You care what happens to the cast as they, aided by wires, hurl volleys of arrows at disposable minions and CGI animals.\\\" Anita Iyer from \\\"Khaleej Times\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"15193871\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"It's Alive! (1969 film)\\n\\n\\na package to one of their stations. It was frantic. It was a different way of doing movies.\\\" Kirk later called it \\\"a monster movie so cheap that the monster wore a scuba suit and had ping-pong balls for eyes\\\". The cave scenes were filmed in Onyx Cave in Eureka Springs, Arkansas. The monster suit for the dinosaur was reused from one of Buchanan's older films, \\\"Creature of Destruction\\\". Buchanan said \\\"Tommy was a really fine actor, but he just disappeared into\",\n \"id\": \"20343520\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Blooddrunk (song)\\n\\n\\nperiod (between 2005–2007), and arrived at the conclusion that he was addicted to hurting himself \\\"so bad\\\". When discussing the track in interviews, Laiho has made reference to the fact that he self-harmed in the past. However, Laiho has noted that the song isn't \\\"necessarily just about cutting yourself but about other things you do to yourself and you don't know why\\\". One interviewer commented that the phrase \\\"blood drunk\\\" appears in the 2007 movie \\\"300\\\", although Laiho stated\",\n \"id\": \"1196905\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jerry Lewis\\n\\n\\n. ... quoting Chris Fujiwara, \\\"\\\"The Patsy\\\" is a film so radical that it makes comedy out of the situation of a comedian who isn't funny.\\\" The final scene of \\\"The Patsy\\\" is famous for revealing to the audience the movie as a movie, and Lewis as actor/director. Lewis wrote in \\\"The Total Filmmaker\\\", his belief in breaking the fourth wall, actors looking directly into the camera, despite industry norms. More contemporary comedies such as \\\"The Larry Sanders Show\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"16001803\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Land Before Time\\n\\n\\ncuteness that can turn minds of all ages to mush.\\\" \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" writer Sheila Benson also stated that the movie's enjoyment was limited to younger viewers, remarking \\\"do dinosaurs really lend themselves to ootsie-cutesiness?\\\" Many reviewers compared \\\"The Land Before Time\\\" to films from Disney's Golden Age. Steven Rea of the \\\"Philadelphia Inquirer\\\" said that the movie \\\"looks and sounds as if it came out of the Disney Studios of the '40s or '50s. Which isn't necessarily\",\n \"id\": \"3279873\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters\\n\\n\\nfull-length movie to \\\"Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters for DVD\\\", just like the film soundtrack's title. The DVD features include the ten fake endings as shown on the internet, a \\\"making of\\\" featurette, promos, the \\\"Deleted Scenes\\\" episode, a music video, and an eighty-minute animatic (rough cut) of the movie made out of the deleted scenes from the film and scenes from the \\\"Deleted Scenes\\\" episode as well as a commentary. Rock and\",\n \"id\": \"21275696\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Midnight Hour\\n\\n\\n\\\"San Bernardino Sun\\\" deemed the film a \\\"less-than-satisfying teenage monster movie,\\\" adding: \\\"The two-hour made-for-TV movie is billed as a humorous horror romp, but \\\"The Midnight Hour\\\" is really a campy monster bash in which revived corpses break into song and dance. Expect neither tricks nor treats, just lots of rock music, fake-looking special effects, and slow-moving scenes.\\\" A review published in \\\"The Des Moines Register\\\" noted:\",\n \"id\": \"16664926\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Battle of the Bastards\\n\\n\\nbattle scenes, which is why they are rarely used except in \\\"big budget war films\\\". Weiss added, \\\"Miguel's really outdone himself. Fully fleshed out medieval battles require a tremendous amount of resources and choreography to get them right. It feels like we're doing something fresh that you don't see on TV and movies very often.\\\" Four camera crews were used for the battle scene. The 500 extras were largely the Snow and Bolton armies as Wildlings, archers, swordsmen and spearmen. Each army was\",\n \"id\": \"21388158\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Angry Birds Movie\\n\\n\\nof today deserve better. So do I, come to think of it\\\". In his review for \\\"TheWrap\\\", Alonso Duralde wrote, \\\"Let's be clear, then: \\\"The Angry Birds Movie\\\" isn't pointless because it's based on an app. It's pointless because it's pointless\\\". Stephen Whitty of the New York \\\"Daily News\\\" gave the film one out of five stars, writing, \\\"\\\"The Angry Birds Movie\\\" is just fowl\\\". In August 2016, Rovio\",\n \"id\": \"2050835\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Change Your Life (Iggy Azalea song)\\n\\n\\nchoreography which she felt was \\\"so '80s and awful with these emphatic movements\\\". The scene where Azalea emerges from the swimming pool topless with red pasties covering her nipples pays homage to a similar scene in \\\"Showgirls\\\". Azalea explained, \\\"So if I'm gonna do that movie, I can't leave out the best, most awesome, tacky, what-the-fuck moment\\\". Azalea felt the scene was also important because she wanted to address recent criticism of her small breasts and use it\",\n \"id\": \"773890\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Great Beans of China\\n\\n\\nthat the romance in it uses real facts and situations that actually happen in real life, usually you'd find romance in films that's a bunch of fake sweet stuff put in there just for the sake of selling the movie, which is a very degrading thing to do, while Fool El Seen el Azeem is a masterpiece. A very beautiful film filled with enormous comedy scenes, and a very interesting story, usually the type of films you'd find starring Egyptian actor Mohamed Henedi. It is quite Ironic how the movie\",\n \"id\": \"8536649\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ann Richards\\n\\n\\nis not something that you can fake. And she looked at me and she said \\\"I love the movies\\\" with this childlike voice, this passion. Standing next to me at that moment was not the former governor, a political swordsman... she was like all the rest of us, just someone who loved the movies. It's a terrible loss for Texas in so many ways, but for the cultural community to have an advocate in that position, you don't have that but once a generation, if you\",\n \"id\": \"13770906\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Battleground (short story)\\n\\n\\nthe Germans during the Battle of the Bulge. His written response was changed to \\\"SCREW YOU!\\\" in the televised episode. Several film shots and action scenes remind of famous war/action movies. So William Hurt has his head in the pool at waterline like Martin Sheen in \\\"Apocalypse Now\\\" at the end. The last surviving toy soldier has an \\\"army of one\\\" look and attitude like \\\"Rambo\\\" and the elevator scenes bear strong similarities with the \\\"Die Hard\\\" movie fight scenes. The story\",\n \"id\": \"306759\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Emmanuel Lubezki\\n\\n\\nmovie was shot so as to appear to be photographed in one continuous take. Lubezki won the award again in 2015 for Iñárritu's \\\"The Revenant\\\", becoming a milestone for his third consecutive win and for being the first cinematographer to do so. The film was shot entirely in the wilderness during a cold season, minimizing the amount of CGI and using only natural lighting. It was an extremely difficult process that required a limited amount of time to shoot each scene, which delayed the production, causing budget overruns and changes\",\n \"id\": \"7443347\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Donnie Yen\\n\\n\\nchoreograph fight scenes in Hollywood films, such as \\\"\\\" (2000) and \\\"Blade II\\\" (2002). His choreography and skills impressed the directors, and they invited him for cameo appearances in both movies. In 2002, Jet Li was filming the movie \\\"Hero\\\" and insisted to the director that he wanted Yen to play the role of Sky, his adversary, due to Yen's martial arts ability. Li personally invited Yen back from Hollywood to star in the movie, marking the second time the two\",\n \"id\": \"7787622\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bulletproof Monk\\n\\n\\ncinematography (the former he compared to an \\\"afternoon Japanese kiddie series\\\"), and concluded that \\\"they made a ton of junky movies in Hong Kong, but those were dazzlingly fluid and high-flying junky movies. This American retread has the same sort of hack plot but none of the bravura. It makes them look like monkeys, and not bulletproof ones.\\\" Bill Stamets of the \\\"Chicago Reader\\\" panned \\\"Bulletproof Monk\\\" for having \\\"routine\\\" fight scenes and juvenile humor, and that \\\"the\",\n \"id\": \"2215722\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Negatives (1988 film)\\n\\n\\nGary. There she discovers the nasty secret to why the school mistress Madeline Abadon, played by Jackie James, looks (and remains) so young. This second part of the \\\"Fright House\\\" feature was pulled and reedited from the footage shot for the original \\\"Negatives\\\". However Debbie Rochon's scenes do not appear in the renamed film \\\"Fright House\\\". \\\"Negatives\\\" was one of the first movies in which Rochon appeared and helped launch her career as a horror film Scream Queen. Duane Jones suffered a\",\n \"id\": \"2063511\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kings Row\\n\\n\\n\\\", Otto Friedrich noted that the movie had a formidable array of acting talent, and that the scene in which he saw that his legs were gone was his \\\"one great opportunity.\\\" Reagan recalled in his memoir that he had \\\"neither the experience nor talent to fake it,\\\" so he carried out exhaustive research, talking to disabled people and doctors, and practicing the line every chance he got. On the night before the scene was shot he had little sleep, so he looked suitably worn out, and\",\n \"id\": \"1280800\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Love Bite\\n\\n\\nin the film and what we do see is CGI, which was a little disappointing for me.\\\" A reviewer for \\\"GMA News Online\\\" was also mostly positive: \\\"Add a generous tone of comedy to this naughty UK horror movie and what you've got are well-sketched characters and great plot potential that, unfortunately, just drags in the execution. There's a lot of side stories here that never get developed and left unresolved like stray threads. For all its faults though, \\\"Love Bite\\\" is\",\n \"id\": \"9890400\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hans Zimmer\\n\\n\\nIn the score, Zimmer uses synthesizers (mostly a Fairlight CMI) mixed with steel drums. Zimmer explained that \\\"It was a road movie, and road movies usually have jangly guitars or a bunch of strings. I kept thinking don't be bigger than the characters. Try to keep it contained. The Raymond character doesn't actually know where he is. The world is so different to him. He might as well be on Mars. So, why don't we just invent our own world music for a world\",\n \"id\": \"897370\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bram Stoker's Dracula's Guest\\n\\n\\nThe two older men meet up in front of the dungeon grating shortly after Bram finds Elizabeth and fight. The Admiral wins in spite of taunting by the Count and the scene fades out. Critical reception has been predominantly negative. \\\"Dread Central\\\" and \\\"DVD Talk\\\" both rated the movie negatively, and \\\"Dread Central\\\" remarked that although Feifer \\\"tries really hard on his minuscule budget to recreate the look, talk, and manner of a Victorian era vampire movie - not an ounce of it feels authentic, like\",\n \"id\": \"5329651\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rurouni Kenshin: Kyoto Inferno\\n\\n\\nis a fantastic movie\\\" and goes on to say \\\"Even in the age of a high budget Marvel Cinematic Universe, \\\"Rurouni Kenshin: Kyoto Inferno\\\" is a very rare treat. As there aren’t as many of these movies being made based on anime of this caliber and the few that do get made avoiding sticking to the same formula, both overall and for the choreography during the battles, the experience still manages to feel fresh. Especially compared to the current comic book movies from the west recently. Not to\",\n \"id\": \"10679435\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Harry Reichenbach\\n\\n\\nTarzan fan. One of the actors Reichenbach worked for was Rudolf Valentino. Reichenbach convinced him to grow beard to cause a bad reaction that was followed by a good one when he \\\"agreed\\\" to shave it. For the 1915 film \\\"Trilby\\\", which included nude scenes and hypnotism, Reichenbach hired a young woman to run several times around the block and take a seat besides him just before the movie ended. She looked agitated and exhausted and Reichenbach hinted that the hypnosis scenes in the movie might have something to do\",\n \"id\": \"99049\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"After Earth\\n\\n\\nthe best movie he's made in years.\\\" Charlie Jane Anders of Io9 commented that \\\"Having suffered through \\\"Last Airbender\\\", I can attest that this film is no \\\"Last Airbender\\\"... \\\"After Earth\\\" stays grounded, and manages to tell a pretty decent story.\\\" The special effects received a mixed response. Rene Rodriguez of \\\"The Miami Herald\\\" said that \\\"the CGI creatures in the film look as fake as the monkeys in \\\"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\\\"\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"19938313\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water\\n\\n\\nbe CGI-animated, with an Internet Movie Database staff commenting, \\\"When Paramount announced there would be a new \\\"SpongeBob SquarePants\\\" movie, the assumption was that it would be animated (like all other incarnations of \\\"SpongeBob\\\"). The very brief footage from tonight's presentation suggested otherwise – it looked as though this was a CGI/live-action hybrid akin to \\\"Alvin and the Chipmunks\\\", \\\"Yogi Bear\\\", \\\"The Smurfs\\\", etc.\\\" In an article published by ComingSoon.net,\",\n \"id\": \"9336532\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mile 22\\n\\n\\nMile 22\\\" worth it.\\\" Brian Lowry of CNN stated, \\\"In fact, Uwais' action sequences—fast paced and electric—are easily the highlight of a movie otherwise characterized by an abundance of automatic-weapons fire and tedious dialogue during the fleeting gaps between those bursts.\\\" David Fear of \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, criticizing the editing of the fight scenes and stating, \\\"Why go through the trouble of giving Iko Uwais several fight scenes and editing them so that\",\n \"id\": \"4230806\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Shallows (film)\\n\\n\\nCollet-Serra being considered for the job. Collet-Serra viewed the movie as one about survival and noted \\\"this isn't a creature movie\\\". Likewise from the very beginning Collet-Serra decided not to place an emphasis on gore. Blake Lively joined the cast in August 2015. Lively was partly inspired by her husband, Ryan Reynolds', work in the similarly minimalist film \\\"Buried\\\", stating \\\"that was one of the reasons why I wanted to take on this movie so much, because I know\",\n \"id\": \"13672612\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Psychotronic Man\\n\\n\\nfunds. At the time Chicago’s mayor Richard J. Daley actively discouraged movie making because he felt the movies that were being made at that time period were mostly negative and rebellious, and he wanted Chicago to be seen in a good light. As a result of this there were almost no permits issued to get scenes filmed. According to Peter Spelson's DVD commentary, this meant that all of the scenes including the downtown running gun battles and the high speed car chases with fake police cars were filmed illegally and without permission or\",\n \"id\": \"2560579\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Logan (film)\\n\\n\\n3.5/4 and said \\\"the film recognizes that superhero movies such as last year's forgettable \\\"\\\" have become meaningless spectacle ... I'd rank it beside \\\"\\\" among the best X-Men entries.\\\" Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com stated, \\\"\\\"Logan\\\" has stakes that feel real, and fight choreography that's fluid and gorgeous instead of just computer-generated effects. Most importantly, \\\"Logan\\\" has characters with which you identify and about whom you care. It's not just 'great for a superhero movie'\",\n \"id\": \"17306838\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of The Inbetweeners characters\\n\\n\\nextended edition of 'The Inbetweeners Movie', a bonus scene reveals that he pursues older women because of his lust after Polly and he thinks that they look like her, despite the fact that they do not. In the movie, he has a girlfriend of a similar age named Nicole, whom he swears he couldn't cheat on whilst on holiday because he thinks he loves her and he has \\\"effics\\\" (ethics); however, his definition of cheating changes conveniently with his sexual activity, such as \\\"it\",\n \"id\": \"8525076\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Blood Lake\\n\\n\\nterrible, the editing is laughably inept, and the acting is as non existent as the gore\\\". [re]Search my Trash's Mike Haberfelner similarly condemned \\\"Blood Lake\\\", writing, \\\"Basically, this is hardcore porn and slasher movie rolled into one - and at least on paper that seems a good idea as slasher movies often use sexual allusions anyways, so why not just make the sex explicit? Unfortunately, \\\"Blood Lake\\\" doesn't quite function that way, as the sex scenes don't seem to be\",\n \"id\": \"16624462\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Beyond the Mask\\n\\n\\nmedia site BreatheCast gave the film four stars, saying \\\"The movie's fight choreography and period costuming are to be commended. With a slim budget of $4 million, Burns Family Productions manages to create a film that visually rivals many big budget movies of the same genre (such as 'The Count of Monte Cristo' and 'Zorro'.) Variety (magazine) gave the film a largely negative review, calling it a \\\"a mostly stiff, infrequently stirring attempt to furnish a swashbuckling historical yarn for Christian audiences\",\n \"id\": \"17354101\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jesse Stone: Night Passage\\n\\n\\nscene just look beautiful?\\\" In his review on \\\"DVD Talk\\\", Paul Mavis was \\\"more than pleasantly surprised by this solid, no-frills made-for-TV movie.\\\" Mavis wrote: Mavis went on to note that although the film \\\"isn't necessarily surprising in its actual mystery; the killer is revealed early, and the denouement is familiar,\\\" what works well is \\\"the sustained atmosphere that Harmon and screenwriter Tom Epperson ... manage, a downbeat, hard-boiled, yet surprisingly compassionate\",\n \"id\": \"17653300\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Small Soldiers\\n\\n\\nplanning to use a lot of Stan Winston's puppets—he had made some very elaborate puppets that could do a lot of things. But in practice, we found it was much simpler and cheaper to let the CGI people do the work after we'd shot the scenes. So, I would say, it's one-third puppetry and the rest CGI in \\\"Small Soldiers\\\", even though the original idea was to do mostly puppetry.\\\" Based on 44 reviews, the film has an approval rating of a\",\n \"id\": \"7890026\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Torched (film)\\n\\n\\nwrote \\\"Even though \\\"Torched\\\" may lack the realism that's in a movie like \\\"Irréversible\\\" and is over-the-top with its violence; it is still plenty shocking and brutal enough that I believe it qualifies as one of the more nasty rape-revenge films to be made. It isn't just a shallow exploitation film, there is some genuine character development in the movie, and while the rape scene itself didn't really have the punch that other movies have, the torture and balls-out\",\n \"id\": \"1736563\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Say It Isn't So (film)\\n\\n\\n\\\"A comedy character can't be successfully embarrassed for more than a few seconds at a time. Even then, it's best if they don't know what they've done wrong--if the joke's on them, and they don't get it. ... \\\"Say It Isn't So,\\\" on the other hand, keeps a character embarrassed in scene after scene, until he becomes an...embarrassment. The movie doesn't understand that embarrassment comes in a sudden painful flush of realization; drag it out,\",\n \"id\": \"9346962\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vassalord\\n\\n\\na vampire who lives the playboy lifestyle. Solving crimes and fighting his lust for blood, who refuses to drink human blood. Cherry also fights lust for his own master while Johnny delights in nothing more so than seducing Cherry at every turn. Cherry is very possessive, and is in a relationship with Rayflo. Rayfell is the supposed twin of Johnny Rayflo. Whether they are related or not isn't known. However, they do look and act very similar which is why they can be called twins. She is a Succubus\",\n \"id\": \"16012872\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tekken: Blood Vengeance\\n\\n\\nmatter how vague and pointless the reasons behind it. Besides, this movie is way better than any other \\\"Tekken\\\" movie that has come out to date, anime or live-action, so at least it has that going for it.\\\" PALGN's Bev Chen said \\\"It’s actually not a bad film, especially when you compare it to the dismal live-action \\\"Tekken\\\" film that was released last year – the story adds a fair bit to the game’s mythos and the fight scenes are pretty\",\n \"id\": \"10721513\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters\\n\\n\\nbeen bad experiences with animatronics throughout various productions but I saw this company Spectral Motion. They did the \\\"Hellboy\\\" movies and I just loved it.\\\" Wirkola added: \\\"I come from Norway where we can't afford CGI. But this is a fantastical world of witches and trolls and I wanted to ground the movie where I could. The blood should look real.\\\" Janssen, however, despite Wirkola's warnings, \\\"was not entirely prepared for how involved and long that was going to be\\\" and \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"8139598\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Story of Us (film)\\n\\n\\nthought this movie would be entertaining? The same person who thinks we need more dialogue about why guys do the wrong thing with rolls of toilet paper. And who thinks the misery of this film can be repaired by a showboat monologue at the end that's well-delivered by Pfeiffer, but reads like an audition scene.\\\" In the \\\"San Francisco Chronicle\\\", Mick LaSalle wrote: \\\"Anyone so naive as to turn to Hollywood for a wise and honest statement about marriage deserves this film... One thing the movie\",\n \"id\": \"5121322\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Merah Putih (2009 film)\\n\\n\\n\\\"This movie is a reminder for all of us of why we become Indonesia at the beginning. I hope this movie can encourage the young generation to love this country and to make our Indonesia better,\\\" Donny said. Despite a series of fighting and explosions scenes, you won't find a spectacular amount of action in this film, especially if you are a war movie lover. Allyn said that this first movie was more of an introduction of the characters and transitions of how they became mature. He promised that there\",\n \"id\": \"11664089\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Westfront 1918\\n\\n\\n, in his review in the New York Times on 22 Nov 1987, compares the film unfavorably to Lewis Milestone's \\\"All Quiet in the Westfront,\\\" stating: \\\"\\\"[The German film] isn't nearly as moving as \\\"All Quiet,\\\" it has a power of its own... Pabst is especially good at giving a gritty documentary quality to the battle scenes; the pointless slaughter comes through. The movie is weaker when it focuses on individual soldiers... The truth of the movie is all in the trenches\",\n \"id\": \"19673432\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"MTV Movie & TV Awards\\n\\n\\nthat work in the movie industry. The award is given to an actor that managed to inspire others with a diverse portfolio of work and a transcendent reputation in the public eye. Since 1993, scenes are spoofed, mostly from that year's most popular films, although television shows and older movies have also been chosen. This may include sound and video montages, replacing some of the original cast with other actors (commonly, the hosts of each year's show) generally mocking the scenes of that film. The diversity of\",\n \"id\": \"5698097\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Solomon Kane (film)\\n\\n\\n] makes for a genuinely intriguing hero\\\". The only fault is the final confrontation, where the \\\"clashingly mainstream touch\\\" of a CGI demon \\\"[punctures] the movie's careful atmosphere of pre-Enlightenment dread\\\". \\\"Variety\\\" gave the film a negative review, stating that the film \\\"just isn't much fun\\\". Bassett's direction is described as being handled \\\"confidently if without much flair\\\" while Purefoy \\\"gamely endures heavy exertion throughout; it's not his fault the script lends his character\",\n \"id\": \"2966840\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"American Beauty (1999 film)\\n\\n\\nhomeless woman: \\\"When you see something like that, it's like God is looking right at you, just for a second. And if you're careful, you can look right back.\\\" Jane asks: \\\"And what do you see?\\\" Ricky: \\\"Beauty.\\\" Ball said, \\\"They wanted to cut that scene. They said it's not important. I said, 'You're out of your fucking mind. It's one of the most important scenes in the movie!' [\",\n \"id\": \"210066\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Stock sound effect\\n\\n\\ngame stock sound effect for a scream. Often compared to the Wilhelm scream, its prominence in a number of movies has launched a few nicknames such as Howie Long Scream, in reference to Howie Long's character's death scene in the 1996 film \\\"Broken Arrow\\\". It appears to have originated from a fight scene in the 1980 film \\\"The Ninth Configuration\\\". An older equivalent of the Howie scream was one originating from Lucille La Verne's voice of the Evil Queen in \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"14045325\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Streets of Fire\\n\\n\\n's [Jimmy] Iovine and me and Joel Silver... And about 20 minutes into the movie Jimmy turns to me and he goes... this movie is really shitty isn't it? It's really bad. I said, yeah, it's a really bad script. Why didn't anyone notice that the script was bad? It stinks. I can't even watch it... Joel's on the other side going, what am I gonna do next? There's gotta be a next project, and they\",\n \"id\": \"18438990\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"American Sniper\\n\\n\\nblog \\\"Information is Beautiful\\\" deduced that, while taking creative licence into account, the film was 56.9% accurate when compared to real-life events, summarizing: \\\"a lot of the events in the movie did happen, although Kyle's involvement in them was repeatedly exaggerated\\\". One aspect of the film that received negative comment was its use of a fake baby doll in one scene, which was so obviously artificial that it became a distraction. In at least one media screening of the film, the audience laughed\",\n \"id\": \"2892806\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cabin Pressure (film)\\n\\n\\nex-husband and an oddball technician must race against the clock to find where the disgruntled former employee is, and regain control of the aircraft before it crashes into Seattle. Principal photography took place in Vancouver, British Columbia. \\\"Cabin Pressure\\\" (released in home video as \\\"Hijack'd\\\") was reviewed in \\\"The Movie Scene\\\", \\\"... 'Cabin Pressure' isn't so much a movie but a collection of movie cliches surrounding a troubled plane, in this case a completely computer operated plane. As such\",\n \"id\": \"20051603\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wong Shun Leung\\n\\n\\nstraits at the time, so I didn't have to do the film (just) to make money.\\\" The role of Lee's final opponent was thus played by basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. In another interview, Wong said, \\\"It was for \\\"Game of Death\\\", but I declined because I thought that the moves of Wing Chun style wouldn’t look good on film. I think the Wing Chun method is ugly for movies but very good and very logical for real fighting.\\\" In 1973\",\n \"id\": \"17032032\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"True Legend\\n\\n\\nhe thought were the most important in the movie to be converted into 3-D. It took up to six entire months just to convert these two fight scenes into 3-D. Despite his efforts, a number of countries who bought the movies distribution rights didn't release the movie in 3-D because workers in movie theaters would have to tell the audiences when they should put on their 3-D glasses and take it off as there are scenes in between the 3-D scenes that are in 2-D. Jay Chou also helped with designing some of the actor's outfits as\",\n \"id\": \"7408647\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chicken Girls: The Movie\\n\\n\\ntells her that everyone is talking about the dance, and no one seems concerned about academics. While hanging out with Flash and Ace, TK asks if they can do a reshoot on the movie. Ace is confused why the aren’t done with the movie yet and tells Flash that his basketball skills will get rusty. Flash remarks that you have to make sacrifices for art. They two soon get into a fight. TK plays peace maker, saying that this is why they haven’t been asked to the dance. Ace\",\n \"id\": \"20961259\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Condemned\\n\\n\\nto the film was overwhelmingly negative. Rotten Tomatoes lists the film with a 15% rating, registering 15 \\\"fresh\\\" reviews out of 99, while Metacritic gives the film a 23% rating. Complaints against \\\"The Condemned\\\" included complaints of plot holes, overly preachy tone, lack of plot progression, hypocritical morals, poor fight choreography and one \\\"fake\\\" wrestler. V.A. Musetto of the \\\"New York Post\\\" gave the film zero stars out of four, describing it as a \\\"sickeningly violent and inane movie\",\n \"id\": \"20920425\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cop Land\\n\\n\\nbuilds slowly but achieves a stunning payoff when Freddy decides to clean up his town ... Freddy awakes to his own potential, and it's exhilarating to watch the character and the actor revive in unison. Nearly down for the count in the movie ring, Stallone isn't just back in the fight. He's a winner\\\". In his review for the \\\"San Francisco Chronicle\\\", Mick LaSalle also liked Stallone's work: \\\"His transformation is more than a matter of weight. He looks spiritually beaten and terribly sad\",\n \"id\": \"20747948\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ryan Pickett (filmmaker)\\n\\n\\nthink it is better that folks see it and come to their own conclusions. Just as beauty is in the eye of the beholder, the relevance, resonance and power of LOOK resides entirely in the eye of the person watching it.\\\" Writer Terra King reviewed \\\"Look\\\" and said that the movie was \\\"deep and full of metaphor.\\\" Writer Sean Kernan examined in his Yahoo Voices article \\\"Look is an Elegant Examination of Beauty\\\" how captivating visuals revealed why \\\"Look\\\" won so many awards. Matthew Saliba\",\n \"id\": \"10819628\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell\\n\\n\\nblizzards, they opted to return to South Africa, where \\\"\\\" was filmed. The opening scene was filmed in the desert, made to look like snow with filters and video processing techniques. The nice weather was explained by climate change causing unusual warmth in the Arctic. The crew used CGI for many of the Graboid scenes. \\\"Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell\\\" received mixed reviews. Tim Janson of \\\"The SciFi Movie Page\\\" gave the film two stars out of five, saying \\\"While none of the\",\n \"id\": \"22102503\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ragini MMS 2\\n\\n\\nbecomes familiar. A little more attention to that, and to the storyline, and this will become a solid franchise.\\\" Namita Karkera of \\\"Rediff.com\\\" gave the film a score of 1.5 out of 5 noting, \\\"Sunny Leone looks hot alright but with scary scenes being average at best, Ragini MMS 2 isn't half as scary as it is supposed to be. At best, the film seems like a spoof. The second half of the movie however fares better. Overall the movie still manages to scare at\",\n \"id\": \"4365056\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Snakes on a Plane\\n\\n\\nto see when I was a kid\\\" further clarifying \\\"I feel sorry for all those people that are going through that whole trip of ‘Why would Samuel Jackson do something like this?’ and ‘It’s lowbrow.’ It’s a movie. People go to movies on Saturday to get away from the war in Iraq and taxes and election news and pedophiles online and just go and have some fun and I like doing movies that are fun.” The film's B movie-esque title generated a lot of\",\n \"id\": \"1757256\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hannah Montana: The Movie\\n\\n\\nmovie is that celebrity looks easy but is hard. The real lesson, as always, is that since even Miley has to work overtime to \\\"be\\\" Hannah, every girl in the audience – if she tries hard enough – can become the star she longs to be.\\\" Peter Hartlaub from \\\"San Francisco Chronicle\\\" praised: \\\"\\\"Hannah Montana: The Movie\\\" isn't an abomination. The characters are wholesome, the plot is easy to follow and the songs all sound the same, so you can really\",\n \"id\": \"18938479\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vintiöt\\n\\n\\nOften he just recites things he is allowed and not allowed to do in a nasal voice. In this sketch a middle-class couple returns home from a cruise to the Estonian capital city of Tallinn, which is a popular place to visit by the Finns, mostly because you can buy cheap alcohol and fake products there. The couple proceeds to unpack their shopping - a pirate version of the movie \\\"Häjyt\\\" featuring Samuli Edelmann, one of the show's actors, two cartons of cigarettes (one has a piece of\",\n \"id\": \"7623365\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Red State (2011 film)\\n\\n\\nTrue independence is schlepping that shit to the people yourself. And that's what I intend to do...\\\" \\\"Yes, anybody can make a movie, we know that now ... What we aim to prove is that anybody can release a movie as well, and it's not enough to just make it and sell it anymore, I'm sorry. ... Indie film isn't dead people, it just grew up. It's just indie film 2.0 now, and in indie film 2.0 we don't let them sell\",\n \"id\": \"1967890\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"I Do Bidoo Bidoo: Heto nAPO Sila!\\n\\n\\n\\\" also gave the film a favorable review stating, \\\"The \\\"pamamanhikan\\\" scene is brilliant: old fashioned metaphoric speech, initiating an awesome \\\"salawikain\\\" battle that segues into one of the most charming numbers in the movie (“Salawikain”).\\\" The same goes with the review from Philippine Entertainment Portal (PEP), stating that the movie is a total charmer and its production design is just as excellent, while every backdrop looks meticulously planned. It further added, \\\"\\\"Well-choreographed musical numbers help\",\n \"id\": \"14832302\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Avatar: The Last Airbender\\n\\n\\nlook. He praised the action scenes as \\\"well rendered\\\", comparing the development of the avatar world to that of \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\", and the fight choreography as \\\"wonderful in its most minor details\\\". D. F. Smith enjoyed the series' painstaking backgrounds. \\\"Cricket\\\" Te praised each episode's color palette and the choreography's combination of martial arts and magic. Nick Hartel criticized the animation, although he found it an improvement over previous Nickelodeon shows. Chris Mitchell called the animation fluid.\",\n \"id\": \"2887842\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Enter the Game of Death\\n\\n\\nproves yet again that Bruce Le sucks, and was the worst \\\"fake Bruce\\\" of them all. Even Dragon Lee had some charm, compared to him. The reason behind Le's loathsomeness is the audacious levels of \\\"action\\\" he and his producers packed into each of his movies; plot, character development, and even dialog were cast aside whenever possible and replaced by unending kung-fu battles. At least Bruce Le was a good martial artist, with some impressive kicks, but the guy just looks too goofy\",\n \"id\": \"20131306\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sammo Hung\\n\\n\\nthe 1970s generally featured highly stylised fighting sequences in period or fantasy settings, Hung's choreography, set in modern urban areas, was more realistic and frenetic - featuring long one-on-one fight scenes. The fight sequences from several of these films, such as those in \\\"Winners and Sinners\\\" (1982) and \\\"Wheels on Meals\\\" (1985) came to define 1980s martial arts movies. In 1983, the collaboration between the triumvirate of Hung, Jackie Chan, and Yuen Biao began with Chan's \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"12944559\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bleach (manga)\\n\\n\\n, monsters and the afterlife. The action style and storytelling found in \\\"Bleach\\\" are inspired by cinema, though Kubo has not revealed any specific movie as being an influence for fight scenes. When pressed, he told interviewers that he liked \\\"Snatch\\\" but did not use it as a model. \\\"Bleach\\\"s fight choreography is instead constructed with the aid of rock music, which the author listens to while imagining the fights in order to give him a sense of pacing for the panel cuts and change of angles through the\",\n \"id\": \"7650051\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Antihistamine\\n\\n\\nmostly short term studies or studies which look at too few people to make general assumptions. Another gap in the research is in information reporting the health effects for individuals with long term allergies to take antihistamines for a long period of time. Newer antihistamines have been demonstrated to be effective in treating hives. However, there is not research comparing the relative efficacy of these drugs. Most studies of antihistamines reported on people who are younger, so the effects on people over age 65 are not as well understood. Older people are more\",\n \"id\": \"14777339\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Stick (film)\\n\\n\\nThe movie's advertising slogan was: \\\"The only thing he couldn't do was stick to the rules.\\\" Leonard hung up a poster in his den with the word \\\"rules\\\" covered by a piece of paper on which was written the word \\\"script\\\". \\\"The movie isn't anything like the book,\\\" he said. \\\"The plot was taken out. In place of the scam are machine guns.\\\" Leonard compared it with the film made of \\\"52 Pick-Up\\\". \\\"One\",\n \"id\": \"12113374\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Puppetoon Movie\\n\\n\\nthe same 12 additional Puppetoons. The film opens on a film set, where Gumby and his friends are filming a dinosaur movie. A ferocious Tyrannosaurus rex named Arnie charges on set and is about to devour a young doe named Barbara when suddenly, he removes his false teeth and lets the doe go out of sympathy. Gumby as a director cuts the scene and questions Arnie on his hesitation to act ferocious. Although Arnie knows it is all just acting, he feels unfit for the part because it just isn't him.\",\n \"id\": \"6760863\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Software rendering\\n\\n\\ngraphical accelerator, including: Contrary to real-time rendering, performance is only of second priority with pre-rendering. It is used mainly in the film industry to create high-quality renderings of lifelike scenes. Many special effects in today's movies are entirely or partially created by computer graphics. For example, the character of Gollum in the Peter Jackson \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" films is completely computer-generated imagery (CGI). Also for animation movies, CGI is gaining popularity. Most notably Pixar has\",\n \"id\": \"3740363\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Peter Yates\\n\\n\\n\\\" said Yates around this time. \\\"I don't crave power. I really wouldn't want to trade places with anyone, not even Steven Spielberg. Look at what power can do to a gifted director like Robert Altman. It isn't necessarily healthy. I just want to make the movies that I want to make and, if by chance a few of them should turn out to be important or influential or successful, well, that would be an accident, wouldn't it?\\\" Following \\\"The Dresser\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"555672\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kuei Chih-Hung\\n\\n\\nphotography, lighting and so on.\\\" \\\"Compared to smaller studios, there are advantages and disadvantages to working for Shaw Brothers. Perhaps things have improved now, but in the past, independent productions were always running out of funds and that affected both the quality of the movie and your own livelihood. Shaw Brothers is at least well-equipped. If you need a set for a period movie, for example, just take a look in the sculpture room of the studio and you will find Shanghainese masters who specialize in\",\n \"id\": \"7022811\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Buttons (The Pussycat Dolls song)\\n\\n\\nsmoke is filled and halfway through the video, the floor turns on fire. The video ends with the girls walking away. Tom Breihan from \\\"The Village Voice\\\" ranked the video at number 10 on his favorite videos of 2006 for its \\\"flashy editing, decent choreography, a distinct look. If those are easy things to do, why isn't every pop video this good?\\\" Samantha Friedman of VH1 described the dance routine as \\\"intriguing and sexy and sassy.\\\" \\\"Playboy\\\" magazine ranked the clip at\",\n \"id\": \"9256054\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Avengers (2012 film)\\n\\n\\nlong lens, talky movies – I like to see the space I'm in and relate to it, so 3D kinda fits my aesthetic anyway. And the technology has advanced so far in the past couple years.\\\" Whedon also said that \\\"there definitely are movies that shouldn't be in 3D\\\" but \\\"\\\"The Avengers\\\" isn't obnoxiously 3D. There's no, 'Oh look, we're going to spend 20 minutes going through this tunnel because it's in 3D!' And no one is pointing at\",\n \"id\": \"3908971\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":87,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Why do I avoid going to bed at night, almost like I'm procrastinating sleep."},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"2023uz"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"Some of it is a subconscious desire to avoid morning responsibility. For me it is a desire to just do things that I would not otherwise have time for during the day. Like surfing the web, or playing games, or reading stuff on Reddit are all things I like to stay up late doing, even though I know my body is going to wake up early in the morning. The mental stimuli keeps me going, and because I am deriving enjoyment and excitement out of it and therefore I keep myself up later because of that and in-spite of the fact that I know I should go to bed earlier.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I feel the same way.. But for me I think it has more to do with not wanting to get up and go to work in the morning than not wanting to go to sleep at night. As much as I love sleeping, I know that the sooner I fall asleep, the sooner I will wake up and have to get out of bed. The funny part is that if I went to bed earlier it probably wouldn't be as hard to get out of bed in the morning.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I read an article on Cracked that said your brain sees your future self as a different person; to the point where the consequences for your present actions will only affect your future (different) self. It explains why we go to bed late knowing we'll be tired the next morning, why we drink knowing we'll feel terrible the next morning and why we fap to certain depravities knowing we'll feed bad about it just moments later.\"}, {\"answer\": \"The \\\"putting off tomorrow\\\" reason was the one I told myself forever until I started studying to become a sleep technician. The minute I found out about [Delayed sleep-phase disorder (DSPD)]( URL_0 ) I realized that's what I had. TL;DR Your brain is in its own time zone.\"}, {\"answer\": \"My five-year-old says \\\"But daddy ... going to sleep is *boooring*\\\" Which is probably not too far from the truth.\"}, {\"answer\": \"It's your body being tired but your brain is far from exhausted and wants to keep doing things. Try taking on tasks that require more mental tasking throughout the day. When your mind is tired like your body, it won't care about that next episode of your netflix binge.\"}, {\"answer\": \"This is going to sound really immature, but sometimes I think that I stay up because I feel at my age it is suitable to be staying up to a certain late hour. I feel like parents go to bed at 11:00 and grandparents at like 9:00, and as a 21 year old it is the acceptable for me to stay up to 3:00ish. I feel like it's what the little kid version of me would of wanted\"}, {\"answer\": \" > ...there's just some magical force stopping me from going to bed. It might be the [blue light]( URL_1 ) from your screen. Get [f.lux]( URL_0 ) software. It really has made a difference for me.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I always feel like I could be getting something else done in the time that I'm \\\"doing nothing\\\" by sleeping. Weird?\"}, {\"answer\": \"More time sleeping = less time spent doing fun stuff.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I do this as well. I always just think about it as not being able to give up on the day yet. It isn't so much that there is anything in particular that I'm doing and enjoying so much that I don't want to go to sleep, I just don't want to call it yet.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I started tracking my sleep.... this has helped me realize how little sleep I'm getting. You can use an app like SleepBot for android do it.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"27834\", \"title\": \"Sleep\", \"section\": \"Section::::Functions.:Dreaming.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 71, \"end_paragraph_id\": 71, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Neatly, this theory helps explain the irrationality of the mind during REM periods, as, according to this theory, the forebrain then creates a story in an attempt to reconcile and make sense of the nonsensical sensory information presented to it\", \"John Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley propose that dreams are caused by the random firing of neurons in the cerebral cortex during the REM period. Neatly, this theory helps explain the irrationality of the mind during REM periods, as, according to this theory, the forebrain then creates a story in an attempt to reconcile and make sense of the nonsensical sensory information presented to it. This would explain the odd nature of many dreams. Using antidepressants, acetaminophen,\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Andrew Reynolds (skateboarder)\n\n\n, Beagle, Mike' ... ready? [Reynolds] 'Lance?' ... 'Beagle?' ... 'Mike?' Reynolds explained in the Vice interview: Like, before I go to bed at night, I go to the door, and I lock it ... nine times, but, like, three, three, three; three, three, three; three, three, three; and I do that ... three times. And, then, sometimes I'm layin' down, and I'm","id":"654718"},{"contents":"Korn (album)\n\n\nin the morning and do a line to get out of bed. Speed in the morning, I'd have it all lined up for breakfast so when I'd lay down and go to sleep, I'd wake up and just snort and it's like 'Yeah, okay, I'm up. ' It was bad. It's like, you do one line and stay up all night, but then you have shit to do the next day so you have to do another line to be able keep staying up","id":"6425238"},{"contents":"Eric Carr\n\n\nnight, whatever it was it was. Really, really terrible. Just by contrast, I used to make $15 a night when I was like 16 years old, and here I am almost 30 years old, and I'm making like $7 a night! So I wasn't doing better, obviously – I was going in reverse, you know! Flasher played the club circuit in New York City and Long Island for several months, before their keyboard player, Paul Turino quit; they then continued as a","id":"9248366"},{"contents":"I'm Just Talkin' About Tonight\n\n\nto make my living in clubs, so I had ample opportunity to watch a lot of 'tomcats' hit on the ladies. The woman in this song says, \"Well, I don't like bars and I don't usually do this.\" It's not saying go and get into bed; it's saying skip the B.S. and all the other chapters and the heck with why we're here; let's have an understanding - this is about right this minute. We're lonely; let's talk.","id":"16156602"},{"contents":"Rock and Roll Night Club\n\n\n\"I was trying to make a Ramones record... I thought, 'I'm going to do basic power chord riffs, I'm going to do solos, and I'm going to do it really fast.' It turned out I'm awful at it. When I slowed things down it was like, 'Ah, now I've got something'\". Demarco also used a method of track summing to record more than the 4 track limit: \"I learned to ping-pong the 4-track too, so","id":"6134326"},{"contents":"Diary of a Mad Housewife\n\n\nagainst the movie in an interview on \"The Dick Cavett Show\" on May 25, 1971. He stated that it was an example of dirty entertainment and that he did not like it because the characters were in bed for 80 minutes. He made a joke of this, saying, \"Well I'm not interested in that. I don't care what they're doing in the sack, if I'm not doing it, why should I sit in the theater and watch it?\" The film was released on","id":"3840273"},{"contents":"Sad Machine\n\n\nown vocals on. In the past, he had provided backing vocals for Zedd's single \"Clarity\". When asked about singing the song during his new live performance during his \"Worlds Tour\", Robinson stated, \"I'm only going to be alive so long, and I have a song where I'm singing, and I'm going to go perform that song live and why the hell should I not sing it? I'm going to do it. I want to sing. It just felt like the","id":"10568777"},{"contents":"Kellie Pickler\n\n\nup eating meat. Pickler says she first decided to go vegetarian for health reasons, but a TV ad that vegetarian Pamela Anderson did for animal rights group PETA piqued her curiosity. \"One night I couldn't sleep and I was up and just Googling random stuff and I'm like, 'Hmmm, PETA.' I saw all the videos and I just thought it was horrible. It's animal cruelty. A lot of it has to do with knowing what happens to the animals and it really bothered me and so","id":"3025319"},{"contents":"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\n\n\nme, because I was different. I was like, \"I'm going to sing, I'm going to do this, I'm going to do that,\" they were like \"OK, sure you are.\" And I was like \"No, I'm serious. This is what I'm going to do.\" And everybody was like, \"Yeah right.\" Even when I told everyone I was moving to LA to do music and had a going away party, only one person showed up","id":"2884270"},{"contents":"Armor for Sleep\n\n\nband comes from his early experiences of writing music and not being able to sleep. As he recalls, \"I guess when I started the band I was kind of, like, retreating in my room and I kind of couldn't really fall asleep, so I started playing music. I just thought of the name Armor for Sleep, because it was really, the music was keeping me from passing out! Which was something I was procrastinating on.\" Ben would go on to record demos of songs that would later","id":"6617713"},{"contents":"Scott W. Rothstein\n\n\nRothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're","id":"4592004"},{"contents":"Women in CNT in Francoist Spain\n\n\nher partner CNT militant and guerrilla fighter José Ramiá Ciprés, Carmen Ciprés would say things like \"Yourself if you want to go to bed right now, I do not care about anything. If you want to go to bed right now, I'll sleep with you.\" in response to inquiries as to who was sleeping in a still warm bed. In the Region of Murcia, the first union led strike was led by picadoras del esparto women. Coordinating between former CNT and UGT members, they managed to get work","id":"7526170"},{"contents":"Who's That Girl World Tour\n\n\nwhy I call the tour 'Who's That Girl?'; because I play a lot of characters, and every time I do a video or a song, people go, 'Oh, that's what she's like.' And I'm not like any of them. I'm all of them. I'm none of them. You know what I mean.?\" The show started with a performance by Level 42. As their performance ended, the lights started blinking all around the stadium and Finch","id":"14264052"},{"contents":"Shedden massacre\n\n\nthe Bandidos. Salerno assured his wife that he wanted to quit the Bandidos, saying the outlaw biker lifestyle was not for him, but kept procrastinating about when he was going to resign. Salerno, the president of the Toronto chapter once told a friend: \"I'm not Mr. Workaholic, bringing home a lot of money. But I'm not a womanizer. I don't cheat on her [Stephanie]. I also don't abuse her. I do my best, within my abilities\". Michael \"Little","id":"1738107"},{"contents":"The Trip (2002 film)\n\n\nAlan's invitation, Tommy stays over at Alan's apartment. They sleep in separate rooms until Alan, in the middle of the night, joins Tommy in his bed, claiming the couch is too uncomfortable; Tommy leaves to go sleep on the couch. In the morning, Tommy tells Alan he has feelings for him and can't see him again. Tommy also confronts Alan about his own curiosity, prompting Alan to defensively blurt out, \"I'm not a fag like you, okay?\" Tommy walks out.","id":"10078860"},{"contents":"One Night as I Lay on My Bed\n\n\na hard-drinking woman who is fond of moonshine, and avoids hard work. One version, as sung by The Kingston Trio, has the chorus \"Wake up, wake up, darlin' Corey. What makes you sleep so sound? The revenue officer's a comin', gonna tear your still house down.\" This might possibly be a relic of its origins in the song \"Who's that Knocking on My Window\". It could be considered as a female version of \"I'm A Rover","id":"18610129"},{"contents":"Red Foley\n\n\nFoley suffered respiratory failure that night and died in his sleep, prompting Hank Williams, Jr. to write and record (as Luke the Drifter, Jr.) \"I Was With Red Foley (The Night He Passed Away\"). According to the song, which charted that November, his last words were, \"I'm awful tired now, Hank. I've got to go to bed.\" Foley had sung \"Peace in the Valley\" at Hank Sr.'s funeral. Foley was interred in Woodlawn Memorial Park","id":"21101513"},{"contents":"Beautiful Thing (play)\n\n\nin the flat next door, is one night beaten by his father so badly that Sandra takes pity and lets him sleep over. In the absence of a third bed, Ste has to make do with sleeping 'top-to-toe' with Jamie. On the second night they share a bed: after a massage and a minor conversation, the boys soon change sleeping arrangements and Jamie kisses Ste for the first time. The next morning, Ste panics and leaves before Jamie awakens, avoiding him for days. Jamie","id":"4318682"},{"contents":"The Chimp (1932 film)\n\n\nlet Ethel stay. A lion named MGM after the MGM lion has escaped from the circus. Stanley and Oliver try to smuggle Ethel into their room whilst avoiding MGM. They decide to leave Ethel outside for the night and go to bed. They sleep in the same bed as in all Laurel and Hardy films. Stanley falls out of bed and decides to sleep in the spare bed. Ethel climbs in through the window and gets into bed with Oliver. Ethel steals the blanket from Oliver so he decides to use the spare","id":"14619679"},{"contents":"Jon Stewart–Jim Cramer conflict\n\n\n's going on!' It'd be like turning on The Weather Channel in a hurricane, and they're just doing this: 'Why am I wet? What's happening to me? And it's so windy! What's going on, I'm scared!' How do you not know, man?\" On March 9, during a segment of \"Mad Money\", Cramer admitted, OK, I'm a tempting target. Plenty of people come in and give their criticism on this show. But","id":"1229222"},{"contents":"Terri Walker\n\n\nI'm not really trying to do the artist thing anymore. I love to sing but let me just work alongside people.\" She explained her hiatus from the music industry by saying \"If you're an artist doing something else you feel like people aren't really trying to buy into it because these artists have flooded the market so much. It just makes you wonder, 'Why should I bother? No one's going to be interested in what I'm trying to do. I was locked into that industry.","id":"16193108"},{"contents":"Go the Fuck to Sleep\n\n\n, rather than just abandoning the child to the dark and telling it that it can go to sleep or stay awake as it likes but it is staying in the bed until morning (remember Proust at the opening of \"Swann’s Way\"?), we sit there with it, reading to it and singing to it and distracting it with swirling night lights until it decides it feels like going to sleep, all the while thinking to ourselves, Go the fuck to sleep, kid.\" According to Mark Rotella,","id":"10613452"},{"contents":"Elvis Presley\n\n\nI'm going to go along, but I won't be able to give the kind of show I do in a personal appearance.\" Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career. Later that night, he appeared on \"Hy Gardner Calling\", a popular local TV show. Pressed on whether he had learned anything from the criticism to which he was being subjected, Presley responded, \"No, I haven't, I don't feel like I'm doing anything wrong","id":"9277064"},{"contents":"Jennifer's Body\n\n\nother girls were almost romantic, they were so intense. I wanted to sleep at my friend's house every night, I wanted to wear her clothes, we would talk on the phone until our ears ached. I wanted to capture that heightened feeling you get as an adolescent that you don't really feel as a grownup. (laughs) You like [your] friends when you're a grownup, but you don't need to sleep in the same bed with them and talk to them on the phone until 5","id":"20360077"},{"contents":"If I Were a Boy\n\n\nher earrings, she puts them on to go dancing with her partner at a party. Her husband is upset when he sees them, and when he confronts her about this, she acts like he is making a big deal out of nothing. \"When you act like that, I don't think you realize how it makes me look or feel\", he tells her. Beyoncé then asks him in a condescending tone, \"Why are you so jealous? It's not like I'm sleeping with the guy.","id":"6846990"},{"contents":"All About Tonight (Blake Shelton song)\n\n\nbecause tomorrow can wait until tomorrow. Akins said \"we just went from there and touched on things like I know I'm going to have a headache in the morning, and I'll probably be broke. There's no telling what we're going to do, and I don't even care because it's all about tonight. That's all I'm worried about! It's a good, fun party song about where the night is going to go. After we wrote it, we thought it sounds just like","id":"14669295"},{"contents":"Mary Martin\n\n\nlooking, acting and dancing like Ruby Keeler and singing exactly like Bing Crosby. \"Never, never, never can I say I had a frustrating childhood. It was all joy. Mother used to say she never had seen such a happy child—that I awakened each morning with a smile. I don't remember that, but I do remember that I never wanted to go to bed, to go to sleep, for fear I'd miss something.\" (p. 20) During high school, Martin dated Benjamin","id":"17994126"},{"contents":"Burt Reynolds\n\n\nback. I'm in my late 40s. I realize I have four or five more years where I can play certain kinds of parts and get away with it. That's why I'm leaning more and more toward directing and producing. I don't want to be stumbling around town doing Gabby Hayes parts a few years from now. I'd like to pick and choose and maybe go work for a perfume factory like Mr. Cary Grant, and look wonderful with everybody saying, 'Gee, I wish he hadn't","id":"11158057"},{"contents":"Sleep to Dream\n\n\nthe 1997 MTV Video Music Awards on September 4, 1997, where she was presented by Elton John. During her acceptance speech, Apple was quoted saying: \"I didn't prepare a speech and I'm sorry. But I’m glad that I didn’t, because I’m not going to do this like everybody else does it. 'Cause everybody that I should be thanking, I'm really sorry, but I have to use this time. See Maya Angelou said that we, we as human beings, at our","id":"8954111"},{"contents":"On My Own (Yasmin song)\n\n\n' and you walk into a room and you're the reason 30 people are there. It's easy to get caught up in it but I always remember why I'm doing what I'm doing. The music video sees Yasmin walking down streets at night and ending up at house party situation. MTV Iggy's Toksala gave the music video a positive review, writing, \"There isn't a lot going on in the video except a thoughtful mood, some bold style choices, and a whole lot of flirting with the","id":"3884524"},{"contents":"Ryan Sheckler\n\n\nwith only half of the planned episodes completed in the final season. Sheckler later explained the decision to cease production, which was entirely his own: When I started the show I said, \"If it gets me away from my actual skateboarding fans and gets me away from skateboarding, then I'm not going to do the show anymore.\" That's why our third season was only six episodes; we cut it in half. I was, like, \"I can't do it anymore! It's going to","id":"20503516"},{"contents":"Abortion in Ohio\n\n\nthrough the night to Manhattan. \"I was pretty devastated by his reaction to kind of just treat it like it was my fault, that was the message I was getting. [...] I was just trying to keep my mind on the mission, basically, that I'm doing this because I want to and, regardless of how he is going to behave, I'm not going to pull the car over.\" When she finally got the abortion, it was quick but painful. She attributes her ability to","id":"14796771"},{"contents":"Eva Hart\n\n\n. We went down to the cabin and that's when my mother said to my father that she had made up her mind quite firmly that she would not go to bed in that ship. She would sit up at night. She decided that she wouldn't go to bed at night and she didn't!\" \"I saw that ship sink,\" she said in a 1993 interview. \"I never closed my eyes. I didn't sleep at all. I saw it, I heard it, and nobody","id":"20274236"},{"contents":"It Was Written\n\n\nI really tried to go back and recreate [Nas’] \"It Was Written\", you know what I'm saying like that? [I would play] \"It Was Written\" and then I would play my album, and it was like, ‘Do we got [this] record, do we got that record?’\" When asked in an interview with NobodySmiling.com about why he is comfortable admitting the album as a source of inspiration, Fiasco stated: American reggae and hip hop artist Matisyahu regards \"","id":"12883558"},{"contents":"Maria Callas\n\n\nreally well, as in health; I couldn't move freely. And then I was tired of playing a game, for instance playing this beautiful young woman, and I was heavy and uncomfortable to move around. In any case, it was uncomfortable and I didn't like it. So I felt now if I'm going to do things right—I've studied all my life to put things right musically, so why don't I diet and put myself into a certain condition where I'm presentable. During 1953 and","id":"17351061"},{"contents":"Sleeping with the One I Love\n\n\nthe verses, Fantasia sings about her conflict with choosing between the two men, through lyrics such as: “Yes, I've tried to shake it off, and I even tried to pray / But I'm still waking up in a bed that don't belong to me”. She expresses pain with the lyrics \"See my baby's like a dream, but the other man, he haunts me\". Other lyrics also include: \"I'm still waking up in a bed that don't belong to me","id":"6985409"},{"contents":"Eric Cantona\n\n\nloved the game but I no longer had the passion to go to bed early, not to go out with my friends, not to drink, and not to do a lot of other things, the things I like in life.\" In 2004, Cantona was quoted as saying, \"I'm so proud the fans still sing my name, but I fear tomorrow they will stop. I fear it because I love it. And everything you love, you fear you will lose.\" He was interviewed in the","id":"20467504"},{"contents":"The Way (Ariana Grande song)\n\n\nthe time. In subsequent interviews, Grande implied that in order to feel \"passionate\" about her music, it needed to relate to her maturing personality. In an interview with \"Billboard\" she said, \"When I do \"Sam & Cat,\" and when I act as Cat, of course I'm still going to be there for my younger fans. But I'm also growing up – I'm almost 20. I'm not going to do anything crazy, but I want to do music that I","id":"13827229"},{"contents":"Codes and Keys\n\n\ngoing on here.'\" Walla commented on writing contributions, stating: \"If I'm starting something from the ground up, either I've got a melody in my head or I've got a feeling that I'm chasing. It'll be something impressionistic; it'll be like trying to take a feeling or something that's happening environmentally and trying to bottle that and turn it into a piece of music. Both the things that I started as instrumentals for this record were written largely out of a place of procrastination","id":"11112400"},{"contents":"Since U Been Gone\n\n\nknow, 'Why don't I just go trash her house? [...] And so I do it in the video. All I do is break stuff. It's a cool job. I could get used to this.\" Clarkson expressed that in the music video, viewers would get to see her act out of character. She explained, \"In the beginning, I'm like tipping things over and smearing mud all over the walls and it seems like my apartment, but it ends up being the other","id":"5790092"},{"contents":"File Under: Easy Listening\n\n\nlast two records. Also, I'm really starting to hate guitar solos, so I'm trying to avoid them. I'm bending a lot of strings, starting to sound like Johnny Thunders again.\" An attempt to record the album in Atlanta proved abortive. \"There were seventeen songs done,\" said Mould. \"There were some vocals left to do, and that was it. But it wasn't satisfying me. I erased everything. What are you going to do – keep the tapes on a shelf","id":"13536921"},{"contents":"DJ Paul\n\n\ncontroversy from the show, involving Ashley Dupre best known from the Eliot Spitzer scandal. In a 2013 interview, Paul said he is getting three hours of sleep a day due to the amount of work he has to do in the variety of business ventures he has a part in. Describing his daily schedule, he said that he works with all of his companies during the day and records music during the night, stating that \"I feel like if I'm not working, then I'm losing and I'm not really","id":"3833405"},{"contents":"Someone like You (Adele song)\n\n\nshe almost broke down delivering her lovelorn plea to an ex-boyfriend\" as stated by Neil McCormick of \"The Daily Telegraph\". Speaking on the ITV2 after show, Adele explained why she had cried at the end of the performance saying, \"I was really emotional by the end because I'm quite overwhelmed by everything anyway, and then I had a vision of my ex, of him watching me at home and he's going to be laughing at me because he knows I'm crying because of him, with","id":"11112330"},{"contents":"Red Skelton\n\n\nat first, \"I don't know why it's always clowns.\" He continued after thinking a moment by saying \"No, that's not true—I do know why. I just don't feel like thinking about it ...\" At the time of Skelton's death, his originals were priced at $80,000 and upward. Skelton was a prolific writer of both short stories and music. After sleeping only four or five hours a night, he would wake up at 5 a.m. and begin writing stories, composing","id":"13279163"},{"contents":"Therapy (Infectious Grooves song)\n\n\n'm like, \"You serious?\" And he goes, \"Yeah, go talk to him.\" I'm going, \"I'm not going to talk to him!\" We went to lunch and we came back later and there he was in there. He goes, \"You have a song you want me to do?\" I'm like, \"Uhhhhddduuuhhh.\" And he put the song on, and he's like, \"I want to do it! I want to do it!","id":"1038114"},{"contents":"Beautiful Thing (film)\n\n\nIn the absence of a third bed, Ste has to make do with sleeping 'top-to-toe' with Jamie. On the second night they share a bed: after a massage and a minor conversation, the boys soon change sleeping arrangements and Jamie kisses Ste for the first time. The next morning, Ste panics and leaves before Jamie awakens, avoiding him for days. Jamie works up the nerve to steal a \"Gay Times\" from a newsagent, apparently starting to accept his sexuality and affection for Ste","id":"12410462"},{"contents":"Rough Justice (The Rolling Stones song)\n\n\n2005, \"That came to me in my sleep. It's almost like \"Satisfaction\". Yeah, I almost sort of woke up and said, 'Where's my guitar?' Sometimes you do dream a riff, you know? I had to get up, and it's really hard to get me up. Once I go down, I go down, you know? But, I mean, it's only a song that could get me up and start running around the room, 'Where's","id":"17811049"},{"contents":"Jill St. John\n\n\nBut I'm very funny.\" She followed this with a series of comedies: \"Who's Minding the Store?\" (1963) with Jerry Lewis, \"Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed?\" (1963) with Dean Martin and \"Honeymoon Hotel\" (1964) with Robert Morse. \"Now I play the sexy comedienne, which is my forte\" she said in 1964. \"Comedy is what I've always wanted to do.\" She guest starred on shows like \"Voyage to the Bottom","id":"3943880"},{"contents":"Healing Tide\n\n\n[...] I never talked about it. She was very confused -- Why is this guy running and ducking under the bed when he hears fireworks on the Fourth of July? Why do I find him hiding in a dark corner when the rest of the day he was so bubbly and happy? She was like, 'You've got to let me in Mike. You've got to tell me what's going on so I can make a decision if I want to roll with this.' And when she finally","id":"3326432"},{"contents":"Glitter (soundtrack)\n\n\nwhat she had come to talk about: her record.\" Only days later, Carey began posting irregular voice notes and messages on her official website: I'm trying to understand things in life right now and so I really don't feel that I should be doing music right now. What I'd like to do is just a take a little break or at least get one night of sleep without someone popping up about a video. All I really want is [to] just be me and that's what I","id":"985308"},{"contents":"Spacemen 3\n\n\nCoachella has been refused. He said: \"Why would I do that? I mean, I would have liked to go and watch the Battle of Waterloo when it happened but that doesn't mean I'm going to go and sit in a field somewhere and watch people act it out.\" In 2009, approaches were again made for a reunited Spacemen 3 to appear at a summer festival, at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival; however, Pierce quashed rumours, saying he \"wasn't interested\" and added,","id":"7277592"},{"contents":"Hamas\n\n\nnuclear reactor in Dimona, the chemical plants in Haifa, and Ben-Gurion Airport\", which \"could have caused thousands\" of Israeli casualties \"if successful\". In July 2008 Barack Obama, then the Democratic presidential candidate, said: \"If somebody was sending rockets into my house, where my two daughters sleep at night, I'm going to do everything in my power to stop that, and I would expect Israelis to do the same thing.\" On December 28, 2008, Secretary of State Condoleezza","id":"14056814"},{"contents":"Warwick Films\n\n\nknow what I do with it? I throw it in the waste paper basket, that's what I do with it. I make films to appeal to the lowest common denominator. That's why I'm still in business while the other arty-farty boys are not. I just want to make pictures to make money. That is a rat race and you can't afford to be a rat in a rat race... If I'm not tough I'm going to have my brains eaten out. The art of","id":"21735868"},{"contents":"Loverboy (Mariah Carey song)\n\n\n. At that point, Carey's publicist Cindi Berger grabbed the microphone from her hand, and ordered the cameras to stop filming. Only days later, Carey began posting irregular voice notes and messages on her official website: I'm trying to understand things in life right now and so I really don't feel that I should be doing music right now. What I'd like to do is just a take a little break or at least get one night of sleep without someone popping up about a video. All I really","id":"21931888"},{"contents":"Girl Distribution Company\n\n\nthat his departure was not due to dissatisfaction: There was absolutely nothing wrong with the way things were going with Girl. That's why it was hard to go through with everything because we're all really close friends and I love those guys so much. I just felt like I wanted to do something for myself, instead of in a few years realizing that I can't jump down stairs when I'm 45, and I kinda wanted to have my own thing started by the time that happens. I have a few","id":"17845739"},{"contents":"Georges Brassens\n\n\nresentment. Brassens said in an interview: \"I'm an anarchist, so much so that I always cross at the zebra crossing to avoid arguing with the police.\" He also said: \"I'm not very fond of the law. As Léautaud would say, I could do without laws [...] I think most people couldn’t.\" His friends who heard and liked his songs urged him to go and try them out in a cabaret, café or concert hall. He was shy and had difficulty performing","id":"16258751"},{"contents":"Procrastination\n\n\nat a time and to cherish the \"small successes\". Brian O'Leary supports that \"finding a work-life balance...may actually help us find ways to be more productive\", suggesting that dedicating leisure activities as motivation can increase one's efficiency at handling tasks. Procrastination is not a lifelong trait. Those likely to worry can learn to let go, those who procrastinate can find different methods and strategies to help focus and avoid impulses. After contemplating his own procrastination habits, philosopher John Perry authored an essay entitled \"","id":"17644979"},{"contents":"James P. Hagerstrom\n\n\nI haven't been sleeping. I've got to do this thing. I'm gonna do it, and if you don't want to go with me, that's fine, I'll understand. We are going to go up there and give it one good college try south of the Yalu, and if we don't scare anything up, I'm going after them today. As it turned out, he did get it that day. He sneaked up behind six MiGs and fired on one, but by","id":"19855345"},{"contents":"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)\n\n\nbrothers consoling each other in tears. Then after Frankie explained witnessing violence and murder before he was to depart back to the states, he recalled Marvin sitting propped up in a bed with his hands in his face. Afterwards, Marvin told his brother, \"I didn't know how to fight before, but now I think I do. I just have to do it my way. I'm not a painter. I'm not a poet. But I can do it with music.\" In an interview with \"","id":"18808063"},{"contents":"I Need My Monster\n\n\nWest Side Story fame reading \"I Need My Monster.\" Ethan is used to sleeping with his favorite monster under his bed. One night, checking under the bed, he finds a note instead: \"Gone fishing. Back in a week. –Gabe\" Ethan finds other monsters who appear under the bed, but none are just like the one that helps him sleep. He wants his own monster back. A sequel, \"Hey, That's MY Monster!\", was published in 2016. In this","id":"7476583"},{"contents":"86th Academy Awards\n\n\nTraumatized critics exhale: I'm unable to do the Oscars again. Tried to make it work schedule-wise, but I need sleep.\" Furthermore, actress and comedian Tina Fey, who co-hosted the 70th Golden Globe Awards more than a month earlier with fellow \"Saturday Night Live\" alumnus Amy Poehler, told \"Huffington Post\" columnist Mike Ryan that she would reject any offer to host an Oscar telecast commenting, \"I just feel like that gig is so hard. Especially for, like, a woman","id":"201088"},{"contents":"Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia\n\n\ninvolves around telling the patient to do the exact opposite of what they have been doing in bed: They shall stay awake and avoid falling asleep. The goal of this method is to decrease performance anxiety which may inhibit sleep onset. Paradoxal Intention has been shown to be an effective treatment for sleep initiation insomnia but might not be effective for sleep maintenance or mixed insomnia. CBT-I is indicated when the following criteria is met: 1.The patient must complain about difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep. These difficulties must cause a significant distress","id":"9720698"},{"contents":"Conor Jackson\n\n\nFever and lost approximately 35 pounds during the illness (per his interview on Chronicle Live 6/21/10). \"I'm tired. I'm fatigued. Some days I feel like I'm able to do stuff, and I do stuff. I sleep 12, 13 hours and I'm exhausted.\" Jackson would play in just 30 games in 2009 batting a .182 batting average with 1 home run and 14 RBI. In 2010, he was hitting .238 for the Diamondbacks before being traded to the A's. On June 15","id":"1931380"},{"contents":"Berakhot (tractate)\n\n\ntime that people lie down to \"go\" to sleep, and anyone who will be going to sleep for the night has done so by the end of the first watch. The sages say it can be recited until midnight. And Rabban Gamliel says until the light of dawn. Rabban Gamliel says that whatever mitzvahs the sages said can be performed only until midnight can actually be performed until the light of dawn. The sages said until midnight to distance a person from procrastination and thus transgression. () Mishnah ב - The","id":"19811596"},{"contents":"Isn't Anything\n\n\n, the band got by on about two hours sleep a night. Bilinda Butcher described the effect of this: \"Often, when we do the vocals, it's 7:30 in the morning: I've usually fallen asleep and have to be woken up to sing. Maybe that's why it's languorous. I'm usually trying to remember what I've been dreaming about when I'm singing.\" \"Isn't Anything\" has been described as featuring shoegazing, avant-rock, dream pop, lo-fi,","id":"20545152"},{"contents":"Kevin Gates\n\n\n2013 interview with \"Complex\": \"I got some children. I'm real real close with them. I lay in the bed with them, hold them, love on them. It really doesn't make sense to say [how many kids I have]. Not in a bad way, but it's not like the public will ever get to see my children, and if they do see them, they aren't going to know they're mine.\" Gates is a practicing Muslim along with his wife","id":"6375442"},{"contents":"Matt Labash\n\n\nrhythm. And I look like an idiot doing this, quite frankly.” On not being a TV talking head he has said “I have friends who go on TV a lot and say, 'You ought to be on TV.' I don't do it partly because of performance anxiety. I'm pretty sure I'm going to screw it up. Second, it just makes me feel like a fraud. Popping off about issues of the day that I'm considered an expert on simply because I read the","id":"5608082"},{"contents":"List of FoxTrot characters\n\n\n\" with four-digit speeds. Peter has pulled many stunts with the family car, such as speeding, back-wheelies, deliberately spinning and fishtailing, driving so fast that zero-gravity was achieved, almost sideswiping Andy's car, and going over the speed limit while parallel parking. Peter is a procrastinator, and one of the running gags of the strip is the many ways he dreams up to avoid doing his homework or household chores. He once bragged that he was \"sick of homework from day one\"","id":"16747084"},{"contents":"Mariners Apartment Complex\n\n\n\"I think we are together because we're both similar, like we're both really messed up\" and I thought it was the saddest thing I'd ever heard. And I said, \"I'm not sad, I didn't know that's why you thought you were relating to me on that level, I'm actually doing pretty good\". And he was upset, and that's when I wrote the song. I thought, I had to do so many times, where you know like I had","id":"7985132"},{"contents":"How I Wet Your Mother\n\n\na day off, which he spends going fishing with Bart. The next night, Homer wets the bed while asleep. When he wets the bed again the following night, he thinks that karma may be the reason, so he apologizes to all of his fellow employees with a free barbecue for everyone. That night, Homer wets the bed again and gets angry over a wasted act of kindness. He buys a bedwetting alarm that will warn him when he is about to urinate in his sleep. This machine, however,","id":"15366303"},{"contents":"Nancy School\n\n\nreceived from him while previously under hypnosis. Below is a description of one of his experiments on post-hypnotic suggestion. \"To one, I tell her during her sleep:—\"Next Thursday (in five days) you will take the glass that is on the night table and put it in the suitcase that is at the foot of your bed.\" Three days later, having put her back to sleep, I say to her: \"Do you remember what I ordered you to do?\" She answers: \"Yes,","id":"18237336"},{"contents":"Night and Fog (1956 film)\n\n\nwrote: The film is grandiose, horrible, showing monstrous crimes...regrettably, the film people here are putting me under pressure to finish the whole thing in ten days even though the film is barely finished. I hope I can get it all together. I'm living here like a monk, I go to bed at 8 in the evening, eat and drink very little and don't feel at all at ease in this giant city with all the responsibility for the film. Recording took place on 19 December 1955.","id":"5433671"},{"contents":"Jack Wrangler\n\n\ndoor when I got home at night and things like that. Plus I would go through massive guilt whenever I did go out with a guy and I was with her. So I finally said that's it. I went to her one night and said I'm never going to cheat on you again with anybody. So my sex life became very masturbatory. And I'm good at that-very good at that, in fact.\". The couple was married from 1994 until his death. In 1980, Wrangler","id":"1946686"},{"contents":"Haunted Honeymoon\n\n\n-create a comedy-chiller,\" said Wilder. \"I don't like naturalism. I like things that are fantastical - I'm not saying necessarily fantasies, but more than reality.\" Wilder says the film was partly inspired by a song Jeanette MacDonald and Jack Buchanan sang in the film \"Monte Carlo\" (1930). Wilder says he heard it while watching the film in bed with Radner. \"I'm always looking for some emotional spine to what I'm doing. I look over at her [","id":"1951751"},{"contents":"Joey Rocketshoes Dillon\n\n\nhe said. \"It was so easy to spin back and forth, I'd go to sleep at night twirling it around my hand. We're all blessed with certain talents -- I'm not good at everything, but this (gun-spinning) is something I can do well.\" Once he mastered these he moved on to unloaded real guns. After high school, he moved to Chicago in hopes of becoming a comedian and actor. He took classes with The Second City with a mind to someday be part","id":"3731849"},{"contents":"That's Why I Love You Like I Do\n\n\n\"That's Why I Love You Like I Do\" is a song country music song originally made famous by Sonny James. The song had two runs of popularity for James, one in 1956 and the other in 1972, each under a different title and with a distinctive arrangement. James' original version was recorded in 1956 as \"You're the Reason I'm In Love,\" for the beginning line of the refrain. An electric guitar-heavy, slow-tempoed song, \"You're the Reason ...\"","id":"16541903"},{"contents":"Maybe I'm a Leo\n\n\n\"Maybe I'm a Leo\" is a song by the British rock group Deep Purple, from their 1972 album \"Machine Head\". Roger Glover says: \"I wrote the riff to \"Maybe I’m a Leo\" after hearing John Lennon’s \"How Do You Sleep?\". I liked the idea that the riff didn’t start on the down beat, like 99% of riffs do. Most of the songs on \"Machine Head\" were from the first take, or not long after.\"","id":"5760361"},{"contents":"Tom Hanks\n\n\n, \"I must say that when I go to church—and I do go to church—I ponder the mystery. I meditate on the 'why?' of 'why people are as they are' and 'why bad things happen to good people,' and 'why good things happen to bad people' ... The mystery is what I think is, almost, the grand unifying theory of all mankind.\" On October 7, 2013, on the \"Late Show with David Letterman\", Hanks announced","id":"20951279"},{"contents":"No Jumping on the Bed!\n\n\n!\" became the title of the book. Walter's father finds him jumping on his bed and warns him not to do it: \"If I have told you once, I've told you a zillion times: 'No jumping on the bed!'. One day it is going to crash right through the floor. Now lie down and go to bed\". Walter asks if it can happen one more time, however he instead (after being obedient by his father) goes back down and gets to sleep","id":"817309"},{"contents":"Overcome (Alexandra Burke album)\n\n\nproducing songs for the re-release: When we [RedOne and Alexandra] were in the studio together the other day, he was like, 'OK, do your ad libs for the beginning of the track', so I went, 'OK! I'm going to say your name and then I'm going to say mine. I've done that already and I'm going to do it again'. I don't do it on all our tracks though – 'Dumb' doesn't have it and","id":"11890123"},{"contents":"The Worst (Jhené Aiko song)\n\n\na guy, and I've never went to jail, but those are the things I have to get out of my head some way. It's writing a song and then turning my crazy thoughts into those moments where I'm like, I could really do that, but I'm not going to.\" To promote the song Aiko performed it live on various occasions. On January 18, 2014 she performed the song on \"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon,\" accompanied by The Roots. The performance was described as","id":"4991364"},{"contents":"Old (Danny Brown album)\n\n\nlet it write itself. The more I listen to it, it's just like, 'Damn!' It's almost like I didn't really do this shit. It came from a higher power, and as I'm listening to it now, I'm starting to hear things that I didn't even know.\" He later added: \"I'm starting to like it more and more, like a normal listener,\" he offers. \"The first time I listened to it I had a lot of","id":"7059454"},{"contents":"Babatana language\n\n\nAva via Many = Taba No worries = Manöe zirapeta I'm hungry = Ra ko sanqo I'm full = Ra ko kuma Don't eat it = Kasi goki tini I'd like to swim = Ra ko soko ma senge I'd like to dive = Ra ko soko ma kujulu I'm going to sleep = Ra ma la pam Come here = Zo me gati Go away = Zo Bring ... here = vame gati... Take ... away = Qisu la ... Leave it = To'ro I like ... = Ra ko so'ko ...","id":"7547611"},{"contents":"MxPx\n\n\nthemselves from. As of 2015, MxPx singer Mike Herrera has said he is no longer Christian. When asked about the topic he stated \"...There's a million different little nooks and crannies we can go down as to why to believe something, why not to believe. It's just one of those things was 'alright I don't believe this, this, this is sinning.' Beyond that, do I believe in god? I'm not sure. Do I believe in this exact religion? No I","id":"20815377"},{"contents":"Back to the Basics (EP)\n\n\nI'll try different things that's out the box and when I feel like I'm going too far out the box I bring it back in. Right at that time when I was bringing it back in I said I wanted to title my new EP \"Back to the Basics\" [because] that's what [I'm going to] get to as far as the Twista sound and doing what I do that I know people like.\" The Chicago emcee selected a few songs that he felt was \"a","id":"15444146"},{"contents":"Man on the Moon II: The Legend of Mr. Rager\n\n\n.\" In a \"Complex\" interview for his cover shoot titled \"\"Mad Man on the Moon\"\", he talks about the album and stating \"It's explicit, but smart explicit. I'm not holding back. I have no regard for what people consider right or wrong. Some things I follow—like the law, from here on out. But other than that, I'm doing whatever the fuck I want to do. I'm not holding back. That's why I've been so","id":"11978186"},{"contents":"James Franco\n\n\n. This led to the actor being parodied in an episode of \"SNL\"s Weekend Update segment, which an \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer deemed \"clever\". In a 2011 interview, he stated: I've been perceived as this guy yelling, 'Hey, look at me. I want attention'. I'm not going to school to get articles written about me. I'm just going to school. But the fact that I'm going to school or that someone takes a picture of me sleeping is like,","id":"16985942"},{"contents":"Bobby Lashley\n\n\nI'm going to fight, I need to fight. I need to stay active. I need to do something big now. If not, I need to hang it up and just do stuff with my gym. I'm fighting this fight, and I think I have two in August that were offered to me. Hopefully if I don't get hurt, I can stay active and just keep going.\" Lashley fought at Xtreme Fight Night 15: Indestructible on November 8, 2013 against Tony \"The Rock\"","id":"19830369"},{"contents":"The Knoxville Girl\n\n\nand tumbled the whole night through, as troubles was for me Like flames of hell around my bed and in my eyes could see They carried me down to Knoxville and put me in a cell My friends all tried to get me out but none could go my bail I'm here to waste my life away down in this dirty old jail Because I murdered that Knoxville girl, the girl I loved so well /poem The song features prominently in \"If Ever I Return, Pretty Peggy-O\", the first book in","id":"11028014"},{"contents":"Eddie Hurley\n\n\n. I'm going to fight this thing all the way to the Commissioner's office if I have to. And if I don't get any satisfaction from him [William Eckert], I'll hire an attorney. ... I don't know of any business in the world that would do something like this to a man. Even a dog gets more consideration than we did. Why, even if an umpire is fired - if he's the worst in the business - he gets 10 days' notice. We got","id":"8457032"},{"contents":"Things That Go Bump in the Night (Dad's Army)\n\n\nMainwaring tells them not to be worried and they go upstairs to find somewhere to sleep. Once in a bedroom, Captain Mainwaring claims a bed for himself, informing the others to sleep in the double bed. However, Jones feels Mainwaring's bed and refuses to let him sleep there until he has warmed it up. Jones puts a bed warmer in the sheets, but unfortunately sets it on fire. The platoon try to blow it out with pillows, but just end up with feathers everywhere. Mainwaring tips a basin of","id":"13172483"},{"contents":"Real Live Tour\n\n\nonstage and it was like a morgue. The Maiden fans knew I'd quit, they knew these were the last gigs, and I suddenly realised that, as the frontman, you're in an almost impossible situation. If you're like, 'Wow, this is really fucking cool tonight, man,' they're all gonna sit there going, 'What a wanker. He's leaving. How can it be cool?' Or do you go on and say, 'Look, I'm really sorry","id":"18332554"},{"contents":"Muhammad Ali vs. Chuck Wepner\n\n\n, Wepner was lying in bed with his wife when he told her something like \"Even if I don't win, I just want to prove I belong there.\" Wepner later shared this line with Sylvester Stallone who used it in Rocky. On the day of the fight Wepner presented a \"very sexy\" blue negligee to his wife and told her to wear it that night in bed since she would be sleeping with the heavy weight champion of the world. On the night of the fight, Mrs. Wepner was wearing","id":"16504347"},{"contents":"Bryan Bullington\n\n\nthat's for sure. It was a lot of fun, a long time in coming, and I really enjoyed it. At times there were days in Triple–A where it felt like I was never going to get another shot. I'm 29 years old and I'm to the point where I don't want to kick around in Triple–A for another four or five years. If I'm going to do this, I want to do it now.\" \"I've had a few brief (","id":"21357452"},{"contents":"Toyah Willcox\n\n\n: \"It's difficult to compare the two worlds and say why you're doing both. I generally just do whatever I want to do next. I'm still the one person about, I think, who's managed to keep the two careers completely separate. Very little of my music gets involved with my acting, and I wouldn't like it to. I like doing both music and acting. I get a lot of inspiration from acting and the music. Doing a play like this leaves the days free to","id":"21947162"},{"contents":"Zack and Miri Make a Porno\n\n\nmuch better. I'm sitting there thinking 'That's it, that's it, I'm gone, I'm out. The movie didn't do well and I killed Seth Rogen's career! This dude was on a roll until he got in with the likes of me. I'm a career killer! Judd [Apatow]'s going to be pissed, the whole Internet's going to be pissed because they all like Seth, and the only reason they like me anymore is because I was involved with Seth","id":"7712467"},{"contents":"Hetty Green\n\n\nbelieve, I should get very tired of living in one of the great houses in New York, going out all night and sleeping all day. They don't have any real pleasure. It's intercourse with people that I like.\" Yet she was also a secret philanthropist, avoiding the attention of the Press. In her words, \"I believe in discreet charity.\" Hetty also had the reputation of being an effective nurse, caring for her young and old neighbors. Her favorite poem was William Henry Channing's","id":"19480222"},{"contents":"List of Mr. Men\n\n\n33rd book in the \"Mr. Men\" series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Nonsense lives in Nonsenseland, in a boat on top of a tree. When asked why he sleeps in a rowing boat, the answer is \"I tried sleeping in a motorboat and it was somewhat uncomfortable.\" When asked why he eats porridge on toast, the answer is, \"I tried porridge sandwiches and I didn't like them.\" Mr. Nonsense is best friends with Mr. Silly, and when it snows yellow snow, they go for","id":"14565911"},{"contents":"Shut 'Em Down (album)\n\n\nmy hands and I'm looking at the mirror and saw a nigga ODB, I'm like 'Who the fuck is this? What up my nigga! Yo, I'm about to go shut this shit down, basically go onstage and promote the motherfucking album' and I told the nigga my plan, he's like, 'Alright! Let's go! Do it!'. Along the way, I stopped to talk to a motherfucking bitch... ODB was with U-God. I was with LS One","id":"5374643"},{"contents":"Florynce Kennedy\n\n\nsteps of the University's Lowell Hall, a protest Kennedy thought of and participated in. When asked about this, she said: I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me. In 1974, \"People\" magazine wrote that she was","id":"5859440"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Andrew Reynolds (skateboarder)\\n\\n\\n, Beagle, Mike' ... ready? [Reynolds] 'Lance?' ... 'Beagle?' ... 'Mike?' Reynolds explained in the Vice interview: Like, before I go to bed at night, I go to the door, and I lock it ... nine times, but, like, three, three, three; three, three, three; three, three, three; and I do that ... three times. And, then, sometimes I'm layin' down, and I'm\",\n \"id\": \"654718\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Korn (album)\\n\\n\\nin the morning and do a line to get out of bed. Speed in the morning, I'd have it all lined up for breakfast so when I'd lay down and go to sleep, I'd wake up and just snort and it's like 'Yeah, okay, I'm up. ' It was bad. It's like, you do one line and stay up all night, but then you have shit to do the next day so you have to do another line to be able keep staying up\",\n \"id\": \"6425238\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eric Carr\\n\\n\\nnight, whatever it was it was. Really, really terrible. Just by contrast, I used to make $15 a night when I was like 16 years old, and here I am almost 30 years old, and I'm making like $7 a night! So I wasn't doing better, obviously – I was going in reverse, you know! Flasher played the club circuit in New York City and Long Island for several months, before their keyboard player, Paul Turino quit; they then continued as a\",\n \"id\": \"9248366\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"I'm Just Talkin' About Tonight\\n\\n\\nto make my living in clubs, so I had ample opportunity to watch a lot of 'tomcats' hit on the ladies. The woman in this song says, \\\"Well, I don't like bars and I don't usually do this.\\\" It's not saying go and get into bed; it's saying skip the B.S. and all the other chapters and the heck with why we're here; let's have an understanding - this is about right this minute. We're lonely; let's talk.\",\n \"id\": \"16156602\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rock and Roll Night Club\\n\\n\\n\\\"I was trying to make a Ramones record... I thought, 'I'm going to do basic power chord riffs, I'm going to do solos, and I'm going to do it really fast.' It turned out I'm awful at it. When I slowed things down it was like, 'Ah, now I've got something'\\\". Demarco also used a method of track summing to record more than the 4 track limit: \\\"I learned to ping-pong the 4-track too, so\",\n \"id\": \"6134326\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diary of a Mad Housewife\\n\\n\\nagainst the movie in an interview on \\\"The Dick Cavett Show\\\" on May 25, 1971. He stated that it was an example of dirty entertainment and that he did not like it because the characters were in bed for 80 minutes. He made a joke of this, saying, \\\"Well I'm not interested in that. I don't care what they're doing in the sack, if I'm not doing it, why should I sit in the theater and watch it?\\\" The film was released on\",\n \"id\": \"3840273\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sad Machine\\n\\n\\nown vocals on. In the past, he had provided backing vocals for Zedd's single \\\"Clarity\\\". When asked about singing the song during his new live performance during his \\\"Worlds Tour\\\", Robinson stated, \\\"I'm only going to be alive so long, and I have a song where I'm singing, and I'm going to go perform that song live and why the hell should I not sing it? I'm going to do it. I want to sing. It just felt like the\",\n \"id\": \"10568777\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kellie Pickler\\n\\n\\nup eating meat. Pickler says she first decided to go vegetarian for health reasons, but a TV ad that vegetarian Pamela Anderson did for animal rights group PETA piqued her curiosity. \\\"One night I couldn't sleep and I was up and just Googling random stuff and I'm like, 'Hmmm, PETA.' I saw all the videos and I just thought it was horrible. It's animal cruelty. A lot of it has to do with knowing what happens to the animals and it really bothered me and so\",\n \"id\": \"3025319\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"This Is What Rock n' Roll Looks Like\\n\\n\\nme, because I was different. I was like, \\\"I'm going to sing, I'm going to do this, I'm going to do that,\\\" they were like \\\"OK, sure you are.\\\" And I was like \\\"No, I'm serious. This is what I'm going to do.\\\" And everybody was like, \\\"Yeah right.\\\" Even when I told everyone I was moving to LA to do music and had a going away party, only one person showed up\",\n \"id\": \"2884270\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Armor for Sleep\\n\\n\\nband comes from his early experiences of writing music and not being able to sleep. As he recalls, \\\"I guess when I started the band I was kind of, like, retreating in my room and I kind of couldn't really fall asleep, so I started playing music. I just thought of the name Armor for Sleep, because it was really, the music was keeping me from passing out! Which was something I was procrastinating on.\\\" Ben would go on to record demos of songs that would later\",\n \"id\": \"6617713\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scott W. Rothstein\\n\\n\\nRothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're\",\n \"id\": \"4592004\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Women in CNT in Francoist Spain\\n\\n\\nher partner CNT militant and guerrilla fighter José Ramiá Ciprés, Carmen Ciprés would say things like \\\"Yourself if you want to go to bed right now, I do not care about anything. If you want to go to bed right now, I'll sleep with you.\\\" in response to inquiries as to who was sleeping in a still warm bed. In the Region of Murcia, the first union led strike was led by picadoras del esparto women. Coordinating between former CNT and UGT members, they managed to get work\",\n \"id\": \"7526170\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Who's That Girl World Tour\\n\\n\\nwhy I call the tour 'Who's That Girl?'; because I play a lot of characters, and every time I do a video or a song, people go, 'Oh, that's what she's like.' And I'm not like any of them. I'm all of them. I'm none of them. You know what I mean.?\\\" The show started with a performance by Level 42. As their performance ended, the lights started blinking all around the stadium and Finch\",\n \"id\": \"14264052\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shedden massacre\\n\\n\\nthe Bandidos. Salerno assured his wife that he wanted to quit the Bandidos, saying the outlaw biker lifestyle was not for him, but kept procrastinating about when he was going to resign. Salerno, the president of the Toronto chapter once told a friend: \\\"I'm not Mr. Workaholic, bringing home a lot of money. But I'm not a womanizer. I don't cheat on her [Stephanie]. I also don't abuse her. I do my best, within my abilities\\\". Michael \\\"Little\",\n \"id\": \"1738107\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Trip (2002 film)\\n\\n\\nAlan's invitation, Tommy stays over at Alan's apartment. They sleep in separate rooms until Alan, in the middle of the night, joins Tommy in his bed, claiming the couch is too uncomfortable; Tommy leaves to go sleep on the couch. In the morning, Tommy tells Alan he has feelings for him and can't see him again. Tommy also confronts Alan about his own curiosity, prompting Alan to defensively blurt out, \\\"I'm not a fag like you, okay?\\\" Tommy walks out.\",\n \"id\": \"10078860\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"One Night as I Lay on My Bed\\n\\n\\na hard-drinking woman who is fond of moonshine, and avoids hard work. One version, as sung by The Kingston Trio, has the chorus \\\"Wake up, wake up, darlin' Corey. What makes you sleep so sound? The revenue officer's a comin', gonna tear your still house down.\\\" This might possibly be a relic of its origins in the song \\\"Who's that Knocking on My Window\\\". It could be considered as a female version of \\\"I'm A Rover\",\n \"id\": \"18610129\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Red Foley\\n\\n\\nFoley suffered respiratory failure that night and died in his sleep, prompting Hank Williams, Jr. to write and record (as Luke the Drifter, Jr.) \\\"I Was With Red Foley (The Night He Passed Away\\\"). According to the song, which charted that November, his last words were, \\\"I'm awful tired now, Hank. I've got to go to bed.\\\" Foley had sung \\\"Peace in the Valley\\\" at Hank Sr.'s funeral. Foley was interred in Woodlawn Memorial Park\",\n \"id\": \"21101513\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Beautiful Thing (play)\\n\\n\\nin the flat next door, is one night beaten by his father so badly that Sandra takes pity and lets him sleep over. In the absence of a third bed, Ste has to make do with sleeping 'top-to-toe' with Jamie. On the second night they share a bed: after a massage and a minor conversation, the boys soon change sleeping arrangements and Jamie kisses Ste for the first time. The next morning, Ste panics and leaves before Jamie awakens, avoiding him for days. Jamie\",\n \"id\": \"4318682\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Chimp (1932 film)\\n\\n\\nlet Ethel stay. A lion named MGM after the MGM lion has escaped from the circus. Stanley and Oliver try to smuggle Ethel into their room whilst avoiding MGM. They decide to leave Ethel outside for the night and go to bed. They sleep in the same bed as in all Laurel and Hardy films. Stanley falls out of bed and decides to sleep in the spare bed. Ethel climbs in through the window and gets into bed with Oliver. Ethel steals the blanket from Oliver so he decides to use the spare\",\n \"id\": \"14619679\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jon Stewart–Jim Cramer conflict\\n\\n\\n's going on!' It'd be like turning on The Weather Channel in a hurricane, and they're just doing this: 'Why am I wet? What's happening to me? And it's so windy! What's going on, I'm scared!' How do you not know, man?\\\" On March 9, during a segment of \\\"Mad Money\\\", Cramer admitted, OK, I'm a tempting target. Plenty of people come in and give their criticism on this show. But\",\n \"id\": \"1229222\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Terri Walker\\n\\n\\nI'm not really trying to do the artist thing anymore. I love to sing but let me just work alongside people.\\\" She explained her hiatus from the music industry by saying \\\"If you're an artist doing something else you feel like people aren't really trying to buy into it because these artists have flooded the market so much. It just makes you wonder, 'Why should I bother? No one's going to be interested in what I'm trying to do. I was locked into that industry.\",\n \"id\": \"16193108\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Go the Fuck to Sleep\\n\\n\\n, rather than just abandoning the child to the dark and telling it that it can go to sleep or stay awake as it likes but it is staying in the bed until morning (remember Proust at the opening of \\\"Swann’s Way\\\"?), we sit there with it, reading to it and singing to it and distracting it with swirling night lights until it decides it feels like going to sleep, all the while thinking to ourselves, Go the fuck to sleep, kid.\\\" According to Mark Rotella,\",\n \"id\": \"10613452\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Elvis Presley\\n\\n\\nI'm going to go along, but I won't be able to give the kind of show I do in a personal appearance.\\\" Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career. Later that night, he appeared on \\\"Hy Gardner Calling\\\", a popular local TV show. Pressed on whether he had learned anything from the criticism to which he was being subjected, Presley responded, \\\"No, I haven't, I don't feel like I'm doing anything wrong\",\n \"id\": \"9277064\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jennifer's Body\\n\\n\\nother girls were almost romantic, they were so intense. I wanted to sleep at my friend's house every night, I wanted to wear her clothes, we would talk on the phone until our ears ached. I wanted to capture that heightened feeling you get as an adolescent that you don't really feel as a grownup. (laughs) You like [your] friends when you're a grownup, but you don't need to sleep in the same bed with them and talk to them on the phone until 5\",\n \"id\": \"20360077\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"If I Were a Boy\\n\\n\\nher earrings, she puts them on to go dancing with her partner at a party. Her husband is upset when he sees them, and when he confronts her about this, she acts like he is making a big deal out of nothing. \\\"When you act like that, I don't think you realize how it makes me look or feel\\\", he tells her. Beyoncé then asks him in a condescending tone, \\\"Why are you so jealous? It's not like I'm sleeping with the guy.\",\n \"id\": \"6846990\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"All About Tonight (Blake Shelton song)\\n\\n\\nbecause tomorrow can wait until tomorrow. Akins said \\\"we just went from there and touched on things like I know I'm going to have a headache in the morning, and I'll probably be broke. There's no telling what we're going to do, and I don't even care because it's all about tonight. That's all I'm worried about! It's a good, fun party song about where the night is going to go. After we wrote it, we thought it sounds just like\",\n \"id\": \"14669295\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mary Martin\\n\\n\\nlooking, acting and dancing like Ruby Keeler and singing exactly like Bing Crosby. \\\"Never, never, never can I say I had a frustrating childhood. It was all joy. Mother used to say she never had seen such a happy child—that I awakened each morning with a smile. I don't remember that, but I do remember that I never wanted to go to bed, to go to sleep, for fear I'd miss something.\\\" (p. 20) During high school, Martin dated Benjamin\",\n \"id\": \"17994126\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Burt Reynolds\\n\\n\\nback. I'm in my late 40s. I realize I have four or five more years where I can play certain kinds of parts and get away with it. That's why I'm leaning more and more toward directing and producing. I don't want to be stumbling around town doing Gabby Hayes parts a few years from now. I'd like to pick and choose and maybe go work for a perfume factory like Mr. Cary Grant, and look wonderful with everybody saying, 'Gee, I wish he hadn't\",\n \"id\": \"11158057\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sleep to Dream\\n\\n\\nthe 1997 MTV Video Music Awards on September 4, 1997, where she was presented by Elton John. During her acceptance speech, Apple was quoted saying: \\\"I didn't prepare a speech and I'm sorry. But I’m glad that I didn’t, because I’m not going to do this like everybody else does it. 'Cause everybody that I should be thanking, I'm really sorry, but I have to use this time. See Maya Angelou said that we, we as human beings, at our\",\n \"id\": \"8954111\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"On My Own (Yasmin song)\\n\\n\\n' and you walk into a room and you're the reason 30 people are there. It's easy to get caught up in it but I always remember why I'm doing what I'm doing. The music video sees Yasmin walking down streets at night and ending up at house party situation. MTV Iggy's Toksala gave the music video a positive review, writing, \\\"There isn't a lot going on in the video except a thoughtful mood, some bold style choices, and a whole lot of flirting with the\",\n \"id\": \"3884524\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ryan Sheckler\\n\\n\\nwith only half of the planned episodes completed in the final season. Sheckler later explained the decision to cease production, which was entirely his own: When I started the show I said, \\\"If it gets me away from my actual skateboarding fans and gets me away from skateboarding, then I'm not going to do the show anymore.\\\" That's why our third season was only six episodes; we cut it in half. I was, like, \\\"I can't do it anymore! It's going to\",\n \"id\": \"20503516\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Abortion in Ohio\\n\\n\\nthrough the night to Manhattan. \\\"I was pretty devastated by his reaction to kind of just treat it like it was my fault, that was the message I was getting. [...] I was just trying to keep my mind on the mission, basically, that I'm doing this because I want to and, regardless of how he is going to behave, I'm not going to pull the car over.\\\" When she finally got the abortion, it was quick but painful. She attributes her ability to\",\n \"id\": \"14796771\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eva Hart\\n\\n\\n. We went down to the cabin and that's when my mother said to my father that she had made up her mind quite firmly that she would not go to bed in that ship. She would sit up at night. She decided that she wouldn't go to bed at night and she didn't!\\\" \\\"I saw that ship sink,\\\" she said in a 1993 interview. \\\"I never closed my eyes. I didn't sleep at all. I saw it, I heard it, and nobody\",\n \"id\": \"20274236\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"It Was Written\\n\\n\\nI really tried to go back and recreate [Nas’] \\\"It Was Written\\\", you know what I'm saying like that? [I would play] \\\"It Was Written\\\" and then I would play my album, and it was like, ‘Do we got [this] record, do we got that record?’\\\" When asked in an interview with NobodySmiling.com about why he is comfortable admitting the album as a source of inspiration, Fiasco stated: American reggae and hip hop artist Matisyahu regards \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"12883558\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Maria Callas\\n\\n\\nreally well, as in health; I couldn't move freely. And then I was tired of playing a game, for instance playing this beautiful young woman, and I was heavy and uncomfortable to move around. In any case, it was uncomfortable and I didn't like it. So I felt now if I'm going to do things right—I've studied all my life to put things right musically, so why don't I diet and put myself into a certain condition where I'm presentable. During 1953 and\",\n \"id\": \"17351061\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sleeping with the One I Love\\n\\n\\nthe verses, Fantasia sings about her conflict with choosing between the two men, through lyrics such as: “Yes, I've tried to shake it off, and I even tried to pray / But I'm still waking up in a bed that don't belong to me”. She expresses pain with the lyrics \\\"See my baby's like a dream, but the other man, he haunts me\\\". Other lyrics also include: \\\"I'm still waking up in a bed that don't belong to me\",\n \"id\": \"6985409\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eric Cantona\\n\\n\\nloved the game but I no longer had the passion to go to bed early, not to go out with my friends, not to drink, and not to do a lot of other things, the things I like in life.\\\" In 2004, Cantona was quoted as saying, \\\"I'm so proud the fans still sing my name, but I fear tomorrow they will stop. I fear it because I love it. And everything you love, you fear you will lose.\\\" He was interviewed in the\",\n \"id\": \"20467504\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Way (Ariana Grande song)\\n\\n\\nthe time. In subsequent interviews, Grande implied that in order to feel \\\"passionate\\\" about her music, it needed to relate to her maturing personality. In an interview with \\\"Billboard\\\" she said, \\\"When I do \\\"Sam & Cat,\\\" and when I act as Cat, of course I'm still going to be there for my younger fans. But I'm also growing up – I'm almost 20. I'm not going to do anything crazy, but I want to do music that I\",\n \"id\": \"13827229\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Codes and Keys\\n\\n\\ngoing on here.'\\\" Walla commented on writing contributions, stating: \\\"If I'm starting something from the ground up, either I've got a melody in my head or I've got a feeling that I'm chasing. It'll be something impressionistic; it'll be like trying to take a feeling or something that's happening environmentally and trying to bottle that and turn it into a piece of music. Both the things that I started as instrumentals for this record were written largely out of a place of procrastination\",\n \"id\": \"11112400\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Since U Been Gone\\n\\n\\nknow, 'Why don't I just go trash her house? [...] And so I do it in the video. All I do is break stuff. It's a cool job. I could get used to this.\\\" Clarkson expressed that in the music video, viewers would get to see her act out of character. She explained, \\\"In the beginning, I'm like tipping things over and smearing mud all over the walls and it seems like my apartment, but it ends up being the other\",\n \"id\": \"5790092\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"File Under: Easy Listening\\n\\n\\nlast two records. Also, I'm really starting to hate guitar solos, so I'm trying to avoid them. I'm bending a lot of strings, starting to sound like Johnny Thunders again.\\\" An attempt to record the album in Atlanta proved abortive. \\\"There were seventeen songs done,\\\" said Mould. \\\"There were some vocals left to do, and that was it. But it wasn't satisfying me. I erased everything. What are you going to do – keep the tapes on a shelf\",\n \"id\": \"13536921\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"DJ Paul\\n\\n\\ncontroversy from the show, involving Ashley Dupre best known from the Eliot Spitzer scandal. In a 2013 interview, Paul said he is getting three hours of sleep a day due to the amount of work he has to do in the variety of business ventures he has a part in. Describing his daily schedule, he said that he works with all of his companies during the day and records music during the night, stating that \\\"I feel like if I'm not working, then I'm losing and I'm not really\",\n \"id\": \"3833405\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Someone like You (Adele song)\\n\\n\\nshe almost broke down delivering her lovelorn plea to an ex-boyfriend\\\" as stated by Neil McCormick of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\". Speaking on the ITV2 after show, Adele explained why she had cried at the end of the performance saying, \\\"I was really emotional by the end because I'm quite overwhelmed by everything anyway, and then I had a vision of my ex, of him watching me at home and he's going to be laughing at me because he knows I'm crying because of him, with\",\n \"id\": \"11112330\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Red Skelton\\n\\n\\nat first, \\\"I don't know why it's always clowns.\\\" He continued after thinking a moment by saying \\\"No, that's not true—I do know why. I just don't feel like thinking about it ...\\\" At the time of Skelton's death, his originals were priced at $80,000 and upward. Skelton was a prolific writer of both short stories and music. After sleeping only four or five hours a night, he would wake up at 5 a.m. and begin writing stories, composing\",\n \"id\": \"13279163\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Therapy (Infectious Grooves song)\\n\\n\\n'm like, \\\"You serious?\\\" And he goes, \\\"Yeah, go talk to him.\\\" I'm going, \\\"I'm not going to talk to him!\\\" We went to lunch and we came back later and there he was in there. He goes, \\\"You have a song you want me to do?\\\" I'm like, \\\"Uhhhhddduuuhhh.\\\" And he put the song on, and he's like, \\\"I want to do it! I want to do it!\",\n \"id\": \"1038114\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Beautiful Thing (film)\\n\\n\\nIn the absence of a third bed, Ste has to make do with sleeping 'top-to-toe' with Jamie. On the second night they share a bed: after a massage and a minor conversation, the boys soon change sleeping arrangements and Jamie kisses Ste for the first time. The next morning, Ste panics and leaves before Jamie awakens, avoiding him for days. Jamie works up the nerve to steal a \\\"Gay Times\\\" from a newsagent, apparently starting to accept his sexuality and affection for Ste\",\n \"id\": \"12410462\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rough Justice (The Rolling Stones song)\\n\\n\\n2005, \\\"That came to me in my sleep. It's almost like \\\"Satisfaction\\\". Yeah, I almost sort of woke up and said, 'Where's my guitar?' Sometimes you do dream a riff, you know? I had to get up, and it's really hard to get me up. Once I go down, I go down, you know? But, I mean, it's only a song that could get me up and start running around the room, 'Where's\",\n \"id\": \"17811049\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jill St. John\\n\\n\\nBut I'm very funny.\\\" She followed this with a series of comedies: \\\"Who's Minding the Store?\\\" (1963) with Jerry Lewis, \\\"Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed?\\\" (1963) with Dean Martin and \\\"Honeymoon Hotel\\\" (1964) with Robert Morse. \\\"Now I play the sexy comedienne, which is my forte\\\" she said in 1964. \\\"Comedy is what I've always wanted to do.\\\" She guest starred on shows like \\\"Voyage to the Bottom\",\n \"id\": \"3943880\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Healing Tide\\n\\n\\n[...] I never talked about it. She was very confused -- Why is this guy running and ducking under the bed when he hears fireworks on the Fourth of July? Why do I find him hiding in a dark corner when the rest of the day he was so bubbly and happy? She was like, 'You've got to let me in Mike. You've got to tell me what's going on so I can make a decision if I want to roll with this.' And when she finally\",\n \"id\": \"3326432\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Glitter (soundtrack)\\n\\n\\nwhat she had come to talk about: her record.\\\" Only days later, Carey began posting irregular voice notes and messages on her official website: I'm trying to understand things in life right now and so I really don't feel that I should be doing music right now. What I'd like to do is just a take a little break or at least get one night of sleep without someone popping up about a video. All I really want is [to] just be me and that's what I\",\n \"id\": \"985308\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Spacemen 3\\n\\n\\nCoachella has been refused. He said: \\\"Why would I do that? I mean, I would have liked to go and watch the Battle of Waterloo when it happened but that doesn't mean I'm going to go and sit in a field somewhere and watch people act it out.\\\" In 2009, approaches were again made for a reunited Spacemen 3 to appear at a summer festival, at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival; however, Pierce quashed rumours, saying he \\\"wasn't interested\\\" and added,\",\n \"id\": \"7277592\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hamas\\n\\n\\nnuclear reactor in Dimona, the chemical plants in Haifa, and Ben-Gurion Airport\\\", which \\\"could have caused thousands\\\" of Israeli casualties \\\"if successful\\\". In July 2008 Barack Obama, then the Democratic presidential candidate, said: \\\"If somebody was sending rockets into my house, where my two daughters sleep at night, I'm going to do everything in my power to stop that, and I would expect Israelis to do the same thing.\\\" On December 28, 2008, Secretary of State Condoleezza\",\n \"id\": \"14056814\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Warwick Films\\n\\n\\nknow what I do with it? I throw it in the waste paper basket, that's what I do with it. I make films to appeal to the lowest common denominator. That's why I'm still in business while the other arty-farty boys are not. I just want to make pictures to make money. That is a rat race and you can't afford to be a rat in a rat race... If I'm not tough I'm going to have my brains eaten out. The art of\",\n \"id\": \"21735868\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Loverboy (Mariah Carey song)\\n\\n\\n. At that point, Carey's publicist Cindi Berger grabbed the microphone from her hand, and ordered the cameras to stop filming. Only days later, Carey began posting irregular voice notes and messages on her official website: I'm trying to understand things in life right now and so I really don't feel that I should be doing music right now. What I'd like to do is just a take a little break or at least get one night of sleep without someone popping up about a video. All I really\",\n \"id\": \"21931888\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Girl Distribution Company\\n\\n\\nthat his departure was not due to dissatisfaction: There was absolutely nothing wrong with the way things were going with Girl. That's why it was hard to go through with everything because we're all really close friends and I love those guys so much. I just felt like I wanted to do something for myself, instead of in a few years realizing that I can't jump down stairs when I'm 45, and I kinda wanted to have my own thing started by the time that happens. I have a few\",\n \"id\": \"17845739\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Georges Brassens\\n\\n\\nresentment. Brassens said in an interview: \\\"I'm an anarchist, so much so that I always cross at the zebra crossing to avoid arguing with the police.\\\" He also said: \\\"I'm not very fond of the law. As Léautaud would say, I could do without laws [...] I think most people couldn’t.\\\" His friends who heard and liked his songs urged him to go and try them out in a cabaret, café or concert hall. He was shy and had difficulty performing\",\n \"id\": \"16258751\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Procrastination\\n\\n\\nat a time and to cherish the \\\"small successes\\\". Brian O'Leary supports that \\\"finding a work-life balance...may actually help us find ways to be more productive\\\", suggesting that dedicating leisure activities as motivation can increase one's efficiency at handling tasks. Procrastination is not a lifelong trait. Those likely to worry can learn to let go, those who procrastinate can find different methods and strategies to help focus and avoid impulses. After contemplating his own procrastination habits, philosopher John Perry authored an essay entitled \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"17644979\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"James P. Hagerstrom\\n\\n\\nI haven't been sleeping. I've got to do this thing. I'm gonna do it, and if you don't want to go with me, that's fine, I'll understand. We are going to go up there and give it one good college try south of the Yalu, and if we don't scare anything up, I'm going after them today. As it turned out, he did get it that day. He sneaked up behind six MiGs and fired on one, but by\",\n \"id\": \"19855345\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)\\n\\n\\nbrothers consoling each other in tears. Then after Frankie explained witnessing violence and murder before he was to depart back to the states, he recalled Marvin sitting propped up in a bed with his hands in his face. Afterwards, Marvin told his brother, \\\"I didn't know how to fight before, but now I think I do. I just have to do it my way. I'm not a painter. I'm not a poet. But I can do it with music.\\\" In an interview with \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"18808063\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"I Need My Monster\\n\\n\\nWest Side Story fame reading \\\"I Need My Monster.\\\" Ethan is used to sleeping with his favorite monster under his bed. One night, checking under the bed, he finds a note instead: \\\"Gone fishing. Back in a week. –Gabe\\\" Ethan finds other monsters who appear under the bed, but none are just like the one that helps him sleep. He wants his own monster back. A sequel, \\\"Hey, That's MY Monster!\\\", was published in 2016. In this\",\n \"id\": \"7476583\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"86th Academy Awards\\n\\n\\nTraumatized critics exhale: I'm unable to do the Oscars again. Tried to make it work schedule-wise, but I need sleep.\\\" Furthermore, actress and comedian Tina Fey, who co-hosted the 70th Golden Globe Awards more than a month earlier with fellow \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\" alumnus Amy Poehler, told \\\"Huffington Post\\\" columnist Mike Ryan that she would reject any offer to host an Oscar telecast commenting, \\\"I just feel like that gig is so hard. Especially for, like, a woman\",\n \"id\": \"201088\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia\\n\\n\\ninvolves around telling the patient to do the exact opposite of what they have been doing in bed: They shall stay awake and avoid falling asleep. The goal of this method is to decrease performance anxiety which may inhibit sleep onset. Paradoxal Intention has been shown to be an effective treatment for sleep initiation insomnia but might not be effective for sleep maintenance or mixed insomnia. CBT-I is indicated when the following criteria is met: 1.The patient must complain about difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep. These difficulties must cause a significant distress\",\n \"id\": \"9720698\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Conor Jackson\\n\\n\\nFever and lost approximately 35 pounds during the illness (per his interview on Chronicle Live 6/21/10). \\\"I'm tired. I'm fatigued. Some days I feel like I'm able to do stuff, and I do stuff. I sleep 12, 13 hours and I'm exhausted.\\\" Jackson would play in just 30 games in 2009 batting a .182 batting average with 1 home run and 14 RBI. In 2010, he was hitting .238 for the Diamondbacks before being traded to the A's. On June 15\",\n \"id\": \"1931380\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Berakhot (tractate)\\n\\n\\ntime that people lie down to \\\"go\\\" to sleep, and anyone who will be going to sleep for the night has done so by the end of the first watch. The sages say it can be recited until midnight. And Rabban Gamliel says until the light of dawn. Rabban Gamliel says that whatever mitzvahs the sages said can be performed only until midnight can actually be performed until the light of dawn. The sages said until midnight to distance a person from procrastination and thus transgression. () Mishnah ב - The\",\n \"id\": \"19811596\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Isn't Anything\\n\\n\\n, the band got by on about two hours sleep a night. Bilinda Butcher described the effect of this: \\\"Often, when we do the vocals, it's 7:30 in the morning: I've usually fallen asleep and have to be woken up to sing. Maybe that's why it's languorous. I'm usually trying to remember what I've been dreaming about when I'm singing.\\\" \\\"Isn't Anything\\\" has been described as featuring shoegazing, avant-rock, dream pop, lo-fi,\",\n \"id\": \"20545152\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kevin Gates\\n\\n\\n2013 interview with \\\"Complex\\\": \\\"I got some children. I'm real real close with them. I lay in the bed with them, hold them, love on them. It really doesn't make sense to say [how many kids I have]. Not in a bad way, but it's not like the public will ever get to see my children, and if they do see them, they aren't going to know they're mine.\\\" Gates is a practicing Muslim along with his wife\",\n \"id\": \"6375442\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Matt Labash\\n\\n\\nrhythm. And I look like an idiot doing this, quite frankly.” On not being a TV talking head he has said “I have friends who go on TV a lot and say, 'You ought to be on TV.' I don't do it partly because of performance anxiety. I'm pretty sure I'm going to screw it up. Second, it just makes me feel like a fraud. Popping off about issues of the day that I'm considered an expert on simply because I read the\",\n \"id\": \"5608082\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of FoxTrot characters\\n\\n\\n\\\" with four-digit speeds. Peter has pulled many stunts with the family car, such as speeding, back-wheelies, deliberately spinning and fishtailing, driving so fast that zero-gravity was achieved, almost sideswiping Andy's car, and going over the speed limit while parallel parking. Peter is a procrastinator, and one of the running gags of the strip is the many ways he dreams up to avoid doing his homework or household chores. He once bragged that he was \\\"sick of homework from day one\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"16747084\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mariners Apartment Complex\\n\\n\\n\\\"I think we are together because we're both similar, like we're both really messed up\\\" and I thought it was the saddest thing I'd ever heard. And I said, \\\"I'm not sad, I didn't know that's why you thought you were relating to me on that level, I'm actually doing pretty good\\\". And he was upset, and that's when I wrote the song. I thought, I had to do so many times, where you know like I had\",\n \"id\": \"7985132\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How I Wet Your Mother\\n\\n\\na day off, which he spends going fishing with Bart. The next night, Homer wets the bed while asleep. When he wets the bed again the following night, he thinks that karma may be the reason, so he apologizes to all of his fellow employees with a free barbecue for everyone. That night, Homer wets the bed again and gets angry over a wasted act of kindness. He buys a bedwetting alarm that will warn him when he is about to urinate in his sleep. This machine, however,\",\n \"id\": \"15366303\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nancy School\\n\\n\\nreceived from him while previously under hypnosis. Below is a description of one of his experiments on post-hypnotic suggestion. \\\"To one, I tell her during her sleep:—\\\"Next Thursday (in five days) you will take the glass that is on the night table and put it in the suitcase that is at the foot of your bed.\\\" Three days later, having put her back to sleep, I say to her: \\\"Do you remember what I ordered you to do?\\\" She answers: \\\"Yes,\",\n \"id\": \"18237336\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Night and Fog (1956 film)\\n\\n\\nwrote: The film is grandiose, horrible, showing monstrous crimes...regrettably, the film people here are putting me under pressure to finish the whole thing in ten days even though the film is barely finished. I hope I can get it all together. I'm living here like a monk, I go to bed at 8 in the evening, eat and drink very little and don't feel at all at ease in this giant city with all the responsibility for the film. Recording took place on 19 December 1955.\",\n \"id\": \"5433671\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jack Wrangler\\n\\n\\ndoor when I got home at night and things like that. Plus I would go through massive guilt whenever I did go out with a guy and I was with her. So I finally said that's it. I went to her one night and said I'm never going to cheat on you again with anybody. So my sex life became very masturbatory. And I'm good at that-very good at that, in fact.\\\". The couple was married from 1994 until his death. In 1980, Wrangler\",\n \"id\": \"1946686\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Haunted Honeymoon\\n\\n\\n-create a comedy-chiller,\\\" said Wilder. \\\"I don't like naturalism. I like things that are fantastical - I'm not saying necessarily fantasies, but more than reality.\\\" Wilder says the film was partly inspired by a song Jeanette MacDonald and Jack Buchanan sang in the film \\\"Monte Carlo\\\" (1930). Wilder says he heard it while watching the film in bed with Radner. \\\"I'm always looking for some emotional spine to what I'm doing. I look over at her [\",\n \"id\": \"1951751\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Joey Rocketshoes Dillon\\n\\n\\nhe said. \\\"It was so easy to spin back and forth, I'd go to sleep at night twirling it around my hand. We're all blessed with certain talents -- I'm not good at everything, but this (gun-spinning) is something I can do well.\\\" Once he mastered these he moved on to unloaded real guns. After high school, he moved to Chicago in hopes of becoming a comedian and actor. He took classes with The Second City with a mind to someday be part\",\n \"id\": \"3731849\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"That's Why I Love You Like I Do\\n\\n\\n\\\"That's Why I Love You Like I Do\\\" is a song country music song originally made famous by Sonny James. The song had two runs of popularity for James, one in 1956 and the other in 1972, each under a different title and with a distinctive arrangement. James' original version was recorded in 1956 as \\\"You're the Reason I'm In Love,\\\" for the beginning line of the refrain. An electric guitar-heavy, slow-tempoed song, \\\"You're the Reason ...\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"16541903\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Maybe I'm a Leo\\n\\n\\n\\\"Maybe I'm a Leo\\\" is a song by the British rock group Deep Purple, from their 1972 album \\\"Machine Head\\\". Roger Glover says: \\\"I wrote the riff to \\\"Maybe I’m a Leo\\\" after hearing John Lennon’s \\\"How Do You Sleep?\\\". I liked the idea that the riff didn’t start on the down beat, like 99% of riffs do. Most of the songs on \\\"Machine Head\\\" were from the first take, or not long after.\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"5760361\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tom Hanks\\n\\n\\n, \\\"I must say that when I go to church—and I do go to church—I ponder the mystery. I meditate on the 'why?' of 'why people are as they are' and 'why bad things happen to good people,' and 'why good things happen to bad people' ... The mystery is what I think is, almost, the grand unifying theory of all mankind.\\\" On October 7, 2013, on the \\\"Late Show with David Letterman\\\", Hanks announced\",\n \"id\": \"20951279\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"No Jumping on the Bed!\\n\\n\\n!\\\" became the title of the book. Walter's father finds him jumping on his bed and warns him not to do it: \\\"If I have told you once, I've told you a zillion times: 'No jumping on the bed!'. One day it is going to crash right through the floor. Now lie down and go to bed\\\". Walter asks if it can happen one more time, however he instead (after being obedient by his father) goes back down and gets to sleep\",\n \"id\": \"817309\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Overcome (Alexandra Burke album)\\n\\n\\nproducing songs for the re-release: When we [RedOne and Alexandra] were in the studio together the other day, he was like, 'OK, do your ad libs for the beginning of the track', so I went, 'OK! I'm going to say your name and then I'm going to say mine. I've done that already and I'm going to do it again'. I don't do it on all our tracks though – 'Dumb' doesn't have it and\",\n \"id\": \"11890123\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Worst (Jhené Aiko song)\\n\\n\\na guy, and I've never went to jail, but those are the things I have to get out of my head some way. It's writing a song and then turning my crazy thoughts into those moments where I'm like, I could really do that, but I'm not going to.\\\" To promote the song Aiko performed it live on various occasions. On January 18, 2014 she performed the song on \\\"Late Night with Jimmy Fallon,\\\" accompanied by The Roots. The performance was described as\",\n \"id\": \"4991364\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Old (Danny Brown album)\\n\\n\\nlet it write itself. The more I listen to it, it's just like, 'Damn!' It's almost like I didn't really do this shit. It came from a higher power, and as I'm listening to it now, I'm starting to hear things that I didn't even know.\\\" He later added: \\\"I'm starting to like it more and more, like a normal listener,\\\" he offers. \\\"The first time I listened to it I had a lot of\",\n \"id\": \"7059454\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Babatana language\\n\\n\\nAva via Many = Taba No worries = Manöe zirapeta I'm hungry = Ra ko sanqo I'm full = Ra ko kuma Don't eat it = Kasi goki tini I'd like to swim = Ra ko soko ma senge I'd like to dive = Ra ko soko ma kujulu I'm going to sleep = Ra ma la pam Come here = Zo me gati Go away = Zo Bring ... here = vame gati... Take ... away = Qisu la ... Leave it = To'ro I like ... = Ra ko so'ko ...\",\n \"id\": \"7547611\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"MxPx\\n\\n\\nthemselves from. As of 2015, MxPx singer Mike Herrera has said he is no longer Christian. When asked about the topic he stated \\\"...There's a million different little nooks and crannies we can go down as to why to believe something, why not to believe. It's just one of those things was 'alright I don't believe this, this, this is sinning.' Beyond that, do I believe in god? I'm not sure. Do I believe in this exact religion? No I\",\n \"id\": \"20815377\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Back to the Basics (EP)\\n\\n\\nI'll try different things that's out the box and when I feel like I'm going too far out the box I bring it back in. Right at that time when I was bringing it back in I said I wanted to title my new EP \\\"Back to the Basics\\\" [because] that's what [I'm going to] get to as far as the Twista sound and doing what I do that I know people like.\\\" The Chicago emcee selected a few songs that he felt was \\\"a\",\n \"id\": \"15444146\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Man on the Moon II: The Legend of Mr. Rager\\n\\n\\n.\\\" In a \\\"Complex\\\" interview for his cover shoot titled \\\"\\\"Mad Man on the Moon\\\"\\\", he talks about the album and stating \\\"It's explicit, but smart explicit. I'm not holding back. I have no regard for what people consider right or wrong. Some things I follow—like the law, from here on out. But other than that, I'm doing whatever the fuck I want to do. I'm not holding back. That's why I've been so\",\n \"id\": \"11978186\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"James Franco\\n\\n\\n. This led to the actor being parodied in an episode of \\\"SNL\\\"s Weekend Update segment, which an \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" writer deemed \\\"clever\\\". In a 2011 interview, he stated: I've been perceived as this guy yelling, 'Hey, look at me. I want attention'. I'm not going to school to get articles written about me. I'm just going to school. But the fact that I'm going to school or that someone takes a picture of me sleeping is like,\",\n \"id\": \"16985942\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bobby Lashley\\n\\n\\nI'm going to fight, I need to fight. I need to stay active. I need to do something big now. If not, I need to hang it up and just do stuff with my gym. I'm fighting this fight, and I think I have two in August that were offered to me. Hopefully if I don't get hurt, I can stay active and just keep going.\\\" Lashley fought at Xtreme Fight Night 15: Indestructible on November 8, 2013 against Tony \\\"The Rock\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"19830369\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Knoxville Girl\\n\\n\\nand tumbled the whole night through, as troubles was for me Like flames of hell around my bed and in my eyes could see They carried me down to Knoxville and put me in a cell My friends all tried to get me out but none could go my bail I'm here to waste my life away down in this dirty old jail Because I murdered that Knoxville girl, the girl I loved so well /poem The song features prominently in \\\"If Ever I Return, Pretty Peggy-O\\\", the first book in\",\n \"id\": \"11028014\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eddie Hurley\\n\\n\\n. I'm going to fight this thing all the way to the Commissioner's office if I have to. And if I don't get any satisfaction from him [William Eckert], I'll hire an attorney. ... I don't know of any business in the world that would do something like this to a man. Even a dog gets more consideration than we did. Why, even if an umpire is fired - if he's the worst in the business - he gets 10 days' notice. We got\",\n \"id\": \"8457032\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Things That Go Bump in the Night (Dad's Army)\\n\\n\\nMainwaring tells them not to be worried and they go upstairs to find somewhere to sleep. Once in a bedroom, Captain Mainwaring claims a bed for himself, informing the others to sleep in the double bed. However, Jones feels Mainwaring's bed and refuses to let him sleep there until he has warmed it up. Jones puts a bed warmer in the sheets, but unfortunately sets it on fire. The platoon try to blow it out with pillows, but just end up with feathers everywhere. Mainwaring tips a basin of\",\n \"id\": \"13172483\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Real Live Tour\\n\\n\\nonstage and it was like a morgue. The Maiden fans knew I'd quit, they knew these were the last gigs, and I suddenly realised that, as the frontman, you're in an almost impossible situation. If you're like, 'Wow, this is really fucking cool tonight, man,' they're all gonna sit there going, 'What a wanker. He's leaving. How can it be cool?' Or do you go on and say, 'Look, I'm really sorry\",\n \"id\": \"18332554\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Muhammad Ali vs. Chuck Wepner\\n\\n\\n, Wepner was lying in bed with his wife when he told her something like \\\"Even if I don't win, I just want to prove I belong there.\\\" Wepner later shared this line with Sylvester Stallone who used it in Rocky. On the day of the fight Wepner presented a \\\"very sexy\\\" blue negligee to his wife and told her to wear it that night in bed since she would be sleeping with the heavy weight champion of the world. On the night of the fight, Mrs. Wepner was wearing\",\n \"id\": \"16504347\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bryan Bullington\\n\\n\\nthat's for sure. It was a lot of fun, a long time in coming, and I really enjoyed it. At times there were days in Triple–A where it felt like I was never going to get another shot. I'm 29 years old and I'm to the point where I don't want to kick around in Triple–A for another four or five years. If I'm going to do this, I want to do it now.\\\" \\\"I've had a few brief (\",\n \"id\": \"21357452\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Toyah Willcox\\n\\n\\n: \\\"It's difficult to compare the two worlds and say why you're doing both. I generally just do whatever I want to do next. I'm still the one person about, I think, who's managed to keep the two careers completely separate. Very little of my music gets involved with my acting, and I wouldn't like it to. I like doing both music and acting. I get a lot of inspiration from acting and the music. Doing a play like this leaves the days free to\",\n \"id\": \"21947162\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Zack and Miri Make a Porno\\n\\n\\nmuch better. I'm sitting there thinking 'That's it, that's it, I'm gone, I'm out. The movie didn't do well and I killed Seth Rogen's career! This dude was on a roll until he got in with the likes of me. I'm a career killer! Judd [Apatow]'s going to be pissed, the whole Internet's going to be pissed because they all like Seth, and the only reason they like me anymore is because I was involved with Seth\",\n \"id\": \"7712467\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hetty Green\\n\\n\\nbelieve, I should get very tired of living in one of the great houses in New York, going out all night and sleeping all day. They don't have any real pleasure. It's intercourse with people that I like.\\\" Yet she was also a secret philanthropist, avoiding the attention of the Press. In her words, \\\"I believe in discreet charity.\\\" Hetty also had the reputation of being an effective nurse, caring for her young and old neighbors. Her favorite poem was William Henry Channing's\",\n \"id\": \"19480222\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Mr. Men\\n\\n\\n33rd book in the \\\"Mr. Men\\\" series by Roger Hargreaves. Mr. Nonsense lives in Nonsenseland, in a boat on top of a tree. When asked why he sleeps in a rowing boat, the answer is \\\"I tried sleeping in a motorboat and it was somewhat uncomfortable.\\\" When asked why he eats porridge on toast, the answer is, \\\"I tried porridge sandwiches and I didn't like them.\\\" Mr. Nonsense is best friends with Mr. Silly, and when it snows yellow snow, they go for\",\n \"id\": \"14565911\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shut 'Em Down (album)\\n\\n\\nmy hands and I'm looking at the mirror and saw a nigga ODB, I'm like 'Who the fuck is this? What up my nigga! Yo, I'm about to go shut this shit down, basically go onstage and promote the motherfucking album' and I told the nigga my plan, he's like, 'Alright! Let's go! Do it!'. Along the way, I stopped to talk to a motherfucking bitch... ODB was with U-God. I was with LS One\",\n \"id\": \"5374643\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Florynce Kennedy\\n\\n\\nsteps of the University's Lowell Hall, a protest Kennedy thought of and participated in. When asked about this, she said: I'm just a loud-mouthed middle-aged colored lady with a fused spine and three feet of intestines missing and a lot of people think I'm crazy. Maybe you do too, but I never stop to wonder why I'm not like other people. The mystery to me is why more people aren't like me. In 1974, \\\"People\\\" magazine wrote that she was\",\n \"id\": \"5859440\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":88,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"- Why is it that can some countries can have nuclear weapons while others can't, and who gets to decide?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"q5hsx"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"Pretty much everyone got together and agreed to A. Stop building nukes B. Get rid of the nukes they have (this has been progressing slowly) C. Share nuclear technology for energy purposes. The big countries benefit from number 1- no new nukes, so the balance of power swings more towards them. Less powerful countries like 3- they get free technology and don't have to rediscover nuclear power on their own if they want to have their own reactors. Not everyone signed the treaty- in particular, India, Pakistan, and Isreal. The first 2 have publicly shown that they have developed nukes, and everyone is pretty sure about Israel. Iran *did* sign, which is why the UN is allowed to care about their nuclear program.\"}, {\"answer\": \"A few countries developed them many years ago and now they have them. They don't want anyone else to have them because then they would have less power. That's pretty much it.\"}, {\"answer\": \"The ones who have nuclear weapons. It's that simple.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"49750\", \"title\": \"Arms control\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Arms control is a term for international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation and usage of small arms, conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction. Arms control is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy which seeks to impose such limitations upon consenting participants through international treaties and agreements, although it may also comprise efforts by a nation or group of nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country\", \"Arms control is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy which seeks to impose such limitations upon consenting participants through international treaties and agreements, although it may also comprise efforts by a nation or group of nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country.\", \"Arms control is a term for international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation and usage of small arms, conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction. Arms control is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy which seeks to impose such limitations upon consenting participants through international treaties and agreements, although it may also comprise efforts by a nation or group of nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country.\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Nuclear proliferation\n\n\nthe treaty is discriminatory in the sense that only those countries that tested nuclear weapons before 1968 are recognized as nuclear weapon states while all other states are treated as non-nuclear-weapon states who can only join the treaty if they forswear nuclear weapons. Research into the development of nuclear weapons was initially undertaken during World War II by the United States (in cooperation with the United Kingdom and Canada), Germany, Japan, and the USSR. The United States was the first and is the only country to have used a","id":"2204816"},{"contents":"Last Watch\n\n\nzero-level Others may get to the seventh level of the Twilight. Edgar and Gennady kidnap Anton (they can't get to Nadya) and take him to Edinburgh, so that he can help them figure out a way to get to the Crown. They tell Anton that Nadya is dead due to them planting a nuclear explosive near his apartment building. A nuclear bomb is the only weapon capable of destroying matter on all Twilight levels. Edgar found some information in the archives of the Inquisition saying that the Crown of All","id":"8043718"},{"contents":"Tsutomu Yamaguchi\n\n\natomic bomb is because of what it does to the dignity of human beings\". Speaking through his daughter during a telephone interview, he said, \"I can't understand why the world cannot understand the agony of the nuclear bombs. How can they keep developing these weapons?\". On December 22, 2009, Canadian movie director James Cameron and author Charles Pellegrino met Yamaguchi while he was in a hospital in Nagasaki and discussed the idea of making a film about nuclear weapons. \"I think it's Cameron's","id":"3973425"},{"contents":"Nuclear program of Iran\n\n\nMohamed ElBaradei, stated that he had seen \"no evidence\" of Iran developing nuclear weapons. The IHT quoted ElBaradei as saying \"We have information that there has been maybe some studies about possible weaponization. That's why we have said that we cannot give Iran a pass right now, because there is still a lot of question marks. ... But have we seen Iran having the nuclear material that can readily be used into a weapon? No. Have we seen an active weaponization program? No.\" The IHT","id":"16994214"},{"contents":"Nuclear power\n\n\nmaintenance worker. Some reactors overseas have also reported varying levels of sabotage by workers. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that they can be used to make nuclear weapons if a country chooses to do so. When this happens a nuclear power program can become a route leading to a nuclear weapon or a public annex to a \"secret\" weapons program. The concern over Iran's nuclear activities is a case in point. As of April 2012 there","id":"2204726"},{"contents":"Politics and sports\n\n\nRohan can get along so well there's no reason the Indians and Pakistanis can't get along with each other. If even two or three per cent of people say, 'If they can get along why can't we?' that's what we're trying to do. \"They're all mixed together sitting in the crowd. You can't tell who is Pakistani and who is Indian. That's the beauty about sports. Before our pairing you would never see that in any sports, fighting for one cause","id":"7389788"},{"contents":"Fizzle (nuclear explosion)\n\n\nA fizzle occurs when the detonation of a device for creating a nuclear explosion (such as a nuclear weapon) grossly fails to meet its expected yield. The cause(s) for the failure can be linked to improper design, poor construction, or lack of expertise. All countries that have had a nuclear weapons testing program have experienced some fizzles. A fizzle can spread radioactive material throughout the surrounding area, involve a partial fission reaction of the fissile material, or both. For practical purposes, a fizzle can still have considerable explosive","id":"7441168"},{"contents":"Schmitt Analysis\n\n\nmight have a catastrophic domino effect. The destructive capabilities of cyber-attacks have been compared to the effects of nuclear radiation and the EMP effect of nuclear blasts. Small countries wanting to have an impact can take advantage of how cheap it is to launch a CNA. Nuclear weapons have also not been outlawed, but along other weapons of warfare, there is a need to be very careful about using or threatening to use these weapons and follow rules of proportionality, necessity, and humanity. Both nuclear weapons and information weapons do","id":"21169980"},{"contents":"Chasing the Scream\n\n\nto addicts and recovering addicts—they feel like my tribe, my group, my people.\" He also discusses his history of abusing anti-narcolepsy medication, a class of prescription drugs sometimes taken by people without the disease in order to stay alert. Hari questions whether or not he is an addict and decides to go searching for answers to questions he has. \"Why did the drug war start, and why does it continue? Why can some people use drugs without any problems, while others can't? What","id":"1173489"},{"contents":"Chemistry (relationship)\n\n\nperson\". One can also uncontrollably smile whenever thinking about the other person. There is some debate over whether one can artificially create chemistry if they are \"not initially feeling it\". While some people hold that it is something that you \"can't learn and can't teach...[and you] either have...or you don't\", others hold that chemistry is a process rather than a moment, \"build[ing] up and adds up and eventually you get this kind of chemical bonding\". Some people,","id":"22128660"},{"contents":"Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator\n\n\nsell arms to the player if an arms embargo is imposed on Israel. Another factor in the game is the development of nuclear weapons. Each country (except Jordan and Lebanon) can begin and maintain a nuclear weapon development program. One of the main ways to lose the game is for WMDs to be used, which often sets off a global nuclear holocaust. This can present a problem to players, since it can be other countries that use WMDs in their own conflicts against countries other than Israel. It is possible to","id":"6405661"},{"contents":"Night Watch (Lukyanenko novel)\n\n\n\"feed\" the Twilight. Some greatly powerful Others decide to fade into Twilight when they have grown tired of the world. \"Regular\" laws of physics, that is, the laws of physics present in the ordinary (human) world do not apply in the Twilight. Unless enchanted, physical objects can only affect beings on the first level. A nuclear blast extends all the way down, through every level. This is why the Watches have done everything in their power to prevent nuclear wars. Others' auras have","id":"4240124"},{"contents":"British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war\n\n\nreentry vehicles.\" There are other applications in advanced weapons. Frustrated in getting financial assistance, Iraqi officials decided to have TDG and SRC sell their interest, realizing a significant profit Technical experts can provide invaluable assistance to proliferant states, particularly those lacking specialized knowledge about nuclear areas. As a result, proliferant programs have invested considerable effort in recruiting experts. Recruiting experts can be difficult and sometimes success depends on luck more than plans. In any case, knowledge of foreign industries and experts can be the starting point for a recruitment","id":"17188497"},{"contents":"Tehran International Conference on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, 2010\n\n\nadded a thinly veiled attack on the United States in saying that \"The world is currently witnessing discrimination. On one hand, using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is limited while at the same time, countries which possess nuclear weapons do not allow nations to access nuclear energy. These countries allow themselves to use nuclear weapons and announce that they will not hesitate to use these arms against other nations. This can lead to a collective effort. The international community would like to set in motion a real move to enjoy nuclear technology for","id":"1049685"},{"contents":"United States v. Progressive, Inc.\n\n\nthe House Subcommittee on Government Information and Individual Rights. The subcommittees looked into the implications of the decision with regards to nuclear proliferation. They also examined the doctrine of \"classified at birth\", but did not decide to amend the Atomic Energy Act to remove such provisions. Thus far, fears of thermonuclear proliferation have proven unfounded. Some countries, such as Pakistan and North Korea, have successfully developed fission weapons, while others, like Iraq and Libya, tried and failed. But no other country has managed to develop a","id":"7129313"},{"contents":"Denied area\n\n\nwithout extreme risk. Land mines can be used as area-denial weapons, and some modern semi-autonomous or remotely controlled artillery units can serve this purpose as well. In theory, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons can also serve this purpose, for varying lengths of times, though such weapons have not yet been used for this purpose in major wars, although such weapons have been used for other purposes. Some effective tactics for creating a denied area do not require a significant continuing commitment of personnel or additional material","id":"1722780"},{"contents":"Escalation archetype\n\n\nnuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union that was an important factor in the Cold War. Over the time, each party can get temporarily a slight advantage, but then the other one produces or obtains in other way more weapons and gets the advantage on its side, temporarily. In the end, both parties have great military power that is very threatening not only to them but also to non-aligned parties. The escalation archetype can turn up in situations like picking apples in an orchard. Imagine a big","id":"324684"},{"contents":"The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1937 film)\n\n\nBefore she can resume, Arthur also interrupts and proposes. In London, the servants worry about Fay's lack of success, while, in the country, Fay learns how to get into the duchess' safe, but finds it difficult to think of robbing her because of her kindness. Soon Charles arrives, but tells Fay that she can't get out of the plan now because of the others. Before he leaves, she decides to continue, even though Charles offers to face the others himself, and tells him that","id":"9642279"},{"contents":"Skintern\n\n\ndeliberately, in order to stand out from more conservatively dressed colleagues. \"Maybe if you can get noticed, you might get a full-time position,\" Wonkette editor Alex Pareene told ABC News in 2006. Nicole Williams, who coaches women entering the workforce, agrees that in some cases the skintern look is exactly what the wearer intends. \"You've got the summer to prove 'I can work here' or 'I can't work here,' so to get noticed, why not?\" one intern","id":"1863664"},{"contents":"Nuclear proliferation\n\n\nnuclear weapons. India stated that nuclear issues were directly related to national security. Years before India's first underground nuclear test in 1998, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty was passed. Some have argued that coercive language was used in an attempt to persuade India to sign the treaty, which was pushed for heavily by neighboring China. India viewed the treaty as a means for countries that already had nuclear weapons, primarily the five nations of the United Nations Security Council, to keep their weapons while ensuring that no other","id":"2204939"},{"contents":"Nuclear proliferation\n\n\nnot want to die, against 30,000 years of human prehistory. History and military experts agree that proliferation can be slowed, but never stopped (technology cannot be uninvented). Proliferation begets proliferation is a concept described by Scott Sagan in his article, \"Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons?\". This concept can be described as a strategic chain reaction. If one state produces a nuclear weapon it creates almost a domino effect within the region. States in the region will seek to acquire nuclear weapons to balance or eliminate","id":"2204933"},{"contents":"Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction\n\n\nAlthough the Netherlands does not have weapons of mass destruction made by itself, the country participates in the NATO nuclear weapons sharing arrangements and trains for delivering United States nuclear weapons. The Netherlands is also one of the producers of components that can be used for creating deadly agents, chemical weapons and other kinds of weapons of mass destruction. Several Dutch companies provided the United States, Israel and Pakistan with components for these weapons. The Netherlands ratified the Geneva Protocol on 31 October 1930. It also ratified the Biological Weapons Convention on 10","id":"1081370"},{"contents":"12th Chief Directorate\n\n\n-users\" of nuclear weapons from their actual nuclear weapons during times of peace. Only in case of real necessity those who are supposed to have nuclear weapons would get them and it could only happen when authorized by the top political leadership. Presently only some small number of nuclear warheads are always issued to end-users, such as warheads attached to ballistic missiles currently at service, but most of the Russian nuclear arsenal is being securely kept by the 12th Chief Directorate units and could only be issued to others in case of","id":"21857594"},{"contents":"Yulia Tymoshenko\n\n\nwith their leader; and nuke 8 million Russians who are now exiles in Ukraine.\" In a statement, while admitting she had spoken to Shufrych on the telephone, Tymoshenko denied having advocated the use of nuclear bombs against ethnic Russians in Ukraine, and avowed that the recording had been deliberately edited to discredit her. Neither Tymoshenko nor anybody else in Ukraine can use nuclear weapons against anybody, as Ukraine no longer has any nuclear weapons, having given up the third largest nuclear weapons stockpile in the world in exchange for (subsequently","id":"4124117"},{"contents":"Unconventional warfare\n\n\nwarfare tactics can be used unconventionally to demonstrate might and power, rather than to substantially reduce the enemy's ability to fight. In addition to the surgical application of traditional weapons, other armaments that specifically target military can be used are: airstrikes, nuclear weapons, incendiary devices, or other such weapons. Special Forces, inserted deep behind enemy lines, are used unconventionally to train, equip, and advise locals who oppose their government. They can also spread subversion and propaganda, while they aid native resistance fighters, to ultimately","id":"2830920"},{"contents":"Tactical nuclear weapon\n\n\ninfrastructure mean that centralised control of tactical nuclear warheads (by the country's most senior political leaders) can now be retained, even during combat. Some variable yield nuclear warheads such as the B61 nuclear bomb have been produced in both tactical and strategic versions. Whereas the lowest selectable yield of a tactical B61 (Mod 3 and Mod 4) is 0.3 kilotons (300 tons), modern PAL mechanisms ensure that centralised political control is maintained over each weapon, including their destructive yields. With the introduction of the B61 Mod 12","id":"16129584"},{"contents":"Anti-nuclear movement in the United States\n\n\nstates had passed legislation regulating various activities associated with nuclear waste. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that they can be used to make nuclear weapons if a country chooses to do so. In 1975 over 2,000 prominent scientists signed a Declaration on Nuclear Power, prepared by the Union of Concerned Scientists, warning of the dangers of nuclear proliferation and urging the President and Congress to suspend the exportation of nuclear power to other countries, and reduce domestic construction until","id":"16502991"},{"contents":"Energy\n\n\nHowever, since formula_13 is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of an everyday amount of rest mass (for example, 1 kg) from rest energy to other forms of energy (such as kinetic energy, thermal energy, or the radiant energy carried by light and other radiation) can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~formula_14 joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely, the mass equivalent of an everyday amount energy is minuscule, which is why","id":"9631981"},{"contents":"Radioactive waste\n\n\nof sources. In countries with nuclear power plants, nuclear armament, or nuclear fuel treatment plants, the majority of waste originates from the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear weapons reprocessing. Other sources include medical and industrial wastes, as well as naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that can be concentrated as a result of the processing or consumption of coal, oil and gas, and some minerals, as discussed below. Waste from the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle is usually alpha-emitting waste from the extraction of uranium","id":"16541176"},{"contents":"Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons\n\n\nthe UN Security Council. The court's \"advisory opinion\" can be requested only by specific United Nations organisations, and is inherently non-binding under the Statute of the court. The fifteen judges asked to give their advisory opinion regarding the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons were: The court considered the matter of deterrence, which involves a \"threat\" to use nuclear weapons under certain circumstances on a potential enemy or an enemy. Was such a threat illegal? The court decided, with some judges dissenting","id":"12701"},{"contents":"Atomic Ninjas\n\n\nmultiple modes such as deathmatch or capture the flag. Players can choose out of seven playable ninjas and seven arenas to play in. Players can't kill each other in direct fight but have to push their enemy into a trap, which is part of an arena. There are also skills that you can upgrade A drunkard and an atomic engineer who loves to sleep while at work. He is responsible for a nuclear disaster which he miraculously survived and became an atomic ninja. He is looking for the last rehabilitation center to cure","id":"14838059"},{"contents":"Headcases\n\n\nAhmadinejad who is portrayed as a Borat like character who lists reasons why his country should have nuclear technology (including destroying the entire Middle East and most of Central Asia so Iran can move closer to Europe to compete in Euro 2012) calling his adversaries racists. Celebrities impersonated include the populist and selfish former editor of the Daily Mirror newspaper Piers Morgan who gets a heavy object dropped on him each time; Victoria Beckham, a big headed loudmouth with a speech disorder and her dumb husband David, who is considerably shorter, going about","id":"15879811"},{"contents":"Nuclear weapon\n\n\nweapon is a gravity bomb dropped from aircraft; this was the method used by the United States against Japan. This method places few restrictions on the size of the weapon. It does, however, limit attack range, response time to an impending attack, and the number of weapons that a country can field at the same time. With miniaturization, nuclear bombs can be delivered by both strategic bombers and tactical fighter-bombers. This method is the primary means of nuclear weapons delivery; the majority of U.S. nuclear warheads,","id":"2034523"},{"contents":"Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain\n\n\nFace plans to make nuclear weapons available to as many groups as he can, believing that nuclear deterrence will stop the weapons actually being used, attaining world peace while still protecting the integrity of each culture. However, he will secretly retain remote control of the weapons. Skull Face intends to use the threat of the latest Metal Gear system, known as ST-84 \"Sahelanthropus\", to make nuclear weapons desirable again, but as he cannot get it to function, he is dependent on the Third Child's psychic abilities to","id":"21155961"},{"contents":"Nuclear weapons testing\n\n\ndamage among other risks. Nuclear testing involving humans also contributed to the formation of these treaties. Examples can be seen in the following articles: The Partial Nuclear Test Ban treaty makes it illegal to detonate any nuclear explosion anywhere except underground, in order to reduce atmospheric fallout. Most countries have signed and ratified the Partial Nuclear Test Ban, which went into effect in October 1963. Of the nuclear states, France, China, and North Korea have never signed the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test","id":"20047595"},{"contents":"Existential risk from artificial general intelligence\n\n\norganizations and individuals can offshore their research to evade a country's regulation, or can attempt to conduct covert research), regulating research of artificial intelligence would pose an insurmountable 'dual-use' problem: while nuclear weapons development requires substantial infrastructure and resources, artificial intelligence research can be done in a garage. Instead of trying to regulate technology itself, some scholars suggest to rather develop common norms including requirements for the testing and transparency of algorithms, possibly in combination with some form of warranty. One rare dissenting voice calling for","id":"19310129"},{"contents":"Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons\n\n\nwithdrawal clause, meaning that a state party \"in exercising its national sovereignty, [...] decides that extraordinary events related to the subject matter of the Treaty have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country\". The majority perspective was that this condition is subjective, and no security interests can justify genocide, nor can mass destruction contribute to security. However, as also a neutral withdrawal clause not giving reasons was not accepted by the minority, the respective Article 17 was accepted as a compromise. Safeguards against arbitrary use are the","id":"2769879"},{"contents":"Family (The Secret Circle)\n\n\n, Adam stops him with magic. They realize that they have their individual magic back which means the Circle is no longer bound, but they can't understand why. Trying to figure out what is going on, Adam leaves to go back to Cassie and Diana while Melissa and Jake get on the boat to find Faye. Melissa and Jake find Faye but before they can get off the boat, Eben gets all three of them. He ties them up and tries to burn them. At that moment, Charles and Dawn","id":"14019219"},{"contents":"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons\n\n\nNPT. Some countries such as India have criticized the NPT, because it \"discriminated against states not possessing nuclear weapons on January 1, 1967,\" while Iran and numerous Arab states have criticized Israel for not signing the NPT. There has been disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament, where the five authorized nuclear weapons states still have 22,000 warheads among them and have shown a reluctance to disarm further. As noted , the International Court of Justice, in its advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of","id":"2203529"},{"contents":"Status effect\n\n\na class capable of healing, who will have a greater ability to remove negative status effects than other classes. In addition, many games have weapons, armor, or other equipment that can mitigate status effects or prevent a character from getting one in the first place. Depending on the game, some increase the chance to escape suffering the effect each time the player may potentially receive it, while others grant complete immunity. However, sometimes the equipment that is resisting an effect, will in exchange, as a penalty, increase","id":"7302004"},{"contents":"Nuclear weapons in popular culture\n\n\nthe visual effects of atomic weapons have inspired many artists. Some notable examples include: Along with other forms of culture, there have been many songs related to the topic of nuclear weapons and warfare. Many of them have been protest songs or warning songs, while others use the motif as an allusion to great destruction in general. Some of the more famous nuclear war songs include: \"99 Luftballons\" (1983) by the German group Nena, which depicts accidental nuclear war begun by an early-warning system identifying a","id":"20409256"},{"contents":"Nuclear Free World Policy\n\n\nnuclear weapons before the NPT was signed. NWS’s right to possess a nuclear arsenal is countered by Article VI of the treaty, which says that they have a legal obligation to eventually disarm. They also criticized NWS countries for failing to meet their obligation to disarm, in addition to criticizing the 3 states non-signatory nuclear weapons-capable states (which are considered de facto nuclear weapons states). This was stated in point 4 of the Joint Declaration of 1998: 4. We can no longer remain complacent at the","id":"3105232"},{"contents":"American shot\n\n\nis to allow complex dialogue scenes to be played out without changes in camera position. In some literature, this is simply referred to as a 3/4 shot. One of the other main reasons why French critics called it 'American Shot' was its frequent use in westerns. This was because a shot that started at knee level would reveal the weapon of a cowboy, usually holstered at his waist. It's actually the closest you can get to an actor while keeping both his face and his holstered gun in frame. The","id":"440324"},{"contents":"The Monsters of Morley Manor\n\n\n. Their findings have led them to want to use earth's ghosts for batteries for some kind of deadly weapon. What this weapon is he can't or won't say. Once back at the starry door they decide to split into two groups, one who will go to the Land of the Dead to warn the dead, and the other to rescue Martin Morley. The Wentar, Ludmilla, and Albert decide to go to Flinduvia, the rest back to Earth. They say their goodbyes and then make their separate paths","id":"14453559"},{"contents":"20th-century events\n\n\nweapons remain the only two nuclear weapons ever used against other countries in war. Nuclear weapons brought an entirely new and terrifying possibility to warfare: a nuclear holocaust. While at first the United States held a monopoly on the production of nuclear weapons, the Soviet Union, with some assistance from espionage, managed to detonate its first weapon (dubbed \"Joe-1\" by the West) in August 1949. The post-war relations between the two, which had already been deteriorating, began to rapidly disintegrate. Soon the two were","id":"7348551"},{"contents":"Richard Burr\n\n\nbecause it can be used to create a simple nuclear weapon, while LEU cannot be used directly to make nuclear weapons. The amendment allowed exports to five countries for creating medical isotopes. Burr did not face a serious challenge in any of his re-election campaigns. In July 2004, Burr won the Republican primary to seek the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Democrat John Edwards, who had retired from the Senate to run for Vice President under presidential nominee John Kerry in the 2004 election, in which they lost to","id":"12031723"},{"contents":"Baby You Can't Drive My Car\n\n\nDWI laws will be, because a lot of cars ride on ethanol and, having drunk ethanol on the advice of Moe the bartender, it can be quite impairing.\" Dennis Perkins of \"The A.V. Club\" gave the episode a B-, stating that \"Homer is the one who gets up in arms about the data-mining, while Marge, swept up in all the good their joint venture is having on their marriage, at first decides that a company secretly stealing every scrap of Spiringfielders’ personal information is an","id":"9737796"},{"contents":"Nuclear proliferation\n\n\nare Egypt, which says it will not sign until Israel accepts comprehensive IAEA safeguards, and Brazil, which opposes making the protocol a requirement for international cooperation on enrichment and reprocessing, but has not ruled out signing. The greatest risk from nuclear weapons proliferation comes from countries which have not joined the NPT and which have significant unsafeguarded nuclear activities; India, Pakistan, and Israel fall within this category. While safeguards apply to some of their activities, others remain beyond scrutiny. A further concern is that countries may develop various sensitive","id":"2204841"},{"contents":"Birth of the Blues\n\n\nand to one-night stands in some of the dingier nightclubs. When his lead trombone player asks Jeff why the band can't seem to get anywhere, Jeff replies that he thinks the main problem is that the group lacks a hot trumpet player. He begins to search throughout New Orleans in the hope of finding a trumpet man who can fill the bill. He finds one in a local jail and promises to bail the fellow out as soon as he can raise the money. This he does, and the trumpet player","id":"17986174"},{"contents":"The Testament of Mary\n\n\nprompting Fintan O'Toole to comment: \"I spent three years as a critic on Broadway, and I still can't claim to understand it. But this strange conjunction of apparent success and utter failure functions as a microcosm in which some of its oddities can be seen with a reasonable degree of clarity. If you can grasp why a producer would close a show in response to the news that it has just been nominated for three Tony Awards, you can get some sense of how Broadway works.\" United Solo awarded Shaw's","id":"11805467"},{"contents":"Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator\n\n\nof their own numbers in the process (which may relate to the number of SAM units). Each country is unique and has its own diplomatic agenda, government stability and military capability. The biggest threats to the player are Syria and Egypt, as they have larger armies and are capable of developing nuclear weapons. Iran, Iraq, and Libya can also carry nuclear arms and are capable of ending the game with them, with the exception of Libya - which often does not get a chance to use them during a war","id":"6405670"},{"contents":"Vitalogy\n\n\nI'm just totally vulnerable. I'm way too fucking soft for this whole business, this whole trip. I don't have any shell. There's a contradiction there, because that's probably why I can write songs that mean something to someone and express some of these things that other people can't necessarily express.\" The lyrics of \"Not for You\" express anger at the bureaucracy of the music industry and \"how youth is being sold and exploited,\" while Vedder said \"Corduroy\" is about \"","id":"18977597"},{"contents":"Iran and weapons of mass destruction\n\n\nright now, because there is still a lot of question marks.\" \"But have we seen Iran having the nuclear material that can readily be used into a weapon? No. Have we seen an active weaponization program? No.\" The IHT report went on to say that \"ElBaradei said he was worried about the growing rhetoric from the U.S., which he noted focused on Iran's alleged intentions to build a nuclear weapon rather than evidence the country was actively doing so. If there is actual evidence, ElBaradei said","id":"18312552"},{"contents":"Global issue\n\n\ntreated as non-nuclear-weapon states who can only join the treaty if they forswear nuclear weapons.br A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, or any other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere. The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed, often signifying more politically than technically","id":"690355"},{"contents":"Donie Bush\n\n\nlot of third baseman raving about the hard chances they get, but any time the shortstop is looking for a berth that is nice and quiet and restful in comparison to his own he casts longing glances at third. Look up the records and see what becomes of the shortstops who get too old to cover all the ground between second base and the foul line. A lot of them camp on third for a while. And why shouldn't they? A man can play third when he can't play short. That's","id":"3071859"},{"contents":"Nuclear weapon\n\n\ncan themselves trigger additional fission reactions. Only six countries—United States, Russia, United Kingdom, China, France, and India—have conducted thermonuclear weapon tests. (Whether India has detonated a \"true\" multi-staged thermonuclear weapon is controversial.) North Korea claims to have tested a fusion weapon , though this claim is disputed. Thermonuclear weapons are considered much more difficult to successfully design and execute than primitive fission weapons. Almost all of the nuclear weapons deployed today use the thermonuclear design because it is more efficient","id":"2034510"},{"contents":"Five Serpent's Teeth\n\n\nhave been happy, so amidst touring and gigging, we've been working hard on getting this 100% before we move on to the next video. The song is basically about loss, which we can all relate to, so we wanted to express that in the video, while staying respectful to why the song exists. We can't wait to get this filmed and out there for all to enjoy! \"Five Serpent's Teeth\" sold roughly 680 copies in the United States in its first week of release landing it","id":"8382234"},{"contents":"List of angels in Supernatural\n\n\nfluctuates around them, Du ah tells Castiel that they might be able to help each other, orders him to wait in the throne room and disappears for a while. When she returns, Dumah tells Castiel that if he can find Gabriel and bring him back to Heaven, the angels can help him with everything else such as finding Michael and defending Earth. When Castiel tells her that he can't find them which is why he needs her help, Dumah admits that that is a problem. Castiel asks why Dumah can't","id":"3502385"},{"contents":"Global issue\n\n\nhave acquired, or are presumed to have acquired, nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. None of these four is a party to the NPT, although North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985, then withdrew in 2003 and conducted announced nuclear tests in 2006, 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2017. One critique of the NPT is that the treaty is discriminatory in the sense that only those countries that tested nuclear weapons before 1968 are recognized as nuclear weapon states while all other states are","id":"690354"},{"contents":"French Grant\n\n\nThe two exclaimed, \"Oh! no trouble! Why here are eggs, meat, flour, etc. Oh! we can get a good dinner of this.\" One made a fire, the other made up some bread, and broke in plenty of eggs. At this the doctor exclaimed, \"Oh! gentlemen, you can't eat that.\" The reply was, \"Never mind, Doctor; don't worry yourself.\" They prepared a good dinner, put it on the table, and were","id":"13826404"},{"contents":"Children and Art\n\n\nSusan's relationship with Ian, and decides not to help. Austin and Julie both end up on the back of Austin's motorcycle much to Susan's dismay. Later, Susan is staring out the window when Julie asks her mother why, after sixteen years of good judgment on Julie's part, she can't trust her now with Austin. Susan tells her that relationships have nothing to do with good judgment and that anyone can still get hurt. After Susan leaves, Julie lifts the curtain where Susan had been standing to","id":"16435005"},{"contents":"Nuclear Strike\n\n\noperations in Indocine and getting the nuclear weapon (stashed inside Kim Il-sung's statue on Mansudae Hill). Using a small helicopter and nonlethal weapons, the player is able to spirit the delegates to a French frigate somewhere in the Taedong River and get them out of the country; other delegates left behind are sent to bomb shelters or are evacuated by STRIKE Chinook transports. Also, between escorting the delegates to safety, the player and Andrea manage to take over an AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter from a museum while fending off","id":"2221325"},{"contents":"List of states with nuclear weapons\n\n\nuse in nuclear reactors. From a high of 70,300 active weapons in 1986, there are approximately 3,750 active nuclear warheads and 14,485 total nuclear warheads in the world. Many of the decommissioned weapons were simply stored or partially dismantled, not destroyed. It is also noteworthy that since the dawn of the Atomic Age, the delivery methods of most states with nuclear weapons has evolved with some achieving a nuclear triad, while others have consolidated away from land and air deterrents to submarine-based forces. These five states are known to have","id":"15323490"},{"contents":"Insensitive munition\n\n\nsurfaces of a test projectile. Following experiments with this device, the Los Alamos National Laboratory developed a new safer type of explosive, called insensitive high explosive (IHE), for use in U.S. nuclear weapons. IHE explosives can withstand impacts up to , as opposed to conventional HE, which will detonate at only . Insensitive high explosives have been available to the United States military for use in its nuclear weapons since 1979—by 1991, 25% of the country's nuclear stockpile was using IHE. Most modern American nuclear weapons, and","id":"21743840"},{"contents":"Classified information in the United States\n\n\nthat no person is allowed unaccompanied access to a nuclear weapon or to command-and-control systems for nuclear weapons. Personnel with nuclear-weapons access are under the Personnel Reliability Program. Some highly sensitive SAP or SCI programs may also use the \"no lone zone\" method (that is, a physical location into which no one is allowed to enter unaccompanied) described for nuclear weapons. The United States also has a system of restrictive caveats that can be added to a document: these are constantly changing, but can","id":"5745224"},{"contents":"NeuN\n\n\nPAGE gels, while the inclusion or absence of 14 amino acids from exon 15 produces two forms which are too similar in molecular size to be discerned on typical SDS-PAGE gels. Interestingly the protein coded by exon 15 adds a C-terminal PY type nuclear localization sequence, which presumably explains why NeuN/Fox-3 protein can be both nuclear and, in some cell types, also cytoplasmic. All forms are expressed only in neurons so the mAb A60 antibody and other similar antibodies to NeuN/Fox-3 have become very widely used","id":"17515738"},{"contents":"Salman Ahmad\n\n\nthe nuclear power tests in India as well as their own country by saying, \"Why escalate the arms race when people still need water? Why see our neighbors as enemies when we are so close to each other?\" Ahmad played at the Roskilde Festival in 2000 under the banner of Freemuse, just a couple of years after the ban. As a musician who faced censorship in his home country, Ahmad says that \"there is no conflict between my faith and my music, you can be a Muslim and play electric","id":"7166304"},{"contents":"Reality (Kenny Chesney song)\n\n\nrelaxed as I've been in years!' I thought to myself, 'This is why people smoke pot right here! This is it!' I don't smoke pot, but this is why people do it, I guarantee you. Because it gets them away from reality. I even asked my dentist, 'I just want to come over here and sit some time, can you guys do that?' He said, 'We can't do that, we'd get in trouble.' I swear","id":"5291419"},{"contents":"Child's Play (play)\n\n\nBack in the faculty room, Dobbs confronts Reese about McArdle and implores him to go easy on him. After Malley leaves, Fr. Griffin asks Dobbs to see if he can understand why the boys have been violent (as they have had more fights and injuries in the past few weeks than ever) since he and the headmaster can't seem to get anything out of the students. They are hoping that Dobbs, the \"grand old man\" of the faculty, can get the students to cooperate. Fr. Griffin","id":"11792590"},{"contents":"United States and weapons of mass destruction\n\n\n. All 64 B-1s were retrofitted to operate in a solely conventional mode by 2007 and thus don't count as nuclear platforms. In addition to this, the U.S. military can also deploy smaller tactical nuclear weapons either through cruise missiles or with conventional fighter-bombers. The U.S. maintains about 400 nuclear gravity bombs capable of use by F-15, F-16, and F-35. Some 350 of these bombs are deployed at seven airbases in six European NATO countries; of these, 180 tactical B61 nuclear bombs fall under a nuclear sharing arrangement.","id":"15921491"},{"contents":"Soviet submarine K-43\n\n\nthe first time a nuclear submarine was ever transferred to any other country. It was decided so as to prove Soviet Union's commitment to strengthening India. But some politicians expressed serious negative consequences due to the transfer. However, the politburo headed by Gorbachev decided that the political benefits outweighs the concerns. The Soviets, during the lease to India, would regularly inspect the submarine and handle the nuclear fuel. The Soviet media stated that the submarine would not carry any nuclear weapons. A new naval base was constructed at Visakhapatnam with","id":"19357401"},{"contents":"Nuclear weapon\n\n\nreactions do not create fission products, and thus contribute far less to the creation of nuclear fallout than fission reactions, but because all thermonuclear weapons contain at least one fission stage, and many high-yield thermonuclear devices have a final fission stage, thermonuclear weapons can generate at least as much nuclear fallout as fission-only weapons. There are other types of nuclear weapons as well. For example, a boosted fission weapon is a fission bomb that increases its explosive yield through a small number of fusion reactions, but it is","id":"2034514"},{"contents":"2006 North Korean nuclear test\n\n\nas a \"fizzle\" indicating that some aspect of the nuclear weapon design or material production did not function correctly. In a fizzle the warhead blows itself apart too fast for the nuclear reactions to generate a large amount of energy, or fails to form a supercritical mass for some other reason. A fizzle can result from predetonation, insufficient precision in the explosive lenses used to compress the plutonium core, or impurities in the plutonium itself, among other factors. A fizzle can also result from the use of reactor grade plutonium rather","id":"21639437"},{"contents":"Nuclear weapon\n\n\nback to its origin.\" The process is analogous to identifying a criminal by fingerprints. \"The goal would be twofold: first, to deter leaders of nuclear states from selling weapons to terrorists by holding them accountable for any use of their weapons; second, to give leaders every incentive to tightly secure their nuclear weapons and materials.\" Because they are weapons of mass destruction, the proliferation and possible use of nuclear weapons are important issues in international relations and diplomacy. In most countries, the use of nuclear force can","id":"2034537"},{"contents":"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons\n\n\nNuclear Weapons, stated that \"there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control. Some critics of the nuclear-weapons states contend that they have failed to comply with Article VI by failing to make disarmament the driving force in national planning and policy with respect to nuclear weapons, even while they ask other states to plan for their security without nuclear weapons. The United States responds to criticism of its disarmament record by pointing","id":"2203530"},{"contents":"Wine Country (film)\n\n\na snake and as they can't get cell phone reception Val decides to run down the side of the steep hill they are on to get help. One by one the other women follow Val down the side of the hill. Catherine is the last one to go and gives an emotional speech at the top of the hill about why she is planning to turn down a lucrative job opportunity to spend more time with her friends, a speech that they don't hear. Arriving at the hospital, they learn that Naomi is","id":"5299758"},{"contents":"Indestructible (video game)\n\n\nweapons fire with universal ammunition depicted as \"energy\" in-game which recharges over time, when you are enervated in a battle, weapons can't function normally. Each vehicle owns a unique active ability that can be utilized in battle at the cost of a fixed amount of energy and has a constant recharge, there's also a passive ability for each vehicle. Gadgets can affect your combat positively, like health, energy, and a number of other categories whist some others increases weapon damage of certain types, there are","id":"21571000"},{"contents":"International factor movements\n\n\nDevelopment's World Investment Report from 2007, as of 2005 there were over 77,000 parent company MNEs and 770,000 foreign affiliates. From an international economics viewpoint, there are two central questions about why MNEs exist. The first question is why goods and services are produced in multiple countries, instead of a single country. The second central question regarding MNEs is why certain firms decide to produce multiple products—why they internalize other areas of production. The first question can be answered rather simply. Different countries have different resources that companies may","id":"11335643"},{"contents":"Two Seconds\n\n\non being like this? Makes me sick to look at ya. Why don't you go out and get yourself a job?\". John Allen: \"I can't get one. I tried\". Shirley: \"you can go back to riveting\". John: \"I can't go back to that\" \"not ever since Bud .. I can't climb .. when I get up there, my head swims, I get sick, afraid, I gotta hold on. One minute he was","id":"20603192"},{"contents":"Nuclear holocaust\n\n\nPresident Bush stated in August 2007: \"Iran's active pursuit of technology that could lead to nuclear weapons threatens to put a region already known for instability and violence under the shadow of a nuclear holocaust\". As of 2016, humanity has about 15,000 nuclear weapons, thousands of which are on hair-trigger alert. While stockpiles have been on the decline following the end of the Cold War, every nuclear country is currently undergoing modernization of its nuclear arsenal. Some experts believe this modernization may increase the risk of nuclear proliferation","id":"9083310"},{"contents":"Radiation Portal Monitor\n\n\non what isotopes are used, neutrons. Improvised nuclear devices (INDs) and nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction. They are difficult to acquire, manufacture, refurbish, and handle. While INDs can be constructed to emit only low amounts of radiation making them difficult to detect with RPMs, all INDs emit some amounts of gamma and neutron radiation. Gamma radiation as well as neutron radiation can cause RPMs to trigger an alarm procedure. Alarms caused by statistical fluctuations of detection rates are referred to as false alarms. Alarms caused","id":"18538084"},{"contents":"Kane & Lynch 2: Dog Days\n\n\nof Lynch who is backed up by Kane (except in the last mission, where the player takes control of Kane). The online enabled cooperative mode allows one player to take control of Kane. Players can carry two of any weapon they can grab from dead enemies, but unlike the previous game cannot swap weapons between allies. Players can take cover through a button press. While still having regenerating health, players can also get knocked down, though are able to immediately get back up. During single player missions,","id":"6971082"},{"contents":"Swedish nuclear weapons program\n\n\nan expensive nuclear weapons program. In 1960, while Sweden was deciding on its stance toward nuclear weapons, Swedish representatives, through their contacts with the American Department of Defense gained access to some secret information in the late 1960s. This information included nuclear weapons tactics, reconnaissance requirements, ideas regarding the necessity of quick decision-making, and nuclear physics data. Swedish representatives also looked at the MGR-1 Honest John weapons system that could utilize W7 or W31 nuclear warheads. For artillery purposes, the US developed a W48 projectile for 155","id":"19060675"},{"contents":"Psychic numbing\n\n\ninto psychological stages that spread at the societal level. Lifton's article, \"Beyond Psychic Numbing: A Call to Awareness\", addressed a concern that was new at the time: nuclear warfare. He argued now that there is a single weapon in the world that can cause so much damage, humans need to be more alert and confront the images of nuclear power and an ever increasing nuclear actuality. There is a societal understanding now that countries can create nuclear weapons; this led to Lifton's coining of the term \"","id":"20840417"},{"contents":"Diathesis–stress model\n\n\ncan also assist in determining who will develop a disorder and who will not. For example, in the context of depression, the diathesis–stress model can help explain why Person A may become depressed while Person B does not, even when exposed to the same stressors. More recently, the diathesis–stress model has been used to explain why some individuals are more at risk for developing a disorder than others. For example, children who have a family history of depression are generally more vulnerable to developing a depressive disorder themselves","id":"15083060"},{"contents":"Nuclear warfare\n\n\nthinking, as states possessing nuclear weapons are susceptible to retaliation in kind, while sub- or trans-state actors may be less so. The collapse of the Soviet Union has given rise to the possibility that former Soviet nuclear weapons might become available on the black market (so-called 'loose nukes'). A number of other concerns have been expressed about the security of nuclear weapons in newer nuclear powers with relatively less stable governments, such as Pakistan, but in each case, the fears have been addressed to some","id":"16325085"},{"contents":"Super Robot Wars\n\n\nmoved, while others can only be performed while remaining stationary. Other attributes can be affected by terrain or a target's defensive ability. In addition, some units make use of \"MAP Weapons\" which affect multiple squares at once, with some damaging everything in the area and others, such as Cybuster's Cyflash, ignoring allies. Some games feature weapons which inflict status effects on enemies that drain their energy, weaken their armor or damage the pilot's stats. Some pilots have special stats and skills that allow them to","id":"10504046"},{"contents":"Ship commissioning\n\n\n(such as missile technicians or gun crews) unable to perform their duties on the ship in question. Certain aspects of a ship's deactivation – such as the removal or deactivation of a ship's nuclear weapons capabilities – may be governed by international treaties observed by the country in question, which can result in the presence of foreign officials authorized to inspect the weapon or weapon system in question to ensure compliance with a given treaty. Other aspects of a ship's decommissioning, such as the reprocessing of nuclear fuel from a ship","id":"15264559"},{"contents":"Strangers (Marvel Comics)\n\n\nand deteriorating and that they only way to survive is to merge into one being—something Stevens decides he doesn't want to do. While Doctor Strange's creations are deciding what to do next, his former love Clea arrives in New York seeking him. She quickly finds his new Sanctum Sactorum and request his aid against her uncle Dormammu, who is once again the ruler of her native Dark Dimension. Doctor Strange explains why he can't currently help, but promises to send aid in any way he can. Now knowing","id":"13726684"},{"contents":"You Can't Count On Me\n\n\ncan't stop playing with you baby Or in the last verse: I watch all of the same parades As they pass on the days that you wish you'd stayed But all this pain gets me high And I get off and you know why It pulls you in and then punches you and both sides are just statements of honesty. They're contradictory but they're still true. And that's why the ‘Can’ in the chorus has a ‘t’ on the end of it. You'd almost always expect","id":"11395139"},{"contents":"CIA transnational activities in counterproliferation\n\n\nbut instead necessary to undertake deployment immediately. The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons covers: The United States has ratified only articles 1 and 2. Under the Section 721 of the FY 97 Intelligence Authorization Act, the CIA is required, The role of precision guided munitions, which, while they are an alternative to some nuclear weapons, especially tactical nuclear weapons, are not yet part of treaties but may fall under the Congressional reporting requirements. While long-range delivery systems can be useful with precision guidance and conventional warheads, or","id":"1650461"},{"contents":"Nuclear peace\n\n\nNuclear peace is a theory of international relations that argues that under some circumstances nuclear weapons can induce stability and decrease the chances of crisis escalation. In particular, nuclear weapons are said to have induced stability during the Cold War, when both the US and the USSR possessed mutual second strike retaliation capability, eliminating the possibility of nuclear victory for either side. Proponents of nuclear peace argue that controlled nuclear proliferation may be beneficial for inducing stability. Critics of nuclear peace argue that nuclear proliferation not only increases the chance of interstate nuclear conflict","id":"15110661"},{"contents":"Atomic demolition munition\n\n\noptimistic.” Additionally, Habiger spoke of the systems set up by the Russians to track their nuclear weapons, saying “If the Russians were as deadly serious about the accountability of the nuclear weapons that I saw and have been involved with, I can only surmise that they have the same concerns with the smaller weapons.” By late 1999, the concern had expanded from nuclear armed Chechen rebels to include concerns about Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda network. Although unsubstantiated, some reports suggested that bin Laden had already managed","id":"17358931"},{"contents":"Thermonuclear weapon\n\n\nvirtually all the nuclear weapons of this size deployed by the five nuclear-weapon states under the Non-Proliferation Treaty today are thermonuclear weapons using the Teller–Ulam design. Detailed knowledge of fission and fusion weapons is classified to some degree in virtually every industrialized nation. In the United States, such knowledge can by default be classified as \"Restricted Data\", even if it is created by persons who are not government employees or associated with weapons programs, in a legal doctrine known as \"born secret\" (though the","id":"1290913"},{"contents":"Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country\n\n\nweapon in 1964; its nuclear stockpile increased until the early 1980s, when it stabilized at between 200 and 260. India became a nuclear power in 1974, while Pakistan developed its first nuclear weapon in the 1980s. India and Pakistan currently have around one hundred nuclear weapons each. Pakistan's nuclear stockpile has increased rapidly, and it is speculated that Pakistan might have more nuclear weapons than the United Kingdom within a decade. South Africa successfully built six nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but dismantled all of them in the early 1990s","id":"4730424"},{"contents":"Linguistic capital\n\n\n: high linguistic variation and multilingualism is generally valued as a part of a healthy language ecology, which is why some countries strive to promote multilingualism. Both market and non-market values can affect whether an individual decides to learn a language. According to Bourdieu, people's utterances can be seen as their linguistic products, and they can anticipate the value of their products in the marketplace through different contexts. Different speakers have different quantities of linguistic capital, that is, different speakers have different capacities to produce expressions that are valuable","id":"12089790"},{"contents":"General Debate of the seventy-second session of the United Nations General Assembly\n\n\nShatila massacre? He did not explain why the regime, despite its arsenal of conventional weapons, does it have chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. Why is it not a party to end weapons of mass destruction, in particular the NPT. Why does it reject the establish of a nuclear-free Middle East despite repeated calls by the UN, the international community and this Assembly over the past 30 years? One question he was expected to answer is why his regime which is the only nuclear weapons possessor in the Middle East","id":"1386720"},{"contents":"Pre-emptive nuclear strike\n\n\nIn nuclear strategy, a first strike is a preemptive surprise attack employing overwhelming force. First strike capability is a country's ability to defeat another nuclear power by destroying its arsenal to the point where the attacking country can survive the weakened retaliation while the opposing side is left unable to continue war. The preferred methodology is to attack the opponent's strategic nuclear weapon facilities (missile silos, submarine bases, bomber airfields), command and control sites, and storage depots first. The strategy is called counterforce. During the Cold War","id":"1887615"},{"contents":"The Cocoanuts\n\n\nmain titles are superimposed over a negative image of the \"Monkey-Doodle-Do\" number photographed from an angle that does not appear in the body of the film. One of the more famous gag routines in the film has Groucho giving directions to Chico, who keeps misunderstanding \"viaduct\" as \"why-a-duck\". In another sequence, while he is acting as auctioneer for some land of possibly questionable value (\"You can have any kind of a home you want to; you can even get","id":"47726"},{"contents":"Stockpile stewardship\n\n\nStockpile stewardship refers to the United States program of reliability testing and maintenance of its nuclear weapons without the use of nuclear testing. Because no new nuclear weapons have been developed by the United States since 1992, even its youngest weapons are at least years old (as of 2019). Aging weapons can fail or act unpredictably in a number of ways: the high explosives that condense their fissile material can chemically degrade, their electronic components can suffer from decay, their radioactive plutonium/uranium cores are potentially unreliable, and the isotopes","id":"13935480"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear proliferation\\n\\n\\nthe treaty is discriminatory in the sense that only those countries that tested nuclear weapons before 1968 are recognized as nuclear weapon states while all other states are treated as non-nuclear-weapon states who can only join the treaty if they forswear nuclear weapons. Research into the development of nuclear weapons was initially undertaken during World War II by the United States (in cooperation with the United Kingdom and Canada), Germany, Japan, and the USSR. The United States was the first and is the only country to have used a\",\n \"id\": \"2204816\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Last Watch\\n\\n\\nzero-level Others may get to the seventh level of the Twilight. Edgar and Gennady kidnap Anton (they can't get to Nadya) and take him to Edinburgh, so that he can help them figure out a way to get to the Crown. They tell Anton that Nadya is dead due to them planting a nuclear explosive near his apartment building. A nuclear bomb is the only weapon capable of destroying matter on all Twilight levels. Edgar found some information in the archives of the Inquisition saying that the Crown of All\",\n \"id\": \"8043718\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tsutomu Yamaguchi\\n\\n\\natomic bomb is because of what it does to the dignity of human beings\\\". Speaking through his daughter during a telephone interview, he said, \\\"I can't understand why the world cannot understand the agony of the nuclear bombs. How can they keep developing these weapons?\\\". On December 22, 2009, Canadian movie director James Cameron and author Charles Pellegrino met Yamaguchi while he was in a hospital in Nagasaki and discussed the idea of making a film about nuclear weapons. \\\"I think it's Cameron's\",\n \"id\": \"3973425\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear program of Iran\\n\\n\\nMohamed ElBaradei, stated that he had seen \\\"no evidence\\\" of Iran developing nuclear weapons. The IHT quoted ElBaradei as saying \\\"We have information that there has been maybe some studies about possible weaponization. That's why we have said that we cannot give Iran a pass right now, because there is still a lot of question marks. ... But have we seen Iran having the nuclear material that can readily be used into a weapon? No. Have we seen an active weaponization program? No.\\\" The IHT\",\n \"id\": \"16994214\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power\\n\\n\\nmaintenance worker. Some reactors overseas have also reported varying levels of sabotage by workers. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that they can be used to make nuclear weapons if a country chooses to do so. When this happens a nuclear power program can become a route leading to a nuclear weapon or a public annex to a \\\"secret\\\" weapons program. The concern over Iran's nuclear activities is a case in point. As of April 2012 there\",\n \"id\": \"2204726\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Politics and sports\\n\\n\\nRohan can get along so well there's no reason the Indians and Pakistanis can't get along with each other. If even two or three per cent of people say, 'If they can get along why can't we?' that's what we're trying to do. \\\"They're all mixed together sitting in the crowd. You can't tell who is Pakistani and who is Indian. That's the beauty about sports. Before our pairing you would never see that in any sports, fighting for one cause\",\n \"id\": \"7389788\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fizzle (nuclear explosion)\\n\\n\\nA fizzle occurs when the detonation of a device for creating a nuclear explosion (such as a nuclear weapon) grossly fails to meet its expected yield. The cause(s) for the failure can be linked to improper design, poor construction, or lack of expertise. All countries that have had a nuclear weapons testing program have experienced some fizzles. A fizzle can spread radioactive material throughout the surrounding area, involve a partial fission reaction of the fissile material, or both. For practical purposes, a fizzle can still have considerable explosive\",\n \"id\": \"7441168\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Schmitt Analysis\\n\\n\\nmight have a catastrophic domino effect. The destructive capabilities of cyber-attacks have been compared to the effects of nuclear radiation and the EMP effect of nuclear blasts. Small countries wanting to have an impact can take advantage of how cheap it is to launch a CNA. Nuclear weapons have also not been outlawed, but along other weapons of warfare, there is a need to be very careful about using or threatening to use these weapons and follow rules of proportionality, necessity, and humanity. Both nuclear weapons and information weapons do\",\n \"id\": \"21169980\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chasing the Scream\\n\\n\\nto addicts and recovering addicts—they feel like my tribe, my group, my people.\\\" He also discusses his history of abusing anti-narcolepsy medication, a class of prescription drugs sometimes taken by people without the disease in order to stay alert. Hari questions whether or not he is an addict and decides to go searching for answers to questions he has. \\\"Why did the drug war start, and why does it continue? Why can some people use drugs without any problems, while others can't? What\",\n \"id\": \"1173489\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chemistry (relationship)\\n\\n\\nperson\\\". One can also uncontrollably smile whenever thinking about the other person. There is some debate over whether one can artificially create chemistry if they are \\\"not initially feeling it\\\". While some people hold that it is something that you \\\"can't learn and can't teach...[and you] either have...or you don't\\\", others hold that chemistry is a process rather than a moment, \\\"build[ing] up and adds up and eventually you get this kind of chemical bonding\\\". Some people,\",\n \"id\": \"22128660\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator\\n\\n\\nsell arms to the player if an arms embargo is imposed on Israel. Another factor in the game is the development of nuclear weapons. Each country (except Jordan and Lebanon) can begin and maintain a nuclear weapon development program. One of the main ways to lose the game is for WMDs to be used, which often sets off a global nuclear holocaust. This can present a problem to players, since it can be other countries that use WMDs in their own conflicts against countries other than Israel. It is possible to\",\n \"id\": \"6405661\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Night Watch (Lukyanenko novel)\\n\\n\\n\\\"feed\\\" the Twilight. Some greatly powerful Others decide to fade into Twilight when they have grown tired of the world. \\\"Regular\\\" laws of physics, that is, the laws of physics present in the ordinary (human) world do not apply in the Twilight. Unless enchanted, physical objects can only affect beings on the first level. A nuclear blast extends all the way down, through every level. This is why the Watches have done everything in their power to prevent nuclear wars. Others' auras have\",\n \"id\": \"4240124\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"British support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war\\n\\n\\nreentry vehicles.\\\" There are other applications in advanced weapons. Frustrated in getting financial assistance, Iraqi officials decided to have TDG and SRC sell their interest, realizing a significant profit Technical experts can provide invaluable assistance to proliferant states, particularly those lacking specialized knowledge about nuclear areas. As a result, proliferant programs have invested considerable effort in recruiting experts. Recruiting experts can be difficult and sometimes success depends on luck more than plans. In any case, knowledge of foreign industries and experts can be the starting point for a recruitment\",\n \"id\": \"17188497\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tehran International Conference on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, 2010\\n\\n\\nadded a thinly veiled attack on the United States in saying that \\\"The world is currently witnessing discrimination. On one hand, using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is limited while at the same time, countries which possess nuclear weapons do not allow nations to access nuclear energy. These countries allow themselves to use nuclear weapons and announce that they will not hesitate to use these arms against other nations. This can lead to a collective effort. The international community would like to set in motion a real move to enjoy nuclear technology for\",\n \"id\": \"1049685\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United States v. Progressive, Inc.\\n\\n\\nthe House Subcommittee on Government Information and Individual Rights. The subcommittees looked into the implications of the decision with regards to nuclear proliferation. They also examined the doctrine of \\\"classified at birth\\\", but did not decide to amend the Atomic Energy Act to remove such provisions. Thus far, fears of thermonuclear proliferation have proven unfounded. Some countries, such as Pakistan and North Korea, have successfully developed fission weapons, while others, like Iraq and Libya, tried and failed. But no other country has managed to develop a\",\n \"id\": \"7129313\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Denied area\\n\\n\\nwithout extreme risk. Land mines can be used as area-denial weapons, and some modern semi-autonomous or remotely controlled artillery units can serve this purpose as well. In theory, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons can also serve this purpose, for varying lengths of times, though such weapons have not yet been used for this purpose in major wars, although such weapons have been used for other purposes. Some effective tactics for creating a denied area do not require a significant continuing commitment of personnel or additional material\",\n \"id\": \"1722780\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Escalation archetype\\n\\n\\nnuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union that was an important factor in the Cold War. Over the time, each party can get temporarily a slight advantage, but then the other one produces or obtains in other way more weapons and gets the advantage on its side, temporarily. In the end, both parties have great military power that is very threatening not only to them but also to non-aligned parties. The escalation archetype can turn up in situations like picking apples in an orchard. Imagine a big\",\n \"id\": \"324684\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1937 film)\\n\\n\\nBefore she can resume, Arthur also interrupts and proposes. In London, the servants worry about Fay's lack of success, while, in the country, Fay learns how to get into the duchess' safe, but finds it difficult to think of robbing her because of her kindness. Soon Charles arrives, but tells Fay that she can't get out of the plan now because of the others. Before he leaves, she decides to continue, even though Charles offers to face the others himself, and tells him that\",\n \"id\": \"9642279\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Skintern\\n\\n\\ndeliberately, in order to stand out from more conservatively dressed colleagues. \\\"Maybe if you can get noticed, you might get a full-time position,\\\" Wonkette editor Alex Pareene told ABC News in 2006. Nicole Williams, who coaches women entering the workforce, agrees that in some cases the skintern look is exactly what the wearer intends. \\\"You've got the summer to prove 'I can work here' or 'I can't work here,' so to get noticed, why not?\\\" one intern\",\n \"id\": \"1863664\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear proliferation\\n\\n\\nnuclear weapons. India stated that nuclear issues were directly related to national security. Years before India's first underground nuclear test in 1998, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty was passed. Some have argued that coercive language was used in an attempt to persuade India to sign the treaty, which was pushed for heavily by neighboring China. India viewed the treaty as a means for countries that already had nuclear weapons, primarily the five nations of the United Nations Security Council, to keep their weapons while ensuring that no other\",\n \"id\": \"2204939\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear proliferation\\n\\n\\nnot want to die, against 30,000 years of human prehistory. History and military experts agree that proliferation can be slowed, but never stopped (technology cannot be uninvented). Proliferation begets proliferation is a concept described by Scott Sagan in his article, \\\"Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons?\\\". This concept can be described as a strategic chain reaction. If one state produces a nuclear weapon it creates almost a domino effect within the region. States in the region will seek to acquire nuclear weapons to balance or eliminate\",\n \"id\": \"2204933\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction\\n\\n\\nAlthough the Netherlands does not have weapons of mass destruction made by itself, the country participates in the NATO nuclear weapons sharing arrangements and trains for delivering United States nuclear weapons. The Netherlands is also one of the producers of components that can be used for creating deadly agents, chemical weapons and other kinds of weapons of mass destruction. Several Dutch companies provided the United States, Israel and Pakistan with components for these weapons. The Netherlands ratified the Geneva Protocol on 31 October 1930. It also ratified the Biological Weapons Convention on 10\",\n \"id\": \"1081370\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"12th Chief Directorate\\n\\n\\n-users\\\" of nuclear weapons from their actual nuclear weapons during times of peace. Only in case of real necessity those who are supposed to have nuclear weapons would get them and it could only happen when authorized by the top political leadership. Presently only some small number of nuclear warheads are always issued to end-users, such as warheads attached to ballistic missiles currently at service, but most of the Russian nuclear arsenal is being securely kept by the 12th Chief Directorate units and could only be issued to others in case of\",\n \"id\": \"21857594\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Yulia Tymoshenko\\n\\n\\nwith their leader; and nuke 8 million Russians who are now exiles in Ukraine.\\\" In a statement, while admitting she had spoken to Shufrych on the telephone, Tymoshenko denied having advocated the use of nuclear bombs against ethnic Russians in Ukraine, and avowed that the recording had been deliberately edited to discredit her. Neither Tymoshenko nor anybody else in Ukraine can use nuclear weapons against anybody, as Ukraine no longer has any nuclear weapons, having given up the third largest nuclear weapons stockpile in the world in exchange for (subsequently\",\n \"id\": \"4124117\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Unconventional warfare\\n\\n\\nwarfare tactics can be used unconventionally to demonstrate might and power, rather than to substantially reduce the enemy's ability to fight. In addition to the surgical application of traditional weapons, other armaments that specifically target military can be used are: airstrikes, nuclear weapons, incendiary devices, or other such weapons. Special Forces, inserted deep behind enemy lines, are used unconventionally to train, equip, and advise locals who oppose their government. They can also spread subversion and propaganda, while they aid native resistance fighters, to ultimately\",\n \"id\": \"2830920\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tactical nuclear weapon\\n\\n\\ninfrastructure mean that centralised control of tactical nuclear warheads (by the country's most senior political leaders) can now be retained, even during combat. Some variable yield nuclear warheads such as the B61 nuclear bomb have been produced in both tactical and strategic versions. Whereas the lowest selectable yield of a tactical B61 (Mod 3 and Mod 4) is 0.3 kilotons (300 tons), modern PAL mechanisms ensure that centralised political control is maintained over each weapon, including their destructive yields. With the introduction of the B61 Mod 12\",\n \"id\": \"16129584\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anti-nuclear movement in the United States\\n\\n\\nstates had passed legislation regulating various activities associated with nuclear waste. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that they can be used to make nuclear weapons if a country chooses to do so. In 1975 over 2,000 prominent scientists signed a Declaration on Nuclear Power, prepared by the Union of Concerned Scientists, warning of the dangers of nuclear proliferation and urging the President and Congress to suspend the exportation of nuclear power to other countries, and reduce domestic construction until\",\n \"id\": \"16502991\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Energy\\n\\n\\nHowever, since formula_13 is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of an everyday amount of rest mass (for example, 1 kg) from rest energy to other forms of energy (such as kinetic energy, thermal energy, or the radiant energy carried by light and other radiation) can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~formula_14 joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely, the mass equivalent of an everyday amount energy is minuscule, which is why\",\n \"id\": \"9631981\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Radioactive waste\\n\\n\\nof sources. In countries with nuclear power plants, nuclear armament, or nuclear fuel treatment plants, the majority of waste originates from the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear weapons reprocessing. Other sources include medical and industrial wastes, as well as naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) that can be concentrated as a result of the processing or consumption of coal, oil and gas, and some minerals, as discussed below. Waste from the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle is usually alpha-emitting waste from the extraction of uranium\",\n \"id\": \"16541176\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons\\n\\n\\nthe UN Security Council. The court's \\\"advisory opinion\\\" can be requested only by specific United Nations organisations, and is inherently non-binding under the Statute of the court. The fifteen judges asked to give their advisory opinion regarding the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons were: The court considered the matter of deterrence, which involves a \\\"threat\\\" to use nuclear weapons under certain circumstances on a potential enemy or an enemy. Was such a threat illegal? The court decided, with some judges dissenting\",\n \"id\": \"12701\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic Ninjas\\n\\n\\nmultiple modes such as deathmatch or capture the flag. Players can choose out of seven playable ninjas and seven arenas to play in. Players can't kill each other in direct fight but have to push their enemy into a trap, which is part of an arena. There are also skills that you can upgrade A drunkard and an atomic engineer who loves to sleep while at work. He is responsible for a nuclear disaster which he miraculously survived and became an atomic ninja. He is looking for the last rehabilitation center to cure\",\n \"id\": \"14838059\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Headcases\\n\\n\\nAhmadinejad who is portrayed as a Borat like character who lists reasons why his country should have nuclear technology (including destroying the entire Middle East and most of Central Asia so Iran can move closer to Europe to compete in Euro 2012) calling his adversaries racists. Celebrities impersonated include the populist and selfish former editor of the Daily Mirror newspaper Piers Morgan who gets a heavy object dropped on him each time; Victoria Beckham, a big headed loudmouth with a speech disorder and her dumb husband David, who is considerably shorter, going about\",\n \"id\": \"15879811\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear weapon\\n\\n\\nweapon is a gravity bomb dropped from aircraft; this was the method used by the United States against Japan. This method places few restrictions on the size of the weapon. It does, however, limit attack range, response time to an impending attack, and the number of weapons that a country can field at the same time. With miniaturization, nuclear bombs can be delivered by both strategic bombers and tactical fighter-bombers. This method is the primary means of nuclear weapons delivery; the majority of U.S. nuclear warheads,\",\n \"id\": \"2034523\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain\\n\\n\\nFace plans to make nuclear weapons available to as many groups as he can, believing that nuclear deterrence will stop the weapons actually being used, attaining world peace while still protecting the integrity of each culture. However, he will secretly retain remote control of the weapons. Skull Face intends to use the threat of the latest Metal Gear system, known as ST-84 \\\"Sahelanthropus\\\", to make nuclear weapons desirable again, but as he cannot get it to function, he is dependent on the Third Child's psychic abilities to\",\n \"id\": \"21155961\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear weapons testing\\n\\n\\ndamage among other risks. Nuclear testing involving humans also contributed to the formation of these treaties. Examples can be seen in the following articles: The Partial Nuclear Test Ban treaty makes it illegal to detonate any nuclear explosion anywhere except underground, in order to reduce atmospheric fallout. Most countries have signed and ratified the Partial Nuclear Test Ban, which went into effect in October 1963. Of the nuclear states, France, China, and North Korea have never signed the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test\",\n \"id\": \"20047595\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Existential risk from artificial general intelligence\\n\\n\\norganizations and individuals can offshore their research to evade a country's regulation, or can attempt to conduct covert research), regulating research of artificial intelligence would pose an insurmountable 'dual-use' problem: while nuclear weapons development requires substantial infrastructure and resources, artificial intelligence research can be done in a garage. Instead of trying to regulate technology itself, some scholars suggest to rather develop common norms including requirements for the testing and transparency of algorithms, possibly in combination with some form of warranty. One rare dissenting voice calling for\",\n \"id\": \"19310129\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons\\n\\n\\nwithdrawal clause, meaning that a state party \\\"in exercising its national sovereignty, [...] decides that extraordinary events related to the subject matter of the Treaty have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country\\\". The majority perspective was that this condition is subjective, and no security interests can justify genocide, nor can mass destruction contribute to security. However, as also a neutral withdrawal clause not giving reasons was not accepted by the minority, the respective Article 17 was accepted as a compromise. Safeguards against arbitrary use are the\",\n \"id\": \"2769879\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Family (The Secret Circle)\\n\\n\\n, Adam stops him with magic. They realize that they have their individual magic back which means the Circle is no longer bound, but they can't understand why. Trying to figure out what is going on, Adam leaves to go back to Cassie and Diana while Melissa and Jake get on the boat to find Faye. Melissa and Jake find Faye but before they can get off the boat, Eben gets all three of them. He ties them up and tries to burn them. At that moment, Charles and Dawn\",\n \"id\": \"14019219\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons\\n\\n\\nNPT. Some countries such as India have criticized the NPT, because it \\\"discriminated against states not possessing nuclear weapons on January 1, 1967,\\\" while Iran and numerous Arab states have criticized Israel for not signing the NPT. There has been disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament, where the five authorized nuclear weapons states still have 22,000 warheads among them and have shown a reluctance to disarm further. As noted , the International Court of Justice, in its advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of\",\n \"id\": \"2203529\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Status effect\\n\\n\\na class capable of healing, who will have a greater ability to remove negative status effects than other classes. In addition, many games have weapons, armor, or other equipment that can mitigate status effects or prevent a character from getting one in the first place. Depending on the game, some increase the chance to escape suffering the effect each time the player may potentially receive it, while others grant complete immunity. However, sometimes the equipment that is resisting an effect, will in exchange, as a penalty, increase\",\n \"id\": \"7302004\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear weapons in popular culture\\n\\n\\nthe visual effects of atomic weapons have inspired many artists. Some notable examples include: Along with other forms of culture, there have been many songs related to the topic of nuclear weapons and warfare. Many of them have been protest songs or warning songs, while others use the motif as an allusion to great destruction in general. Some of the more famous nuclear war songs include: \\\"99 Luftballons\\\" (1983) by the German group Nena, which depicts accidental nuclear war begun by an early-warning system identifying a\",\n \"id\": \"20409256\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear Free World Policy\\n\\n\\nnuclear weapons before the NPT was signed. NWS’s right to possess a nuclear arsenal is countered by Article VI of the treaty, which says that they have a legal obligation to eventually disarm. They also criticized NWS countries for failing to meet their obligation to disarm, in addition to criticizing the 3 states non-signatory nuclear weapons-capable states (which are considered de facto nuclear weapons states). This was stated in point 4 of the Joint Declaration of 1998: 4. We can no longer remain complacent at the\",\n \"id\": \"3105232\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"American shot\\n\\n\\nis to allow complex dialogue scenes to be played out without changes in camera position. In some literature, this is simply referred to as a 3/4 shot. One of the other main reasons why French critics called it 'American Shot' was its frequent use in westerns. This was because a shot that started at knee level would reveal the weapon of a cowboy, usually holstered at his waist. It's actually the closest you can get to an actor while keeping both his face and his holstered gun in frame. The\",\n \"id\": \"440324\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Monsters of Morley Manor\\n\\n\\n. Their findings have led them to want to use earth's ghosts for batteries for some kind of deadly weapon. What this weapon is he can't or won't say. Once back at the starry door they decide to split into two groups, one who will go to the Land of the Dead to warn the dead, and the other to rescue Martin Morley. The Wentar, Ludmilla, and Albert decide to go to Flinduvia, the rest back to Earth. They say their goodbyes and then make their separate paths\",\n \"id\": \"14453559\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"20th-century events\\n\\n\\nweapons remain the only two nuclear weapons ever used against other countries in war. Nuclear weapons brought an entirely new and terrifying possibility to warfare: a nuclear holocaust. While at first the United States held a monopoly on the production of nuclear weapons, the Soviet Union, with some assistance from espionage, managed to detonate its first weapon (dubbed \\\"Joe-1\\\" by the West) in August 1949. The post-war relations between the two, which had already been deteriorating, began to rapidly disintegrate. Soon the two were\",\n \"id\": \"7348551\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Burr\\n\\n\\nbecause it can be used to create a simple nuclear weapon, while LEU cannot be used directly to make nuclear weapons. The amendment allowed exports to five countries for creating medical isotopes. Burr did not face a serious challenge in any of his re-election campaigns. In July 2004, Burr won the Republican primary to seek the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Democrat John Edwards, who had retired from the Senate to run for Vice President under presidential nominee John Kerry in the 2004 election, in which they lost to\",\n \"id\": \"12031723\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Baby You Can't Drive My Car\\n\\n\\nDWI laws will be, because a lot of cars ride on ethanol and, having drunk ethanol on the advice of Moe the bartender, it can be quite impairing.\\\" Dennis Perkins of \\\"The A.V. Club\\\" gave the episode a B-, stating that \\\"Homer is the one who gets up in arms about the data-mining, while Marge, swept up in all the good their joint venture is having on their marriage, at first decides that a company secretly stealing every scrap of Spiringfielders’ personal information is an\",\n \"id\": \"9737796\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear proliferation\\n\\n\\nare Egypt, which says it will not sign until Israel accepts comprehensive IAEA safeguards, and Brazil, which opposes making the protocol a requirement for international cooperation on enrichment and reprocessing, but has not ruled out signing. The greatest risk from nuclear weapons proliferation comes from countries which have not joined the NPT and which have significant unsafeguarded nuclear activities; India, Pakistan, and Israel fall within this category. While safeguards apply to some of their activities, others remain beyond scrutiny. A further concern is that countries may develop various sensitive\",\n \"id\": \"2204841\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Birth of the Blues\\n\\n\\nand to one-night stands in some of the dingier nightclubs. When his lead trombone player asks Jeff why the band can't seem to get anywhere, Jeff replies that he thinks the main problem is that the group lacks a hot trumpet player. He begins to search throughout New Orleans in the hope of finding a trumpet man who can fill the bill. He finds one in a local jail and promises to bail the fellow out as soon as he can raise the money. This he does, and the trumpet player\",\n \"id\": \"17986174\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Testament of Mary\\n\\n\\nprompting Fintan O'Toole to comment: \\\"I spent three years as a critic on Broadway, and I still can't claim to understand it. But this strange conjunction of apparent success and utter failure functions as a microcosm in which some of its oddities can be seen with a reasonable degree of clarity. If you can grasp why a producer would close a show in response to the news that it has just been nominated for three Tony Awards, you can get some sense of how Broadway works.\\\" United Solo awarded Shaw's\",\n \"id\": \"11805467\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator\\n\\n\\nof their own numbers in the process (which may relate to the number of SAM units). Each country is unique and has its own diplomatic agenda, government stability and military capability. The biggest threats to the player are Syria and Egypt, as they have larger armies and are capable of developing nuclear weapons. Iran, Iraq, and Libya can also carry nuclear arms and are capable of ending the game with them, with the exception of Libya - which often does not get a chance to use them during a war\",\n \"id\": \"6405670\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vitalogy\\n\\n\\nI'm just totally vulnerable. I'm way too fucking soft for this whole business, this whole trip. I don't have any shell. There's a contradiction there, because that's probably why I can write songs that mean something to someone and express some of these things that other people can't necessarily express.\\\" The lyrics of \\\"Not for You\\\" express anger at the bureaucracy of the music industry and \\\"how youth is being sold and exploited,\\\" while Vedder said \\\"Corduroy\\\" is about \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"18977597\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Iran and weapons of mass destruction\\n\\n\\nright now, because there is still a lot of question marks.\\\" \\\"But have we seen Iran having the nuclear material that can readily be used into a weapon? No. Have we seen an active weaponization program? No.\\\" The IHT report went on to say that \\\"ElBaradei said he was worried about the growing rhetoric from the U.S., which he noted focused on Iran's alleged intentions to build a nuclear weapon rather than evidence the country was actively doing so. If there is actual evidence, ElBaradei said\",\n \"id\": \"18312552\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Global issue\\n\\n\\ntreated as non-nuclear-weapon states who can only join the treaty if they forswear nuclear weapons.br A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, or any other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great damage to human-made structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere. The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed, often signifying more politically than technically\",\n \"id\": \"690355\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Donie Bush\\n\\n\\nlot of third baseman raving about the hard chances they get, but any time the shortstop is looking for a berth that is nice and quiet and restful in comparison to his own he casts longing glances at third. Look up the records and see what becomes of the shortstops who get too old to cover all the ground between second base and the foul line. A lot of them camp on third for a while. And why shouldn't they? A man can play third when he can't play short. That's\",\n \"id\": \"3071859\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear weapon\\n\\n\\ncan themselves trigger additional fission reactions. Only six countries—United States, Russia, United Kingdom, China, France, and India—have conducted thermonuclear weapon tests. (Whether India has detonated a \\\"true\\\" multi-staged thermonuclear weapon is controversial.) North Korea claims to have tested a fusion weapon , though this claim is disputed. Thermonuclear weapons are considered much more difficult to successfully design and execute than primitive fission weapons. Almost all of the nuclear weapons deployed today use the thermonuclear design because it is more efficient\",\n \"id\": \"2034510\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Five Serpent's Teeth\\n\\n\\nhave been happy, so amidst touring and gigging, we've been working hard on getting this 100% before we move on to the next video. The song is basically about loss, which we can all relate to, so we wanted to express that in the video, while staying respectful to why the song exists. We can't wait to get this filmed and out there for all to enjoy! \\\"Five Serpent's Teeth\\\" sold roughly 680 copies in the United States in its first week of release landing it\",\n \"id\": \"8382234\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of angels in Supernatural\\n\\n\\nfluctuates around them, Du ah tells Castiel that they might be able to help each other, orders him to wait in the throne room and disappears for a while. When she returns, Dumah tells Castiel that if he can find Gabriel and bring him back to Heaven, the angels can help him with everything else such as finding Michael and defending Earth. When Castiel tells her that he can't find them which is why he needs her help, Dumah admits that that is a problem. Castiel asks why Dumah can't\",\n \"id\": \"3502385\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Global issue\\n\\n\\nhave acquired, or are presumed to have acquired, nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. None of these four is a party to the NPT, although North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985, then withdrew in 2003 and conducted announced nuclear tests in 2006, 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2017. One critique of the NPT is that the treaty is discriminatory in the sense that only those countries that tested nuclear weapons before 1968 are recognized as nuclear weapon states while all other states are\",\n \"id\": \"690354\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"French Grant\\n\\n\\nThe two exclaimed, \\\"Oh! no trouble! Why here are eggs, meat, flour, etc. Oh! we can get a good dinner of this.\\\" One made a fire, the other made up some bread, and broke in plenty of eggs. At this the doctor exclaimed, \\\"Oh! gentlemen, you can't eat that.\\\" The reply was, \\\"Never mind, Doctor; don't worry yourself.\\\" They prepared a good dinner, put it on the table, and were\",\n \"id\": \"13826404\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Children and Art\\n\\n\\nSusan's relationship with Ian, and decides not to help. Austin and Julie both end up on the back of Austin's motorcycle much to Susan's dismay. Later, Susan is staring out the window when Julie asks her mother why, after sixteen years of good judgment on Julie's part, she can't trust her now with Austin. Susan tells her that relationships have nothing to do with good judgment and that anyone can still get hurt. After Susan leaves, Julie lifts the curtain where Susan had been standing to\",\n \"id\": \"16435005\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear Strike\\n\\n\\noperations in Indocine and getting the nuclear weapon (stashed inside Kim Il-sung's statue on Mansudae Hill). Using a small helicopter and nonlethal weapons, the player is able to spirit the delegates to a French frigate somewhere in the Taedong River and get them out of the country; other delegates left behind are sent to bomb shelters or are evacuated by STRIKE Chinook transports. Also, between escorting the delegates to safety, the player and Andrea manage to take over an AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter from a museum while fending off\",\n \"id\": \"2221325\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of states with nuclear weapons\\n\\n\\nuse in nuclear reactors. From a high of 70,300 active weapons in 1986, there are approximately 3,750 active nuclear warheads and 14,485 total nuclear warheads in the world. Many of the decommissioned weapons were simply stored or partially dismantled, not destroyed. It is also noteworthy that since the dawn of the Atomic Age, the delivery methods of most states with nuclear weapons has evolved with some achieving a nuclear triad, while others have consolidated away from land and air deterrents to submarine-based forces. These five states are known to have\",\n \"id\": \"15323490\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insensitive munition\\n\\n\\nsurfaces of a test projectile. Following experiments with this device, the Los Alamos National Laboratory developed a new safer type of explosive, called insensitive high explosive (IHE), for use in U.S. nuclear weapons. IHE explosives can withstand impacts up to , as opposed to conventional HE, which will detonate at only . Insensitive high explosives have been available to the United States military for use in its nuclear weapons since 1979—by 1991, 25% of the country's nuclear stockpile was using IHE. Most modern American nuclear weapons, and\",\n \"id\": \"21743840\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Classified information in the United States\\n\\n\\nthat no person is allowed unaccompanied access to a nuclear weapon or to command-and-control systems for nuclear weapons. Personnel with nuclear-weapons access are under the Personnel Reliability Program. Some highly sensitive SAP or SCI programs may also use the \\\"no lone zone\\\" method (that is, a physical location into which no one is allowed to enter unaccompanied) described for nuclear weapons. The United States also has a system of restrictive caveats that can be added to a document: these are constantly changing, but can\",\n \"id\": \"5745224\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"NeuN\\n\\n\\nPAGE gels, while the inclusion or absence of 14 amino acids from exon 15 produces two forms which are too similar in molecular size to be discerned on typical SDS-PAGE gels. Interestingly the protein coded by exon 15 adds a C-terminal PY type nuclear localization sequence, which presumably explains why NeuN/Fox-3 protein can be both nuclear and, in some cell types, also cytoplasmic. All forms are expressed only in neurons so the mAb A60 antibody and other similar antibodies to NeuN/Fox-3 have become very widely used\",\n \"id\": \"17515738\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Salman Ahmad\\n\\n\\nthe nuclear power tests in India as well as their own country by saying, \\\"Why escalate the arms race when people still need water? Why see our neighbors as enemies when we are so close to each other?\\\" Ahmad played at the Roskilde Festival in 2000 under the banner of Freemuse, just a couple of years after the ban. As a musician who faced censorship in his home country, Ahmad says that \\\"there is no conflict between my faith and my music, you can be a Muslim and play electric\",\n \"id\": \"7166304\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Reality (Kenny Chesney song)\\n\\n\\nrelaxed as I've been in years!' I thought to myself, 'This is why people smoke pot right here! This is it!' I don't smoke pot, but this is why people do it, I guarantee you. Because it gets them away from reality. I even asked my dentist, 'I just want to come over here and sit some time, can you guys do that?' He said, 'We can't do that, we'd get in trouble.' I swear\",\n \"id\": \"5291419\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Child's Play (play)\\n\\n\\nBack in the faculty room, Dobbs confronts Reese about McArdle and implores him to go easy on him. After Malley leaves, Fr. Griffin asks Dobbs to see if he can understand why the boys have been violent (as they have had more fights and injuries in the past few weeks than ever) since he and the headmaster can't seem to get anything out of the students. They are hoping that Dobbs, the \\\"grand old man\\\" of the faculty, can get the students to cooperate. Fr. Griffin\",\n \"id\": \"11792590\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United States and weapons of mass destruction\\n\\n\\n. All 64 B-1s were retrofitted to operate in a solely conventional mode by 2007 and thus don't count as nuclear platforms. In addition to this, the U.S. military can also deploy smaller tactical nuclear weapons either through cruise missiles or with conventional fighter-bombers. The U.S. maintains about 400 nuclear gravity bombs capable of use by F-15, F-16, and F-35. Some 350 of these bombs are deployed at seven airbases in six European NATO countries; of these, 180 tactical B61 nuclear bombs fall under a nuclear sharing arrangement.\",\n \"id\": \"15921491\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Soviet submarine K-43\\n\\n\\nthe first time a nuclear submarine was ever transferred to any other country. It was decided so as to prove Soviet Union's commitment to strengthening India. But some politicians expressed serious negative consequences due to the transfer. However, the politburo headed by Gorbachev decided that the political benefits outweighs the concerns. The Soviets, during the lease to India, would regularly inspect the submarine and handle the nuclear fuel. The Soviet media stated that the submarine would not carry any nuclear weapons. A new naval base was constructed at Visakhapatnam with\",\n \"id\": \"19357401\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear weapon\\n\\n\\nreactions do not create fission products, and thus contribute far less to the creation of nuclear fallout than fission reactions, but because all thermonuclear weapons contain at least one fission stage, and many high-yield thermonuclear devices have a final fission stage, thermonuclear weapons can generate at least as much nuclear fallout as fission-only weapons. There are other types of nuclear weapons as well. For example, a boosted fission weapon is a fission bomb that increases its explosive yield through a small number of fusion reactions, but it is\",\n \"id\": \"2034514\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"2006 North Korean nuclear test\\n\\n\\nas a \\\"fizzle\\\" indicating that some aspect of the nuclear weapon design or material production did not function correctly. In a fizzle the warhead blows itself apart too fast for the nuclear reactions to generate a large amount of energy, or fails to form a supercritical mass for some other reason. A fizzle can result from predetonation, insufficient precision in the explosive lenses used to compress the plutonium core, or impurities in the plutonium itself, among other factors. A fizzle can also result from the use of reactor grade plutonium rather\",\n \"id\": \"21639437\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear weapon\\n\\n\\nback to its origin.\\\" The process is analogous to identifying a criminal by fingerprints. \\\"The goal would be twofold: first, to deter leaders of nuclear states from selling weapons to terrorists by holding them accountable for any use of their weapons; second, to give leaders every incentive to tightly secure their nuclear weapons and materials.\\\" Because they are weapons of mass destruction, the proliferation and possible use of nuclear weapons are important issues in international relations and diplomacy. In most countries, the use of nuclear force can\",\n \"id\": \"2034537\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons\\n\\n\\nNuclear Weapons, stated that \\\"there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control. Some critics of the nuclear-weapons states contend that they have failed to comply with Article VI by failing to make disarmament the driving force in national planning and policy with respect to nuclear weapons, even while they ask other states to plan for their security without nuclear weapons. The United States responds to criticism of its disarmament record by pointing\",\n \"id\": \"2203530\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wine Country (film)\\n\\n\\na snake and as they can't get cell phone reception Val decides to run down the side of the steep hill they are on to get help. One by one the other women follow Val down the side of the hill. Catherine is the last one to go and gives an emotional speech at the top of the hill about why she is planning to turn down a lucrative job opportunity to spend more time with her friends, a speech that they don't hear. Arriving at the hospital, they learn that Naomi is\",\n \"id\": \"5299758\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Indestructible (video game)\\n\\n\\nweapons fire with universal ammunition depicted as \\\"energy\\\" in-game which recharges over time, when you are enervated in a battle, weapons can't function normally. Each vehicle owns a unique active ability that can be utilized in battle at the cost of a fixed amount of energy and has a constant recharge, there's also a passive ability for each vehicle. Gadgets can affect your combat positively, like health, energy, and a number of other categories whist some others increases weapon damage of certain types, there are\",\n \"id\": \"21571000\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"International factor movements\\n\\n\\nDevelopment's World Investment Report from 2007, as of 2005 there were over 77,000 parent company MNEs and 770,000 foreign affiliates. From an international economics viewpoint, there are two central questions about why MNEs exist. The first question is why goods and services are produced in multiple countries, instead of a single country. The second central question regarding MNEs is why certain firms decide to produce multiple products—why they internalize other areas of production. The first question can be answered rather simply. Different countries have different resources that companies may\",\n \"id\": \"11335643\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Two Seconds\\n\\n\\non being like this? Makes me sick to look at ya. Why don't you go out and get yourself a job?\\\". John Allen: \\\"I can't get one. I tried\\\". Shirley: \\\"you can go back to riveting\\\". John: \\\"I can't go back to that\\\" \\\"not ever since Bud .. I can't climb .. when I get up there, my head swims, I get sick, afraid, I gotta hold on. One minute he was\",\n \"id\": \"20603192\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear holocaust\\n\\n\\nPresident Bush stated in August 2007: \\\"Iran's active pursuit of technology that could lead to nuclear weapons threatens to put a region already known for instability and violence under the shadow of a nuclear holocaust\\\". As of 2016, humanity has about 15,000 nuclear weapons, thousands of which are on hair-trigger alert. While stockpiles have been on the decline following the end of the Cold War, every nuclear country is currently undergoing modernization of its nuclear arsenal. Some experts believe this modernization may increase the risk of nuclear proliferation\",\n \"id\": \"9083310\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Radiation Portal Monitor\\n\\n\\non what isotopes are used, neutrons. Improvised nuclear devices (INDs) and nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction. They are difficult to acquire, manufacture, refurbish, and handle. While INDs can be constructed to emit only low amounts of radiation making them difficult to detect with RPMs, all INDs emit some amounts of gamma and neutron radiation. Gamma radiation as well as neutron radiation can cause RPMs to trigger an alarm procedure. Alarms caused by statistical fluctuations of detection rates are referred to as false alarms. Alarms caused\",\n \"id\": \"18538084\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kane & Lynch 2: Dog Days\\n\\n\\nof Lynch who is backed up by Kane (except in the last mission, where the player takes control of Kane). The online enabled cooperative mode allows one player to take control of Kane. Players can carry two of any weapon they can grab from dead enemies, but unlike the previous game cannot swap weapons between allies. Players can take cover through a button press. While still having regenerating health, players can also get knocked down, though are able to immediately get back up. During single player missions,\",\n \"id\": \"6971082\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Swedish nuclear weapons program\\n\\n\\nan expensive nuclear weapons program. In 1960, while Sweden was deciding on its stance toward nuclear weapons, Swedish representatives, through their contacts with the American Department of Defense gained access to some secret information in the late 1960s. This information included nuclear weapons tactics, reconnaissance requirements, ideas regarding the necessity of quick decision-making, and nuclear physics data. Swedish representatives also looked at the MGR-1 Honest John weapons system that could utilize W7 or W31 nuclear warheads. For artillery purposes, the US developed a W48 projectile for 155\",\n \"id\": \"19060675\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Psychic numbing\\n\\n\\ninto psychological stages that spread at the societal level. Lifton's article, \\\"Beyond Psychic Numbing: A Call to Awareness\\\", addressed a concern that was new at the time: nuclear warfare. He argued now that there is a single weapon in the world that can cause so much damage, humans need to be more alert and confront the images of nuclear power and an ever increasing nuclear actuality. There is a societal understanding now that countries can create nuclear weapons; this led to Lifton's coining of the term \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"20840417\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diathesis–stress model\\n\\n\\ncan also assist in determining who will develop a disorder and who will not. For example, in the context of depression, the diathesis–stress model can help explain why Person A may become depressed while Person B does not, even when exposed to the same stressors. More recently, the diathesis–stress model has been used to explain why some individuals are more at risk for developing a disorder than others. For example, children who have a family history of depression are generally more vulnerable to developing a depressive disorder themselves\",\n \"id\": \"15083060\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear warfare\\n\\n\\nthinking, as states possessing nuclear weapons are susceptible to retaliation in kind, while sub- or trans-state actors may be less so. The collapse of the Soviet Union has given rise to the possibility that former Soviet nuclear weapons might become available on the black market (so-called 'loose nukes'). A number of other concerns have been expressed about the security of nuclear weapons in newer nuclear powers with relatively less stable governments, such as Pakistan, but in each case, the fears have been addressed to some\",\n \"id\": \"16325085\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Super Robot Wars\\n\\n\\nmoved, while others can only be performed while remaining stationary. Other attributes can be affected by terrain or a target's defensive ability. In addition, some units make use of \\\"MAP Weapons\\\" which affect multiple squares at once, with some damaging everything in the area and others, such as Cybuster's Cyflash, ignoring allies. Some games feature weapons which inflict status effects on enemies that drain their energy, weaken their armor or damage the pilot's stats. Some pilots have special stats and skills that allow them to\",\n \"id\": \"10504046\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ship commissioning\\n\\n\\n(such as missile technicians or gun crews) unable to perform their duties on the ship in question. Certain aspects of a ship's deactivation – such as the removal or deactivation of a ship's nuclear weapons capabilities – may be governed by international treaties observed by the country in question, which can result in the presence of foreign officials authorized to inspect the weapon or weapon system in question to ensure compliance with a given treaty. Other aspects of a ship's decommissioning, such as the reprocessing of nuclear fuel from a ship\",\n \"id\": \"15264559\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Strangers (Marvel Comics)\\n\\n\\nand deteriorating and that they only way to survive is to merge into one being—something Stevens decides he doesn't want to do. While Doctor Strange's creations are deciding what to do next, his former love Clea arrives in New York seeking him. She quickly finds his new Sanctum Sactorum and request his aid against her uncle Dormammu, who is once again the ruler of her native Dark Dimension. Doctor Strange explains why he can't currently help, but promises to send aid in any way he can. Now knowing\",\n \"id\": \"13726684\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"You Can't Count On Me\\n\\n\\ncan't stop playing with you baby Or in the last verse: I watch all of the same parades As they pass on the days that you wish you'd stayed But all this pain gets me high And I get off and you know why It pulls you in and then punches you and both sides are just statements of honesty. They're contradictory but they're still true. And that's why the ‘Can’ in the chorus has a ‘t’ on the end of it. You'd almost always expect\",\n \"id\": \"11395139\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"CIA transnational activities in counterproliferation\\n\\n\\nbut instead necessary to undertake deployment immediately. The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons covers: The United States has ratified only articles 1 and 2. Under the Section 721 of the FY 97 Intelligence Authorization Act, the CIA is required, The role of precision guided munitions, which, while they are an alternative to some nuclear weapons, especially tactical nuclear weapons, are not yet part of treaties but may fall under the Congressional reporting requirements. While long-range delivery systems can be useful with precision guidance and conventional warheads, or\",\n \"id\": \"1650461\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear peace\\n\\n\\nNuclear peace is a theory of international relations that argues that under some circumstances nuclear weapons can induce stability and decrease the chances of crisis escalation. In particular, nuclear weapons are said to have induced stability during the Cold War, when both the US and the USSR possessed mutual second strike retaliation capability, eliminating the possibility of nuclear victory for either side. Proponents of nuclear peace argue that controlled nuclear proliferation may be beneficial for inducing stability. Critics of nuclear peace argue that nuclear proliferation not only increases the chance of interstate nuclear conflict\",\n \"id\": \"15110661\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic demolition munition\\n\\n\\noptimistic.” Additionally, Habiger spoke of the systems set up by the Russians to track their nuclear weapons, saying “If the Russians were as deadly serious about the accountability of the nuclear weapons that I saw and have been involved with, I can only surmise that they have the same concerns with the smaller weapons.” By late 1999, the concern had expanded from nuclear armed Chechen rebels to include concerns about Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda network. Although unsubstantiated, some reports suggested that bin Laden had already managed\",\n \"id\": \"17358931\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Thermonuclear weapon\\n\\n\\nvirtually all the nuclear weapons of this size deployed by the five nuclear-weapon states under the Non-Proliferation Treaty today are thermonuclear weapons using the Teller–Ulam design. Detailed knowledge of fission and fusion weapons is classified to some degree in virtually every industrialized nation. In the United States, such knowledge can by default be classified as \\\"Restricted Data\\\", even if it is created by persons who are not government employees or associated with weapons programs, in a legal doctrine known as \\\"born secret\\\" (though the\",\n \"id\": \"1290913\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country\\n\\n\\nweapon in 1964; its nuclear stockpile increased until the early 1980s, when it stabilized at between 200 and 260. India became a nuclear power in 1974, while Pakistan developed its first nuclear weapon in the 1980s. India and Pakistan currently have around one hundred nuclear weapons each. Pakistan's nuclear stockpile has increased rapidly, and it is speculated that Pakistan might have more nuclear weapons than the United Kingdom within a decade. South Africa successfully built six nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but dismantled all of them in the early 1990s\",\n \"id\": \"4730424\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Linguistic capital\\n\\n\\n: high linguistic variation and multilingualism is generally valued as a part of a healthy language ecology, which is why some countries strive to promote multilingualism. Both market and non-market values can affect whether an individual decides to learn a language. According to Bourdieu, people's utterances can be seen as their linguistic products, and they can anticipate the value of their products in the marketplace through different contexts. Different speakers have different quantities of linguistic capital, that is, different speakers have different capacities to produce expressions that are valuable\",\n \"id\": \"12089790\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"General Debate of the seventy-second session of the United Nations General Assembly\\n\\n\\nShatila massacre? He did not explain why the regime, despite its arsenal of conventional weapons, does it have chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. Why is it not a party to end weapons of mass destruction, in particular the NPT. Why does it reject the establish of a nuclear-free Middle East despite repeated calls by the UN, the international community and this Assembly over the past 30 years? One question he was expected to answer is why his regime which is the only nuclear weapons possessor in the Middle East\",\n \"id\": \"1386720\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pre-emptive nuclear strike\\n\\n\\nIn nuclear strategy, a first strike is a preemptive surprise attack employing overwhelming force. First strike capability is a country's ability to defeat another nuclear power by destroying its arsenal to the point where the attacking country can survive the weakened retaliation while the opposing side is left unable to continue war. The preferred methodology is to attack the opponent's strategic nuclear weapon facilities (missile silos, submarine bases, bomber airfields), command and control sites, and storage depots first. The strategy is called counterforce. During the Cold War\",\n \"id\": \"1887615\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Cocoanuts\\n\\n\\nmain titles are superimposed over a negative image of the \\\"Monkey-Doodle-Do\\\" number photographed from an angle that does not appear in the body of the film. One of the more famous gag routines in the film has Groucho giving directions to Chico, who keeps misunderstanding \\\"viaduct\\\" as \\\"why-a-duck\\\". In another sequence, while he is acting as auctioneer for some land of possibly questionable value (\\\"You can have any kind of a home you want to; you can even get\",\n \"id\": \"47726\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Stockpile stewardship\\n\\n\\nStockpile stewardship refers to the United States program of reliability testing and maintenance of its nuclear weapons without the use of nuclear testing. Because no new nuclear weapons have been developed by the United States since 1992, even its youngest weapons are at least years old (as of 2019). Aging weapons can fail or act unpredictably in a number of ways: the high explosives that condense their fissile material can chemically degrade, their electronic components can suffer from decay, their radioactive plutonium/uranium cores are potentially unreliable, and the isotopes\",\n \"id\": \"13935480\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":89,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Why are passwords shorter than 8 characters easy to crack? (According to Snowden)"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"3br75b"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"When you add a character to a password, the number of possible permutations goes up exponentially. Lets assume we have a simple password requirement - only upper case letters. Below are the number of possible passwords based on character count - 1 character - 26^1 - 26 combinations - 2 characters - 26^2 - 676 combinations - 3 characters - 26^3 - 17,576 combinations - 4 characters - 26^4 - 456,976 combinations - 5 characters - 26^5 - 11,881,376 combinations - 6 characters - 26^6 - 308,915,776 combinations - 7 characters - 26^7 - 8,031,810,176 combinations - 8 characters - 26^8 - 208,827,064,576 combinations So, even in our simple system, an 8 character password has over 200 billion possible combinations. ~~This is getting beyond a computer's ability to brute force (just keep trying combinations until it gets it right) ability.~~ While this is still within the average computer's ability to crack, you can see how even in our simple system, more characters becomes more difficult *Edit: Look, I am not suggesting that an eight-character, upper case letters only password is a good idea or even used by most systems. I was just creating an easy to understand, ELI5 example of entropy.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Short passwords have small degrees of entropy. Smaller degree of entropy means that they're easier to guess randomly. Adding numbers and symbols does increase entropy, but it's still way less effective than simply adding more characters. There's an xkcd that explains this pretty well, and I'm sure it will be posted 100 times in this thread because of that fact.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Most of these answers are correct but I'm going to try to put it in more ELI5 terms: If a password is long, then there's more possibilities for what that password might be. If it's short, there's less possibilities for what is could be. If it's TOO short, then a hacker can just write a program that tries every single possible password until it stumbles across the right one on accident. This is called a \\\"brute force attack\\\". Right now, passwords less than 8 characters are short enough that most regular computers can brute-force them relatively quickly. 8 or more characters and there's too many possible combinations; current-day computers would take a ridiculously long time to brute-force them.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Longer passwords result in exponentially larger sets of combinations brute force hacking programs would need to push through. 8 Characters > 645,753,531,245,761 (645 Trillion) Combinations 9 Characters > 45,848,500,718,449,031 (45 Quadrillion) Combinations 10 Characters > 3,255,243,551,009,881,201 (3 Quintillion) Combinations\"}, {\"answer\": \"think of it like a lock with the numbers you spin around, theres only 3 or 4 sets of 0-9, so you may simply try each and every possibility, sooo 000-999. it may take a few hours but you will find the answer eventually. but with computers they may test every combination of letters, numbers, and symbols (!@#$%^ & *), at a very fast pace. so if a password is short you may test every possible answer until you find the correct one in a short enough time that it is still in use, and you do not spend so much money/resources than the password will provide. (meaning if you spend $1000 in time/money/resources, when you get the password, you must be able to use the password to get more than $1000 back) otherwise its just not worth the effort. now just because a password is short or really long doesn't make it safer it requires a balance. a password like abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz may seem long complex and easy to remember but a dictionary attack would almost instantly crack this password ( dictionary attacks are common first step in password cracking ). and a password like A!B@C#D%, even though its so short it may be harder to crack than a longer password because it is not in a pre-built dictionary (i presume for argument sake), if it is not in the dictionary (most passwords aren't) then you must either try every possibility like (000,001,002,003,004,005) to eventually find the correct answer. or find another way of overcoming the password security.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Every answer I've seen is correct, but maybe a little more complicated than you're looking for. Let's keep it simple and pretend you can only use the digits from 0 to 9 for your password: * If you only use one digit, your password only has 10 possible values: 0, 1, 2, ..., 9. * If you use two digits, your password has 100 possible values: 00, 01, 02, ..., 99. * If you use three digits, you get 1000 possible values: 000, 001, 002, ..., 999. * and so on. So each character in your password can have ten values, and every time you add another digit the number of possible combinations gets 10 times bigger. That's not a coincidence! Let's try it again, but using *only* lowercase letters and nothing else: * One letter gives you 26 possible values: a, b, c, ..., z. * Two letters gives you 26*26=676 possible values: aa, ab, ac, ..., zx, zy, zz. * Three letters bumps that up to 26\\\\*26\\\\*26=17,576 values: aaa, aab, aac, ..., zzx, zzy, zzz. * and so on. Now, if you're only using lowercase letters, an 8 digit password can have 208,827,064,576 possible different combinations. Does that sound like a lot? I wrote a little program that can count that high in 37 seconds on my laptop. To a computer - especially a whole bunch of computers working together - that's not very many combinations at all. But remember, adding a single letter makes it take 26 times longer! That would take 972 seconds on the same laptop. Another letter would take it 7 hours. Making it 11 letters long would take 7.6 days. 12 letters? 198 days. 13 letters would take 14 years. Bumping your password up to 16 letters would take my laptop 248,000 years, and AppleCare wouldn't even cover that. Whoa! Using 26 letters makes the time it takes to try all combinations get big a lot faster than if we're using only numbers. What if... we used uppercase letters, lowercase letters, the numbers from 0-9, and all the punctuation you can get by pressing shift and then all the numbers from 0-9? That would give each character in your password 72 possible combinations. If you made a password by picking 1 of those 72 at random, and you did that 8 times, it'd take my laptop 15 days to guess it. That's a lot better than the 37 seconds it would take if you only used lowercase letters. But hold onto your seat: if your password was 16 characters long, it would take my little laptop 29,691,578,198,499 **years** to guess it! That's over 2,000 times longer than the whole universe is old! So yeah, the time it takes to guess your password grows exponentially with its length. That's totally true. But most people don't appreciate what exponential growth really means, and exactly how quickly it goes from \\\"I could crack that pretty easily\\\" to \\\"wow, we better invent a whole second universe filled with computers if we want to crack it in under a gazillion centuries\\\".\"}, {\"answer\": \"Here's an example I can think of. Let's say you have an apple, an orange, and a banana. You can sort these in any order you like to be your password, but if someone tries to sort them they only have to try a little bit to figure out what order you sorted them in. Now lets say you have 10 bananas, 10 oranges, and 10 apples. If you sort them it's going to take a lot longer to figure out what order you sorted them in.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Something I must post in every discussion about passwords: At the places where I am prompted for a password, can we please include the same text as the password creation requirements? Almost 100% of my \\\"lost\\\" passwords were remembered the second I logged in to set a new one and saw the criteria.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Lets say I have a lock on my bike. It has 10 numbers on the dial. If you want to steal my bike, you just have to try each number until you find the unlocking number (7). This doesn't take very long, maybe just a few seconds. I want to keep my bike, so I get a lock where you have to guess two correct numbers in the right order, and it won't give you any way to know you have one of the numbers right until you get them both right. So now you have to do a LOT more guessing, so my bike is safer. You try them until you get to 73, which unlocks it. That took you a few minutes. Now, my bike is really nice, so I'm going to get a lock with three numbers to guess! You have to guess and guess and guess until you finally get to 190. You did your guessing in numerical order (1, 2, 3, etc.) so it only took about 10 minutes, but if you would have guessed randomly it would probably have taken quite a bit longer. I like to leave my bike parked in unlit alleys downtown for days at a time, so I've invested in an eight-level lock. This time you have millions of numbers to guess, so instead you just get a bolt cutter and break my lock.\"}, {\"answer\": \"This is how password security works: I'm going to give you an empty box and some coloured cubes. Your job is to create a pattern inside the box (so I can't see) and my job is to guess the pattern you created. I'll start by giving you one red cube. Go on, place it inside the box in any order you want. Done? Great! I'm going to guess that your pattern is... red! Am I right? Yay! Well, that wasn't very fair, was it? Ok, I'll give you another cube. A blue one this time. Go on, place them inside your box. Ready? great! Now, let's see... is your pattern red - > blue? No? Well, is it now blue - > red? It is? Great! I'm GREAT at this game. What? Not fair still? Ok then, have a green cube. Ok, so I'm now guessing it could be: * Red - > Blue - > Green * Red - > Green - > Blue * Blue - > Red - > Green * Blue - > Green - > Red * Green - > Red - > Blue * Green - > Blue - > Red It is one of those? Ha! You can't beat me! What? You want ALL the cubes? But there's 9 of them! That's a lot of combinations... sit tight' this will take a while and I'm a stubborn fella. wait, what? You're only giving me 3 chances and after that I have to wait an hour before I can try again!? That's not very fair... What? you're increasing your number of cubes to 52? But that's impossible to guess in a few minutes! Are you... are you mixing stuff?! It was CUBES only! No spheres, pyramids or legos! I'm not playing this game anymore... --------- You see? I want to know your password, but you won't tell me what it is, so I have to guess. However, I have an advantage: I know, in advance, what are the elements of your password. In the above example, it's coloured cubes. I know you only have red, green and blue, so the amount of combinations is easily guessable. The more options you add, the hardest it gets to guess. This is because there are many possible combinations and orders you could use. Tech-heads call this \\\"high entropy\\\". It just means \\\"lots of possibilities\\\". In the real world, it's more complicated than that: * Passwords can have PLENTY of characters (at the very least, 52: all lowercase and uppercase letters), so from the start, you have a lot of possibilities to play with, even if your password is only 2 elements in length (still, easy to guess by a computer). * Passwords can be encrypted. This is just french for \\\"modified in a revertible way\\\". To decrypt (revert) your password, a spy would probably need to know how exactly it was encrypted in the first place, may require a key or know some secret you kept well hidden somewhere else. * Passwords don't have to be a single word or gibberish. You could use the chorus of your favourite song, a tongue twister, random words that sound funny together or some other easy thing to remember, but is really hard to guess. My main password is a 28 letter sentence to which I've added a few uppercases, some symbols and a few modifications (like writing \\\"bcz\\\" instead of \\\"because\\\"). It's pretty hard to guess. * Passwords are usually protected by a security guard. Unless stolen, this security guard will keep a strict protocol for anyone trying to guess your password: he won't let more than a few attempts, he'll stop anyone trying TOO fast, he'll let you know someone is failing too many times at guessing your password and ask you to change it, he'll become suspicious and ask the guesser some question to make sure it's a human and not a computer, etc. etc. So, by making your password long enough, you're making life so much harder to anyone trying to guess it it just becomes worthless to attempt to guess.\"}, {\"answer\": \"The comments I've seen so far are wrong. Yes, length helps but none of you touch on exactly why 8 is key. The reason why he mentions 8 characters specifically is due to how Windows hashes passwords. See the section on Weaknesses here: URL_0 tl;dr: due to how Windows stores password hashes, 8 is just above the threshold to require another hash.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Because there's only ~260 million common passwords shorter than 8 characters, and even if you asked this question from a smartphone it can count to 260million in a quarter second. It takes longer than a quarter second because testing a password is a littler harder than counting, but not much.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Allow me to paraphrase OP. \\\"Why do long things take longer to do than short things?\\\"\"}, {\"answer\": \"While the rest of the comments have explained the how and why of shorter passwords being cracked, they haven't touched on the logistical side of doing so. They're easy because they're shorter, simple enough concept to grasp, ansuz07 explains it well. I'm attempting to put the cost into real world dollars here, so instead of just numbers you can see the real costs associated with it. What they don't touch on is that for a couple dollars you can use amazon's servers to crack one of those passwords in under an hour (Something like 2 and a half minutes), and for about 1000 dollars(For anyone wondering I managed to get a pair of 7990's for 200 bucks on ebay) I built a machine that could do it in under 30 seconds (making a bunch of assumptions about how the password is stored here, but the scenario I've assumed (unsalted MD5) is unfortunately rather common). Even if you expand it to all 128 possible characters available, and have an 8 character password, using the numbers provided by oclHashcat (one of the applications that allows you to brute force passwords) with my setup it would only take about a month to crack your password. And I'm just a dude who stays at home and does this for fun. With 24 of my hash cracking machines, I could crack it in under a day. Plus, this doesn't touch on the fact people have publicly accessible tables full of all passwords less than 8 characters that take seconds to search to see if your password is in them.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Think of it this way, if you are trying to guess a password, it is about the maximum possible number of passwords that your password can be. A-Z = 26 upper case letters a-z = 26 lower case letters 0-9 = 10 possible digits symbols(~`!@#$%^ & *()_-+={}[]\\\\|:;\\\"',. < > ?/) = about 32. If your password is 1 character long, and could be any of 94 possible characters. 2 characters = 94 * 94 or 94^2 = 8836 3 = 94^3 = 830584 So as you can see, the number of possibilities grow exponentially. This is why passwords often require at least 1 upper case, 1 lower, 1 number and 1 symbol, to increase the guess space. But length also matters. The length is determined by how powerful computers currently are. In 10 years when computers are even more powerful, 8 characters might not be enough, because at that point passwords can be guessed even faster. That being said, newer complicated security measures like custom salts per each user will hopefully remove the need for individual users to increase their password exponentially. It is also important to mention that this assumes a purely random password. Humans often base passwords off of real words reduces the guessing space. And when they appear random, like \\\"yhnujm\\\" if you look at the keyboard pattern for this password, you'll see it is anything but random.\"}, {\"answer\": \"it takes far less time to test every possible character than it does to test an additional character. If there are 26 letters in the alphabet, and each can be either uppercase or lower case, then we have 2(26) possible characters for a one character password. If you can test one character a second, then it'll take 2(26)=54 seconds to test all. We'll call this 54 character-seconds. But if the password could be 2 characters, then it'll take 1.48 character-minutes to test all possibilities; 26 character, 2 states, 2 character password is 2(2(26))=2(54)=108=108/60 - 60/60=1 48/60=1.48 char-minutes. Therefore the number of possible characters takes seconds but each addition character in the password takes at least minutes\"}, {\"answer\": \"For each digit in a basic password, there are 26 possible letters, 2 cases and 10 possible numbers. So that's a total of 62 possible characters. For a 8 digit password, that's 2.18x10^14 possible combinations. Or 62^8. That would take an impossible amount of time for a person, a shorter, but still long time for a home PC. For a government supercomputer, it would still take a while, but you could still get in. For every character, you can multiply the number of possible combinations by 62, so a 9 digit password would take 62 times as long to crack.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Because of brute force attacks. Brute force attacks work by trying all possible combinations. A person trying all 208,827,064,576 combinations of 8 characters will take over six and a half years at one combo per second working non stop. But a $5000 computer with 3 GPUs can do it in a matter of days. This page from 2013 cites 8 million tries per second using 128 GPUs. That would be under 7.5 hours. URL_0 Consider hardware keeps getting faster and cheaper and the future doesn't look very private.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Simplest ELI5 answer I can think of. Imagine the dialing pad on your phone. Guess my phone number it's only 1 digit. How many guesses did it take you? Guess my girlfriends phone number, it's 2 digits. How many guesses did it take you? Guess my bank pin, it's 4 digits. How many guesses did it take you?\"}, {\"answer\": \"Also, NT LM Hashes on older versions of Windows broke up the password into 7 character chunks for hashing. Having a minimum of 8 characters ensured that you needed to break at least two hashes to guess the password. URL_0 \"}, {\"answer\": \"Edward Snowden told Glen Greenwald to assume that the NSA could \\\"brute force\\\" the password at 1,000,000,000,000 guesses per second. At that rate it can crack an 8 character password in under a second.\"}, {\"answer\": \"It was explained to me by Ars Technica in a single image: URL_0 Even if your kid doesn't know what \\\"brute force\\\" and \\\"keyspace\\\" are, the graph is pretty self-explanatory. [Source]( URL_1 )\"}, {\"answer\": \"How long would it take to crack a completely random 20+ character password. I use [Qwertycard]( URL_0 ) for all my passwords\"}, {\"answer\": \"This is a stupid question. \\\"Why are longer passwords more difficult to crack than shorter passwords!?!?11\\\"\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"477981\", \"title\": \"Password cracking\", \"section\": \"Section::::Time needed for password searches.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 6, \"end_paragraph_id\": 6, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"on the cryptographic function used by the system to generate password hashes. A suitable password hashing function, such as bcrypt, is many orders of magnitude better than a naive function like simple MD5 or SHA. A user-selected eight-character password with numbers, mixed case, and symbols, with commonly selected passwords and other dictionary matches filtered out, reaches an estimated 30-bit strength, according to NIST. 2 is only one billion permutations and would be cracked in seconds if the hashing function is naive. When ordinary desktop computers are combined in a cracking effort, as can be done with botnets, the capabilities of password cracking are considerably extended. In 2002, distributed.net successfully found a 64-bit RC5 key in four\", \"For some kinds of password hash, ordinary desktop computers can test over a hundred million passwords per second using password cracking tools running on a general purpose CPU and billions of passwords per second using GPU-based password cracking tools (See: John the Ripper benchmarks). The rate of password guessing depends heavily on the cryptographic function used by the system to generate password hashes. A suitable password hashing function, such as bcrypt, is many orders of magnitude better than a naive function like simple MD5 or SHA. A user-selected eight-character password with numbers, mixed case, and symbols, with commonly selected passwords and other dictionary matches filtered out, reaches an estimated 30-bit strength, according to NIST. 2 is only one billion permutations and would be cracked in seconds if the hashing function is naive. When ordinary desktop computers are combined in a cracking effort, as can be done with botnets, the capabilities of password cracking are considerably extended. In 2002, distributed.\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Password\n\n\nmore security (e.g., entropy) than shorter passwords with a wide variety of characters. In \"The Memorability and Security of Passwords\", Jeff Yan et al. examine the effect of advice given to users about a good choice of password. They found that passwords based on thinking of a phrase and taking the first letter of each word are just as memorable as naively selected passwords, and just as hard to crack as randomly generated passwords. Combining two or more unrelated words and altering some of the letters to special characters","id":"4682083"},{"contents":"LAN Manager\n\n\nthan 8 characters will result in the hashing of 7 null bytes, yielding the constant value of codice_5, hence making it easy to identify short passwords on sight. In 2003, Ophcrack, an implementation of the rainbow table technique, was published. It specifically targets the weaknesses of LM encryption, and includes pre-computed data sufficient to crack virtually all alphanumeric LM hashes in a few seconds. Many cracking tools, e.g. RainbowCrack, L0phtCrack and Cain, now incorporate similar attacks and make cracking of LM hashes fast and trivial.","id":"9183754"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\npassword guessing depends heavily on the cryptographic function used by the system to generate password hashes. A suitable password hashing function, such as bcrypt, is many orders of magnitude better than a naive function like simple MD5 or SHA. A user-selected eight-character password with numbers, mixed case, and symbols, with commonly selected passwords and other dictionary matches filtered out, reaches an estimated 30-bit strength, according to NIST. 2 is only one billion permutations and would be cracked in seconds if the hashing function is naive.","id":"14026296"},{"contents":"Virtual Network Computing\n\n\n, cracking could prove successful if both the encryption key and encoded password are sniffed from a network. For this reason it is recommended that a password of at least 8 characters be used. On the other hand, there is also an 8-character limit on some versions of VNC; if a password is sent exceeding 8 characters, the excess characters are removed and the truncated string is compared to the password. UltraVNC supports the use of an open-source encryption plugin which encrypts the entire VNC session including password authentication and data transfer","id":"2076183"},{"contents":"Password\n\n\nthe password \"password\" may simply choose \"Password1\" if required to include a number and uppercase letter. Combined with forced periodic password changes, this can lead to passwords that are difficult to remember but easy to crack. Paul Grassi, one of the 2017 NIST report's authors, further elaborated: \"Everyone knows that an exclamation point is a 1, or an I, or the last character of a password. $ is an S or a 5. If we use these well-known tricks, we are","id":"4682118"},{"contents":"Digital self-defense\n\n\ncrack than long complicated passwords so password strength is a key strategy for protecting personal information. A password can be weak or strong:a weak password is \"cutekittens\", a strong password is \"?lACpAs56IKMs\". According to Microsoft an ideal password should be at least 14 characters in length and have letters, punctuation, symbols, and numbers, where complexity is added by the inclusion of uppercase letters. Social networking sites offer greater security risks to personal electronic information because sensitive, private or confidential information such as personal identifiers","id":"8748728"},{"contents":"Password fatigue\n\n\nled to people accumulating a proliferation of accounts and passwords. According to a 2002 survey of British online-security consultant NTA Monitor, the typical intensive computer user has 21 accounts that require a password. Some factors causing password fatigue are: Aside from contributing to stress, password fatigue may encourage people to adopt habits that reduce the security of their protected information. For example, an account holder might use the same password for several different accounts, deliberately choose easy-to-remember passwords that are too vulnerable to cracking, or","id":"18110747"},{"contents":"Password policy\n\n\nremembered can be cracked\", and recommends a scheme that uses passwords which will not appear in any dictionaries. Password policies may include progressive sanctions beginning with warnings and ending with possible loss of computer privileges or job termination. Where confidentiality is mandated by law, e.g. with classified information, a violation of password policy could be a criminal offense. Some consider a convincing explanation of the importance of security to be more effective than threats of sanctions. The level of password strength required depends, among other things, on how easy it","id":"5540488"},{"contents":"Ophcrack\n\n\nOphcrack is a free open-source (GPL licensed) program that cracks Windows log-in passwords by using LM hashes through rainbow tables. The program includes the ability to import the hashes from a variety of formats, including dumping directly from the SAM files of Windows. On most computers, ophcrack can crack most passwords within a few minutes. Rainbow tables for LM hashes are provided for free by the developers. By default, ophcrack is bundled with tables that allows it to crack passwords no longer than 14 characters using only","id":"11317388"},{"contents":"Password strength\n\n\nper second, and remain unbroken for 252 days. Ten million attempts each second is the acceptable rate of attempts using a multi-core system that most users would have access to. A much greater degree of attempts, at the rate of 7 billion per second, could also be achieved when using modern GPUs. At this rate, the same 8 character alpha-numeric password could be broken in approximately 30 seconds. Increasing the password complexity to a 13 character alpha-numeric password increases the time needed to crack it to","id":"13942073"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nword are just as memorable as naively selected passwords, and just as hard to crack as randomly generated passwords. Combining two unrelated words is another good method. Having a personally designed \"algorithm\" for generating obscure passwords is another good method. However, asking users to remember a password consisting of a \"mix of uppercase and lowercase characters\" is similar to asking them to remember a sequence of bits: hard to remember, and only a little bit harder to crack (e.g. only 128 times harder to crack for 7-letter passwords","id":"14026302"},{"contents":"Salt (cryptography)\n\n\nthe same password will have the same hash (unless the password hash is also dependent on the username). This makes it easier to attack multiple users by cracking only one hash. Short salt If a salt is too short, it will be easy for an attacker to create a rainbow table consisting of every possible salt appended to every likely password. Using a long salt ensures that a rainbow table for a database would be prohibitively large. To understand the difference between cracking a single password and a set of them, consider","id":"14037275"},{"contents":"Global surveillance\n\n\nboom. This is particularly advantageous because the smartphone contains a variety of data sets that would interest an intelligence agency, such as social contacts, user behaviour, interests, location, photos and credit card numbers and passwords. According to the documents leaked by Snowden, the NSA has set up task forces assigned to several smartphone manufacturers and operating systems, including Apple Inc.'s iPhone and iOS operating system, as well as Google's Android mobile operating system. Similarly, Britain's GCHQ assigned a team to study and crack the BlackBerry","id":"14567469"},{"contents":"Cracking of wireless networks\n\n\navail of a hefty choice of 64 characters. In an 8 character length password this is a grand total of 64^8 possible combinations. Taking a single machine that could attempt 500 passwords per second, this gives us just about 17,900 years to attempt every possible combination. Not even to mention the amount of space necessary to store each combination in a dictionary. Note: The use of MAC filtering to protect your network will not work as MACs using the network can be easily detected and spoofed. A network scanner or sniffer","id":"2490669"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\n, Deep Crack, broke a DES 56-bit key in 56 hours, testing over 90 billion keys per second. In 2010, the Georgia Tech Research Institute developed a method of using GPGPU to crack passwords, coming up with a minimum secure password length of 12 characters. Passwords that are difficult to remember will reduce the security of a system because (a) users might need to write down or electronically store the password using an insecure method, (b) users will need frequent password resets and (c) users are more","id":"14026300"},{"contents":"Global surveillance and journalism\n\n\nthe e-mails. Also the U.S Department of Defense believes that Assange had conspired with Chelsea Manning in cracking a password that was on a U.S Department of Defense computer. Which is stored on a U.S government network and she had downloaded 1,000 of classified documents. Director Clapper has referred to Snowden's \"accomplices\", while Rep. Peter King explicitly accused Greenwald of having Snowden as an \"accomplice\". UK Conservative politician Liam Fox has contacted the UK Director of Public Prosecutions to consider whether journalists at \"The Guardian\" \"","id":"4482889"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nknown patterns. As a result, passwords may be much more easily cracked than their mathematical probabilities would otherwise indicate. Passwords containing one digit, for example, disproportionately include it at the end of the password. On July 16, 1998, CERT reported an incident where an attacker had found 186,126 encrypted passwords. By the time they were discovered, they had already cracked 47,642 passwords. In December 2009, a major password breach of the Rockyou.com website occurred that led to the release of 32 million passwords. The attacker then leaked","id":"14026304"},{"contents":"Password\n\n\nuser. Password cracking tools can operate by brute force (i.e. trying every possible combination of characters) or by hashing every word from a list; large lists of possible passwords in many languages are widely available on the Internet. The existence of password cracking tools allows attackers to easily recover poorly chosen passwords. In particular, attackers can quickly recover passwords that are short, dictionary words, simple variations on dictionary words or that use easily guessable patterns. A modified version of the DES algorithm was used as the basis for the password","id":"4682098"},{"contents":"Salt (cryptography)\n\n\nmay be treated as less trusted than the administrators of the centralized password system, so it remains worthwhile to ensure that the security of the password hashing algorithm, including the generation of unique salt values, is adequate. Salts also make dictionary attacks and brute-force attacks for cracking large numbers of passwords much slower (but not in the case of cracking just one password). Without salts, an attacker who is cracking many passwords at the same time only needs to hash each password guess once, and compare it to all","id":"14037281"},{"contents":"Cracking of wireless networks\n\n\nintercepted, it does not mean that the cracker will be granted immediate access however. If the password used contains at least 12 characters consisting of both random upper and lower case letters and numbers that do not spell a word, name or have any pattern then the password will be essentially uncrackable. Just to give an example of this, let's just take the minimum of 8 characters for WPA2 and suppose we take upper case and lower case letters, digits from 0-9 and a small selection of symbols, we can","id":"2490668"},{"contents":"Password strength\n\n\npolicies. Password expiration serves two purposes: However, password expiration has its drawbacks: The hardest passwords to crack, for a given length and character set, are random character strings; if long enough they resist brute force attacks (because there are many characters) and guessing attacks (due to high entropy). However, such passwords are typically the hardest to remember. The imposition of a requirement for such passwords in a password policy may encourage users to write them down, store them in mobile devices, or share them","id":"13942075"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\n350 billion guesses per second, allowing them to check formula_1password combinations in 5.5 hours. Using ocl-Hashcat Plus on a Virtual OpenCL cluster platform, the Linux-based GPU cluster was used to \"crack 90 percent of the 6.5 million password hashes belonging to users of LinkedIn.\" Despite their capabilities, desktop CPUs are slower at cracking passwords than purpose-built password breaking machines. In 1998, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) built a dedicated password cracker using ASICs, as opposed to general purpose CPUs. Their machine","id":"14026299"},{"contents":"Password\n\n\nor numbers is another good method, but a single dictionary word is not. Having a personally designed algorithm for generating obscure passwords is another good method. However, asking users to remember a password consisting of a \"mix of uppercase and lowercase characters\" is similar to asking them to remember a sequence of bits: hard to remember, and only a little bit harder to crack (e.g. only 128 times harder to crack for 7-letter passwords, less if the user simply capitalises one of the letters). Asking users to use","id":"4682084"},{"contents":"Salt (cryptography)\n\n\nand so on. This defeats \"reusing\" hashes in attempts to crack multiple passwords. Salts also combat the use of hash tables and rainbow tables for cracking passwords. A hash table is a large list of pre-computed hashes for commonly used passwords. For a password file without salts, an attacker can go through each entry and look up the hashed password in the hash table or rainbow table. If the look-up is considerably faster than the hash function (which it often is), this will considerably speed","id":"14037277"},{"contents":"Large numbers\n\n\nfunctioning as a giant computer could have performed no more than 10 operations since the Big Bang. This is trillions of times more computation than is required for displaying all 40-character passwords, but computing all \"50\"-character passwords would outstrip the estimated computational potential of the entire universe. Problems like this grow exponentially in the number of computations they require, and they are one reason why exponentially difficult problems are called \"intractable\" in computer science: for even small numbers like the 40 or 50 characters described earlier, the number of computations required","id":"15980352"},{"contents":"Password strength\n\n\nlike encryption where the password or key needs to be secure for a long period of time and stretching isn't applicable. A 2010 Georgia Tech Research Institute study based on unstretched keys recommended a 12-character random password, but as a minimum length requirement. The upper end is related to the stringent requirements of choosing keys used in encryption. In 1999, an Electronic Frontier Foundation project broke 56-bit DES encryption in less than a day using specially designed hardware. In 2002, \"distributed.net\" cracked a 64-bit key in 4 years, 9","id":"13942067"},{"contents":"LAN Manager\n\n\nforce attack on each half separately, modern desktop machines can crack alphanumeric LM hashes in a few hours. In addition, all lower case letters in the password are changed to upper case before the password is hashed, which further reduces the key space for each half to formula_5. The LM hash also does not use cryptographic salt, a standard technique to prevent pre-computed dictionary attacks. A time–memory tradeoff cryptanalysis attack, such as a rainbow table, is therefore feasible. In addition, any password that is shorter","id":"9183753"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\n, less if the user simply capitalizes one of the letters). Asking users to use \"both letters and digits\" will often lead to easy-to-guess substitutions such as 'E' → '3' and 'I' → '1', substitutions which are well known to attackers. Similarly typing the password one keyboard row higher is a common trick known to attackers. Research detailed in an April 2015 paper by several professors at Carnegie Mellon University shows that people's choices of password structure often follow several","id":"14026303"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nsystem, or as a preventive measure by system administrators to check for easily crackable passwords. On a file-by-file basis, password cracking is utilized to gain access to digital evidence for which a judge has allowed access but the particular file's access is restricted. The time to crack a password is related to bit strength (\"see\" password strength), which is a measure of the password's entropy, and the details of how the password is stored. Most methods of password cracking require the computer to","id":"14026292"},{"contents":"Password\n\n\nare plain text, hashed, hashed and salted, and reversibly encrypted. If an attacker gains access to the password file, then if it is stored as plain text, no cracking is necessary. If it is hashed but not salted then it is vulnerable to rainbow table attacks (which are more efficient than cracking). If it is reversibly encrypted then if the attacker gets the decryption key along with the file no cracking is necessary, while if he fails to get the key cracking is not possible. Thus, of","id":"4682096"},{"contents":"Rainbow table\n\n\nA rainbow table is a precomputed table for reversing cryptographic hash functions, usually for cracking password hashes. Tables are usually used in recovering a password (or credit card numbers, etc.) up to a certain length consisting of a limited set of characters. It is a practical example of a space–time tradeoff, using less computer processing time and more storage than a brute-force attack which calculates a hash on every attempt, but more processing time and less storage than a simple lookup table with one entry per hash","id":"13514087"},{"contents":"Partial password\n\n\nstudy. Tested with 110,000 simulations using passwords longer than 8 characters long, Junade Ali has noted: It is considered good practice to not store passwords in cleartext. Instead when checking a whole password it is common to store the result of passing the password to a cryptographic hash function. As the user does not supply the whole password it cannot be verified against a stored digest of the whole password. Some have suggested storing the digest of each combination of letters that could be requested but they note that this results in generating","id":"12801365"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nIn cryptanalysis and computer security, password cracking is the process which of recovering passwords from data that have been stored in or transmitted by a computer system. A common approach (brute-force attack) is to try guesses repeatedly for the password and check them against an available cryptographic hash of the password. The purpose of password cracking might be to help a user recover a forgotten password (installing an entirely new password is less of a security risk, but it involves System Administration privileges), to gain unauthorized access to a","id":"14026291"},{"contents":"Munged password\n\n\ncharacters from at least 3 of the following 4 character sets. In fact, length of password is more important. Adding a number and/or special character to a password might thwart some simple dictionary attacks. However, common words should still be avoided to the simplicity of automated brute force testing of well known munged variations of the words. For example, the password \"butterfly\" could be munged in the following ways: The substitutions can be anything the user finds easy to remember, and which may increase an attacker's difficulties,","id":"19071880"},{"contents":"Password fatigue\n\n\nrely on written records of their passwords. Many sites, in an attempt to prevent users from choosing easy-to-guess passwords, add restrictions on password length or composition which contribute to password fatigue. In many cases, the restrictions placed on passwords actually serve to decrease the security of the account (either by preventing good passwords or by making the password so complex the user ends up storing it insecurely, such as on a post-it note). Some sites also block non-ASCII or non-alphanumeric characters","id":"18110748"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nafter some number of failed attempts. Another situation where quick guessing is possible is when the password is used to form a cryptographic key. In such cases, an attacker can quickly check to see if a guessed password successfully decodes encrypted data. For some kinds of password hash, ordinary desktop computers can test over a hundred million passwords per second using password cracking tools running on a general purpose CPU and billions of passwords per second using GPU-based password cracking tools (See: John the Ripper benchmarks). The rate of","id":"14026295"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nproduce many candidate passwords, each of which is checked. One example is brute-force cracking, in which a computer tries \"every\" possible key or password until it succeeds. More common methods of password cracking, such as dictionary attacks, pattern checking, word list substitution, etc. attempt to reduce the number of trials required and will usually be attempted before brute force. Higher password bit strength exponentially increases the number of candidate passwords that must be checked, on average, to recover the password and reduces the likelihood","id":"14026293"},{"contents":"Password synchronization\n\n\nthe user may be forced to choose more than one (but still fewer than the number of systems) passwords. This may happen, for example, where the maximum password length on one system is shorter than the minimum length in another, or where one system requires use of a punctuation mark but another forbids it. Password synchronization is a function of certain identity management systems and it is considered easier to implement than enterprise single sign-on (SSO), as there is normally no client software deployment or need for active","id":"20591707"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nthat the password will be found in any cracking dictionary. The ability to crack passwords using computer programs is also a function of the number of possible passwords per second which can be checked. If a hash of the target password is available to the attacker, this number can be in the billions or trillions per second, since an \"offline attack\" is possible. If not, the rate depends on whether the authentication software limits how often a password can be tried, either by time delays, CAPTCHAs, or forced lockouts","id":"14026294"},{"contents":"Crack (password software)\n\n\ngives this as an example: These rules could also process the GECOS field in the password file, allowing the program to use the stored names of the users in addition to the existing word lists. Crack's dictionary generation rule syntax was subsequently borrowed and extended by Solar Designer for John the Ripper. The dictionary generation software for Crack was subsequently reused by Muffett to create CrackLib, a proactive password checking library that is bundled with Debian and Red Hat Enterprise Linux-derived Linux distributions. As password cracking is inherently embarrassingly parallel Crack","id":"10708127"},{"contents":"Cross-site request forgery\n\n\nif those subsequent links or forms are similarly predictable. (Multiple targets can be simulated by including multiple images on a page, or by using JavaScript to introduce a delay between clicks.) Given these constraints, an attacker might have difficulty finding logged-in victims or attackable form submissions. On the other hand, attack attempts are easy to mount and invisible to victims, and application designers are less familiar with and prepared for CSRF attacks than they are for, say, password cracking dictionary attacks. Most CSRF prevention techniques work","id":"10630268"},{"contents":"Crack (password software)\n\n\nCrack is a Unix password cracking program designed to allow system administrators to locate users who may have weak passwords vulnerable to a dictionary attack. Crack was the first standalone password cracker for Unix systems and (later) the first to introduce programmable dictionary generation. Crack began in 1990 when Alec Muffett, a Unix system administrator at the University of Wales Aberystwyth was trying to improve Dan Farmer's 'pwc' cracker in COPS and found that by re-engineering its memory management he got a noticeable performance increase. This led to a","id":"10708123"},{"contents":"Carrot or Stick (House)\n\n\n. Also, Chase faces some personal troubles after a full-frontal nude photo of him, photoshopped to make his penis look much shorter than it is, is posted on his own social networking website. His password (which was unsafely set to 'password') is changed as well, so he is unable to modify the contents himself. He suspects one of the girls he had sex with after a wedding (episode 8, \"Small Sacrifices\") has taken the photo out of revenge for his lack of interest","id":"1110240"},{"contents":"Password strength\n\n\nor by the range of keyboards on which the password must be entered. As with any security measure, passwords vary in effectiveness (i.e., strength); some are weaker than others. For example, the difference in weakness between a dictionary word and a word with obfuscation (i.e., letters in the password are substituted by, say, numbers — a common approach) may cost a password cracking device a few more seconds; this adds little strength. The examples below illustrate various ways weak passwords might be constructed, all","id":"13942070"},{"contents":"Crack (password software)\n\n\ntool in the system administrators arsenal. Crack v5.0a released in 2000 did not introduce any new features, but instead concentrated on improving the code and introducing more flexibility, such as the ability to integrate other crypt() variants such as those needed to attack the MD5 password hashes used on more modern Unix, Linux and Windows NT systems. It also bundled Crack v6 - a \"minimalist password cracker\" and Crack v7 - a \"brute force password cracker\". Randal L. Schwartz, a notable Perl programming expert, in 1995","id":"10708125"},{"contents":"Password strength\n\n\nform a cryptographic key. In such cases, an attacker can quickly check to see if a guessed password successfully decodes encrypted data. For example, one commercial product claims to test 103,000 WPA PSK passwords per second. If a password system only stores the hash of the password, an attacker can pre-compute hash values for common passwords variants and for all passwords shorter than a certain length, allowing very rapid recovery of the password once its hash is obtained. Very long lists of pre-computed password hashes can be efficiently","id":"13942050"},{"contents":"Microsoft Office\n\n\n, Access, Skype Business) documents with a user-provided password. The password can contain up to 255 characters and uses AES 128-bit advanced encryption by default. Passwords can also be used to restrict modification of the entire document, worksheet or presentation. Due to lack of document encryption, though, these passwords can be removed using a third-party cracking software. All versions of Microsoft Office products before Microsoft Office 2019 are eligible for ten years of support following their release, during which Microsoft releases security updates for the product","id":"49126"},{"contents":"Password strength\n\n\nthat a hacker can figure out and by doing so bypass a password. Choosing hard-to-guess restore password questions can further secure the password. In December, 2012, William Cheswick wrote an article published in ACM magazine that included the mathematical possibilities of how easy or difficult it would be to break passwords that are constructed using the commonly recommended, and sometimes followed, standards of today. In his article, William showed that a standard eight character alpha-numeric password could withstand a brute force attack of ten million attempts","id":"13942072"},{"contents":"Password strength\n\n\ninformation about the user passwords in some form and if that information is stolen, say by breaching system security, the user passwords can be at risk. In 2019, the United Kingdom's NCSC analysed public databases of breached accounts to see which words, phrases and strings people used. Top of the list was 123456, appearing in more than 23 million passwords. The second-most popular string, 123456789, was not much harder to crack, while others in the top five included \"qwerty\", \"password\" and","id":"13942043"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nthe full list of the 32 million passwords (with no other identifiable information) to the internet. Passwords were stored in cleartext in the database and were extracted through a SQL Injection vulnerability. The Imperva Application Defense Center (ADC) did an analysis on the strength of the passwords. In June 2011, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) experienced a security breach that led to the public release of first and last names, usernames, and passwords for more than 11,000 registered users of their e-bookshop. The data were","id":"14026305"},{"contents":"Alay\n\n\nthat they are under the 160 character-limit in text messages, often to the point that they are impossible to read. Rules in capitalization are mostly ignored. Alay text may have originated from the method of making strong passwords for internet accounts, which requires combinations of small and capital letters, numbers, as well as special characters. Normally, to keep the password meaningful and easy to remember, the password would consist of normal words, where some letters are capitalized or substituted with numbers (e.g. the letter a with 4","id":"18966317"},{"contents":"Edward Snowden asylum in Russia\n\n\nthat Russia and China had cracked an encrypted cache of files taken by Snowden, forcing the withdrawal of British spies from live operations. The BBC also stated that their sources told them British intelligence assets had been moved as a precaution after the Snowden leaks. Glenn Greenwald charged that the report contained fabrications and did nothing more than quote anonymous British officials; he said parts were removed from the original post without \"The Times\" saying it did so. WikiLeaks released video of Snowden on October 11 taken during the Sam Adams Award reception","id":"7473124"},{"contents":"Crack (password software)\n\n\nwas prosecuted for using Crack on the password file of a system at Intel, a case the verdict of which was eventually expunged. Crack was also used by Kevin Mitnick when hacking into Sun Microsystems in 1993. While traditional password cracking tools simply fed a pre-existing dictionary of words through the crypt() function, Crack v4.0a introduced the ability to apply rules to this word list to generate modified versions of these word lists. These could range from the simple (do not change) to the extremely complex - the documentation","id":"10708126"},{"contents":"Munged password\n\n\nIn computing, the term munge means to attempt to create a strong, secure password through character substitution. \"Munge\" is sometimes backronymmed as Modify Until Not Guessed Easily. The usage differs significantly from Mung (Mash Until No Good), because munging implies destruction of data, while mungeing implies creation of strong protection for data. Passwords are used to gain access to computer resources, and computer users generally choose passwords that are easy to remember, but therefore insecure. Simple passwords are easily hacked by dictionary attacking software. If","id":"19071878"},{"contents":"Munged password\n\n\nsuch as: For high-security applications, mungeing may not be very effective, because it only adds 2-3 bits of entropy , thus increasing the time needed to perform a brute force dictionary attack by a factor of 4–8. The increase in search space obtained by mungeing a few characters of a known word is easily matched by the continuous increase in processing power (which is more or less equivalent to \"cracking speed\") computers have been experiencing for some decades as a result of Moore's Law, although this","id":"19071881"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nconstantly shifting password. Those solutions abruptly reduce the timeframe for brute forcing (attacker needs to break and use the password within a single shift) and they reduce the value of the stolen passwords because of its short time validity. In 2013 a long-term Password Hashing Competition was announced to choose a new, standard algorithm for password hashing. There are many password cracking software tools, but the most popular are Aircrack, Cain and Abel, John the Ripper, Hashcat, Hydra, DaveGrohl and ElcomSoft. Many litigation support software","id":"14026312"},{"contents":"Cognitive password\n\n\nhas struggled between memorability and strong security. Passwords that are easily remembered are easily cracked by attackers. On the other hand, strong passwords are difficult to crack but also difficult to remember. When passwords are difficult to remember, users may write them down, and the secrecy of the password is compromised. Early research into this trade-off between security and usability aimed to develop a password system that utilized easily remembered personal facts and encouraged user participation. This line of research resulted in the concept of the associative password, a","id":"5139578"},{"contents":"Crypt (C)\n\n\n. A goal of this change was to make encryption slower. In addition, the algorithm incorporated a 12-bit salt in order to ensure that an attacker would be forced to crack each password independently as opposed to being able to target the entire password database simultaneously. In detail, the user's password is truncated to eight characters, and those are coerced down to only 7-bits each; this forms the 56-bit DES key. That key is then used to encrypt an all-bits-zero block, and then the ciphertext is encrypted","id":"6159097"},{"contents":"Edward Snowden\n\n\nmemo to Congress saying that Snowden had tricked a fellow employee into sharing his personal public key infrastructure certificate to gain greater access to the NSA's computer system. Snowden disputed the memo, saying in January 2014, \"I never stole any passwords, nor did I trick an army of co-workers.\" Booz Allen terminated Snowden's employment on June 10, 2013, one month after he had left the country. A former NSA co-worker said that although the NSA was full of smart people, Snowden was a","id":"6898753"},{"contents":"Gawker Media\n\n\nBut simple ones may be vulnerable to a brute-force attack. You should change your Gawker password and on any other sites on which you've used the same passwords\". Gawker was found to be using DES-based crypt(3) password hashes with 12 bits of salt. Security researchers found that password cracking software \"John the Ripper\" was able to quickly crack over 50% of the passwords from those records with crackable password hashes. Followers of Twitter accounts set up with the same email and password were spammed with advertisements","id":"6961048"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nMD5 hash. Attacking the latter algorithm allowed some 11 million plaintext passwords to be recovered. The best method of preventing a password from being cracked is to ensure that attackers cannot get access even to the hashed password. For example, on the Unix operating system, hashed passwords were originally stored in a publicly accessible file /etc/passwd. On modern Unix (and similar) systems, on the other hand, they are stored in the shadow password file /etc/shadow, which is accessible only to programs running with enhanced","id":"14026308"},{"contents":"Microsoft Word\n\n\na conversion of a password to a 16-bit key. Key length in \"Word 97\" and \"2000\" was strengthened up to 40 bit. However, modern cracking software allows removing such a password very quickly – a persistent cracking process takes one week at most. Use of rainbow tables reduces password removal time to several seconds. Some password recovery software can not only remove a password, but also find an actual password that was used by a user to encrypt the document using brute-force attack approach. Statistically, the","id":"49102"},{"contents":"John the Ripper\n\n\nthese. Many of these alterations are also used in John's single attack mode, which modifies an associated plaintext (such as a username with an encrypted password) and checks the variations against the hashes. John also offers a brute force mode. In this type of attack, the program goes through all the possible plaintexts, hashing each one and then comparing it to the input hash. John uses character frequency tables to try plaintexts containing more frequently used characters first. This method is useful for cracking passwords which do not appear","id":"379983"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nWhen ordinary desktop computers are combined in a cracking effort, as can be done with botnets, the capabilities of password cracking are considerably extended. In 2002, distributed.net successfully found a 64-bit RC5 key in four years, in an effort which included over 300,000 different computers at various times, and which generated an average of over 12 billion keys per second. Graphics processors can speed up password cracking by a factor of 50 to 100 over general purpose computers. As of 2011, available commercial products claim the ability to test up to","id":"14026297"},{"contents":"Dictionary attack\n\n\nproportion of the key space is searched systematically, a dictionary attack tries only those possibilities which are deemed most likely to succeed. Dictionary attacks often succeed because many people have a tendency to choose short passwords that are ordinary words or common passwords, or simple variants obtained, for example, by appending a digit or punctuation character. Dictionary attacks are relatively easy to defeat, e.g. by using a passphrase or otherwise choosing a password that is not a simple variant of a word found in any dictionary or listing of commonly used passwords.","id":"9042375"},{"contents":"LAN Manager\n\n\ncan be determined from the hash because of several weaknesses in its design: Firstly, passwords are limited to a maximum of only 14 characters, giving a theoretical maximum keyspace of formula_3 with the 95 ASCII printable characters. Secondly, passwords longer than 7 characters are divided into two pieces and each piece is hashed separately; this weakness allows each half of the password to be attacked separately at exponentially lower cost than the whole, as only formula_4 different 7-character password pieces are possible with the same character set. By mounting a brute-","id":"9183752"},{"contents":"IBM System/36\n\n\ndisplay\" would appear with no menu options. Entering a zero for library would override the default library and use the system library (#LIBRARY.) Entering a zero for procedure would override the default sign-on procedure and no procedure would run at sign-on. Mandatory menus cannot be overridden or respecified in libraries other than the named library. The SECEDIT procedure was used to work with User IDs and passwords. The user profile contains a 1-to-8 character alphanumeric User ID, a 4 character alphanumeric password, a code","id":"17913669"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nare also much slower to execute which drastically increases the time required to mount a successful offline attack. Many hashes used for storing passwords, such as MD5 and the SHA family, are designed for fast computation and efficient implementation in hardware. As a result, they are ineffective in preventing password cracking, especially with methods like rainbow tables. Using key stretching Algorithms, such as PBKDF2, to form password hashes can significantly reduce the rate at which passwords can be tested. Solutions like a security token give a formal proof answer by","id":"14026311"},{"contents":"Salt (cryptography)\n\n\nup cracking the file. However, if the password file is salted, then the hash table or rainbow table would have to contain \"salt . password\" pre-hashed. If the salt is long enough and sufficiently random, this is very unlikely. Unsalted passwords chosen by humans tend to be vulnerable to dictionary attacks since they have to be both short and meaningful enough to be memorized. Even a small dictionary (or its hashed equivalent, a hash table) is significant help cracking the most commonly used passwords. Since","id":"14037278"},{"contents":"USB flash drive\n\n\nconfidential data with little chance of detection. Both corporate and public computers are vulnerable to attackers connecting a flash drive to a free USB port and using malicious software such as keyboard loggers or packet sniffers. For computers set up to be bootable from a USB drive, it is possible to use a flash drive containing a bootable portable operating system to access the files of the computer, even if the computer is password protected. The password can then be changed, or it may be possible to crack the password with a password cracking","id":"15220774"},{"contents":"Verax (film)\n\n\ncentral character, he is not the most prominent. It is more about the maelstrom of events surrounding him.\" This was because they knew too little about Snowden himself to give him a more prominent role in the story. Lee said that the film focuses more on the \"vignettes\" than on Snowden and that Snowden serves as a catalyst for events that affect the other characters. Snowden himself has no live dialogue in the film. Lee said that half of the film's focus was on Hong Kong, and half was","id":"10894085"},{"contents":"Awards received by Edward Snowden\n\n\nPoitras each appeared on video at the National Press Club to accept the award. Snowden gave a speech and took questions from the audience, who accorded him several standing ovations. During his speech, he questioned why he had been so swiftly charged with crimes whereas Director of National Intelligence James Clapper was not even reprimanded for his \"famous lie\" to Congress. In December 2014, Snowden shared a Joint Honorary Award with Alan Rusbridger, editor of \"The Guardian\", from the Swedish Right Livelihood Award Foundation. Also in December","id":"7027814"},{"contents":"The Magic of Scheherazade\n\n\n. Once used, the spell cannot be cast again without going back to the Wise Man. The game uses a password system to save player location, abilities, and inventory. Specific passwords are up to 48 characters long. A unique feature of the game's password system allows for passwords with as many as six incorrect characters to result in the player not having to start over from the beginning. If a password is entered unsuccessfully twice and has less than six incorrect characters, the game will display the message \"The","id":"20811922"},{"contents":"Key derivation function\n\n\nHashing Competition). The large-scale Ashley Madison data breach in which roughly 36 million passwords hashes were stolen by attackers illustrated the importance of algorithm selection in securing passwords. Although bcrypt was employed to protect the hashes (making large scale brute-force cracking expensive and time-consuming), a significant portion of the accounts in the compromised data also contained a password hash based on the general-purpose MD5 algorithm which made it possible for over 11 million of the passwords to be cracked in a matter of weeks. In","id":"7065407"},{"contents":"Rainbow table\n\n\nt\" needed to find a password matching a given hash are directly related: Thus the 8-character lowercase alphanumeric passwords case (|\"P\"| ≃ 3×10) would be easily tractable with a personal computer while the 16-character lowercase alphanumeric passwords case (|\"P\"| ≃ 10) would be completely intractable. A rainbow table is ineffective against one-way hashes that include large salts. For example, consider a password hash that is generated using the following function (where \"||\" is the concatenation operator): codice_1 Or codice_2 The salt value is not","id":"13514109"},{"contents":"Linear low-density polyethylene\n\n\nhigher impact and puncture resistance than does LDPE. It is very flexible and elongates under stress. It can be used to make thinner films, with better environmental stress cracking resistance. It has good resistance to chemicals. It has good electrical properties. However, it is not as easy to process as LDPE, has lower gloss, and narrower range for heat sealing. LDPE and LLDPE have unique rheological or melt flow properties. LLDPE is less shear sensitive because of its narrower molecular weight distribution and shorter chain branching. During a","id":"10561840"},{"contents":"Niebla testudinaria\n\n\nfrequent development of transverse cracks also distinguishes \"N. homalea\". This may be related to a different developmental pattern in cortical hyphae. which is scarcely visible, except on Guadalupe Island where thalli have a glossy cortex with prominent transverse ridges less frequently cracked. Additional character features for distinguishing \"N. homalea\" are branches that are mostly erect and closely parallel (“fastigiate”), and are often more curved than abruptly bent near apex. These features may also relate to the frequent transverse ridges, in contrast to the shorter reticulate","id":"16924823"},{"contents":"Wi-Fi Protected Access\n\n\nwell as Aradial Radius server. FreeRADIUS is an open source 802.1X server. Pre-shared key WPA and WPA2 remain vulnerable to password cracking attacks if users rely on a weak password or passphrase. You have to choose a password that no one ever heard before and no one can ever guess. WPA passphrase hashes are seeded from the SSID name and its length; rainbow tables exist for the top 1,000 network SSIDs and a multitude of common passwords, requiring only a quick lookup to speed up cracking WPA-PSK. Brute forcing","id":"571321"},{"contents":"Dexter cattle\n\n\ncalves from other cows. They are known for easy calving. This trait, along with the smaller size of the calf, has produced a small but growing market in the United States for Dexter bulls to breed to first calf heifers among the larger beef breeds to eliminate problems at parturition. Some Dexter cattle carry Chondrodysplasia (a semi-lethal gene), which is a form of dwarfism that results in shorter legs than non-affected Dexters. The Chondrodysplasia affected Dexters are typically 6–8 inches shorter in height than non-affected","id":"18305307"},{"contents":"Wireless security\n\n\npassword, such as a dictionary word or short character string is used, WPA and WPA2 can be cracked. Using a long enough random password (e.g. 14 random letters) or passphrase (e.g. 5 randomly chosen words) makes pre-shared key WPA virtually uncrackable. The second generation of the WPA security protocol (WPA2) is based on the final IEEE 802.11i amendment to the 802.11 standard and is eligible for FIPS 140-2 compliance. With all those encryption schemes, any client in the network that knows the keys can","id":"14041149"},{"contents":"Directory traversal attack\n\n\ncracking the passwords. However, in more recent Unix systems, the passwd file does not contain the hashed passwords. They are, instead, located in the shadow file which cannot be read by unprivileged users on the machine. It is however, still useful for account enumeration on the machine, as it still displays the user accounts on the system. Listed below are some known directory traversal attack strings: Common Unix-like directory traversal uses the codice_1 characters. Sudo, a privilege management program ubiquitous in Unix is vulnerable","id":"6112914"},{"contents":"Random password generator\n\n\nsource security tools where possible, since they allow independent checks on the quality of the methods used. Note that simply generating a password at random does not ensure the password is a strong password, because it is possible, although highly unlikely, to generate an easily guessed or cracked password. In fact there is no need at all for a password to have been produced by a perfectly random process: it just needs to be sufficiently difficult to guess. A password generator can be part of a password manager. When a password","id":"14486568"},{"contents":"Password\n\n\n(The technical report is an extended version of the peer-reviewed paper by the same name.) Their analysis shows that most schemes do better than passwords on security, some schemes do better and some worse with respect to usability, while \"every\" scheme does worse than passwords on deployability. The authors conclude with the following observation: “Marginal gains are often not sufficient to reach the activation energy necessary to overcome significant transition costs, which may provide the best explanation of why we are likely to live considerably longer before","id":"4682129"},{"contents":"Georgia Tech Research Institute\n\n\ntrapped ion quantum computer. Also in 2010, researchers developed a method of using GPGPU to crack passwords, coming up with a minimum secure password length of 12 characters. Researchers are investigating the use of radar as a possible concussion detection tool. GTRI is the primary contractor of the Homeland Open Security Technology program, which aims to promote the creation and use of open security and open-source software in the United States government and military, especially in areas pertaining to computer security. GTRI personnel are involved in DARPA's Anomaly Detection","id":"12164041"},{"contents":"Ashley Madison data breach\n\n\nones.\" Passwords on the live site were hashed using the bcrypt algorithm. A security analyst using the Hashcat password recovery tool with a dictionary based on the RockYou passwords found that among the 4,000 passwords that were the easiest to crack, \"123456\" and \"password\" were the most commonly used passwords on the live website. An analysis of old passwords used on an archived version showed that \"123456\" and \"password\" were the most common. Due to a design error where passwords were hashed with both bcrypt and","id":"9546680"},{"contents":"Password\n\n\nthe common storage formats for passwords only when passwords have been salted and hashed is cracking both necessary and possible. If a cryptographic hash function is well designed, it is computationally infeasible to reverse the function to recover a plaintext password. An attacker can, however, use widely available tools to attempt to guess the passwords. These tools work by hashing possible passwords and comparing the result of each guess to the actual password hashes. If the attacker finds a match, they know that their guess is the actual password for the associated","id":"4682097"},{"contents":"Password Plus and Super Password\n\n\n-giving time expire without giving a clue. Like the ABC run of \"Password\", the first clue-giver for each password on \"Password Plus\" had the option to give the first clue or pass to the other team. Originally, the team that did not get the previous password was given the option, but this changed on August 13, 1979. This option was eliminated on \"Super Password\", with the team that got the previous password given first crack at the next one. The rules regarding","id":"8065251"},{"contents":"Microsoft Office password protection\n\n\n. At present there is no software that can break this encryption. With the help of the SHA-1 hash function, the password is stretched into a 128-bit key 50,000 times before opening the document; as a result, the time required to crack it is vastly increased. Excel and Word 2010 still employ AES and a 128-bit key, but the number of SHA-1 conversions has doubled to 100,000 further increasing the time required to crack the password. Office 2013 (Access, Excel, OneNote, PowerPoint, Project, and Word) uses","id":"11770079"},{"contents":"Microsoft Excel\n\n\nprevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is \"password to open a document\". The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document. In \"Microsoft Excel 95\" and earlier versions, password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly cracked. In \"Excel 97/2000\" the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services which use rainbow tables (e.g.","id":"48891"},{"contents":"Microsoft Office password protection\n\n\nof passwords that can be set to a document depending on whether they encrypt a password-protected document or not. Passwords that do not encrypt a password-protected document have different security level features for each of Microsoft Office applications as mentioned below. Because of the lack of document encryption, all the passwords mentioned above cannot reliably protect a document from a hacker. Most password cracking software can remove such protection from a password-protected document in very little time. The password that encrypts a document also restricts the user from","id":"11770075"},{"contents":"Password\n\n\nprograms are sometimes used by system administrators to detect weak passwords proposed by users. Studies of production computer systems have consistently shown that a large fraction of all user-chosen passwords are readily guessed automatically. For example, Columbia University found 22% of user passwords could be recovered with little effort. According to Bruce Schneier, examining data from a 2006 phishing attack, 55% of MySpace passwords would be crackable in 8 hours using a commercially available Password Recovery Toolkit capable of testing 200,000 passwords per second in 2006. He also reported","id":"4682121"},{"contents":"Partial password\n\n\nA partial password is a mode of password authentication intended to make keystroke logging and shoulder surfing less effective. By asking the user to enter only a few specific characters from their password, rather than the whole password, partial passwords help to protect the user from password theft. As only part of the password is revealed at once it becomes more difficult to obtain the password using techniques such as keystroke logging or shoulder surfing. There is a paper by David Aspinall and Mike Just that describes partial password implementations and attacks in a detailed","id":"12801364"},{"contents":"Password\n\n\nrunning. Passwords that are used to generate cryptographic keys (e.g., for disk encryption or Wi-Fi security) can also be subjected to high rate guessing. Lists of common passwords are widely available and can make password attacks very efficient. (See Password cracking.) Security in such situations depends on using passwords or passphrases of adequate complexity, making such an attack computationally infeasible for the attacker. Some systems, such as PGP and Wi-Fi WPA, apply a computation-intensive hash to the password to slow such","id":"4682090"},{"contents":"Army Knowledge Online\n\n\nmandatory upon enlistment in the Army. AKO access follows DoD security policy, and is accomplished by password or by a combination of a Common Access Card (CAC) and PIN. The requirements for an AKO password are stringent; a password must contain at least two uppercase letters, two lowercase letters, two numbers, and two special characters. Passwords expire every 150 days, and may not be replaced by any password used the previous ten times. As of this time, 8 April 2015, AKO can no longer be accessed","id":"15092842"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\n2,800,000,000 passwords a second on a standard desktop computer using a high-end graphics processor. Such a device can crack a 10 letter single-case password in one day. The work can be distributed over many computers for an additional speedup proportional to the number of available computers with comparable GPUs. The emergence of hardware acceleration over the past decade GPU resources to be used to increase the efficiency and speed of a brute force attack. In 2012, Stricture Consulting Group unveiled a 25-GPU cluster that achieved a brute force attack speed of","id":"14026298"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nlikely to re-use the same password. Similarly, the more stringent requirements for password strength, e.g. \"have a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters and digits\" or \"change it monthly\", the greater the degree to which users will subvert the system. In \"The Memorability and Security of Passwords\", Jeff Yan \"et al.\" examines the effect of advice given to users about a good choice of password. They found that passwords based on thinking of a phrase and taking the first letter of each","id":"14026301"},{"contents":"Password strength\n\n\nemploy the same or similar passwords. One way to reduce this risk is to store only a cryptographic hash of each password instead of the password itself. Standard cryptographic hashes, such as the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) series, are very hard to reverse, so an attacker who gets hold of the hash value cannot directly recover the password. However, knowledge of the hash value lets the attacker quickly test guesses offline. Password cracking programs are widely available that will test a large number of trial passwords against a purloined","id":"13942047"},{"contents":"Password cracking\n\n\nprivileges (i.e., \"system\" privileges). This makes it harder for a malicious user to obtain the hashed passwords in the first instance, however many collections of password hashes have been stolen despite such protection. Another strong approach is to combine a site-specific secret key with the password hash, which prevents plaintext password recovery even if the hashed values are purloined. A third approach is to use key derivation functions that reduce the rate at which passwords can be guessed. Unfortunately, many common Network Protocols transmit passwords in","id":"14026309"},{"contents":"Password\n\n\nbuilding a list of hash values for common passwords and prevents password cracking efforts from scaling across all users. MD5 and SHA1 are frequently used cryptographic hash functions but they are not recommended for password hashing unless they are used as part of a larger construction such as in PBKDF2. The stored data—sometimes called the \"password verifier\" or the \"password hash\"—is often stored in Modular Crypt Format or RFC 2307 hash format, sometimes in the /etc/passwd file or the /etc/shadow file. The main storage methods for passwords","id":"4682095"},{"contents":"Wireless access point\n\n\nintended area) can attach to the network. The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern access points come with built-in encryption. The first generation encryption scheme, WEP, proved easy to crack; the second and third generation schemes, WPA and WPA2, are considered secure if a strong enough password or passphrase is used. Some APs support hotspot style authentication using RADIUS and other authentication servers. Opinions about wireless network security vary widely. For example, in a 2008 article for \"Wired\" magazine, Bruce","id":"18009500"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password\\n\\n\\nmore security (e.g., entropy) than shorter passwords with a wide variety of characters. In \\\"The Memorability and Security of Passwords\\\", Jeff Yan et al. examine the effect of advice given to users about a good choice of password. They found that passwords based on thinking of a phrase and taking the first letter of each word are just as memorable as naively selected passwords, and just as hard to crack as randomly generated passwords. Combining two or more unrelated words and altering some of the letters to special characters\",\n \"id\": \"4682083\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"LAN Manager\\n\\n\\nthan 8 characters will result in the hashing of 7 null bytes, yielding the constant value of codice_5, hence making it easy to identify short passwords on sight. In 2003, Ophcrack, an implementation of the rainbow table technique, was published. It specifically targets the weaknesses of LM encryption, and includes pre-computed data sufficient to crack virtually all alphanumeric LM hashes in a few seconds. Many cracking tools, e.g. RainbowCrack, L0phtCrack and Cain, now incorporate similar attacks and make cracking of LM hashes fast and trivial.\",\n \"id\": \"9183754\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\npassword guessing depends heavily on the cryptographic function used by the system to generate password hashes. A suitable password hashing function, such as bcrypt, is many orders of magnitude better than a naive function like simple MD5 or SHA. A user-selected eight-character password with numbers, mixed case, and symbols, with commonly selected passwords and other dictionary matches filtered out, reaches an estimated 30-bit strength, according to NIST. 2 is only one billion permutations and would be cracked in seconds if the hashing function is naive.\",\n \"id\": \"14026296\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Virtual Network Computing\\n\\n\\n, cracking could prove successful if both the encryption key and encoded password are sniffed from a network. For this reason it is recommended that a password of at least 8 characters be used. On the other hand, there is also an 8-character limit on some versions of VNC; if a password is sent exceeding 8 characters, the excess characters are removed and the truncated string is compared to the password. UltraVNC supports the use of an open-source encryption plugin which encrypts the entire VNC session including password authentication and data transfer\",\n \"id\": \"2076183\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password\\n\\n\\nthe password \\\"password\\\" may simply choose \\\"Password1\\\" if required to include a number and uppercase letter. Combined with forced periodic password changes, this can lead to passwords that are difficult to remember but easy to crack. Paul Grassi, one of the 2017 NIST report's authors, further elaborated: \\\"Everyone knows that an exclamation point is a 1, or an I, or the last character of a password. $ is an S or a 5. If we use these well-known tricks, we are\",\n \"id\": \"4682118\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Digital self-defense\\n\\n\\ncrack than long complicated passwords so password strength is a key strategy for protecting personal information. A password can be weak or strong:a weak password is \\\"cutekittens\\\", a strong password is \\\"?lACpAs56IKMs\\\". According to Microsoft an ideal password should be at least 14 characters in length and have letters, punctuation, symbols, and numbers, where complexity is added by the inclusion of uppercase letters. Social networking sites offer greater security risks to personal electronic information because sensitive, private or confidential information such as personal identifiers\",\n \"id\": \"8748728\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password fatigue\\n\\n\\nled to people accumulating a proliferation of accounts and passwords. According to a 2002 survey of British online-security consultant NTA Monitor, the typical intensive computer user has 21 accounts that require a password. Some factors causing password fatigue are: Aside from contributing to stress, password fatigue may encourage people to adopt habits that reduce the security of their protected information. For example, an account holder might use the same password for several different accounts, deliberately choose easy-to-remember passwords that are too vulnerable to cracking, or\",\n \"id\": \"18110747\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password policy\\n\\n\\nremembered can be cracked\\\", and recommends a scheme that uses passwords which will not appear in any dictionaries. Password policies may include progressive sanctions beginning with warnings and ending with possible loss of computer privileges or job termination. Where confidentiality is mandated by law, e.g. with classified information, a violation of password policy could be a criminal offense. Some consider a convincing explanation of the importance of security to be more effective than threats of sanctions. The level of password strength required depends, among other things, on how easy it\",\n \"id\": \"5540488\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ophcrack\\n\\n\\nOphcrack is a free open-source (GPL licensed) program that cracks Windows log-in passwords by using LM hashes through rainbow tables. The program includes the ability to import the hashes from a variety of formats, including dumping directly from the SAM files of Windows. On most computers, ophcrack can crack most passwords within a few minutes. Rainbow tables for LM hashes are provided for free by the developers. By default, ophcrack is bundled with tables that allows it to crack passwords no longer than 14 characters using only\",\n \"id\": \"11317388\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password strength\\n\\n\\nper second, and remain unbroken for 252 days. Ten million attempts each second is the acceptable rate of attempts using a multi-core system that most users would have access to. A much greater degree of attempts, at the rate of 7 billion per second, could also be achieved when using modern GPUs. At this rate, the same 8 character alpha-numeric password could be broken in approximately 30 seconds. Increasing the password complexity to a 13 character alpha-numeric password increases the time needed to crack it to\",\n \"id\": \"13942073\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nword are just as memorable as naively selected passwords, and just as hard to crack as randomly generated passwords. Combining two unrelated words is another good method. Having a personally designed \\\"algorithm\\\" for generating obscure passwords is another good method. However, asking users to remember a password consisting of a \\\"mix of uppercase and lowercase characters\\\" is similar to asking them to remember a sequence of bits: hard to remember, and only a little bit harder to crack (e.g. only 128 times harder to crack for 7-letter passwords\",\n \"id\": \"14026302\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Salt (cryptography)\\n\\n\\nthe same password will have the same hash (unless the password hash is also dependent on the username). This makes it easier to attack multiple users by cracking only one hash. Short salt If a salt is too short, it will be easy for an attacker to create a rainbow table consisting of every possible salt appended to every likely password. Using a long salt ensures that a rainbow table for a database would be prohibitively large. To understand the difference between cracking a single password and a set of them, consider\",\n \"id\": \"14037275\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Global surveillance\\n\\n\\nboom. This is particularly advantageous because the smartphone contains a variety of data sets that would interest an intelligence agency, such as social contacts, user behaviour, interests, location, photos and credit card numbers and passwords. According to the documents leaked by Snowden, the NSA has set up task forces assigned to several smartphone manufacturers and operating systems, including Apple Inc.'s iPhone and iOS operating system, as well as Google's Android mobile operating system. Similarly, Britain's GCHQ assigned a team to study and crack the BlackBerry\",\n \"id\": \"14567469\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cracking of wireless networks\\n\\n\\navail of a hefty choice of 64 characters. In an 8 character length password this is a grand total of 64^8 possible combinations. Taking a single machine that could attempt 500 passwords per second, this gives us just about 17,900 years to attempt every possible combination. Not even to mention the amount of space necessary to store each combination in a dictionary. Note: The use of MAC filtering to protect your network will not work as MACs using the network can be easily detected and spoofed. A network scanner or sniffer\",\n \"id\": \"2490669\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\n, Deep Crack, broke a DES 56-bit key in 56 hours, testing over 90 billion keys per second. In 2010, the Georgia Tech Research Institute developed a method of using GPGPU to crack passwords, coming up with a minimum secure password length of 12 characters. Passwords that are difficult to remember will reduce the security of a system because (a) users might need to write down or electronically store the password using an insecure method, (b) users will need frequent password resets and (c) users are more\",\n \"id\": \"14026300\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Global surveillance and journalism\\n\\n\\nthe e-mails. Also the U.S Department of Defense believes that Assange had conspired with Chelsea Manning in cracking a password that was on a U.S Department of Defense computer. Which is stored on a U.S government network and she had downloaded 1,000 of classified documents. Director Clapper has referred to Snowden's \\\"accomplices\\\", while Rep. Peter King explicitly accused Greenwald of having Snowden as an \\\"accomplice\\\". UK Conservative politician Liam Fox has contacted the UK Director of Public Prosecutions to consider whether journalists at \\\"The Guardian\\\" \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"4482889\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nknown patterns. As a result, passwords may be much more easily cracked than their mathematical probabilities would otherwise indicate. Passwords containing one digit, for example, disproportionately include it at the end of the password. On July 16, 1998, CERT reported an incident where an attacker had found 186,126 encrypted passwords. By the time they were discovered, they had already cracked 47,642 passwords. In December 2009, a major password breach of the Rockyou.com website occurred that led to the release of 32 million passwords. The attacker then leaked\",\n \"id\": \"14026304\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password\\n\\n\\nuser. Password cracking tools can operate by brute force (i.e. trying every possible combination of characters) or by hashing every word from a list; large lists of possible passwords in many languages are widely available on the Internet. The existence of password cracking tools allows attackers to easily recover poorly chosen passwords. In particular, attackers can quickly recover passwords that are short, dictionary words, simple variations on dictionary words or that use easily guessable patterns. A modified version of the DES algorithm was used as the basis for the password\",\n \"id\": \"4682098\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Salt (cryptography)\\n\\n\\nmay be treated as less trusted than the administrators of the centralized password system, so it remains worthwhile to ensure that the security of the password hashing algorithm, including the generation of unique salt values, is adequate. Salts also make dictionary attacks and brute-force attacks for cracking large numbers of passwords much slower (but not in the case of cracking just one password). Without salts, an attacker who is cracking many passwords at the same time only needs to hash each password guess once, and compare it to all\",\n \"id\": \"14037281\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cracking of wireless networks\\n\\n\\nintercepted, it does not mean that the cracker will be granted immediate access however. If the password used contains at least 12 characters consisting of both random upper and lower case letters and numbers that do not spell a word, name or have any pattern then the password will be essentially uncrackable. Just to give an example of this, let's just take the minimum of 8 characters for WPA2 and suppose we take upper case and lower case letters, digits from 0-9 and a small selection of symbols, we can\",\n \"id\": \"2490668\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password strength\\n\\n\\npolicies. Password expiration serves two purposes: However, password expiration has its drawbacks: The hardest passwords to crack, for a given length and character set, are random character strings; if long enough they resist brute force attacks (because there are many characters) and guessing attacks (due to high entropy). However, such passwords are typically the hardest to remember. The imposition of a requirement for such passwords in a password policy may encourage users to write them down, store them in mobile devices, or share them\",\n \"id\": \"13942075\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\n350 billion guesses per second, allowing them to check formula_1password combinations in 5.5 hours. Using ocl-Hashcat Plus on a Virtual OpenCL cluster platform, the Linux-based GPU cluster was used to \\\"crack 90 percent of the 6.5 million password hashes belonging to users of LinkedIn.\\\" Despite their capabilities, desktop CPUs are slower at cracking passwords than purpose-built password breaking machines. In 1998, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) built a dedicated password cracker using ASICs, as opposed to general purpose CPUs. Their machine\",\n \"id\": \"14026299\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password\\n\\n\\nor numbers is another good method, but a single dictionary word is not. Having a personally designed algorithm for generating obscure passwords is another good method. However, asking users to remember a password consisting of a \\\"mix of uppercase and lowercase characters\\\" is similar to asking them to remember a sequence of bits: hard to remember, and only a little bit harder to crack (e.g. only 128 times harder to crack for 7-letter passwords, less if the user simply capitalises one of the letters). Asking users to use\",\n \"id\": \"4682084\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Salt (cryptography)\\n\\n\\nand so on. This defeats \\\"reusing\\\" hashes in attempts to crack multiple passwords. Salts also combat the use of hash tables and rainbow tables for cracking passwords. A hash table is a large list of pre-computed hashes for commonly used passwords. For a password file without salts, an attacker can go through each entry and look up the hashed password in the hash table or rainbow table. If the look-up is considerably faster than the hash function (which it often is), this will considerably speed\",\n \"id\": \"14037277\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Large numbers\\n\\n\\nfunctioning as a giant computer could have performed no more than 10 operations since the Big Bang. This is trillions of times more computation than is required for displaying all 40-character passwords, but computing all \\\"50\\\"-character passwords would outstrip the estimated computational potential of the entire universe. Problems like this grow exponentially in the number of computations they require, and they are one reason why exponentially difficult problems are called \\\"intractable\\\" in computer science: for even small numbers like the 40 or 50 characters described earlier, the number of computations required\",\n \"id\": \"15980352\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password strength\\n\\n\\nlike encryption where the password or key needs to be secure for a long period of time and stretching isn't applicable. A 2010 Georgia Tech Research Institute study based on unstretched keys recommended a 12-character random password, but as a minimum length requirement. The upper end is related to the stringent requirements of choosing keys used in encryption. In 1999, an Electronic Frontier Foundation project broke 56-bit DES encryption in less than a day using specially designed hardware. In 2002, \\\"distributed.net\\\" cracked a 64-bit key in 4 years, 9\",\n \"id\": \"13942067\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"LAN Manager\\n\\n\\nforce attack on each half separately, modern desktop machines can crack alphanumeric LM hashes in a few hours. In addition, all lower case letters in the password are changed to upper case before the password is hashed, which further reduces the key space for each half to formula_5. The LM hash also does not use cryptographic salt, a standard technique to prevent pre-computed dictionary attacks. A time–memory tradeoff cryptanalysis attack, such as a rainbow table, is therefore feasible. In addition, any password that is shorter\",\n \"id\": \"9183753\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\n, less if the user simply capitalizes one of the letters). Asking users to use \\\"both letters and digits\\\" will often lead to easy-to-guess substitutions such as 'E' → '3' and 'I' → '1', substitutions which are well known to attackers. Similarly typing the password one keyboard row higher is a common trick known to attackers. Research detailed in an April 2015 paper by several professors at Carnegie Mellon University shows that people's choices of password structure often follow several\",\n \"id\": \"14026303\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nsystem, or as a preventive measure by system administrators to check for easily crackable passwords. On a file-by-file basis, password cracking is utilized to gain access to digital evidence for which a judge has allowed access but the particular file's access is restricted. The time to crack a password is related to bit strength (\\\"see\\\" password strength), which is a measure of the password's entropy, and the details of how the password is stored. Most methods of password cracking require the computer to\",\n \"id\": \"14026292\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password\\n\\n\\nare plain text, hashed, hashed and salted, and reversibly encrypted. If an attacker gains access to the password file, then if it is stored as plain text, no cracking is necessary. If it is hashed but not salted then it is vulnerable to rainbow table attacks (which are more efficient than cracking). If it is reversibly encrypted then if the attacker gets the decryption key along with the file no cracking is necessary, while if he fails to get the key cracking is not possible. Thus, of\",\n \"id\": \"4682096\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rainbow table\\n\\n\\nA rainbow table is a precomputed table for reversing cryptographic hash functions, usually for cracking password hashes. Tables are usually used in recovering a password (or credit card numbers, etc.) up to a certain length consisting of a limited set of characters. It is a practical example of a space–time tradeoff, using less computer processing time and more storage than a brute-force attack which calculates a hash on every attempt, but more processing time and less storage than a simple lookup table with one entry per hash\",\n \"id\": \"13514087\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Partial password\\n\\n\\nstudy. Tested with 110,000 simulations using passwords longer than 8 characters long, Junade Ali has noted: It is considered good practice to not store passwords in cleartext. Instead when checking a whole password it is common to store the result of passing the password to a cryptographic hash function. As the user does not supply the whole password it cannot be verified against a stored digest of the whole password. Some have suggested storing the digest of each combination of letters that could be requested but they note that this results in generating\",\n \"id\": \"12801365\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nIn cryptanalysis and computer security, password cracking is the process which of recovering passwords from data that have been stored in or transmitted by a computer system. A common approach (brute-force attack) is to try guesses repeatedly for the password and check them against an available cryptographic hash of the password. The purpose of password cracking might be to help a user recover a forgotten password (installing an entirely new password is less of a security risk, but it involves System Administration privileges), to gain unauthorized access to a\",\n \"id\": \"14026291\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Munged password\\n\\n\\ncharacters from at least 3 of the following 4 character sets. In fact, length of password is more important. Adding a number and/or special character to a password might thwart some simple dictionary attacks. However, common words should still be avoided to the simplicity of automated brute force testing of well known munged variations of the words. For example, the password \\\"butterfly\\\" could be munged in the following ways: The substitutions can be anything the user finds easy to remember, and which may increase an attacker's difficulties,\",\n \"id\": \"19071880\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password fatigue\\n\\n\\nrely on written records of their passwords. Many sites, in an attempt to prevent users from choosing easy-to-guess passwords, add restrictions on password length or composition which contribute to password fatigue. In many cases, the restrictions placed on passwords actually serve to decrease the security of the account (either by preventing good passwords or by making the password so complex the user ends up storing it insecurely, such as on a post-it note). Some sites also block non-ASCII or non-alphanumeric characters\",\n \"id\": \"18110748\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nafter some number of failed attempts. Another situation where quick guessing is possible is when the password is used to form a cryptographic key. In such cases, an attacker can quickly check to see if a guessed password successfully decodes encrypted data. For some kinds of password hash, ordinary desktop computers can test over a hundred million passwords per second using password cracking tools running on a general purpose CPU and billions of passwords per second using GPU-based password cracking tools (See: John the Ripper benchmarks). The rate of\",\n \"id\": \"14026295\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nproduce many candidate passwords, each of which is checked. One example is brute-force cracking, in which a computer tries \\\"every\\\" possible key or password until it succeeds. More common methods of password cracking, such as dictionary attacks, pattern checking, word list substitution, etc. attempt to reduce the number of trials required and will usually be attempted before brute force. Higher password bit strength exponentially increases the number of candidate passwords that must be checked, on average, to recover the password and reduces the likelihood\",\n \"id\": \"14026293\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password synchronization\\n\\n\\nthe user may be forced to choose more than one (but still fewer than the number of systems) passwords. This may happen, for example, where the maximum password length on one system is shorter than the minimum length in another, or where one system requires use of a punctuation mark but another forbids it. Password synchronization is a function of certain identity management systems and it is considered easier to implement than enterprise single sign-on (SSO), as there is normally no client software deployment or need for active\",\n \"id\": \"20591707\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nthat the password will be found in any cracking dictionary. The ability to crack passwords using computer programs is also a function of the number of possible passwords per second which can be checked. If a hash of the target password is available to the attacker, this number can be in the billions or trillions per second, since an \\\"offline attack\\\" is possible. If not, the rate depends on whether the authentication software limits how often a password can be tried, either by time delays, CAPTCHAs, or forced lockouts\",\n \"id\": \"14026294\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Crack (password software)\\n\\n\\ngives this as an example: These rules could also process the GECOS field in the password file, allowing the program to use the stored names of the users in addition to the existing word lists. Crack's dictionary generation rule syntax was subsequently borrowed and extended by Solar Designer for John the Ripper. The dictionary generation software for Crack was subsequently reused by Muffett to create CrackLib, a proactive password checking library that is bundled with Debian and Red Hat Enterprise Linux-derived Linux distributions. As password cracking is inherently embarrassingly parallel Crack\",\n \"id\": \"10708127\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cross-site request forgery\\n\\n\\nif those subsequent links or forms are similarly predictable. (Multiple targets can be simulated by including multiple images on a page, or by using JavaScript to introduce a delay between clicks.) Given these constraints, an attacker might have difficulty finding logged-in victims or attackable form submissions. On the other hand, attack attempts are easy to mount and invisible to victims, and application designers are less familiar with and prepared for CSRF attacks than they are for, say, password cracking dictionary attacks. Most CSRF prevention techniques work\",\n \"id\": \"10630268\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Crack (password software)\\n\\n\\nCrack is a Unix password cracking program designed to allow system administrators to locate users who may have weak passwords vulnerable to a dictionary attack. Crack was the first standalone password cracker for Unix systems and (later) the first to introduce programmable dictionary generation. Crack began in 1990 when Alec Muffett, a Unix system administrator at the University of Wales Aberystwyth was trying to improve Dan Farmer's 'pwc' cracker in COPS and found that by re-engineering its memory management he got a noticeable performance increase. This led to a\",\n \"id\": \"10708123\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Carrot or Stick (House)\\n\\n\\n. Also, Chase faces some personal troubles after a full-frontal nude photo of him, photoshopped to make his penis look much shorter than it is, is posted on his own social networking website. His password (which was unsafely set to 'password') is changed as well, so he is unable to modify the contents himself. He suspects one of the girls he had sex with after a wedding (episode 8, \\\"Small Sacrifices\\\") has taken the photo out of revenge for his lack of interest\",\n \"id\": \"1110240\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password strength\\n\\n\\nor by the range of keyboards on which the password must be entered. As with any security measure, passwords vary in effectiveness (i.e., strength); some are weaker than others. For example, the difference in weakness between a dictionary word and a word with obfuscation (i.e., letters in the password are substituted by, say, numbers — a common approach) may cost a password cracking device a few more seconds; this adds little strength. The examples below illustrate various ways weak passwords might be constructed, all\",\n \"id\": \"13942070\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Crack (password software)\\n\\n\\ntool in the system administrators arsenal. Crack v5.0a released in 2000 did not introduce any new features, but instead concentrated on improving the code and introducing more flexibility, such as the ability to integrate other crypt() variants such as those needed to attack the MD5 password hashes used on more modern Unix, Linux and Windows NT systems. It also bundled Crack v6 - a \\\"minimalist password cracker\\\" and Crack v7 - a \\\"brute force password cracker\\\". Randal L. Schwartz, a notable Perl programming expert, in 1995\",\n \"id\": \"10708125\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password strength\\n\\n\\nform a cryptographic key. In such cases, an attacker can quickly check to see if a guessed password successfully decodes encrypted data. For example, one commercial product claims to test 103,000 WPA PSK passwords per second. If a password system only stores the hash of the password, an attacker can pre-compute hash values for common passwords variants and for all passwords shorter than a certain length, allowing very rapid recovery of the password once its hash is obtained. Very long lists of pre-computed password hashes can be efficiently\",\n \"id\": \"13942050\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Microsoft Office\\n\\n\\n, Access, Skype Business) documents with a user-provided password. The password can contain up to 255 characters and uses AES 128-bit advanced encryption by default. Passwords can also be used to restrict modification of the entire document, worksheet or presentation. Due to lack of document encryption, though, these passwords can be removed using a third-party cracking software. All versions of Microsoft Office products before Microsoft Office 2019 are eligible for ten years of support following their release, during which Microsoft releases security updates for the product\",\n \"id\": \"49126\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password strength\\n\\n\\nthat a hacker can figure out and by doing so bypass a password. Choosing hard-to-guess restore password questions can further secure the password. In December, 2012, William Cheswick wrote an article published in ACM magazine that included the mathematical possibilities of how easy or difficult it would be to break passwords that are constructed using the commonly recommended, and sometimes followed, standards of today. In his article, William showed that a standard eight character alpha-numeric password could withstand a brute force attack of ten million attempts\",\n \"id\": \"13942072\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password strength\\n\\n\\ninformation about the user passwords in some form and if that information is stolen, say by breaching system security, the user passwords can be at risk. In 2019, the United Kingdom's NCSC analysed public databases of breached accounts to see which words, phrases and strings people used. Top of the list was 123456, appearing in more than 23 million passwords. The second-most popular string, 123456789, was not much harder to crack, while others in the top five included \\\"qwerty\\\", \\\"password\\\" and\",\n \"id\": \"13942043\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nthe full list of the 32 million passwords (with no other identifiable information) to the internet. Passwords were stored in cleartext in the database and were extracted through a SQL Injection vulnerability. The Imperva Application Defense Center (ADC) did an analysis on the strength of the passwords. In June 2011, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) experienced a security breach that led to the public release of first and last names, usernames, and passwords for more than 11,000 registered users of their e-bookshop. The data were\",\n \"id\": \"14026305\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Alay\\n\\n\\nthat they are under the 160 character-limit in text messages, often to the point that they are impossible to read. Rules in capitalization are mostly ignored. Alay text may have originated from the method of making strong passwords for internet accounts, which requires combinations of small and capital letters, numbers, as well as special characters. Normally, to keep the password meaningful and easy to remember, the password would consist of normal words, where some letters are capitalized or substituted with numbers (e.g. the letter a with 4\",\n \"id\": \"18966317\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Edward Snowden asylum in Russia\\n\\n\\nthat Russia and China had cracked an encrypted cache of files taken by Snowden, forcing the withdrawal of British spies from live operations. The BBC also stated that their sources told them British intelligence assets had been moved as a precaution after the Snowden leaks. Glenn Greenwald charged that the report contained fabrications and did nothing more than quote anonymous British officials; he said parts were removed from the original post without \\\"The Times\\\" saying it did so. WikiLeaks released video of Snowden on October 11 taken during the Sam Adams Award reception\",\n \"id\": \"7473124\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Crack (password software)\\n\\n\\nwas prosecuted for using Crack on the password file of a system at Intel, a case the verdict of which was eventually expunged. Crack was also used by Kevin Mitnick when hacking into Sun Microsystems in 1993. While traditional password cracking tools simply fed a pre-existing dictionary of words through the crypt() function, Crack v4.0a introduced the ability to apply rules to this word list to generate modified versions of these word lists. These could range from the simple (do not change) to the extremely complex - the documentation\",\n \"id\": \"10708126\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Munged password\\n\\n\\nIn computing, the term munge means to attempt to create a strong, secure password through character substitution. \\\"Munge\\\" is sometimes backronymmed as Modify Until Not Guessed Easily. The usage differs significantly from Mung (Mash Until No Good), because munging implies destruction of data, while mungeing implies creation of strong protection for data. Passwords are used to gain access to computer resources, and computer users generally choose passwords that are easy to remember, but therefore insecure. Simple passwords are easily hacked by dictionary attacking software. If\",\n \"id\": \"19071878\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Munged password\\n\\n\\nsuch as: For high-security applications, mungeing may not be very effective, because it only adds 2-3 bits of entropy , thus increasing the time needed to perform a brute force dictionary attack by a factor of 4–8. The increase in search space obtained by mungeing a few characters of a known word is easily matched by the continuous increase in processing power (which is more or less equivalent to \\\"cracking speed\\\") computers have been experiencing for some decades as a result of Moore's Law, although this\",\n \"id\": \"19071881\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nconstantly shifting password. Those solutions abruptly reduce the timeframe for brute forcing (attacker needs to break and use the password within a single shift) and they reduce the value of the stolen passwords because of its short time validity. In 2013 a long-term Password Hashing Competition was announced to choose a new, standard algorithm for password hashing. There are many password cracking software tools, but the most popular are Aircrack, Cain and Abel, John the Ripper, Hashcat, Hydra, DaveGrohl and ElcomSoft. Many litigation support software\",\n \"id\": \"14026312\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cognitive password\\n\\n\\nhas struggled between memorability and strong security. Passwords that are easily remembered are easily cracked by attackers. On the other hand, strong passwords are difficult to crack but also difficult to remember. When passwords are difficult to remember, users may write them down, and the secrecy of the password is compromised. Early research into this trade-off between security and usability aimed to develop a password system that utilized easily remembered personal facts and encouraged user participation. This line of research resulted in the concept of the associative password, a\",\n \"id\": \"5139578\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Crypt (C)\\n\\n\\n. A goal of this change was to make encryption slower. In addition, the algorithm incorporated a 12-bit salt in order to ensure that an attacker would be forced to crack each password independently as opposed to being able to target the entire password database simultaneously. In detail, the user's password is truncated to eight characters, and those are coerced down to only 7-bits each; this forms the 56-bit DES key. That key is then used to encrypt an all-bits-zero block, and then the ciphertext is encrypted\",\n \"id\": \"6159097\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Edward Snowden\\n\\n\\nmemo to Congress saying that Snowden had tricked a fellow employee into sharing his personal public key infrastructure certificate to gain greater access to the NSA's computer system. Snowden disputed the memo, saying in January 2014, \\\"I never stole any passwords, nor did I trick an army of co-workers.\\\" Booz Allen terminated Snowden's employment on June 10, 2013, one month after he had left the country. A former NSA co-worker said that although the NSA was full of smart people, Snowden was a\",\n \"id\": \"6898753\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gawker Media\\n\\n\\nBut simple ones may be vulnerable to a brute-force attack. You should change your Gawker password and on any other sites on which you've used the same passwords\\\". Gawker was found to be using DES-based crypt(3) password hashes with 12 bits of salt. Security researchers found that password cracking software \\\"John the Ripper\\\" was able to quickly crack over 50% of the passwords from those records with crackable password hashes. Followers of Twitter accounts set up with the same email and password were spammed with advertisements\",\n \"id\": \"6961048\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nMD5 hash. Attacking the latter algorithm allowed some 11 million plaintext passwords to be recovered. The best method of preventing a password from being cracked is to ensure that attackers cannot get access even to the hashed password. For example, on the Unix operating system, hashed passwords were originally stored in a publicly accessible file /etc/passwd. On modern Unix (and similar) systems, on the other hand, they are stored in the shadow password file /etc/shadow, which is accessible only to programs running with enhanced\",\n \"id\": \"14026308\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Microsoft Word\\n\\n\\na conversion of a password to a 16-bit key. Key length in \\\"Word 97\\\" and \\\"2000\\\" was strengthened up to 40 bit. However, modern cracking software allows removing such a password very quickly – a persistent cracking process takes one week at most. Use of rainbow tables reduces password removal time to several seconds. Some password recovery software can not only remove a password, but also find an actual password that was used by a user to encrypt the document using brute-force attack approach. Statistically, the\",\n \"id\": \"49102\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"John the Ripper\\n\\n\\nthese. Many of these alterations are also used in John's single attack mode, which modifies an associated plaintext (such as a username with an encrypted password) and checks the variations against the hashes. John also offers a brute force mode. In this type of attack, the program goes through all the possible plaintexts, hashing each one and then comparing it to the input hash. John uses character frequency tables to try plaintexts containing more frequently used characters first. This method is useful for cracking passwords which do not appear\",\n \"id\": \"379983\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nWhen ordinary desktop computers are combined in a cracking effort, as can be done with botnets, the capabilities of password cracking are considerably extended. In 2002, distributed.net successfully found a 64-bit RC5 key in four years, in an effort which included over 300,000 different computers at various times, and which generated an average of over 12 billion keys per second. Graphics processors can speed up password cracking by a factor of 50 to 100 over general purpose computers. As of 2011, available commercial products claim the ability to test up to\",\n \"id\": \"14026297\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dictionary attack\\n\\n\\nproportion of the key space is searched systematically, a dictionary attack tries only those possibilities which are deemed most likely to succeed. Dictionary attacks often succeed because many people have a tendency to choose short passwords that are ordinary words or common passwords, or simple variants obtained, for example, by appending a digit or punctuation character. Dictionary attacks are relatively easy to defeat, e.g. by using a passphrase or otherwise choosing a password that is not a simple variant of a word found in any dictionary or listing of commonly used passwords.\",\n \"id\": \"9042375\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"LAN Manager\\n\\n\\ncan be determined from the hash because of several weaknesses in its design: Firstly, passwords are limited to a maximum of only 14 characters, giving a theoretical maximum keyspace of formula_3 with the 95 ASCII printable characters. Secondly, passwords longer than 7 characters are divided into two pieces and each piece is hashed separately; this weakness allows each half of the password to be attacked separately at exponentially lower cost than the whole, as only formula_4 different 7-character password pieces are possible with the same character set. By mounting a brute-\",\n \"id\": \"9183752\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"IBM System/36\\n\\n\\ndisplay\\\" would appear with no menu options. Entering a zero for library would override the default library and use the system library (#LIBRARY.) Entering a zero for procedure would override the default sign-on procedure and no procedure would run at sign-on. Mandatory menus cannot be overridden or respecified in libraries other than the named library. The SECEDIT procedure was used to work with User IDs and passwords. The user profile contains a 1-to-8 character alphanumeric User ID, a 4 character alphanumeric password, a code\",\n \"id\": \"17913669\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nare also much slower to execute which drastically increases the time required to mount a successful offline attack. Many hashes used for storing passwords, such as MD5 and the SHA family, are designed for fast computation and efficient implementation in hardware. As a result, they are ineffective in preventing password cracking, especially with methods like rainbow tables. Using key stretching Algorithms, such as PBKDF2, to form password hashes can significantly reduce the rate at which passwords can be tested. Solutions like a security token give a formal proof answer by\",\n \"id\": \"14026311\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Salt (cryptography)\\n\\n\\nup cracking the file. However, if the password file is salted, then the hash table or rainbow table would have to contain \\\"salt . password\\\" pre-hashed. If the salt is long enough and sufficiently random, this is very unlikely. Unsalted passwords chosen by humans tend to be vulnerable to dictionary attacks since they have to be both short and meaningful enough to be memorized. Even a small dictionary (or its hashed equivalent, a hash table) is significant help cracking the most commonly used passwords. Since\",\n \"id\": \"14037278\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"USB flash drive\\n\\n\\nconfidential data with little chance of detection. Both corporate and public computers are vulnerable to attackers connecting a flash drive to a free USB port and using malicious software such as keyboard loggers or packet sniffers. For computers set up to be bootable from a USB drive, it is possible to use a flash drive containing a bootable portable operating system to access the files of the computer, even if the computer is password protected. The password can then be changed, or it may be possible to crack the password with a password cracking\",\n \"id\": \"15220774\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Verax (film)\\n\\n\\ncentral character, he is not the most prominent. It is more about the maelstrom of events surrounding him.\\\" This was because they knew too little about Snowden himself to give him a more prominent role in the story. Lee said that the film focuses more on the \\\"vignettes\\\" than on Snowden and that Snowden serves as a catalyst for events that affect the other characters. Snowden himself has no live dialogue in the film. Lee said that half of the film's focus was on Hong Kong, and half was\",\n \"id\": \"10894085\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Awards received by Edward Snowden\\n\\n\\nPoitras each appeared on video at the National Press Club to accept the award. Snowden gave a speech and took questions from the audience, who accorded him several standing ovations. During his speech, he questioned why he had been so swiftly charged with crimes whereas Director of National Intelligence James Clapper was not even reprimanded for his \\\"famous lie\\\" to Congress. In December 2014, Snowden shared a Joint Honorary Award with Alan Rusbridger, editor of \\\"The Guardian\\\", from the Swedish Right Livelihood Award Foundation. Also in December\",\n \"id\": \"7027814\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Magic of Scheherazade\\n\\n\\n. Once used, the spell cannot be cast again without going back to the Wise Man. The game uses a password system to save player location, abilities, and inventory. Specific passwords are up to 48 characters long. A unique feature of the game's password system allows for passwords with as many as six incorrect characters to result in the player not having to start over from the beginning. If a password is entered unsuccessfully twice and has less than six incorrect characters, the game will display the message \\\"The\",\n \"id\": \"20811922\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Key derivation function\\n\\n\\nHashing Competition). The large-scale Ashley Madison data breach in which roughly 36 million passwords hashes were stolen by attackers illustrated the importance of algorithm selection in securing passwords. Although bcrypt was employed to protect the hashes (making large scale brute-force cracking expensive and time-consuming), a significant portion of the accounts in the compromised data also contained a password hash based on the general-purpose MD5 algorithm which made it possible for over 11 million of the passwords to be cracked in a matter of weeks. In\",\n \"id\": \"7065407\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rainbow table\\n\\n\\nt\\\" needed to find a password matching a given hash are directly related: Thus the 8-character lowercase alphanumeric passwords case (|\\\"P\\\"| ≃ 3×10) would be easily tractable with a personal computer while the 16-character lowercase alphanumeric passwords case (|\\\"P\\\"| ≃ 10) would be completely intractable. A rainbow table is ineffective against one-way hashes that include large salts. For example, consider a password hash that is generated using the following function (where \\\"||\\\" is the concatenation operator): codice_1 Or codice_2 The salt value is not\",\n \"id\": \"13514109\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Linear low-density polyethylene\\n\\n\\nhigher impact and puncture resistance than does LDPE. It is very flexible and elongates under stress. It can be used to make thinner films, with better environmental stress cracking resistance. It has good resistance to chemicals. It has good electrical properties. However, it is not as easy to process as LDPE, has lower gloss, and narrower range for heat sealing. LDPE and LLDPE have unique rheological or melt flow properties. LLDPE is less shear sensitive because of its narrower molecular weight distribution and shorter chain branching. During a\",\n \"id\": \"10561840\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Niebla testudinaria\\n\\n\\nfrequent development of transverse cracks also distinguishes \\\"N. homalea\\\". This may be related to a different developmental pattern in cortical hyphae. which is scarcely visible, except on Guadalupe Island where thalli have a glossy cortex with prominent transverse ridges less frequently cracked. Additional character features for distinguishing \\\"N. homalea\\\" are branches that are mostly erect and closely parallel (“fastigiate”), and are often more curved than abruptly bent near apex. These features may also relate to the frequent transverse ridges, in contrast to the shorter reticulate\",\n \"id\": \"16924823\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wi-Fi Protected Access\\n\\n\\nwell as Aradial Radius server. FreeRADIUS is an open source 802.1X server. Pre-shared key WPA and WPA2 remain vulnerable to password cracking attacks if users rely on a weak password or passphrase. You have to choose a password that no one ever heard before and no one can ever guess. WPA passphrase hashes are seeded from the SSID name and its length; rainbow tables exist for the top 1,000 network SSIDs and a multitude of common passwords, requiring only a quick lookup to speed up cracking WPA-PSK. Brute forcing\",\n \"id\": \"571321\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dexter cattle\\n\\n\\ncalves from other cows. They are known for easy calving. This trait, along with the smaller size of the calf, has produced a small but growing market in the United States for Dexter bulls to breed to first calf heifers among the larger beef breeds to eliminate problems at parturition. Some Dexter cattle carry Chondrodysplasia (a semi-lethal gene), which is a form of dwarfism that results in shorter legs than non-affected Dexters. The Chondrodysplasia affected Dexters are typically 6–8 inches shorter in height than non-affected\",\n \"id\": \"18305307\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wireless security\\n\\n\\npassword, such as a dictionary word or short character string is used, WPA and WPA2 can be cracked. Using a long enough random password (e.g. 14 random letters) or passphrase (e.g. 5 randomly chosen words) makes pre-shared key WPA virtually uncrackable. The second generation of the WPA security protocol (WPA2) is based on the final IEEE 802.11i amendment to the 802.11 standard and is eligible for FIPS 140-2 compliance. With all those encryption schemes, any client in the network that knows the keys can\",\n \"id\": \"14041149\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Directory traversal attack\\n\\n\\ncracking the passwords. However, in more recent Unix systems, the passwd file does not contain the hashed passwords. They are, instead, located in the shadow file which cannot be read by unprivileged users on the machine. It is however, still useful for account enumeration on the machine, as it still displays the user accounts on the system. Listed below are some known directory traversal attack strings: Common Unix-like directory traversal uses the codice_1 characters. Sudo, a privilege management program ubiquitous in Unix is vulnerable\",\n \"id\": \"6112914\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Random password generator\\n\\n\\nsource security tools where possible, since they allow independent checks on the quality of the methods used. Note that simply generating a password at random does not ensure the password is a strong password, because it is possible, although highly unlikely, to generate an easily guessed or cracked password. In fact there is no need at all for a password to have been produced by a perfectly random process: it just needs to be sufficiently difficult to guess. A password generator can be part of a password manager. When a password\",\n \"id\": \"14486568\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password\\n\\n\\n(The technical report is an extended version of the peer-reviewed paper by the same name.) Their analysis shows that most schemes do better than passwords on security, some schemes do better and some worse with respect to usability, while \\\"every\\\" scheme does worse than passwords on deployability. The authors conclude with the following observation: “Marginal gains are often not sufficient to reach the activation energy necessary to overcome significant transition costs, which may provide the best explanation of why we are likely to live considerably longer before\",\n \"id\": \"4682129\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Georgia Tech Research Institute\\n\\n\\ntrapped ion quantum computer. Also in 2010, researchers developed a method of using GPGPU to crack passwords, coming up with a minimum secure password length of 12 characters. Researchers are investigating the use of radar as a possible concussion detection tool. GTRI is the primary contractor of the Homeland Open Security Technology program, which aims to promote the creation and use of open security and open-source software in the United States government and military, especially in areas pertaining to computer security. GTRI personnel are involved in DARPA's Anomaly Detection\",\n \"id\": \"12164041\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ashley Madison data breach\\n\\n\\nones.\\\" Passwords on the live site were hashed using the bcrypt algorithm. A security analyst using the Hashcat password recovery tool with a dictionary based on the RockYou passwords found that among the 4,000 passwords that were the easiest to crack, \\\"123456\\\" and \\\"password\\\" were the most commonly used passwords on the live website. An analysis of old passwords used on an archived version showed that \\\"123456\\\" and \\\"password\\\" were the most common. Due to a design error where passwords were hashed with both bcrypt and\",\n \"id\": \"9546680\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password\\n\\n\\nthe common storage formats for passwords only when passwords have been salted and hashed is cracking both necessary and possible. If a cryptographic hash function is well designed, it is computationally infeasible to reverse the function to recover a plaintext password. An attacker can, however, use widely available tools to attempt to guess the passwords. These tools work by hashing possible passwords and comparing the result of each guess to the actual password hashes. If the attacker finds a match, they know that their guess is the actual password for the associated\",\n \"id\": \"4682097\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password Plus and Super Password\\n\\n\\n-giving time expire without giving a clue. Like the ABC run of \\\"Password\\\", the first clue-giver for each password on \\\"Password Plus\\\" had the option to give the first clue or pass to the other team. Originally, the team that did not get the previous password was given the option, but this changed on August 13, 1979. This option was eliminated on \\\"Super Password\\\", with the team that got the previous password given first crack at the next one. The rules regarding\",\n \"id\": \"8065251\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Microsoft Office password protection\\n\\n\\n. At present there is no software that can break this encryption. With the help of the SHA-1 hash function, the password is stretched into a 128-bit key 50,000 times before opening the document; as a result, the time required to crack it is vastly increased. Excel and Word 2010 still employ AES and a 128-bit key, but the number of SHA-1 conversions has doubled to 100,000 further increasing the time required to crack the password. Office 2013 (Access, Excel, OneNote, PowerPoint, Project, and Word) uses\",\n \"id\": \"11770079\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Microsoft Excel\\n\\n\\nprevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is \\\"password to open a document\\\". The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document. In \\\"Microsoft Excel 95\\\" and earlier versions, password to open is converted to a 16-bit key that can be instantly cracked. In \\\"Excel 97/2000\\\" the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services which use rainbow tables (e.g.\",\n \"id\": \"48891\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Microsoft Office password protection\\n\\n\\nof passwords that can be set to a document depending on whether they encrypt a password-protected document or not. Passwords that do not encrypt a password-protected document have different security level features for each of Microsoft Office applications as mentioned below. Because of the lack of document encryption, all the passwords mentioned above cannot reliably protect a document from a hacker. Most password cracking software can remove such protection from a password-protected document in very little time. The password that encrypts a document also restricts the user from\",\n \"id\": \"11770075\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password\\n\\n\\nprograms are sometimes used by system administrators to detect weak passwords proposed by users. Studies of production computer systems have consistently shown that a large fraction of all user-chosen passwords are readily guessed automatically. For example, Columbia University found 22% of user passwords could be recovered with little effort. According to Bruce Schneier, examining data from a 2006 phishing attack, 55% of MySpace passwords would be crackable in 8 hours using a commercially available Password Recovery Toolkit capable of testing 200,000 passwords per second in 2006. He also reported\",\n \"id\": \"4682121\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Partial password\\n\\n\\nA partial password is a mode of password authentication intended to make keystroke logging and shoulder surfing less effective. By asking the user to enter only a few specific characters from their password, rather than the whole password, partial passwords help to protect the user from password theft. As only part of the password is revealed at once it becomes more difficult to obtain the password using techniques such as keystroke logging or shoulder surfing. There is a paper by David Aspinall and Mike Just that describes partial password implementations and attacks in a detailed\",\n \"id\": \"12801364\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password\\n\\n\\nrunning. Passwords that are used to generate cryptographic keys (e.g., for disk encryption or Wi-Fi security) can also be subjected to high rate guessing. Lists of common passwords are widely available and can make password attacks very efficient. (See Password cracking.) Security in such situations depends on using passwords or passphrases of adequate complexity, making such an attack computationally infeasible for the attacker. Some systems, such as PGP and Wi-Fi WPA, apply a computation-intensive hash to the password to slow such\",\n \"id\": \"4682090\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Army Knowledge Online\\n\\n\\nmandatory upon enlistment in the Army. AKO access follows DoD security policy, and is accomplished by password or by a combination of a Common Access Card (CAC) and PIN. The requirements for an AKO password are stringent; a password must contain at least two uppercase letters, two lowercase letters, two numbers, and two special characters. Passwords expire every 150 days, and may not be replaced by any password used the previous ten times. As of this time, 8 April 2015, AKO can no longer be accessed\",\n \"id\": \"15092842\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\n2,800,000,000 passwords a second on a standard desktop computer using a high-end graphics processor. Such a device can crack a 10 letter single-case password in one day. The work can be distributed over many computers for an additional speedup proportional to the number of available computers with comparable GPUs. The emergence of hardware acceleration over the past decade GPU resources to be used to increase the efficiency and speed of a brute force attack. In 2012, Stricture Consulting Group unveiled a 25-GPU cluster that achieved a brute force attack speed of\",\n \"id\": \"14026298\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nlikely to re-use the same password. Similarly, the more stringent requirements for password strength, e.g. \\\"have a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters and digits\\\" or \\\"change it monthly\\\", the greater the degree to which users will subvert the system. In \\\"The Memorability and Security of Passwords\\\", Jeff Yan \\\"et al.\\\" examines the effect of advice given to users about a good choice of password. They found that passwords based on thinking of a phrase and taking the first letter of each\",\n \"id\": \"14026301\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password strength\\n\\n\\nemploy the same or similar passwords. One way to reduce this risk is to store only a cryptographic hash of each password instead of the password itself. Standard cryptographic hashes, such as the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) series, are very hard to reverse, so an attacker who gets hold of the hash value cannot directly recover the password. However, knowledge of the hash value lets the attacker quickly test guesses offline. Password cracking programs are widely available that will test a large number of trial passwords against a purloined\",\n \"id\": \"13942047\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password cracking\\n\\n\\nprivileges (i.e., \\\"system\\\" privileges). This makes it harder for a malicious user to obtain the hashed passwords in the first instance, however many collections of password hashes have been stolen despite such protection. Another strong approach is to combine a site-specific secret key with the password hash, which prevents plaintext password recovery even if the hashed values are purloined. A third approach is to use key derivation functions that reduce the rate at which passwords can be guessed. Unfortunately, many common Network Protocols transmit passwords in\",\n \"id\": \"14026309\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Password\\n\\n\\nbuilding a list of hash values for common passwords and prevents password cracking efforts from scaling across all users. MD5 and SHA1 are frequently used cryptographic hash functions but they are not recommended for password hashing unless they are used as part of a larger construction such as in PBKDF2. The stored data—sometimes called the \\\"password verifier\\\" or the \\\"password hash\\\"—is often stored in Modular Crypt Format or RFC 2307 hash format, sometimes in the /etc/passwd file or the /etc/shadow file. The main storage methods for passwords\",\n \"id\": \"4682095\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wireless access point\\n\\n\\nintended area) can attach to the network. The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern access points come with built-in encryption. The first generation encryption scheme, WEP, proved easy to crack; the second and third generation schemes, WPA and WPA2, are considered secure if a strong enough password or passphrase is used. Some APs support hotspot style authentication using RADIUS and other authentication servers. Opinions about wireless network security vary widely. For example, in a 2008 article for \\\"Wired\\\" magazine, Bruce\",\n \"id\": \"18009500\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":90,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Why is it that the constant orbit of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is not classed as an example of perpetual motion?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"6g1bnx"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"When people talk about \\\"perpetual motion machines\\\" they don't mean the literal \\\"moving forever\\\" they mean a system that runs forever but you can keep extracting energy from, or generates more energy than was put in without any other loss. a rock could orbit another rock and both could hurtle through a vacuum forever. No work is being done no energy is being taken from the system. So it's happy to just keep moving forever. but if you want to make those rocks do some work or touch them in any way they will stop moving or slow down. same with an Atom, while there might be \\\"movement\\\" of sorts inside that motion does not perpetually generate energy.\"}, {\"answer\": \"\\\"perpetual motion\\\" isn't disallowed, inertia means something moving will move forever unless a force changes that. People mean \\\"motion that self regenerates when slowed\\\" when they mean perpetual motion. But at the same time electrons don't actually orbit the way people draw them in cartoons, electrons aren't really little balls, it's just easier to think of them that way sometimes.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Like explained in another post already, electrons aren't \\\"orbiting the core\\\" like planets orbit the sun. As said, they would emit electromagnetic waves constantly and end up falling into the core once their energy was radiated away; if they kept moving though, they would indeed be an actual ''perpetual movement machine'' (meaning they would basically generate energy from nothing). This problem arises because in most schools, you are taught to think of electrons as an actual particle (a classical concept), when in actuality they are quantummechanical objects i.e. excitations of their respective fields (probability \\\"waves\\\"/fuctions with partly \\\"particle-like\\\" properties so to speak). We can't measure their \\\"velocity\\\" and locality at the same time (or rather, the more precise you measure one, the less precise the other measurement gets), thus we assign them probabillities. We can calculate these probabilities and we find that they have a 0% chance of being in the atom's core, everywhere else however, that probability is not 0, even though it is infinitly small, on Venus for example, it may still be there. To get around that we calculate the arrea that has a 90%-99% chance of being and call them orbitals (basically what you get taught as the different \\\"shells\\\" of an atom in school (it's somewhat more complex than that, but that's *basically* it)). These orbitals are basically the \\\"room\\\" you speak of when refering to an atom minus the room taken up by the core (less that 0.1%). As such, \\\"electrons\\\" aren't really moving, but are *dislocated* in a large cloud of their probable positions around the atom's core. You can collapse this *cloud* into a single position by measuring them, but as stated above, you are unable to attain their \\\"velocity\\\" then.\"}, {\"answer\": \"One reason is that electrons don't really orbit around the nucleus the way planets orbit around the sun. That's a convenient fiction that was once thought by physicists to be true, but hasn't been since around the beginning of the last century. I guess it is still taught in schools because the real theory is rather strange and hard to explain to an adolescent. It's hard to explain to an adult. One of the problems with the \\\"planetary model\\\" of atoms is that electrons are a charged particle. If they orbited around the nucleus like that, they would constantly be emitting electromagnetic radiation. They don't do that. So the model was clearly flawed. Along came the quantum mechanical model of the atom. It was realized that electrons in an atom don't occupy a particular position within the atom, they are more like a wave with a particular volume of space within the atom that they are *likely* to be found in. But that volume doesn't have a sharp boundary. An electron in your nose has a very very very very small chance of suddenly being on Mars. The electrons aren't static, so I guess you could call what they do \\\"perpetual motion\\\". They also aren't really in motion, though. They just might be here and might be there. It isn't really what people mean when they refer to a perpetual motion machine. **TL;DR** - Atoms are weird.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"54077\", \"title\": \"Perpetual motion\", \"section\": \"Section::::Basic principles.:Techniques.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 32, \"end_paragraph_id\": 32, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"thereby degrading the vacuum. To extract work from heat, thus producing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind, the most common approach (dating back at least to Maxwell's demon) is \\\"unidirectionality\\\". Only molecules moving fast enough and in the right direction are allowed through the demon's trap door. In a Brownian ratchet, forces tending to turn the ratchet one way are able to do so while forces in the other direction are not. A diode in a heat bath allows through currents in one direction and not the other. These schemes typically fail in two ways: either maintaining the unidirectionality costs energy (requiring Maxwell's demon to perform more thermodynamic work to gauge the speed of the molecules than the amount of energy gained by the difference of temperature caused) or the unidirectionality is an illusion and occasional big violations make up for the frequent small non-violations (the Brownian ratchet will be subject to internal Brownian forces and therefore will sometimes turn the wrong way).\", \", thereby degrading the vacuum. To extract work from heat, thus producing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind, the most common approach (dating back at least to Maxwell's demon) is \\\"unidirectionality\\\". Only molecules moving fast enough and in the right direction are allowed through the demon's trap door. In a Brownian ratchet, forces tending to turn the ratchet one way are able to do so while forces in the other direction are not. A diode in a heat bath allows through currents in one direction and not the other. These schemes typically fail in two ways: either maintaining the unidirectionality costs energy (requiring Maxwell's demon to perform more thermodynamic work to gauge the speed of the molecules than the amount of energy gained by the difference of temperature caused) or the unidirectionality is an illusion and occasional big violations make up for the frequent small non-violations (the Brownian ratchet will be subject to internal Brownian forces and therefore will sometimes turn the wrong way).\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"54077\", \"title\": \"Perpetual motion\", \"section\": \"Section::::Apparent perpetual motion machines.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 45, \"end_paragraph_id\": 45, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"As \\\"perpetual motion\\\" can exist only in isolated systems, and true isolated systems do not exist, there are not any real \\\"perpetual motion\\\" devices. However, there are concepts and technical drafts that propose \\\"perpetual motion\\\", but on closer analysis it is revealed that they actually \\\"consume\\\" some sort of natural resource or latent energy, such as the phase changes of water or other fluids or small natural temperature gradients, or simply cannot sustain indefinite operation. In general, extracting work from these devices is impossible. Some examples of such devices include: In some cases a thought (or \\\"gedanken\\\") experiment appears to suggest that perpetual motion may be possible through accepted and understood physical processes. However,\", \"As \\\"perpetual motion\\\" can exist only in isolated systems, and true isolated systems do not exist, there are not any real \\\"perpetual motion\\\" devices. However, there are concepts and technical drafts that propose \\\"perpetual motion\\\", but on closer analysis it is revealed that they actually \\\"consume\\\" some sort of natural resource or latent energy, such as the phase changes of water or other fluids or small natural temperature gradients, or simply cannot sustain indefinite operation. In general, extracting work from these devices is impossible. Some examples of such devices include: In some cases a thought (or \\\"gedanken\\\") experiment appears to suggest that perpetual motion may be possible through accepted and understood physical processes. However,\", \"As \\\"perpetual motion\\\" can exist only in isolated systems, and true isolated systems do not exist, there are not any real \\\"perpetual motion\\\" devices. However, there are concepts and technical drafts that propose \\\"perpetual motion\\\", but on closer analysis it is revealed that they actually \\\"consume\\\" some sort of natural resource or latent energy, such as the phase changes of water or other fluids or small natural tempera\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Orbital motion (quantum)\n\n\nquantum mechanics) exhibits very quantum mechanical behavior in its motion around the nucleus of an atom which cannot be explained by classical mechanics. When quantum mechanics refers to the orbital angular momentum of an electron, it is generally referring to the spatial wave equation that represents the electron's motion around the nucleus of an atom. Electrons do not \"orbit\" the nucleus in the classical sense of angular momentum, however the mathematical representation of L = r × p still leads to the quantum mechanical version of angular momentum. Just as","id":"18876739"},{"contents":"Atom\n\n\nthe reduced Planck constant (ħ), with electrons, protons and neutrons all having spin ½ ħ, or \"spin-½\". In an atom, electrons in motion around the nucleus possess orbital angular momentum in addition to their spin, while the nucleus itself possesses angular momentum due to its nuclear spin. The magnetic field produced by an atom—its magnetic moment—is determined by these various forms of angular momentum, just as a rotating charged object classically produces a magnetic field. However, the most dominant contribution comes from","id":"336538"},{"contents":"Angular momentum coupling\n\n\nangular momentum of the total system remains a constant of motion. Use of the latter fact is helpful in the solution of the Schrödinger equation. As an example we consider two electrons, 1 and 2, in an atom (say the helium atom). If there is no electron-electron interaction, but only electron-nucleus interaction, the two electrons can be rotated around the nucleus independently of each other; nothing happens to their energy. Both operators, l and l, are conserved. However, if we switch","id":"8694189"},{"contents":"Atom\n\n\nphysicist Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits, and could jump between these orbits only in discrete changes of energy corresponding to absorption or radiation of a photon. This quantization was used to explain why the electrons orbits are stable (given that normally, charges in acceleration, including circular motion, lose kinetic energy which is emitted as electromagnetic radiation, see \"synchrotron radiation\") and why elements absorb and emit electromagnetic","id":"336495"},{"contents":"Bohr model\n\n\nthe binding energies of a highly excited atom with one electron in a large circular orbit around the rest of the atom. The hydrogen formula also coincides with the Wallis product. The combination of natural constants in the energy formula is called the Rydberg energy (\"R\"): This expression is clarified by interpreting it in combinations that form more natural units: Since this derivation is with the assumption that the nucleus is orbited by one electron, we can generalize this result by letting the nucleus have a charge \"q\" =","id":"4613761"},{"contents":"Spin–orbit interaction\n\n\nIn quantum physics, the spin–orbit interaction (also called spin–orbit effect or spin–orbit coupling) is a relativistic interaction of a particle's spin with its motion inside a potential. A key example of this phenomenon is the spin–orbit interaction leading to shifts in an electron's atomic energy levels, due to electromagnetic interaction between the electron's magnetic dipole, its orbital motion, and the electrostatic field of the positively charged nucleus. This phenomenon is detectable as a splitting of spectral lines, which can be","id":"6752782"},{"contents":"Magnetism\n\n\ndipole creates a magnetic field, and that field, in turn, imparts magnetic forces on other particles that are in the fields. Maxwell's equations, which simplify to the Biot–Savart law in the case of steady currents, describe the origin and behavior of the fields that govern these forces. Therefore, magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged particles are in motion—for example, from movement of electrons in an electric current, or in certain cases from the orbital motion of electrons around an atom's nucleus. They also","id":"20160636"},{"contents":"Angular momentum coupling\n\n\n, describes a weak magnetic interaction, or coupling, of the particle spin and the orbital motion of this particle, e.g. the electron spin and its motion around an atomic nucleus. One of its effects is to separate the energy of internal states of the atom, e.g. spin-aligned and spin-antialigned that would otherwise be identical in energy. This interaction is responsible for many of the details of atomic structure. In solid-state physics, the spin coupling with the orbital motion can lead to splitting of energy bands due","id":"8694195"},{"contents":"Quantum mechanics\n\n\nmechanics, electrons would not \"orbit\" the nucleus, since orbiting electrons emit radiation (due to circular motion) and would quickly collide with the nucleus due to this loss of energy. This framework was unable to explain the stability of atoms. Instead, electrons remain in an uncertain, non-deterministic, \"smeared\", probabilistic wave–particle orbital about the nucleus, defying the traditional assumptions of classical mechanics and electromagnetism. Quantum mechanics was initially developed to provide a better explanation and description of the atom, especially the","id":"5302804"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\nplanet (the atomic nucleus). Atomic orbitals exactly describe the shape of this \"atmosphere\" only when a single electron is present in an atom. When more electrons are added to a single atom, the additional electrons tend to more evenly fill in a volume of space around the nucleus so that the resulting collection (sometimes termed the atom's \"electron cloud\") tends toward a generally spherical zone of probability describing the electron's location, because of the uncertainty principle. Atomic orbitals may be defined more precisely in formal","id":"861540"},{"contents":"Dubnium\n\n\nhave only been performed on single atoms. A direct relativistic effect is that as the atomic numbers of elements increase, the innermost electrons begin to revolve faster around the nucleus as a result of an increase of electromagnetic attraction between an electron and a nucleus. Similar effects have been found for the outermost s orbitals (and p ones, though in dubnium they are not occupied): for example, the 7s orbital contracts by 25% in size and is stabilized by 2.6 eV. A more indirect effect is that the contracted s and","id":"8430315"},{"contents":"Bohr model\n\n\ncharged nucleus. Given this experimental data, Rutherford naturally considered a planetary-model atom, the Rutherford model of 1911 – electrons orbiting a solar nucleus – however, said planetary-model atom has a technical difficulty. The laws of classical mechanics (i.e. the Larmor formula), predict that the electron will release electromagnetic radiation while orbiting a nucleus. Because the electron would lose energy, it would rapidly spiral inwards, collapsing into the nucleus on a timescale of around 16 picoseconds. This atom model is disastrous, because it predicts","id":"4613750"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\nIn atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. The term \"atomic orbital\" may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present, as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital. Each orbital in an","id":"861534"},{"contents":"Chemical element\n\n\natom in its non-ionized state. The electrons are placed into atomic orbitals that determine the atom's various chemical properties. The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element's chemical properties (except in the case of hydrogen and deuterium). Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons, even though carbon atoms may, for example, have 6 or 8 neutrons. That is why the atomic number, rather than mass number or","id":"5775718"},{"contents":"Saha ionization equation\n\n\nionize some of the atoms, making an ionized gas. When several or more of the electrons that are normally bound to the atom in orbits around the atomic nucleus are freed, they form an independent electron gas cloud co-existing with the surrounding gas of atomic ions and neutral atoms. In turn, this generates an electric field, where the motion of charges generates currents, making a localised magnetic field, and creates the state of matter called plasma. The Saha equation describes the degree of ionization for any gas in thermal","id":"3732694"},{"contents":"Introduction to quantum mechanics\n\n\nis quantized. Understanding exactly what this property was, and why it was quantized, was a major part in the development of quantum mechanics, as shown in the rest of this article. [[File:Bohr atom model English.svg|thumb|The [[Bohr model]] of the atom, showing an electron transitioning from one orbit to another by emitting a photon]] In 1913 [[Niels Bohr]] proposed [[Bohr model|a new model of the atom]] that included quantized electron orbits: electrons still orbit the nucleus","id":"21080811"},{"contents":"Atomic nucleus\n\n\nof negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus display an affinity for certain configurations and numbers of electrons that make their orbits stable. Which chemical element an atom represents is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus; the neutral atom will have an equal number of electrons orbiting that nucleus. Individual chemical elements can create more stable electron configurations by combining to share their electrons. It is that sharing of electrons to create stable electronic orbits about the nucleus that appears to us as the chemistry of our macro world. Protons define the entire","id":"19678633"},{"contents":"Introduction to quantum mechanics\n\n\nelectron]]s surrounding a small, dense, positively charged [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]]. These properties suggested a model in which electrons circle around the nucleus like planets orbiting a sun. However, it was also known that the atom in this model would be unstable: according to classical theory, orbiting electrons are undergoing centripetal acceleration, and should therefore give off electromagnetic radiation, the loss of energy also causing them to spiral toward the nucleus, colliding with it in a fraction of a second. A second, related puzzle was the","id":"21080806"},{"contents":"Electron\n\n\nthe energy of the electron must be increased above its binding energy to the atom. This occurs, for example, with the photoelectric effect, where an incident photon exceeding the atom's ionization energy is absorbed by the electron. The orbital angular momentum of electrons is quantized. Because the electron is charged, it produces an orbital magnetic moment that is proportional to the angular momentum. The net magnetic moment of an atom is equal to the vector sum of orbital and spin magnetic moments of all electrons and the nucleus. The magnetic","id":"9491156"},{"contents":"Hyperfine structure\n\n\nlocation of the nucleus. The magnetic field at the nucleus due to the motion of a single electron, with charge -\"e\" at a position r relative to the nucleus, is given by: where −r gives the position of the nucleus relative to the electron. Written in terms of the Bohr magneton, this gives: Recognizing that \"m\"v is the electron momentum, p, and that r×p/\"ħ\" is the orbital angular momentum in units of \"ħ\", l, we can write: For a many electron atom this","id":"3173278"},{"contents":"Atom\n\n\nThe electron cloud is a region inside the potential well where each electron forms a type of three-dimensional standing wave—a wave form that does not move relative to the nucleus. This behavior is defined by an atomic orbital, a mathematical function that characterises the probability that an electron appears to be at a particular location when its position is measured. Only a discrete (or quantized) set of these orbitals exist around the nucleus, as other possible wave patterns rapidly decay into a more stable form. Orbitals can have one","id":"336518"},{"contents":"Ampère's circuital law\n\n\nby placing it in an external magnetic field), the electrons remain bound to their respective atoms, but behave as if they were orbiting the nucleus in a particular direction, creating a microscopic current. When the currents from all these atoms are put together, they create the same effect as a macroscopic current, circulating perpetually around the magnetized object. This magnetization current is one contribution to \"bound current\". The other source of bound current is bound charge. When an electric field is applied, the positive and negative bound","id":"20356663"},{"contents":"Toroidal ring model\n\n\nincidentally calculated both Planck's constant \"h\" and Boltzmann's constant \"k\", suggested that something in the \"resonators\" themselves provided these discrete frequencies. Numerous theories about the structure of the atom developed in the wake of all the new information, of which the 1913 model of Niels Bohr came to predominate. The Bohr model proposed electrons in circular orbit around the nucleus with quantized values of angular momentum. Instead of radiating energy continuously, as classical electrodynamics demanded from an accelerating charge, Bohr's electron radiated discretely when","id":"10369199"},{"contents":"Introduction to quantum mechanics\n\n\ncontinuously and crash into the nucleus: once it was in the closest permitted orbit, it was stable forever. Bohr's model didn't explain why the orbits should be quantized in that way, nor was it able to make accurate predictions for atoms with more than one electron, or to explain why some spectral lines are brighter than others. Some fundamental assumptions of the Bohr model were soon proven wrong—but the key result that the discrete lines in emission spectra are due to some property of the electrons in atoms being quantized","id":"21080814"},{"contents":"Electric dipole spin resonance\n\n\nthe order of the fine-structure constant squared formula_18, where formula_19 . However, this constant appears in combination with the atomic number formula_20 as formula_21, and this product is larger for massive atoms, already of the order of unity in the middle of the periodic table. This enhancement of the coupling between the orbital and spin dynamics in massive atoms originates from the strong attraction to the nucleus and the large electron speeds. While this mechanism is also expected to couple electron spin to the electric component of electromagnetic fields, such an","id":"1579925"},{"contents":"Electron\n\n\ncurrent interaction via a exchange, and this is responsible for neutrino-electron elastic scattering. An electron can be \"bound\" to the nucleus of an atom by the attractive Coulomb force. A system of one or more electrons bound to a nucleus is called an atom. If the number of electrons is different from the nucleus' electrical charge, such an atom is called an ion. The wave-like behavior of a bound electron is described by a function called an atomic orbital. Each orbital has its own set of","id":"9491154"},{"contents":"Photoinduced charge separation\n\n\nPhotoinduced charge separation is the process of an electron in an atom or molecule, being excited to a higher energy level by the absorption of a photon and then leaving the atom or molecule to a nearby electron acceptor. An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus orbited by electrons. The nucleus consists of uncharged neutrons and positively charged protons. Electrons are negatively charged. In the early part of the twentieth century Ernest Rutherford suggested that the electrons orbited the dense central nucleus in a manner analogous to planets orbiting the sun. The centripetal","id":"17578029"},{"contents":"Nuclear binding energy\n\n\ncan likewise become unstable after stripping, indicating that the nucleus cannot be treated independently. Examples of this have been shown in bound-state β decay experiments performed at the GSI) heavy ion accelerator. This is also evident from phenomena like electron capture. Theoretically, in orbital models of heavy atoms, the electron orbits partially inside the nucleus (it does not \"orbit\" in a strict sense, but has a non-vanishing probability of being located inside the nucleus). A nuclear decay happens to the nucleus,","id":"18372474"},{"contents":"Shielding effect\n\n\nonly the electromagnetic attraction from the positive nucleus, but also repulsion forces from other electrons in shells from 1 to \"n\". This causes the net force on electrons in outer shells to be significantly smaller in magnitude; therefore, these electrons are not as strongly bonded to the nucleus as electrons closer to the nucleus. This phenomenon is often referred to as the orbital penetration effect. The shielding theory also contributes to the explanation of why valence-shell electrons are more easily removed from the atom. The size of the shielding","id":"14750613"},{"contents":"Spin quantum number\n\n\nelectron bound to the atomic nucleus. This was successful in explaining many features of atomic spectra. The solutions required each possible state of the electron to be described by three \"quantum numbers\". These were identified as, respectively, the electron \"shell\" number , the \"orbital\" number , and the \"orbital angular momentum\" number . Angular momentum is a so-called \"classical\" concept measuring the momentum of a mass in circular motion about a point. The shell numbers start at 1 and increase indefinitely.","id":"2630062"},{"contents":"Electron shell\n\n\nIn chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the \" shell\" (also called \"K shell\"), followed by the \" shell\" (or \"L shell\"), then the \" shell\" (or \"M shell\"), and so on farther and farther from the nucleus. The shells correspond with the principal quantum numbers (\"","id":"19678732"},{"contents":"Bohr radius\n\n\nan electron) (i.e., approximately 53 pm or 0.53 Å). In the Bohr model of the structure of an atom, put forward by Niels Bohr in 1913, electrons orbit a central nucleus. The model says that the electrons orbit only at certain distances from the nucleus, depending on their energy. In the simplest atom, hydrogen, a single electron orbits the nucleus and its smallest possible orbit, with lowest energy, has an orbital radius almost equal to the Bohr radius. (It is not \"exactly\"","id":"9129398"},{"contents":"Universe\n\n\ntypes of elementary particles: quarks and leptons. For example, the proton is formed of two up quarks and one down quark; the neutron is formed of two down quarks and one up quark; and the electron is a kind of lepton. An atom consists of an atomic nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons, and electrons that orbit the nucleus. Because most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus, which is made up of baryons, astronomers often use the term \"baryonic matter\" to","id":"13294056"},{"contents":"Hydrogen atom\n\n\nthe \"orbitals\") are not necessarily isotropic themselves, their dependence on the angular coordinates follows completely generally from this isotropy of the underlying potential: the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian (that is, the energy eigenstates) can be chosen as simultaneous eigenstates of the angular momentum operator. This corresponds to the fact that angular momentum is conserved in the orbital motion of the electron around the nucleus. Therefore, the energy eigenstates may be classified by two angular momentum quantum numbers, \"ℓ\" and \"m\" (both are integers","id":"14425362"},{"contents":"Angular momentum coupling\n\n\na property of a physical system that is a constant of motion (also referred to as a \"conserved\" property, time-independent and well-defined) in two situations: In both cases the angular momentum operator commutes with the Hamiltonian of the system. By Heisenberg's uncertainty relation this means that the angular momentum and the energy (eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian) can be measured at the same time. An example of the first situation is an atom whose electrons only experiences the Coulomb force of its atomic nucleus. If","id":"8694185"},{"contents":"Rydberg atom\n\n\nits shortcomings, the Bohr model of the atom is useful in explaining these properties. Classically, an electron in a circular orbit of radius \"r\", about a hydrogen nucleus of charge +\"e\", obeys Newton's second law: where \"k\" = 1/(4πε). Orbital momentum is quantized in units of \"ħ\": Combining these two equations leads to Bohr's expression for the orbital radius in terms of the principal quantum number, \"n\": It is now apparent why Rydberg atoms have such","id":"10403725"},{"contents":"Quantum chaos\n\n\nend at the nucleus are important in closed-orbit theory. Physically, these are associated with the outgoing waves that are generated when a tightly bound electron is excited to a high-lying state. For Rydberg atoms and molecules, every orbit which is closed at the nucleus is also a periodic orbit whose period is equal to either the closure time or twice the closure time. According to closed-orbit theory, the average oscillator strength density at constant formula_5 is given by a smooth background plus an oscillatory sum of the form","id":"12466572"},{"contents":"Rydberg constant\n\n\nthe development of quantum mechanics. The Bohr model posits that electrons revolve around the atomic nucleus in a manner analogous to planets revolving around the sun. In the simplest version of the Bohr model, the mass of the atomic nucleus is considered to be infinite compared to the mass of the electron, so that the center of mass of the system, the barycenter, lies at the center of the nucleus. This infinite mass approximation is what is alluded to with the formula_14 subscript. The Bohr model then predicts that the wavelengths of","id":"20297136"},{"contents":"Electron capture\n\n\nstate β decay. Chemical bonds can also affect the rate of electron capture to a small degree (in general, less than 1%) depending on the proximity of electrons to the nucleus. For example, in Be, a difference of 0.9% has been observed between half-lives in metallic and insulating environments. This relatively large effect is due to the fact that beryllium is a small atom that employs valence electrons that are close to the nucleus, and also in orbitals with no orbital angular momentum. Electrons in s","id":"3727102"},{"contents":"Energy level\n\n\ndiscrete energy levels is said to be quantized. In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the \" shell\" (also called \"K shell\"), followed by the \" shell\" (or \"L shell\"), then the \" shell\" (or \"M shell\"), and so on farther and farther from the nucleus. The shells","id":"14327806"},{"contents":"Angular momentum coupling\n\n\nwe ignore the electron-electron interaction (and other small interactions such as spin-orbit coupling), the \"orbital angular momentum\" l of each electron commutes with the total Hamiltonian. In this model the atomic Hamiltonian is a sum of kinetic energies of the electrons and the spherically symmetric electron-nucleus interactions. The individual electron angular momenta l commute with this Hamiltonian. That is, they are conserved properties of this approximate model of the atom. An example of the second situation is a rigid rotor moving in field-","id":"8694186"},{"contents":"Hydrogen spectral series\n\n\nproton leads to a set of quantum states for the electron, each with its own energy. These states were visualized by the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom as being distinct orbits around the nucleus. Each energy state, or orbit, is designated by an integer, as shown in the figure. The Bohr model was later replaced by quantum mechanics in which the electron occupies an atomic orbital rather than an orbit, but the allowed energy levels of the hydrogen atom remained the same as in the earlier theory. Spectral emission occurs","id":"20519507"},{"contents":"Antiprotonic helium\n\n\ngas; the antiproton spontaneously removes one of the two electrons contained in a normal helium atom in a chemical reaction, and then begins to orbit the helium nucleus in the electron's place. This will happen in the case of approximately 3% of the antiprotons introduced to the helium gas. The antiproton's orbit, which has a large principal quantum number and angular momentum quantum number of around 38, lies far away from the surface of the helium nucleus. The antiproton can thus orbit the nucleus for tens of microseconds, before","id":"1047794"},{"contents":"Laser\n\n\nand shape of the beam. Electrons and how they interact with electromagnetic fields are important in our understanding of chemistry and physics. In the classical view, the energy of an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus is larger for orbits further from the nucleus of an atom. However, quantum mechanical effects force electrons to take on discrete positions in orbitals. Thus, electrons are found in specific energy levels of an atom, two of which are shown below: When an electron absorbs energy either from light (photons) or heat (phonons","id":"17642997"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\n, unless actively forced, will spontaneously decay into a ring resonant standing wave because reflections will build up over time at even the smallest imperfection or discontinuity. Generally speaking, the number determines the size and energy of the orbital for a given nucleus: as increases, the size of the orbital increases. When comparing different elements, the higher nuclear charge of heavier elements causes their orbitals to contract by comparison to lighter ones, so that the overall size of the whole atom remains very roughly constant, even as the number of electrons","id":"861581"},{"contents":"Electron configuration\n\n\nand unaffected by the nuclear charge or by the presence of electrons in other orbitals. If that were the case, the 3d-orbital would have the same energy as the 3p-orbital, as it does in hydrogen, yet it clearly doesn't. There is no special reason why the Fe ion should have the same electron configuration as the chromium atom, given that iron has two more protons in its nucleus than chromium, and that the chemistry of the two species is very different. Melrose and Eric Scerri have analyzed","id":"18614789"},{"contents":"Stimulated emission\n\n\nat the heart of a laser or maser. Lacking a feedback mechanism, laser amplifiers and superluminescent sources also function on the basis of stimulated emission. Electrons and their interactions with electromagnetic fields are important in our understanding of chemistry and physics. In the classical view, the energy of an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus is larger for orbits further from the nucleus of an atom. However, quantum mechanical effects force electrons to take on discrete positions in orbitals. Thus, electrons are found in specific energy levels of an atom, two","id":"8790258"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\nhydrogen-like atoms are its atomic orbitals. However, in general, an electron's behavior is not fully described by a single orbital. Electron states are best represented by time-depending \"mixtures\" (linear combinations) of multiple orbitals. See Linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method. The quantum number first appeared in the Bohr model where it determines the radius of each circular electron orbit. In modern quantum mechanics however, determines the mean distance of the electron from the nucleus; all electrons with the same value","id":"861567"},{"contents":"Magnetism\n\n\nthe Heitler–London theory, so-called two-body molecular formula_11-orbitals are formed, namely the resulting orbital is: Here the last product means that a first electron, r, is in an atomic hydrogen-orbital centered at the second nucleus, whereas the second electron runs around the first nucleus. This \"exchange\" phenomenon is an expression for the quantum-mechanical property that particles with identical properties cannot be distinguished. It is specific not only for the formation of chemical bonds, but as one will see,","id":"20160646"},{"contents":"Nonradiation condition\n\n\ndistributions which emit no radiation. The need for a nonradiating classical electron was however abandoned in 1913 by the Bohr model of the atom, which postulated that electrons orbiting the nucleus in particular circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy would not radiate. Modern atomic theory explains these stable quantum states with the help of Schrödinger's equation. In the meantime, our understanding of classical nonradiation has been considerably advanced since 1925. Beginning as early as 1933, George Adolphus Schott published a surprising discovery that a charged sphere in accelerated motion (","id":"20494304"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\nelectrons, so that their motion is correlated, but this is often approximated by this independent-particle model of products of single electron wave functions. (The London dispersion force, for example, depends on the correlations of the motion of the electrons.) In atomic physics, the atomic spectral lines correspond to transitions (quantum leaps) between quantum states of an atom. These states are labeled by a set of quantum numbers summarized in the term symbol and usually associated with particular electron configurations, i.e., by occupation schemes of","id":"861542"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\nthe mechanism). This relationship means that certain key features can be observed in both drum membrane modes and atomic orbitals. For example, in all of the modes analogous to s orbitals (the top row in the animated illustration below), it can be seen that the very center of the drum membrane vibrates most strongly, corresponding to the antinode in all s orbitals in an atom. This antinode means the electron is most likely to be at the physical position of the nucleus (which it passes straight through without scattering or","id":"861594"},{"contents":"Magnetic moment\n\n\n: where the \"g\"-factor depends on the particle and configuration. For example the \"g\"-factor for the magnetic moment due to an electron orbiting a nucleus is one while the \"g\"-factor for the magnetic moment of electron due to its intrinsic angular momentum (spin) is a little larger than 2. The \"g\"-factor of atoms and molecules must account for the orbital and intrinsic moments of its electrons and possibly the intrinsic moment of its nuclei as well. In the atomic world the angular momentum (spin) of a particle is an","id":"6272575"},{"contents":"Niels Bohr\n\n\nfamous as \"the trilogy\", were published in \"Philosophical Magazine\" in July, September and November of that year. He adapted Rutherford's nuclear structure to Max Planck's quantum theory and so created his Bohr model of the atom. Planetary models of atoms were not new, but Bohr's treatment was. Taking the 1912 paper by Darwin on the role of electrons in the interaction of alpha particles with a nucleus as his starting point, he advanced the theory of electrons travelling in orbits around the atom's nucleus,","id":"1379251"},{"contents":"Discovery of the neutron\n\n\na mass of 14 atomic mass units. The nucleus was also orbited by another 7 electrons, termed \"external electrons\" by Rutherford, to complete the N atom. Obvious problems with the hypothesis became apparent, however. Ralph Kronig pointed out in 1926 that the observed hyperfine structure of atomic spectra was inconsistent with the proton–electron hypothesis. This structure is caused by the influence of the nucleus on the dynamics of orbiting electrons. The magnetic moments of supposed \"nuclear electrons\" should produce hyperfine spectral line splittings similar to the","id":"10645989"},{"contents":"Precision tests of QED\n\n\nto the atom-recoil method. In this case, the accurately known mass ratio of the electron to the neutron is used. The neutron mass is measured with high precision through a very precise measurement of its Compton wavelength. This is then combined with the value of the Rydberg constant to extract \"α\". The result is, Hyperfine splitting is a splitting in the energy levels of an atom caused by the interaction between the magnetic moment of the nucleus and the combined spin and orbital magnetic moment of the electron. The","id":"13181150"},{"contents":"Chemistry\n\n\nspace occupied by an electron cloud. The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons (together called nucleons), while the electron cloud consists of negatively charged electrons which orbit the nucleus. In a neutral atom, the negatively charged electrons balance out the positive charge of the protons. The nucleus is dense; the mass of a nucleon is approximately 1,836 times that of an electron, yet the radius of an atom is about 10,000 times that of its nucleus. The atom is also the smallest entity that can","id":"4896856"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\nterm \"orbital\" was coined by Robert Mulliken in 1932 as an abbreviation for \"one-electron orbital wave function\". However, the idea that electrons might revolve around a compact nucleus with definite angular momentum was convincingly argued at least 19 years earlier by Niels Bohr, and the Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka published an orbit-based hypothesis for electronic behavior as early as 1904. Explaining the behavior of these electron \"orbits\" was one of the driving forces behind the development of quantum mechanics. With J. J. Thomson's discovery","id":"861548"},{"contents":"Electron\n\n\nquantum numbers such as energy, angular momentum and projection of angular momentum, and only a discrete set of these orbitals exist around the nucleus. According to the Pauli exclusion principle each orbital can be occupied by up to two electrons, which must differ in their spin quantum number. Electrons can transfer between different orbitals by the emission or absorption of photons with an energy that matches the difference in potential. Other methods of orbital transfer include collisions with particles, such as electrons, and the Auger effect. To escape the atom,","id":"9491155"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\nhigher values of the quantum number , particularly when the atom in question bears a positive charge, the energies of certain sub-shells become very similar and so the order in which they are said to be populated by electrons (e.g. Cr = [Ar]4s3d and Cr = [Ar]3d) can only be rationalized somewhat arbitrarily. With the development of quantum mechanics and experimental findings (such as the two slit diffraction of electrons), it was found that the orbiting electrons around a nucleus could not be fully described as particles, but","id":"861538"},{"contents":"Hydrogen spectral series\n\n\nmotion of the electron in the process of photon absorption or emission is always accompanied by motion of the nucleus, and, because the mass of the nucleus is always finite, the energy spectra of hydrogen-like atoms must depend on the nuclear mass. And since hydrogen atoms have a nucleus of only one proton, the spectrum energy of an hydrogen atom depends only by the nucleus (e.g. in the Coulomb field): in fact, the mass of one proton is ca formula_1 times the mass of an electron, which gives","id":"20519511"},{"contents":"Atomic whirl\n\n\nThe atomic whirl is the logo of the American Atheists, and has come to be used as a symbol of atheism in general as some American Atheist members claim. The Atomic Whirl is based on the Rutherford model of the atom which is proven wrong, erroneously showing the orbital paths of electrons around the central nucleus, and not on the atomic orbitals which is a near perfect experimental approximation. It resembles the authoritative logos and symbols of the United States Atomic Energy Commission and the International Atomic Energy Agency who also based their designs on","id":"5608177"},{"contents":"Bohr model\n\n\nused. This gives the atom a shell structure, in which each shell corresponds to a Bohr orbit. This model is even more approximate than the model of hydrogen, because it treats the electrons in each shell as non-interacting. But the repulsions of electrons are taken into account somewhat by the phenomenon of screening. The electrons in outer orbits do not only orbit the nucleus, but they also move around the inner electrons, so the effective charge Z that they feel is reduced by the number of the electrons in the","id":"4613771"},{"contents":"Introduction to quantum mechanics\n\n\nmuch as planets orbit around the sun, but they are permitted to inhabit only certain orbits, not to orbit at any distance. When an atom emitted (or absorbed) energy, the electron did not move in a continuous trajectory from one orbit around the nucleus to another, as might be expected classically. Instead, the electron would jump instantaneously from one orbit to another, giving off the emitted light in the form of a photon. The possible energies of photons given off by each element were determined by the differences in","id":"21080812"},{"contents":"Quantum defect\n\n\nh\" is Planck's constant, \"c\" is the speed of light and \"n\" is the principal quantum number. For multi-electron atoms in Rydberg states with a low value of the orbital angular momentum, there is a high probability of finding the excited electron near the nucleus where it can polarize or even penetrate the ion core, modifying the potential. The resulting shift of the energy levels is represented mathematically as an angular momentum dependent quantum defect, δ: The largest shifts occur when the orbital angular momentum","id":"1801564"},{"contents":"Effective atomic number\n\n\ninstance, the nucleus contains 26 protons. The electrons that are closest to the nucleus will 'see' nearly all of them. However, electrons further away are screened from the nucleus by other electrons in between, and feel less electrostatic interaction as a result. The 1s electron of iron (the closest one to the nucleus) sees an effective atomic number (number of protons) of 25. The reason why it is not 26 is because some of the electrons in the atom end up repelling the others, giving a","id":"1017520"},{"contents":"Energy level\n\n\nnucleus. The energy levels of an electron around a nucleus are given by : (typically between 1 eV and 10 eV), where is the Rydberg constant, is the atomic number, is the principal quantum number, is Planck's constant, and is the speed of light. For hydrogen-like atoms (ions) only, the Rydberg levels depend only on the principal quantum number . This equation is obtained from combining the Rydberg formula for any hydrogen-like element (shown below) with assuming that the principal quantum","id":"14327813"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\nof \"n\" lie at the same average distance. For this reason, orbitals with the same value of \"n\" are said to comprise a \"shell\". Orbitals with the same value of \"n\" and also the same value of are even more closely related, and are said to comprise a \"subshell\". Because of the quantum mechanical nature of the electrons around a nucleus, atomic orbitals can be uniquely defined by a set of integers known as quantum numbers. These quantum numbers only occur in certain","id":"861568"},{"contents":"Hartree atomic units\n\n\nin atoms. This is particularly clear from the classical Bohr model of the hydrogen atom in its ground state. The ground state electron orbiting the hydrogen nucleus has (in the classical Bohr model): The Schrödinger equation for an electron in SI units is The same equation in au is For the special case of the electron around a hydrogen atom, the Hamiltonian in SI units is: while atomic units transform the preceding equation into Both Planck units and au are derived from certain fundamental properties of the physical world, and are free","id":"9505787"},{"contents":"Hydrogen atom\n\n\nform. Experiments by Ernest Rutherford in 1909 showed the structure of the atom to be a dense, positive nucleus with a tenuous negative charge cloud around it. This immediately raised questions about how such a system could be stable. Classical electromagnetism had shown that any accelerating charge radiates energy, as shown by the Larmor formula. If the electron is assumed to orbit in a perfect circle and radiates energy continuously, the electron would rapidly spiral into the nucleus with a fall time of: Where formula_2 is the Bohr radius and formula_3 is","id":"14425345"},{"contents":"Hartree atomic units\n\n\nand charge of the electron, and, as a result, the speed of light in atomic units is a large value, formula_21. The orbital velocity of an electron around a small atom is of the order of 1 in atomic units, so the discrepancy between the velocity units in the two systems reflects the fact that electrons orbit small atoms much slower than the speed of light (around 2 orders of magnitude slower). There are much larger discrepancies in some other units. For example, the unit of mass in atomic","id":"9505789"},{"contents":"Niels Bohr\n\n\nNiels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another. Although","id":"1379237"},{"contents":"Basis set (chemistry)\n\n\nwhich are solutions to the Schrödinger equation of hydrogen-like atoms, and decay exponentially far away from the nucleus. It can be shown that the molecular orbitals of Hartree-Fock and density-functional theory also exhibit exponential decay. Furthermore, S-type STOs also satisfy Kato's cusp condition at the nucleus, meaning that they are able to accurately describe electron density near the nucleus. However, hydrogen-like atoms lack many-electron interactions, thus the orbitals do not accurately describe electron state correlations. Unfortunately, calculating","id":"9471048"},{"contents":"Pauli exclusion principle\n\n\nbound electrons equal in number to the protons in the nucleus. Electrons, being fermions, cannot occupy the same quantum state as other electrons, so electrons have to \"stack\" within an atom, i.e. have different spins while at the same electron orbital as described below. An example is the neutral helium atom, which has two bound electrons, both of which can occupy the lowest-energy (\"1s\") states by acquiring opposite spin; as spin is part of the quantum state of the electron, the","id":"4899828"},{"contents":"Stern–Gerlach experiment\n\n\n. At the time, Stern was an assistant to Max Born at the University of Frankfurt's Institute for Theoretical Physics, and Gerlach was an assistant at the same university's Institute for Experimental Physics. At the time of the experiment, the most prevalent model for describing the atom was the Bohr model, which described electrons as going around the positively charged nucleus only in certain discrete atomic orbitals or energy levels. Since the electron was quantized to be only in certain positions in space, the separation into distinct orbits was referred to","id":"7544372"},{"contents":"Bonding molecular orbital\n\n\nbetween the two species. In the classic example of the H MO, the two separate H atoms have identical atomic orbitals. When creating the molecule dihydrogen, the individual valence orbitals, 1\"s\", either: merge in phase to get bonding orbitals, where the electron density is in between the nuclei of the atoms; or, merge out of phase to get antibonding orbitals, where the electron density is everywhere around the atom except for the space between the nuclei of the two atoms. Bonding orbitals lead to a more stable","id":"4620429"},{"contents":"Electronegativity\n\n\n, the more \"pull\" it will have on electrons) and the number/location of other electrons present in the atomic shells (the more electrons an atom has, the farther from the nucleus the valence electrons will be, and as a result the less positive charge they will experience—both because of their increased distance from the nucleus, and because the other electrons in the lower energy core orbitals will act to shield the valence electrons from the positively charged nucleus). The opposite of electronegativity is electropositivity: a measure","id":"9632921"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\nnext higher shell; when formula_35 the energy is pushed into the shell two steps higher. The filling of the 3d orbitals does not occur until the 4s orbitals have been filled. The increase in energy for subshells of increasing angular momentum in larger atoms is due to electron–electron interaction effects, and it is specifically related to the ability of low angular momentum electrons to penetrate more effectively toward the nucleus, where they are subject to less screening from the charge of intervening electrons. Thus, in atoms of higher atomic number,","id":"861602"},{"contents":"Molecular orbital theory\n\n\nthat its electron density will tend to attract each of the two nuclei toward the other and hold the two atoms together. An anti-bonding orbital concentrates electron density \"behind\" each nucleus (i.e. on the side of each atom which is farthest from the other atom), and so tends to pull each of the two nuclei away from the other and actually weaken the bond between the two nuclei. Electrons in non-bonding orbitals tend to be associated with atomic orbitals that do not interact positively or negatively with one another","id":"16289394"},{"contents":"Photoinduced charge separation\n\n\nthe electron in circular motion) would be less than the electrical force the proton applied to the electron. Once the electron spiralled into the nucleus the electron would combine with a proton to form a neutron, and the atom would cease to exist. This model is clearly wrong. In 1913 Niels Bohr refined the Rutherford model by stating that the electrons existed in discrete quantized states called energy levels. This meant that the electrons could only occupy orbits at certain energies. The laws of quantum physics apply here, and they don't","id":"17578031"},{"contents":"Atomic nucleus\n\n\nmodels may be seen in a small atomic nucleus like that of helium-4, in which the two protons and two neutrons separately occupy 1s orbitals analogous to the 1s orbital for the two electrons in the helium atom, and achieve unusual stability for the same reason. Nuclei with 5 nucleons are all extremely unstable and short-lived, yet, helium-3, with 3 nucleons, is very stable even with lack of a closed 1s orbital shell. Another nucleus with 3 nucleons, the triton hydrogen-3 is unstable and will decay into helium-3 when","id":"19678652"},{"contents":"Muon\n\n\nthe orbital of the muon continues to be smaller and far closer to the nucleus than the atomic orbitals of the electrons. Muonic helium is created by substituting a muon for one of the electrons in helium-4. The muon orbits much closer to the nucleus, so muonic helium can therefore be regarded like an isotope of helium whose nucleus consists of two neutrons, two protons and a muon, with a single electron outside. Colloquially, it could be called \"helium 4.1\", since the mass of the muon is slightly greater than","id":"3655"},{"contents":"Nuclear isomer\n\n\n/) was discovered by Otto Hahn in 1921. The nucleus of a nuclear isomer occupies a higher energy state than the non-excited nucleus existing at ground state. In an excited state, one or more of the protons or neutrons in a nucleus occupy a nuclear orbital of higher energy than an available nuclear orbital. These states are analogous to excited states of electrons in atoms. When excited atomic states decay, energy is released by fluorescence. In electronic transitions, this process usually involves emission of light near the visible range","id":"13911434"},{"contents":"Curie temperature\n\n\n, where m is the mass of an electron, μ is the magnetic moment, and l is the angular momentum; this ratio is called the \"gyromagnetic ratio\". The electrons in an atom contribute magnetic moments from their own angular momentum and from their orbital momentum around the nucleus. Magnetic moments from the nucleus are insignificant in contrast to the magnetic moments from the electrons. Thermal contributions result in higher energy electrons disrupting the order and the destruction of the alignment between dipoles. Ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials have","id":"4052173"},{"contents":"Motion\n\n\ncolliding, and moving. This motion can be detected as temperature; higher temperatures, which represent greater kinetic energy in the particles, feel warm to humans who sense the thermal energy transferring from the object being touched to their nerves. Similarly, when lower temperature objects are touched, the senses perceive the transfer of heat away from the body as feeling cold. Within each atom, electrons exist in a region around the nucleus. This region is called the electron cloud. According to Bohr's model of the atom, electrons have","id":"489720"},{"contents":"Periodic table\n\n\natom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable. A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected. The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus. As such this electron would be less attracted to the nucleus and would release less energy when added. In going down a group, around one-third of elements are anomalous, with heavier elements having higher electron affinities than their next lighter congenors. Largely, this is due to the poor","id":"3472859"},{"contents":"Hydrogen atom\n\n\nof the system, rather than simply the mass of the electron. This includes the kinetic energy of the nucleus in the problem, because the total (electron plus nuclear) kinetic energy is equivalent to the kinetic energy of the reduced mass moving with a velocity equal to the electron velocity relative to the nucleus. However, since the nucleus is much heavier than the electron, the electron mass and reduced mass are nearly the same. The Rydberg constant \"R\" for a hydrogen atom (one electron), \"R\"","id":"14425349"},{"contents":"Antiprotonic helium\n\n\nAntiprotonic helium is a three-body atom composed of an antiproton and an electron orbiting around a helium nucleus. It is thus made partly of matter, and partly of antimatter. The atom is electrically neutral, since both electrons and antiprotons each have a charge of −1, whereas helium nuclei have a charge of +2. The antiprotonic helium atom is called an atomcule, as it has a structure like an atom, but has two nuclei like a molecule. These exotic atoms can be produced by simply mixing antiprotons with ordinary helium","id":"1047793"},{"contents":"Penning trap\n\n\n. Hydrogen consists of two particles, the nucleus and electron, but the electron motion relative to the nucleus is equivalent to one particle in an external field, see center-of-mass frame. The properties of geonium are different from a typical atom. The charge undergoes cyclotron motion around the trap axis and oscillates along the axis. An inhomogeneous magnetic \"bottle field\" is applied to measure the quantum properties by the \"continuous Stern-Gerlach\" technique. Energy levels and g-factor of the particle can be measured","id":"15691104"},{"contents":"Planck constant\n\n\nof incident light (\"f\") and the kinetic energy of photoelectrons (\"E\") was shown to be equal to the Planck constant (\"h\"). Niels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a nucleus, the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into","id":"13847816"},{"contents":"Covalent bond\n\n\norbitals in molecular orbital theory and resonance of sigma bonds in valence bond theory. In three-center two-electron bonds (\"3c–2e\") three atoms share two electrons in bonding. This type of bonding occurs in electron deficient compounds like diborane. Each such bond (2 per molecule in diborane) contains a pair of electrons which connect the boron atoms to each other in a banana shape, with a proton (nucleus of a hydrogen atom) in the middle of the bond, sharing electrons with both boron atoms.","id":"6416731"},{"contents":"Core electron\n\n\nunlike valence electrons the core electrons play a secondary role in chemical bonding and reactions by screening the positive charge of the atomic nucleus from the valence shell of electrons. In transition metals, the distinction between core and valence electrons is less distinct with electrons in the highest d-shell acting more like valence electrons than core electrons. A more complex explanation of the difference between core and valence electrons can be described with atomic orbital theory. In atoms with a single electron the energy of an orbital is determined exclusively by the principle quantum","id":"22199043"},{"contents":"Electron\n\n\nby the angular momentum of the electron's orbit about the nucleus. The electrons could move between those states, or orbits, by the emission or absorption of photons of specific frequencies. By means of these quantized orbits, he accurately explained the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom. However, Bohr's model failed to account for the relative intensities of the spectral lines and it was unsuccessful in explaining the spectra of more complex atoms. Chemical bonds between atoms were explained by Gilbert Newton Lewis, who in 1916 proposed that a covalent","id":"9491118"},{"contents":"Internal conversion\n\n\nInternal conversion is a radioactive decay process wherein an excited nucleus interacts electromagnetically with one of the orbital electrons of the atom. This causes the electron to be emitted (ejected) from the atom. Thus, in an internal conversion process, a high-energy electron is emitted from the radioactive atom, but not from the nucleus. For this reason, the high-speed electrons resulting from internal conversion are not called beta particles, since the latter come from beta decay, where they are newly created in the nuclear decay process","id":"1158857"},{"contents":"Chemical bond\n\n\nincrease greatly. In a simplified view of an \"ionic\" bond, the bonding electron is not shared at all, but transferred. In this type of bond, the outer atomic orbital of one atom has a vacancy which allows the addition of one or more electrons. These newly added electrons potentially occupy a lower energy-state (effectively closer to more nuclear charge) than they experience in a different atom. Thus, one nucleus offers a more tightly bound position to an electron than does another nucleus, with the result","id":"6232649"},{"contents":"Atomic orbital\n\n\nsame energy. This approximation is broken to a slight extent in the solution to the Dirac equation (where the energy depends on and another quantum number ), and by the effect of the magnetic field of the nucleus and quantum electrodynamics effects. The latter induce tiny binding energy differences especially for s electrons that go nearer the nucleus, since these feel a very slightly different nuclear charge, even in one-electron atoms; see Lamb shift. In atoms with multiple electrons, the energy of an electron depends not only on the","id":"861600"},{"contents":"Atomic nucleus\n\n\norbiting at high speed in potential wells. In the above models, the nucleons may occupy orbitals in pairs, due to being fermions, which allows explanation of even/odd \"Z\" and \"N\" effects well-known from experiments. The exact nature and capacity of nuclear shells differs from those of electrons in atomic orbitals, primarily because the potential well in which the nucleons move (especially in larger nuclei) is quite different from the central electromagnetic potential well which binds electrons in atoms. Some resemblance to atomic orbital","id":"19678651"},{"contents":"Rydberg formula\n\n\natomic nucleus (at least temporarily) to produce electromagnetic radiation, but this theory was superseded in 1913 by Niels Bohr's model of the atom. In Bohr's conception of the atom, the integer Rydberg (and Balmer) \"n\" numbers represent electron orbitals at different integral distances from the atom. A frequency (or spectral energy) emitted in a transition from \"n\" to \"n\" therefore represents the photon energy emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a jump from orbital 1 to orbital 2. Later models","id":"9431329"},{"contents":"Trojan wave packet\n\n\nelectron using a microwave field to which its motion is phase locked. The phase lock of the electrons in this unique atomic system is, as mentioned above, analogous to the phase locked asteroids of Jupiter's orbit. The techniques explored in this experiment are a solution to a problem that dates back to 1926. Physicists at that time realized that any initially localized wave packet will inevitably spread around the orbit of the electrons. Physicist noticed that \"the wave equation is dispersive for the atomic Coulomb potential.\" In the 1980s several","id":"20687328"},{"contents":"Bohr model\n\n\nproposed, quantum mechanics, in which Bohr's model of electrons traveling in quantized orbits was extended into a more accurate model of electron motion. The new theory was proposed by Werner Heisenberg. Another form of the same theory, wave mechanics, was discovered by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger independently, and by different reasoning. Schrödinger employed de Broglie's matter waves, but sought wave solutions of a three-dimensional wave equation describing electrons that were constrained to move about the nucleus of a hydrogen-like atom, by being trapped","id":"4613754"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Orbital motion (quantum)\\n\\n\\nquantum mechanics) exhibits very quantum mechanical behavior in its motion around the nucleus of an atom which cannot be explained by classical mechanics. When quantum mechanics refers to the orbital angular momentum of an electron, it is generally referring to the spatial wave equation that represents the electron's motion around the nucleus of an atom. Electrons do not \\\"orbit\\\" the nucleus in the classical sense of angular momentum, however the mathematical representation of L = r × p still leads to the quantum mechanical version of angular momentum. Just as\",\n \"id\": \"18876739\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atom\\n\\n\\nthe reduced Planck constant (ħ), with electrons, protons and neutrons all having spin ½ ħ, or \\\"spin-½\\\". In an atom, electrons in motion around the nucleus possess orbital angular momentum in addition to their spin, while the nucleus itself possesses angular momentum due to its nuclear spin. The magnetic field produced by an atom—its magnetic moment—is determined by these various forms of angular momentum, just as a rotating charged object classically produces a magnetic field. However, the most dominant contribution comes from\",\n \"id\": \"336538\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Angular momentum coupling\\n\\n\\nangular momentum of the total system remains a constant of motion. Use of the latter fact is helpful in the solution of the Schrödinger equation. As an example we consider two electrons, 1 and 2, in an atom (say the helium atom). If there is no electron-electron interaction, but only electron-nucleus interaction, the two electrons can be rotated around the nucleus independently of each other; nothing happens to their energy. Both operators, l and l, are conserved. However, if we switch\",\n \"id\": \"8694189\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atom\\n\\n\\nphysicist Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons of an atom were assumed to orbit the nucleus but could only do so in a finite set of orbits, and could jump between these orbits only in discrete changes of energy corresponding to absorption or radiation of a photon. This quantization was used to explain why the electrons orbits are stable (given that normally, charges in acceleration, including circular motion, lose kinetic energy which is emitted as electromagnetic radiation, see \\\"synchrotron radiation\\\") and why elements absorb and emit electromagnetic\",\n \"id\": \"336495\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bohr model\\n\\n\\nthe binding energies of a highly excited atom with one electron in a large circular orbit around the rest of the atom. The hydrogen formula also coincides with the Wallis product. The combination of natural constants in the energy formula is called the Rydberg energy (\\\"R\\\"): This expression is clarified by interpreting it in combinations that form more natural units: Since this derivation is with the assumption that the nucleus is orbited by one electron, we can generalize this result by letting the nucleus have a charge \\\"q\\\" =\",\n \"id\": \"4613761\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Spin–orbit interaction\\n\\n\\nIn quantum physics, the spin–orbit interaction (also called spin–orbit effect or spin–orbit coupling) is a relativistic interaction of a particle's spin with its motion inside a potential. A key example of this phenomenon is the spin–orbit interaction leading to shifts in an electron's atomic energy levels, due to electromagnetic interaction between the electron's magnetic dipole, its orbital motion, and the electrostatic field of the positively charged nucleus. This phenomenon is detectable as a splitting of spectral lines, which can be\",\n \"id\": \"6752782\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Magnetism\\n\\n\\ndipole creates a magnetic field, and that field, in turn, imparts magnetic forces on other particles that are in the fields. Maxwell's equations, which simplify to the Biot–Savart law in the case of steady currents, describe the origin and behavior of the fields that govern these forces. Therefore, magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged particles are in motion—for example, from movement of electrons in an electric current, or in certain cases from the orbital motion of electrons around an atom's nucleus. They also\",\n \"id\": \"20160636\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Angular momentum coupling\\n\\n\\n, describes a weak magnetic interaction, or coupling, of the particle spin and the orbital motion of this particle, e.g. the electron spin and its motion around an atomic nucleus. One of its effects is to separate the energy of internal states of the atom, e.g. spin-aligned and spin-antialigned that would otherwise be identical in energy. This interaction is responsible for many of the details of atomic structure. In solid-state physics, the spin coupling with the orbital motion can lead to splitting of energy bands due\",\n \"id\": \"8694195\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Quantum mechanics\\n\\n\\nmechanics, electrons would not \\\"orbit\\\" the nucleus, since orbiting electrons emit radiation (due to circular motion) and would quickly collide with the nucleus due to this loss of energy. This framework was unable to explain the stability of atoms. Instead, electrons remain in an uncertain, non-deterministic, \\\"smeared\\\", probabilistic wave–particle orbital about the nucleus, defying the traditional assumptions of classical mechanics and electromagnetism. Quantum mechanics was initially developed to provide a better explanation and description of the atom, especially the\",\n \"id\": \"5302804\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\nplanet (the atomic nucleus). Atomic orbitals exactly describe the shape of this \\\"atmosphere\\\" only when a single electron is present in an atom. When more electrons are added to a single atom, the additional electrons tend to more evenly fill in a volume of space around the nucleus so that the resulting collection (sometimes termed the atom's \\\"electron cloud\\\") tends toward a generally spherical zone of probability describing the electron's location, because of the uncertainty principle. Atomic orbitals may be defined more precisely in formal\",\n \"id\": \"861540\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dubnium\\n\\n\\nhave only been performed on single atoms. A direct relativistic effect is that as the atomic numbers of elements increase, the innermost electrons begin to revolve faster around the nucleus as a result of an increase of electromagnetic attraction between an electron and a nucleus. Similar effects have been found for the outermost s orbitals (and p ones, though in dubnium they are not occupied): for example, the 7s orbital contracts by 25% in size and is stabilized by 2.6 eV. A more indirect effect is that the contracted s and\",\n \"id\": \"8430315\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bohr model\\n\\n\\ncharged nucleus. Given this experimental data, Rutherford naturally considered a planetary-model atom, the Rutherford model of 1911 – electrons orbiting a solar nucleus – however, said planetary-model atom has a technical difficulty. The laws of classical mechanics (i.e. the Larmor formula), predict that the electron will release electromagnetic radiation while orbiting a nucleus. Because the electron would lose energy, it would rapidly spiral inwards, collapsing into the nucleus on a timescale of around 16 picoseconds. This atom model is disastrous, because it predicts\",\n \"id\": \"4613750\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\nIn atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. The term \\\"atomic orbital\\\" may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present, as defined by the particular mathematical form of the orbital. Each orbital in an\",\n \"id\": \"861534\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chemical element\\n\\n\\natom in its non-ionized state. The electrons are placed into atomic orbitals that determine the atom's various chemical properties. The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element's chemical properties (except in the case of hydrogen and deuterium). Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons, even though carbon atoms may, for example, have 6 or 8 neutrons. That is why the atomic number, rather than mass number or\",\n \"id\": \"5775718\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Saha ionization equation\\n\\n\\nionize some of the atoms, making an ionized gas. When several or more of the electrons that are normally bound to the atom in orbits around the atomic nucleus are freed, they form an independent electron gas cloud co-existing with the surrounding gas of atomic ions and neutral atoms. In turn, this generates an electric field, where the motion of charges generates currents, making a localised magnetic field, and creates the state of matter called plasma. The Saha equation describes the degree of ionization for any gas in thermal\",\n \"id\": \"3732694\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Introduction to quantum mechanics\\n\\n\\nis quantized. Understanding exactly what this property was, and why it was quantized, was a major part in the development of quantum mechanics, as shown in the rest of this article. [[File:Bohr atom model English.svg|thumb|The [[Bohr model]] of the atom, showing an electron transitioning from one orbit to another by emitting a photon]] In 1913 [[Niels Bohr]] proposed [[Bohr model|a new model of the atom]] that included quantized electron orbits: electrons still orbit the nucleus\",\n \"id\": \"21080811\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic nucleus\\n\\n\\nof negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus display an affinity for certain configurations and numbers of electrons that make their orbits stable. Which chemical element an atom represents is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus; the neutral atom will have an equal number of electrons orbiting that nucleus. Individual chemical elements can create more stable electron configurations by combining to share their electrons. It is that sharing of electrons to create stable electronic orbits about the nucleus that appears to us as the chemistry of our macro world. Protons define the entire\",\n \"id\": \"19678633\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Introduction to quantum mechanics\\n\\n\\nelectron]]s surrounding a small, dense, positively charged [[Atomic nucleus|nucleus]]. These properties suggested a model in which electrons circle around the nucleus like planets orbiting a sun. However, it was also known that the atom in this model would be unstable: according to classical theory, orbiting electrons are undergoing centripetal acceleration, and should therefore give off electromagnetic radiation, the loss of energy also causing them to spiral toward the nucleus, colliding with it in a fraction of a second. A second, related puzzle was the\",\n \"id\": \"21080806\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electron\\n\\n\\nthe energy of the electron must be increased above its binding energy to the atom. This occurs, for example, with the photoelectric effect, where an incident photon exceeding the atom's ionization energy is absorbed by the electron. The orbital angular momentum of electrons is quantized. Because the electron is charged, it produces an orbital magnetic moment that is proportional to the angular momentum. The net magnetic moment of an atom is equal to the vector sum of orbital and spin magnetic moments of all electrons and the nucleus. The magnetic\",\n \"id\": \"9491156\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hyperfine structure\\n\\n\\nlocation of the nucleus. The magnetic field at the nucleus due to the motion of a single electron, with charge -\\\"e\\\" at a position r relative to the nucleus, is given by: where −r gives the position of the nucleus relative to the electron. Written in terms of the Bohr magneton, this gives: Recognizing that \\\"m\\\"v is the electron momentum, p, and that r×p/\\\"ħ\\\" is the orbital angular momentum in units of \\\"ħ\\\", l, we can write: For a many electron atom this\",\n \"id\": \"3173278\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atom\\n\\n\\nThe electron cloud is a region inside the potential well where each electron forms a type of three-dimensional standing wave—a wave form that does not move relative to the nucleus. This behavior is defined by an atomic orbital, a mathematical function that characterises the probability that an electron appears to be at a particular location when its position is measured. Only a discrete (or quantized) set of these orbitals exist around the nucleus, as other possible wave patterns rapidly decay into a more stable form. Orbitals can have one\",\n \"id\": \"336518\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ampère's circuital law\\n\\n\\nby placing it in an external magnetic field), the electrons remain bound to their respective atoms, but behave as if they were orbiting the nucleus in a particular direction, creating a microscopic current. When the currents from all these atoms are put together, they create the same effect as a macroscopic current, circulating perpetually around the magnetized object. This magnetization current is one contribution to \\\"bound current\\\". The other source of bound current is bound charge. When an electric field is applied, the positive and negative bound\",\n \"id\": \"20356663\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Toroidal ring model\\n\\n\\nincidentally calculated both Planck's constant \\\"h\\\" and Boltzmann's constant \\\"k\\\", suggested that something in the \\\"resonators\\\" themselves provided these discrete frequencies. Numerous theories about the structure of the atom developed in the wake of all the new information, of which the 1913 model of Niels Bohr came to predominate. The Bohr model proposed electrons in circular orbit around the nucleus with quantized values of angular momentum. Instead of radiating energy continuously, as classical electrodynamics demanded from an accelerating charge, Bohr's electron radiated discretely when\",\n \"id\": \"10369199\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Introduction to quantum mechanics\\n\\n\\ncontinuously and crash into the nucleus: once it was in the closest permitted orbit, it was stable forever. Bohr's model didn't explain why the orbits should be quantized in that way, nor was it able to make accurate predictions for atoms with more than one electron, or to explain why some spectral lines are brighter than others. Some fundamental assumptions of the Bohr model were soon proven wrong—but the key result that the discrete lines in emission spectra are due to some property of the electrons in atoms being quantized\",\n \"id\": \"21080814\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electric dipole spin resonance\\n\\n\\nthe order of the fine-structure constant squared formula_18, where formula_19 . However, this constant appears in combination with the atomic number formula_20 as formula_21, and this product is larger for massive atoms, already of the order of unity in the middle of the periodic table. This enhancement of the coupling between the orbital and spin dynamics in massive atoms originates from the strong attraction to the nucleus and the large electron speeds. While this mechanism is also expected to couple electron spin to the electric component of electromagnetic fields, such an\",\n \"id\": \"1579925\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electron\\n\\n\\ncurrent interaction via a exchange, and this is responsible for neutrino-electron elastic scattering. An electron can be \\\"bound\\\" to the nucleus of an atom by the attractive Coulomb force. A system of one or more electrons bound to a nucleus is called an atom. If the number of electrons is different from the nucleus' electrical charge, such an atom is called an ion. The wave-like behavior of a bound electron is described by a function called an atomic orbital. Each orbital has its own set of\",\n \"id\": \"9491154\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Photoinduced charge separation\\n\\n\\nPhotoinduced charge separation is the process of an electron in an atom or molecule, being excited to a higher energy level by the absorption of a photon and then leaving the atom or molecule to a nearby electron acceptor. An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus orbited by electrons. The nucleus consists of uncharged neutrons and positively charged protons. Electrons are negatively charged. In the early part of the twentieth century Ernest Rutherford suggested that the electrons orbited the dense central nucleus in a manner analogous to planets orbiting the sun. The centripetal\",\n \"id\": \"17578029\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear binding energy\\n\\n\\ncan likewise become unstable after stripping, indicating that the nucleus cannot be treated independently. Examples of this have been shown in bound-state β decay experiments performed at the GSI) heavy ion accelerator. This is also evident from phenomena like electron capture. Theoretically, in orbital models of heavy atoms, the electron orbits partially inside the nucleus (it does not \\\"orbit\\\" in a strict sense, but has a non-vanishing probability of being located inside the nucleus). A nuclear decay happens to the nucleus,\",\n \"id\": \"18372474\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shielding effect\\n\\n\\nonly the electromagnetic attraction from the positive nucleus, but also repulsion forces from other electrons in shells from 1 to \\\"n\\\". This causes the net force on electrons in outer shells to be significantly smaller in magnitude; therefore, these electrons are not as strongly bonded to the nucleus as electrons closer to the nucleus. This phenomenon is often referred to as the orbital penetration effect. The shielding theory also contributes to the explanation of why valence-shell electrons are more easily removed from the atom. The size of the shielding\",\n \"id\": \"14750613\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Spin quantum number\\n\\n\\nelectron bound to the atomic nucleus. This was successful in explaining many features of atomic spectra. The solutions required each possible state of the electron to be described by three \\\"quantum numbers\\\". These were identified as, respectively, the electron \\\"shell\\\" number , the \\\"orbital\\\" number , and the \\\"orbital angular momentum\\\" number . Angular momentum is a so-called \\\"classical\\\" concept measuring the momentum of a mass in circular motion about a point. The shell numbers start at 1 and increase indefinitely.\",\n \"id\": \"2630062\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electron shell\\n\\n\\nIn chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the \\\" shell\\\" (also called \\\"K shell\\\"), followed by the \\\" shell\\\" (or \\\"L shell\\\"), then the \\\" shell\\\" (or \\\"M shell\\\"), and so on farther and farther from the nucleus. The shells correspond with the principal quantum numbers (\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"19678732\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bohr radius\\n\\n\\nan electron) (i.e., approximately 53 pm or 0.53 Å). In the Bohr model of the structure of an atom, put forward by Niels Bohr in 1913, electrons orbit a central nucleus. The model says that the electrons orbit only at certain distances from the nucleus, depending on their energy. In the simplest atom, hydrogen, a single electron orbits the nucleus and its smallest possible orbit, with lowest energy, has an orbital radius almost equal to the Bohr radius. (It is not \\\"exactly\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"9129398\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Universe\\n\\n\\ntypes of elementary particles: quarks and leptons. For example, the proton is formed of two up quarks and one down quark; the neutron is formed of two down quarks and one up quark; and the electron is a kind of lepton. An atom consists of an atomic nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons, and electrons that orbit the nucleus. Because most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus, which is made up of baryons, astronomers often use the term \\\"baryonic matter\\\" to\",\n \"id\": \"13294056\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hydrogen atom\\n\\n\\nthe \\\"orbitals\\\") are not necessarily isotropic themselves, their dependence on the angular coordinates follows completely generally from this isotropy of the underlying potential: the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian (that is, the energy eigenstates) can be chosen as simultaneous eigenstates of the angular momentum operator. This corresponds to the fact that angular momentum is conserved in the orbital motion of the electron around the nucleus. Therefore, the energy eigenstates may be classified by two angular momentum quantum numbers, \\\"ℓ\\\" and \\\"m\\\" (both are integers\",\n \"id\": \"14425362\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Angular momentum coupling\\n\\n\\na property of a physical system that is a constant of motion (also referred to as a \\\"conserved\\\" property, time-independent and well-defined) in two situations: In both cases the angular momentum operator commutes with the Hamiltonian of the system. By Heisenberg's uncertainty relation this means that the angular momentum and the energy (eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian) can be measured at the same time. An example of the first situation is an atom whose electrons only experiences the Coulomb force of its atomic nucleus. If\",\n \"id\": \"8694185\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rydberg atom\\n\\n\\nits shortcomings, the Bohr model of the atom is useful in explaining these properties. Classically, an electron in a circular orbit of radius \\\"r\\\", about a hydrogen nucleus of charge +\\\"e\\\", obeys Newton's second law: where \\\"k\\\" = 1/(4πε). Orbital momentum is quantized in units of \\\"ħ\\\": Combining these two equations leads to Bohr's expression for the orbital radius in terms of the principal quantum number, \\\"n\\\": It is now apparent why Rydberg atoms have such\",\n \"id\": \"10403725\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Quantum chaos\\n\\n\\nend at the nucleus are important in closed-orbit theory. Physically, these are associated with the outgoing waves that are generated when a tightly bound electron is excited to a high-lying state. For Rydberg atoms and molecules, every orbit which is closed at the nucleus is also a periodic orbit whose period is equal to either the closure time or twice the closure time. According to closed-orbit theory, the average oscillator strength density at constant formula_5 is given by a smooth background plus an oscillatory sum of the form\",\n \"id\": \"12466572\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rydberg constant\\n\\n\\nthe development of quantum mechanics. The Bohr model posits that electrons revolve around the atomic nucleus in a manner analogous to planets revolving around the sun. In the simplest version of the Bohr model, the mass of the atomic nucleus is considered to be infinite compared to the mass of the electron, so that the center of mass of the system, the barycenter, lies at the center of the nucleus. This infinite mass approximation is what is alluded to with the formula_14 subscript. The Bohr model then predicts that the wavelengths of\",\n \"id\": \"20297136\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electron capture\\n\\n\\nstate β decay. Chemical bonds can also affect the rate of electron capture to a small degree (in general, less than 1%) depending on the proximity of electrons to the nucleus. For example, in Be, a difference of 0.9% has been observed between half-lives in metallic and insulating environments. This relatively large effect is due to the fact that beryllium is a small atom that employs valence electrons that are close to the nucleus, and also in orbitals with no orbital angular momentum. Electrons in s\",\n \"id\": \"3727102\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Energy level\\n\\n\\ndiscrete energy levels is said to be quantized. In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the \\\" shell\\\" (also called \\\"K shell\\\"), followed by the \\\" shell\\\" (or \\\"L shell\\\"), then the \\\" shell\\\" (or \\\"M shell\\\"), and so on farther and farther from the nucleus. The shells\",\n \"id\": \"14327806\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Angular momentum coupling\\n\\n\\nwe ignore the electron-electron interaction (and other small interactions such as spin-orbit coupling), the \\\"orbital angular momentum\\\" l of each electron commutes with the total Hamiltonian. In this model the atomic Hamiltonian is a sum of kinetic energies of the electrons and the spherically symmetric electron-nucleus interactions. The individual electron angular momenta l commute with this Hamiltonian. That is, they are conserved properties of this approximate model of the atom. An example of the second situation is a rigid rotor moving in field-\",\n \"id\": \"8694186\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hydrogen spectral series\\n\\n\\nproton leads to a set of quantum states for the electron, each with its own energy. These states were visualized by the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom as being distinct orbits around the nucleus. Each energy state, or orbit, is designated by an integer, as shown in the figure. The Bohr model was later replaced by quantum mechanics in which the electron occupies an atomic orbital rather than an orbit, but the allowed energy levels of the hydrogen atom remained the same as in the earlier theory. Spectral emission occurs\",\n \"id\": \"20519507\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Antiprotonic helium\\n\\n\\ngas; the antiproton spontaneously removes one of the two electrons contained in a normal helium atom in a chemical reaction, and then begins to orbit the helium nucleus in the electron's place. This will happen in the case of approximately 3% of the antiprotons introduced to the helium gas. The antiproton's orbit, which has a large principal quantum number and angular momentum quantum number of around 38, lies far away from the surface of the helium nucleus. The antiproton can thus orbit the nucleus for tens of microseconds, before\",\n \"id\": \"1047794\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Laser\\n\\n\\nand shape of the beam. Electrons and how they interact with electromagnetic fields are important in our understanding of chemistry and physics. In the classical view, the energy of an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus is larger for orbits further from the nucleus of an atom. However, quantum mechanical effects force electrons to take on discrete positions in orbitals. Thus, electrons are found in specific energy levels of an atom, two of which are shown below: When an electron absorbs energy either from light (photons) or heat (phonons\",\n \"id\": \"17642997\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\n, unless actively forced, will spontaneously decay into a ring resonant standing wave because reflections will build up over time at even the smallest imperfection or discontinuity. Generally speaking, the number determines the size and energy of the orbital for a given nucleus: as increases, the size of the orbital increases. When comparing different elements, the higher nuclear charge of heavier elements causes their orbitals to contract by comparison to lighter ones, so that the overall size of the whole atom remains very roughly constant, even as the number of electrons\",\n \"id\": \"861581\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electron configuration\\n\\n\\nand unaffected by the nuclear charge or by the presence of electrons in other orbitals. If that were the case, the 3d-orbital would have the same energy as the 3p-orbital, as it does in hydrogen, yet it clearly doesn't. There is no special reason why the Fe ion should have the same electron configuration as the chromium atom, given that iron has two more protons in its nucleus than chromium, and that the chemistry of the two species is very different. Melrose and Eric Scerri have analyzed\",\n \"id\": \"18614789\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Stimulated emission\\n\\n\\nat the heart of a laser or maser. Lacking a feedback mechanism, laser amplifiers and superluminescent sources also function on the basis of stimulated emission. Electrons and their interactions with electromagnetic fields are important in our understanding of chemistry and physics. In the classical view, the energy of an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus is larger for orbits further from the nucleus of an atom. However, quantum mechanical effects force electrons to take on discrete positions in orbitals. Thus, electrons are found in specific energy levels of an atom, two\",\n \"id\": \"8790258\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\nhydrogen-like atoms are its atomic orbitals. However, in general, an electron's behavior is not fully described by a single orbital. Electron states are best represented by time-depending \\\"mixtures\\\" (linear combinations) of multiple orbitals. See Linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method. The quantum number first appeared in the Bohr model where it determines the radius of each circular electron orbit. In modern quantum mechanics however, determines the mean distance of the electron from the nucleus; all electrons with the same value\",\n \"id\": \"861567\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Magnetism\\n\\n\\nthe Heitler–London theory, so-called two-body molecular formula_11-orbitals are formed, namely the resulting orbital is: Here the last product means that a first electron, r, is in an atomic hydrogen-orbital centered at the second nucleus, whereas the second electron runs around the first nucleus. This \\\"exchange\\\" phenomenon is an expression for the quantum-mechanical property that particles with identical properties cannot be distinguished. It is specific not only for the formation of chemical bonds, but as one will see,\",\n \"id\": \"20160646\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nonradiation condition\\n\\n\\ndistributions which emit no radiation. The need for a nonradiating classical electron was however abandoned in 1913 by the Bohr model of the atom, which postulated that electrons orbiting the nucleus in particular circular orbits with fixed angular momentum and energy would not radiate. Modern atomic theory explains these stable quantum states with the help of Schrödinger's equation. In the meantime, our understanding of classical nonradiation has been considerably advanced since 1925. Beginning as early as 1933, George Adolphus Schott published a surprising discovery that a charged sphere in accelerated motion (\",\n \"id\": \"20494304\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\nelectrons, so that their motion is correlated, but this is often approximated by this independent-particle model of products of single electron wave functions. (The London dispersion force, for example, depends on the correlations of the motion of the electrons.) In atomic physics, the atomic spectral lines correspond to transitions (quantum leaps) between quantum states of an atom. These states are labeled by a set of quantum numbers summarized in the term symbol and usually associated with particular electron configurations, i.e., by occupation schemes of\",\n \"id\": \"861542\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\nthe mechanism). This relationship means that certain key features can be observed in both drum membrane modes and atomic orbitals. For example, in all of the modes analogous to s orbitals (the top row in the animated illustration below), it can be seen that the very center of the drum membrane vibrates most strongly, corresponding to the antinode in all s orbitals in an atom. This antinode means the electron is most likely to be at the physical position of the nucleus (which it passes straight through without scattering or\",\n \"id\": \"861594\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Magnetic moment\\n\\n\\n: where the \\\"g\\\"-factor depends on the particle and configuration. For example the \\\"g\\\"-factor for the magnetic moment due to an electron orbiting a nucleus is one while the \\\"g\\\"-factor for the magnetic moment of electron due to its intrinsic angular momentum (spin) is a little larger than 2. The \\\"g\\\"-factor of atoms and molecules must account for the orbital and intrinsic moments of its electrons and possibly the intrinsic moment of its nuclei as well. In the atomic world the angular momentum (spin) of a particle is an\",\n \"id\": \"6272575\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Niels Bohr\\n\\n\\nfamous as \\\"the trilogy\\\", were published in \\\"Philosophical Magazine\\\" in July, September and November of that year. He adapted Rutherford's nuclear structure to Max Planck's quantum theory and so created his Bohr model of the atom. Planetary models of atoms were not new, but Bohr's treatment was. Taking the 1912 paper by Darwin on the role of electrons in the interaction of alpha particles with a nucleus as his starting point, he advanced the theory of electrons travelling in orbits around the atom's nucleus,\",\n \"id\": \"1379251\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Discovery of the neutron\\n\\n\\na mass of 14 atomic mass units. The nucleus was also orbited by another 7 electrons, termed \\\"external electrons\\\" by Rutherford, to complete the N atom. Obvious problems with the hypothesis became apparent, however. Ralph Kronig pointed out in 1926 that the observed hyperfine structure of atomic spectra was inconsistent with the proton–electron hypothesis. This structure is caused by the influence of the nucleus on the dynamics of orbiting electrons. The magnetic moments of supposed \\\"nuclear electrons\\\" should produce hyperfine spectral line splittings similar to the\",\n \"id\": \"10645989\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Precision tests of QED\\n\\n\\nto the atom-recoil method. In this case, the accurately known mass ratio of the electron to the neutron is used. The neutron mass is measured with high precision through a very precise measurement of its Compton wavelength. This is then combined with the value of the Rydberg constant to extract \\\"α\\\". The result is, Hyperfine splitting is a splitting in the energy levels of an atom caused by the interaction between the magnetic moment of the nucleus and the combined spin and orbital magnetic moment of the electron. The\",\n \"id\": \"13181150\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chemistry\\n\\n\\nspace occupied by an electron cloud. The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons (together called nucleons), while the electron cloud consists of negatively charged electrons which orbit the nucleus. In a neutral atom, the negatively charged electrons balance out the positive charge of the protons. The nucleus is dense; the mass of a nucleon is approximately 1,836 times that of an electron, yet the radius of an atom is about 10,000 times that of its nucleus. The atom is also the smallest entity that can\",\n \"id\": \"4896856\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\nterm \\\"orbital\\\" was coined by Robert Mulliken in 1932 as an abbreviation for \\\"one-electron orbital wave function\\\". However, the idea that electrons might revolve around a compact nucleus with definite angular momentum was convincingly argued at least 19 years earlier by Niels Bohr, and the Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka published an orbit-based hypothesis for electronic behavior as early as 1904. Explaining the behavior of these electron \\\"orbits\\\" was one of the driving forces behind the development of quantum mechanics. With J. J. Thomson's discovery\",\n \"id\": \"861548\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electron\\n\\n\\nquantum numbers such as energy, angular momentum and projection of angular momentum, and only a discrete set of these orbitals exist around the nucleus. According to the Pauli exclusion principle each orbital can be occupied by up to two electrons, which must differ in their spin quantum number. Electrons can transfer between different orbitals by the emission or absorption of photons with an energy that matches the difference in potential. Other methods of orbital transfer include collisions with particles, such as electrons, and the Auger effect. To escape the atom,\",\n \"id\": \"9491155\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\nhigher values of the quantum number , particularly when the atom in question bears a positive charge, the energies of certain sub-shells become very similar and so the order in which they are said to be populated by electrons (e.g. Cr = [Ar]4s3d and Cr = [Ar]3d) can only be rationalized somewhat arbitrarily. With the development of quantum mechanics and experimental findings (such as the two slit diffraction of electrons), it was found that the orbiting electrons around a nucleus could not be fully described as particles, but\",\n \"id\": \"861538\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hydrogen spectral series\\n\\n\\nmotion of the electron in the process of photon absorption or emission is always accompanied by motion of the nucleus, and, because the mass of the nucleus is always finite, the energy spectra of hydrogen-like atoms must depend on the nuclear mass. And since hydrogen atoms have a nucleus of only one proton, the spectrum energy of an hydrogen atom depends only by the nucleus (e.g. in the Coulomb field): in fact, the mass of one proton is ca formula_1 times the mass of an electron, which gives\",\n \"id\": \"20519511\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic whirl\\n\\n\\nThe atomic whirl is the logo of the American Atheists, and has come to be used as a symbol of atheism in general as some American Atheist members claim. The Atomic Whirl is based on the Rutherford model of the atom which is proven wrong, erroneously showing the orbital paths of electrons around the central nucleus, and not on the atomic orbitals which is a near perfect experimental approximation. It resembles the authoritative logos and symbols of the United States Atomic Energy Commission and the International Atomic Energy Agency who also based their designs on\",\n \"id\": \"5608177\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bohr model\\n\\n\\nused. This gives the atom a shell structure, in which each shell corresponds to a Bohr orbit. This model is even more approximate than the model of hydrogen, because it treats the electrons in each shell as non-interacting. But the repulsions of electrons are taken into account somewhat by the phenomenon of screening. The electrons in outer orbits do not only orbit the nucleus, but they also move around the inner electrons, so the effective charge Z that they feel is reduced by the number of the electrons in the\",\n \"id\": \"4613771\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Introduction to quantum mechanics\\n\\n\\nmuch as planets orbit around the sun, but they are permitted to inhabit only certain orbits, not to orbit at any distance. When an atom emitted (or absorbed) energy, the electron did not move in a continuous trajectory from one orbit around the nucleus to another, as might be expected classically. Instead, the electron would jump instantaneously from one orbit to another, giving off the emitted light in the form of a photon. The possible energies of photons given off by each element were determined by the differences in\",\n \"id\": \"21080812\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Quantum defect\\n\\n\\nh\\\" is Planck's constant, \\\"c\\\" is the speed of light and \\\"n\\\" is the principal quantum number. For multi-electron atoms in Rydberg states with a low value of the orbital angular momentum, there is a high probability of finding the excited electron near the nucleus where it can polarize or even penetrate the ion core, modifying the potential. The resulting shift of the energy levels is represented mathematically as an angular momentum dependent quantum defect, δ: The largest shifts occur when the orbital angular momentum\",\n \"id\": \"1801564\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Effective atomic number\\n\\n\\ninstance, the nucleus contains 26 protons. The electrons that are closest to the nucleus will 'see' nearly all of them. However, electrons further away are screened from the nucleus by other electrons in between, and feel less electrostatic interaction as a result. The 1s electron of iron (the closest one to the nucleus) sees an effective atomic number (number of protons) of 25. The reason why it is not 26 is because some of the electrons in the atom end up repelling the others, giving a\",\n \"id\": \"1017520\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Energy level\\n\\n\\nnucleus. The energy levels of an electron around a nucleus are given by : (typically between 1 eV and 10 eV), where is the Rydberg constant, is the atomic number, is the principal quantum number, is Planck's constant, and is the speed of light. For hydrogen-like atoms (ions) only, the Rydberg levels depend only on the principal quantum number . This equation is obtained from combining the Rydberg formula for any hydrogen-like element (shown below) with assuming that the principal quantum\",\n \"id\": \"14327813\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\nof \\\"n\\\" lie at the same average distance. For this reason, orbitals with the same value of \\\"n\\\" are said to comprise a \\\"shell\\\". Orbitals with the same value of \\\"n\\\" and also the same value of are even more closely related, and are said to comprise a \\\"subshell\\\". Because of the quantum mechanical nature of the electrons around a nucleus, atomic orbitals can be uniquely defined by a set of integers known as quantum numbers. These quantum numbers only occur in certain\",\n \"id\": \"861568\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hartree atomic units\\n\\n\\nin atoms. This is particularly clear from the classical Bohr model of the hydrogen atom in its ground state. The ground state electron orbiting the hydrogen nucleus has (in the classical Bohr model): The Schrödinger equation for an electron in SI units is The same equation in au is For the special case of the electron around a hydrogen atom, the Hamiltonian in SI units is: while atomic units transform the preceding equation into Both Planck units and au are derived from certain fundamental properties of the physical world, and are free\",\n \"id\": \"9505787\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hydrogen atom\\n\\n\\nform. Experiments by Ernest Rutherford in 1909 showed the structure of the atom to be a dense, positive nucleus with a tenuous negative charge cloud around it. This immediately raised questions about how such a system could be stable. Classical electromagnetism had shown that any accelerating charge radiates energy, as shown by the Larmor formula. If the electron is assumed to orbit in a perfect circle and radiates energy continuously, the electron would rapidly spiral into the nucleus with a fall time of: Where formula_2 is the Bohr radius and formula_3 is\",\n \"id\": \"14425345\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hartree atomic units\\n\\n\\nand charge of the electron, and, as a result, the speed of light in atomic units is a large value, formula_21. The orbital velocity of an electron around a small atom is of the order of 1 in atomic units, so the discrepancy between the velocity units in the two systems reflects the fact that electrons orbit small atoms much slower than the speed of light (around 2 orders of magnitude slower). There are much larger discrepancies in some other units. For example, the unit of mass in atomic\",\n \"id\": \"9505789\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Niels Bohr\\n\\n\\nNiels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another. Although\",\n \"id\": \"1379237\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Basis set (chemistry)\\n\\n\\nwhich are solutions to the Schrödinger equation of hydrogen-like atoms, and decay exponentially far away from the nucleus. It can be shown that the molecular orbitals of Hartree-Fock and density-functional theory also exhibit exponential decay. Furthermore, S-type STOs also satisfy Kato's cusp condition at the nucleus, meaning that they are able to accurately describe electron density near the nucleus. However, hydrogen-like atoms lack many-electron interactions, thus the orbitals do not accurately describe electron state correlations. Unfortunately, calculating\",\n \"id\": \"9471048\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pauli exclusion principle\\n\\n\\nbound electrons equal in number to the protons in the nucleus. Electrons, being fermions, cannot occupy the same quantum state as other electrons, so electrons have to \\\"stack\\\" within an atom, i.e. have different spins while at the same electron orbital as described below. An example is the neutral helium atom, which has two bound electrons, both of which can occupy the lowest-energy (\\\"1s\\\") states by acquiring opposite spin; as spin is part of the quantum state of the electron, the\",\n \"id\": \"4899828\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Stern–Gerlach experiment\\n\\n\\n. At the time, Stern was an assistant to Max Born at the University of Frankfurt's Institute for Theoretical Physics, and Gerlach was an assistant at the same university's Institute for Experimental Physics. At the time of the experiment, the most prevalent model for describing the atom was the Bohr model, which described electrons as going around the positively charged nucleus only in certain discrete atomic orbitals or energy levels. Since the electron was quantized to be only in certain positions in space, the separation into distinct orbits was referred to\",\n \"id\": \"7544372\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bonding molecular orbital\\n\\n\\nbetween the two species. In the classic example of the H MO, the two separate H atoms have identical atomic orbitals. When creating the molecule dihydrogen, the individual valence orbitals, 1\\\"s\\\", either: merge in phase to get bonding orbitals, where the electron density is in between the nuclei of the atoms; or, merge out of phase to get antibonding orbitals, where the electron density is everywhere around the atom except for the space between the nuclei of the two atoms. Bonding orbitals lead to a more stable\",\n \"id\": \"4620429\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electronegativity\\n\\n\\n, the more \\\"pull\\\" it will have on electrons) and the number/location of other electrons present in the atomic shells (the more electrons an atom has, the farther from the nucleus the valence electrons will be, and as a result the less positive charge they will experience—both because of their increased distance from the nucleus, and because the other electrons in the lower energy core orbitals will act to shield the valence electrons from the positively charged nucleus). The opposite of electronegativity is electropositivity: a measure\",\n \"id\": \"9632921\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\nnext higher shell; when formula_35 the energy is pushed into the shell two steps higher. The filling of the 3d orbitals does not occur until the 4s orbitals have been filled. The increase in energy for subshells of increasing angular momentum in larger atoms is due to electron–electron interaction effects, and it is specifically related to the ability of low angular momentum electrons to penetrate more effectively toward the nucleus, where they are subject to less screening from the charge of intervening electrons. Thus, in atoms of higher atomic number,\",\n \"id\": \"861602\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Molecular orbital theory\\n\\n\\nthat its electron density will tend to attract each of the two nuclei toward the other and hold the two atoms together. An anti-bonding orbital concentrates electron density \\\"behind\\\" each nucleus (i.e. on the side of each atom which is farthest from the other atom), and so tends to pull each of the two nuclei away from the other and actually weaken the bond between the two nuclei. Electrons in non-bonding orbitals tend to be associated with atomic orbitals that do not interact positively or negatively with one another\",\n \"id\": \"16289394\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Photoinduced charge separation\\n\\n\\nthe electron in circular motion) would be less than the electrical force the proton applied to the electron. Once the electron spiralled into the nucleus the electron would combine with a proton to form a neutron, and the atom would cease to exist. This model is clearly wrong. In 1913 Niels Bohr refined the Rutherford model by stating that the electrons existed in discrete quantized states called energy levels. This meant that the electrons could only occupy orbits at certain energies. The laws of quantum physics apply here, and they don't\",\n \"id\": \"17578031\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic nucleus\\n\\n\\nmodels may be seen in a small atomic nucleus like that of helium-4, in which the two protons and two neutrons separately occupy 1s orbitals analogous to the 1s orbital for the two electrons in the helium atom, and achieve unusual stability for the same reason. Nuclei with 5 nucleons are all extremely unstable and short-lived, yet, helium-3, with 3 nucleons, is very stable even with lack of a closed 1s orbital shell. Another nucleus with 3 nucleons, the triton hydrogen-3 is unstable and will decay into helium-3 when\",\n \"id\": \"19678652\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Muon\\n\\n\\nthe orbital of the muon continues to be smaller and far closer to the nucleus than the atomic orbitals of the electrons. Muonic helium is created by substituting a muon for one of the electrons in helium-4. The muon orbits much closer to the nucleus, so muonic helium can therefore be regarded like an isotope of helium whose nucleus consists of two neutrons, two protons and a muon, with a single electron outside. Colloquially, it could be called \\\"helium 4.1\\\", since the mass of the muon is slightly greater than\",\n \"id\": \"3655\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear isomer\\n\\n\\n/) was discovered by Otto Hahn in 1921. The nucleus of a nuclear isomer occupies a higher energy state than the non-excited nucleus existing at ground state. In an excited state, one or more of the protons or neutrons in a nucleus occupy a nuclear orbital of higher energy than an available nuclear orbital. These states are analogous to excited states of electrons in atoms. When excited atomic states decay, energy is released by fluorescence. In electronic transitions, this process usually involves emission of light near the visible range\",\n \"id\": \"13911434\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Curie temperature\\n\\n\\n, where m is the mass of an electron, μ is the magnetic moment, and l is the angular momentum; this ratio is called the \\\"gyromagnetic ratio\\\". The electrons in an atom contribute magnetic moments from their own angular momentum and from their orbital momentum around the nucleus. Magnetic moments from the nucleus are insignificant in contrast to the magnetic moments from the electrons. Thermal contributions result in higher energy electrons disrupting the order and the destruction of the alignment between dipoles. Ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials have\",\n \"id\": \"4052173\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Motion\\n\\n\\ncolliding, and moving. This motion can be detected as temperature; higher temperatures, which represent greater kinetic energy in the particles, feel warm to humans who sense the thermal energy transferring from the object being touched to their nerves. Similarly, when lower temperature objects are touched, the senses perceive the transfer of heat away from the body as feeling cold. Within each atom, electrons exist in a region around the nucleus. This region is called the electron cloud. According to Bohr's model of the atom, electrons have\",\n \"id\": \"489720\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Periodic table\\n\\n\\natom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable. A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected. The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus. As such this electron would be less attracted to the nucleus and would release less energy when added. In going down a group, around one-third of elements are anomalous, with heavier elements having higher electron affinities than their next lighter congenors. Largely, this is due to the poor\",\n \"id\": \"3472859\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hydrogen atom\\n\\n\\nof the system, rather than simply the mass of the electron. This includes the kinetic energy of the nucleus in the problem, because the total (electron plus nuclear) kinetic energy is equivalent to the kinetic energy of the reduced mass moving with a velocity equal to the electron velocity relative to the nucleus. However, since the nucleus is much heavier than the electron, the electron mass and reduced mass are nearly the same. The Rydberg constant \\\"R\\\" for a hydrogen atom (one electron), \\\"R\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"14425349\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Antiprotonic helium\\n\\n\\nAntiprotonic helium is a three-body atom composed of an antiproton and an electron orbiting around a helium nucleus. It is thus made partly of matter, and partly of antimatter. The atom is electrically neutral, since both electrons and antiprotons each have a charge of −1, whereas helium nuclei have a charge of +2. The antiprotonic helium atom is called an atomcule, as it has a structure like an atom, but has two nuclei like a molecule. These exotic atoms can be produced by simply mixing antiprotons with ordinary helium\",\n \"id\": \"1047793\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Penning trap\\n\\n\\n. Hydrogen consists of two particles, the nucleus and electron, but the electron motion relative to the nucleus is equivalent to one particle in an external field, see center-of-mass frame. The properties of geonium are different from a typical atom. The charge undergoes cyclotron motion around the trap axis and oscillates along the axis. An inhomogeneous magnetic \\\"bottle field\\\" is applied to measure the quantum properties by the \\\"continuous Stern-Gerlach\\\" technique. Energy levels and g-factor of the particle can be measured\",\n \"id\": \"15691104\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Planck constant\\n\\n\\nof incident light (\\\"f\\\") and the kinetic energy of photoelectrons (\\\"E\\\") was shown to be equal to the Planck constant (\\\"h\\\"). Niels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a nucleus, the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into\",\n \"id\": \"13847816\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Covalent bond\\n\\n\\norbitals in molecular orbital theory and resonance of sigma bonds in valence bond theory. In three-center two-electron bonds (\\\"3c–2e\\\") three atoms share two electrons in bonding. This type of bonding occurs in electron deficient compounds like diborane. Each such bond (2 per molecule in diborane) contains a pair of electrons which connect the boron atoms to each other in a banana shape, with a proton (nucleus of a hydrogen atom) in the middle of the bond, sharing electrons with both boron atoms.\",\n \"id\": \"6416731\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Core electron\\n\\n\\nunlike valence electrons the core electrons play a secondary role in chemical bonding and reactions by screening the positive charge of the atomic nucleus from the valence shell of electrons. In transition metals, the distinction between core and valence electrons is less distinct with electrons in the highest d-shell acting more like valence electrons than core electrons. A more complex explanation of the difference between core and valence electrons can be described with atomic orbital theory. In atoms with a single electron the energy of an orbital is determined exclusively by the principle quantum\",\n \"id\": \"22199043\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electron\\n\\n\\nby the angular momentum of the electron's orbit about the nucleus. The electrons could move between those states, or orbits, by the emission or absorption of photons of specific frequencies. By means of these quantized orbits, he accurately explained the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom. However, Bohr's model failed to account for the relative intensities of the spectral lines and it was unsuccessful in explaining the spectra of more complex atoms. Chemical bonds between atoms were explained by Gilbert Newton Lewis, who in 1916 proposed that a covalent\",\n \"id\": \"9491118\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Internal conversion\\n\\n\\nInternal conversion is a radioactive decay process wherein an excited nucleus interacts electromagnetically with one of the orbital electrons of the atom. This causes the electron to be emitted (ejected) from the atom. Thus, in an internal conversion process, a high-energy electron is emitted from the radioactive atom, but not from the nucleus. For this reason, the high-speed electrons resulting from internal conversion are not called beta particles, since the latter come from beta decay, where they are newly created in the nuclear decay process\",\n \"id\": \"1158857\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chemical bond\\n\\n\\nincrease greatly. In a simplified view of an \\\"ionic\\\" bond, the bonding electron is not shared at all, but transferred. In this type of bond, the outer atomic orbital of one atom has a vacancy which allows the addition of one or more electrons. These newly added electrons potentially occupy a lower energy-state (effectively closer to more nuclear charge) than they experience in a different atom. Thus, one nucleus offers a more tightly bound position to an electron than does another nucleus, with the result\",\n \"id\": \"6232649\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic orbital\\n\\n\\nsame energy. This approximation is broken to a slight extent in the solution to the Dirac equation (where the energy depends on and another quantum number ), and by the effect of the magnetic field of the nucleus and quantum electrodynamics effects. The latter induce tiny binding energy differences especially for s electrons that go nearer the nucleus, since these feel a very slightly different nuclear charge, even in one-electron atoms; see Lamb shift. In atoms with multiple electrons, the energy of an electron depends not only on the\",\n \"id\": \"861600\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atomic nucleus\\n\\n\\norbiting at high speed in potential wells. In the above models, the nucleons may occupy orbitals in pairs, due to being fermions, which allows explanation of even/odd \\\"Z\\\" and \\\"N\\\" effects well-known from experiments. The exact nature and capacity of nuclear shells differs from those of electrons in atomic orbitals, primarily because the potential well in which the nucleons move (especially in larger nuclei) is quite different from the central electromagnetic potential well which binds electrons in atoms. Some resemblance to atomic orbital\",\n \"id\": \"19678651\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rydberg formula\\n\\n\\natomic nucleus (at least temporarily) to produce electromagnetic radiation, but this theory was superseded in 1913 by Niels Bohr's model of the atom. In Bohr's conception of the atom, the integer Rydberg (and Balmer) \\\"n\\\" numbers represent electron orbitals at different integral distances from the atom. A frequency (or spectral energy) emitted in a transition from \\\"n\\\" to \\\"n\\\" therefore represents the photon energy emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a jump from orbital 1 to orbital 2. Later models\",\n \"id\": \"9431329\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Trojan wave packet\\n\\n\\nelectron using a microwave field to which its motion is phase locked. The phase lock of the electrons in this unique atomic system is, as mentioned above, analogous to the phase locked asteroids of Jupiter's orbit. The techniques explored in this experiment are a solution to a problem that dates back to 1926. Physicists at that time realized that any initially localized wave packet will inevitably spread around the orbit of the electrons. Physicist noticed that \\\"the wave equation is dispersive for the atomic Coulomb potential.\\\" In the 1980s several\",\n \"id\": \"20687328\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bohr model\\n\\n\\nproposed, quantum mechanics, in which Bohr's model of electrons traveling in quantized orbits was extended into a more accurate model of electron motion. The new theory was proposed by Werner Heisenberg. Another form of the same theory, wave mechanics, was discovered by the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger independently, and by different reasoning. Schrödinger employed de Broglie's matter waves, but sought wave solutions of a three-dimensional wave equation describing electrons that were constrained to move about the nucleus of a hydrogen-like atom, by being trapped\",\n \"id\": \"4613754\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":91,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"why is California shutting down its last nuclear power plant, I thought nuclear power was a good thing?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"5dh34s"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"The big reason is that it's near a fault line. No matter how safe you make it, it's hard to tell how much damage an earthquake could actually do. And despite how good it is, there's still a very negative perception of it just because of the word nuclear. Too many people seem to think that it's akin to a nuclear weapon when they're not really similar at all.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Currently operating nuclear power plants were build to an old design, based on the design for nuclear submarine propulsion. This design prioritized \\\"a lot of power in a small space\\\" over other things that would make it much safer in the event of a mistake or a natural disaster (earthquake, tsunami). So countries are gradually turning off some of these old plants out of fear of another Chernobyl, or another Fukushima.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Earthquakes. Our knowledge of seismic issues has significantly increased since these plants were built in the 60s, and they can't really stand up to a \\\"Bit One\\\" quake (or it's just too close to the margins). Plus, all power plants require upgrades to keep running; nuclear upgrades to the newer codes are very expensive, and power companies often see the cost of the upgrade is too high and just doesn't pencil out. If the Federal Government stepped in and offered a ton of money to build new generation nuclear plants at the proper seismic standards, CA would take it. But they aren't, because it is real expensive and Republicans don't want to send billions into California.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Quite honestly, to me it really sucks because all the practical generation will now be natural gas which will, of course add smog. \\\"renewable\\\" are only a tiny percentage of the energy mix and try turning a light on at night with solar or when the wind isn't blowing. The backbone will always be petroleum based, until we run out that is, then all bets are off (I'm going with Road Warrior).\"}, {\"answer\": \"Diablo Canyon (the plant in question) is close to the coast. The Fukushima disaster raised concerns about that kind of site. The cost to build a new nuclear plant in litigious California makes it not as cost effective as solar there (the weather is very nice in CA).\"}, {\"answer\": \"Another factor that has not been brought up here, but was mentioned on the NPR story about the closure, is that the plant was providing too high of a base level of energy into the local grid to make use of the energy being provided by renewables. They claimed that the energy from renewable sources was actually being wasted because the supply exceeded demand.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Economical reasons. Nuclear power isnt really profitable anymore. The plants are extremly expensive, the maintenance is high due to security concerns, the fuel is costly and needs a lot of processing and the waste has no real solution. Solar power is simply cheaper. Coal and gas are cheaper aswell\"}, {\"answer\": \"Politics and anti-nuclear environmental groups. Economics aren't helping either. Despite people saying earthquakes, the reality is Diablo Canyon is the most seismically protected plant in the country by far, and has a full time earthquake engineering staff evaluating fault lines and making plant improvements when necessary.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Environmentalists don't realize that Diablo Canyon is going to be replaced with natural gas. It would cost over $80 billion and I don't even know how many acres of land to build enough solar to replace the lost generation and thats ignoring solars lack of reliability.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I know in Illinois a lot of the nuclear plants are shutting down because they are economically uncompetitive now. With how cheap natural gas is, if no one wants to buy your more expensive electricity then there's no reason to stay open.\"}, {\"answer\": \"How are they going to make up for the lost power?\"}, {\"answer\": \"In the 40's-60's the world had a can-do attitude and as soon as they could do a thing, they did it. So, when they figured out how to make fission power plants, they made them; nevermind that they required active cooling to prevent meltdown. The time between man splitting the atom and utility scale power plants it not a long time at all. These plants maybe weren't the best designs and maybe not safe at all. Fast forward to Chernobyl and fissile energy got a big black eye and basically all development and education related to fissile energy production stopped. There was a pretty large knowledge loss as people educated and experienced in the design of nuclear power plants grew old while no new plants/people were brought in. After Chernobyl, they tried to make existing plants safer. The outcome was a lot like old airports post 9/11. A mess, but more or less secure. Unfortunately, this reputation built up by old designs for being unsafe is preventing the world from moving forward with perfectly safe newer designs. Somehow anti-nuclear has gotten momentum with environmentalists that don't seem to realize that it isn't renewables vs nuclear but coal vs nuclear. By being anti-nuclear, they are pro coal. There are currently new reactor designs that could safely burn the waste from old reactors for decades and decades and designs that could burn fresh fuel much more safely. The problem is, they can't build the new reactors because no one wants a new reactor built anywhere near them (despite coal plants releasing more radiation). Also, over the top safety regulations for older plant designs are stifling new design. Imagine if every car on the road needed a guy with a flag to walk in front of it, that was a real regulation for early cars and the same level of nonsense exists for nuclear energy.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I've read that plants using Thorium would be much safer and cheaper than those using Plutonium. Does anyone know if that's true?\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"62520\", \"title\": \"Southern California\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Southern California (colloquially and locally known as SoCal) is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's southernmost counties, and is the second most populous urban agglomeration in the United States. The region contains ten counties: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Ventura, and Kern counties.\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\", \"Southern California (colloquially and locally known as SoCal) is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's southernmost counties, and is the second most populous urban agglomeration in the United States. The region contains ten counties: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Be\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"14653\", \"title\": \"Iran\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Iran, also called Persia, and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. With 82 million inhabitants,\", \"Iran, also called Persia, and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. With 82 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th most populous country. Its territory spans , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran, and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area.\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\", \"ran, also called Persia, and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in Western Asia. With 82 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th most populous country. Its territory spans , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by th\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"14599753\", \"title\": \"Anti-nuclear movement in California\", \"section\": \"Section::::1970s and 1980s.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 8, \"end_paragraph_id\": 8, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"As the anti-nuclear movement grew in California, some scientists and engineers began supporting the positions of the activists. They were influenced by the Ecology and Free Speech Movements that had inspired activists and had impacted the public consciousness. Californian's for Nuclear Safeguards would succeed at placing Proposition 15 on the June 1976 ballot which would have banned new facilities and put additional safety requirements on operating reactors. The initiative failed to pass with millions of dollars spent by the nuclear industry to influence the outcome. However, as a result of the publicity which included the resignation of three General Electric nuclear engineers, the state legislature passed a moratorium on further nuclear development until a permanent solution to high level waste was in place. The discovery of a fault near General Electric's Vallecitos Nuclear Center near Pleasanton resulted in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission closing the facility down in 1977. Anti-nuclear groups campaigned to stop construction of several proposed plants in the seventies, especially those located on the coast and near fault lines. These\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\", \"As the anti-nuclear movement grew in California, some scientists and engineers began supporting the positions of the activists. They were influenced by the Ecology and Free Speech Movements that had inspired activists and had impacted the public consciousness. Californian's for Nuclear Safeguards would succeed at placing Proposition 15 on the June 1976 ballot which would have banned new facilities and put additional safety requirements on operating reactors. The initiative failed to pass with millions of dollars spent by the nuclear indus\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"European windstorm\n\n\nseverely limited if power lines are brought down by snow, ice or high winds. In the wake of Cyclone Gudrun in 2005 Denmark and Latvia had difficulty importing electricity, and Sweden lost 25% of its total power capacity as the Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant and Barsebäck nuclear power plant nuclear plants were shut down. During the Boxing Day Storm of 1998 the reactors at Hunterston B nuclear power station were shut down when power was lost, possibly due to arcing at pylons caused by salt spray from the sea. When the grid connection","id":"18236516"},{"contents":"Enel\n\n\nrefuelling, was never reactivated and was finally closed in 1990. The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant in Piedmont was deactivated in 1987 and shut down in 1990. The construction work on the Montalto di Castro Nuclear Power Station, started in 1982, was interrupted in 1988. The station was converted the following year into a multi-fuel plant. The Latina Nuclear Power Plant was shut down in 1988. The Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant had been shut down since 1978. In 1988, the new National Energy Plan (PEN) established","id":"5028941"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in Germany\n\n\ngovernment for the premature shut-down of its nuclear plants. On 5 December 2016, the Federal Constitutional Court (\") ruled that the nuclear plant operators affected by the accelerated phase-out of nuclear power following the Fukushima disaster are eligible for \"adequate\" compensation. The court found that the nuclear exit was essentially constitutional but that the utilities are entitled to damages for the \"good faith\" investments they made in 2010. The utilities can now sue the German government under civil law. E.ON, RWE, and Vattenfall are","id":"2080402"},{"contents":"Friends of the Earth (US)\n\n\nthe 75-country Friends of the Earth International federation, the organization is an accredited observer organization within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Part of the overall energy program aims to prevent the construction of new nuclear power plants, protest federal subsidies for the nuclear power industry and shut down existing reactors. The campaign is currently trying to shut down the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant in San Luis Obispo County in southern California. It is located near several active fault lines including the Shoreline, Hosgri, San Luis Bay","id":"11405638"},{"contents":"Anti-nuclear movement in Germany\n\n\npower plant operators. The act legislated for the shut-down of all German nuclear plants by 2021. The Stade Nuclear Power Plant was the first one to go offline in November 2003, followed by the Obrigheim Nuclear Power Plant in 2005. Block-A of the Biblis Nuclear Power Plant is still provisionally scheduled to be shut down in 2008. Block-B is going back online after a year-long shutdown on 13 or 14 December 2007 and is scheduled to keep operating until 2009 or 2012. In 2007, amid","id":"15634142"},{"contents":"Energy law\n\n\nat the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant on March 11 and a nuclear emergency was declared. 140,000 residents were evacuated. The total amount of radioactive material released is unclear, as the crisis is ongoing. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years. Problems in stabilizing the Fukushima I nuclear plant had hardened attitudes to nuclear power. As of June 2011, \"more than 80","id":"14925320"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in Spain\n\n\nSpain has five active nuclear power plants with seven reactors producing 21% of the country's electricity as of 2013. A nuclear power moratorium was enacted by the Socialist government in 1983. For a time the country had a policy of phasing out nuclear power in favor of renewables. It ended in 1997 but no public or private company has been interested in building new nuclear plants. The oldest unit (at José Cabrera nuclear power plant) was shut down at the end of 2006, 40 years after its construction. In December","id":"21271658"},{"contents":"Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nThe Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant was a proposed California nuclear power station, formally submitted in 1976. Facing firm opposition from the state's Governor Jerry Brown and denied a permit by a state agency, plans for the construction of the power facility were rejected in 1978 after 100 million dollars had been spent towards its construction. The Sundesert proposal was the last major attempt to build a nuclear plant in California. Opposition to nuclear power plants in California began in 1958 over the proposed Bodega Bay Nuclear Power Plant near the small fishing town of","id":"4453586"},{"contents":"Nuclear power phase-out\n\n\nyears but overall capacity has increased. Italy is the only country that has permanently closed all of its functioning nuclear plants. Lithuania and Kazakhstan have shut down their only nuclear plants, but plan to build new ones to replace them, while Armenia shut down its only nuclear plant but subsequently restarted it. Austria never used its first nuclear plant that was completely built. Due to financial, political and technical reasons Cuba, Libya, North Korea and Poland never completed the construction of their first nuclear plants (although North Korea and Poland","id":"15363255"},{"contents":"Vandellòs Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nThe Vandellòs Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant in Vandellòs located close to the Coll de Balaguer pass (Baix Camp comarca) in Catalonia, Spain. Unit one was a 508 MWe carbon dioxide gas cooled reactor modeled on the UNGG reactor at the Saint Laurent Nuclear Power Plant in France. It was shut down on July 31, 1990, following an accident that damaged one of its two turbogenerators on 19 October 1989. Important nuclear safety functions in the plant were impaired by the fire, and the event was later classified","id":"21094080"},{"contents":"Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant\n\n\n1981. The plant is managed by PreussenElektra GmbH. The two tall cooling towers are visible from far away. As with almost all other nuclear plants, temporary storage facilities for spent nuclear fuel are present on site. There is an information center at the power station. Under the phase out policy for nuclear power in Germany, the plant was scheduled to shut down on 31 December 2015. Citing economical reasons, E.ON declared intent to shut down the plant earlier, originally at end of May 2015. The Grafenrheinfeld plant was taken offline","id":"5437909"},{"contents":"Stade Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nalso a political motivation. The power plant deconstruction is divided into 5 phases, which shall be completed until 2015. On April 27, 2005 the last fuel cells have been moved away from the KKS. Nevertheless, the department of the environment of lower Saxony authorized storage of weak nuclear waste until 2046. After shutdown of the Stade nuclear power plant, the operation of the nearby saltern has been shut down also. Meanwhile it is planned to construct a black coal power plant with almost the same power as the KKS. This","id":"280370"},{"contents":"Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nThe is a nuclear power plant located on a 1,730,000 m (432 acres) site in Onagawa in the Oshika District and Ishinomaki city, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It is managed by the Tohoku Electric Power Company. It was the most quickly constructed nuclear power plant in the world. All the reactors were constructed by Toshiba. The Onagawa-3 unit was used as a prototype for the Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant. The plant was shut down after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The Onagawa nuclear power plant was the closest nuclear power","id":"15085055"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in Spain\n\n\neither expansion or accelerated closure of nuclear plants. A leak of radioactive material from the Ascó I nuclear power plant in November 2007 sparked protests. The country's government has pledged to shut down its eight nuclear reactors once wind and solar energy become viable alternatives such as in neighbouring country Portugal. ENUSA is a company in Spain with various holdings in uranium mining. A Uranium mine in Saelices el Chico was operated for some time, but is now decommissioned and Spain imports all of its Uranium fuel. State owned Empresa Nacional de Residuos","id":"21271669"},{"contents":"Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate\n\n\nthe power plant, BKW-FMB Energie AG, to shut the plant down prior to the date of the planned maintenance outage in order to carry out back-fitting. There were 35 reportable events at the Swiss nuclear plants during 2012. 14 of these concerned the two units of the Beznau nuclear power plant; eight were at the Gösgen nuclear power plant, five occurred at the Leibstadt nuclear power plant, six took place at the Mühleberg nuclear power plant and two involved the nuclear facilities of the PSI. ENSI did not","id":"12413618"},{"contents":"Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nclose down Ringhals 1 by 2020 and Ringhals 2 by 2019 due to their declining profitability, instead of, as previously announced, around 2025. Ringhals 3 and 4 are still expected to continue in service until the 2040s. In January 2016, Vattenfall announced that all its Swedish nuclear power plants, including the newer reactors, were operating at a loss due to low electricity prices and Sweden's nuclear power tax (\"effektskatt\"). It warned that it may be forced to shut all the nuclear plants down, and argued","id":"6997927"},{"contents":"Karachi Nuclear Power Complex\n\n\n1.4 cm) diameter. \"KANUPP\" came into commercial operation in 1972 and after completing its 30 years of design life was shut down on December 6, 2002. The plant resumed operations in 2006. At present the plant is undergoing several safety upgrades for operation beyond design life. On the request of \"KANUPP\", the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority allowed the plant to operate at 80 MW for the interim period. The PAEC has denied any media reports of shutting down the nuclear power plant, however, on June 30","id":"17224613"},{"contents":"Anti-nuclear movement in the United States\n\n\nof self-reproducing, renewable energy systems and use of federal investments, purchasing, mandates, and incentives to shut down nuclear power plants and phase out fossil fuels. Recent campaigning by anti-nuclear groups has related to several nuclear power plants including the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant, Indian Point Energy Center, Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station, Salem Nuclear Power Plant, and Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant. There have also been campaigns relating to the Y-12 Nuclear Weapons Plant, the Idaho National Laboratory,","id":"16503006"},{"contents":"Tomari Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nevents in Fukushima of March 11, 2011. On May 5, 2012, the reactor Number 3 was shut down for regular inspections, meaning of all 50 reactors in Japan, none were producing energy, which has only occurred once before, between 30 April and 4 May 1970, since the start of Japanese commercial nuclear power generation in 1966. After the nuclear disaster in Fukushima in March 2011, Japanese public opinion shifted away from nuclear power generation. The shutdown of the last active nuclear power plant caused a demonstration of thousands","id":"15549153"},{"contents":"Stade Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nThe Nuclear power station Stade (, KKS) operated from 1972 to 2003 in Bassenfleth close to the Schwinge river mouth into the Elbe river. It was the first nuclear plant shut down after Germany's nuclear phase out legislation and is currently undergoing the decommissioning process (Phase 2: Deconstruction of larger modules in the containment building). The station is located at the left bank of the Elbe in Stadersand, a locality of Stade, to the west of Hamburg in Lower Saxony beside another shut down power station Schilling Power Station.","id":"280367"},{"contents":"Nuclear energy policy by country\n\n\nNuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years. Kan wanted to avoid a possible repeat of the Fukushima disaster. On 9 May 2011, Chubu Electric decided to comply with the government request. Kan later called for a new energy policy with less reliance on nuclear power. Problems in stabilizing the Fukushima I nuclear plant have hardened attitudes to nuclear power. As of June 2011, \"more than 80 percent of Japanese now say they are anti","id":"8200491"},{"contents":"Kan Cabinet\n\n\nshut-down of Japan's nuclear plants. Japan's nuclear power plants were completely shut down by May 2012, leaving Japan without nuclear-generated electricity for the first time since 1970. Several of the plants were only brought back online after the DPJ was no longer in government. The LDP government led by Shinzo Abe gradually reopened the nuclear plants, starting with Sendai Nuclear Power Plant in Kyushu on August 2015. The restart has been slow due to legal challenges and heavy domestic opposition. R = Member of the House of","id":"11352749"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in the European Union\n\n\n29% more power per unit. Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its reactors and pledged to close the rest by 2022; but difficulties, costs and subsequent critics of planned energy transition could potentially harm this policy. Italy voted twice, in 1987 to make more difficult to build new plants (the vote was extensively interpreted by following governments as a total repeal of nuclear power plants, leading to the sudden shut down of all Italian operating reactors within few years), and in 2011 to","id":"21152328"},{"contents":"Energy in Belgium\n\n\n2011 wind and solar power generated 3.8 TWh. Nuclear power typically contributes between 50% and 60% of the electricity produced domestically (50.4% in 2010). Belgium has two nuclear power plants: By law the nuclear power plants are to be phased-out. The first reactors are scheduled to be taken out of service in 2014, the last ones by 2025. It is widely assumed that the government will replace that law. Two reactors are scheduled to be shut down by 2015. The lifetime of one old reactor","id":"21481855"},{"contents":"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station\n\n\nThe San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) is a closed nuclear power plant located south of San Clemente, California, on the Pacific coast, in Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV. The plant was shut down in 2013 after replacement steam generators failed; it is currently in preparation to be decommissioned. The plant is owned by Southern California Edison. Edison International, parent of SCE, holds 78.2% ownership in the plant; San Diego Gas & Electric Company, 20%; and the City of Riverside Utilities Department, 1.8","id":"20613923"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in Japan\n\n\nsafety rules governing Japanese nuclear power companies, and this included insufficient protection against tsunamis. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next thirty years. As of 27 March 2012, Japan had only one out of 54 nuclear reactors operating; the Tomari-3, after the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa 6 was shut down. The Tomari-3 was shut down for maintenance on 5 May, leaving Japan with no nuclear","id":"16129428"},{"contents":"Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nVisaginas Nuclear Power Plant is a planned nuclear power plant project in Lithuania. It was proposed to be built at the site of the closed Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, which was shut down on 31 December 2009 in accordance with Lithuania's accession agreement to the European Union. The two reactors of the Ignalina plant are currently undergoing a decommissioning process. After a 2012 referendum found that 62.7% of the electorate was against the project, Belarus started construction of the Belarusian nuclear power plant, which will lie geographically very close to Visaginas.","id":"14115885"},{"contents":"Nuclear energy policy by country\n\n\ninfrastructure to bring power to markets. The reduced dependence on nuclear power has resulted in higher consumption of fossil fuels and therefore of greenhouse gas production. After the 1986 Chernobyl disaster Italy held a referendum, which supported shutting down Italy's four nuclear power plants. The construction of new reactors was halted and the last operating reactor was closed in 1990. In 1987, a moratorium on the construction of new nuclear plants was passed. Originally in effect until 1993, it had been extended until 2009. In 2004, a new energy","id":"8200519"},{"contents":"Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nThe Novovoronezh nuclear power station ( []) is a nuclear power station close to Novovoronezh in Voronezh Oblast, central Russia. The site was vital to the development of the VVER design; every unit built was essentially a prototype of its design. On this site is built the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II. In 2002 Novovoronezh-3 was modernised and life extended, including new safety systems. In 2010 Novovoronezh-5 was shut down for modernization to extend its operating life for an additional 25 years, the first VVER-1000 to undergo such an operating","id":"20349725"},{"contents":"Nuclear safety and security\n\n\nexperience a loss-of-coolant accident, then the fuel may melt or cause the vessel in which it is contained to overheat and melt. This event is called a nuclear meltdown. After shutting down, for some time the reactor still needs external energy to power its cooling systems. Normally this energy is provided by the power grid to which that plant is connected, or by emergency diesel generators. Failure to provide power for the cooling systems, as happened in Fukushima I, can cause serious accidents. Nuclear safety rules","id":"37794"},{"contents":"Energy in Japan\n\n\n, some nuclear reactors were damaged, causing much uncertainty and fear about the release of radioactive material, as well as highlighting the ongoing concerns over seismic design standards (see Nuclear power in Japan §Seismicity). On 5 May 2012, Japan shut down the last nuclear reactor, the first time there has been no nuclear power production since 1970. On 16 June Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda ordered the restart of Ōi nuclear plant's reactors number 3 and 4, saying that people's livelihood needs to be protected. Ōi nuclear plant","id":"12390284"},{"contents":"Electricity sector in Japan\n\n\n. Following an earthquake, tsunami and the failure of cooling systems at the Fukushima I nuclear power plant on 11 March 2011, a nuclear emergency was declared. This was the first time a nuclear emergency had been declared in Japan, and 140,000 residents within 20 km of the plant were evacuated. The total amount of radioactive material released during the incident is unclear, as the crisis is ongoing. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or","id":"13388281"},{"contents":"Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan\n\n\nhunger strike for more than a week, outside the Prefectural Government offices in Yamaguchi City, to protest site preparation for the planned Kaminoseki plant. The possibility of a magnitude 8-plus earthquake in the Tokai region near the Hamaoka plant was \"brought to the public's attention by geologist Ishibashi Katsuhiko in the 1970s\". On 10 April 2011 protesters called for the Hamaoka nuclear-power plant to be shut down. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude","id":"13216765"},{"contents":"Isar Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\naccident in 1986, eventually leading to plans for its phase-out in certain countries. According to German Nuclear Phase-out regulations, Isar-I was to be shut down in 2011, with operations in Isar-II continuing until 2021. After the March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan, however, the decision was made to expedite shutdown. Isar-I was closed as of 17 March 2011 for a three-month moratorium on nuclear power the result of that moratorium announced in the early hours of 30 May","id":"20608639"},{"contents":"Friends of the Earth (US)\n\n\nthey successfully campaigned to permanently shut down the San Onofre nuclear power plant in southern California. The price of natural gas was a consideration when the determination was made to not pursue re-opening the plant. The same year, they successfully pressured MidAmerican Energy Company to abandon its plans to build new nuclear power reactors in Iowa; it instead announced a new $1.9 billion investment to expand to its wind generation fleet. After Friends of the Earth campaigned against the genetically engineered Arctic Apple, in 2013 McDonald's and Gerber pledged not","id":"11405651"},{"contents":"Lubmin\n\n\nopened). The port was constructed from the discharge channel of the former nuclear power station. A large part of the municipal area of Lubmin was occupied by the GDR's largest nuclear power station, Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant. The first of its five reactors went into operation in 1973. An additional four nuclear reactors were constructed in the building; however Block 5, completed in 1989, had only progressed to trials before the entire plant was shut down 1990 due to tightened safety standards. At present the power station is being","id":"14789951"},{"contents":"Nuclear energy policy by country\n\n\nPower Plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007. Following an earthquake, tsunami, and the failure of cooling systems at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant on March 11, 2011, a nuclear emergency was declared. This was the first time a nuclear emergency had been declared in Japan, and 140,000 residents within 20 km of the plant were evacuated. The total amount of radioactive material released is unclear, as the crisis is ongoing. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka","id":"8200490"},{"contents":"Referendums in Sweden\n\n\nresults (with a majority in favor of alternatives 1 and 2 that stipulated that this should happen as economically feasible) were interpreted by the Riksdag as that the use of nuclear power should be discontinued at the end of the lifespan of the nuclear reactors, with the last two estimated as expiring in 2010. However, not all nuclear power reactors were shut down by 2010, and that same year the Riksdag approved the building of new reactors to replace old ones. Sweden currently has three operational nuclear power plants, with ten operational","id":"7633365"},{"contents":"California\n\n\ntotal supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050. The state's crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in the Central Valley and along the coast, including the large Midway-Sunset Oil Field. Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation. California is also home to two major nuclear power plants: Diablo Canyon and San Onofre, the latter having been shut down in 2013. Voters banned the approval of new nuclear power","id":"5264544"},{"contents":"Energy in Japan\n\n\nFrance (59). Almost one quarter (24.93%) of its electricity production was from nuclear plants, compared to 76.18% for France and 19.66% for the United States. However, after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, all plants eventually shut down in May 2012 and Ōi Nuclear Power Plant was restarted and operational between June 2012 and September 2013. On 11 August 2015 and 1 November 2015, the two nuclear reactor of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant were restarted respectively. Since","id":"12390296"},{"contents":"Anti-nuclear movement in California\n\n\nin the Californian Governor Jerry Brown's office to protest continued operation of Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station, which was a duplicate of the Three Mile Island facility. In 1989, Sacramento voters voted to shut down the Rancho Seco power plant. The salient issues were mostly economic; the plant kept breaking down, and it had been shut from late 1985 to early 1988 for repairs, forcing the district to buy electricity from neighbors. On June 22, 1980, about 15,000 people attended a protest near San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station.","id":"16442347"},{"contents":"Aftermath: Population Zero\n\n\non dead penned up cattle. Security measures in power plants fail. The equipment in the spent fuel buildings adjoining nuclear power plants that maintain the temperature level of the spent nuclear fuel rods will shut down. Spent nuclear fuel for nuclear power plants is generally stored in pools in on-site facilities. Because the fossil fuel powered back up, power generators will run out. At that time, the cooling pools that prevent the spent nuclear fuel from overheating will start to boil since this water is not replenished. Radioactive steam will","id":"3605565"},{"contents":"Energy law\n\n\ntheir operation has been suspended for safety inspections. The last of Japan's 54 reactors (Tomari-3) went offline for maintenance on May 5, 2012., leaving Japan completely without nuclear-produced electrical power for the first time since 1970. Despite protests, on 1 July 2012 unit 3 of the Ōi Nuclear Power Plant was restarted. As of September 2012, Ōi units 3 and 4 are Japan's only operating nuclear power plants, although the city and prefecture of Osaka have requested they be shut down. The United States","id":"14925322"},{"contents":"James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nnow called the New York Power Authority (NYPA)]. It was named after Power Authority Chairman James A. FitzPatrick. On November 2, 2015, Entergy Corp. announced its plans to shut down FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant in Oswego County after the reactor runs out of fuel in 2016. To avoid closure, Exelon Generation agreed to purchase the plant from Entergy at the price of $110 million. On April 1, 2017, Exelon assumed ownership and operation of the plant. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around","id":"21994014"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in Japan\n\n\nunits (3 and 4) of the Takahama Nuclear Power Plant on January 29, 2016. However, Unit 4 was shut down three days after restart due to an internal failure and Unit 3 in March 2016 after district court in Shiga prefecture issued an injunction to halt operation of Takahama Nuclear Power Plant. Though 43 of Japan's pre-2011 total of 54 plants remain idled, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said in 2017 that if the country is to meet its obligations under the Paris climate accord, then nuclear energy","id":"16129417"},{"contents":"Ikata Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nThe is a nuclear power plant in the town of Ikata in the Nishiuwa District of Ehime Prefecture, Japan. It is the only nuclear plant on the island of Shikoku. It is owned and operated by the Shikoku Electric Power Company. The plant was shut down along with all other nuclear plants in Japan following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Unit 3 was reactivated using plutonium-uranium mixed oxide fuel on 12 August 2016 and began providing electricity to the grid three days later. On December 13, 2017, the Hiroshima High","id":"15085072"},{"contents":"Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nrated 14,500 volts and a current of 12,000 amperes. The current produced by the generators is stepped up to 220 kilovolts (three-phase alternating current) or 110 kilovolts (single-phase traction current) with the unit transformers. Block I was the only nuclear power station which produces traction current. Block I was shut down on March 17, 2011 for a three-month moratorium on nuclear power, an announcement on May 30, 2011 named block I as a unit that would not be returning to service. Block 2","id":"11836879"},{"contents":"Armenian Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\non the power of the plant. Armenian Deputy Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Areg Galstyan said that the construction of the new nuclear power plant may start in 2011. The new NPP was expected to be commissioned in 2017. The United States has backed plans for a new Armenian Nuclear Plant and has pledged to help the Armenian government conduct feasibility studies needed for the implementation of the multimillion-dollar project. On November 29, 2007, the Armenian government approved a plan to shut down the nuclear power plant, but gave no","id":"19648409"},{"contents":"Nuclear power phase-out\n\n\ngeneration. A year after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 the 1980 Swedish nuclear power referendum was held. It led to the Swedish parliament deciding that no further nuclear power plants should be built, and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010. On 5 February 2009, the Government of Sweden effectively ended the phase-out policy. In 2010, Parliament approved for new reactors to replace existing ones. The nuclear reactors at the Barsebäck Nuclear Power Plant were shut down between 1999 and 2005. In","id":"15363279"},{"contents":"Aftermath: Population Zero\n\n\nwater and the power station goes offline. Parts of Ontario and New York lose all of their power. Televisions, computers, lights and other machines stop running. Mass blackouts sweep across the globe. Within just one day, only nuclear power plants remain operational. The permanent loss of power reaches the nuclear power plants. Computers shut off the reactors and stop the reactions inside, but the nuclear power plants could cause a potential catastrophe. The last power plants in Europe fail, and the last houses go dark as lights fail","id":"3605559"},{"contents":"Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nthe needy. At the time Reuters suggested that the Onagawa nuclear power plant may demonstrate that it is possible for nuclear facilities to withstand the greatest natural disasters, and to retain public trust. The plant was shut down following the earthquake and tsunami, in accordance with standard legally mandated procedure after such an event, but despite the IAEA finding that the plant had survived the quake remarkably undamaged, the three units remain in cold shutdown. Whereas the mishaps at Fukushima I radically changed public opinion on safety and risks, Tohoku Electric seems","id":"15085062"},{"contents":"Anti-nuclear movement in the United States\n\n\nis that it has been \"...an energy source in crisis for the last 30 years.\" Worldwide growth in nuclear power has slowed in recent years, with no new reactors and an \"actual decline in global capacity and output in 2008.\" In the United States, \"...no nuclear power plants ordered after 1972 have been built to completion.\" Of the 253 nuclear power reactors originally ordered in the United States from 1953 to 2008, 48 percent were canceled, 11 percent were prematurely shut down, 14 percent","id":"16503015"},{"contents":"Perry Nuclear Generating Station\n\n\n9, 2016, the plant was unexpectedly shut down for maintenance to a recirculation pump. The reactor was brought back to full power by February 20, 2016. In addition to Perry, FirstEnergy also owns and operates the Davis-Besse and Beaver Valley nuclear plants. The reactor is owned and operated by FirstEnergy. Four of its subsidiaries each own a share in the plant: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of , concerned primarily with exposure","id":"21304050"},{"contents":"Alliance 90/The Greens\n\n\nNuclear Safety Jürgen Trittin reached an agreement with energy companies on the gradual phasing out of the country's nineteen nuclear power plants and a cessation of civil usage of nuclear power by 2020. This was authorised through the Nuclear Exit Law. Based on an estimate of 32 years as the normal period of operation for a nuclear power plant, the agreement defines precisely how much energy a power plant is allowed to produce before being shut down. This law has since been overturned. Despite the crises of the preceding electoral period, in the","id":"11875936"},{"contents":"Nuclear reactor physics\n\n\nreactor is shut down, it can become physically impossible to restart the chain reaction until the Xe has had a chance to decay over the next several hours. This temporary state, which may last several days and prevent restart, is called the iodine pit or xenon-poisoning. It is one reason why nuclear power reactors are usually operated at an even power level around the clock. Xe buildup in a reactor core makes it extremely dangerous to operate the reactor a few hours after it has been shut down. Because the Xe","id":"5598999"},{"contents":"Energy law\n\n\n. Prior to the earthquake and tsunami of March 2011, and the nuclear disasters that resulted from it, Japan generated 30% of its electrical power from nuclear reactors and planned to increase that share to 40%. Nuclear energy was a national strategic priority in Japan, but there had been concern about the ability of Japan's nuclear plants to withstand seismic activity. The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007. The 2011 earthquake and tsunami caused the failure of cooling systems","id":"14925319"},{"contents":"Nuclear power phase-out\n\n\nA nuclear power phase-out is the discontinuation of usage of nuclear power for energy production. Often initiated because of concerns about nuclear power, phase-outs usually include shutting down nuclear power plants and looking towards fossil fuels and renewable energy. Three nuclear accidents have influenced the discontinuation of nuclear power: the 1979 Three Mile Island partial nuclear meltdown in the United States, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the USSR, and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. As of 2018, Italy is the only country that operated nuclear reactors","id":"15363252"},{"contents":"Levy County Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nSCA). Site certification is the last major state-level approval needed before Progress can start constructing the Levy plant. The approval included a requirement that Progress shut down coal-fired electrical generating units 1 & 2 at its nearby Crystal River Energy Complex by the end of 2020, assuming the timely licensing and construction of the Levy nuclear power plant. On August 1, 2013 as part of a comprehensive settlement with a group representing Florida consumers Duke Energy announced termination of the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) agreement for","id":"3966338"},{"contents":"Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\n15, 1975, two explosions slightly damaged a turbine and destroyed a telephone circuit. The Liberation Front of Brittany claimed responsibility. In 1979 the group destroyed electrical lines going from the plant to the grid, and with there being no grid to supply power to, the plant shut down. This was the only time in history that a terrorist group successfully stopped operation of a nuclear power plant. In 1985 the reactor was shut down permanently. The cost of decommissioning is currently estimated to be 482 million euros, much greater than","id":"15373631"},{"contents":"Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nAfter the malfunction of the Three Mile Island power plant in Pennsylvania, two concerned citizens of Wiscasset, Raymond and Patricia Shadis,led a 1,000 participant march to the capital of Maine to propose a statewide anti nuclear petition. The initiative to eliminate nuclear power in Maine was voted on several times between 1982 and 1987, however it failed to get the needed support each time. Finally in 1987, after narrowly missing a vote to shut down the power plant, the Nuclear Regulatory Committee (NRC), decided to investigate the power","id":"6506495"},{"contents":"Nuclear energy in Lithuania\n\n\nLithuania does not have any operational nuclear power reactor. It operated two RBMK reactors at Ignalina nuclear power plant which were shut down in 2004 and 2009. In Lithuania in 1978, construction began on two RBMK reactors (1,380 MWe net) with 30-year lives for the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant. The light-water, graphite-moderated reactors were of similar design as those at Chernobyl. The nuclear power plant began operating in 1983. The first reactor was decommissioned in 2004 and the second one in 2009. Originally, Lithuania built","id":"17622201"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in Germany\n\n\nanti-nuclear demonstration ever held in Germany, some 250,000 people protested on 26 March under the slogan \"heed Fukushima – shut off all nuclear plants\". On 30 May 2011, the German government announced a plan to shut all nuclear reactors by 2022. Environment Minister Norbert Röttgen stated of the decision, \"It's definite. The latest end for the last three nuclear power plants is 2022. There will be no clause for revision\". Prior to the decision, Germany's renewable energy sector already provided 17% of","id":"2080397"},{"contents":"Setsuden\n\n\n. Nuclear power plants originally supplied around 30% of energy around Japan before the March 11 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant and prompted safety checks of other power plants. Including the Fukushima plant, most of the nuclear reactors shut down were owned by Tokyo Electric Power Company(TEPCO), one of Japan's major energy suppliers and leading sources of nuclear power The March earthquake, combined with a meltdown of the Fukushima plant caused the initial widespread blackouts in affected parts of Japan; since then, TEPCO has not recovered","id":"21161944"},{"contents":"Nuclear power phase-out\n\n\n. On 18 May 2003, there were two referenda: \"Electricity without Nuclear\", asking for a decision on a nuclear power phase-out, and \"Moratorium Plus\", for an extension of the earlier-decided moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants. Both were turned down. The results were: Moratorium Plus: 41.6% Yes, 58.4% No; Electricity without Nuclear: 33.7% Yes, 66.3% No. The program of the \"Electricity without Nuclear\" petition was to shut down all","id":"15363284"},{"contents":"Nuclear power debate\n\n\nbe forgone with no huge structural shifts in the way the world works\". In September 2011, German engineering giant Siemens announced it will withdraw entirely from the nuclear industry, as a response to the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. The company is to boost its work in the renewable energy sector. Commenting on the German government's policy to close nuclear plants, Werner Sinn, president of the Ifo Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, stated: \"It is wrong to shut down the atomic power plants,","id":"6846757"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in Taiwan\n\n\nprotested against the nation's three operating nuclear power plants and the construction of a fourth plant. They also called for \"all nuclear power plants to be thoroughly re-evaluated and shut down immediately if they fail to pass safety inspections\". According to Wang To-far, economics professor at National Taipei University, \"if a level-seven nuclear crisis were to happen in Taiwan, it would destroy the nation\". George Hsu, a professor of applied economics at National Chung Hsing University in central Taiwan, said nuclear","id":"1681647"},{"contents":"Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nJanuary 1951. First criticality was achieved on 6 May 1954, and the first grid connection was made on 27 June 1954. For around four years, until the opening of the Siberian Nuclear Power Station, Obninsk remained the only nuclear power reactor in the Soviet Union; the power plant remained active until 29 April 2002 when it was finally shut down. According to Kotchetkov, in its 48 years of operation there were no significant incidents resulting in personnel overdose or mortality, or radioactive release to the environment exceeding permissible limits. The","id":"20839547"},{"contents":"Unterweser Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nThe nuclear power station Unterweser is a nuclear power plant in Kleinensiel (Municipality of Stadland), close to Nordenham. When it first started up, it was the largest nuclear reactor in the world. It has 193 fuel assemblies. Unterweser was one of the seven reactors shut down on 17 March 2011 (although actual shutdown was several days later) pending the results of a three-month moratorium on nuclear power. On 30 May 2011, the German government announced that Unterweser would not be returning to operation following the moratorium and","id":"11836952"},{"contents":"Energy in Japan\n\n\n's reactor No. 3 was restarted on 2 July, and No. 4 began operation on 21 July. However, in September 2013 the Ōi nuclear plant was shut down in order to have extensive safety inspections performed. By late 2015, both of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant's reactors had reopened and restarted producing nuclear energy. Other nuclear plants, such as the Takahama Nuclear Power Plant, have received permission to reopen, and other nuclear reactors are beginning the process of restarting. In June 2015, the Japanese government released","id":"12390285"},{"contents":"Nuclear energy in Poland\n\n\n. However, this proving unaffordable in the immediate future, Poland decided to build a 4.5 GWe nuclear power plant by 2030. In 2007, a draft energy policy proposed a 10 GWe nuclear capacity by 2030 to provide 10% of electricity. The deadline gives an estimated ten years for investment and construction and five years of public campaigning. In July 2006, Poland joined Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia to build a new nuclear power plant in Lithuania to replace the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant being shut down due to pressure from the","id":"17622362"},{"contents":"Mühleberg Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nof the population rejected the initiative named \"Strom ohne Atom\", that proposed that the plant should be shut down in 2005 to be replaced by non-nuclear power generation. A similar proposal at cantonal level had already been rejected in 2000 by 64% of voters. In 2006 the Bernese government put forward a medium-term energy strategy including the renunciation to nuclear power. The Swiss parliament, however, noted this and withheld its approval, delegating any decision on an eventual shutdown to the federal authorities. The same organ","id":"20603094"},{"contents":"Nuclear power debate\n\n\nconditioning and refrigeration loads and diminished hydroelectric capacity\". In such very hot weather a power reactor may have to operate at a reduced power level or even shut down. In 2009 in Germany, eight nuclear reactors had to be shut down simultaneously on hot summer days for reasons relating to the overheating of equipment or of rivers. Overheated discharge water has resulted in significant killing of fish in the past, harming livelihood and raising public concern. The economics of new nuclear power plants is a controversial subject, since there are diverging views","id":"6846680"},{"contents":"Electricity sector in Germany\n\n\noverall production of 631TWh. Germany remains one of the world's largest power producer from coal besides China (2,733TWh), USA (2,133TWh) and India (569TWh). Germany has defined a firm active phase-out policy of nuclear power. Eight nuclear power plants were permanently shut down after the Fukushima accident. All nuclear power plants are to be phased out by the end of 2022. According to BMU this is an opportunity for future generations. Siemens is the only significant nuclear constructor in Germany and the nuclear share was","id":"12636085"},{"contents":"Nuclear energy in Lithuania\n\n\ndecommissioning costs and some compensation through 2013. Strong public opposition followed, because of fear for electricity price hikes. In 2006, Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian power companies carried out the feasibility study for construction of the new nuclear power plant in Lithuania to replace existing Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, scheduled to be shut down in 2009. The study shows that the nuclear power plant project is feasible. The Radioactive Waste Management Agency, established in 2001, is responsible for disposal of all radioactive waste from Ignalina during operation and decommissioning. A","id":"17622203"},{"contents":"Tihange Nuclear Power Station\n\n\nfor works on the non nuclear infrastructure. During construction works for safety upgrades a non nuclear building with auxiliary pumps was damaged. The reactor had to remain shut down while the building was fixed and the ground layers under the building were reinforced. The plant consists of three second-generation pressurized water reactors with a total net capacity of 3,008 MW, slightly more than Belgium's other nuclear power plant at Doel. Its three units are rated as follows: The design of the plants is reviewed completely every ten years. This so","id":"15033316"},{"contents":"Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nThe , is a nuclear power plant located on a site in the town of Naraha and Tomioka in the Futaba District of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) runs the plant. After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the four reactors at Fukushima Daini automatically shut down. While the sister plant Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, approximately to the north, suffered extensive damage, the Daini Plant was back under control within two days, reaching cold shutdown. The plant has not been operating since,","id":"15743575"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in France\n\n\nIn May 2001, an Ipsos poll found that nearly 70% of the population had a 'good opinion' of nuclear power, however 56% also preferred not to live near a nuclear plant and the same proportion thought that a 'Chernobyl-like accident' could occur in France. The same Ipsos poll revealed that 50% thought that nuclear power was the best way of solving the problem of the greenhouse effect, while 88% thought this was a major reason for continuing to use nuclear power. Historically the position has","id":"16063146"},{"contents":"Nuclear power phase-out\n\n\nand values its populations health, safety, security, and natural environment when determining its current and future energy pathways\". There were many anti-nuclear protests and, on 29 May 2011, Merkel's government announced that it would close all of its nuclear power plants by December 2022. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its 17 reactors. Galvanised by the Fukushima nuclear disaster, first anniversary anti-nuclear demonstrations were held in Germany in March 2012. Organisers say more than 50,000","id":"15363270"},{"contents":"Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nVermont Yankee was an electricity generating nuclear power plant, located in the town of Vernon, Vermont, in the northeastern United States. It generated 620 megawatts (MWe) of electricity at full power. The plant was a boiling water reactor (BWR), designed by General Electric. It operated from 1972 until December 29, 2014, when its owner Entergy shut down the plant. In 2008, the plant provided 71.8% of all electricity generated within Vermont, amounting to 35% of Vermont's electricity consumption. The plant","id":"1853476"},{"contents":"Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nstopped the nuclear reaction. Other nuclear organizations and RBMK plants were informed of the problem, but it was not addressed until after a similar power surge partly caused the 1986 Chernobyl Disaster. The subsequent modifications were tested at Ignalina during 1987 and 1988. According to an Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant press release, on June 6, 2009, at 09:15 EEST (06:15 UTC), the automatic reactor protection system was actuated and Unit 2 was shut down. No radiation was released. Plant officials decided to keep it off-line for","id":"292027"},{"contents":"Santa María de Garoña Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\na ten-year extension, which was supported by Spain's Nuclear Safety Council (\"Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear\", CSN) despite Spain's policy of phasing out nuclear power. On 2 July 2009, the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade compromised, extending the operating license for an additional four years subject to safety upgrades, though this extension was never used. On December 16, 2012, the plant operator Nuclenor has begun shutting down the nuclear power plant, which was due to close in mid-2013, to avoid","id":"21094039"},{"contents":"Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nsourcing electricity from the Kudankulam nuclear power project (KKNPP). Unit 1 was shut down in June 2015 for refuelling and annual maintenance. On 21 January 2016 the reactor restarted and was connected to grid on 30 January 2016. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Site Director D.S. Choudhary stated on 26 January 2018 that units 1 and 2 of the nuclear plant had generated a combined total of 22,800 million units since they began functioning. In 2011, thousands from the vicinity of the plant protested against it, fearing a nuclear disaster, in the","id":"9109325"},{"contents":"Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nThe is a nuclear power plant in the city of Omaezaki in Shizuoka Prefecture, on Japan's east coast, 200 km south-west of Tokyo. It is managed by the Chubu Electric Power Company. There are five units contained at a single site with a net area of 1.6 km (395 acres). A sixth unit began construction on December 22, 2008. On January 30, 2009, Hamaoka-1 and Hamaoka-2 were permanently shut down. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan requested the plant be shut down","id":"15084902"},{"contents":"Millstone Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nhours. On August 9, 2013, the Unit 3 reactor tripped and shut down due to a malfunction. In 2016, unit 3 was shut down following a hydrogen gas leak. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of , concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about , concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity. The 2010 U.S. population within of Millstone","id":"21304397"},{"contents":"Sendai Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nevidence in an ongoing civil action in Japan contesting the restart of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant and separately Large & Associates prepared an assessment of the effectiveness of the Japanese NRA recently introduced guide for the evaluation of nuclear power plant sites with respect to the potential effects of volcanic activity, specifically aligning this to the Sendai NPP presently proposed for restart following a four-year shut down in the aftermath of Fukushima Daiichi. In April 2015, a Japanese court rejected a complaint against the restart. On May 28, 2015, The Nuclear","id":"18990612"},{"contents":"Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nand Rovno 4. Reactor No. 1 was shut down in 1996 with No. 3 following in 2000. SKALA (Russian: СКАЛА, система контроля аппарата Ленинградской Атомной; \"sistema kontrolja apparata Leningradskoj Atomnoj\", “Control system of the devices of the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant”) was the process computer for the RBMK nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant prior to October 1995. Dating back to the 1960s, it used magnetic core memory, magnetic tape data storage, and punched tape for loading software. SKALA","id":"3211729"},{"contents":"Omaha Public Power District\n\n\n, OPPD had its Nuclear Generating Station in Fort Calhoun shut down due to Missouri River flooding. The station was shut down for an extended period of time by Federal NRC Regulators due to serious issues at the plant. The plant started back up in December 2013. OPPD formerly operated the Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station near Fort Calhoun. After 42 years of operation (interrupted by flooding from 2011 to 2013), the plant was shut down on October 25, 2016 and is in the process of being decommissioned. OPPD operates other","id":"4045372"},{"contents":"Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nby more than 5,000 of those parts and were consequently shut down, for an expected eight weeks. According to Yonhap news agency the incident was likely to seriously undermine the confidence in South Korean nuclear reactors and could thus impede the country's export of nuclear power plants. Knowledge Economy Minister Hong Suk-woo responded that the \"government plans to further increase its efforts to export nuclear reactors. In this regard, the government will quickly provide all necessary and accurate facts to prospective foreign buyers to make sure there is not a single","id":"9179038"},{"contents":"Reactor operator\n\n\nA reactor operator (or nuclear reactor operator) is an individual at a nuclear power plant who is responsible for directly controlling a nuclear reactor from a control panel and is the only individual at a nuclear power plant who can directly alter significant amounts of reactor reactivity. The reactor operator occupies a position of great responsibility that may require him or her to start up a nuclear reactor, shut down a nuclear reactor, monitor reactor parameters, or respond to a casualty of the nuclear reactor. All reactor operators are required to be licensed","id":"3530613"},{"contents":"Fossil fuel phase-out\n\n\ngreatly increase its nuclear power. Several countries have enacted laws to cease construction on new nuclear power stations. Several European countries have debated nuclear phase-outs and others have completely shut down some reactors. Three nuclear accidents have influenced the slowdown of nuclear power: the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the USSR, and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its 17 reactors and pledged to close the","id":"16368403"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in Switzerland\n\n\nexperts with American involvement, concluded that the earthquake risk in Switzerland is twice as large as had been previously thought. In 2011, following the nuclear emergencies at Japan's Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and other nuclear facilities Swiss Federal Councillor Doris Leuthard announced on 14 March a freeze in the authorisation procedures for three new nuclear power plants (see \"Politics\"), and ordered a safety review of the country's existing plants. There was also concern in Switzerland over the seismic risks of the Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant, located in","id":"9566238"},{"contents":"Nuclear energy policy\n\n\nSun and wind\". Globally, 39% want to continue using existing reactors without building new ones, while 30% would like to shut everything down now. Following the March 2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents, China, Germany, Switzerland, Israel, Malaysia, Thailand, United Kingdom, and the Philippines are reviewing their nuclear power programs. Indonesia and Vietnam still plan to build nuclear power plants. Countries such as Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, New Zealand, and Norway remain opposed","id":"17736658"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in the United States\n\n\nperiod. In 1978, nuclear power plants generated electricity at only 64% of their rated output capacity. Performance suffered even further during and after Three Mile Island, as a series of new safety regulations from 1979 through the mid-1980s forced operators to repeatedly shut down reactors for required retrofits. It was not until 1990 that the average capacity factor of US nuclear plants returned to the level of 1978. The capacity factor continued to rise, until 2001. Since 2001, US nuclear power plants have consistently delivered electric power at about 90","id":"16062619"},{"contents":"Nuclear power in South Korea\n\n\ncrisis, highlighting a lack of transparency on nuclear safety and the dual roles of South Korea's nuclear regulators on supervision and promotion. This incident followed the prosecution of five senior engineers for the coverup of a serious loss of power and cooling incident at Kori Nuclear Power Plant, which was subsequently graded at INES level 2. In 2013, there was a scandal involving the use of counterfeit parts in nuclear plants and faked quality assurance certificates. In June 2013 Kori 2 and Shin Wolsong 1 were shut down, and Kori 1 and","id":"16316842"},{"contents":"SAFSTOR\n\n\nFor nuclear power plants governed by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, SAFSTOR (SAFe STORage) is one of the options for nuclear decommissioning of a shut down plant. During SAFSTOR the de-fuelled plant is monitored for up to sixty years before complete decontamination and dismantling of the site, to a condition where nuclear licensing is no longer required. During the storage interval, some of the radioactive contaminants of the reactor and power plant will decay, which will reduce the quantity of radioactive material to be removed during the final decontamination","id":"4034229"},{"contents":"Nuclear reactor safety system\n\n\nto dissipate the heat, water is recirculated via a cooling tower. The failure of half of the ESWS pumps was one of the factors that endangered safety in the 1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood, while a total loss occurred during the Fukushima I and Fukushima II nuclear accidents in 2011. Emergency core cooling systems (ECCS) are designed to safely shut down a nuclear reactor during accident conditions. The ECCS allows the plant to respond to a variety of accident conditions (e.g. LOCAs) and additionally introduce redundancy so that the plant","id":"4457743"},{"contents":"Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nThe Humboldt Bay Power Plant, Unit 3 was a 63 MWe boiling water reactor, owned by Pacific Gas and Electric Company that operated from August 1963 to July 1976 just south of Eureka, California. On Monday, January 23, 1961, Pacific Gas and Electric held a luncheon to invite the community to observe the start of the major construction of the nuclear unit. Concern about previously undiscovered seismic faults combined with more stringent requirements required after the Three Mile Island accident rendered the small plant unprofitable if restarted. It was shut down","id":"1861577"},{"contents":"Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station\n\n\n9, 2029, but Oyster Creek was permanently shut down by October 2018. The closure occurred on September 17. The plant got its cooling water from Barnegat Bay, a brackish estuary that empties into the Atlantic Ocean through the Barnegat Inlet. Oyster Creek was one of four licensed nuclear power reactors in New Jersey. The others are the two units at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant, and the one unit at Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station. As of January 1, 2005, New Jersey ranked 9th among the 31 States with","id":"18090261"},{"contents":"Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant\n\n\nat the corporate headquarters of the Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant, on the first day of the plant's operation after the expiration of its original 40-year license. In March 2013, more than 500 people, carrying banners and chanting \"shut it down\", marched through downtown Brattleboro in protest against Vermont Yankee. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Vermont Yankee was 8.1 per year, or a chance of one incident occurring on average every","id":"1853508"},{"contents":"Yomiuri Shimbun\n\n\npromoting nuclear power within Japan. During the 1950s Matsutaro Shoriki, the head of the \"Yomiuri\", agreed to use his newspaper to promote nuclear power in Japan for the CIA. In May 2011, when the then Japanese prime minister Naoto Kan requested Chubu Electric Power Company to shut down several of its Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plants due to safety concerns, the \"Yomiuri\" responded with criticism, calling the move \"abrupt\" and a difficult situation for Chubu Electric's shareholders. It wrote Kan \"should seriously reflect on the","id":"16234304"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"European windstorm\\n\\n\\nseverely limited if power lines are brought down by snow, ice or high winds. In the wake of Cyclone Gudrun in 2005 Denmark and Latvia had difficulty importing electricity, and Sweden lost 25% of its total power capacity as the Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant and Barsebäck nuclear power plant nuclear plants were shut down. During the Boxing Day Storm of 1998 the reactors at Hunterston B nuclear power station were shut down when power was lost, possibly due to arcing at pylons caused by salt spray from the sea. When the grid connection\",\n \"id\": \"18236516\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Enel\\n\\n\\nrefuelling, was never reactivated and was finally closed in 1990. The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant in Piedmont was deactivated in 1987 and shut down in 1990. The construction work on the Montalto di Castro Nuclear Power Station, started in 1982, was interrupted in 1988. The station was converted the following year into a multi-fuel plant. The Latina Nuclear Power Plant was shut down in 1988. The Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant had been shut down since 1978. In 1988, the new National Energy Plan (PEN) established\",\n \"id\": \"5028941\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in Germany\\n\\n\\ngovernment for the premature shut-down of its nuclear plants. On 5 December 2016, the Federal Constitutional Court (\\\") ruled that the nuclear plant operators affected by the accelerated phase-out of nuclear power following the Fukushima disaster are eligible for \\\"adequate\\\" compensation. The court found that the nuclear exit was essentially constitutional but that the utilities are entitled to damages for the \\\"good faith\\\" investments they made in 2010. The utilities can now sue the German government under civil law. E.ON, RWE, and Vattenfall are\",\n \"id\": \"2080402\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Friends of the Earth (US)\\n\\n\\nthe 75-country Friends of the Earth International federation, the organization is an accredited observer organization within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Part of the overall energy program aims to prevent the construction of new nuclear power plants, protest federal subsidies for the nuclear power industry and shut down existing reactors. The campaign is currently trying to shut down the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant in San Luis Obispo County in southern California. It is located near several active fault lines including the Shoreline, Hosgri, San Luis Bay\",\n \"id\": \"11405638\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anti-nuclear movement in Germany\\n\\n\\npower plant operators. The act legislated for the shut-down of all German nuclear plants by 2021. The Stade Nuclear Power Plant was the first one to go offline in November 2003, followed by the Obrigheim Nuclear Power Plant in 2005. Block-A of the Biblis Nuclear Power Plant is still provisionally scheduled to be shut down in 2008. Block-B is going back online after a year-long shutdown on 13 or 14 December 2007 and is scheduled to keep operating until 2009 or 2012. In 2007, amid\",\n \"id\": \"15634142\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Energy law\\n\\n\\nat the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant on March 11 and a nuclear emergency was declared. 140,000 residents were evacuated. The total amount of radioactive material released is unclear, as the crisis is ongoing. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years. Problems in stabilizing the Fukushima I nuclear plant had hardened attitudes to nuclear power. As of June 2011, \\\"more than 80\",\n \"id\": \"14925320\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in Spain\\n\\n\\nSpain has five active nuclear power plants with seven reactors producing 21% of the country's electricity as of 2013. A nuclear power moratorium was enacted by the Socialist government in 1983. For a time the country had a policy of phasing out nuclear power in favor of renewables. It ended in 1997 but no public or private company has been interested in building new nuclear plants. The oldest unit (at José Cabrera nuclear power plant) was shut down at the end of 2006, 40 years after its construction. In December\",\n \"id\": \"21271658\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nThe Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant was a proposed California nuclear power station, formally submitted in 1976. Facing firm opposition from the state's Governor Jerry Brown and denied a permit by a state agency, plans for the construction of the power facility were rejected in 1978 after 100 million dollars had been spent towards its construction. The Sundesert proposal was the last major attempt to build a nuclear plant in California. Opposition to nuclear power plants in California began in 1958 over the proposed Bodega Bay Nuclear Power Plant near the small fishing town of\",\n \"id\": \"4453586\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power phase-out\\n\\n\\nyears but overall capacity has increased. Italy is the only country that has permanently closed all of its functioning nuclear plants. Lithuania and Kazakhstan have shut down their only nuclear plants, but plan to build new ones to replace them, while Armenia shut down its only nuclear plant but subsequently restarted it. Austria never used its first nuclear plant that was completely built. Due to financial, political and technical reasons Cuba, Libya, North Korea and Poland never completed the construction of their first nuclear plants (although North Korea and Poland\",\n \"id\": \"15363255\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vandellòs Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nThe Vandellòs Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant in Vandellòs located close to the Coll de Balaguer pass (Baix Camp comarca) in Catalonia, Spain. Unit one was a 508 MWe carbon dioxide gas cooled reactor modeled on the UNGG reactor at the Saint Laurent Nuclear Power Plant in France. It was shut down on July 31, 1990, following an accident that damaged one of its two turbogenerators on 19 October 1989. Important nuclear safety functions in the plant were impaired by the fire, and the event was later classified\",\n \"id\": \"21094080\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant\\n\\n\\n1981. The plant is managed by PreussenElektra GmbH. The two tall cooling towers are visible from far away. As with almost all other nuclear plants, temporary storage facilities for spent nuclear fuel are present on site. There is an information center at the power station. Under the phase out policy for nuclear power in Germany, the plant was scheduled to shut down on 31 December 2015. Citing economical reasons, E.ON declared intent to shut down the plant earlier, originally at end of May 2015. The Grafenrheinfeld plant was taken offline\",\n \"id\": \"5437909\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Stade Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nalso a political motivation. The power plant deconstruction is divided into 5 phases, which shall be completed until 2015. On April 27, 2005 the last fuel cells have been moved away from the KKS. Nevertheless, the department of the environment of lower Saxony authorized storage of weak nuclear waste until 2046. After shutdown of the Stade nuclear power plant, the operation of the nearby saltern has been shut down also. Meanwhile it is planned to construct a black coal power plant with almost the same power as the KKS. This\",\n \"id\": \"280370\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nThe is a nuclear power plant located on a 1,730,000 m (432 acres) site in Onagawa in the Oshika District and Ishinomaki city, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It is managed by the Tohoku Electric Power Company. It was the most quickly constructed nuclear power plant in the world. All the reactors were constructed by Toshiba. The Onagawa-3 unit was used as a prototype for the Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant. The plant was shut down after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The Onagawa nuclear power plant was the closest nuclear power\",\n \"id\": \"15085055\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in Spain\\n\\n\\neither expansion or accelerated closure of nuclear plants. A leak of radioactive material from the Ascó I nuclear power plant in November 2007 sparked protests. The country's government has pledged to shut down its eight nuclear reactors once wind and solar energy become viable alternatives such as in neighbouring country Portugal. ENUSA is a company in Spain with various holdings in uranium mining. A Uranium mine in Saelices el Chico was operated for some time, but is now decommissioned and Spain imports all of its Uranium fuel. State owned Empresa Nacional de Residuos\",\n \"id\": \"21271669\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate\\n\\n\\nthe power plant, BKW-FMB Energie AG, to shut the plant down prior to the date of the planned maintenance outage in order to carry out back-fitting. There were 35 reportable events at the Swiss nuclear plants during 2012. 14 of these concerned the two units of the Beznau nuclear power plant; eight were at the Gösgen nuclear power plant, five occurred at the Leibstadt nuclear power plant, six took place at the Mühleberg nuclear power plant and two involved the nuclear facilities of the PSI. ENSI did not\",\n \"id\": \"12413618\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nclose down Ringhals 1 by 2020 and Ringhals 2 by 2019 due to their declining profitability, instead of, as previously announced, around 2025. Ringhals 3 and 4 are still expected to continue in service until the 2040s. In January 2016, Vattenfall announced that all its Swedish nuclear power plants, including the newer reactors, were operating at a loss due to low electricity prices and Sweden's nuclear power tax (\\\"effektskatt\\\"). It warned that it may be forced to shut all the nuclear plants down, and argued\",\n \"id\": \"6997927\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Karachi Nuclear Power Complex\\n\\n\\n1.4 cm) diameter. \\\"KANUPP\\\" came into commercial operation in 1972 and after completing its 30 years of design life was shut down on December 6, 2002. The plant resumed operations in 2006. At present the plant is undergoing several safety upgrades for operation beyond design life. On the request of \\\"KANUPP\\\", the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority allowed the plant to operate at 80 MW for the interim period. The PAEC has denied any media reports of shutting down the nuclear power plant, however, on June 30\",\n \"id\": \"17224613\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anti-nuclear movement in the United States\\n\\n\\nof self-reproducing, renewable energy systems and use of federal investments, purchasing, mandates, and incentives to shut down nuclear power plants and phase out fossil fuels. Recent campaigning by anti-nuclear groups has related to several nuclear power plants including the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant, Indian Point Energy Center, Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station, Salem Nuclear Power Plant, and Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant. There have also been campaigns relating to the Y-12 Nuclear Weapons Plant, the Idaho National Laboratory,\",\n \"id\": \"16503006\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tomari Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nevents in Fukushima of March 11, 2011. On May 5, 2012, the reactor Number 3 was shut down for regular inspections, meaning of all 50 reactors in Japan, none were producing energy, which has only occurred once before, between 30 April and 4 May 1970, since the start of Japanese commercial nuclear power generation in 1966. After the nuclear disaster in Fukushima in March 2011, Japanese public opinion shifted away from nuclear power generation. The shutdown of the last active nuclear power plant caused a demonstration of thousands\",\n \"id\": \"15549153\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Stade Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nThe Nuclear power station Stade (, KKS) operated from 1972 to 2003 in Bassenfleth close to the Schwinge river mouth into the Elbe river. It was the first nuclear plant shut down after Germany's nuclear phase out legislation and is currently undergoing the decommissioning process (Phase 2: Deconstruction of larger modules in the containment building). The station is located at the left bank of the Elbe in Stadersand, a locality of Stade, to the west of Hamburg in Lower Saxony beside another shut down power station Schilling Power Station.\",\n \"id\": \"280367\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear energy policy by country\\n\\n\\nNuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years. Kan wanted to avoid a possible repeat of the Fukushima disaster. On 9 May 2011, Chubu Electric decided to comply with the government request. Kan later called for a new energy policy with less reliance on nuclear power. Problems in stabilizing the Fukushima I nuclear plant have hardened attitudes to nuclear power. As of June 2011, \\\"more than 80 percent of Japanese now say they are anti\",\n \"id\": \"8200491\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kan Cabinet\\n\\n\\nshut-down of Japan's nuclear plants. Japan's nuclear power plants were completely shut down by May 2012, leaving Japan without nuclear-generated electricity for the first time since 1970. Several of the plants were only brought back online after the DPJ was no longer in government. The LDP government led by Shinzo Abe gradually reopened the nuclear plants, starting with Sendai Nuclear Power Plant in Kyushu on August 2015. The restart has been slow due to legal challenges and heavy domestic opposition. R = Member of the House of\",\n \"id\": \"11352749\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in the European Union\\n\\n\\n29% more power per unit. Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its reactors and pledged to close the rest by 2022; but difficulties, costs and subsequent critics of planned energy transition could potentially harm this policy. Italy voted twice, in 1987 to make more difficult to build new plants (the vote was extensively interpreted by following governments as a total repeal of nuclear power plants, leading to the sudden shut down of all Italian operating reactors within few years), and in 2011 to\",\n \"id\": \"21152328\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Energy in Belgium\\n\\n\\n2011 wind and solar power generated 3.8 TWh. Nuclear power typically contributes between 50% and 60% of the electricity produced domestically (50.4% in 2010). Belgium has two nuclear power plants: By law the nuclear power plants are to be phased-out. The first reactors are scheduled to be taken out of service in 2014, the last ones by 2025. It is widely assumed that the government will replace that law. Two reactors are scheduled to be shut down by 2015. The lifetime of one old reactor\",\n \"id\": \"21481855\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station\\n\\n\\nThe San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) is a closed nuclear power plant located south of San Clemente, California, on the Pacific coast, in Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV. The plant was shut down in 2013 after replacement steam generators failed; it is currently in preparation to be decommissioned. The plant is owned by Southern California Edison. Edison International, parent of SCE, holds 78.2% ownership in the plant; San Diego Gas & Electric Company, 20%; and the City of Riverside Utilities Department, 1.8\",\n \"id\": \"20613923\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in Japan\\n\\n\\nsafety rules governing Japanese nuclear power companies, and this included insufficient protection against tsunamis. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next thirty years. As of 27 March 2012, Japan had only one out of 54 nuclear reactors operating; the Tomari-3, after the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa 6 was shut down. The Tomari-3 was shut down for maintenance on 5 May, leaving Japan with no nuclear\",\n \"id\": \"16129428\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nVisaginas Nuclear Power Plant is a planned nuclear power plant project in Lithuania. It was proposed to be built at the site of the closed Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, which was shut down on 31 December 2009 in accordance with Lithuania's accession agreement to the European Union. The two reactors of the Ignalina plant are currently undergoing a decommissioning process. After a 2012 referendum found that 62.7% of the electorate was against the project, Belarus started construction of the Belarusian nuclear power plant, which will lie geographically very close to Visaginas.\",\n \"id\": \"14115885\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear energy policy by country\\n\\n\\ninfrastructure to bring power to markets. The reduced dependence on nuclear power has resulted in higher consumption of fossil fuels and therefore of greenhouse gas production. After the 1986 Chernobyl disaster Italy held a referendum, which supported shutting down Italy's four nuclear power plants. The construction of new reactors was halted and the last operating reactor was closed in 1990. In 1987, a moratorium on the construction of new nuclear plants was passed. Originally in effect until 1993, it had been extended until 2009. In 2004, a new energy\",\n \"id\": \"8200519\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nThe Novovoronezh nuclear power station ( []) is a nuclear power station close to Novovoronezh in Voronezh Oblast, central Russia. The site was vital to the development of the VVER design; every unit built was essentially a prototype of its design. On this site is built the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II. In 2002 Novovoronezh-3 was modernised and life extended, including new safety systems. In 2010 Novovoronezh-5 was shut down for modernization to extend its operating life for an additional 25 years, the first VVER-1000 to undergo such an operating\",\n \"id\": \"20349725\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear safety and security\\n\\n\\nexperience a loss-of-coolant accident, then the fuel may melt or cause the vessel in which it is contained to overheat and melt. This event is called a nuclear meltdown. After shutting down, for some time the reactor still needs external energy to power its cooling systems. Normally this energy is provided by the power grid to which that plant is connected, or by emergency diesel generators. Failure to provide power for the cooling systems, as happened in Fukushima I, can cause serious accidents. Nuclear safety rules\",\n \"id\": \"37794\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Energy in Japan\\n\\n\\n, some nuclear reactors were damaged, causing much uncertainty and fear about the release of radioactive material, as well as highlighting the ongoing concerns over seismic design standards (see Nuclear power in Japan §Seismicity). On 5 May 2012, Japan shut down the last nuclear reactor, the first time there has been no nuclear power production since 1970. On 16 June Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda ordered the restart of Ōi nuclear plant's reactors number 3 and 4, saying that people's livelihood needs to be protected. Ōi nuclear plant\",\n \"id\": \"12390284\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electricity sector in Japan\\n\\n\\n. Following an earthquake, tsunami and the failure of cooling systems at the Fukushima I nuclear power plant on 11 March 2011, a nuclear emergency was declared. This was the first time a nuclear emergency had been declared in Japan, and 140,000 residents within 20 km of the plant were evacuated. The total amount of radioactive material released during the incident is unclear, as the crisis is ongoing. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or\",\n \"id\": \"13388281\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan\\n\\n\\nhunger strike for more than a week, outside the Prefectural Government offices in Yamaguchi City, to protest site preparation for the planned Kaminoseki plant. The possibility of a magnitude 8-plus earthquake in the Tokai region near the Hamaoka plant was \\\"brought to the public's attention by geologist Ishibashi Katsuhiko in the 1970s\\\". On 10 April 2011 protesters called for the Hamaoka nuclear-power plant to be shut down. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude\",\n \"id\": \"13216765\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Isar Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\naccident in 1986, eventually leading to plans for its phase-out in certain countries. According to German Nuclear Phase-out regulations, Isar-I was to be shut down in 2011, with operations in Isar-II continuing until 2021. After the March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan, however, the decision was made to expedite shutdown. Isar-I was closed as of 17 March 2011 for a three-month moratorium on nuclear power the result of that moratorium announced in the early hours of 30 May\",\n \"id\": \"20608639\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Friends of the Earth (US)\\n\\n\\nthey successfully campaigned to permanently shut down the San Onofre nuclear power plant in southern California. The price of natural gas was a consideration when the determination was made to not pursue re-opening the plant. The same year, they successfully pressured MidAmerican Energy Company to abandon its plans to build new nuclear power reactors in Iowa; it instead announced a new $1.9 billion investment to expand to its wind generation fleet. After Friends of the Earth campaigned against the genetically engineered Arctic Apple, in 2013 McDonald's and Gerber pledged not\",\n \"id\": \"11405651\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lubmin\\n\\n\\nopened). The port was constructed from the discharge channel of the former nuclear power station. A large part of the municipal area of Lubmin was occupied by the GDR's largest nuclear power station, Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant. The first of its five reactors went into operation in 1973. An additional four nuclear reactors were constructed in the building; however Block 5, completed in 1989, had only progressed to trials before the entire plant was shut down 1990 due to tightened safety standards. At present the power station is being\",\n \"id\": \"14789951\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear energy policy by country\\n\\n\\nPower Plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007. Following an earthquake, tsunami, and the failure of cooling systems at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant on March 11, 2011, a nuclear emergency was declared. This was the first time a nuclear emergency had been declared in Japan, and 140,000 residents within 20 km of the plant were evacuated. The total amount of radioactive material released is unclear, as the crisis is ongoing. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka\",\n \"id\": \"8200490\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Referendums in Sweden\\n\\n\\nresults (with a majority in favor of alternatives 1 and 2 that stipulated that this should happen as economically feasible) were interpreted by the Riksdag as that the use of nuclear power should be discontinued at the end of the lifespan of the nuclear reactors, with the last two estimated as expiring in 2010. However, not all nuclear power reactors were shut down by 2010, and that same year the Riksdag approved the building of new reactors to replace old ones. Sweden currently has three operational nuclear power plants, with ten operational\",\n \"id\": \"7633365\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"California\\n\\n\\ntotal supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050. The state's crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in the Central Valley and along the coast, including the large Midway-Sunset Oil Field. Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation. California is also home to two major nuclear power plants: Diablo Canyon and San Onofre, the latter having been shut down in 2013. Voters banned the approval of new nuclear power\",\n \"id\": \"5264544\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Energy in Japan\\n\\n\\nFrance (59). Almost one quarter (24.93%) of its electricity production was from nuclear plants, compared to 76.18% for France and 19.66% for the United States. However, after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, all plants eventually shut down in May 2012 and Ōi Nuclear Power Plant was restarted and operational between June 2012 and September 2013. On 11 August 2015 and 1 November 2015, the two nuclear reactor of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant were restarted respectively. Since\",\n \"id\": \"12390296\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anti-nuclear movement in California\\n\\n\\nin the Californian Governor Jerry Brown's office to protest continued operation of Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station, which was a duplicate of the Three Mile Island facility. In 1989, Sacramento voters voted to shut down the Rancho Seco power plant. The salient issues were mostly economic; the plant kept breaking down, and it had been shut from late 1985 to early 1988 for repairs, forcing the district to buy electricity from neighbors. On June 22, 1980, about 15,000 people attended a protest near San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station.\",\n \"id\": \"16442347\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Aftermath: Population Zero\\n\\n\\non dead penned up cattle. Security measures in power plants fail. The equipment in the spent fuel buildings adjoining nuclear power plants that maintain the temperature level of the spent nuclear fuel rods will shut down. Spent nuclear fuel for nuclear power plants is generally stored in pools in on-site facilities. Because the fossil fuel powered back up, power generators will run out. At that time, the cooling pools that prevent the spent nuclear fuel from overheating will start to boil since this water is not replenished. Radioactive steam will\",\n \"id\": \"3605565\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Energy law\\n\\n\\ntheir operation has been suspended for safety inspections. The last of Japan's 54 reactors (Tomari-3) went offline for maintenance on May 5, 2012., leaving Japan completely without nuclear-produced electrical power for the first time since 1970. Despite protests, on 1 July 2012 unit 3 of the Ōi Nuclear Power Plant was restarted. As of September 2012, Ōi units 3 and 4 are Japan's only operating nuclear power plants, although the city and prefecture of Osaka have requested they be shut down. The United States\",\n \"id\": \"14925322\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nnow called the New York Power Authority (NYPA)]. It was named after Power Authority Chairman James A. FitzPatrick. On November 2, 2015, Entergy Corp. announced its plans to shut down FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant in Oswego County after the reactor runs out of fuel in 2016. To avoid closure, Exelon Generation agreed to purchase the plant from Entergy at the price of $110 million. On April 1, 2017, Exelon assumed ownership and operation of the plant. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around\",\n \"id\": \"21994014\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in Japan\\n\\n\\nunits (3 and 4) of the Takahama Nuclear Power Plant on January 29, 2016. However, Unit 4 was shut down three days after restart due to an internal failure and Unit 3 in March 2016 after district court in Shiga prefecture issued an injunction to halt operation of Takahama Nuclear Power Plant. Though 43 of Japan's pre-2011 total of 54 plants remain idled, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said in 2017 that if the country is to meet its obligations under the Paris climate accord, then nuclear energy\",\n \"id\": \"16129417\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ikata Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nThe is a nuclear power plant in the town of Ikata in the Nishiuwa District of Ehime Prefecture, Japan. It is the only nuclear plant on the island of Shikoku. It is owned and operated by the Shikoku Electric Power Company. The plant was shut down along with all other nuclear plants in Japan following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. Unit 3 was reactivated using plutonium-uranium mixed oxide fuel on 12 August 2016 and began providing electricity to the grid three days later. On December 13, 2017, the Hiroshima High\",\n \"id\": \"15085072\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nrated 14,500 volts and a current of 12,000 amperes. The current produced by the generators is stepped up to 220 kilovolts (three-phase alternating current) or 110 kilovolts (single-phase traction current) with the unit transformers. Block I was the only nuclear power station which produces traction current. Block I was shut down on March 17, 2011 for a three-month moratorium on nuclear power, an announcement on May 30, 2011 named block I as a unit that would not be returning to service. Block 2\",\n \"id\": \"11836879\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Armenian Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\non the power of the plant. Armenian Deputy Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Areg Galstyan said that the construction of the new nuclear power plant may start in 2011. The new NPP was expected to be commissioned in 2017. The United States has backed plans for a new Armenian Nuclear Plant and has pledged to help the Armenian government conduct feasibility studies needed for the implementation of the multimillion-dollar project. On November 29, 2007, the Armenian government approved a plan to shut down the nuclear power plant, but gave no\",\n \"id\": \"19648409\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power phase-out\\n\\n\\ngeneration. A year after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 the 1980 Swedish nuclear power referendum was held. It led to the Swedish parliament deciding that no further nuclear power plants should be built, and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010. On 5 February 2009, the Government of Sweden effectively ended the phase-out policy. In 2010, Parliament approved for new reactors to replace existing ones. The nuclear reactors at the Barsebäck Nuclear Power Plant were shut down between 1999 and 2005. In\",\n \"id\": \"15363279\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Aftermath: Population Zero\\n\\n\\nwater and the power station goes offline. Parts of Ontario and New York lose all of their power. Televisions, computers, lights and other machines stop running. Mass blackouts sweep across the globe. Within just one day, only nuclear power plants remain operational. The permanent loss of power reaches the nuclear power plants. Computers shut off the reactors and stop the reactions inside, but the nuclear power plants could cause a potential catastrophe. The last power plants in Europe fail, and the last houses go dark as lights fail\",\n \"id\": \"3605559\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nthe needy. At the time Reuters suggested that the Onagawa nuclear power plant may demonstrate that it is possible for nuclear facilities to withstand the greatest natural disasters, and to retain public trust. The plant was shut down following the earthquake and tsunami, in accordance with standard legally mandated procedure after such an event, but despite the IAEA finding that the plant had survived the quake remarkably undamaged, the three units remain in cold shutdown. Whereas the mishaps at Fukushima I radically changed public opinion on safety and risks, Tohoku Electric seems\",\n \"id\": \"15085062\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anti-nuclear movement in the United States\\n\\n\\nis that it has been \\\"...an energy source in crisis for the last 30 years.\\\" Worldwide growth in nuclear power has slowed in recent years, with no new reactors and an \\\"actual decline in global capacity and output in 2008.\\\" In the United States, \\\"...no nuclear power plants ordered after 1972 have been built to completion.\\\" Of the 253 nuclear power reactors originally ordered in the United States from 1953 to 2008, 48 percent were canceled, 11 percent were prematurely shut down, 14 percent\",\n \"id\": \"16503015\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Perry Nuclear Generating Station\\n\\n\\n9, 2016, the plant was unexpectedly shut down for maintenance to a recirculation pump. The reactor was brought back to full power by February 20, 2016. In addition to Perry, FirstEnergy also owns and operates the Davis-Besse and Beaver Valley nuclear plants. The reactor is owned and operated by FirstEnergy. Four of its subsidiaries each own a share in the plant: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of , concerned primarily with exposure\",\n \"id\": \"21304050\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Alliance 90/The Greens\\n\\n\\nNuclear Safety Jürgen Trittin reached an agreement with energy companies on the gradual phasing out of the country's nineteen nuclear power plants and a cessation of civil usage of nuclear power by 2020. This was authorised through the Nuclear Exit Law. Based on an estimate of 32 years as the normal period of operation for a nuclear power plant, the agreement defines precisely how much energy a power plant is allowed to produce before being shut down. This law has since been overturned. Despite the crises of the preceding electoral period, in the\",\n \"id\": \"11875936\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear reactor physics\\n\\n\\nreactor is shut down, it can become physically impossible to restart the chain reaction until the Xe has had a chance to decay over the next several hours. This temporary state, which may last several days and prevent restart, is called the iodine pit or xenon-poisoning. It is one reason why nuclear power reactors are usually operated at an even power level around the clock. Xe buildup in a reactor core makes it extremely dangerous to operate the reactor a few hours after it has been shut down. Because the Xe\",\n \"id\": \"5598999\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Energy law\\n\\n\\n. Prior to the earthquake and tsunami of March 2011, and the nuclear disasters that resulted from it, Japan generated 30% of its electrical power from nuclear reactors and planned to increase that share to 40%. Nuclear energy was a national strategic priority in Japan, but there had been concern about the ability of Japan's nuclear plants to withstand seismic activity. The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007. The 2011 earthquake and tsunami caused the failure of cooling systems\",\n \"id\": \"14925319\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power phase-out\\n\\n\\nA nuclear power phase-out is the discontinuation of usage of nuclear power for energy production. Often initiated because of concerns about nuclear power, phase-outs usually include shutting down nuclear power plants and looking towards fossil fuels and renewable energy. Three nuclear accidents have influenced the discontinuation of nuclear power: the 1979 Three Mile Island partial nuclear meltdown in the United States, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the USSR, and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. As of 2018, Italy is the only country that operated nuclear reactors\",\n \"id\": \"15363252\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Levy County Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nSCA). Site certification is the last major state-level approval needed before Progress can start constructing the Levy plant. The approval included a requirement that Progress shut down coal-fired electrical generating units 1 & 2 at its nearby Crystal River Energy Complex by the end of 2020, assuming the timely licensing and construction of the Levy nuclear power plant. On August 1, 2013 as part of a comprehensive settlement with a group representing Florida consumers Duke Energy announced termination of the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) agreement for\",\n \"id\": \"3966338\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\n15, 1975, two explosions slightly damaged a turbine and destroyed a telephone circuit. The Liberation Front of Brittany claimed responsibility. In 1979 the group destroyed electrical lines going from the plant to the grid, and with there being no grid to supply power to, the plant shut down. This was the only time in history that a terrorist group successfully stopped operation of a nuclear power plant. In 1985 the reactor was shut down permanently. The cost of decommissioning is currently estimated to be 482 million euros, much greater than\",\n \"id\": \"15373631\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nAfter the malfunction of the Three Mile Island power plant in Pennsylvania, two concerned citizens of Wiscasset, Raymond and Patricia Shadis,led a 1,000 participant march to the capital of Maine to propose a statewide anti nuclear petition. The initiative to eliminate nuclear power in Maine was voted on several times between 1982 and 1987, however it failed to get the needed support each time. Finally in 1987, after narrowly missing a vote to shut down the power plant, the Nuclear Regulatory Committee (NRC), decided to investigate the power\",\n \"id\": \"6506495\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear energy in Lithuania\\n\\n\\nLithuania does not have any operational nuclear power reactor. It operated two RBMK reactors at Ignalina nuclear power plant which were shut down in 2004 and 2009. In Lithuania in 1978, construction began on two RBMK reactors (1,380 MWe net) with 30-year lives for the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant. The light-water, graphite-moderated reactors were of similar design as those at Chernobyl. The nuclear power plant began operating in 1983. The first reactor was decommissioned in 2004 and the second one in 2009. Originally, Lithuania built\",\n \"id\": \"17622201\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in Germany\\n\\n\\nanti-nuclear demonstration ever held in Germany, some 250,000 people protested on 26 March under the slogan \\\"heed Fukushima – shut off all nuclear plants\\\". On 30 May 2011, the German government announced a plan to shut all nuclear reactors by 2022. Environment Minister Norbert Röttgen stated of the decision, \\\"It's definite. The latest end for the last three nuclear power plants is 2022. There will be no clause for revision\\\". Prior to the decision, Germany's renewable energy sector already provided 17% of\",\n \"id\": \"2080397\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Setsuden\\n\\n\\n. Nuclear power plants originally supplied around 30% of energy around Japan before the March 11 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant and prompted safety checks of other power plants. Including the Fukushima plant, most of the nuclear reactors shut down were owned by Tokyo Electric Power Company(TEPCO), one of Japan's major energy suppliers and leading sources of nuclear power The March earthquake, combined with a meltdown of the Fukushima plant caused the initial widespread blackouts in affected parts of Japan; since then, TEPCO has not recovered\",\n \"id\": \"21161944\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power phase-out\\n\\n\\n. On 18 May 2003, there were two referenda: \\\"Electricity without Nuclear\\\", asking for a decision on a nuclear power phase-out, and \\\"Moratorium Plus\\\", for an extension of the earlier-decided moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants. Both were turned down. The results were: Moratorium Plus: 41.6% Yes, 58.4% No; Electricity without Nuclear: 33.7% Yes, 66.3% No. The program of the \\\"Electricity without Nuclear\\\" petition was to shut down all\",\n \"id\": \"15363284\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power debate\\n\\n\\nbe forgone with no huge structural shifts in the way the world works\\\". In September 2011, German engineering giant Siemens announced it will withdraw entirely from the nuclear industry, as a response to the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. The company is to boost its work in the renewable energy sector. Commenting on the German government's policy to close nuclear plants, Werner Sinn, president of the Ifo Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, stated: \\\"It is wrong to shut down the atomic power plants,\",\n \"id\": \"6846757\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in Taiwan\\n\\n\\nprotested against the nation's three operating nuclear power plants and the construction of a fourth plant. They also called for \\\"all nuclear power plants to be thoroughly re-evaluated and shut down immediately if they fail to pass safety inspections\\\". According to Wang To-far, economics professor at National Taipei University, \\\"if a level-seven nuclear crisis were to happen in Taiwan, it would destroy the nation\\\". George Hsu, a professor of applied economics at National Chung Hsing University in central Taiwan, said nuclear\",\n \"id\": \"1681647\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nJanuary 1951. First criticality was achieved on 6 May 1954, and the first grid connection was made on 27 June 1954. For around four years, until the opening of the Siberian Nuclear Power Station, Obninsk remained the only nuclear power reactor in the Soviet Union; the power plant remained active until 29 April 2002 when it was finally shut down. According to Kotchetkov, in its 48 years of operation there were no significant incidents resulting in personnel overdose or mortality, or radioactive release to the environment exceeding permissible limits. The\",\n \"id\": \"20839547\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Unterweser Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nThe nuclear power station Unterweser is a nuclear power plant in Kleinensiel (Municipality of Stadland), close to Nordenham. When it first started up, it was the largest nuclear reactor in the world. It has 193 fuel assemblies. Unterweser was one of the seven reactors shut down on 17 March 2011 (although actual shutdown was several days later) pending the results of a three-month moratorium on nuclear power. On 30 May 2011, the German government announced that Unterweser would not be returning to operation following the moratorium and\",\n \"id\": \"11836952\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Energy in Japan\\n\\n\\n's reactor No. 3 was restarted on 2 July, and No. 4 began operation on 21 July. However, in September 2013 the Ōi nuclear plant was shut down in order to have extensive safety inspections performed. By late 2015, both of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant's reactors had reopened and restarted producing nuclear energy. Other nuclear plants, such as the Takahama Nuclear Power Plant, have received permission to reopen, and other nuclear reactors are beginning the process of restarting. In June 2015, the Japanese government released\",\n \"id\": \"12390285\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear energy in Poland\\n\\n\\n. However, this proving unaffordable in the immediate future, Poland decided to build a 4.5 GWe nuclear power plant by 2030. In 2007, a draft energy policy proposed a 10 GWe nuclear capacity by 2030 to provide 10% of electricity. The deadline gives an estimated ten years for investment and construction and five years of public campaigning. In July 2006, Poland joined Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia to build a new nuclear power plant in Lithuania to replace the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant being shut down due to pressure from the\",\n \"id\": \"17622362\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mühleberg Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nof the population rejected the initiative named \\\"Strom ohne Atom\\\", that proposed that the plant should be shut down in 2005 to be replaced by non-nuclear power generation. A similar proposal at cantonal level had already been rejected in 2000 by 64% of voters. In 2006 the Bernese government put forward a medium-term energy strategy including the renunciation to nuclear power. The Swiss parliament, however, noted this and withheld its approval, delegating any decision on an eventual shutdown to the federal authorities. The same organ\",\n \"id\": \"20603094\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power debate\\n\\n\\nconditioning and refrigeration loads and diminished hydroelectric capacity\\\". In such very hot weather a power reactor may have to operate at a reduced power level or even shut down. In 2009 in Germany, eight nuclear reactors had to be shut down simultaneously on hot summer days for reasons relating to the overheating of equipment or of rivers. Overheated discharge water has resulted in significant killing of fish in the past, harming livelihood and raising public concern. The economics of new nuclear power plants is a controversial subject, since there are diverging views\",\n \"id\": \"6846680\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Electricity sector in Germany\\n\\n\\noverall production of 631TWh. Germany remains one of the world's largest power producer from coal besides China (2,733TWh), USA (2,133TWh) and India (569TWh). Germany has defined a firm active phase-out policy of nuclear power. Eight nuclear power plants were permanently shut down after the Fukushima accident. All nuclear power plants are to be phased out by the end of 2022. According to BMU this is an opportunity for future generations. Siemens is the only significant nuclear constructor in Germany and the nuclear share was\",\n \"id\": \"12636085\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear energy in Lithuania\\n\\n\\ndecommissioning costs and some compensation through 2013. Strong public opposition followed, because of fear for electricity price hikes. In 2006, Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian power companies carried out the feasibility study for construction of the new nuclear power plant in Lithuania to replace existing Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, scheduled to be shut down in 2009. The study shows that the nuclear power plant project is feasible. The Radioactive Waste Management Agency, established in 2001, is responsible for disposal of all radioactive waste from Ignalina during operation and decommissioning. A\",\n \"id\": \"17622203\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tihange Nuclear Power Station\\n\\n\\nfor works on the non nuclear infrastructure. During construction works for safety upgrades a non nuclear building with auxiliary pumps was damaged. The reactor had to remain shut down while the building was fixed and the ground layers under the building were reinforced. The plant consists of three second-generation pressurized water reactors with a total net capacity of 3,008 MW, slightly more than Belgium's other nuclear power plant at Doel. Its three units are rated as follows: The design of the plants is reviewed completely every ten years. This so\",\n \"id\": \"15033316\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nThe , is a nuclear power plant located on a site in the town of Naraha and Tomioka in the Futaba District of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) runs the plant. After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the four reactors at Fukushima Daini automatically shut down. While the sister plant Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, approximately to the north, suffered extensive damage, the Daini Plant was back under control within two days, reaching cold shutdown. The plant has not been operating since,\",\n \"id\": \"15743575\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in France\\n\\n\\nIn May 2001, an Ipsos poll found that nearly 70% of the population had a 'good opinion' of nuclear power, however 56% also preferred not to live near a nuclear plant and the same proportion thought that a 'Chernobyl-like accident' could occur in France. The same Ipsos poll revealed that 50% thought that nuclear power was the best way of solving the problem of the greenhouse effect, while 88% thought this was a major reason for continuing to use nuclear power. Historically the position has\",\n \"id\": \"16063146\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power phase-out\\n\\n\\nand values its populations health, safety, security, and natural environment when determining its current and future energy pathways\\\". There were many anti-nuclear protests and, on 29 May 2011, Merkel's government announced that it would close all of its nuclear power plants by December 2022. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its 17 reactors. Galvanised by the Fukushima nuclear disaster, first anniversary anti-nuclear demonstrations were held in Germany in March 2012. Organisers say more than 50,000\",\n \"id\": \"15363270\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nVermont Yankee was an electricity generating nuclear power plant, located in the town of Vernon, Vermont, in the northeastern United States. It generated 620 megawatts (MWe) of electricity at full power. The plant was a boiling water reactor (BWR), designed by General Electric. It operated from 1972 until December 29, 2014, when its owner Entergy shut down the plant. In 2008, the plant provided 71.8% of all electricity generated within Vermont, amounting to 35% of Vermont's electricity consumption. The plant\",\n \"id\": \"1853476\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nstopped the nuclear reaction. Other nuclear organizations and RBMK plants were informed of the problem, but it was not addressed until after a similar power surge partly caused the 1986 Chernobyl Disaster. The subsequent modifications were tested at Ignalina during 1987 and 1988. According to an Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant press release, on June 6, 2009, at 09:15 EEST (06:15 UTC), the automatic reactor protection system was actuated and Unit 2 was shut down. No radiation was released. Plant officials decided to keep it off-line for\",\n \"id\": \"292027\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Santa María de Garoña Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\na ten-year extension, which was supported by Spain's Nuclear Safety Council (\\\"Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear\\\", CSN) despite Spain's policy of phasing out nuclear power. On 2 July 2009, the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade compromised, extending the operating license for an additional four years subject to safety upgrades, though this extension was never used. On December 16, 2012, the plant operator Nuclenor has begun shutting down the nuclear power plant, which was due to close in mid-2013, to avoid\",\n \"id\": \"21094039\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nsourcing electricity from the Kudankulam nuclear power project (KKNPP). Unit 1 was shut down in June 2015 for refuelling and annual maintenance. On 21 January 2016 the reactor restarted and was connected to grid on 30 January 2016. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Site Director D.S. Choudhary stated on 26 January 2018 that units 1 and 2 of the nuclear plant had generated a combined total of 22,800 million units since they began functioning. In 2011, thousands from the vicinity of the plant protested against it, fearing a nuclear disaster, in the\",\n \"id\": \"9109325\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nThe is a nuclear power plant in the city of Omaezaki in Shizuoka Prefecture, on Japan's east coast, 200 km south-west of Tokyo. It is managed by the Chubu Electric Power Company. There are five units contained at a single site with a net area of 1.6 km (395 acres). A sixth unit began construction on December 22, 2008. On January 30, 2009, Hamaoka-1 and Hamaoka-2 were permanently shut down. On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan requested the plant be shut down\",\n \"id\": \"15084902\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Millstone Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nhours. On August 9, 2013, the Unit 3 reactor tripped and shut down due to a malfunction. In 2016, unit 3 was shut down following a hydrogen gas leak. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of , concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about , concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity. The 2010 U.S. population within of Millstone\",\n \"id\": \"21304397\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sendai Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nevidence in an ongoing civil action in Japan contesting the restart of the Sendai Nuclear Power Plant and separately Large & Associates prepared an assessment of the effectiveness of the Japanese NRA recently introduced guide for the evaluation of nuclear power plant sites with respect to the potential effects of volcanic activity, specifically aligning this to the Sendai NPP presently proposed for restart following a four-year shut down in the aftermath of Fukushima Daiichi. In April 2015, a Japanese court rejected a complaint against the restart. On May 28, 2015, The Nuclear\",\n \"id\": \"18990612\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nand Rovno 4. Reactor No. 1 was shut down in 1996 with No. 3 following in 2000. SKALA (Russian: СКАЛА, система контроля аппарата Ленинградской Атомной; \\\"sistema kontrolja apparata Leningradskoj Atomnoj\\\", “Control system of the devices of the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant”) was the process computer for the RBMK nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant prior to October 1995. Dating back to the 1960s, it used magnetic core memory, magnetic tape data storage, and punched tape for loading software. SKALA\",\n \"id\": \"3211729\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Omaha Public Power District\\n\\n\\n, OPPD had its Nuclear Generating Station in Fort Calhoun shut down due to Missouri River flooding. The station was shut down for an extended period of time by Federal NRC Regulators due to serious issues at the plant. The plant started back up in December 2013. OPPD formerly operated the Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station near Fort Calhoun. After 42 years of operation (interrupted by flooding from 2011 to 2013), the plant was shut down on October 25, 2016 and is in the process of being decommissioned. OPPD operates other\",\n \"id\": \"4045372\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nby more than 5,000 of those parts and were consequently shut down, for an expected eight weeks. According to Yonhap news agency the incident was likely to seriously undermine the confidence in South Korean nuclear reactors and could thus impede the country's export of nuclear power plants. Knowledge Economy Minister Hong Suk-woo responded that the \\\"government plans to further increase its efforts to export nuclear reactors. In this regard, the government will quickly provide all necessary and accurate facts to prospective foreign buyers to make sure there is not a single\",\n \"id\": \"9179038\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Reactor operator\\n\\n\\nA reactor operator (or nuclear reactor operator) is an individual at a nuclear power plant who is responsible for directly controlling a nuclear reactor from a control panel and is the only individual at a nuclear power plant who can directly alter significant amounts of reactor reactivity. The reactor operator occupies a position of great responsibility that may require him or her to start up a nuclear reactor, shut down a nuclear reactor, monitor reactor parameters, or respond to a casualty of the nuclear reactor. All reactor operators are required to be licensed\",\n \"id\": \"3530613\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fossil fuel phase-out\\n\\n\\ngreatly increase its nuclear power. Several countries have enacted laws to cease construction on new nuclear power stations. Several European countries have debated nuclear phase-outs and others have completely shut down some reactors. Three nuclear accidents have influenced the slowdown of nuclear power: the 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the USSR, and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its 17 reactors and pledged to close the\",\n \"id\": \"16368403\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in Switzerland\\n\\n\\nexperts with American involvement, concluded that the earthquake risk in Switzerland is twice as large as had been previously thought. In 2011, following the nuclear emergencies at Japan's Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and other nuclear facilities Swiss Federal Councillor Doris Leuthard announced on 14 March a freeze in the authorisation procedures for three new nuclear power plants (see \\\"Politics\\\"), and ordered a safety review of the country's existing plants. There was also concern in Switzerland over the seismic risks of the Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant, located in\",\n \"id\": \"9566238\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear energy policy\\n\\n\\nSun and wind\\\". Globally, 39% want to continue using existing reactors without building new ones, while 30% would like to shut everything down now. Following the March 2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents, China, Germany, Switzerland, Israel, Malaysia, Thailand, United Kingdom, and the Philippines are reviewing their nuclear power programs. Indonesia and Vietnam still plan to build nuclear power plants. Countries such as Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, New Zealand, and Norway remain opposed\",\n \"id\": \"17736658\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in the United States\\n\\n\\nperiod. In 1978, nuclear power plants generated electricity at only 64% of their rated output capacity. Performance suffered even further during and after Three Mile Island, as a series of new safety regulations from 1979 through the mid-1980s forced operators to repeatedly shut down reactors for required retrofits. It was not until 1990 that the average capacity factor of US nuclear plants returned to the level of 1978. The capacity factor continued to rise, until 2001. Since 2001, US nuclear power plants have consistently delivered electric power at about 90\",\n \"id\": \"16062619\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear power in South Korea\\n\\n\\ncrisis, highlighting a lack of transparency on nuclear safety and the dual roles of South Korea's nuclear regulators on supervision and promotion. This incident followed the prosecution of five senior engineers for the coverup of a serious loss of power and cooling incident at Kori Nuclear Power Plant, which was subsequently graded at INES level 2. In 2013, there was a scandal involving the use of counterfeit parts in nuclear plants and faked quality assurance certificates. In June 2013 Kori 2 and Shin Wolsong 1 were shut down, and Kori 1 and\",\n \"id\": \"16316842\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"SAFSTOR\\n\\n\\nFor nuclear power plants governed by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, SAFSTOR (SAFe STORage) is one of the options for nuclear decommissioning of a shut down plant. During SAFSTOR the de-fuelled plant is monitored for up to sixty years before complete decontamination and dismantling of the site, to a condition where nuclear licensing is no longer required. During the storage interval, some of the radioactive contaminants of the reactor and power plant will decay, which will reduce the quantity of radioactive material to be removed during the final decontamination\",\n \"id\": \"4034229\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nuclear reactor safety system\\n\\n\\nto dissipate the heat, water is recirculated via a cooling tower. The failure of half of the ESWS pumps was one of the factors that endangered safety in the 1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood, while a total loss occurred during the Fukushima I and Fukushima II nuclear accidents in 2011. Emergency core cooling systems (ECCS) are designed to safely shut down a nuclear reactor during accident conditions. The ECCS allows the plant to respond to a variety of accident conditions (e.g. LOCAs) and additionally introduce redundancy so that the plant\",\n \"id\": \"4457743\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nThe Humboldt Bay Power Plant, Unit 3 was a 63 MWe boiling water reactor, owned by Pacific Gas and Electric Company that operated from August 1963 to July 1976 just south of Eureka, California. On Monday, January 23, 1961, Pacific Gas and Electric held a luncheon to invite the community to observe the start of the major construction of the nuclear unit. Concern about previously undiscovered seismic faults combined with more stringent requirements required after the Three Mile Island accident rendered the small plant unprofitable if restarted. It was shut down\",\n \"id\": \"1861577\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station\\n\\n\\n9, 2029, but Oyster Creek was permanently shut down by October 2018. The closure occurred on September 17. The plant got its cooling water from Barnegat Bay, a brackish estuary that empties into the Atlantic Ocean through the Barnegat Inlet. Oyster Creek was one of four licensed nuclear power reactors in New Jersey. The others are the two units at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant, and the one unit at Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station. As of January 1, 2005, New Jersey ranked 9th among the 31 States with\",\n \"id\": \"18090261\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant\\n\\n\\nat the corporate headquarters of the Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant, on the first day of the plant's operation after the expiration of its original 40-year license. In March 2013, more than 500 people, carrying banners and chanting \\\"shut it down\\\", marched through downtown Brattleboro in protest against Vermont Yankee. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Vermont Yankee was 8.1 per year, or a chance of one incident occurring on average every\",\n \"id\": \"1853508\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Yomiuri Shimbun\\n\\n\\npromoting nuclear power within Japan. During the 1950s Matsutaro Shoriki, the head of the \\\"Yomiuri\\\", agreed to use his newspaper to promote nuclear power in Japan for the CIA. In May 2011, when the then Japanese prime minister Naoto Kan requested Chubu Electric Power Company to shut down several of its Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plants due to safety concerns, the \\\"Yomiuri\\\" responded with criticism, calling the move \\\"abrupt\\\" and a difficult situation for Chubu Electric's shareholders. It wrote Kan \\\"should seriously reflect on the\",\n \"id\": \"16234304\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":92,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What would NASA(or equivalent) do if an astronaut refused to come back down from the space station?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"2ohse7"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"If they went rouge and killed everyone we'd just stop resupplying it\"}, {\"answer\": \"I'm sure there's haldol, ativan or some other strong sedative in the med kit. The other astronauts could jump his ass and sedate him.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I think it's called Space Dementia. The other astronaut had to tie up Steve Buscemi.\"}, {\"answer\": \"The space station can be controlled remotely by houston and the russian one. Plus they go thru a rigourous and tedious pych test. The crew cabin is the size of a tractor trailer rig and all the people are russians or ex military. They could take the crazy man down.\"}, {\"answer\": \"There are no weapons on board for obvious reasons, although IIRC some Russian astronauts have brought guns to space in the past in case they have to deal with a bear on their return to Earth. The official guidelines suggest that the other crew members should physically subdue the person and then tie them up with duct tape/bungee cords and use tranquilizers if necessary.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I guarantee there is a thick binder in Houston with specific instructions to deal with this exact thing....Yep, found it. [Mental Breakdown In Space]( URL_0 )\"}, {\"answer\": \"If you don't get down here right now you're grounded! Bitch please.\"}, {\"answer\": \"They probably have some type of plan already prepared for this just in case one of the astronauts started to go crazy. More than likely it would involve the other astronauts subduing the deranged one and sedating them until they could safely be sent back down to earth.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"181049\", \"title\": \"STS-5\", \"section\": \"Section::::Mission summary.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 13, \"end_paragraph_id\": 13, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Allen's caused them to cancel the extravehicular activity (EVA) entirely.\", \"Lenoir and Allen were to perform a spacewalk, the first of the Shuttle program, to test newly developed space suits. The space suits were developed as cheaper and less complicated alternatives to the Apollo versions. The test was delayed by one day due to Lenoir succumbing to motion sickness. Then a poorly functioning oxygen regulator in Lenoir's suit and a broken recirculation fan in Allen's caused them to cancel the extravehicular activity (EVA) entirely. It was the first time in the history of the space program that an EVA had been cancelled due to space suit issues.\", \"Lenoir and Allen were to perform a spacewalk, the first of the Shuttle program, to test newly developed space suits. The space suits were developed as cheaper and less complicated alternatives to the Apollo versions. The test was delayed by one day due to Lenoir succumbing to motion sickness.\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Spacelab\n\n\nfor European astronauts. A second module, \"LM2\", was bought by NASA for its own use from ERNO. Construction on the Spacelab modules began in 1974 by what was then the company ERNO-VFW-Fokker. In the early 1970s NASA shifted its focus from the Lunar missions to the Space Shuttle, and also space research. The NASA Administrator at the time moved the focus from a new space station to space laboratory for planned Space Shuttle. This would allow technologies for future space stations to be researched and harness","id":"11930243"},{"contents":"NASA Astronaut Group 12\n\n\nNASA Astronaut Group 12 (the GAFFers) was a group of 15 astronauts announced by NASA on June 5, 1987. The group's informal nickname is an acronym for \"George Abbey Final Fifteen\". Of this group, Mae Jemison would become the first female African-American in space, Bruce Melnick the first Coast Guard aviator in space, while Michael Foale would fly aboard the Mir space station. At the time of the \"Columbia\" accident in 2003, William Readdy was Associate Administrator for Space Flight and Kenneth Bowersox","id":"3843163"},{"contents":"Barbara Morgan\n\n\nAstronaut Project. NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin clarified at a press conference after STS-118 that Morgan was not considered a Mission Specialist Educator, but rather was a standard Mission Specialist, who had been a teacher. Prior to her flight on STS-118, NASA seemed to limit Morgan's exposure to the press, but she did a series of interviews shortly before the start of the mission about what the crew of STS-118 would be doing to help build the International Space Station, commenting, \"You know, there's a great sense of","id":"17373351"},{"contents":"Kennedy Space Center\n\n\nconducts space launches at KSC, the Operations and Checkout Building, which houses the astronauts dormitories and suit-up area, a Space Station factory, and a long Shuttle Landing Facility. There is also a Visitor Complex open to the public on site. The military had been performing launch operations since 1949 at what would become Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. In December 1959, the Department of Defense transferred 5,000 personnel and the Missile Firing Laboratory to NASA to become the Launch Operations Directorate under NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. President","id":"16598994"},{"contents":"Politics of the International Space Station\n\n\npartner of the United States and this included a contract with NASA to supply hardware to the Space Station. In return, NASA would provide Brazil with access to NASA ISS facilities on-orbit, as well as a flight opportunity for one Brazilian astronaut during the course of the ISS program. However, due to cost issues, the subcontractor Embraer was unable to provide the promised ExPrESS pallet, and Brazil left the program in 2007. Regardless, the first Brazilian astronaut, Marcos Pontes, was sent to ISS in April 2006 for","id":"20402741"},{"contents":"Scott Kelly (astronaut)\n\n\nSoyuz TMA-16M on March 27, 2015, and they remained on the station for Expeditions 43, 44, 45, and 46. The mission ended on March 1, 2016, with the departure of Soyuz TMA-18M from the station. Scott Kelly retired from NASA in 2016. Kelly's identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, is also a retired astronaut. On 12 April 2019, NASA reported medical results, from the Astronaut Twin Study, where one astronaut twin spent a year in space on the International Space Station,","id":"21563791"},{"contents":"Mikhail Kornienko\n\n\nengineer. In 2005, he was assigned to the Soyuz TMA-10 and Expedition 15 back-up crew as Flight Engineer 1. Kornienko was aboard the space station as a Flight Engineer, being part of the Expedition 23/24 crew. He lifted off on 2 April 2010, along with fellow Russian cosmonaut Aleksandr Skvortsov and NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell-Dyson aboard Soyuz TMA-18 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Ending Expedition 24, the Soyuz TMA-18 spacecraft carrying Mikhail Kornienko, Alexander Skvortsov and NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell-Dyson undocked from the space station at","id":"9554524"},{"contents":"Little Soya\n\n\nMurphy received a call about 2 years ago from Vickie Kloeris, manager of the NASA Space Food Systems Laboratory. Vickie told Gary that one of the US astronauts had complained during his last debriefing (after coming down from a mission on the ISS), that whenever he opened a soy sauce packet in space, it would spew all over. Vickie’s department had been tasked with finding a solution to NASA’s soy sauce problem and thus found Little Soya. On March 31, 2016, the president and CEO of Little Soya","id":"9088530"},{"contents":"List of astronauts by year of selection\n\n\nda Vinci Project); and veteran Wally Funk from Mercury 13 (Interorbital Systems). Boeing hired former NASA astronaut Chris Ferguson to join the Space Exploration Team. Candidates for Boeing's astronaut corps include former NASA astronauts, commercial scientist astronauts and test pilots who have never flown in space. SpaceX has employed former NASA astronauts, but did not select any SpaceX employees to fly its commercial vehicles to the International Space Station. No decision has been made about any non-ISS flights. The world's first commercial astronaut corps,","id":"20356645"},{"contents":"Owen Garriott\n\n\nfrom space, W5LFL, which expanded into an important activity on dozens of shuttle flights, Space Station Mir and the International Space Station, with scores of astronauts and cosmonauts participating. Between these missions, Garriott received a NASA fellowship in the Space Station Project Office. In this position he worked closely with the external scientific communities and advised the project manager concerning the scientific suitability of the space station design. Garriott held the distinction of being the NASA astronaut with the earliest-obtained PhD degree, having earned his PhD from Stanford University","id":"3572687"},{"contents":"Mark T. Vande Hei\n\n\nVande Hei began working at Johnson Space Center in 2006 as part of the U.S. Army contingent there. He works as a communications officer (which is a flight controller responsible for communicating with astronauts in space) for the International Space Station. In June 2009, Vande Hei was selected as a member of the NASA Astronaut Group 20 and he completed astronaut candidate training in June 2011. On June 10, 2014, NASA announced that Vande Hei would serve as an aquanaut aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory during the undersea exploration mission, which","id":"12327088"},{"contents":"Draper Laboratory\n\n\nof \"down\". Each CMG module is about the size of a deck of cards. The concept is for the garment to be worn \"in the lead-up to landing back on Earth or periodically throughout a long mission.\" In 2013, a Draper/MIT/NASA team was also developing a CMG-augmented space suit that would expand the current capabilities of NASA's \"Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue\" (SAFER)—a space suit designed for \"propulsive self-rescue\" for when an astronaut accidentally becomes untethered","id":"6013506"},{"contents":"Mars to Stay\n\n\n, \"Traitors Return to Earth\" and \"What Would Zheng He Do?\" In October 2009, Eric Berger of the Houston Chronicle wrote of \"Mars to Stay\" as perhaps the only program that can revitalize the United States' space program: What if NASA could land astronauts on Mars in a decade, for not ridiculously more money than the $10 billion the agency spends annually on human spaceflight? It's possible ... relieving NASA of the need to send fuel and rocketry to blast humans off the Martian surface,","id":"9821779"},{"contents":"Léopold Eyharts\n\n\nwas assigned to full spaceflight training in January 1995. He trained as a back-up crew member for the \"Cassiopeia\" French-Russian space mission, which took place in August 1996. In August 1998, Eyharts was assigned by the European Space Agency to train at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. As part of the international astronauts of the 1998 class, he attended NASA Astronaut Candidate Training which included orientation briefings and tours, numerous scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in Shuttle and International Space Station","id":"18673568"},{"contents":"Michael Barratt (astronaut)\n\n\nMichael Reed Barratt (born April 16, 1959) is an American physician and a NASA astronaut. Specializing in aerospace medicine, he served as a flight surgeon for NASA before his selection as an astronaut, and has played a role in developing NASA's space medicine programs for both the Shuttle-Mir Program and International Space Station. His first spaceflight was a long-duration mission to the International Space Station, as a Flight Engineer in the Expedition 19 and 20 crew. In March 2011, Barratt completed his second spaceflight as","id":"7377659"},{"contents":"Jeanette J. Epps\n\n\nInternational Space Station in mid-2018 for Expeditions 56 and 57, becoming the first African American space station crew member and the 15th African American to fly in space, but on January 16, 2018, NASA announced that Epps had been replaced by her backup Serena M. Auñón-Chancellor, but that Epps would \"be considered for assignment to future missions\". African-American astronauts have visited the space station, but Epps would have been the first to live there. The reason for Epps' removal was not stated, and NASA","id":"12326499"},{"contents":"International Space Station\n\n\nactivities, further freeing up astronaut time. Cupola is a seven-window observatory that is used to view Earth and docking spacecraft. Its name means \"dome\" in Italian. The Cupola project was started by NASA and Boeing, but was cancelled due to budget cuts. A barter agreement with NASA led to ESA resuming development in 1998, with construction by Thales Alenia Space in Turin, Italy. The module comes equipped with workstations for operating the station's main robotic arm and shutters to protect its windows from damage caused by","id":"15159391"},{"contents":"Mercury 13\n\n\n. NASA was then aware that droves of people would apply for this opportunity and sifting through applicants would be rigorous and expensive.. President Eisenhower believed that military test pilots would make the best astronauts. This greatly altered the testing requirements and shifted the history of who was chosen to go to space originally. William Randolph Lovelace II, former Flight Surgeon and later, chairman of the NASA Special Advisory Committee on Life Science, helped develop the tests for NASA's male astronauts and became curious to know how women would do taking the same","id":"11835818"},{"contents":"Mercury Seven\n\n\nexam, and Carpenter had not finished his final course in heat transfer. Both were admitted on the basis of professional equivalency, and were ultimately awarded their bachelor's degrees after their 1962 space flights. Despite the extensive physical examinations, Slayton had an undiagnosed atrial fibrillation, which resulted in his grounding two months prior to what would have been his first space flight, and the second orbital mission. NASA introduced the astronauts in Washington, DC, on April 9, 1959. Although the agency viewed Project Mercury's purpose as an","id":"17698962"},{"contents":"NASA robots\n\n\nNASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) robots are robotic devices used to aid, augment, or substitute for astronauts in order to do difficult or rote tasks such as repairs in dangerous environments (such as those with radiation or micrometeorite risks), routine procedures (video capture), etc. Robonaut is a joint DARPA–NASA project designed to create a humanoid robot which can function as an equivalent to humans during the 1970s and exploration. The large goal of the Robonaut project is to build a robot with dexterity that exceeds","id":"9344035"},{"contents":"Karl Gordon Henize\n\n\nhe retired as an astronaut and accepted a position as senior scientist in the Space Sciences Branch. He studied space debris and hazards to the space station. In the 1998 miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\", Henize was played by Marc Macaulay. Henize, on leave from NASA at the time, went on a hiking expedition to Mount Everest with British research group High Adventure BVI. Henize intended to test the Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) at different altitudes: 17,000 ft, 19,000 ft, and 21,000 ft","id":"10593446"},{"contents":"Canadian Space Agency\n\n\nNASA's compensation to Canada for its contribution to the Shuttle and International Space Station programs, meaning that there were no confirmed remaining space flight opportunities for Canadian astronauts. In June 2015, the Canadian government announced a renewed commitment to the International Space Station, securing flights for both of Canada's remaining active astronauts. In May 2016, the CSA announced that David Saint-Jacques would fly to the International Space Station aboard a Roscosmos Soyuz rocket in November 2018 for 6 months, as part of the Expedition 58/59 crew. Additionally,","id":"17244579"},{"contents":"David Saint-Jacques\n\n\nby 5,351 candidates, and has moved to Houston to be one of 14 members of the 20th NASA astronaut class. He recently graduated from Astronaut Candidate Training that included scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in International Space Station systems, extravehicular activity (EVA), robotics, physiological training, T-38 flight training, Russian language and water and wilderness survival training. Since graduation, he has been assigned to the Robotics Branch of the Astronaut Office. On September 19, 2011, NASA announced that Saint-Jacques would serve as an","id":"20956094"},{"contents":"Contact (1997 American film)\n\n\n's NASA advisor, insisted that NASA has never given any astronaut a cyanide pill \"just in case,\" and that if an astronaut truly wished to commit suicide in space, all he or she would have to do is cut off their oxygen supply. However, Carl Sagan insisted that NASA did indeed give out cyanide pills and they did it for every mission an astronaut has ever flown. Zemeckis said that because of the two radically different assertions, the truth is unknown, but he left the suicide pill scene in the","id":"572559"},{"contents":"Space Shuttle\n\n\nprovided an understanding of the extent of the damage, while NASA's chief thermal protection system (TPS) engineer requested that astronauts on board \"Columbia\" be allowed to leave the vehicle to inspect the damage. NASA managers intervened to stop the Department of Defense's assistance and refused the request for the spacewalk, and thus the feasibility of scenarios for astronaut repair or rescue by \"Atlantis\" were not considered by NASA management at the time. NASA retired the Space Shuttle in 2011, after 30 years of service. The Shuttle","id":"8490348"},{"contents":"Apollo 15 postal covers incident\n\n\nfor travel to space. Apollo 15 carried a total of approximately 641 covers. In late 1971, when NASA learned that the Herrick covers were being sold, the astronauts' supervisor, Deke Slayton, warned Worden to avoid further commercialization of what he had been allowed to take into space. After Slayton heard of the Sieger arrangement, he removed the three as backup crew members for Apollo 17, though the astronauts had by then refused compensation from Sieger and Eiermann. The Sieger matter became generally known in the newspapers in June 1972","id":"8616165"},{"contents":"Kellie Gerardi\n\n\nwhile conducting a number of experiments in microgravity related to fluid configuration, solid body rotation, and biometrics. Notably, Gerardi tested the Canadian Space Agency's \"Bio-Monitor\" smart garment, an experiment which launched to the International Space Station in December 2018 with Canadian Astronaut David Saint-Jacques. Gerardi's 2015 wedding to Steven Baumruk was officiated by American astronaut and former International Space Station Commander Michael López-Alegría. The reception included a recorded dinner toast from NASA astronaut Scott Kelly (astronaut) aboard the International Space Station","id":"261549"},{"contents":"Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper\n\n\noutstanding astronaut, contributing significantly to the Space Shuttle and Space Station programs. In particular, her superb leadership as lead spacewalker during the STS-126 mission resulted in restoring full power generation capability to the International Space Station. We wish her the best of luck back in the Navy – she will be missed.\" She was awarded two NASA Space Flight Medals, and the NASA Exceptional Service Medal. In August 2009, Stefanyshyn-Piper reported to the Naval Sea Systems Command as the Chief Technology Officer. On May 20, 2011 Captain","id":"9139442"},{"contents":"Leland D. Melvin\n\n\n, keep it from overheating, and maintain proper orientation in space. The mission also featured three spacewalks. The STS-129 mission was completed in 10 days, 19 hours, 16 minutes and 13 seconds, traveling 4.5 million miles in 171 orbits, and returned to Earth bringing back with them NASA Astronaut, Nicole Stott, following her tour of duty aboard the space station. Melvin has logged over 565 hours in space. After retiring from NASA, Leland actively holds several STEM lectures of his experience in space to a wide range of","id":"2550824"},{"contents":"NASA\n\n\nflight control is managed for manned space missions. JSC is the lead NASA center for activities regarding the International Space Station and also houses the NASA Astronaut Corps that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members for US and international space missions. Another major facility is Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama at which the Saturn 5 rocket and Skylab were developed. The JPL worked together with ABMA, one of the agencies behind Explorer 1, the first American space mission. The ten NASA field centers are: Numerous other","id":"7951171"},{"contents":"Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger\n\n\nselected by NASA in May 2004 as an Astronaut Candidate. Astronaut Candidate Training includes orientation briefings and tours, numerous scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training. Successful completion of this training in February 2006 qualified her as a NASA Astronaut. She served as a Mission Specialist on STS-131, an April 2010 Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station. The mission's primary payload was the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module. On","id":"7264865"},{"contents":"NASA\n\n\n2011. The program spanned 30 years with over 300 astronauts sent into space. The International Space Station (ISS) combines NASA's \"Space Station Freedom\" project with the Soviet/Russian \"Mir-2\" station, the European \"Columbus\" station, and the Japanese Kibō laboratory module. NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop \"Freedom\" alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA","id":"7951126"},{"contents":"Teacher in Space Project\n\n\n1984. Not members of NASA's Astronaut Corps, the teachers would fly as Payload Specialists and return to their classrooms after flight. More than 40,000 applications were mailed to interested teachers while 11,000 teachers sent completed applications to NASA. Each application included a potential lesson that would be taught from space while on the Space Shuttle. The applications were sorted and then sent to the various State Departments of Education, who were then responsible for narrowing down their state applicants to a final set of two each. These applicants were notified of their","id":"17373136"},{"contents":"William Frederick Fisher\n\n\nhardware and software development team (1983); Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) development team (1983); Deputy Director of NASA Government-furnished and Contractor-furnished Equipment (1982–1983); Chief of Astronaut Public Appearances (1985–1987); Member of the U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (1986–1991); NASA Medicine Policy Board (1987–1991); Astronaut Office Space Station Manned Systems Division, and Health Maintenance Facility (1987–1989); Astronaut Office representative on space crew selection and retention standards for Space Station (1989–1991).","id":"16837545"},{"contents":"Kjell N. Lindgren\n\n\nKjell Norwood Lindgren (born 23 January 1973) is a current NASA astronaut. Lindgren was selected in June 2009 as a member of the NASA Astronaut Group 20. He launched to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of Expedition 44/45 on 22 July 2015. Lindgren was born in Taipei, Taiwan in 1973 before moving to the Midwestern United States, but he spent most of his childhood in England. He attended Lakenheath American High School for a year before moving back to the United States and graduating from James W. Robinson","id":"12327065"},{"contents":"List of Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program\n\n\n21 (2012). The following are short profiles of these men and women: Astronaut. In May 2004 Acaba became the first person of Puerto Rican heritage to be named as a NASA astronaut candidate, when he was selected as a member of NASA Astronaut Training Group 19. He completed his training on February 10, 2006 and was assigned to STS-119, which flew from March 15 to March 28, 2009 to deliver the final set of solar arrays to the International Space Station. Electronics Engineer, Aero-Space Technologist Environmental","id":"10763908"},{"contents":"Mars cycler\n\n\n. A correction would therefore be required to comfortably avoid the planet. Aldrin proposed a pair of Mars cycler vehicles providing regular transport between Earth and Mars. While the astronauts traveling to the Moon could do so in spacecraft with a relatively small amount of habitable space, a mission to Mars would require something much larger. Astronauts would need a facility with ample life support, living space and radiation shielding for the much longer journey. A 1999 NASA study estimated that a mission to Mars would require lifting about into space, of which","id":"17461383"},{"contents":"History of the Internet\n\n\nSpace Station, marking the extension of the Internet into space. (Astronauts at the ISS had used email and Twitter before, but these messages had been relayed to the ground through a NASA data link before being posted by a human proxy.) This personal Web access, which NASA calls the Crew Support LAN, uses the space station's high-speed Ku band microwave link. To surf the Web, astronauts can use a station laptop computer to control a desktop computer on Earth, and they can talk to their families","id":"13422641"},{"contents":"James Neihouse\n\n\nThey were married in 1985 and Neihouse moved from Santa Barbara, to Cocoa, FL. He became astronaut training manager for the IMAX Space Team in 1988. He was responsible for training space shuttle crews, and later space station crews, on the use and operation of the IMAX film cameras. Neihouse has trained more than 150 NASA astronauts and 20 Russian cosmonauts on 20 space shuttle flights and 6 Space Station Expeditions to film in space aboard the Space Shuttle, the Russian Space Station Mir, and the International Space Station. He","id":"144393"},{"contents":"Constellation program\n\n\nreshaped how NASA would pursue the goals laid out in the Vision for Space Exploration, and its findings were formalized by the NASA Authorization Act of 2005. The Act directed NASA to \"develop a sustained human presence on the Moon, including a robust precursor program to promote exploration, science, commerce and US preeminence in space, and as a stepping stone to future exploration of Mars and other destinations.\" Work began on this revised Constellation Program, to send astronauts first to the International Space Station, then to the Moon,","id":"7944877"},{"contents":"Flight controller\n\n\nenvironmental systems, plus lunar astronaut spacesuits. Essentially the equivalent of the EECOM for the lunar module. NASA currently has a group of flight controllers at the Johnson Space Center in Houston for the International Space Station (ISS). The Space Shuttle flight control team (as well as those for the earlier Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab programs) were also based there. Console manning for short-duration and extended operations differed in operational philosophy. The Space Shuttle (and prior program) flight controllers worked relatively brief periods: The","id":"11763921"},{"contents":"Piers Sellers\n\n\nastronaut candidate by NASA in April 1996, Sellers reported to the NASA Johnson Space Center in August 1996. He completed two years of training and evaluation and was initially assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Computer Support Branch, followed by service in the Astronaut Office Space Station Branch. During that time, he worked part-time in Moscow as a technical liaison on ISS computer software. Sellers logged over 559 hours in space, including almost 41 EVA hours in 6 spacewalks. He retired as an astronaut in 2011 and then served","id":"11773235"},{"contents":"Chris Hadfield\n\n\nas a colonel from the Canadian Armed Forces in 2003 after 25 years of military service. He was Chief of Robotics for the NASA Astronaut Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas from 2003–2006 and was Chief of International Space Station Operations from 2006–2008. In 2008 and 2009, he trained as a back-up to Robert Thirsk on the Expedition 21 mission. In May 2010, Hadfield served as the commander of the mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory, living and working underwater for fourteen days. NASA announced in 2010","id":"1559232"},{"contents":"Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station\n\n\nthe success of Mission One, the station was outfitted for an expanded mission during the following summer in what was known as the NASA Challenge Mission . The Challenge Mission ran concurrently with the Space Shuttle Mission STS-95, the mission which featured veteran astronaut John Glenn. At the launch of the Space Shuttle, the Scott Carpenter Station Mission Commander, Dennis Chamberland and his crew embarked for an unbroken 11-day stay on the seafloor for the same period the Space Shuttle was in space. Following the flight, visitors to the seafloor station included motion","id":"12216892"},{"contents":"Mars habitat\n\n\nthis capability was tested on the International Space Station in 2010. On some of the first crewed missions, three types of medications that were taken into orbit were an anti-nausea, a pain-killer, and a stimulant. By the time of ISS, space crew-persons had almost 200 medications available, with separate pill cabinets for Russians and Americans. One of the many concerns for crewed Mars missions is what pills to bring and how the astronauts would respond to them in different conditions. In 1999, NASA's","id":"13072930"},{"contents":"Effect of spaceflight on the human body\n\n\nmission demands, such as the scheduling of incoming or departing space vehicles. Sound levels in the station are unavoidably high because the atmosphere is unable to thermosiphon; fans are required at all times to allow processing of the atmosphere, which would stagnate in the freefall (zero-g) environment. Fifty percent of space shuttle astronauts take sleeping pills and still get 2 hours less sleep each night in space than they do on the ground. NASA is researching two areas which may provide the keys to a better night's sleep,","id":"1976970"},{"contents":"Advanced Gemini\n\n\nrockets, with a Gemini spacecraft atop, eliminating the need for rendezvous and docking maneuvers. For this purpose, several modifications were made to the Gemini capsule, including the installation of a hatch in the heat shield to allow access to the space station. In order to give its astronauts experience before these programs started, the Blue Gemini program was proposed, which would have seen USAF astronauts fly on NASA missions in order to practice various techniques required for their own missions. This would have first seen cooperative missions between NASA and the","id":"13312503"},{"contents":"Ares I\n\n\nPurpose Crew Vehicle. Orion was intended as a crew capsule, similar in design to the Apollo program capsule, to transport astronauts to the International Space Station, the Moon, and eventually Mars. Ares I might have also delivered some (limited) resources to orbit, including supplies for the International Space Station or subsequent delivery to the planned lunar base. NASA selected Alliant Techsystems, the builder of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, as the prime contractor for the Ares I first stage. NASA announced that Rocketdyne would be the","id":"16872955"},{"contents":"Vladimir Pletser\n\n\nmedical and physiological experiments in preparation of several missions on Spacelab, Spacehab, the Russian space station Mir and the International Space Station. He accumulated 7307 parabolas, totaling 39h 18m in weightlessness, equivalent to 26.2 Earth orbits, more than the first American, the first Russian, or the first Chinese astronauts. He accumulated a total of 52m in Martian gravity and 49m 30s in lunar gravity during partial-g parabolic flights. Pletser is the only person in the world having flown parabolas on ten different aircraft: NASA","id":"1166583"},{"contents":"Gemini 4\n\n\nas a \"space walk\". The first space walk had already been performed by Soviet Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2 in March 1965. NASA moved up the spacewalk from the original schedule, to demonstrate that the US was gaining on the early lead taken by the Soviets in what was known as the Space Race. As late as 11 days before the scheduled June 3 launch, newspapers were reporting that NASA was saying it \"had not yet determined whether White would be the first American astronaut to expose himself to the elements of","id":"5069653"},{"contents":"Robert Thirsk\n\n\nSun\" newspaper. This was the first occasion in which an astronaut wrote and filed a story to a newspaper—and had it published—while the astronaut was still in orbit. In 1998, Thirsk was assigned by the Canadian Space Agency to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston to pursue mission specialist training. This training program involves advanced instruction on both shuttle and space station systems, EVA (spacewalking), robotic operations, and Russian language. Within the NASA Astronaut Office, Dr. Thirsk served as a CapCom (capsule","id":"15777004"},{"contents":"William Oefelein\n\n\n, and logged over 308 hours in space. NASA terminated Oefelein's service with the space agency on May 23, 2007, stating he would be reassigned to the U.S. Navy. Oefelein and fellow astronaut Lisa Nowak were the first astronauts ever dismissed by NASA, which created a written Code of Conduct for the NASA Astronaut Corps following their termination. Oefelein retired from the Navy in the fall of 2008, returning to Alaska to start a business called Adventure Write as a freelance writer and photographer with his fiancee, Colleen Shipman. Oefelein","id":"5320083"},{"contents":"Jake Garn\n\n\nCharles F. Bolden, however, described Garn as \"the ideal candidate to do it, because he was a veteran Navy combat pilot who had more flight hours than anyone in the Astronaut Office\". Fellow 51-D payload specialist Charles D. Walker—who also suffered from space sickness on the flight despite having flown before—stated that The Jake Garn Mission Simulator and Training Facility, NASA's prime training facility for astronauts in the Shuttle and Space Station programs, is named after him. Upon his return, he co-authored a","id":"9727897"},{"contents":"Jean-François Clervoy\n\n\nthe European Astronaut Center EAC in Cologne. In August 1992 Clervoy was detached to the NASA Johnson Space Center/ Houston to gain the Space Shuttle mission specialist qualifications. In between his space flights, Clervoy was assigned as flight software verification lead in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) and as robotics display design lead for Shuttle and Station. After his third spaceflight, he was assigned as the International Space Station display integration lead in the NASA-JSC Astronaut Office. He flew twice aboard Space Shuttle \"Atlantis\" and once aboard","id":"14287625"},{"contents":"Edward Gibson\n\n\ndesign under the sponsorship of a U.S. Senior Scientist Award form the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. In March 1977, Gibson returned to the Astronaut Office astronaut candidate selection and training as Chief of the Scientist-Astronaut Candidates. During his second tenure at NASA, Gibson had hoped to fly on another space station mission due to his experience on Skylab, but at the same time was not keen on flying a Space Shuttle mission. He served as CAPCOM for STS-1. Gibson ultimately decided to retire from NASA again on October 31, 1982","id":"18737969"},{"contents":"Peggy Whitson\n\n\nPeggy Annette Whitson (born February 9, 1960) is an American biochemistry researcher, retired NASA astronaut, and former NASA Chief Astronaut. Her first space mission was in 2002, with an extended stay aboard the International Space Station as a member of Expedition 5. Her second mission launched October 10, 2007, as the first female commander of the ISS with Expedition 16. She was on her third long-duration space flight and was the commander of the International Space Station for Expedition 51, before handing over command to Fyodor","id":"12308907"},{"contents":"Barry E. Wilmore\n\n\nBarry Eugene \"Butch\" Wilmore (born December 29, 1962) is a NASA astronaut and United States Navy test pilot. He has had two spaceflights, the first of which was an 11-day Space Shuttle mission in November 2009, to the International Space Station. Wilmore was designated as pilot with five other crew members on Space Shuttle \"Atlantis\" for the mission STS-129. He most recently served as part of Expedition 41 to the International Space Station. Prior to being selected as a NASA astronaut in July 2000, Wilmore was","id":"7377606"},{"contents":"Tamara E. Jernigan\n\n\nOffice, assisting with the management of both military and civilian astronauts and support personnel and as Deputy for the Space Station program where she developed and advocated Astronaut Office positions on the design and operation of the International Space Station. She also represented NASA management on the U.S. negotiating team in Moscow during technical interchange meetings designed to resolve crew training, crew rotation, and operational issues. She is the recipient of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal and the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal. She currently resides in Pleasanton, CA. She is married and","id":"11280085"},{"contents":"European Space Agency\n\n\nOctober 2009. A road map which would lead to a common vision and strategic planning in the area of space exploration was discussed. Ministers from all 29 EU and ESA members as well as members of parliament were in attendance. ESA has a long history of collaboration with NASA. Since ESA's astronaut corps was formed, the Space Shuttle has been the primary launch vehicle used by ESA's astronauts to get into space through partnership programmes with NASA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Spacelab programme was an ESA-NASA joint","id":"10261553"},{"contents":"Marcos Pontes\n\n\n, where he was to help transport the ExPRESS Pallet, which would have been the International Space Station's first Brazilian-made component, into orbit. Negotiations between NASA and AEB (the Brazilian Space Agency) fell through due to budgetary concerns. During the delay, Pontes ran a campaign to pressure the Brazilian government to complete the Express Pallet, and he worked on technical assignments in the Astronaut Office Space Station Operations Branch at NASA. His flight was postponed indefinitely when AEB confirmed that it could not produce the Express Pallet and","id":"17691475"},{"contents":"A Beautiful Planet\n\n\nSoyuz spacecraft that brought Cristoforetti and Virts to the Space Station, Kjell Lindgren (NASA / USA), a medical doctor who had previously worked as a flight surgeon supporting medical operations and space-station training at NASA's Johnson Space Center, and Kimiya Yui (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency / Japan), a space explorer who was made Head of the JAXA Astronaut Group after he returned from his stay on the Space Station. There are five space agencies that operate and pay for the ISS: the Canadian Space Agency (CSA","id":"17935112"},{"contents":"Elon Musk\n\n\nspacecraft in order to transport cargo to the International Space Station, followed by a NASA Commercial Resupply Services program contract on December 23, 2008, for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the Space Station, replacing the US Space Shuttle after it retired in 2011. Astronaut transport to the ISS is currently handled solely by the Soyuz, but SpaceX is one of two companies awarded a contract by NASA as part of the Commercial Crew Development program, which is intended to develop a US astronaut transport capability by 2018","id":"488371"},{"contents":"Nicole Stott\n\n\nthus becoming the last Expedition crew-member to return to Earth via the space shuttle. Stott completed her second spaceflight on STS-133, the third to last (antepenultimate) flight of the space shuttle. On October 21, 2009, Stott and her Expedition 21 crewmate, Jeff Williams, participated in the first NASA Tweetup from the station with members of the public gathered at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. This involved the first \"live\" Twitter connection for the astronauts. Previously, astronauts on board the Space Shuttle or ISS had","id":"7264901"},{"contents":"Shuttle–Mir Program\n\n\nbeneath them. They also assisted in the maintenance and repair of the aging station, following various incidents with fires, collisions, power losses, uncontrolled spins and toxic leaks. In all, the American astronauts would spend almost a thousand days aboard \"Mir\", allowing NASA to learn a great deal about long-duration spaceflight, particularly in the areas of astronaut psychology and how best to arrange experiment schedules for crews aboard space stations. \"Mir\" was constructed between 1986 and 1996 and was the world's first modular space","id":"9993828"},{"contents":"Joseph M. Acaba\n\n\nJoseph Michael \"Joe\" Acabá (born May 17, 1967) is an American educator, hydrogeologist, and NASA astronaut. In May 2004 he became the first person of Puerto Rican heritage to be named as a NASA astronaut candidate, when he was selected as a member of NASA Astronaut Training Group 19. He completed his training on February 10, 2006 and was assigned to STS-119, which flew from March 15 to March 28, 2009 to deliver the final set of solar arrays to the International Space Station. Acabá served","id":"16320302"},{"contents":"Scott Kelly (astronaut)\n\n\nNASA's director of operations in Star City, Russia. He served as back-up crew member to Peggy Whitson for ISS Expedition 5, and to Tracy Caldwell Dyson on Expedition 23/24. After the Space Shuttle \"Columbia\" disaster, Kelly coordinated airplane and helicopter searches for debris. He also served as the Astronaut Office Space Station Branch Chief. In September 2002, Kelly served as the commander of the mission aboard the \"Aquarius\" underwater laboratory, 4 mi offshore from Key Largo. The NEEMO 4 crew spent five days","id":"21563799"},{"contents":"Effect of spaceflight on the human body\n\n\nchallenge is trying to understand the effects and impact of long-term space travel on the human body. In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, including a human mission to Mars. On 12 April 2019, NASA reported medical results, from the Astronaut Twin Study, where one astronaut twin spent a year in space on the International Space Station, while the other twin spent the year on Earth, which demonstrated several long-lasting changes, including those related to","id":"1976920"},{"contents":"Anna Lee Fisher\n\n\nAnna Lee Fisher (née Tingle) (born August 24, 1949) is an American chemist, emergency physician, and a former NASA astronaut. Formerly married to fellow astronaut Bill Fisher, and the mother of two children, in 1984 she became the first mother in space. Fisher was formerly the oldest active American astronaut. During her career at NASA, she has been involved with three major programs: the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station and the Orion project. Fisher was born in New York City, and grew","id":"21228713"},{"contents":"John Glenn\n\n\namong the first group of astronauts to be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. The award was presented to him by President Jimmy Carter in 1978. After his 1962 spaceflight, NASA proposed giving Glenn the Medal of Honor, but Glenn did not think that would be appropriate. His military and space awards were stolen from his home in 1978, and he remarked that he would keep this medal in a safe. In 1962, NASA contemplated recruiting women to the astronaut corps, but Glenn gave a speech before the House Space","id":"13592904"},{"contents":"Astrionics\n\n\nquickly when over a ground station. In deep space missions, the recorder is often used the opposite way, to capture high-rate data and play it back slowly over data-rate-limited links. Another solution is data relay satellites. NASA has satellites in GEO called TDRS, Tracking and Data Relay Satellites, which relay commands and telemetry from LEO satellites. Prior to TDRS, astronauts could communicate with the Earth for only about 15% of the orbit, using 14 NASA ground stations around the world. With TDRS","id":"5248560"},{"contents":"Space medicine\n\n\nof its astronauts as well as performing experiments with T-cells in space. On April 29, 2013, scientists in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, funded by NASA, reported that, during spaceflight on the International Space Station, microbes seem to adapt to the space environment in ways \"not observed on Earth\" and in ways that \"can lead to increases in growth and virulence\". In March 2019, NASA reported that latent viruses in humans may be activated during space missions, adding possibly more risk to astronauts in future deep","id":"20767165"},{"contents":"List of cosmonauts\n\n\n, usually as part of a commercial arrangement, including seven space tourists flying through the Space Adventures contract. Since 2001, the Soyuz has been used to transport ESA, JAXA, and NASA astronauts to the International Space Station. These space travelers are not always referred to as \"cosmonauts\", especially if they belong to another space program; e.g., NASA employees are almost always referred to as \"astronauts\", even if they are flying on a Russian vehicle. All Soviet and RKA cosmonauts have been born within the borders","id":"50815"},{"contents":"Twitter usage\n\n\nJeff Williams participated in the first tweetup from the International Space Station with about 35 members of the public at NASA headquarters. This involved the first \"live\" Twitter connection for the astronauts. Previously, astronauts aboard the Space Shuttle or ISS had sent the messages to Mission Control which then posted the messages via the Internet to Twitter. In November 2009, the launch of STS-129 marked NASA's fifth tweetup, and its first such event ever held during a Shuttle launch at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. One hundred","id":"4644422"},{"contents":"Anna Lee Fisher\n\n\nextended leave from NASA to raise her family. When she first returned to the Astronaut Office, she was assigned to the Operations Planning Branch to work on the procedures and training issues in support of the International Space Station. She served as the Branch Chief of the Operations Planning Branch from June 1997-June 1998. Following a reorganization of the Astronaut office, she was assigned as the Deputy for Operations/Training of the Space Station Branch from June 1998-June 1999. In that capacity, she had oversight responsibility for Astronaut Office inputs to the","id":"21228719"},{"contents":"MirCorp\n\n\nnot recall NASA expressing any negative reaction at that time. That situation changed, however, as the two space powers entered into a standoff in which neither would back down. Koptev, the head of the Russian Space Agency, later told reporters: “Our legal advisors told us that the fine for any misdoing aboard the station, including damage to morale, could exceed the money that we had earned from Tito's contract, and could even exceed Russia's space budgetary capacity.\" The NASA administrator implied that Dennis Tito was","id":"17667407"},{"contents":"Andrew J. Feustel\n\n\n, Houston, Texas, as an exploration geophysicist designing and providing operational oversight of land, marine, and borehole seismic programs worldwide. He worked in industry for five years before joining NASA. In July 2000, Feustel was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA. He reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 2000, where he began NASA's two-year training program, training as a mission specialist. After his initial training, he worked in technical roles the Astronaut Office Space Shuttle and Space Station Branches. Feustel's","id":"22177192"},{"contents":"Anne McClain\n\n\nthe same month as her graduation as a test pilot, McClain was selected by NASA as part of Astronaut Group 21, becoming the youngest astronaut on the NASA roster. She completed training in July 2015, making her available for future missions. McClain successfully launched aboard Soyuz MS-11 to the International Space Station at 06.32 ET (11.32 GMT) on December 3, 2018 from the cosmodrome in Baikonur, Kazakhstan. She is the flight engineer of Expedition 58/59, where she replaced fellow NASA astronaut Serena Auñón-Chancellor, who instead launched","id":"8273887"},{"contents":"Charles J. Precourt\n\n\nSpace Center. From October 1998 through November 2002, Precourt was chief of the Astronaut Corps, responsible for the mission preparation activities of all space shuttle and future International Space Station crews and their support personnel. From November 2002 until his 2004 retirement from NASA, Precourt served as the deputy manager for the International Space Station, responsible for the day-to-day management of ISS operations, on orbit assembly and the interfaces with NASA contractors and the International Partners. A veteran of four space flights, he has logged over 932","id":"3223465"},{"contents":"Russia–United States relations\n\n\n. In 2014, NASA renewed a contract to ferry U.S. astronauts to the International Space Station on Soyuz rockets and spacecraft. Including additional support at the Russian launch site, this contract is costing the United States $457.9 million. Along with the renewal, NASA also announced that they would be cutting some contacts with Russia after the annexation of Crimea. In 1995, a Black Brant sounding rocket launched from the Andøya Space Center caused a high alert in Russia, known as the Norwegian rocket incident. The Russians thought it might be","id":"15407554"},{"contents":"Cygnus CRS OA-6\n\n\nS.S. \"Rick Husband\" after the NASA astronaut who commanded the Space Shuttle \"Columbia\"'s fatal STS-107 mission in 2003. Total weight of cargo: using Enhanced Cygnus. Saffire-1 is a NASA test to study flammability and fire propagation in space, using the CRS OA-6 after it has delivered cargo to the International Space Station. The spacecraft is fitted with various sensors and cameras to record data during what is expected to be a 20-minute fire, to determine how much fire resistance is needed in the ultra-light material used in","id":"1100456"},{"contents":"Stephen Frick\n\n\nNaval Postgraduate School in 1994. Frick was selected as a NASA astronaut candidate in 1996 and was trained as a Space Shuttle pilot. He piloted mission STS-110, a docking mission with the International Space Station. In July 2006, Frick was assigned to command the crew of STS-122. The 12-day mission delivered the European Space Agency's Columbus laboratory and returned Expedition 16 Flight Engineer Daniel M. Tani to Earth. The mission launched February 7, 2008, and touched down February 20, 2008. NASA announced his retirement in July 2015.","id":"12309049"},{"contents":"European Space Agency\n\n\nBloc astronaut on a flight to the Soviet Salyut 7 space station. Because Chrétien did not officially fly into space as an ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French CNES astronaut corps, the German Ulf Merbold is considered the first ESA astronaut to fly into space. He participated in the STS-9 Space Shuttle mission that included the first use of the European-built Spacelab in 1983. STS-9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint partnership that included dozens of space flights of ESA astronauts in the following years","id":"10261539"},{"contents":"Andrew Abercromby\n\n\nSpace Agency astronaut Chris Hadfield. After spending two weeks at NASA Abercromby knew what he wanted to do with the rest of his life. Because no aerospace degree was available in Scotland, after leaving high school Abercromby studied mechanical engineering at the University of Edinburgh while trying to figure out a way to become involved in space exploration and perhaps fly in space himself one day. After much study, part-time jobs, and some pilot training with the reserves of the Royal Air Force, Abercromby was employed by NASA. Abercromby received","id":"5574984"},{"contents":"NASA Astronaut Group 21\n\n\nexperience for non-pilots and at least 1000 hours of jet flight time for pilots is required. Community service is an advantage. Lastly, applicants must be able to pass the NASA flight physical. The selection process takes approximately 18 months. Astronaut candidates go through two years of training. They study engineering, earth and space science, meteorology and space station systems. They also undergo strenuous survival training including scuba certification and swim test qualifications. After this stage, the astronauts who are selected to continue work with senior astronauts who","id":"17802025"},{"contents":"Peter K. Homer\n\n\ngloves. He was unemployed at the time of his victory. When performing a space walk, NASA astronauts use their hands as their primary way to move around and complete tasks. After many hours of working inside the pressurized gloves, the force required by the astronauts to move their fingers and wrists back and forth repeatedly often results in blisters, abrasions and damaged fingernails. New technologies would reduce discomfort and make the astronauts' jobs easier and safer. . Of his space-glove know-how, Homer said: “I","id":"19238888"},{"contents":"Christopher E. Gerty\n\n\nController and Crew Trainer in the EVA Systems group in Mission Operations from 2001 to 2006. In that position he taught astronauts how to keep themselves alive and comfortable enough to perform their tasks while doing a spacewalk, or EVA. As part of this job he performed a simulated EVA in a NASA spacesuit at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory. After \"spacewalking\" underwater, he had a new appreciation for the difficulty of the construction of the International Space Station (ISS) and the skills of the astronauts who performed ISS construction. After","id":"6527761"},{"contents":"Mission: Space\n\n\nO'Keefe, as well as several NASA astronauts from its many phases of human space exploration (Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, the Space Shuttle program and two crew members aboard the International Space Station). The attraction was built on the former site of Horizons, a dark ride that offered optimistic visions of what life might be like in the future. Horizons closed permanently in 1999 after a few years of sporadic operation; construction began on Mission: Space shortly thereafter. Industry estimates put the cost of developing the new attraction at US$","id":"6959971"},{"contents":"Yvonne Cagle\n\n\nastronaut. She worked as medical doctor at NASA's Occupational Health Clinic from 1994 to 1996. In 1996 she was selected for astronaut training by NASA. Yvonne Cagle was a member of the Astronaut Class of 1996 (NASA Astronaut Group 16). She is currently assigned to Johnson Space Center's Space and Life Sciences Directorate. Cagle is also an advisor for NASA's Flight Opportunities Program (originally named CRuSR – Commercial Reusable Suborbital Research Program). Currently Dr. Cagle is on faculty and serves as the NASA liaison for exploration and","id":"9904816"},{"contents":"Tim Peake\n\n\nMajor Timothy Nigel Peake (born 7 April 1972) is a British Army Air Corps officer, European Space Agency astronaut and a former International Space Station (ISS) crew member. He is the first British ESA astronaut, the second astronaut to bear a flag of the United Kingdom patch (the first was Helen Sharman, who visited Mir as part of Project Juno in 1991), the sixth person born in the United Kingdom to go on board the International Space Station (the first was NASA astronaut Michael Foale in 2003)","id":"21972984"},{"contents":"Rendez-vous Houston\n\n\ndisintegrated in mid-air while on its ascent into space. Distraught by what happened, Jarre almost decided to cancel the concert. However, astronauts from NASA (including Bruce McCandless) telephoned Jarre. They asked Jarre not to cancel, as now the concert \"must\" go ahead, and be held in tribute to pay respect to the astronauts who had lost their lives in the disaster. The run-up to the concert itself still did not go smoothly. Rain poured down on Houston a couple of days before the","id":"19464398"},{"contents":"Project Sidekick\n\n\nSidekick is a project developed by NASA and Microsoft to provide virtual aid for astronauts using the Microsoft HoloLens augmented-reality headset. As of December 2015, Sidekick is deployed at the International Space Station. Sidekick has two modes of operation. Remote Expert Mode uses the functionality of the Holographic Skype application—voice and video chat, real-time virtual annotation—to allow a ground operator and space crew member to collaborate directly over what the astronaut sees, with the ground operator able to see the crew member's view in 3D","id":"4906933"},{"contents":"NASA spinoff technologies\n\n\nmaintains a library of computer programs from NASA and other government agencies and sells them at a fraction of the cost of developing a new program. NASA Structural Analysis Computer Software was inducted into the Space Foundation Space Technology Hall of Fame in 1988. Embedded Web Technology (EWT) software—originally developed by NASA for use by astronauts operating experiments on the International Space Station—lets a user monitor and/or control a device remotely over the Internet. NASA supplied this technology and guidance to TMIO LLC, which developed remote control and monitoring of","id":"6863507"},{"contents":"Origins of the International Space Station\n\n\n% of their own laboratory modules. Six Americans and two international astronauts would be permanently based on Space Station \"Freedom\". Several NASA Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and early 1990s included spacewalks to demonstrate and test space station construction techniques. The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), christened Kibō (\"hope\") in 1999, is Japan's first manned spacecraft. Kibō consists of a pressurised laboratory dedicated to advanced technology experiments, education and art, a cargo bay, an unpressurised pallet for vacuum experiments in space,","id":"20402761"},{"contents":"Astronaut\n\n\naircraft. This is mostly done in T-38 jet aircraft out of Ellington Field, due to its proximity to the Johnson Space Center. Ellington Field is also where the Shuttle Training Aircraft is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are conducted from Edwards Air Force Base. Astronauts in training must learn how to control and fly the Space Shuttle and, it is vital that they are familiar with the International Space Station so they know what they must do when they get there. Mission Specialist Educators, or \"Educator Astronauts","id":"29424"},{"contents":"Nicole Stott\n\n\nSpace Station facility. In 1998, she joined the Johnson Space Center (JSC) team in Houston, Texas as a member of the NASA Aircraft Operations Division, where she served as a Flight Simulation Engineer (FSE) on the Shuttle Training Aircraft (STA). Selected as a mission specialist by NASA in July 2000, Stott reported for astronaut candidate training in August 2000. Following the completion of two years of training and evaluation, she was assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Station Operations Branch, where she performed crew","id":"7264899"},{"contents":"Donald Pettit\n\n\nDonald Roy Pettit (born April 20, 1955) is an American chemical engineer and a NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of two long-duration stays aboard the International Space Station, one space shuttle mission and a six-week expedition to find meteorites in Antarctica. As of 2018, at age 63, he is NASA's oldest active astronaut. Pettit was raised in Silverton, Oregon, and is an Eagle Scout. Married to Micki Pettit. He earned a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Oregon State University","id":"11772243"},{"contents":"Cygnus CRS Orb-1\n\n\nnamed the \"C. Gordon Fullerton\" for the NASA astronaut who died on 21 August 2013. The launch of Orb-1 was scheduled for November 2013, but a series of delays pushed the date to 20 December. The Antares launch vehicle rolled out from the Wallops Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) on the morning of 17 December, and was later erected at Launch Pad 0A. Later that day, due to the need for a series of spacewalks to fix a faulty coolant system on the space station, NASA directed Orbital to stand down","id":"15632376"},{"contents":"Astronaut\n\n\nspace travelers, from the Latin word for \"space\", the Malay term was used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program, and the Indian Space Research Organisation hope to launch a spacecraft in 2022 that would carry \"vyomanauts\", coined from the Sanskrit word ( meaning 'sky' or 'space'). In Finland, the NASA astronaut Timothy Kopra, a Finnish American, has sometimes been referred to as , from the Finnish word . As of 2019 in the United States, astronaut status is conferred on a","id":"29410"},{"contents":"Cosmic Birth\n\n\n. Through interviews with 5 Apollo astronauts, as well as family members of two of the astronauts who have passed, the film looks into how going to the Moon changed the astronauts, as well as how the astronauts helped people back on Earth better understand our own planet. The film also explores the impact of the photographs coming out of NASA during the Apollo era and what role they played in helping start the environmental movement in the early 1970. One of these photos was Earthrise, taken by Bill Anders on Apollo 8,","id":"15867614"},{"contents":"Michael Foale\n\n\nColin Michael Foale (born 6 January 1957) is a British-American astrophysicist and former NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of six space missions, and is the only NASA astronaut to have flown extended missions aboard both Mir and the International Space Station. He was the first Briton to perform a space walk, and until 17 April 2008, he held the record for most time spent in space by a US citizen: 374 days, 11 hours, 19 minutes. He still holds the cumulative-time-in-","id":"11205193"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Spacelab\\n\\n\\nfor European astronauts. A second module, \\\"LM2\\\", was bought by NASA for its own use from ERNO. Construction on the Spacelab modules began in 1974 by what was then the company ERNO-VFW-Fokker. In the early 1970s NASA shifted its focus from the Lunar missions to the Space Shuttle, and also space research. The NASA Administrator at the time moved the focus from a new space station to space laboratory for planned Space Shuttle. This would allow technologies for future space stations to be researched and harness\",\n \"id\": \"11930243\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"NASA Astronaut Group 12\\n\\n\\nNASA Astronaut Group 12 (the GAFFers) was a group of 15 astronauts announced by NASA on June 5, 1987. The group's informal nickname is an acronym for \\\"George Abbey Final Fifteen\\\". Of this group, Mae Jemison would become the first female African-American in space, Bruce Melnick the first Coast Guard aviator in space, while Michael Foale would fly aboard the Mir space station. At the time of the \\\"Columbia\\\" accident in 2003, William Readdy was Associate Administrator for Space Flight and Kenneth Bowersox\",\n \"id\": \"3843163\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Barbara Morgan\\n\\n\\nAstronaut Project. NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin clarified at a press conference after STS-118 that Morgan was not considered a Mission Specialist Educator, but rather was a standard Mission Specialist, who had been a teacher. Prior to her flight on STS-118, NASA seemed to limit Morgan's exposure to the press, but she did a series of interviews shortly before the start of the mission about what the crew of STS-118 would be doing to help build the International Space Station, commenting, \\\"You know, there's a great sense of\",\n \"id\": \"17373351\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kennedy Space Center\\n\\n\\nconducts space launches at KSC, the Operations and Checkout Building, which houses the astronauts dormitories and suit-up area, a Space Station factory, and a long Shuttle Landing Facility. There is also a Visitor Complex open to the public on site. The military had been performing launch operations since 1949 at what would become Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. In December 1959, the Department of Defense transferred 5,000 personnel and the Missile Firing Laboratory to NASA to become the Launch Operations Directorate under NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. President\",\n \"id\": \"16598994\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Politics of the International Space Station\\n\\n\\npartner of the United States and this included a contract with NASA to supply hardware to the Space Station. In return, NASA would provide Brazil with access to NASA ISS facilities on-orbit, as well as a flight opportunity for one Brazilian astronaut during the course of the ISS program. However, due to cost issues, the subcontractor Embraer was unable to provide the promised ExPrESS pallet, and Brazil left the program in 2007. Regardless, the first Brazilian astronaut, Marcos Pontes, was sent to ISS in April 2006 for\",\n \"id\": \"20402741\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scott Kelly (astronaut)\\n\\n\\nSoyuz TMA-16M on March 27, 2015, and they remained on the station for Expeditions 43, 44, 45, and 46. The mission ended on March 1, 2016, with the departure of Soyuz TMA-18M from the station. Scott Kelly retired from NASA in 2016. Kelly's identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, is also a retired astronaut. On 12 April 2019, NASA reported medical results, from the Astronaut Twin Study, where one astronaut twin spent a year in space on the International Space Station,\",\n \"id\": \"21563791\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mikhail Kornienko\\n\\n\\nengineer. In 2005, he was assigned to the Soyuz TMA-10 and Expedition 15 back-up crew as Flight Engineer 1. Kornienko was aboard the space station as a Flight Engineer, being part of the Expedition 23/24 crew. He lifted off on 2 April 2010, along with fellow Russian cosmonaut Aleksandr Skvortsov and NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell-Dyson aboard Soyuz TMA-18 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Ending Expedition 24, the Soyuz TMA-18 spacecraft carrying Mikhail Kornienko, Alexander Skvortsov and NASA astronaut Tracy Caldwell-Dyson undocked from the space station at\",\n \"id\": \"9554524\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Little Soya\\n\\n\\nMurphy received a call about 2 years ago from Vickie Kloeris, manager of the NASA Space Food Systems Laboratory. Vickie told Gary that one of the US astronauts had complained during his last debriefing (after coming down from a mission on the ISS), that whenever he opened a soy sauce packet in space, it would spew all over. Vickie’s department had been tasked with finding a solution to NASA’s soy sauce problem and thus found Little Soya. On March 31, 2016, the president and CEO of Little Soya\",\n \"id\": \"9088530\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of astronauts by year of selection\\n\\n\\nda Vinci Project); and veteran Wally Funk from Mercury 13 (Interorbital Systems). Boeing hired former NASA astronaut Chris Ferguson to join the Space Exploration Team. Candidates for Boeing's astronaut corps include former NASA astronauts, commercial scientist astronauts and test pilots who have never flown in space. SpaceX has employed former NASA astronauts, but did not select any SpaceX employees to fly its commercial vehicles to the International Space Station. No decision has been made about any non-ISS flights. The world's first commercial astronaut corps,\",\n \"id\": \"20356645\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Owen Garriott\\n\\n\\nfrom space, W5LFL, which expanded into an important activity on dozens of shuttle flights, Space Station Mir and the International Space Station, with scores of astronauts and cosmonauts participating. Between these missions, Garriott received a NASA fellowship in the Space Station Project Office. In this position he worked closely with the external scientific communities and advised the project manager concerning the scientific suitability of the space station design. Garriott held the distinction of being the NASA astronaut with the earliest-obtained PhD degree, having earned his PhD from Stanford University\",\n \"id\": \"3572687\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mark T. Vande Hei\\n\\n\\nVande Hei began working at Johnson Space Center in 2006 as part of the U.S. Army contingent there. He works as a communications officer (which is a flight controller responsible for communicating with astronauts in space) for the International Space Station. In June 2009, Vande Hei was selected as a member of the NASA Astronaut Group 20 and he completed astronaut candidate training in June 2011. On June 10, 2014, NASA announced that Vande Hei would serve as an aquanaut aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory during the undersea exploration mission, which\",\n \"id\": \"12327088\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Draper Laboratory\\n\\n\\nof \\\"down\\\". Each CMG module is about the size of a deck of cards. The concept is for the garment to be worn \\\"in the lead-up to landing back on Earth or periodically throughout a long mission.\\\" In 2013, a Draper/MIT/NASA team was also developing a CMG-augmented space suit that would expand the current capabilities of NASA's \\\"Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue\\\" (SAFER)—a space suit designed for \\\"propulsive self-rescue\\\" for when an astronaut accidentally becomes untethered\",\n \"id\": \"6013506\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars to Stay\\n\\n\\n, \\\"Traitors Return to Earth\\\" and \\\"What Would Zheng He Do?\\\" In October 2009, Eric Berger of the Houston Chronicle wrote of \\\"Mars to Stay\\\" as perhaps the only program that can revitalize the United States' space program: What if NASA could land astronauts on Mars in a decade, for not ridiculously more money than the $10 billion the agency spends annually on human spaceflight? It's possible ... relieving NASA of the need to send fuel and rocketry to blast humans off the Martian surface,\",\n \"id\": \"9821779\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Léopold Eyharts\\n\\n\\nwas assigned to full spaceflight training in January 1995. He trained as a back-up crew member for the \\\"Cassiopeia\\\" French-Russian space mission, which took place in August 1996. In August 1998, Eyharts was assigned by the European Space Agency to train at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. As part of the international astronauts of the 1998 class, he attended NASA Astronaut Candidate Training which included orientation briefings and tours, numerous scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in Shuttle and International Space Station\",\n \"id\": \"18673568\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Michael Barratt (astronaut)\\n\\n\\nMichael Reed Barratt (born April 16, 1959) is an American physician and a NASA astronaut. Specializing in aerospace medicine, he served as a flight surgeon for NASA before his selection as an astronaut, and has played a role in developing NASA's space medicine programs for both the Shuttle-Mir Program and International Space Station. His first spaceflight was a long-duration mission to the International Space Station, as a Flight Engineer in the Expedition 19 and 20 crew. In March 2011, Barratt completed his second spaceflight as\",\n \"id\": \"7377659\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jeanette J. Epps\\n\\n\\nInternational Space Station in mid-2018 for Expeditions 56 and 57, becoming the first African American space station crew member and the 15th African American to fly in space, but on January 16, 2018, NASA announced that Epps had been replaced by her backup Serena M. Auñón-Chancellor, but that Epps would \\\"be considered for assignment to future missions\\\". African-American astronauts have visited the space station, but Epps would have been the first to live there. The reason for Epps' removal was not stated, and NASA\",\n \"id\": \"12326499\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"International Space Station\\n\\n\\nactivities, further freeing up astronaut time. Cupola is a seven-window observatory that is used to view Earth and docking spacecraft. Its name means \\\"dome\\\" in Italian. The Cupola project was started by NASA and Boeing, but was cancelled due to budget cuts. A barter agreement with NASA led to ESA resuming development in 1998, with construction by Thales Alenia Space in Turin, Italy. The module comes equipped with workstations for operating the station's main robotic arm and shutters to protect its windows from damage caused by\",\n \"id\": \"15159391\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mercury 13\\n\\n\\n. NASA was then aware that droves of people would apply for this opportunity and sifting through applicants would be rigorous and expensive.. President Eisenhower believed that military test pilots would make the best astronauts. This greatly altered the testing requirements and shifted the history of who was chosen to go to space originally. William Randolph Lovelace II, former Flight Surgeon and later, chairman of the NASA Special Advisory Committee on Life Science, helped develop the tests for NASA's male astronauts and became curious to know how women would do taking the same\",\n \"id\": \"11835818\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mercury Seven\\n\\n\\nexam, and Carpenter had not finished his final course in heat transfer. Both were admitted on the basis of professional equivalency, and were ultimately awarded their bachelor's degrees after their 1962 space flights. Despite the extensive physical examinations, Slayton had an undiagnosed atrial fibrillation, which resulted in his grounding two months prior to what would have been his first space flight, and the second orbital mission. NASA introduced the astronauts in Washington, DC, on April 9, 1959. Although the agency viewed Project Mercury's purpose as an\",\n \"id\": \"17698962\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"NASA robots\\n\\n\\nNASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) robots are robotic devices used to aid, augment, or substitute for astronauts in order to do difficult or rote tasks such as repairs in dangerous environments (such as those with radiation or micrometeorite risks), routine procedures (video capture), etc. Robonaut is a joint DARPA–NASA project designed to create a humanoid robot which can function as an equivalent to humans during the 1970s and exploration. The large goal of the Robonaut project is to build a robot with dexterity that exceeds\",\n \"id\": \"9344035\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Karl Gordon Henize\\n\\n\\nhe retired as an astronaut and accepted a position as senior scientist in the Space Sciences Branch. He studied space debris and hazards to the space station. In the 1998 miniseries \\\"From the Earth to the Moon\\\", Henize was played by Marc Macaulay. Henize, on leave from NASA at the time, went on a hiking expedition to Mount Everest with British research group High Adventure BVI. Henize intended to test the Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) at different altitudes: 17,000 ft, 19,000 ft, and 21,000 ft\",\n \"id\": \"10593446\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Canadian Space Agency\\n\\n\\nNASA's compensation to Canada for its contribution to the Shuttle and International Space Station programs, meaning that there were no confirmed remaining space flight opportunities for Canadian astronauts. In June 2015, the Canadian government announced a renewed commitment to the International Space Station, securing flights for both of Canada's remaining active astronauts. In May 2016, the CSA announced that David Saint-Jacques would fly to the International Space Station aboard a Roscosmos Soyuz rocket in November 2018 for 6 months, as part of the Expedition 58/59 crew. Additionally,\",\n \"id\": \"17244579\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"David Saint-Jacques\\n\\n\\nby 5,351 candidates, and has moved to Houston to be one of 14 members of the 20th NASA astronaut class. He recently graduated from Astronaut Candidate Training that included scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in International Space Station systems, extravehicular activity (EVA), robotics, physiological training, T-38 flight training, Russian language and water and wilderness survival training. Since graduation, he has been assigned to the Robotics Branch of the Astronaut Office. On September 19, 2011, NASA announced that Saint-Jacques would serve as an\",\n \"id\": \"20956094\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Contact (1997 American film)\\n\\n\\n's NASA advisor, insisted that NASA has never given any astronaut a cyanide pill \\\"just in case,\\\" and that if an astronaut truly wished to commit suicide in space, all he or she would have to do is cut off their oxygen supply. However, Carl Sagan insisted that NASA did indeed give out cyanide pills and they did it for every mission an astronaut has ever flown. Zemeckis said that because of the two radically different assertions, the truth is unknown, but he left the suicide pill scene in the\",\n \"id\": \"572559\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Space Shuttle\\n\\n\\nprovided an understanding of the extent of the damage, while NASA's chief thermal protection system (TPS) engineer requested that astronauts on board \\\"Columbia\\\" be allowed to leave the vehicle to inspect the damage. NASA managers intervened to stop the Department of Defense's assistance and refused the request for the spacewalk, and thus the feasibility of scenarios for astronaut repair or rescue by \\\"Atlantis\\\" were not considered by NASA management at the time. NASA retired the Space Shuttle in 2011, after 30 years of service. The Shuttle\",\n \"id\": \"8490348\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Apollo 15 postal covers incident\\n\\n\\nfor travel to space. Apollo 15 carried a total of approximately 641 covers. In late 1971, when NASA learned that the Herrick covers were being sold, the astronauts' supervisor, Deke Slayton, warned Worden to avoid further commercialization of what he had been allowed to take into space. After Slayton heard of the Sieger arrangement, he removed the three as backup crew members for Apollo 17, though the astronauts had by then refused compensation from Sieger and Eiermann. The Sieger matter became generally known in the newspapers in June 1972\",\n \"id\": \"8616165\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kellie Gerardi\\n\\n\\nwhile conducting a number of experiments in microgravity related to fluid configuration, solid body rotation, and biometrics. Notably, Gerardi tested the Canadian Space Agency's \\\"Bio-Monitor\\\" smart garment, an experiment which launched to the International Space Station in December 2018 with Canadian Astronaut David Saint-Jacques. Gerardi's 2015 wedding to Steven Baumruk was officiated by American astronaut and former International Space Station Commander Michael López-Alegría. The reception included a recorded dinner toast from NASA astronaut Scott Kelly (astronaut) aboard the International Space Station\",\n \"id\": \"261549\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper\\n\\n\\noutstanding astronaut, contributing significantly to the Space Shuttle and Space Station programs. In particular, her superb leadership as lead spacewalker during the STS-126 mission resulted in restoring full power generation capability to the International Space Station. We wish her the best of luck back in the Navy – she will be missed.\\\" She was awarded two NASA Space Flight Medals, and the NASA Exceptional Service Medal. In August 2009, Stefanyshyn-Piper reported to the Naval Sea Systems Command as the Chief Technology Officer. On May 20, 2011 Captain\",\n \"id\": \"9139442\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Leland D. Melvin\\n\\n\\n, keep it from overheating, and maintain proper orientation in space. The mission also featured three spacewalks. The STS-129 mission was completed in 10 days, 19 hours, 16 minutes and 13 seconds, traveling 4.5 million miles in 171 orbits, and returned to Earth bringing back with them NASA Astronaut, Nicole Stott, following her tour of duty aboard the space station. Melvin has logged over 565 hours in space. After retiring from NASA, Leland actively holds several STEM lectures of his experience in space to a wide range of\",\n \"id\": \"2550824\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"NASA\\n\\n\\nflight control is managed for manned space missions. JSC is the lead NASA center for activities regarding the International Space Station and also houses the NASA Astronaut Corps that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members for US and international space missions. Another major facility is Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama at which the Saturn 5 rocket and Skylab were developed. The JPL worked together with ABMA, one of the agencies behind Explorer 1, the first American space mission. The ten NASA field centers are: Numerous other\",\n \"id\": \"7951171\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger\\n\\n\\nselected by NASA in May 2004 as an Astronaut Candidate. Astronaut Candidate Training includes orientation briefings and tours, numerous scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training. Successful completion of this training in February 2006 qualified her as a NASA Astronaut. She served as a Mission Specialist on STS-131, an April 2010 Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station. The mission's primary payload was the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module. On\",\n \"id\": \"7264865\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"NASA\\n\\n\\n2011. The program spanned 30 years with over 300 astronauts sent into space. The International Space Station (ISS) combines NASA's \\\"Space Station Freedom\\\" project with the Soviet/Russian \\\"Mir-2\\\" station, the European \\\"Columbus\\\" station, and the Japanese Kibō laboratory module. NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop \\\"Freedom\\\" alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA\",\n \"id\": \"7951126\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Teacher in Space Project\\n\\n\\n1984. Not members of NASA's Astronaut Corps, the teachers would fly as Payload Specialists and return to their classrooms after flight. More than 40,000 applications were mailed to interested teachers while 11,000 teachers sent completed applications to NASA. Each application included a potential lesson that would be taught from space while on the Space Shuttle. The applications were sorted and then sent to the various State Departments of Education, who were then responsible for narrowing down their state applicants to a final set of two each. These applicants were notified of their\",\n \"id\": \"17373136\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"William Frederick Fisher\\n\\n\\nhardware and software development team (1983); Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) development team (1983); Deputy Director of NASA Government-furnished and Contractor-furnished Equipment (1982–1983); Chief of Astronaut Public Appearances (1985–1987); Member of the U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (1986–1991); NASA Medicine Policy Board (1987–1991); Astronaut Office Space Station Manned Systems Division, and Health Maintenance Facility (1987–1989); Astronaut Office representative on space crew selection and retention standards for Space Station (1989–1991).\",\n \"id\": \"16837545\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kjell N. Lindgren\\n\\n\\nKjell Norwood Lindgren (born 23 January 1973) is a current NASA astronaut. Lindgren was selected in June 2009 as a member of the NASA Astronaut Group 20. He launched to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of Expedition 44/45 on 22 July 2015. Lindgren was born in Taipei, Taiwan in 1973 before moving to the Midwestern United States, but he spent most of his childhood in England. He attended Lakenheath American High School for a year before moving back to the United States and graduating from James W. Robinson\",\n \"id\": \"12327065\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Puerto Ricans in the United States Space Program\\n\\n\\n21 (2012). The following are short profiles of these men and women: Astronaut. In May 2004 Acaba became the first person of Puerto Rican heritage to be named as a NASA astronaut candidate, when he was selected as a member of NASA Astronaut Training Group 19. He completed his training on February 10, 2006 and was assigned to STS-119, which flew from March 15 to March 28, 2009 to deliver the final set of solar arrays to the International Space Station. Electronics Engineer, Aero-Space Technologist Environmental\",\n \"id\": \"10763908\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars cycler\\n\\n\\n. A correction would therefore be required to comfortably avoid the planet. Aldrin proposed a pair of Mars cycler vehicles providing regular transport between Earth and Mars. While the astronauts traveling to the Moon could do so in spacecraft with a relatively small amount of habitable space, a mission to Mars would require something much larger. Astronauts would need a facility with ample life support, living space and radiation shielding for the much longer journey. A 1999 NASA study estimated that a mission to Mars would require lifting about into space, of which\",\n \"id\": \"17461383\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of the Internet\\n\\n\\nSpace Station, marking the extension of the Internet into space. (Astronauts at the ISS had used email and Twitter before, but these messages had been relayed to the ground through a NASA data link before being posted by a human proxy.) This personal Web access, which NASA calls the Crew Support LAN, uses the space station's high-speed Ku band microwave link. To surf the Web, astronauts can use a station laptop computer to control a desktop computer on Earth, and they can talk to their families\",\n \"id\": \"13422641\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"James Neihouse\\n\\n\\nThey were married in 1985 and Neihouse moved from Santa Barbara, to Cocoa, FL. He became astronaut training manager for the IMAX Space Team in 1988. He was responsible for training space shuttle crews, and later space station crews, on the use and operation of the IMAX film cameras. Neihouse has trained more than 150 NASA astronauts and 20 Russian cosmonauts on 20 space shuttle flights and 6 Space Station Expeditions to film in space aboard the Space Shuttle, the Russian Space Station Mir, and the International Space Station. He\",\n \"id\": \"144393\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Constellation program\\n\\n\\nreshaped how NASA would pursue the goals laid out in the Vision for Space Exploration, and its findings were formalized by the NASA Authorization Act of 2005. The Act directed NASA to \\\"develop a sustained human presence on the Moon, including a robust precursor program to promote exploration, science, commerce and US preeminence in space, and as a stepping stone to future exploration of Mars and other destinations.\\\" Work began on this revised Constellation Program, to send astronauts first to the International Space Station, then to the Moon,\",\n \"id\": \"7944877\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Flight controller\\n\\n\\nenvironmental systems, plus lunar astronaut spacesuits. Essentially the equivalent of the EECOM for the lunar module. NASA currently has a group of flight controllers at the Johnson Space Center in Houston for the International Space Station (ISS). The Space Shuttle flight control team (as well as those for the earlier Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab programs) were also based there. Console manning for short-duration and extended operations differed in operational philosophy. The Space Shuttle (and prior program) flight controllers worked relatively brief periods: The\",\n \"id\": \"11763921\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Piers Sellers\\n\\n\\nastronaut candidate by NASA in April 1996, Sellers reported to the NASA Johnson Space Center in August 1996. He completed two years of training and evaluation and was initially assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Computer Support Branch, followed by service in the Astronaut Office Space Station Branch. During that time, he worked part-time in Moscow as a technical liaison on ISS computer software. Sellers logged over 559 hours in space, including almost 41 EVA hours in 6 spacewalks. He retired as an astronaut in 2011 and then served\",\n \"id\": \"11773235\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chris Hadfield\\n\\n\\nas a colonel from the Canadian Armed Forces in 2003 after 25 years of military service. He was Chief of Robotics for the NASA Astronaut Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas from 2003–2006 and was Chief of International Space Station Operations from 2006–2008. In 2008 and 2009, he trained as a back-up to Robert Thirsk on the Expedition 21 mission. In May 2010, Hadfield served as the commander of the mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory, living and working underwater for fourteen days. NASA announced in 2010\",\n \"id\": \"1559232\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station\\n\\n\\nthe success of Mission One, the station was outfitted for an expanded mission during the following summer in what was known as the NASA Challenge Mission . The Challenge Mission ran concurrently with the Space Shuttle Mission STS-95, the mission which featured veteran astronaut John Glenn. At the launch of the Space Shuttle, the Scott Carpenter Station Mission Commander, Dennis Chamberland and his crew embarked for an unbroken 11-day stay on the seafloor for the same period the Space Shuttle was in space. Following the flight, visitors to the seafloor station included motion\",\n \"id\": \"12216892\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars habitat\\n\\n\\nthis capability was tested on the International Space Station in 2010. On some of the first crewed missions, three types of medications that were taken into orbit were an anti-nausea, a pain-killer, and a stimulant. By the time of ISS, space crew-persons had almost 200 medications available, with separate pill cabinets for Russians and Americans. One of the many concerns for crewed Mars missions is what pills to bring and how the astronauts would respond to them in different conditions. In 1999, NASA's\",\n \"id\": \"13072930\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Effect of spaceflight on the human body\\n\\n\\nmission demands, such as the scheduling of incoming or departing space vehicles. Sound levels in the station are unavoidably high because the atmosphere is unable to thermosiphon; fans are required at all times to allow processing of the atmosphere, which would stagnate in the freefall (zero-g) environment. Fifty percent of space shuttle astronauts take sleeping pills and still get 2 hours less sleep each night in space than they do on the ground. NASA is researching two areas which may provide the keys to a better night's sleep,\",\n \"id\": \"1976970\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Advanced Gemini\\n\\n\\nrockets, with a Gemini spacecraft atop, eliminating the need for rendezvous and docking maneuvers. For this purpose, several modifications were made to the Gemini capsule, including the installation of a hatch in the heat shield to allow access to the space station. In order to give its astronauts experience before these programs started, the Blue Gemini program was proposed, which would have seen USAF astronauts fly on NASA missions in order to practice various techniques required for their own missions. This would have first seen cooperative missions between NASA and the\",\n \"id\": \"13312503\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ares I\\n\\n\\nPurpose Crew Vehicle. Orion was intended as a crew capsule, similar in design to the Apollo program capsule, to transport astronauts to the International Space Station, the Moon, and eventually Mars. Ares I might have also delivered some (limited) resources to orbit, including supplies for the International Space Station or subsequent delivery to the planned lunar base. NASA selected Alliant Techsystems, the builder of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, as the prime contractor for the Ares I first stage. NASA announced that Rocketdyne would be the\",\n \"id\": \"16872955\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vladimir Pletser\\n\\n\\nmedical and physiological experiments in preparation of several missions on Spacelab, Spacehab, the Russian space station Mir and the International Space Station. He accumulated 7307 parabolas, totaling 39h 18m in weightlessness, equivalent to 26.2 Earth orbits, more than the first American, the first Russian, or the first Chinese astronauts. He accumulated a total of 52m in Martian gravity and 49m 30s in lunar gravity during partial-g parabolic flights. Pletser is the only person in the world having flown parabolas on ten different aircraft: NASA\",\n \"id\": \"1166583\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gemini 4\\n\\n\\nas a \\\"space walk\\\". The first space walk had already been performed by Soviet Alexei Leonov on Voskhod 2 in March 1965. NASA moved up the spacewalk from the original schedule, to demonstrate that the US was gaining on the early lead taken by the Soviets in what was known as the Space Race. As late as 11 days before the scheduled June 3 launch, newspapers were reporting that NASA was saying it \\\"had not yet determined whether White would be the first American astronaut to expose himself to the elements of\",\n \"id\": \"5069653\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Robert Thirsk\\n\\n\\nSun\\\" newspaper. This was the first occasion in which an astronaut wrote and filed a story to a newspaper—and had it published—while the astronaut was still in orbit. In 1998, Thirsk was assigned by the Canadian Space Agency to NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston to pursue mission specialist training. This training program involves advanced instruction on both shuttle and space station systems, EVA (spacewalking), robotic operations, and Russian language. Within the NASA Astronaut Office, Dr. Thirsk served as a CapCom (capsule\",\n \"id\": \"15777004\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"William Oefelein\\n\\n\\n, and logged over 308 hours in space. NASA terminated Oefelein's service with the space agency on May 23, 2007, stating he would be reassigned to the U.S. Navy. Oefelein and fellow astronaut Lisa Nowak were the first astronauts ever dismissed by NASA, which created a written Code of Conduct for the NASA Astronaut Corps following their termination. Oefelein retired from the Navy in the fall of 2008, returning to Alaska to start a business called Adventure Write as a freelance writer and photographer with his fiancee, Colleen Shipman. Oefelein\",\n \"id\": \"5320083\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jake Garn\\n\\n\\nCharles F. Bolden, however, described Garn as \\\"the ideal candidate to do it, because he was a veteran Navy combat pilot who had more flight hours than anyone in the Astronaut Office\\\". Fellow 51-D payload specialist Charles D. Walker—who also suffered from space sickness on the flight despite having flown before—stated that The Jake Garn Mission Simulator and Training Facility, NASA's prime training facility for astronauts in the Shuttle and Space Station programs, is named after him. Upon his return, he co-authored a\",\n \"id\": \"9727897\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jean-François Clervoy\\n\\n\\nthe European Astronaut Center EAC in Cologne. In August 1992 Clervoy was detached to the NASA Johnson Space Center/ Houston to gain the Space Shuttle mission specialist qualifications. In between his space flights, Clervoy was assigned as flight software verification lead in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) and as robotics display design lead for Shuttle and Station. After his third spaceflight, he was assigned as the International Space Station display integration lead in the NASA-JSC Astronaut Office. He flew twice aboard Space Shuttle \\\"Atlantis\\\" and once aboard\",\n \"id\": \"14287625\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Edward Gibson\\n\\n\\ndesign under the sponsorship of a U.S. Senior Scientist Award form the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. In March 1977, Gibson returned to the Astronaut Office astronaut candidate selection and training as Chief of the Scientist-Astronaut Candidates. During his second tenure at NASA, Gibson had hoped to fly on another space station mission due to his experience on Skylab, but at the same time was not keen on flying a Space Shuttle mission. He served as CAPCOM for STS-1. Gibson ultimately decided to retire from NASA again on October 31, 1982\",\n \"id\": \"18737969\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Peggy Whitson\\n\\n\\nPeggy Annette Whitson (born February 9, 1960) is an American biochemistry researcher, retired NASA astronaut, and former NASA Chief Astronaut. Her first space mission was in 2002, with an extended stay aboard the International Space Station as a member of Expedition 5. Her second mission launched October 10, 2007, as the first female commander of the ISS with Expedition 16. She was on her third long-duration space flight and was the commander of the International Space Station for Expedition 51, before handing over command to Fyodor\",\n \"id\": \"12308907\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Barry E. Wilmore\\n\\n\\nBarry Eugene \\\"Butch\\\" Wilmore (born December 29, 1962) is a NASA astronaut and United States Navy test pilot. He has had two spaceflights, the first of which was an 11-day Space Shuttle mission in November 2009, to the International Space Station. Wilmore was designated as pilot with five other crew members on Space Shuttle \\\"Atlantis\\\" for the mission STS-129. He most recently served as part of Expedition 41 to the International Space Station. Prior to being selected as a NASA astronaut in July 2000, Wilmore was\",\n \"id\": \"7377606\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tamara E. Jernigan\\n\\n\\nOffice, assisting with the management of both military and civilian astronauts and support personnel and as Deputy for the Space Station program where she developed and advocated Astronaut Office positions on the design and operation of the International Space Station. She also represented NASA management on the U.S. negotiating team in Moscow during technical interchange meetings designed to resolve crew training, crew rotation, and operational issues. She is the recipient of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal and the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal. She currently resides in Pleasanton, CA. She is married and\",\n \"id\": \"11280085\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"European Space Agency\\n\\n\\nOctober 2009. A road map which would lead to a common vision and strategic planning in the area of space exploration was discussed. Ministers from all 29 EU and ESA members as well as members of parliament were in attendance. ESA has a long history of collaboration with NASA. Since ESA's astronaut corps was formed, the Space Shuttle has been the primary launch vehicle used by ESA's astronauts to get into space through partnership programmes with NASA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Spacelab programme was an ESA-NASA joint\",\n \"id\": \"10261553\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Marcos Pontes\\n\\n\\n, where he was to help transport the ExPRESS Pallet, which would have been the International Space Station's first Brazilian-made component, into orbit. Negotiations between NASA and AEB (the Brazilian Space Agency) fell through due to budgetary concerns. During the delay, Pontes ran a campaign to pressure the Brazilian government to complete the Express Pallet, and he worked on technical assignments in the Astronaut Office Space Station Operations Branch at NASA. His flight was postponed indefinitely when AEB confirmed that it could not produce the Express Pallet and\",\n \"id\": \"17691475\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"A Beautiful Planet\\n\\n\\nSoyuz spacecraft that brought Cristoforetti and Virts to the Space Station, Kjell Lindgren (NASA / USA), a medical doctor who had previously worked as a flight surgeon supporting medical operations and space-station training at NASA's Johnson Space Center, and Kimiya Yui (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency / Japan), a space explorer who was made Head of the JAXA Astronaut Group after he returned from his stay on the Space Station. There are five space agencies that operate and pay for the ISS: the Canadian Space Agency (CSA\",\n \"id\": \"17935112\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Elon Musk\\n\\n\\nspacecraft in order to transport cargo to the International Space Station, followed by a NASA Commercial Resupply Services program contract on December 23, 2008, for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the Space Station, replacing the US Space Shuttle after it retired in 2011. Astronaut transport to the ISS is currently handled solely by the Soyuz, but SpaceX is one of two companies awarded a contract by NASA as part of the Commercial Crew Development program, which is intended to develop a US astronaut transport capability by 2018\",\n \"id\": \"488371\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nicole Stott\\n\\n\\nthus becoming the last Expedition crew-member to return to Earth via the space shuttle. Stott completed her second spaceflight on STS-133, the third to last (antepenultimate) flight of the space shuttle. On October 21, 2009, Stott and her Expedition 21 crewmate, Jeff Williams, participated in the first NASA Tweetup from the station with members of the public gathered at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. This involved the first \\\"live\\\" Twitter connection for the astronauts. Previously, astronauts on board the Space Shuttle or ISS had\",\n \"id\": \"7264901\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shuttle–Mir Program\\n\\n\\nbeneath them. They also assisted in the maintenance and repair of the aging station, following various incidents with fires, collisions, power losses, uncontrolled spins and toxic leaks. In all, the American astronauts would spend almost a thousand days aboard \\\"Mir\\\", allowing NASA to learn a great deal about long-duration spaceflight, particularly in the areas of astronaut psychology and how best to arrange experiment schedules for crews aboard space stations. \\\"Mir\\\" was constructed between 1986 and 1996 and was the world's first modular space\",\n \"id\": \"9993828\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Joseph M. Acaba\\n\\n\\nJoseph Michael \\\"Joe\\\" Acabá (born May 17, 1967) is an American educator, hydrogeologist, and NASA astronaut. In May 2004 he became the first person of Puerto Rican heritage to be named as a NASA astronaut candidate, when he was selected as a member of NASA Astronaut Training Group 19. He completed his training on February 10, 2006 and was assigned to STS-119, which flew from March 15 to March 28, 2009 to deliver the final set of solar arrays to the International Space Station. Acabá served\",\n \"id\": \"16320302\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scott Kelly (astronaut)\\n\\n\\nNASA's director of operations in Star City, Russia. He served as back-up crew member to Peggy Whitson for ISS Expedition 5, and to Tracy Caldwell Dyson on Expedition 23/24. After the Space Shuttle \\\"Columbia\\\" disaster, Kelly coordinated airplane and helicopter searches for debris. He also served as the Astronaut Office Space Station Branch Chief. In September 2002, Kelly served as the commander of the mission aboard the \\\"Aquarius\\\" underwater laboratory, 4 mi offshore from Key Largo. The NEEMO 4 crew spent five days\",\n \"id\": \"21563799\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Effect of spaceflight on the human body\\n\\n\\nchallenge is trying to understand the effects and impact of long-term space travel on the human body. In October 2015, the NASA Office of Inspector General issued a health hazards report related to space exploration, including a human mission to Mars. On 12 April 2019, NASA reported medical results, from the Astronaut Twin Study, where one astronaut twin spent a year in space on the International Space Station, while the other twin spent the year on Earth, which demonstrated several long-lasting changes, including those related to\",\n \"id\": \"1976920\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anna Lee Fisher\\n\\n\\nAnna Lee Fisher (née Tingle) (born August 24, 1949) is an American chemist, emergency physician, and a former NASA astronaut. Formerly married to fellow astronaut Bill Fisher, and the mother of two children, in 1984 she became the first mother in space. Fisher was formerly the oldest active American astronaut. During her career at NASA, she has been involved with three major programs: the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station and the Orion project. Fisher was born in New York City, and grew\",\n \"id\": \"21228713\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"John Glenn\\n\\n\\namong the first group of astronauts to be awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. The award was presented to him by President Jimmy Carter in 1978. After his 1962 spaceflight, NASA proposed giving Glenn the Medal of Honor, but Glenn did not think that would be appropriate. His military and space awards were stolen from his home in 1978, and he remarked that he would keep this medal in a safe. In 1962, NASA contemplated recruiting women to the astronaut corps, but Glenn gave a speech before the House Space\",\n \"id\": \"13592904\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Astrionics\\n\\n\\nquickly when over a ground station. In deep space missions, the recorder is often used the opposite way, to capture high-rate data and play it back slowly over data-rate-limited links. Another solution is data relay satellites. NASA has satellites in GEO called TDRS, Tracking and Data Relay Satellites, which relay commands and telemetry from LEO satellites. Prior to TDRS, astronauts could communicate with the Earth for only about 15% of the orbit, using 14 NASA ground stations around the world. With TDRS\",\n \"id\": \"5248560\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Space medicine\\n\\n\\nof its astronauts as well as performing experiments with T-cells in space. On April 29, 2013, scientists in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, funded by NASA, reported that, during spaceflight on the International Space Station, microbes seem to adapt to the space environment in ways \\\"not observed on Earth\\\" and in ways that \\\"can lead to increases in growth and virulence\\\". In March 2019, NASA reported that latent viruses in humans may be activated during space missions, adding possibly more risk to astronauts in future deep\",\n \"id\": \"20767165\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of cosmonauts\\n\\n\\n, usually as part of a commercial arrangement, including seven space tourists flying through the Space Adventures contract. Since 2001, the Soyuz has been used to transport ESA, JAXA, and NASA astronauts to the International Space Station. These space travelers are not always referred to as \\\"cosmonauts\\\", especially if they belong to another space program; e.g., NASA employees are almost always referred to as \\\"astronauts\\\", even if they are flying on a Russian vehicle. All Soviet and RKA cosmonauts have been born within the borders\",\n \"id\": \"50815\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Twitter usage\\n\\n\\nJeff Williams participated in the first tweetup from the International Space Station with about 35 members of the public at NASA headquarters. This involved the first \\\"live\\\" Twitter connection for the astronauts. Previously, astronauts aboard the Space Shuttle or ISS had sent the messages to Mission Control which then posted the messages via the Internet to Twitter. In November 2009, the launch of STS-129 marked NASA's fifth tweetup, and its first such event ever held during a Shuttle launch at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. One hundred\",\n \"id\": \"4644422\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anna Lee Fisher\\n\\n\\nextended leave from NASA to raise her family. When she first returned to the Astronaut Office, she was assigned to the Operations Planning Branch to work on the procedures and training issues in support of the International Space Station. She served as the Branch Chief of the Operations Planning Branch from June 1997-June 1998. Following a reorganization of the Astronaut office, she was assigned as the Deputy for Operations/Training of the Space Station Branch from June 1998-June 1999. In that capacity, she had oversight responsibility for Astronaut Office inputs to the\",\n \"id\": \"21228719\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"MirCorp\\n\\n\\nnot recall NASA expressing any negative reaction at that time. That situation changed, however, as the two space powers entered into a standoff in which neither would back down. Koptev, the head of the Russian Space Agency, later told reporters: “Our legal advisors told us that the fine for any misdoing aboard the station, including damage to morale, could exceed the money that we had earned from Tito's contract, and could even exceed Russia's space budgetary capacity.\\\" The NASA administrator implied that Dennis Tito was\",\n \"id\": \"17667407\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Andrew J. Feustel\\n\\n\\n, Houston, Texas, as an exploration geophysicist designing and providing operational oversight of land, marine, and borehole seismic programs worldwide. He worked in industry for five years before joining NASA. In July 2000, Feustel was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA. He reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 2000, where he began NASA's two-year training program, training as a mission specialist. After his initial training, he worked in technical roles the Astronaut Office Space Shuttle and Space Station Branches. Feustel's\",\n \"id\": \"22177192\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anne McClain\\n\\n\\nthe same month as her graduation as a test pilot, McClain was selected by NASA as part of Astronaut Group 21, becoming the youngest astronaut on the NASA roster. She completed training in July 2015, making her available for future missions. McClain successfully launched aboard Soyuz MS-11 to the International Space Station at 06.32 ET (11.32 GMT) on December 3, 2018 from the cosmodrome in Baikonur, Kazakhstan. She is the flight engineer of Expedition 58/59, where she replaced fellow NASA astronaut Serena Auñón-Chancellor, who instead launched\",\n \"id\": \"8273887\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Charles J. Precourt\\n\\n\\nSpace Center. From October 1998 through November 2002, Precourt was chief of the Astronaut Corps, responsible for the mission preparation activities of all space shuttle and future International Space Station crews and their support personnel. From November 2002 until his 2004 retirement from NASA, Precourt served as the deputy manager for the International Space Station, responsible for the day-to-day management of ISS operations, on orbit assembly and the interfaces with NASA contractors and the International Partners. A veteran of four space flights, he has logged over 932\",\n \"id\": \"3223465\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Russia–United States relations\\n\\n\\n. In 2014, NASA renewed a contract to ferry U.S. astronauts to the International Space Station on Soyuz rockets and spacecraft. Including additional support at the Russian launch site, this contract is costing the United States $457.9 million. Along with the renewal, NASA also announced that they would be cutting some contacts with Russia after the annexation of Crimea. In 1995, a Black Brant sounding rocket launched from the Andøya Space Center caused a high alert in Russia, known as the Norwegian rocket incident. The Russians thought it might be\",\n \"id\": \"15407554\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cygnus CRS OA-6\\n\\n\\nS.S. \\\"Rick Husband\\\" after the NASA astronaut who commanded the Space Shuttle \\\"Columbia\\\"'s fatal STS-107 mission in 2003. Total weight of cargo: using Enhanced Cygnus. Saffire-1 is a NASA test to study flammability and fire propagation in space, using the CRS OA-6 after it has delivered cargo to the International Space Station. The spacecraft is fitted with various sensors and cameras to record data during what is expected to be a 20-minute fire, to determine how much fire resistance is needed in the ultra-light material used in\",\n \"id\": \"1100456\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Stephen Frick\\n\\n\\nNaval Postgraduate School in 1994. Frick was selected as a NASA astronaut candidate in 1996 and was trained as a Space Shuttle pilot. He piloted mission STS-110, a docking mission with the International Space Station. In July 2006, Frick was assigned to command the crew of STS-122. The 12-day mission delivered the European Space Agency's Columbus laboratory and returned Expedition 16 Flight Engineer Daniel M. Tani to Earth. The mission launched February 7, 2008, and touched down February 20, 2008. NASA announced his retirement in July 2015.\",\n \"id\": \"12309049\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"European Space Agency\\n\\n\\nBloc astronaut on a flight to the Soviet Salyut 7 space station. Because Chrétien did not officially fly into space as an ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French CNES astronaut corps, the German Ulf Merbold is considered the first ESA astronaut to fly into space. He participated in the STS-9 Space Shuttle mission that included the first use of the European-built Spacelab in 1983. STS-9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint partnership that included dozens of space flights of ESA astronauts in the following years\",\n \"id\": \"10261539\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Andrew Abercromby\\n\\n\\nSpace Agency astronaut Chris Hadfield. After spending two weeks at NASA Abercromby knew what he wanted to do with the rest of his life. Because no aerospace degree was available in Scotland, after leaving high school Abercromby studied mechanical engineering at the University of Edinburgh while trying to figure out a way to become involved in space exploration and perhaps fly in space himself one day. After much study, part-time jobs, and some pilot training with the reserves of the Royal Air Force, Abercromby was employed by NASA. Abercromby received\",\n \"id\": \"5574984\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"NASA Astronaut Group 21\\n\\n\\nexperience for non-pilots and at least 1000 hours of jet flight time for pilots is required. Community service is an advantage. Lastly, applicants must be able to pass the NASA flight physical. The selection process takes approximately 18 months. Astronaut candidates go through two years of training. They study engineering, earth and space science, meteorology and space station systems. They also undergo strenuous survival training including scuba certification and swim test qualifications. After this stage, the astronauts who are selected to continue work with senior astronauts who\",\n \"id\": \"17802025\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Peter K. Homer\\n\\n\\ngloves. He was unemployed at the time of his victory. When performing a space walk, NASA astronauts use their hands as their primary way to move around and complete tasks. After many hours of working inside the pressurized gloves, the force required by the astronauts to move their fingers and wrists back and forth repeatedly often results in blisters, abrasions and damaged fingernails. New technologies would reduce discomfort and make the astronauts' jobs easier and safer. . Of his space-glove know-how, Homer said: “I\",\n \"id\": \"19238888\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Christopher E. Gerty\\n\\n\\nController and Crew Trainer in the EVA Systems group in Mission Operations from 2001 to 2006. In that position he taught astronauts how to keep themselves alive and comfortable enough to perform their tasks while doing a spacewalk, or EVA. As part of this job he performed a simulated EVA in a NASA spacesuit at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory. After \\\"spacewalking\\\" underwater, he had a new appreciation for the difficulty of the construction of the International Space Station (ISS) and the skills of the astronauts who performed ISS construction. After\",\n \"id\": \"6527761\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mission: Space\\n\\n\\nO'Keefe, as well as several NASA astronauts from its many phases of human space exploration (Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, the Space Shuttle program and two crew members aboard the International Space Station). The attraction was built on the former site of Horizons, a dark ride that offered optimistic visions of what life might be like in the future. Horizons closed permanently in 1999 after a few years of sporadic operation; construction began on Mission: Space shortly thereafter. Industry estimates put the cost of developing the new attraction at US$\",\n \"id\": \"6959971\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Yvonne Cagle\\n\\n\\nastronaut. She worked as medical doctor at NASA's Occupational Health Clinic from 1994 to 1996. In 1996 she was selected for astronaut training by NASA. Yvonne Cagle was a member of the Astronaut Class of 1996 (NASA Astronaut Group 16). She is currently assigned to Johnson Space Center's Space and Life Sciences Directorate. Cagle is also an advisor for NASA's Flight Opportunities Program (originally named CRuSR – Commercial Reusable Suborbital Research Program). Currently Dr. Cagle is on faculty and serves as the NASA liaison for exploration and\",\n \"id\": \"9904816\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tim Peake\\n\\n\\nMajor Timothy Nigel Peake (born 7 April 1972) is a British Army Air Corps officer, European Space Agency astronaut and a former International Space Station (ISS) crew member. He is the first British ESA astronaut, the second astronaut to bear a flag of the United Kingdom patch (the first was Helen Sharman, who visited Mir as part of Project Juno in 1991), the sixth person born in the United Kingdom to go on board the International Space Station (the first was NASA astronaut Michael Foale in 2003)\",\n \"id\": \"21972984\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rendez-vous Houston\\n\\n\\ndisintegrated in mid-air while on its ascent into space. Distraught by what happened, Jarre almost decided to cancel the concert. However, astronauts from NASA (including Bruce McCandless) telephoned Jarre. They asked Jarre not to cancel, as now the concert \\\"must\\\" go ahead, and be held in tribute to pay respect to the astronauts who had lost their lives in the disaster. The run-up to the concert itself still did not go smoothly. Rain poured down on Houston a couple of days before the\",\n \"id\": \"19464398\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Project Sidekick\\n\\n\\nSidekick is a project developed by NASA and Microsoft to provide virtual aid for astronauts using the Microsoft HoloLens augmented-reality headset. As of December 2015, Sidekick is deployed at the International Space Station. Sidekick has two modes of operation. Remote Expert Mode uses the functionality of the Holographic Skype application—voice and video chat, real-time virtual annotation—to allow a ground operator and space crew member to collaborate directly over what the astronaut sees, with the ground operator able to see the crew member's view in 3D\",\n \"id\": \"4906933\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"NASA spinoff technologies\\n\\n\\nmaintains a library of computer programs from NASA and other government agencies and sells them at a fraction of the cost of developing a new program. NASA Structural Analysis Computer Software was inducted into the Space Foundation Space Technology Hall of Fame in 1988. Embedded Web Technology (EWT) software—originally developed by NASA for use by astronauts operating experiments on the International Space Station—lets a user monitor and/or control a device remotely over the Internet. NASA supplied this technology and guidance to TMIO LLC, which developed remote control and monitoring of\",\n \"id\": \"6863507\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Origins of the International Space Station\\n\\n\\n% of their own laboratory modules. Six Americans and two international astronauts would be permanently based on Space Station \\\"Freedom\\\". Several NASA Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and early 1990s included spacewalks to demonstrate and test space station construction techniques. The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), christened Kibō (\\\"hope\\\") in 1999, is Japan's first manned spacecraft. Kibō consists of a pressurised laboratory dedicated to advanced technology experiments, education and art, a cargo bay, an unpressurised pallet for vacuum experiments in space,\",\n \"id\": \"20402761\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Astronaut\\n\\n\\naircraft. This is mostly done in T-38 jet aircraft out of Ellington Field, due to its proximity to the Johnson Space Center. Ellington Field is also where the Shuttle Training Aircraft is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are conducted from Edwards Air Force Base. Astronauts in training must learn how to control and fly the Space Shuttle and, it is vital that they are familiar with the International Space Station so they know what they must do when they get there. Mission Specialist Educators, or \\\"Educator Astronauts\",\n \"id\": \"29424\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nicole Stott\\n\\n\\nSpace Station facility. In 1998, she joined the Johnson Space Center (JSC) team in Houston, Texas as a member of the NASA Aircraft Operations Division, where she served as a Flight Simulation Engineer (FSE) on the Shuttle Training Aircraft (STA). Selected as a mission specialist by NASA in July 2000, Stott reported for astronaut candidate training in August 2000. Following the completion of two years of training and evaluation, she was assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Station Operations Branch, where she performed crew\",\n \"id\": \"7264899\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Donald Pettit\\n\\n\\nDonald Roy Pettit (born April 20, 1955) is an American chemical engineer and a NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of two long-duration stays aboard the International Space Station, one space shuttle mission and a six-week expedition to find meteorites in Antarctica. As of 2018, at age 63, he is NASA's oldest active astronaut. Pettit was raised in Silverton, Oregon, and is an Eagle Scout. Married to Micki Pettit. He earned a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Oregon State University\",\n \"id\": \"11772243\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cygnus CRS Orb-1\\n\\n\\nnamed the \\\"C. Gordon Fullerton\\\" for the NASA astronaut who died on 21 August 2013. The launch of Orb-1 was scheduled for November 2013, but a series of delays pushed the date to 20 December. The Antares launch vehicle rolled out from the Wallops Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) on the morning of 17 December, and was later erected at Launch Pad 0A. Later that day, due to the need for a series of spacewalks to fix a faulty coolant system on the space station, NASA directed Orbital to stand down\",\n \"id\": \"15632376\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Astronaut\\n\\n\\nspace travelers, from the Latin word for \\\"space\\\", the Malay term was used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program, and the Indian Space Research Organisation hope to launch a spacecraft in 2022 that would carry \\\"vyomanauts\\\", coined from the Sanskrit word ( meaning 'sky' or 'space'). In Finland, the NASA astronaut Timothy Kopra, a Finnish American, has sometimes been referred to as , from the Finnish word . As of 2019 in the United States, astronaut status is conferred on a\",\n \"id\": \"29410\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cosmic Birth\\n\\n\\n. Through interviews with 5 Apollo astronauts, as well as family members of two of the astronauts who have passed, the film looks into how going to the Moon changed the astronauts, as well as how the astronauts helped people back on Earth better understand our own planet. The film also explores the impact of the photographs coming out of NASA during the Apollo era and what role they played in helping start the environmental movement in the early 1970. One of these photos was Earthrise, taken by Bill Anders on Apollo 8,\",\n \"id\": \"15867614\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Michael Foale\\n\\n\\nColin Michael Foale (born 6 January 1957) is a British-American astrophysicist and former NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of six space missions, and is the only NASA astronaut to have flown extended missions aboard both Mir and the International Space Station. He was the first Briton to perform a space walk, and until 17 April 2008, he held the record for most time spent in space by a US citizen: 374 days, 11 hours, 19 minutes. He still holds the cumulative-time-in-\",\n \"id\": \"11205193\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":93,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"If there is water on Mars, why can’t one of the rovers be directed to the suspected source and simply confirm or deny speculations?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"71ptiq"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \" > why can\\u2019t one of the rovers be directed to the suspected source and simply confirm or deny speculations? Rovers are extremely slow, you can't just drive them to wherever you want. [Opportunity travelled 45km in all its 12 years on Mars]( URL_0 ) We know (for a long time now) that there is indeed [water (ice) on Mars]( URL_1 ), no need to send a probe there just to confirm it.\"}, {\"answer\": \"It was a rover than let us know there's water on mars, and completely by accident! One rover, called Spirit, was sent to mars to look around, and one of it's back wheels broke. But that didn't stop the rover, it carried on driving, dragging a little trench in the dirt behind it. In that trench we noticed shiny white stuff, which could be snow. So the rover turned around to get a proper look at it, and Bingo it was snow! Spirit has a partner, called Opportunity, but it's aaaaaall the way on the other side of mars. Using both rovers to look around, we made sure we weren't seeing imaginary things. It seems that if you dig almost anywhere on mars for long enough, you'll find some snow and ice mixed into the dirt. And we thought mars was a dry ball of dust all these years. Turns out, it's a very soggy ball of dirt instead.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Because the water is not in a form of lake or a block of ice. It is more like permafrost. Wet martian soil that is permanently frozen deeper under the surface. It thaws a little during martian summer and wetness can be observed flowing down martian hills. Again not a river just water soaked into soil. Soil stays mostly put and the water flows down through the gaps between soil grains. Martian hills are hard to traverse for rovers and their equipment is designed to take relatively shallow surface samples. Also what needs to be addressed is public opinion on what qualifies as proof of liquid water on Mars. Scientists can show graphs, spectrometer findings and maps constructed by orbital probes and say that this is strong evidence but public will remain skeptical. What public wants is a picture of a lake but that is not what they will get.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"10297736\", \"title\": \"Rover (space exploration)\", \"section\": \"Section::::Features.:Autonomy.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 12, \"start_character\": 0, \"end_paragraph_id\": 12, \"end_character\": 330, \"bleu_score\": 0.810182069572645}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Extraterrestrial liquid water\n\n\ndid. Recent findings by the Mars Exploration Rover mission indicate it had some long-term standing water in at least one location, but its extent is not known. The Opportunity Mars rover photographed bright veins of a mineral leading to conclusive confirmation of deposition by liquid water. On 9 December 2013, NASA reported that the planet Mars had a large freshwater lake (which could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life) based on evidence from the Curiosity rover studying Aeolis Palus near Mount Sharp in Gale Crater. Comets contain large","id":"21093330"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\ndirect observations of hydrous salts appearing at the same time that these recurrent slope lineae form, confirming in 2015 that these lineae are produced by the flow of liquid brines through shallow soils. The lineae contain hydrated chlorate and perchlorate salts (), which contain liquid water molecules. The lineae flow downhill in Martian summer, when the temperature is above . However, the source of the water remains unknown. However, neutron spectrometer data by the \"Mars Odyssey\" orbiter obtained over one decade, was published in December 2017, and","id":"21381742"},{"contents":"Mars habitat\n\n\nconditions, including pressures, temperatures, and local materials, especially water. Significant challenges for Mars habitats are maintaining an artificial environment and shielding from intense solar radiation. Humans require a pressurized environment at all times and protection from the toxic Martian atmosphere. Connecting habitats is useful, as moving between separate structures requires a pressure suit or perhaps a Mars rover. One of the largest issues lies in simply getting to Mars, which means escaping Earth's atmosphere, sustaining the journey to Mars, and finally landing on the surface of Mars","id":"13072912"},{"contents":"Astrobiology Field Laboratory\n\n\nof Mars Science Laboratory). The AFL payload was to attempt to minimize any conflicting positive detection of life by including a suite of instruments that provide at least three mutually confirming analytical laboratory measurements. For the purpose of discerning a reasonable estimate on which to base the rover mass, the conceptual payload was to include: It was suggested that the Astrobiology Field Laboratory use radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) as its power source, like the ones to be used on the Mars Science Laboratory. The radioactive RTG power source was to last","id":"3933472"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\ncm of Mars's subsurface at night. The water activity and temperature remain below the requirements for reproduction and metabolism of known terrestrial microorganisms. On October 8, 2015, NASA confirmed that lakes and streams existed in Gale crater 3.3 – 3.8 billion years ago delivering sediments to build up the lower layers of Mount Sharp. On November 4, 2018, geologists presented evidence, based on studies in Gale Crater by the \"Curiosity\" rover, that there was plenty of water on early Mars. The \"Mars Express Orbiter\",","id":"21381781"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\nfor and identification of biosignatures on Mars. It includes the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter that started mapping the atmospheric methane in April 2018, and the 2020 ExoMars rover that will drill and analyze subsurface samples 2 meters deep. NASA's Mars 2020 rover will cache dozens of drilled core samples for their potential transport to Earth laboratories in the late 2020s or 2030s. The images acquired by the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter, launched in 1971, revealed the first direct evidence of past water in the form of dry river beds, canyons (including","id":"21381746"},{"contents":"Mars landing\n\n\ncaused by a file system anomaly ) delaying exploration for several days, both rovers eventually began exploring their landing sites. The rover \"Opportunity\" landed in a particularly interesting spot, a crater with bedrock outcroppings. In fast succession, mission team members announced on 2 March that data returned from the rover showed that these rocks were once \"drenched in water\", and on 23 March that it was concluded that they were laid down underwater in a salty sea. This represented the first strong direct evidence for liquid water on Mars","id":"5848644"},{"contents":"Methane on Mars\n\n\nno detection of methane beyond a baseline. But in 2014, NASA reported that the \"Curiosity\" rover detected a tenfold increase ('spike') in methane in the atmosphere around it in late 2013 and early 2014. Four measurements taken over two months in this period averaged 7.2 ppbv, implying that Mars is episodically producing or releasing methane from an unknown source. Before and after that, readings averaged around one-tenth that level. On 7 June 2018, NASA announced the confirmation of a cyclical seasonal variation in the","id":"17340097"},{"contents":"Alan Stern\n\n\nWeiler, who was to serve his second stint in the position. The resignation occurred on the same day that NASA Chief Michael D. Griffin overruled a decrease in funding for the Mars Exploration Rovers and Mars Odyssey missions that was intended to free up funds needed for the upcoming Mars Science Laboratory. NASA officials would neither confirm nor deny a connection between the two events. Stern left to avoid cutting healthy programs and basic research in order to cover cost overruns. He believed that cost overruns in the Mars program should be accommodated from within","id":"7220809"},{"contents":"Methanogenesis\n\n\nmethane' on Mars by the Curiosity Rover. It is also argued that atmospheric methane can come from volcanoes or other fissures in the planet's crust and that without an isotopic signature, the origin or source may be difficult to identify. On 13 April 2017, NASA confirmed that the dive of the Cassini orbiter spacecraft on 28 October 2015 discovered the Enceladus plume which has all the ingredients for methanogenesis-based life forms to feed from. Previous results, published in March 2015, suggested hot water is interacting with rock beneath the","id":"14247029"},{"contents":"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\n\n\nneeds water to form. Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and anhydrate (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected. Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water. The Independence class showed some signs of clay (perhaps montmorillonite a member of the smectite group). Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form. One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be","id":"9986779"},{"contents":"Yellowknife Bay, Mars\n\n\nthe harsh surface radiation. The primary composition of most terrestrial bodies in our solar system is igneous rock, but it has long been speculated that sedimentary rock exists in great quantity on Mars, as it does on Earth. The \"Curiosity\" rover has confirmed the presence of sedimentary rock composed of fine-, medium-, and coarse-grained sandstone basalt. This exposure is about thick and is divided into three unique strata. From bottom to top, these strata have been designated: the Sheepbed member ( thick), the Gillespie","id":"14488690"},{"contents":"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\n\n\nfar more than the Earth; hence times of higher humidity are probable. The data also confirms the presence of the chemical perchlorate. Perchlorate makes up a few tenths of a percent of the soil samples. Perchlorate is used as food by some bacteria on Earth. Another paper claims that the previously detected snow could lead to a buildup of water ice. The Mars Rovers Spirit and Opportunity found a great deal of evidence for past water on Mars. Designed to last only three months, both were still operating after more than six","id":"11337187"},{"contents":"Cleaning event\n\n\nwhen several times power levels increased by 5% overnight, in contrast to the expectation they would decreasethe added power allowed the missions to continue beyond their expected lifetime. One theory is that wind currents in craters aid in cleaning events, and also if the rover is sloped, this is speculated to help remove dust. The term started being used in 2004 as the Mars Exploration Rovers' (MER) solar panels started to benefit from these events. The rovers were expected to last about 90 sols (Martian days) on Mars","id":"7350860"},{"contents":"James Elmer Mitchell\n\n\ndetainee to cooperate and provide information.\" When contacted about his role in the controversial program in the aftermath of its publishing, he confirmed that he signed a non-disclosure agreement with the government, not enabling him to confirm or deny his involvement. \"[E]veryone is assuming it is me, but I can’t confirm or deny it. It is frustrating because you can’t defend yourself.\" In 2010, psychologist Jim L. H. Cox filed a formal ethics complaint against Mitchell in Texas, where Mitchell was a licensed","id":"2685143"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\n\" rover also found evidence for water in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater. In the Clovis group of rocks the Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) detected goethite, that forms only in the presence of water, iron in the oxidized form Fe, carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet once harbored water. The \"Opportunity\" rover was directed to a site that had displayed large amounts of hematite from orbit. Hematite often forms from water. The rover indeed found layered rocks and marble- or blueberry-like","id":"21381765"},{"contents":"Disappearance of Natalee Holloway\n\n\nadmitted \"something bad happened\" to Holloway after the suspects took her to the beach and that the suspect was leading police to the scene. The next morning, prosecution spokeswoman Vivian van der Biezen refused to confirm or deny the allegation, simply stating that the investigation was at a \"very crucial, very important moment.\" On June 17, a sixth person later identified as disc jockey Steve Gregory Croes was also arrested. Van der Straaten told the media that \"Croes was detained based on information from one of the other","id":"7186278"},{"contents":"Gale (crater)\n\n\nthe \"Curiosity\" rover at Gale, an unusual increase, then decrease, in the amounts of methane in the atmosphere of the planet Mars; in addition, organic chemicals were detected in powder drilled from a rock. Also, based on deuterium to hydrogen ratio studies, much of the water at Gale on Mars was found to have been lost during ancient times, before the lakebed in the crater was formed; afterwards, large amounts of water continued to be lost. On October 8, 2015, NASA confirmed that lakes","id":"8548283"},{"contents":"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\n\n\nof Mars where liquid water once drenched the surface\". Associate administrator Ed Weiler told reporters that the area \"would have been good habitable environment\", although no traces of life have been found. This statement was made during a press conference, where mission scientists listed a number of observations that strongly support this view: Detailed analysis of environmental, chemical, and mineralogical data taken from the Opportunity rover led to the elimination of the competing hypotheses, and the confirmation of the conclusion that the spherules were formed in place as post","id":"9986757"},{"contents":"Mars\n\n\nppb during the northern winter to about 0.65 ppb during the summer. Estimates of its lifetime range from 0.6–4 years, so its presence indicates that an active source of the gas must be present. Methane could be produced by non-biological process such as serpentinization involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars. Methanogenic microbial life forms in the subsurface are among possible sources. But even if rover missions determine that microscopic Martian life is the source of the methane, the life","id":"17472326"},{"contents":"Opportunity mission timeline\n\n\nthe interior of the crater, and to find pre-impact rocks (rocks that pre-date the impact that presumably formed Endeavour crater). By October 4, 2016, the rover had traveled 26.99 miles (43.44 km), and generated 472 watt-hours of electricity. This date was mission time of Sol (Mars days) 4514. The gully in the above annotated picture is a few hundred meters from the rover, and is the location of the suspected fluid-carved, possibly water, gullies that have","id":"13165705"},{"contents":"Mars\n\n\nwas derived from the ratio of water to deuterium in the modern Martian atmosphere compared to that ratio on Earth. The amount of Martian deuterium is eight times the amount that exists on Earth, suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water. Results from the \"Curiosity\" rover had previously found a high ratio of deuterium in Gale Crater, though not significantly high enough to suggest the former presence of an ocean. Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not","id":"17472304"},{"contents":"Noctourniquet\n\n\nand since that performed with them on all but 3 further tour dates. As most of the material played was completely new, speculations appeared of the tour being simply a \"secret\" Mars Volta tour under the ORLG moniker. An official TMV tour began in summer of 2011; during these shows the band continued to play the new material premiered earlier in the year, with Bixler-Zavala telling the crowd at one show that he was \"inviting them to a private rehearsal for their new album\", confirming the rumours.","id":"19741670"},{"contents":"Opportunity (rover)\n\n\n2018. Collectively, the \"Opportunity\" and \"Spirit\" rovers were part of the Mars Exploration Rover program in the long-term Mars Exploration Program. The Mars Exploration Program's four principal goals were to determine if the potential for life exists on Mars (in particular, whether recoverable water may be found on Mars), to characterize the Mars climate and its geology, and then to prepare for a potential human mission to Mars. The Mars Exploration Rovers were to travel across the Martian surface and perform periodic geologic analyses","id":"150845"},{"contents":"Kobie Boykins\n\n\nSpirit\" and \"Opportunity\", and designed the actuators on the Mars rover \"Curiosity,\" the name of both wings. This system generates power so the Mars Rover can operate while on Mars. Two rechargeable batteries are held inside the Mars Exploration Rover; these batteries are power sources for the rover when the sun is not shining. (epically at night time). The rover can generate about 140 watts of power when fully illuminated and need about 100 watts for motion. The solar array system is attached to the","id":"8195317"},{"contents":"Mars landing\n\n\nwere found in 2013 by the HiRISE camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the \"Beagle 2\"s presence confirmed in January 2015, several months after Pillinger's death. The lander appears to have successfully landed but not deployed all of its power and communications panels. Shortly after the launch of Mars Express, NASA sent a pair of twin rovers toward the planet as part of the Mars Exploration Rover mission. On 10 June 2003, NASA's MER-A \"(Spirit)\" Mars Exploration Rover was launched. It successfully","id":"5848642"},{"contents":"Mars Exploration Rover\n\n\nrocks probably once contained much olivine. Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water. Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form. Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and anhydrate (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected. Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water. The Independence class showed some signs of clay (perhaps montmorillonite a member of","id":"14843627"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\ntemperature remained far below the freezing point () of water. The Mars Exploration Rovers, \"Spirit\" and \"Opportunity\" found a great deal of evidence for past water on Mars. The Spirit rover landed in what was thought to be a large lake bed. The lake bed had been covered over with lava flows, so evidence of past water was initially hard to detect. On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that \"Spirit\" had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \"Humphrey\"","id":"21381763"},{"contents":"Life on Mars\n\n\nleast two-thirds of Mars' surface is more than 3.5 billion years old, and Mars may thus hold the best record of the prebiotic conditions leading to abiogenesis, even if life does not or has never existed there, which might have started developing as early as 4.48 billion years ago. Following the confirmation of the past existence of surface liquid water, the \"Curiosity\" and \"Opportunity\" rovers started searching for evidence of past life, including a past biosphere based on autotrophic, chemotrophic, or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as","id":"10420549"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\na lower area where another lake would form. These dry lakes would be targets to look for evidence (biosignatures) of past life. On September 27, 2012, NASA scientists announced that the \"Curiosity rover\" found direct evidence for an ancient streambed in Gale Crater, suggesting an ancient \"vigorous flow\" of water on Mars. In particular, analysis of the now dry streambed indicated that the water ran at , possibly at hip-depth. Proof of running water came in the form of rounded pebbles and gravel fragments","id":"21381678"},{"contents":"Martian soil\n\n\nan extensive soil analysis of Martian soil performed by the Curiosity rover showed evidence of water molecules, sulphur and chlorine, as well as hints of organic compounds. However, terrestrial contamination, as the source of the organic compounds, could not be ruled out. On September 26, 2013, NASA scientists reported the Mars \"Curiosity\" rover detected \"abundant, easily accessible\" water (1.5 to 3 weight percent) in soil samples at the Rocknest region of Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater. In addition, NASA reported that the","id":"1098321"},{"contents":"Mars\n\n\nNASA's Mars rover Opportunity in December 2011. It is estimated that the amount of water in the upper mantle of Mars, represented by hydroxyl ions contained within the minerals of Mars's geology, is equal to or greater than that of Earth at 50–300 parts per million of water, which is enough to cover the entire planet to a depth of . In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles and at mid-latitudes. The Mars rover \"Spirit\" sampled chemical compounds containing","id":"17472300"},{"contents":"Methane on Mars\n\n\n≈ 4 Earth years and as short as ≈ 0.6 Earth years. This unexplained fast destruction rate also suggests a very active replenishing source. A team from the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics suspects that the methane detected by the \"Curiosity\" rover may have been released from a nearby area called Medusae Fossae Formation located about 500 km east of Gale crater. The region is fractured and is likely volcanic in origin. Living microorganisms, such as methanogens, are another possible source, but no evidence for the presence of such organisms has","id":"17340105"},{"contents":"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\n\n\n-depositional sedimentary concretions from an aqueous source On March 23, 2004, NASA announced that they believe that \"Opportunity\" had not landed in a location merely \"drenched in water\", but on what was once a coastal area. \"We think \"Opportunity\" is parked on what was once the shoreline of a salty sea on Mars,\" said Dr. Steve Squyres of Cornell University. The announcement was based on evidence of sedimentary rocks that are consistent with those formed by water and not wind. \"Bedding patterns in","id":"9986758"},{"contents":"Tarsal tunnel syndrome\n\n\nKim Jong Un had surgery to correct TTS in his right ankle, the source of a pronounced limp. Kim's disappearance from public for six weeks around the suspected surgery created worldwide speculation about the future of Kim and North Korea. As stated earlier, musculoskeletal disorders can cost up to $15–$20 billion in direct costs or $45–$55 billion in indirect expenses. This is about $135 million a day Tests that confirm or correct TTS require expensive treatment options like x-rays, CT-scans, MRI and surgery. 3","id":"10415261"},{"contents":"Atmosphere of Mars\n\n\na process involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars. Living microorganisms, such as methanogens, are another possible source, but no evidence for the presence of such organisms has been found on Mars. There are some suspicions to the detection of methane, which suggests that it may instead be caused by the undocumented terrestrial contamination from the rovers or a misinterpretation of measurement raw data. In 2009, an Earth-based observational study reported detection of large-scale electric discharge","id":"18926479"},{"contents":"Planetary surface\n\n\nthrough processes rare elsewhere, such as the presence of volcanic magma and water. Surface mineral deposits such as olivine and hematite discovered on Mars by lunar rovers provide direct evidence of past stable water on the surface of Mars. Apart from water, many other abundant surface materials are unique to Earth in the Solar System as they are not only organic but have formed due to the presence of life – these include carbonate hardgrounds, limestone, vegetation and artificial structures although the latter is present due to probe exploration (see also List of","id":"1405739"},{"contents":"Mars Direct\n\n\nwas first proposed as a part of Mars Direct, the Mars Habitat Unit has been adopted by NASA as a part of their Mars Design Reference Mission, which uses two Mars Habitat Units – one of which flies to Mars unmanned, providing a dedicated laboratory facility on Mars, together with the capacity to carry a larger rover vehicle. The second Mars Habitat Unit flies to Mars with the crew, its interior given over completely to living and storage space. To prove the viability of the Mars Habitat Unit, the Mars Society has","id":"20423348"},{"contents":"Kieserite\n\n\ncelestine. In early 2005, Mars Express, a European Space Agency orbiter, discovered evidence of kieserite in patches of Valles Marineris (the largest canyon on Mars), along with gypsum and polyhydrated sulfates. This is direct evidence of Mars's watery past and augments similar discoveries made by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in 2004. It is used in the production of Epsom salt and as a fertilizer, the overall global annual usage in agriculture in the mid 1970s was 2.3 million tons. Kieserite is also used for cleaning hard water","id":"20037876"},{"contents":"Spirit (rover)\n\n\n's operational record. An archive of weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at the \"Spirit\" Update Archive. \"Spirit's\" total odometry as of March 22, 2010 (sol 2210) is . The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to: NASA sought evidence of life on Mars, beginning with the question of whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life. Life forms known to science require water, so the history of water on Mars is a critical piece of knowledge.","id":"150763"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\nthe rover's DAN instrument provided evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of , in the rover's traverse from the \"Bradbury Landing\" site to the \"Yellowknife Bay\" area in the \"Glenelg\" terrain. On September 26, 2013, NASA scientists reported the Mars \"Curiosity\" rover detected abundant chemically-bound water (1.5 to 3 weight percent) in soil samples at the Rocknest region of Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater. In addition, NASA reported","id":"21381777"},{"contents":"Boron\n\n\nSeptember 5, 2017, scientists reported that the \"Curiosity\" rover detected boron, an essential ingredient for life on Earth, on the planet Mars. Such a finding, along with previous discoveries that water may have been present on ancient Mars, further supports the possible early habitability of Gale Crater on Mars. Economically important sources of boron are the minerals colemanite, rasorite (kernite), ulexite and tincal. Together these constitute 90% of mined boron-containing ore. The largest global borax deposits known, many still untapped","id":"3380989"},{"contents":"Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists\n\n\nwas speculation about the identity of their perpetrators. Although the Israeli Mossad intelligence service was seen as the most likely candidate, other suspects included Iranian opposition groups such as MEK, intelligence operatives from Arab countries opposed to the Iranian regime, and the United States. Iran blamed Israel and the U.S. for the assassinations. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton categorically denied any U.S. role in the killings, a denial called \"plausible\" by analysts given the reported lack of U.S. intelligence assets in Iran. Israel neither confirmed nor denied its role in","id":"20363835"},{"contents":"List of Launch Services Program launches\n\n\nLaunch Services Program. Mars Exploration Rovers (MER-A & B) (Delta II) NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers launched aboard Delta II vehicles from CCAFS. MER-A \"Spirit\" launched June 2003, and MER-B \"Opportunity\" launched July 7 that same year. Both rovers reached Mars in January 2004. Information sent back to Earth from the rovers revealed the existence of water in the Red Planet's past (now ice). Previous missions to Mars include the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft that launched in","id":"16907022"},{"contents":"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\n\n\nfor the former habitability of Mars are pretty much the same,\" Squyres explained to BBC News. Hot water provides an environment in which microbes can thrive and the precipitation of that silica entombs and preserves them. Squyres added, \"You can go to hot springs and you can go to fumaroles and at either place on Earth it is teeming with life – microbial life. Opportunity rover was directed to a site that had displayed large amounts of hematite from orbit. Hematite often forms from water. When Opportunity landed, layered rocks","id":"11337194"},{"contents":"Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory\n\n\nsimilar to terrestrial mugearite rocks. On October 17, 2013, NASA reported, based on analysis of argon in the Martian atmosphere, that certain meteorites found on Earth thought to be from Mars are confirmed to be from Mars. On November 13, 2013, NASA announced the names of two features on Mars important to two active Mars exploration rovers in honor of planetary scientist Bruce C. Murray (1931-2013): \"Murray Buttes\", an entryway the \"Curiosity\" rover will traverse on its way to Mount Sharp and","id":"16678175"},{"contents":"Kolchuga passive sensor\n\n\nmaterial confirmation has been found in Iraq. See Cassette Scandal for further information. Unconfirmed reports in September 2006 suggested a sale was made to Iran although this was denied by the Ukrainian government. On 20th of January 2019, Ukrainian news Sources confirmed a Sale of Systems to Israel and Saudi Arabia Since becoming publicly known following the Cassette Scandal, the capabilities of Kolchuga have been the source of many rumours and uninformed speculation in forums such as. Many observers have a tendency to credit it with magical powers of detection. Many of these","id":"10440214"},{"contents":"Michael Morris (oceanographer)\n\n\nObservation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission. ALICE measured ultraviolet light resulting from the impact of the Centaur upper rocket stage on the floor of the crater Cabeus. This confirmed that water ice is present on the moon. The Rocky 7 Rover prototype used an Ocean Optics point spectrometer which was sensitive in the range of 350-800 nm. Three Ocean Optics HR2000 spectrometers were customized as part of the ChemCam unit of the NASA Mars Science Laboratory rover, \"Curiosity\", which was launched November 26, 2011. The spectrometers","id":"20936857"},{"contents":"Mars Exploration Rover\n\n\nin the soil. The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment. After \"Spirit\" stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water. The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \"Comanche.\" In summary, \"","id":"14843629"},{"contents":"Endurance (crater)\n\n\nEndurance it headed for its heat shield where it would find the Meridiani Planum meteorite, which happened to be the first meteorite discovered on another planet. \"Opportunity\" spent about half a year exploring Endurance. During that time, data collected by the rover supplanted and greatly expanded on the history of water at Meridiani Planum, in addition to the confirmation that there had been liquid water here in ancient times. Endurance provided mission scientists with a cross-section of the bedrock on this part of Mars, showing that liquid water had","id":"3094474"},{"contents":"Life on Mars\n\n\nform, perhaps for as long as 600 Myr. If it had, the highly soluble Ca(ClO) in contact with liquid water would have formed only CaSO. This suggests a severely arid environment, with minimal or no liquid water interaction. The Mars Science Laboratory mission is a NASA project that launched on November 26, 2011, the \"Curiosity\" rover, a nuclear-powered robotic vehicle, bearing instruments designed to assess past and present habitability conditions on Mars. The \"Curiosity\" rover landed on Mars on Aeolis Palus in","id":"10420637"},{"contents":"Mars rover\n\n\nA Mars rover is a motor vehicle that travels across the surface of the planet Mars upon arrival. Rovers have several advantages over stationary landers: they examine more territory, they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months, and they can advance the knowledge of how to perform very remote robotic vehicle control. There have been four successful robotically operated Mars rovers, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory: \"Sojourner\", \"Opportunity\", \"Spirit\" and \"Curiosity","id":"151743"},{"contents":"Endeavour (crater)\n\n\n, with the rim coming into sight on March 7, 2009, and arriving at the edge on August 9, 2011. In December 2011, \"Opportunity\" rover discovered a vein of gypsum sticking out of the soil along the rim of Endeavour. Tests confirmed that it contained calcium, sulfur, and water. The mineral gypsum is the best match for the data. It likely formed from mineral-rich water moving through a crack in the rock. The vein, called \"Homestake,\" is in Mars' Meridiani","id":"3175434"},{"contents":"Sea Change (Parker novel)\n\n\ntheir daughter and he confesses. Jesse later speculates that Flo’s father had her rent a boat, pushed her off of it, then returns it to the first place he sees, explaining why it had been returned to the wrong place. He responds that he did indeed argue with her on the boat, and push her off, but that she simply drowned unbeknownst to him. After he discovered she had died he denied the trip all together fearing that he would be accused of murder. Jesse later asks the twins why","id":"21883694"},{"contents":"Ocythoe tuberculata\n\n\n, either in the Indian or Pacific oceans. \"O. tuberculata\" has typically been found in warmer waters. There is some speculation that warm ocean currents moving eastward from the Indian Ocean are responsible for the small sample of specimens found in northern pacific waters, but this has yet to be confirmed or denied. \"O. tuberculata\" is a near-surface dwelling pelagic octopus, living between depths of 100 and 200 meters. Female tuberculate pelagic octopuses are known to have a high fecundity, producing nearly 100,000 eggs. One female","id":"3093870"},{"contents":"Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory\n\n\nfor burn-up in the atmosphere. Landing was confirmed simultaneously by 3 monitoring Mars orbiters. \"Curiosity\" landed on target and only from its center. The coordinates of the landing site (named \"Bradbury Landing\") are: . Some low resolution Hazcam images were beamed to Earth by relay orbiters confirming the rover's wheels were deployed correctly and on the ground. Three hours later, the rover begins to beam detailed data on its systems' status as well as on its entry, descent and landing experience. Aerial","id":"16678157"},{"contents":"Mount Sharp\n\n\nobservations of \"Curiosity\" about how water may have helped shape the landscape of Mars, including Aeolis Mons, and had a climate long ago that could have produced long-lasting lakes at many Martian locations. On October 8, 2015, NASA confirmed that lakes and streams existed in Gale crater 3.3 - 3.8 billion years ago delivering sediments to build up the lower layers of Mount Sharp. On February 1, 2019, NASA scientists reported that the Mars \"Curiosity\" rover determined, for the first time, the density of","id":"12215328"},{"contents":"Douglas Vakoch\n\n\n, there’s an end in sight. Not so for Mars One. By launching off to Mars, they’ll be making a commitment to an unknown way of life that they can never 'unchoose.'\" He said there are analogues of people making one-way trips, though \"[m]ost people can’t conceive of going on Mars One, because they can’t imagine leaving behind everything they love on Earth,\" adding that \"[i]n reality, this is similar to the loss that all immigrants felt throughout","id":"1160581"},{"contents":"Life on Mars\n\n\nMars had certain other similarities to Earth, for example that the length of a day on Mars was almost the same as a day on Earth. They also knew that its axial tilt was similar to Earth's, which meant it experienced seasons just as Earth does — but of nearly double the length owing to its much longer year. These observations led to increase in speculation that the darker albedo features were water and the brighter ones were land, whence followed speculation on whether Mars may be inhabited by some form of life.","id":"10420553"},{"contents":"Mars\n\n\nof subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of , during the rover's traverse from the \"Bradbury Landing\" site to the \"Yellowknife Bay\" area in the \"Glenelg\" terrain. In September 2015, NASA announced that they had found conclusive evidence of hydrated brine flows on recurring slope lineae, based on spectrometer readings of the darkened areas of slopes. These observations provided confirmation of earlier hypotheses based on timing of formation and their rate of growth, that these dark streaks","id":"17472302"},{"contents":"Glaciers on Mars\n\n\nin the tropics. Like glaciers on Earth, glaciers on Mars are not pure water ice. Many are thought to contain substantial proportions of debris, and a substantial number are probably better described as rock glaciers. For many years, largely because of the modeled instability of water ice in the midlatitudes where the putative glacial features were concentrated, it was argued that almost all glaciers were rock glaciers on Mars. However, recent direct observations made by the SHARAD radar instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter satellite have confirmed that at least some","id":"11727057"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\nwater's abundance and distribution on Mars. The ESA's Mars Express orbiter has also provided essential data in this quest. The Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, MRO, and Mars Science Lander \"Curiosity\" rover are still sending back data from Mars, and discoveries continue to be made. The notion of water on Mars preceded the space age by hundreds of years. Early telescopic observers correctly assumed that the white polar caps and clouds were indications of water's presence. These observations, coupled with the fact that Mars has a","id":"21381650"},{"contents":"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\n\n\npresence of water or from water in a hot spring environment. After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water. The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \"Comanche.\" In summary, Spirit found evidence of slight weathering on the plains of Gusev, but no evidence that a lake was there. However, in the Columbia","id":"9986781"},{"contents":"Law of South Korea\n\n\nlegal system and contains a record of a confession made without assistance of legal counsel. While either the police officer or prosecutor can produce a suspect interrogation record, one made by a prosecutor is admissible if the suspect confirms the genuineness of the Record at a preparatory hearing or during the trial. If the suspect denies the genuineness, the record could still be admissible if there is a circumstantial guarantee of trustworthiness. However, a record made by a police officer is inadmissible if the suspect denies the genuineness later in the process. The","id":"21544767"},{"contents":"Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers\n\n\nThe embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers sent by NASA must withstand the high radiation levels and large temperature changes in space. For this reason their computational resources are limited compared to systems commonly used on Earth. Direct teleoperation of a Mars rover is impractical, since the round trip communication time between Earth and Mars ranges from 8 to 42 minutes and the Deep Space Network system is only available a few times during each Martian day (sol). Therefore, a rover command team plans, then sends, a sol of","id":"3661768"},{"contents":"Muography\n\n\nIn the future, it may be viable to include a high-resolution muography apparatus in a future space mission to Mars, for instance inside a Mars rover. Getting accurate images of the density of Martian structures could be used for surveying sources of ice or water. The “NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program” is now in the process of assessing whether muography may be used for imaging the density structures of small solar system bodies (SSBs). While the SSBs tend to generate lower muon flux than the Earth","id":"627920"},{"contents":"Signs Of LIfe Detector\n\n\ninto ways to refine the method and miniaturize the instrument further. Modern astrobiology inquiry has emphasized the search for water on Mars, chemical biosignatures in the permafrost, soil and rocks at the planet's surface, and even biomarker gases in the atmosphere that may give away the presence of past or present life. The detection of preserved organic molecules of unambiguous biological origin is fundamental for the confirmation of present or past life, but the 1976 Viking lander biological experiments failed to detect organics on Mars, and it is suspected it was because","id":"1868106"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\nview of Mars would last nearly another decade until Mariner 9 showed a much more dynamic Mars with hints that the planet’s past environment was more clement than the present one. On January 24, 2014, NASA reported that current studies on Mars by the \"Curiosity\" and \"Opportunity\" rovers will be searching for evidence of ancient life, including a biosphere based on autotrophic, chemotrophic and/or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as well as ancient water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments (plains related to ancient rivers or lakes) that may have","id":"21381657"},{"contents":"Opportunity (rover)\n\n\nand took panoramic photos of its landing site. Its sampling allowed NASA scientists to make hypotheses concerning the presence of hematite and past presence of water on the surface of Mars. Following this, it was directed to travel across the surface of Mars to investigate another crater site, Endurance crater, which it investigated from June to December 2004. Subsequently, \"Opportunity\" examined the impact site of its own heat shield and discovered an intact meteorite, now known as Heat Shield Rock, on the surface of Mars. From late April","id":"150848"},{"contents":"Viking lander biological experiments\n\n\nLaboratory mission landed the \"Curiosity\" rover on August 6, 2012, and its goals include investigation of the Martian climate, geology, and whether Mars could have ever supported life, including investigation of the role of water and planetary habitability. Astrobiology research on Mars will continue with the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter in 2016, ExoMars rover on 2018, and the Mars 2020 rover in 2020. In 2008, the Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer was operated at Mars, which could chemically analyze 8 samples. The Urey instrument was a","id":"2294957"},{"contents":"(311999) 2007 NS2\n\n\nm. Jean Meeus suspected that was a Mars Trojan, and this was confirmed by Reiner Stoss’s analysis of two sets of observations dating from 1998 on the MPC database. It was confirmed to be a Mars Trojan numerically in 2012. Recent calculations confirm that it is a stable Mars Trojan asteroid with a libration period of 1310 years and an amplitude of 14°. These values as well as its short-term orbital evolution are similar to those of 5261 Eureka. Out of all known Mars Trojans, it currently has the smallest","id":"13699476"},{"contents":"Jonson Clarke-Harris\n\n\nthe youngest player to ever appear for Coventry City. He was 16 years and 20 days old. It was confirmed on 30 April 2012 that Clarke-Harris had not been offered a professional contract with Coventry and had left the club. Andy Thorn refused to speculate on why Clarke-Harris had been released but alluded to disciplinary problems. On 8 May 2012, he played in a reserve match for Blackburn Rovers, scoring the only goal of the game. On 23 July he signed a two-year contract with Peterborough United","id":"8655070"},{"contents":"Opportunity (rover)\n\n\nsearch begins with determining whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life. Life, as we understand it, requires water, so the history of water on Mars is critical to finding out if the Martian environment was ever conducive to life. Although the Mars Exploration Rovers did not have the ability to detect life directly, they offered very important information on the habitability of the environment in the planet's history. \"Spirit\" and \"Opportunity\" are twin rovers, each a six-wheeled, solar-powered robot standing","id":"150858"},{"contents":"Camelford water pollution incident\n\n\nas yet unknown contaminant. One customer who telephoned the authority the day after the contamination was told \"there had been some acidity, but the water was perfectly safe to drink,\" and was no more harmful than lemon juice. On 14 July 1988 the authority sent a circular letter to all customers \"asserting that the water from the treatment works was of the right alkalinity and was safe to use and drink.\" Within two days, the authority suspected the source of the contamination was the erroneous delivery, which was confirmed","id":"7546240"},{"contents":"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\n\n\nthat the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water. Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals, maybe bromine compounds. All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material. One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT). There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills (Mars), some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water.","id":"9986771"},{"contents":"Mount Sharp\n\n\nof the planet Mars; as well as, detecting Martian organic chemicals in powder drilled from a rock by the \"Curiosity\" rover. Also, based on deuterium to hydrogen ratio studies, much of the water at Gale Crater on Mars was found to have been lost during ancient times, before the lakebed in the crater was formed; afterwards, large amounts of water continued to be lost. On June 1, 2017, NASA reported that the \"Curiosity\" rover provided evidence of an ancient lake in Gale crater on Mars","id":"12215335"},{"contents":"Space probe\n\n\nlanding on Mars (December 2, 1971) The lander began transmitting to the Mars 3 orbiter 90 seconds after landing. After 20 seconds, transmission stopped for unknown reasons. First successful rover on Mars. The Mars Exploration Rovers, \"Spirit\" and \"Opportunity\" landed on Mars to explore the Martian surface and geology, and searched for clues to past water activity on Mars. They were each launched in 2003 and landed in 2004. Communication with \"Spirit\" stopped on sol 2210 (March 22, 2010).","id":"17096197"},{"contents":"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\n\n\nindicates the rocks had at least soaked in mineral-rich water, possibly from underground sources, after they formed. Increased assurance of the bromine findings strengthens the case that rock-forming particles precipitated from surface water as salt concentrations climbed past saturation while water was evaporating. The evidence for water was published in a series of scientific papers, with the initial results appearing in the journal \"Science\" and then with a detailed discussion of the sedimentary geology of the landing site appearing in a special issue of the journal \"Earth and","id":"9986760"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\non the planet. Understanding the extent and situation of water on Mars is vital to assess the planet’s potential for harboring life and for providing usable resources for future human exploration. For this reason, \"Follow the Water\" was the science theme of NASA's Mars Exploration Program (MEP) in the first decade of the 21st century. Discoveries by the 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs), Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and Mars \"Phoenix\" lander have been instrumental in answering key questions about","id":"21381649"},{"contents":"Mars suit\n\n\nincluding moving fingers and gaining friction with rocks was noted, and ice climbing axes were helpful for climbing surfaces. Mountaineering on Mars may be needed when the terrain environments exceeds the abilities of a rover vehicle, or to access a target of interest, or simply to get home to a base. One common mountaineering need is a highly mobile short-stay shelter to use for overnight stays when climbing, such as a tent, and an equivalent for Mars might support the ability to get out of a space suit. Suit design","id":"1604889"},{"contents":"Diamonds World Tour\n\n\nwere bang on and, as a performer, she is simply captivating to watch. Whether thrusting her crotch towards the crowd, or simply standing smiling down at them, when Rihanna is in front of you, you can’t take your eyes off her. Whether you agree with her morals or not, one cannot deny that the woman knows how to own a stage.\" Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the concert three out of five stars and concluded that although the concert was a \"nonetheless a well-honed","id":"13499722"},{"contents":"ADRON-RM\n\n\nADRON-RM (Autonomous Detector of Radiation of Neutrons Onboard Rover at Mars) is a neutron spectrometer to search for subsurface water ice and hydrated minerals. This analyser is part of the science payload on board the European Space Agency \"Rosalind Franklin\" rover, tasked to search for biosignatures and biomarkers on Mars. The rover is planned to be launched in July 2020 and land on Mars in March 2021. ADRON-RM is a near copy of ADRO-EM on the stationary ExoMars 2020 surface platform and the Dynamic Albedo of","id":"21972696"},{"contents":"ExoMars\n\n\nNASA, confirming their commitment to spend €850 million ($1.23 billion) on missions in 2016 and 2018. In April 2011, because of a budgeting crisis, a proposal was announced to cancel the accompanying MAX-C rover, and fly only one rover in 2018 that would be larger than either of the vehicles in the paired concept. One suggestion was that the new vehicle would be built in Europe and carry a mix of European and U.S. instruments. NASA would provide the rocket to deliver it to Mars and provide","id":"18392135"},{"contents":"Mars Science Laboratory\n\n\nExploration Rovers. The parachute has 80 suspension lines, is over long, and is about in diameter. Capable of being deployed at Mach 2.2, the parachute can generate up to of drag force in the Martian atmosphere. After the parachute was deployed, the heat shield separated and fell away. A camera beneath the rover acquired about 5 frames per second (with resolution of 1600×1200 pixels) below during a period of about 2 minutes until the rover sensors confirmed successful landing. The \"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" team were able to","id":"7782676"},{"contents":"Trace Gas Orbiter\n\n\nlander and rover and provide communication for other Mars surface probes with Earth. Investigations with space and Earth-based observatories have demonstrated the presence of a small amount of methane on the atmosphere of Mars that seems to vary with location and time. This may indicate the presence of microbial life on Mars, or a geochemical process such as volcanism or hydrothermal activity. The challenge to discern the source of methane in the atmosphere of Mars prompted the independent planning by ESA and NASA of one orbiter each that would carry instruments in order to","id":"5677153"},{"contents":"Big Fat Lie\n\n\n\" as the promotion for the album would clash with the live stages of the singing competition. She ultimately decided to return as a judge, and scrapped the album \"Boomerang\" was associated with. It was during this time the media reported that Scherzinger was dropped from Interscope Records, however a spokesperson for Scherzinger denied speculation and confirmed that she was working with The-Dream and Tricky Stewart. When asked why \"Boomerang\" wouldn't appear on the album, she responded: \"It's just going to remain a stand","id":"20791899"},{"contents":"St. Ann's Well, Malvern\n\n\ncentury, the now-defunct Burrows company bottled and sold Malvern Water from this source under the \"St Ann's Well\" brand. St Ann's Well is a natural spring which Palmer suggests may have been dedicated to Anu, a Celtic water goddess. A 19th-century antiquarian speculated that \"St Ann's Well — in its primary form means simply 'the well dedicated to the sun'\". According to James Nott one of the most important events in the history of Malvern was the arrival of St. Werstan,","id":"4043061"},{"contents":"Interplanetary contamination\n\n\nreport cites many advantages of a Mars sample-return. In particular, it would permit extensive analyses on Earth, without the size and weight constraints for instruments sent to Mars on rovers. These analyses could also be carried out without the communication delays for experiments carried out by Martian rovers. It would also make it possible to repeat experiments in multiple laboratories with different instruments to confirm key results. Carl Sagan was first to publicise back contamination issues that might follow from a Mars sample-return. In \"Cosmic Connection\" (","id":"13684995"},{"contents":"Margaritifer Terra\n\n\nthe Soviet \"Mars 6\" lander and NASA's \"Mars Pathfinder\". It is also one of several proposed landing sites for the Mars 2020 Rover. Holden and Eberswalde, craters in Margaritifer Terra, are thought to have formerly held lakes because they contain deltas and iron/magnesium smectite minerals which need water to form. The Uzboi-Landon-Morava (ULM) system of paths for water flow is found in Margaritifer Terra. Margaritifer Terra was named in 1979, after the Pearl Coast, south India. Part of","id":"16153294"},{"contents":"Water on Mars\n\n\nago and that they were ejected from Mars around 10.75 million years ago by an asteroid impact. They fell to Earth within the last 10,000 years. Martian meteorite NWA 7034 has one order of magnitude more water than most other Martian meteorites. It is similar to the basalts studied by rover missions, and it was formed in the early Amazonian epoch. In 1996, a group of scientists reported the possible presence of microfossils in the Allan Hills 84001, a meteorite from Mars. Many studies disputed the validity of the fossils. It","id":"21381670"},{"contents":"Yahya Ayyash\n\n\nLahia. Israel has a policy that it never confirms or denies its participation in targeted killings. Per this policy, Israel did not confirm or deny its role in killing Ayyash. This led to wild rumors and speculations as to the extent of their involvement. In 2012, former Shin Bet director Carmi Gillon confirmed the story in the documentary \"\"The Gatekeepers\". Kamil Hamad has disappeared, the Israeli press speculates that for betraying Ayyash he received US$1 millon (₤650,000), a fake passport and a visa to the","id":"6954059"},{"contents":"Evidence of water on Mars found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\n\n\ndeposits were formed from the evaporation of mineral-enriched waters. Lakes may have been scattered over large areas of the Martian surface. Carbonates, sulfates, and silica should precipitate out ahead of them. Sulfates and silica have been discovered by the Mars Rovers. Places with chloride minerals may have once held various life forms. Furthermore, such areas should preserve traces of ancient life. Rocks on Mars have been found to frequently occur as layers, called strata, in many different places. Columbus Crater is one of many craters that","id":"12754162"},{"contents":"Lake\n\n\nto show lakes of liquid sulfur in volcanic caldera, though these are more analogous to lake of lava than of water on Earth. The planet Mars has only one confirmed lake; it is underground and near the south pole. However, the surface of Mars is too cold and has too little atmospheric pressure to permit permanent surface water. Geologic evidence appears to confirm, however, that ancient lakes once formed on the surface. It is also possible that volcanic activity on Mars will occasionally melt subsurface ice, creating large temporary lakes","id":"19023379"},{"contents":"Mars One\n\n\n, the landing module transporting four astronauts was proposed to land on Mars. They envisioned the crew to be met by the rover launched in 2020, and taken to the Mars One colony. Notes: The initial concept timeline slipped 2 times, with a 2-year delay each time. Work on robotic missions was suspended pending further review and future contract direction in February 2015. SpaceX had no contracts with MarsOne and the project did not appear on their launch manifest. The Mars One team consisted of Chief Executive Officer and co-founder","id":"3575496"},{"contents":"Timeline of United States discoveries\n\n\n) in 1958, a vision and continued commitment by the United States of finding extraterrestrial and astronomical discoveries has helped the world to better understand our solar system and universe. As one example, in 2008, the \"Phoenix\" lander discovered the presence of frozen water on the planet Mars of which scientists such as Peter H. Smith of the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) had suspected before the mission confirmed its existence. 1747 Charge conservation 1796 Johnston Atoll 1798 Tabuaeran 1798 Teraina 1798 Palmyra Atoll Palmyra Atoll, a","id":"9403349"},{"contents":"Harry Warden\n\n\nVoorhees, Ghostface, etc., etc.), this one is certainly one of the more frightening to behold. The odd thing is I can’t even fully explain why that is. Perhaps it is better that I don’t over-analyze things and just respect the Miner and his mask for what they are: kick ass, top notch additions to the genre! Don’t bypass the 2009 remake simply because you’re a purist: it’s awfully entertaining and sports one of the most awkward (therefore must-","id":"17648042"},{"contents":"Duricrust\n\n\narid settings by evaporation. Minerals often found in duricrust include silica, iron, calcium, and gypsum. Duricrusts need to be formed in absolute accumulation, therefore they must have a source, transfer and precipitation. Duricrust is often studied during missions to Mars because it may help prove the planet once had more water. Duricrust was found on Mars at the Viking 2 landing site, and a similar structure, nicknamed \"Snow Queen,\" was found under the Phoenix landing site. Phoenix's duricrust was later confirmed to be water","id":"6089853"},{"contents":"2007 cyberattacks on Estonia\n\n\ninfo about sources so we can't confirm or deny that the attacks are coming from the Russian government,\" Jose Nazario, software and security engineer at Arbor Networks, told \"internetnews.com\". Arbor Networks operated \"ATLAS\" threat analysis network, which, the company claimed, could \"see\" 80% of Internet traffic. Nazario suspected that different groups operating separate distributed botnets were involved in the attack. Experts interviewed by IT security resource SearchSecurity.com \"say it's very unlikely this was a case of one government launching a","id":"1564759"},{"contents":"Exploration of Mars\n\n\npublished in 2012 suggesting signs of microbial life on Mars. The Viking orbiters revealed that large floods of water carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Areas of branched streams, in the southern hemisphere, suggest that rain once fell. Mars Pathfinder was a U.S. spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars on July 4, 1997. It consisted of a lander and a small wheeled robotic rover named Sojourner, which was the first rover to operate on the surface of Mars","id":"1581098"},{"contents":"Eberswalde (crater)\n\n\nThis extraterrestrial geological feature lies situated within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of Mars. Although not chosen, it was considered a potential landing site for the \"Mars 2020\" rover, and in the second Mars 2020 Landing Site Workshop it survived the cut and was among the top eight sites still in the running. Landforms in the crater provide strong evidence of the prior existence of flowing water on Mars. Several sites in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle have been proposed as areas to send NASA's major Mars rover, the","id":"7338721"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Extraterrestrial liquid water\\n\\n\\ndid. Recent findings by the Mars Exploration Rover mission indicate it had some long-term standing water in at least one location, but its extent is not known. The Opportunity Mars rover photographed bright veins of a mineral leading to conclusive confirmation of deposition by liquid water. On 9 December 2013, NASA reported that the planet Mars had a large freshwater lake (which could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life) based on evidence from the Curiosity rover studying Aeolis Palus near Mount Sharp in Gale Crater. Comets contain large\",\n \"id\": \"21093330\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\ndirect observations of hydrous salts appearing at the same time that these recurrent slope lineae form, confirming in 2015 that these lineae are produced by the flow of liquid brines through shallow soils. The lineae contain hydrated chlorate and perchlorate salts (), which contain liquid water molecules. The lineae flow downhill in Martian summer, when the temperature is above . However, the source of the water remains unknown. However, neutron spectrometer data by the \\\"Mars Odyssey\\\" orbiter obtained over one decade, was published in December 2017, and\",\n \"id\": \"21381742\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars habitat\\n\\n\\nconditions, including pressures, temperatures, and local materials, especially water. Significant challenges for Mars habitats are maintaining an artificial environment and shielding from intense solar radiation. Humans require a pressurized environment at all times and protection from the toxic Martian atmosphere. Connecting habitats is useful, as moving between separate structures requires a pressure suit or perhaps a Mars rover. One of the largest issues lies in simply getting to Mars, which means escaping Earth's atmosphere, sustaining the journey to Mars, and finally landing on the surface of Mars\",\n \"id\": \"13072912\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Astrobiology Field Laboratory\\n\\n\\nof Mars Science Laboratory). The AFL payload was to attempt to minimize any conflicting positive detection of life by including a suite of instruments that provide at least three mutually confirming analytical laboratory measurements. For the purpose of discerning a reasonable estimate on which to base the rover mass, the conceptual payload was to include: It was suggested that the Astrobiology Field Laboratory use radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) as its power source, like the ones to be used on the Mars Science Laboratory. The radioactive RTG power source was to last\",\n \"id\": \"3933472\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\ncm of Mars's subsurface at night. The water activity and temperature remain below the requirements for reproduction and metabolism of known terrestrial microorganisms. On October 8, 2015, NASA confirmed that lakes and streams existed in Gale crater 3.3 – 3.8 billion years ago delivering sediments to build up the lower layers of Mount Sharp. On November 4, 2018, geologists presented evidence, based on studies in Gale Crater by the \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover, that there was plenty of water on early Mars. The \\\"Mars Express Orbiter\\\",\",\n \"id\": \"21381781\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\nfor and identification of biosignatures on Mars. It includes the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter that started mapping the atmospheric methane in April 2018, and the 2020 ExoMars rover that will drill and analyze subsurface samples 2 meters deep. NASA's Mars 2020 rover will cache dozens of drilled core samples for their potential transport to Earth laboratories in the late 2020s or 2030s. The images acquired by the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter, launched in 1971, revealed the first direct evidence of past water in the form of dry river beds, canyons (including\",\n \"id\": \"21381746\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars landing\\n\\n\\ncaused by a file system anomaly ) delaying exploration for several days, both rovers eventually began exploring their landing sites. The rover \\\"Opportunity\\\" landed in a particularly interesting spot, a crater with bedrock outcroppings. In fast succession, mission team members announced on 2 March that data returned from the rover showed that these rocks were once \\\"drenched in water\\\", and on 23 March that it was concluded that they were laid down underwater in a salty sea. This represented the first strong direct evidence for liquid water on Mars\",\n \"id\": \"5848644\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Methane on Mars\\n\\n\\nno detection of methane beyond a baseline. But in 2014, NASA reported that the \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover detected a tenfold increase ('spike') in methane in the atmosphere around it in late 2013 and early 2014. Four measurements taken over two months in this period averaged 7.2 ppbv, implying that Mars is episodically producing or releasing methane from an unknown source. Before and after that, readings averaged around one-tenth that level. On 7 June 2018, NASA announced the confirmation of a cyclical seasonal variation in the\",\n \"id\": \"17340097\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Alan Stern\\n\\n\\nWeiler, who was to serve his second stint in the position. The resignation occurred on the same day that NASA Chief Michael D. Griffin overruled a decrease in funding for the Mars Exploration Rovers and Mars Odyssey missions that was intended to free up funds needed for the upcoming Mars Science Laboratory. NASA officials would neither confirm nor deny a connection between the two events. Stern left to avoid cutting healthy programs and basic research in order to cover cost overruns. He believed that cost overruns in the Mars program should be accommodated from within\",\n \"id\": \"7220809\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Methanogenesis\\n\\n\\nmethane' on Mars by the Curiosity Rover. It is also argued that atmospheric methane can come from volcanoes or other fissures in the planet's crust and that without an isotopic signature, the origin or source may be difficult to identify. On 13 April 2017, NASA confirmed that the dive of the Cassini orbiter spacecraft on 28 October 2015 discovered the Enceladus plume which has all the ingredients for methanogenesis-based life forms to feed from. Previous results, published in March 2015, suggested hot water is interacting with rock beneath the\",\n \"id\": \"14247029\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\\n\\n\\nneeds water to form. Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and anhydrate (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected. Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water. The Independence class showed some signs of clay (perhaps montmorillonite a member of the smectite group). Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form. One type of soil, called Paso Robles, from the Columbia Hills, may be\",\n \"id\": \"9986779\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Yellowknife Bay, Mars\\n\\n\\nthe harsh surface radiation. The primary composition of most terrestrial bodies in our solar system is igneous rock, but it has long been speculated that sedimentary rock exists in great quantity on Mars, as it does on Earth. The \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover has confirmed the presence of sedimentary rock composed of fine-, medium-, and coarse-grained sandstone basalt. This exposure is about thick and is divided into three unique strata. From bottom to top, these strata have been designated: the Sheepbed member ( thick), the Gillespie\",\n \"id\": \"14488690\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\\n\\n\\nfar more than the Earth; hence times of higher humidity are probable. The data also confirms the presence of the chemical perchlorate. Perchlorate makes up a few tenths of a percent of the soil samples. Perchlorate is used as food by some bacteria on Earth. Another paper claims that the previously detected snow could lead to a buildup of water ice. The Mars Rovers Spirit and Opportunity found a great deal of evidence for past water on Mars. Designed to last only three months, both were still operating after more than six\",\n \"id\": \"11337187\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cleaning event\\n\\n\\nwhen several times power levels increased by 5% overnight, in contrast to the expectation they would decreasethe added power allowed the missions to continue beyond their expected lifetime. One theory is that wind currents in craters aid in cleaning events, and also if the rover is sloped, this is speculated to help remove dust. The term started being used in 2004 as the Mars Exploration Rovers' (MER) solar panels started to benefit from these events. The rovers were expected to last about 90 sols (Martian days) on Mars\",\n \"id\": \"7350860\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"James Elmer Mitchell\\n\\n\\ndetainee to cooperate and provide information.\\\" When contacted about his role in the controversial program in the aftermath of its publishing, he confirmed that he signed a non-disclosure agreement with the government, not enabling him to confirm or deny his involvement. \\\"[E]veryone is assuming it is me, but I can’t confirm or deny it. It is frustrating because you can’t defend yourself.\\\" In 2010, psychologist Jim L. H. Cox filed a formal ethics complaint against Mitchell in Texas, where Mitchell was a licensed\",\n \"id\": \"2685143\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\n\\\" rover also found evidence for water in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater. In the Clovis group of rocks the Mössbauer spectrometer (MB) detected goethite, that forms only in the presence of water, iron in the oxidized form Fe, carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet once harbored water. The \\\"Opportunity\\\" rover was directed to a site that had displayed large amounts of hematite from orbit. Hematite often forms from water. The rover indeed found layered rocks and marble- or blueberry-like\",\n \"id\": \"21381765\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Disappearance of Natalee Holloway\\n\\n\\nadmitted \\\"something bad happened\\\" to Holloway after the suspects took her to the beach and that the suspect was leading police to the scene. The next morning, prosecution spokeswoman Vivian van der Biezen refused to confirm or deny the allegation, simply stating that the investigation was at a \\\"very crucial, very important moment.\\\" On June 17, a sixth person later identified as disc jockey Steve Gregory Croes was also arrested. Van der Straaten told the media that \\\"Croes was detained based on information from one of the other\",\n \"id\": \"7186278\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gale (crater)\\n\\n\\nthe \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover at Gale, an unusual increase, then decrease, in the amounts of methane in the atmosphere of the planet Mars; in addition, organic chemicals were detected in powder drilled from a rock. Also, based on deuterium to hydrogen ratio studies, much of the water at Gale on Mars was found to have been lost during ancient times, before the lakebed in the crater was formed; afterwards, large amounts of water continued to be lost. On October 8, 2015, NASA confirmed that lakes\",\n \"id\": \"8548283\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\\n\\n\\nof Mars where liquid water once drenched the surface\\\". Associate administrator Ed Weiler told reporters that the area \\\"would have been good habitable environment\\\", although no traces of life have been found. This statement was made during a press conference, where mission scientists listed a number of observations that strongly support this view: Detailed analysis of environmental, chemical, and mineralogical data taken from the Opportunity rover led to the elimination of the competing hypotheses, and the confirmation of the conclusion that the spherules were formed in place as post\",\n \"id\": \"9986757\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars\\n\\n\\nppb during the northern winter to about 0.65 ppb during the summer. Estimates of its lifetime range from 0.6–4 years, so its presence indicates that an active source of the gas must be present. Methane could be produced by non-biological process such as serpentinization involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars. Methanogenic microbial life forms in the subsurface are among possible sources. But even if rover missions determine that microscopic Martian life is the source of the methane, the life\",\n \"id\": \"17472326\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Opportunity mission timeline\\n\\n\\nthe interior of the crater, and to find pre-impact rocks (rocks that pre-date the impact that presumably formed Endeavour crater). By October 4, 2016, the rover had traveled 26.99 miles (43.44 km), and generated 472 watt-hours of electricity. This date was mission time of Sol (Mars days) 4514. The gully in the above annotated picture is a few hundred meters from the rover, and is the location of the suspected fluid-carved, possibly water, gullies that have\",\n \"id\": \"13165705\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars\\n\\n\\nwas derived from the ratio of water to deuterium in the modern Martian atmosphere compared to that ratio on Earth. The amount of Martian deuterium is eight times the amount that exists on Earth, suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water. Results from the \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover had previously found a high ratio of deuterium in Gale Crater, though not significantly high enough to suggest the former presence of an ocean. Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not\",\n \"id\": \"17472304\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Noctourniquet\\n\\n\\nand since that performed with them on all but 3 further tour dates. As most of the material played was completely new, speculations appeared of the tour being simply a \\\"secret\\\" Mars Volta tour under the ORLG moniker. An official TMV tour began in summer of 2011; during these shows the band continued to play the new material premiered earlier in the year, with Bixler-Zavala telling the crowd at one show that he was \\\"inviting them to a private rehearsal for their new album\\\", confirming the rumours.\",\n \"id\": \"19741670\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Opportunity (rover)\\n\\n\\n2018. Collectively, the \\\"Opportunity\\\" and \\\"Spirit\\\" rovers were part of the Mars Exploration Rover program in the long-term Mars Exploration Program. The Mars Exploration Program's four principal goals were to determine if the potential for life exists on Mars (in particular, whether recoverable water may be found on Mars), to characterize the Mars climate and its geology, and then to prepare for a potential human mission to Mars. The Mars Exploration Rovers were to travel across the Martian surface and perform periodic geologic analyses\",\n \"id\": \"150845\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kobie Boykins\\n\\n\\nSpirit\\\" and \\\"Opportunity\\\", and designed the actuators on the Mars rover \\\"Curiosity,\\\" the name of both wings. This system generates power so the Mars Rover can operate while on Mars. Two rechargeable batteries are held inside the Mars Exploration Rover; these batteries are power sources for the rover when the sun is not shining. (epically at night time). The rover can generate about 140 watts of power when fully illuminated and need about 100 watts for motion. The solar array system is attached to the\",\n \"id\": \"8195317\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars landing\\n\\n\\nwere found in 2013 by the HiRISE camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the \\\"Beagle 2\\\"s presence confirmed in January 2015, several months after Pillinger's death. The lander appears to have successfully landed but not deployed all of its power and communications panels. Shortly after the launch of Mars Express, NASA sent a pair of twin rovers toward the planet as part of the Mars Exploration Rover mission. On 10 June 2003, NASA's MER-A \\\"(Spirit)\\\" Mars Exploration Rover was launched. It successfully\",\n \"id\": \"5848642\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars Exploration Rover\\n\\n\\nrocks probably once contained much olivine. Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water. Sulfate was found, and it needs water to form. Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase, some olivine, and anhydrate (a sulfate). Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water, so hydrated sulfates are suspected. Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water. The Independence class showed some signs of clay (perhaps montmorillonite a member of\",\n \"id\": \"14843627\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\ntemperature remained far below the freezing point () of water. The Mars Exploration Rovers, \\\"Spirit\\\" and \\\"Opportunity\\\" found a great deal of evidence for past water on Mars. The Spirit rover landed in what was thought to be a large lake bed. The lake bed had been covered over with lava flows, so evidence of past water was initially hard to detect. On March 5, 2004, NASA announced that \\\"Spirit\\\" had found hints of water history on Mars in a rock dubbed \\\"Humphrey\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"21381763\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Life on Mars\\n\\n\\nleast two-thirds of Mars' surface is more than 3.5 billion years old, and Mars may thus hold the best record of the prebiotic conditions leading to abiogenesis, even if life does not or has never existed there, which might have started developing as early as 4.48 billion years ago. Following the confirmation of the past existence of surface liquid water, the \\\"Curiosity\\\" and \\\"Opportunity\\\" rovers started searching for evidence of past life, including a past biosphere based on autotrophic, chemotrophic, or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as\",\n \"id\": \"10420549\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\na lower area where another lake would form. These dry lakes would be targets to look for evidence (biosignatures) of past life. On September 27, 2012, NASA scientists announced that the \\\"Curiosity rover\\\" found direct evidence for an ancient streambed in Gale Crater, suggesting an ancient \\\"vigorous flow\\\" of water on Mars. In particular, analysis of the now dry streambed indicated that the water ran at , possibly at hip-depth. Proof of running water came in the form of rounded pebbles and gravel fragments\",\n \"id\": \"21381678\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martian soil\\n\\n\\nan extensive soil analysis of Martian soil performed by the Curiosity rover showed evidence of water molecules, sulphur and chlorine, as well as hints of organic compounds. However, terrestrial contamination, as the source of the organic compounds, could not be ruled out. On September 26, 2013, NASA scientists reported the Mars \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover detected \\\"abundant, easily accessible\\\" water (1.5 to 3 weight percent) in soil samples at the Rocknest region of Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater. In addition, NASA reported that the\",\n \"id\": \"1098321\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars\\n\\n\\nNASA's Mars rover Opportunity in December 2011. It is estimated that the amount of water in the upper mantle of Mars, represented by hydroxyl ions contained within the minerals of Mars's geology, is equal to or greater than that of Earth at 50–300 parts per million of water, which is enough to cover the entire planet to a depth of . In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles and at mid-latitudes. The Mars rover \\\"Spirit\\\" sampled chemical compounds containing\",\n \"id\": \"17472300\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Methane on Mars\\n\\n\\n≈ 4 Earth years and as short as ≈ 0.6 Earth years. This unexplained fast destruction rate also suggests a very active replenishing source. A team from the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics suspects that the methane detected by the \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover may have been released from a nearby area called Medusae Fossae Formation located about 500 km east of Gale crater. The region is fractured and is likely volcanic in origin. Living microorganisms, such as methanogens, are another possible source, but no evidence for the presence of such organisms has\",\n \"id\": \"17340105\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\\n\\n\\n-depositional sedimentary concretions from an aqueous source On March 23, 2004, NASA announced that they believe that \\\"Opportunity\\\" had not landed in a location merely \\\"drenched in water\\\", but on what was once a coastal area. \\\"We think \\\"Opportunity\\\" is parked on what was once the shoreline of a salty sea on Mars,\\\" said Dr. Steve Squyres of Cornell University. The announcement was based on evidence of sedimentary rocks that are consistent with those formed by water and not wind. \\\"Bedding patterns in\",\n \"id\": \"9986758\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tarsal tunnel syndrome\\n\\n\\nKim Jong Un had surgery to correct TTS in his right ankle, the source of a pronounced limp. Kim's disappearance from public for six weeks around the suspected surgery created worldwide speculation about the future of Kim and North Korea. As stated earlier, musculoskeletal disorders can cost up to $15–$20 billion in direct costs or $45–$55 billion in indirect expenses. This is about $135 million a day Tests that confirm or correct TTS require expensive treatment options like x-rays, CT-scans, MRI and surgery. 3\",\n \"id\": \"10415261\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Atmosphere of Mars\\n\\n\\na process involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars. Living microorganisms, such as methanogens, are another possible source, but no evidence for the presence of such organisms has been found on Mars. There are some suspicions to the detection of methane, which suggests that it may instead be caused by the undocumented terrestrial contamination from the rovers or a misinterpretation of measurement raw data. In 2009, an Earth-based observational study reported detection of large-scale electric discharge\",\n \"id\": \"18926479\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Planetary surface\\n\\n\\nthrough processes rare elsewhere, such as the presence of volcanic magma and water. Surface mineral deposits such as olivine and hematite discovered on Mars by lunar rovers provide direct evidence of past stable water on the surface of Mars. Apart from water, many other abundant surface materials are unique to Earth in the Solar System as they are not only organic but have formed due to the presence of life – these include carbonate hardgrounds, limestone, vegetation and artificial structures although the latter is present due to probe exploration (see also List of\",\n \"id\": \"1405739\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars Direct\\n\\n\\nwas first proposed as a part of Mars Direct, the Mars Habitat Unit has been adopted by NASA as a part of their Mars Design Reference Mission, which uses two Mars Habitat Units – one of which flies to Mars unmanned, providing a dedicated laboratory facility on Mars, together with the capacity to carry a larger rover vehicle. The second Mars Habitat Unit flies to Mars with the crew, its interior given over completely to living and storage space. To prove the viability of the Mars Habitat Unit, the Mars Society has\",\n \"id\": \"20423348\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kieserite\\n\\n\\ncelestine. In early 2005, Mars Express, a European Space Agency orbiter, discovered evidence of kieserite in patches of Valles Marineris (the largest canyon on Mars), along with gypsum and polyhydrated sulfates. This is direct evidence of Mars's watery past and augments similar discoveries made by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in 2004. It is used in the production of Epsom salt and as a fertilizer, the overall global annual usage in agriculture in the mid 1970s was 2.3 million tons. Kieserite is also used for cleaning hard water\",\n \"id\": \"20037876\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Spirit (rover)\\n\\n\\n's operational record. An archive of weekly updates on the rover's status can be found at the \\\"Spirit\\\" Update Archive. \\\"Spirit's\\\" total odometry as of March 22, 2010 (sol 2210) is . The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission were to: NASA sought evidence of life on Mars, beginning with the question of whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life. Life forms known to science require water, so the history of water on Mars is a critical piece of knowledge.\",\n \"id\": \"150763\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\nthe rover's DAN instrument provided evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of , in the rover's traverse from the \\\"Bradbury Landing\\\" site to the \\\"Yellowknife Bay\\\" area in the \\\"Glenelg\\\" terrain. On September 26, 2013, NASA scientists reported the Mars \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover detected abundant chemically-bound water (1.5 to 3 weight percent) in soil samples at the Rocknest region of Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater. In addition, NASA reported\",\n \"id\": \"21381777\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Boron\\n\\n\\nSeptember 5, 2017, scientists reported that the \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover detected boron, an essential ingredient for life on Earth, on the planet Mars. Such a finding, along with previous discoveries that water may have been present on ancient Mars, further supports the possible early habitability of Gale Crater on Mars. Economically important sources of boron are the minerals colemanite, rasorite (kernite), ulexite and tincal. Together these constitute 90% of mined boron-containing ore. The largest global borax deposits known, many still untapped\",\n \"id\": \"3380989\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists\\n\\n\\nwas speculation about the identity of their perpetrators. Although the Israeli Mossad intelligence service was seen as the most likely candidate, other suspects included Iranian opposition groups such as MEK, intelligence operatives from Arab countries opposed to the Iranian regime, and the United States. Iran blamed Israel and the U.S. for the assassinations. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton categorically denied any U.S. role in the killings, a denial called \\\"plausible\\\" by analysts given the reported lack of U.S. intelligence assets in Iran. Israel neither confirmed nor denied its role in\",\n \"id\": \"20363835\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Launch Services Program launches\\n\\n\\nLaunch Services Program. Mars Exploration Rovers (MER-A & B) (Delta II) NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers launched aboard Delta II vehicles from CCAFS. MER-A \\\"Spirit\\\" launched June 2003, and MER-B \\\"Opportunity\\\" launched July 7 that same year. Both rovers reached Mars in January 2004. Information sent back to Earth from the rovers revealed the existence of water in the Red Planet's past (now ice). Previous missions to Mars include the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft that launched in\",\n \"id\": \"16907022\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars\\n\\n\\nfor the former habitability of Mars are pretty much the same,\\\" Squyres explained to BBC News. Hot water provides an environment in which microbes can thrive and the precipitation of that silica entombs and preserves them. Squyres added, \\\"You can go to hot springs and you can go to fumaroles and at either place on Earth it is teeming with life – microbial life. Opportunity rover was directed to a site that had displayed large amounts of hematite from orbit. Hematite often forms from water. When Opportunity landed, layered rocks\",\n \"id\": \"11337194\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory\\n\\n\\nsimilar to terrestrial mugearite rocks. On October 17, 2013, NASA reported, based on analysis of argon in the Martian atmosphere, that certain meteorites found on Earth thought to be from Mars are confirmed to be from Mars. On November 13, 2013, NASA announced the names of two features on Mars important to two active Mars exploration rovers in honor of planetary scientist Bruce C. Murray (1931-2013): \\\"Murray Buttes\\\", an entryway the \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover will traverse on its way to Mount Sharp and\",\n \"id\": \"16678175\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kolchuga passive sensor\\n\\n\\nmaterial confirmation has been found in Iraq. See Cassette Scandal for further information. Unconfirmed reports in September 2006 suggested a sale was made to Iran although this was denied by the Ukrainian government. On 20th of January 2019, Ukrainian news Sources confirmed a Sale of Systems to Israel and Saudi Arabia Since becoming publicly known following the Cassette Scandal, the capabilities of Kolchuga have been the source of many rumours and uninformed speculation in forums such as. Many observers have a tendency to credit it with magical powers of detection. Many of these\",\n \"id\": \"10440214\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Michael Morris (oceanographer)\\n\\n\\nObservation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission. ALICE measured ultraviolet light resulting from the impact of the Centaur upper rocket stage on the floor of the crater Cabeus. This confirmed that water ice is present on the moon. The Rocky 7 Rover prototype used an Ocean Optics point spectrometer which was sensitive in the range of 350-800 nm. Three Ocean Optics HR2000 spectrometers were customized as part of the ChemCam unit of the NASA Mars Science Laboratory rover, \\\"Curiosity\\\", which was launched November 26, 2011. The spectrometers\",\n \"id\": \"20936857\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars Exploration Rover\\n\\n\\nin the soil. The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment. After \\\"Spirit\\\" stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water. The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \\\"Comanche.\\\" In summary, \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"14843629\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Endurance (crater)\\n\\n\\nEndurance it headed for its heat shield where it would find the Meridiani Planum meteorite, which happened to be the first meteorite discovered on another planet. \\\"Opportunity\\\" spent about half a year exploring Endurance. During that time, data collected by the rover supplanted and greatly expanded on the history of water at Meridiani Planum, in addition to the confirmation that there had been liquid water here in ancient times. Endurance provided mission scientists with a cross-section of the bedrock on this part of Mars, showing that liquid water had\",\n \"id\": \"3094474\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Life on Mars\\n\\n\\nform, perhaps for as long as 600 Myr. If it had, the highly soluble Ca(ClO) in contact with liquid water would have formed only CaSO. This suggests a severely arid environment, with minimal or no liquid water interaction. The Mars Science Laboratory mission is a NASA project that launched on November 26, 2011, the \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover, a nuclear-powered robotic vehicle, bearing instruments designed to assess past and present habitability conditions on Mars. The \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover landed on Mars on Aeolis Palus in\",\n \"id\": \"10420637\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars rover\\n\\n\\nA Mars rover is a motor vehicle that travels across the surface of the planet Mars upon arrival. Rovers have several advantages over stationary landers: they examine more territory, they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months, and they can advance the knowledge of how to perform very remote robotic vehicle control. There have been four successful robotically operated Mars rovers, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory: \\\"Sojourner\\\", \\\"Opportunity\\\", \\\"Spirit\\\" and \\\"Curiosity\",\n \"id\": \"151743\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Endeavour (crater)\\n\\n\\n, with the rim coming into sight on March 7, 2009, and arriving at the edge on August 9, 2011. In December 2011, \\\"Opportunity\\\" rover discovered a vein of gypsum sticking out of the soil along the rim of Endeavour. Tests confirmed that it contained calcium, sulfur, and water. The mineral gypsum is the best match for the data. It likely formed from mineral-rich water moving through a crack in the rock. The vein, called \\\"Homestake,\\\" is in Mars' Meridiani\",\n \"id\": \"3175434\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sea Change (Parker novel)\\n\\n\\ntheir daughter and he confesses. Jesse later speculates that Flo’s father had her rent a boat, pushed her off of it, then returns it to the first place he sees, explaining why it had been returned to the wrong place. He responds that he did indeed argue with her on the boat, and push her off, but that she simply drowned unbeknownst to him. After he discovered she had died he denied the trip all together fearing that he would be accused of murder. Jesse later asks the twins why\",\n \"id\": \"21883694\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ocythoe tuberculata\\n\\n\\n, either in the Indian or Pacific oceans. \\\"O. tuberculata\\\" has typically been found in warmer waters. There is some speculation that warm ocean currents moving eastward from the Indian Ocean are responsible for the small sample of specimens found in northern pacific waters, but this has yet to be confirmed or denied. \\\"O. tuberculata\\\" is a near-surface dwelling pelagic octopus, living between depths of 100 and 200 meters. Female tuberculate pelagic octopuses are known to have a high fecundity, producing nearly 100,000 eggs. One female\",\n \"id\": \"3093870\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory\\n\\n\\nfor burn-up in the atmosphere. Landing was confirmed simultaneously by 3 monitoring Mars orbiters. \\\"Curiosity\\\" landed on target and only from its center. The coordinates of the landing site (named \\\"Bradbury Landing\\\") are: . Some low resolution Hazcam images were beamed to Earth by relay orbiters confirming the rover's wheels were deployed correctly and on the ground. Three hours later, the rover begins to beam detailed data on its systems' status as well as on its entry, descent and landing experience. Aerial\",\n \"id\": \"16678157\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mount Sharp\\n\\n\\nobservations of \\\"Curiosity\\\" about how water may have helped shape the landscape of Mars, including Aeolis Mons, and had a climate long ago that could have produced long-lasting lakes at many Martian locations. On October 8, 2015, NASA confirmed that lakes and streams existed in Gale crater 3.3 - 3.8 billion years ago delivering sediments to build up the lower layers of Mount Sharp. On February 1, 2019, NASA scientists reported that the Mars \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover determined, for the first time, the density of\",\n \"id\": \"12215328\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Douglas Vakoch\\n\\n\\n, there’s an end in sight. Not so for Mars One. By launching off to Mars, they’ll be making a commitment to an unknown way of life that they can never 'unchoose.'\\\" He said there are analogues of people making one-way trips, though \\\"[m]ost people can’t conceive of going on Mars One, because they can’t imagine leaving behind everything they love on Earth,\\\" adding that \\\"[i]n reality, this is similar to the loss that all immigrants felt throughout\",\n \"id\": \"1160581\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Life on Mars\\n\\n\\nMars had certain other similarities to Earth, for example that the length of a day on Mars was almost the same as a day on Earth. They also knew that its axial tilt was similar to Earth's, which meant it experienced seasons just as Earth does — but of nearly double the length owing to its much longer year. These observations led to increase in speculation that the darker albedo features were water and the brighter ones were land, whence followed speculation on whether Mars may be inhabited by some form of life.\",\n \"id\": \"10420553\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars\\n\\n\\nof subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of , during the rover's traverse from the \\\"Bradbury Landing\\\" site to the \\\"Yellowknife Bay\\\" area in the \\\"Glenelg\\\" terrain. In September 2015, NASA announced that they had found conclusive evidence of hydrated brine flows on recurring slope lineae, based on spectrometer readings of the darkened areas of slopes. These observations provided confirmation of earlier hypotheses based on timing of formation and their rate of growth, that these dark streaks\",\n \"id\": \"17472302\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Glaciers on Mars\\n\\n\\nin the tropics. Like glaciers on Earth, glaciers on Mars are not pure water ice. Many are thought to contain substantial proportions of debris, and a substantial number are probably better described as rock glaciers. For many years, largely because of the modeled instability of water ice in the midlatitudes where the putative glacial features were concentrated, it was argued that almost all glaciers were rock glaciers on Mars. However, recent direct observations made by the SHARAD radar instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter satellite have confirmed that at least some\",\n \"id\": \"11727057\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\nwater's abundance and distribution on Mars. The ESA's Mars Express orbiter has also provided essential data in this quest. The Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, MRO, and Mars Science Lander \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover are still sending back data from Mars, and discoveries continue to be made. The notion of water on Mars preceded the space age by hundreds of years. Early telescopic observers correctly assumed that the white polar caps and clouds were indications of water's presence. These observations, coupled with the fact that Mars has a\",\n \"id\": \"21381650\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\\n\\n\\npresence of water or from water in a hot spring environment. After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer, or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks, which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water. The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called \\\"Comanche.\\\" In summary, Spirit found evidence of slight weathering on the plains of Gusev, but no evidence that a lake was there. However, in the Columbia\",\n \"id\": \"9986781\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Law of South Korea\\n\\n\\nlegal system and contains a record of a confession made without assistance of legal counsel. While either the police officer or prosecutor can produce a suspect interrogation record, one made by a prosecutor is admissible if the suspect confirms the genuineness of the Record at a preparatory hearing or during the trial. If the suspect denies the genuineness, the record could still be admissible if there is a circumstantial guarantee of trustworthiness. However, a record made by a police officer is inadmissible if the suspect denies the genuineness later in the process. The\",\n \"id\": \"21544767\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers\\n\\n\\nThe embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers sent by NASA must withstand the high radiation levels and large temperature changes in space. For this reason their computational resources are limited compared to systems commonly used on Earth. Direct teleoperation of a Mars rover is impractical, since the round trip communication time between Earth and Mars ranges from 8 to 42 minutes and the Deep Space Network system is only available a few times during each Martian day (sol). Therefore, a rover command team plans, then sends, a sol of\",\n \"id\": \"3661768\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Muography\\n\\n\\nIn the future, it may be viable to include a high-resolution muography apparatus in a future space mission to Mars, for instance inside a Mars rover. Getting accurate images of the density of Martian structures could be used for surveying sources of ice or water. The “NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program” is now in the process of assessing whether muography may be used for imaging the density structures of small solar system bodies (SSBs). While the SSBs tend to generate lower muon flux than the Earth\",\n \"id\": \"627920\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Signs Of LIfe Detector\\n\\n\\ninto ways to refine the method and miniaturize the instrument further. Modern astrobiology inquiry has emphasized the search for water on Mars, chemical biosignatures in the permafrost, soil and rocks at the planet's surface, and even biomarker gases in the atmosphere that may give away the presence of past or present life. The detection of preserved organic molecules of unambiguous biological origin is fundamental for the confirmation of present or past life, but the 1976 Viking lander biological experiments failed to detect organics on Mars, and it is suspected it was because\",\n \"id\": \"1868106\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\nview of Mars would last nearly another decade until Mariner 9 showed a much more dynamic Mars with hints that the planet’s past environment was more clement than the present one. On January 24, 2014, NASA reported that current studies on Mars by the \\\"Curiosity\\\" and \\\"Opportunity\\\" rovers will be searching for evidence of ancient life, including a biosphere based on autotrophic, chemotrophic and/or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as well as ancient water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments (plains related to ancient rivers or lakes) that may have\",\n \"id\": \"21381657\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Opportunity (rover)\\n\\n\\nand took panoramic photos of its landing site. Its sampling allowed NASA scientists to make hypotheses concerning the presence of hematite and past presence of water on the surface of Mars. Following this, it was directed to travel across the surface of Mars to investigate another crater site, Endurance crater, which it investigated from June to December 2004. Subsequently, \\\"Opportunity\\\" examined the impact site of its own heat shield and discovered an intact meteorite, now known as Heat Shield Rock, on the surface of Mars. From late April\",\n \"id\": \"150848\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Viking lander biological experiments\\n\\n\\nLaboratory mission landed the \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover on August 6, 2012, and its goals include investigation of the Martian climate, geology, and whether Mars could have ever supported life, including investigation of the role of water and planetary habitability. Astrobiology research on Mars will continue with the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter in 2016, ExoMars rover on 2018, and the Mars 2020 rover in 2020. In 2008, the Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer was operated at Mars, which could chemically analyze 8 samples. The Urey instrument was a\",\n \"id\": \"2294957\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"(311999) 2007 NS2\\n\\n\\nm. Jean Meeus suspected that was a Mars Trojan, and this was confirmed by Reiner Stoss’s analysis of two sets of observations dating from 1998 on the MPC database. It was confirmed to be a Mars Trojan numerically in 2012. Recent calculations confirm that it is a stable Mars Trojan asteroid with a libration period of 1310 years and an amplitude of 14°. These values as well as its short-term orbital evolution are similar to those of 5261 Eureka. Out of all known Mars Trojans, it currently has the smallest\",\n \"id\": \"13699476\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jonson Clarke-Harris\\n\\n\\nthe youngest player to ever appear for Coventry City. He was 16 years and 20 days old. It was confirmed on 30 April 2012 that Clarke-Harris had not been offered a professional contract with Coventry and had left the club. Andy Thorn refused to speculate on why Clarke-Harris had been released but alluded to disciplinary problems. On 8 May 2012, he played in a reserve match for Blackburn Rovers, scoring the only goal of the game. On 23 July he signed a two-year contract with Peterborough United\",\n \"id\": \"8655070\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Opportunity (rover)\\n\\n\\nsearch begins with determining whether the Martian environment was ever suitable for life. Life, as we understand it, requires water, so the history of water on Mars is critical to finding out if the Martian environment was ever conducive to life. Although the Mars Exploration Rovers did not have the ability to detect life directly, they offered very important information on the habitability of the environment in the planet's history. \\\"Spirit\\\" and \\\"Opportunity\\\" are twin rovers, each a six-wheeled, solar-powered robot standing\",\n \"id\": \"150858\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Camelford water pollution incident\\n\\n\\nas yet unknown contaminant. One customer who telephoned the authority the day after the contamination was told \\\"there had been some acidity, but the water was perfectly safe to drink,\\\" and was no more harmful than lemon juice. On 14 July 1988 the authority sent a circular letter to all customers \\\"asserting that the water from the treatment works was of the right alkalinity and was safe to use and drink.\\\" Within two days, the authority suspected the source of the contamination was the erroneous delivery, which was confirmed\",\n \"id\": \"7546240\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\\n\\n\\nthat the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water. Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals, maybe bromine compounds. All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material. One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT). There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills (Mars), some of which have been altered by water, but not by very much water.\",\n \"id\": \"9986771\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mount Sharp\\n\\n\\nof the planet Mars; as well as, detecting Martian organic chemicals in powder drilled from a rock by the \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover. Also, based on deuterium to hydrogen ratio studies, much of the water at Gale Crater on Mars was found to have been lost during ancient times, before the lakebed in the crater was formed; afterwards, large amounts of water continued to be lost. On June 1, 2017, NASA reported that the \\\"Curiosity\\\" rover provided evidence of an ancient lake in Gale crater on Mars\",\n \"id\": \"12215335\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Space probe\\n\\n\\nlanding on Mars (December 2, 1971) The lander began transmitting to the Mars 3 orbiter 90 seconds after landing. After 20 seconds, transmission stopped for unknown reasons. First successful rover on Mars. The Mars Exploration Rovers, \\\"Spirit\\\" and \\\"Opportunity\\\" landed on Mars to explore the Martian surface and geology, and searched for clues to past water activity on Mars. They were each launched in 2003 and landed in 2004. Communication with \\\"Spirit\\\" stopped on sol 2210 (March 22, 2010).\",\n \"id\": \"17096197\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission\\n\\n\\nindicates the rocks had at least soaked in mineral-rich water, possibly from underground sources, after they formed. Increased assurance of the bromine findings strengthens the case that rock-forming particles precipitated from surface water as salt concentrations climbed past saturation while water was evaporating. The evidence for water was published in a series of scientific papers, with the initial results appearing in the journal \\\"Science\\\" and then with a detailed discussion of the sedimentary geology of the landing site appearing in a special issue of the journal \\\"Earth and\",\n \"id\": \"9986760\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\non the planet. Understanding the extent and situation of water on Mars is vital to assess the planet’s potential for harboring life and for providing usable resources for future human exploration. For this reason, \\\"Follow the Water\\\" was the science theme of NASA's Mars Exploration Program (MEP) in the first decade of the 21st century. Discoveries by the 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs), Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and Mars \\\"Phoenix\\\" lander have been instrumental in answering key questions about\",\n \"id\": \"21381649\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars suit\\n\\n\\nincluding moving fingers and gaining friction with rocks was noted, and ice climbing axes were helpful for climbing surfaces. Mountaineering on Mars may be needed when the terrain environments exceeds the abilities of a rover vehicle, or to access a target of interest, or simply to get home to a base. One common mountaineering need is a highly mobile short-stay shelter to use for overnight stays when climbing, such as a tent, and an equivalent for Mars might support the ability to get out of a space suit. Suit design\",\n \"id\": \"1604889\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diamonds World Tour\\n\\n\\nwere bang on and, as a performer, she is simply captivating to watch. Whether thrusting her crotch towards the crowd, or simply standing smiling down at them, when Rihanna is in front of you, you can’t take your eyes off her. Whether you agree with her morals or not, one cannot deny that the woman knows how to own a stage.\\\" Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the concert three out of five stars and concluded that although the concert was a \\\"nonetheless a well-honed\",\n \"id\": \"13499722\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"ADRON-RM\\n\\n\\nADRON-RM (Autonomous Detector of Radiation of Neutrons Onboard Rover at Mars) is a neutron spectrometer to search for subsurface water ice and hydrated minerals. This analyser is part of the science payload on board the European Space Agency \\\"Rosalind Franklin\\\" rover, tasked to search for biosignatures and biomarkers on Mars. The rover is planned to be launched in July 2020 and land on Mars in March 2021. ADRON-RM is a near copy of ADRO-EM on the stationary ExoMars 2020 surface platform and the Dynamic Albedo of\",\n \"id\": \"21972696\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"ExoMars\\n\\n\\nNASA, confirming their commitment to spend €850 million ($1.23 billion) on missions in 2016 and 2018. In April 2011, because of a budgeting crisis, a proposal was announced to cancel the accompanying MAX-C rover, and fly only one rover in 2018 that would be larger than either of the vehicles in the paired concept. One suggestion was that the new vehicle would be built in Europe and carry a mix of European and U.S. instruments. NASA would provide the rocket to deliver it to Mars and provide\",\n \"id\": \"18392135\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars Science Laboratory\\n\\n\\nExploration Rovers. The parachute has 80 suspension lines, is over long, and is about in diameter. Capable of being deployed at Mach 2.2, the parachute can generate up to of drag force in the Martian atmosphere. After the parachute was deployed, the heat shield separated and fell away. A camera beneath the rover acquired about 5 frames per second (with resolution of 1600×1200 pixels) below during a period of about 2 minutes until the rover sensors confirmed successful landing. The \\\"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\\\" team were able to\",\n \"id\": \"7782676\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Trace Gas Orbiter\\n\\n\\nlander and rover and provide communication for other Mars surface probes with Earth. Investigations with space and Earth-based observatories have demonstrated the presence of a small amount of methane on the atmosphere of Mars that seems to vary with location and time. This may indicate the presence of microbial life on Mars, or a geochemical process such as volcanism or hydrothermal activity. The challenge to discern the source of methane in the atmosphere of Mars prompted the independent planning by ESA and NASA of one orbiter each that would carry instruments in order to\",\n \"id\": \"5677153\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Big Fat Lie\\n\\n\\n\\\" as the promotion for the album would clash with the live stages of the singing competition. She ultimately decided to return as a judge, and scrapped the album \\\"Boomerang\\\" was associated with. It was during this time the media reported that Scherzinger was dropped from Interscope Records, however a spokesperson for Scherzinger denied speculation and confirmed that she was working with The-Dream and Tricky Stewart. When asked why \\\"Boomerang\\\" wouldn't appear on the album, she responded: \\\"It's just going to remain a stand\",\n \"id\": \"20791899\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"St. Ann's Well, Malvern\\n\\n\\ncentury, the now-defunct Burrows company bottled and sold Malvern Water from this source under the \\\"St Ann's Well\\\" brand. St Ann's Well is a natural spring which Palmer suggests may have been dedicated to Anu, a Celtic water goddess. A 19th-century antiquarian speculated that \\\"St Ann's Well — in its primary form means simply 'the well dedicated to the sun'\\\". According to James Nott one of the most important events in the history of Malvern was the arrival of St. Werstan,\",\n \"id\": \"4043061\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Interplanetary contamination\\n\\n\\nreport cites many advantages of a Mars sample-return. In particular, it would permit extensive analyses on Earth, without the size and weight constraints for instruments sent to Mars on rovers. These analyses could also be carried out without the communication delays for experiments carried out by Martian rovers. It would also make it possible to repeat experiments in multiple laboratories with different instruments to confirm key results. Carl Sagan was first to publicise back contamination issues that might follow from a Mars sample-return. In \\\"Cosmic Connection\\\" (\",\n \"id\": \"13684995\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Margaritifer Terra\\n\\n\\nthe Soviet \\\"Mars 6\\\" lander and NASA's \\\"Mars Pathfinder\\\". It is also one of several proposed landing sites for the Mars 2020 Rover. Holden and Eberswalde, craters in Margaritifer Terra, are thought to have formerly held lakes because they contain deltas and iron/magnesium smectite minerals which need water to form. The Uzboi-Landon-Morava (ULM) system of paths for water flow is found in Margaritifer Terra. Margaritifer Terra was named in 1979, after the Pearl Coast, south India. Part of\",\n \"id\": \"16153294\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Water on Mars\\n\\n\\nago and that they were ejected from Mars around 10.75 million years ago by an asteroid impact. They fell to Earth within the last 10,000 years. Martian meteorite NWA 7034 has one order of magnitude more water than most other Martian meteorites. It is similar to the basalts studied by rover missions, and it was formed in the early Amazonian epoch. In 1996, a group of scientists reported the possible presence of microfossils in the Allan Hills 84001, a meteorite from Mars. Many studies disputed the validity of the fossils. It\",\n \"id\": \"21381670\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Yahya Ayyash\\n\\n\\nLahia. Israel has a policy that it never confirms or denies its participation in targeted killings. Per this policy, Israel did not confirm or deny its role in killing Ayyash. This led to wild rumors and speculations as to the extent of their involvement. In 2012, former Shin Bet director Carmi Gillon confirmed the story in the documentary \\\"\\\"The Gatekeepers\\\". Kamil Hamad has disappeared, the Israeli press speculates that for betraying Ayyash he received US$1 millon (₤650,000), a fake passport and a visa to the\",\n \"id\": \"6954059\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Evidence of water on Mars found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\\n\\n\\ndeposits were formed from the evaporation of mineral-enriched waters. Lakes may have been scattered over large areas of the Martian surface. Carbonates, sulfates, and silica should precipitate out ahead of them. Sulfates and silica have been discovered by the Mars Rovers. Places with chloride minerals may have once held various life forms. Furthermore, such areas should preserve traces of ancient life. Rocks on Mars have been found to frequently occur as layers, called strata, in many different places. Columbus Crater is one of many craters that\",\n \"id\": \"12754162\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lake\\n\\n\\nto show lakes of liquid sulfur in volcanic caldera, though these are more analogous to lake of lava than of water on Earth. The planet Mars has only one confirmed lake; it is underground and near the south pole. However, the surface of Mars is too cold and has too little atmospheric pressure to permit permanent surface water. Geologic evidence appears to confirm, however, that ancient lakes once formed on the surface. It is also possible that volcanic activity on Mars will occasionally melt subsurface ice, creating large temporary lakes\",\n \"id\": \"19023379\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mars One\\n\\n\\n, the landing module transporting four astronauts was proposed to land on Mars. They envisioned the crew to be met by the rover launched in 2020, and taken to the Mars One colony. Notes: The initial concept timeline slipped 2 times, with a 2-year delay each time. Work on robotic missions was suspended pending further review and future contract direction in February 2015. SpaceX had no contracts with MarsOne and the project did not appear on their launch manifest. The Mars One team consisted of Chief Executive Officer and co-founder\",\n \"id\": \"3575496\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Timeline of United States discoveries\\n\\n\\n) in 1958, a vision and continued commitment by the United States of finding extraterrestrial and astronomical discoveries has helped the world to better understand our solar system and universe. As one example, in 2008, the \\\"Phoenix\\\" lander discovered the presence of frozen water on the planet Mars of which scientists such as Peter H. Smith of the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) had suspected before the mission confirmed its existence. 1747 Charge conservation 1796 Johnston Atoll 1798 Tabuaeran 1798 Teraina 1798 Palmyra Atoll Palmyra Atoll, a\",\n \"id\": \"9403349\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Harry Warden\\n\\n\\nVoorhees, Ghostface, etc., etc.), this one is certainly one of the more frightening to behold. The odd thing is I can’t even fully explain why that is. Perhaps it is better that I don’t over-analyze things and just respect the Miner and his mask for what they are: kick ass, top notch additions to the genre! Don’t bypass the 2009 remake simply because you’re a purist: it’s awfully entertaining and sports one of the most awkward (therefore must-\",\n \"id\": \"17648042\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Duricrust\\n\\n\\narid settings by evaporation. Minerals often found in duricrust include silica, iron, calcium, and gypsum. Duricrusts need to be formed in absolute accumulation, therefore they must have a source, transfer and precipitation. Duricrust is often studied during missions to Mars because it may help prove the planet once had more water. Duricrust was found on Mars at the Viking 2 landing site, and a similar structure, nicknamed \\\"Snow Queen,\\\" was found under the Phoenix landing site. Phoenix's duricrust was later confirmed to be water\",\n \"id\": \"6089853\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"2007 cyberattacks on Estonia\\n\\n\\ninfo about sources so we can't confirm or deny that the attacks are coming from the Russian government,\\\" Jose Nazario, software and security engineer at Arbor Networks, told \\\"internetnews.com\\\". Arbor Networks operated \\\"ATLAS\\\" threat analysis network, which, the company claimed, could \\\"see\\\" 80% of Internet traffic. Nazario suspected that different groups operating separate distributed botnets were involved in the attack. Experts interviewed by IT security resource SearchSecurity.com \\\"say it's very unlikely this was a case of one government launching a\",\n \"id\": \"1564759\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Exploration of Mars\\n\\n\\npublished in 2012 suggesting signs of microbial life on Mars. The Viking orbiters revealed that large floods of water carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Areas of branched streams, in the southern hemisphere, suggest that rain once fell. Mars Pathfinder was a U.S. spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars on July 4, 1997. It consisted of a lander and a small wheeled robotic rover named Sojourner, which was the first rover to operate on the surface of Mars\",\n \"id\": \"1581098\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eberswalde (crater)\\n\\n\\nThis extraterrestrial geological feature lies situated within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) region of Mars. Although not chosen, it was considered a potential landing site for the \\\"Mars 2020\\\" rover, and in the second Mars 2020 Landing Site Workshop it survived the cut and was among the top eight sites still in the running. Landforms in the crater provide strong evidence of the prior existence of flowing water on Mars. Several sites in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle have been proposed as areas to send NASA's major Mars rover, the\",\n \"id\": \"7338721\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":94,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How do music royalties work? Does a composer get a check every week or month for life? And typically how much for a hit song?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"3wyefk"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"Here was my experience: Every time my songs were played on the radio or on TV somewhere, I got a little bit of money - cents to dollars - depending on the use. One song was played enough times that it put me in a higher royalty bracket so I was paid more (1.5x the normal rate, I believe) per use. If played enough times, that money can really add up even if you're paid at the normal rate. I had a (brief) Top 40 Rock song in the mid 90s. To date, I've probably made $10,000 in performance royalties from it. Checks would come quarterly. At its peak, these checks used to be in the high hundreds to low thousands. These days, they're about 75 cents, if there's a check to cut in the first place. :-) EDIT: Reddit, you amaze me. Thanks for the love. EDIT#2: [Removed questionable link] Sorry! EDIT #3: Dammit Reddit! Thanks for the gold, kind Redditor. :-) EDIT#4: Thanks so much for all of this. Seriously. But my wife will kill me if I keep responding so I have to step away. Maybe an AMA one of these days?\"}, {\"answer\": \"Just a funny little anecdote. In Disney's *The Emperor's New Groove* Patrick Warburton (David Puddy, Joe Swanson, and Brock Samson, depending on your age) plays a royal bodyguard named Kronk. There is a scene in which Kronk is sneaking around transporting the unconscious body of Emperor Kuzco in a sack, which he throws over a waterfall,[(See here.)]( URL_0 ) all while humming/scatting a little tune. Apparently, and I'm trying but I can't find my source on this, so forgive me (or back me up:) Patrick is infamously tone deaf, and was supposed to be humming something similar to the Mission Impossible theme. (Or Disney's knock-off soundalike version.) He botched the job so poorly that he was credited with an original composition ('Kronk's Sneaky Theme?' I have no idea) and Disney legal had him sign over royalties to them.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Composers and songwriters are paid by performing rights organizations or PROs for short. There are three in the US and one in every other country. They are ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC. I have included their websites at the end of this post if you want to go directly there to learn more. Basically, radio, tv, restaurants/bar, the web, etc. (Anywhere music is played AND money is made) must pay a fee to each of these companies. A songwriter can only be signed to one of these companies. They gather the money and distribute the royalties. Most songwriters are paid quarterly. They are generally paid three quarters behind so it can take some time to be paid for your songs. Also, songwriters need to register their songs in order to be paid. It is free to join SESAC if you meet with a rep. It is a very small fee ($50) or something close to that for ASCAP or BMI and can be done online. Also, it is hard to say for a #1 - depends on the genre But it will be substantial. Keep in mind, most songs are written by several people and those people often have publishers so it can be quite complicated and that number will be split and split again. You can learn more at URL_1 , URL_2 , and URL_0 . To answer the other question below. These companies either use their own in house monitoring service to see which and when songs are played. Or they may use Nielsen Soundscan which is pretty much the industry standard. There are also companies that monitor the internet and pay songwriters for plays they find online and then pay songwriters either on their own or through one of the performing right companies mentioned above. One is called TuneSat, but there are others too. Hope this helps!\"}, {\"answer\": \"and also how do the people in charge of royalties know how much a radio station plays the song? I get it when there's stuff on the system as it can just link straight up online but when stations play records or CDs is there a way of counting plays?\"}, {\"answer\": \"As someone whose rent is paid by this, here's my ELI5.. TL;DR: here are two types of strictly royalties as far as composers/writers go. Mechanicals and performance. If you're an artist or producer there's also artist royalties, producer royalties, and neighboring rights. Mechanicals: these are easy. The rate is set by the government and is paid on a per-sale basis at $0.091 per song sold, and that amount is divided up amongst the songwriters (so if there are two writers, each one of them gets $0.0455 for every song sold). They're collected and administered by either the record labels (who receive the gross money for the sale and pay everyone out) or in the case of cover songs, a company called the Harry Fox Agency. These payments are usually semiannual but sometimes quarterly. Performance: this is a much wider net. Is your song in a TV show? Every time it plays you'll receive SOME money - how much is up to a complex formula based system put in place by the \\\"Performance Rights Organizations\\\" (i.e. ASCAP, BMI, SESAC, GMR, etc). I've made anywhere from 3 cents to over a thousand on a single TV play (depending on how long they use it, what time of day, how many people watch the show, what network, etc). Radio plays are also paid to the writers per play, and can be up to $15 per station per play. So if your song is getting 2000 spins a week (i.e. a hit song), that's $30k per week to split amongst the writers. Not bad. The PRO's all have different pay schedules, but to make things easy let's say they're basically quarterly. Streaming comes through both lanes depending on if you're published and how the song is released. Spotify/Pandora will usually come through the PRO (sometimes the former through the route of the mechanical). The rub with these services is that the music labels will license the song to them extra cheap in exchange for stock on the company or large non-specific advances that they don't have to pass along to the artists/writers - no bueno. Which is why artists/writers are complaining about streaming while the corporate side is suspiciously silent.. And lastly if you are the artist you'll get an additional artist royalty from the label once you've made back the money they spent on you (or making your album). Producers are entitled to a similar royalty, albeit much smaller. And then there's this thing called \\\"neighboring rights\\\" in other countries where the people who performed on the song (musicians, producers, artists) and the label owners get an additional performance royalty for that - but that is for another day.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I worked for a radio station about a zillion years ago, when it was two turntables and a microphone, and we were required to keep track of what we played. With a pencil and a logbook. I assumed it was so the artist would get paid, but I don't know for sure. The DJ had a lot of discretion over what he played, so they couldn't rely upon a predetermined setlist. Or maybe they just wanted to make sure we weren't playing lousy music. But I think it was the royalty thing.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Ok, I can provide a brief overview here but I'm sure lawyers and others more directly involved in the music business will have more to add and provide greater accuracy. With every recorded song there are two copyrights, one for the composer and one for the recording artist. Sometimes those rights belong to the same person, sometimes not. Anyway, composers and recording artists both have groups that represent them and collect royalties on their behalf. The problem is that there are multiple types of rights that can be licensed to a song or composition. For example, if you want to publicly perform a composition, you'll have to get with a performing rights organization (PRO) (or rather, the venue you perform at will). Want to burn your cover to a CD? You'll need a mechanical license but that's a different organization. You can see a flow chart of the process here: URL_0 Bear in mind that the chart is based on the UK so some terms are slightly different though the principle, to my understanding, is largely the same. Theoretically, these various groups who hold all of these different rights pay the artists they represent, usually quarterly. How they determine the payment is usually by how much the songs they created are used. How that is determined varies from group to group. For example, record labels know pretty well exactly how many copies of a CD are sold or how many times a song is streamed on Spotify. But how many times a song is performed in a club? Well, that's a bit more difficult. To that end PROs rely on bars and restaurants to provide reporting forms on what they played. Few, in my experience, do, so it ends up being like Nielsen, where a small number of clubs are used to determine what clubs at large are playing. Like I said though, methods vary depending on the rights at issue. All of that being said, music licensing is a giant mess that leaves no one happy. This is one of the reasons it's a major topic for copyright reform in the U.S. over the next few years. I know it's not very ELI5, but hopefully it helps some. Edit: To answer the question about how long it goes on, it goes until the copyright in the work expires. So yes, the person will receive checks until their death and then their estate will continue to get such checks for quite a long period of time afterward.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Fun fact: Simon Cowell's X Factor/ idol artists (one direction etc) almost all include musical samples played by Cowell (eg a single tambourine hit) on their records, so that Cowell personally receives PRS as a performer. Source: am in industry and know a writer for Olly Murs/1D fun fact 2 while we're on the subject, there is a music production company that specialises in quite literally adding 'the one direction kick drum' to other people's work. They get paid a shocking amount for this.\"}, {\"answer\": \"There are two components of a song that are distinct and separate and understanding how they are different is essential. 1. The composition that a song writer composes and puts down in sheet music. This is the copyright and the royalty recipient is the songwriter. He is often represented by a Publisher. 2. A recording of such a composition. This is the master and the royalty recipient is the artist. He is often represented by a Label. The terminology is important. While \\\"artist\\\" seems like a fair way to describe someone who writes songs, it will cause confusion if you try to apply it that way in this kind of discussion. So songwriter-copyright-publisher and then artist-master-label is the way it is. Both the songwriter and the artist receive royalties but they are quite different in how they are calculated and handled. Sometimes the writer and the artist are the same person, probably more often they are not, but even if they are, they will get checks from two different entities. Think about \\\"singer songwriter\\\" as a genre, it's referring to someone who does both. Let's invent a writer and an artist for these examples - Joe Melody is a gifted songwriter and composer, and Bob Crooner is a singer with a killer voice. Joe Melody is represented by a Publisher, and Bob Crooner is represented by a Label. Each of those entities is responsible for tracking the usage of their intellectual property, gathering the income and distributing it to Joe and Bob. There are so many different revenue streams it's hard to break down who gets what from where but I'll try. I guess I will go by platform, and keep it simple. There is plenty of nuance and exception that will bog us down. CD, LP, Cassette or other physical format, and also digital permanent download: Crooner records an album of 10 of Melody's songs. His label gets him in a studio and manufactures a CD and gets it on Amazon and they also get the album on iTunes. On Crooner's behalf, his Label has requested from Melody's Publisher licenses to use the written songs. To keep it brief, these licenses are free and require only that Crooner notify Melody that it is happening. This license binds Crooner to pay Melody 9.1c for every sale he makes of him singing Melody's song. This rate is set by the government and the Label is responsible for paying it to the Publisher. The Label will administer this whole deal. So a track gets sold on iTunes. iTunes receives 0.99c and the Crooner's Label a month or two later gets their 0.70c. Crooner's label then owes Melody's Publisher 9.1c. So what happens to the other 0.60c and what does Crooner get? That depends. Because at first music could not be recorded and taken away to listen to again, we have a very well developed government mandated ruleset for compositions, but not for the master recordings. They were a relatively late development, and the free market has found its own level. Basically Crooner and the Label agree on a percentage of income that allows for both to earn something. Crooner agrees to a 15% royalty. Does that seem low? It's not really. Out of the 0.60c the Label is left with it needs to do a lot of things, including recoup the costs of the studio time, artwork, manufacturing, promotion etc. and also pay their rent and staff. The bargaining power of each party will ebb and flow over time and contracts will be renegotiated every couple of years. Three to five years is a normal range for a contract. If Crooner signs for 15% of net income on a three year contract and he really takes off as a singer, when the contract expires he can ask for more or shop around if he wants. Radio Play Crooner's song comes on the radio in your car. Crooner gets nothing. Melody's and his Publisher are members of a Performance Rights Organisation which arranges paid licenses with anybody who wishes to publicly play music and distributes fees to the songwriters based on how much airplay a song gets. This PRO will pay Melody his share direct and Melody's Publisher their share direct, this is not something the Publisher manages. How much it is depends on the PRO and what kind of deal they made with whoever is playing the music. Remember how I said Crooner gets nothing? That's just the way it is in the US right now. Luckily for Crooner, terrestrial radio is becoming a smaller piece of the pie. He will get performance royalties as an artist for digital radio and digital streaming services like Sirius, Pandora or Spotify. Melody is already set up to receive his songwriter royalty. For streaming it is set at 10% of net income, not 9.1c. A lot of streaming plays, especially if they are ad-supported might bring in a fraction of a cent. I'm going to stop here to see if I am getting at the info you want. I'm happy to expand and answer other questions. I've been in the business of operating label and publisher concerns for 15 years. ETA: the royalty cycle is either quarterly or half yearly and you can expect to get paid 45-90 days after the end of a period for any income processed during said period. e.g. Jan-Jun might be a pay period, and everyone would received checks mid August or end September.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I actually do this for a living, in a few different projects: my band Canopy Climbers ( URL_0 ), my licensing projects Tiny Houses ( URL_1 ) and Monobox ( URL_2 ). Most all royalties are handled through my PRO (performing rights organization), and in my case that is SESAC. Most pay out quarterly via check or direct deposit, although I think SESAC can do monthly as well, at least for publishing royalties. Those royalties will keep coming as long as it continues being licensed, played on radio, etc. So essentially, you get paid for the entirety of the songs life. I can't speak to a hit song on radio, but I can speak to having songs placed on tv. These can range any where from $500-$25,000+, including both up front payment and backend royalties. Until we got management, we were licensing songs based on back-end royalties only, meaning no upfront payment, only the royalties received after the show airs. Now we get smaller front end payments as well as backend royalties (thanks management!). We've been placed several times on MTV, E! Network, Style Network, and then online in a buncha different places. How much the royalty is depends on several factors. Is is just an instrumental transition piece? Is it vocal-up, meaning a lead vocal singing in the placement? How long is it? The longer the placement, the more the royalty rate, as well as vocal up vs. no vocal. Also, the more the show airs, the more you are paid as it is paid per show. Would be glad to answer any other questions. Still kinda new at this but I'll do my best.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I actually know this one! My stepfather was a recording artist. His royalty checks came monthly, they were small as he did not sell a lot of records in his later years. He passed away 6 years ago, now my mom gets them\"}, {\"answer\": \"All the answers on here talking mostly about Performance Rights Organizations like ASCAP, BMI and SESAC, which take care of songs being played on the radio and live. However, if you're signed to a record label or a publishing company, and your songs are selling or people are covering your songs, you will be paid by the respective company. For example, if you sign to Big Cool Records, they'll give you an up front advance, some money to record the album, and they'll spend a bunch on marketing, etc. and manufacturing the album. Every time al album sells, based on how much royalty you negotiated with them (between 10-20%), money will be added to your account within the label. Once they recoup all the money they've spent on you (essentially making that advance you got a loan), you will be paid based on your royalty. Those checks come in once a quarter (4 times a year). If it's a hit song, you will recoup your account quicker and get paid sooner but that depends on how deep in debt you are with the label and how big the song is and how much it is selling (real sales - like on iTunes and in stores) Feel free to PM me if you have any more questions! Source: I'm a music lawyer\"}, {\"answer\": \"I was in an indie band that toured a lot but never had a hit song (mostly college radio and specialty market radio), but which had music licensed for several TV shows and films, the highest profile of which was probably the TV show How I Met Your Mother. This was probably six years ago and I still receive quarterly checks on this. The checks have remained consistent mostly because the show continues to play on different channels internationally. The amounts have declined over time somewhat, but annually I would say royalties total about $3,000. However, I should note that I control both the writing \\\"side\\\" and the publishing \\\"side\\\" of our music. When you are paid royalties on music, the royalties are split between the writer(s) who are credited with composing the song and the publishers, who control use of the recording. It is common for bands to sell their publishing rights in exchange for up front money, or for record labels to control and/or own the publishing for bands they release. It would not be unusual for a song to have three to five \\\"writers\\\" and have the publishing controlled by a label or publishing company. In this case any individual band member would see a greatly reduced cut. Speaking from a musician standpoint, licensing is the best because you don't have to \\\"do anything\\\" and the money just comes in. Of course, they are few and far between, especially for a no-to-almost-no name band like mine was!\"}, {\"answer\": \"Music royalties are fun - and slightly crazy. :) Quick credentials, I'm a director at a music licensing company that represents over 600 amazing artists. Here's a basic rundown. There are multiple \\\"royalties\\\" beyond just performance royalties, here's a description of each one: 1. Like mentioned below, there are organizations called PROs which are \\\"Performance Royalty Organizations\\\" - in the US that would be BMI, ASCAP, and SESAC. When a music artist creates a new song they register it with their PRO and that PRO collects royalties from radio stations, streaming sites/apps, and television plays from commercials or programming. That is \\\"performance royalties\\\" and usually are cents or partial cents per play - very low revenue. Which is why articles come out about artists being upset about Spotify and other streaming sites because they make so little compared to album sales. 2. Sync licensing is another portion of music royalties. When a commercial, YouTube video, Netflix show, or other content is created the filmmaker or production company must license the music that is going in the video content. This is a huge deal and allows musicians and bands to make significant revenue on the front end of content creation. Then when those films or videos go out they have time periods associated with the license that they can renew after 6 months or a year so for example the artist continues to make money as a tv commercial keeps running. 3. There is also mechanical licensing which is required if a music artist wants to cover and record a song that they did not write. So if I wanted to cover a Coldplay song and record it, then I would need to purchase a mechanical license. That way the original author gets revenue from that. One other note - it's important to understand the difference between the different types of ownership: 1. Master owner - a person who own part of the recording (think MP3, CD, the actual noise on a recording) 2. Publishing Owner - a person who owns part of the publishing 3. Writership Owner - a person who wrote the song Each of those owners get paid based on how much they own. Some people own 100% of their songs, while others might only own 50% of the publishing while their record label owns 100% of the master and 50% of the publishing. TL;DR: Yes, a song writer gets a payment each month from their representation like a PRO or their licensing representation which might be their label or a music licensing company. Feel free to ask questions. I tried to write this on my phone quickly, haha.\"}, {\"answer\": \"**Can we extend this question to television?** My particular interest is in **how long** do royalties continue? Is [Robert Clary]( URL_0 ) still collecting from reruns of Hogan's Heroes? Is Carol Burnett still picking up a check from MeTV airing old episodes of her show? Going back to the early B & W 1960s, is Ron Howard still getting beer money from The Andy Griffith Show? If so, **how much** would you guess such 30-, 40- and even 50-year old shows earn for their stars?\"}, {\"answer\": \"You mean a hit song now? Or a hit song when there was actually some money in the music business? Back then people actually paid for music, and even if you only had one or two good songs, a single hit could sell an entire album which would sell for about $12-15. There were big cuts being taken from that from the record company, reproduction costs etc, but the performance percentage earned artists something, and writers could still make money too. All of that is gone now. People don't buy CD's and most people get music for free on youtube. There are some legit services like spotify but the % is so low that you have to be a household name to make any decent money. Places like iTunes are a bit better but similar, and if you do get lucky enough to have a lot of people download your stuff, it is most likely just one or two songs - not a whole album. The reason most people don't care is because they still see people like Bieber in his Ferrari and assume pop stars are as rich as ever. But it's not true. The likes of Gaga and Bieber are not musicians or bands, but rather products that are sold with a huge company behind them. A company like that will put a million dollars down to promote a pop star like that, because they will get 50 million back. The problem is that all the smaller (real) artists and bands who used to maybe have a top 40 single in the past, do not make any way near enough money to survive anymore. In the past there was enough money in the business for bands like that to survive. Nowadays they make nothing from their music at all, and are in fact expected to just give it away for free because they need people to hear it and hear about the band. If you are lucky you will get people to buy tickets to your show and then you might make some money, although even then, many venues don't pay the performer at all unless they reach a certain threshold. tl-dr, big corporate machines like Rhianna and whatnot, are still making huge amounts of money. But everyone else makes nothing from music now. And for that reason, nobody is being signed, and in fact A & R departments don't even exist anymore. Nobody is out there visiting all the clubs and looking for the next big thing. Someone might pay some attention if you somehow go viral on youtube, but that is extremely rare.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I am a songwriter. Here is your basic breakdown of how you would make money. Say I write a song that gets cut (recorded) by an Artist that is decently well known. The first I would need to do is register with BMI, ASCAP, SESAC, or one of the smaller ones. We will use BMI for an example. What they do is take a very small fee with the promise of going out and collecting the money you are owed from record labels, radio stations, etc. Yes, money does come in the mail and you get it roughly every quarter. If you are doing well you might get more. That's what we like to call \\\"mailbox money\\\". The amount of money you make on a \\\"hit\\\" song has a lot of variables. For instance if you are self published or have an admin deal then you are making 90-100% of your money on a song. If you have a co publishing deal you make 50% of your money and the publisher makes 50%. There's also writing splits. In places like LA where people are assholes their lawyers negotiate really rough splits. You can see 5 names on a song but what you may not know is one of those guys is only getting 2 1/2 %. This stuff happens literally everyday. Nashville is a more respectable place where generally who ever is in the song. Gets an equal share. EDIT: If anyone has any questions about anything or I missed anything let me know and I would be happy to answer.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Back when the Dr. Demento Show was syndicated to about 50 radio stations one of my songs was played 3 times in a quarter. I eagerly awaited my ASCAP statement for that quarter and was confused when I got one that said that none of my songs had been played. Armed with a complete list of radio stations that carried the show and the playlist for the 3 shows in question I called them and asked what was going on. They said apparently none of the stations that carried the show had gotten sampled at that time and there was nothing they could do. So despite the fact that I could provide them with a list of radio stations, dates, and times to the minute when my songs were played I got no money. Remember that next time you hear about ASCAP suing a bar for playing music without an ASCAP license because they \\\"want to make sure their artists get paid.\\\" No, they don't. If they did they'd actually count the plays. We have computers, people. It's really not that hard. tl;dr: Me: \\\"150 spins on the radio!\\\" ASCAP: \\\"LOL NOPE!\\\"\"}, {\"answer\": \"The composer gets paid by performance collection agencies like BMI and ASCAP, and by Harry Fox Agency, which collects mechanical royalties (sales of CDs LPs Tapes, etc.) For many years I received no check or $0.98. After I was performed more it began to average $100 a quarter. One time one of my tunes was used as a theme song for a network TV talk show for a week. I think I got about $2000 for that. I had one major hit. A famous rapper sampled one bar of a funk track that I had composed back in the '70s. in one 18 month period, I received about $150,000. It was one tune on a CD of 7 or 8 tunes. I as composer, got half of the royalties for that song, about 4 or 5 famous rappers, split the other half. Now 15 or 20 years later, I still get 15 or 20 cents a quarter for that song. But now my quarterly checks average from $50 to $1000. Edit: spell\"}, {\"answer\": \"I am a registered artist with one of the big 3 PROs, but I have no idea how any of this works because my band never became popular :(.\"}, {\"answer\": \"In my experience the singer takes all the royalties and doesn't pay the musicians for anything because it's a privilege to work with him.\"}, {\"answer\": \"You mention composer, but there are actually two types of music royalties. The composer receives what is referred to as the publishing royalty. This royalty is collected for the underlying written work or composition of a song. The second type of royalty is the artist royalty, which is collected for the exploitation of the master recording. These 'masters' are usually owned by record labels who share a percentage of their sales with their recording artists. To make the most money as a musician you need to both write and record your own music. Since you mention composer specifically, I'll address that issue. As a composer/songwriter, you'll collect on a quarterly basis from your publisher (i.e. Sony/ATV, Warner/Chappell, or UMPG). These publishers collect on your behalf for all exploitation of your works, whether that be CD sales/downloads, radio play, streaming, or sync licensing for use in TV/Film. Your publisher is all associated to PRO, who licenses and collects fees for the performance of your works from radio, concert halls, bars/restaurants, and pretty much any other public place where music may be played. The PRO will pay your publisher, who will then pass that money on to you. Publishers pay their composers on a quarterly basis and keep an administration fee. The more popular you works are, the more money you'll get paid. As for how much money a hit song can make, the sky is the limit. As a composer, you will collect more based on the share of the song that you wrote. Most songs are not written by a single person. With that said, the best way to make money is to get as many sync licenses as you can. TV and film producers are usually willing to pay a pretty penny for the right song in their movie, show or commercial. On the flip side, royalty rates for streaming are so low, you'll need to millions upon millions of views to start to make some decent coin. Mechanical royalties, which are publishing royalties for the sale of a CD or permanent download, have also declined substantially as music sales in the traditional sense are much lower than they used to be. I'm happy to answer any other questions you may have as I've been in this business for over 10 years.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Well depends on what kind of royalty. Two types 1. Royalty from the publisher(songwriter's version of a label, most of the time paired up with labels or extensions of labels) These are paid bi-annually. You get 9.1 for every song you have on a album for each sale, unless you have a controlled composition clause, which means the performer of the song also had some writing of the song, which most of the time is less. 2. Performance rights organization. These are paid out every financial quarter, so end of March, June, September and December. There are two bigger public ones, BMI and ASCAP, and two private ones, which are invitation only which are SESAC and these brand new one I can't think of the name...These are the big money ones which know whenever your song is played on the radio you get paid. Depending on how popular it is on the radio it can be at a high tier than other, therefor a bigger payout. I have plenty of songwriter friends, and one, back in 1981 got his first check from BMI for 80k, and that's in 1980s dollars, and still gets enough payouts each month from them to pay a mortgage on a house he says, don't know how much that means to him, but probably at least a few thousand. Another friend, he's only like 24, but be wrote a song by a certain country duo, and in the first quarter it was a 210k payout, but was split with two other songwriters. His songwriting pay outs let him be able to jump start his own career which is pretty common. Brantley Gilbert who i don't really know, but we run in the same circles did the same thing, he wrote like a bunch of Jason Alden songs, which financed his own career before it really started, he also. This is also sometimes called \\\"passing down\\\" which a more popular country artist will have a single which a less popular artist wrote, to help them financially, and it's all part of the good ol boys club.\"}, {\"answer\": \"When you write a song that you want to earn royalties from, you register the song with whatever Performing Rights Organization you are signed up with (ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC are the big ones in America but there are hundreds worldwide). When you register the song, you attribute 200% of the ownership. 100% for the \\\"writer's share\\\" and 100% for the \\\"publishing share.\\\" So, if you have an ideal set agreement with whoever is exploiting your music you own 100% of the writers share as well as 100% of the publishing share (however, many libraries take the publishing share and sometimes part of the writer's as well). If a piece of music is placed in a television show or movie, for example, it is listed on a cue sheet (a document that is submitted with every episode of every show and film detailing what song is used, who wrote it, who published it, and what kind of use it is - Background Instrumental, Background Vocal, etc.). This is sent to your PRO who keeps track of how many times an episode/film/commercial aired and other royalty-generating means, looks at the cue sheet and sees for how long your music played, and pays it accordingly. You get a check every quarter (3 months) directly from your PRO. This is a pretty rough break down of it but hopefully it is helpful for those unfamiliar. I mostly work with TV/Film music, but I think radio play works in a similar way. Source: I work for a music publisher\"}, {\"answer\": \"A decade ago, I was part of a comedy troupe ( URL_0 ) and we at one point recorded some radio sketches, in hopes of making a \\\"record\\\" (like old skool Python). Anyways, last year I was informed about Sound Exchange. A company that started up to collect royalties for artists. Turned out SIRIUS XM had been playing our sketches for 10 years (legally and all that) but no one was collecting the royalties...so once we signed up with Sound Exchange, we got a cheque for $15k (!). Now I get like. $100 every 6 months. So that's cool.\"}, {\"answer\": \"For ad supported models like pandora, royalties for all record labels are collected by a holding company known as SoundExchange. The rate paid by pandora is based on # of sings streamed. The per song rate is currently $.14 per 100 songs streamed. Pandora pays about $400mn per year in these fees. The rate is set every five years. AND you won't believe this - but this rate decision actually happens. TOMORROW!!!!!!!!! Source: This shit is my job - and this decision is wildly fucking important for pandoras stock price. Google CRB pandora.\"}, {\"answer\": \"more complicated question: why is it so expensive now to produce sample heavy hip hop beats? in the 80's and 90's all this extremly famous funk, jazz and soul was used for hip hop, now those records are expensive to re-release and those kind of samples are more rare. does it have to do with the original artists wanting more money? As an artist, am I taking a lot less money using beat samples? Are there legal obstacles that make it inefficient?\"}, {\"answer\": \"So this thread reminded me that I'm a member of ASCAP, and I logged into my account for the first time in years. I have 12 \\\"works\\\" registered from an album that was released on a label in 2008, but nothing for all the singles, remixes, etc. that've been released on different labels since. My question is- do I need to be submitting my own releases to ASCAP or is it a label's responsibility?\"}, {\"answer\": \"You probably won't see this but Courtney Love wrote a letter about 15 years ago about what piracy is. It explains how recording contracts work. URL_0 \"}, {\"answer\": \"a bit late to the tale but here goes. there are or at least were a few different types of royalties back in the pre internet days. Radio stations would pay differing levels of royalties depending on the size of their audience. If you had a hit record on radio 1 (the uk national broadcaster broadcasting to millions) the payment, i believe, could be up to \\u00a345 per play. The collecting agency would take the payments from the radio station and take their cut which wasn't too much but lets say it was \\u00a35. The rest was passed to your publishing company who you signed your deal with (who should not only collect your money and pass on your cut but should actively try and place your music on to say tv, film, compilation albums etc). A typical publishing deal would be a 70/30 split in your favou, so they'd take \\u00a312 and pass on \\u00a328 to you. If there were four writers you'd get \\u00a37 each. It can get tricky though because there are royalties for the music and royalties for the lyrics. if you were to license your song to say an advert as my friend once did (a vodka advert for smirnoff, check out dylan rhymes - naked and ashamed) then there's two separate fees involved. The advert has to buy not only the music rights to use it (which are owned by the record company) but also the publishing rights. so they could pay the record co \\u00a310k of which you'd get a cut depending on your deal and the publishing co would get paid \\u00a310k and you'd get \\u00a37k as per the split. EVERY time that advert is played you would get a publishing royalty for it, depending on the audience size. there are also royalties for other things. If sheet music is produced of it then again you would get a royalty from that. Here's the interesting royalty which not many new about, mechanical royalties. these are paid to the producer (s) who may not necessarily be a part of the band. this royalty was paid for EACH AND EVERY physical copy that was made of a record or cd. I can't recall the amount, maybe 10%?, but it was worked out on the distributor price (which back in the day would have been circa \\u00a32.20 per 12\\\" record). It would have been collected in the UK by the MCPS, the mechanical copyright protection society. So there would have been 22p per copy in mechanical royalties. I believe the MCPS took 10% so lets say 2p. that leaves 20p and again, 70/30 split, the producer would come out with 14p. Now imagine that that album sold 10 million copies. you can see how that adds up very quickly to \\u00a31.4m. Just from one album. The producer probably didn't come up with any of the music creativity but would have crafted it all in to a song (ie, radio edits of 3m30s can be quite tricky to create from a full 5m30s song). Basically, the amount of money from royalties can be huge which is why Michael Jackson sold his Beatles publishing catalogue for $400m. Also, there was one occasion i recall that annie lennox had one of her songs played over 3000 times in one week on UK radio (details were published in Music Week). Publishing is HUGE. The guy who was Pink Floyds publisher owns/owned the Royal Berkshire Polo Club!! Hope this helps! EDIT: In the UK there is also a collecting agency called the PRS, the performance rights society. In theory, every time a song is played in a nightclub, the club should be making a playlist of what was played and pay out a royalty for each song. When people in the UK will see PRS stickers in shops etc, it's because music isn't free. If you want to have music in your shop to entertain your customers as they shop, you have to pay for it. again, you'd end up with a cut of that. I think nowadays shops get around it somehow by having their own instore radio stations. you'd also get a royalty if your song is used as telephone \\\"hold\\\" music. and as ring tones, and in birthday cards, fucking everywhere actually.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Streaming and piracy have destroyed royalties though. My best friend wrote some #1 hits on Atlantic Records in the late 90s and very early 2000s. His royalties were roughly $500,000 usd a year. Around 2010 to now, between piracy and streaming his royalties have dropped to about $50,000 usd a year. Granted his songs aren't #1 anymore but he's been in this business for over 40 years and knows the trends very well and even years after a song is no longer a hit, your royalties don't drop 90 percent even a decade later. He's semi-retired because there's no more money in music so it's pointless to even do the work. People are just gonna steal it anyway. He did tell me though that what little work or writing he does is gear towards rock. He told me that among major labels that rock music is seen as a better choice than EDM or dance music because even though EDM is ridiculously popular at the moment, almost every EDM listener steals music. Stealing is much less common among rock music. So for example, if you write a EDM hit, you might have 1,000,000 listeners but almost every one of them will steal it instead of buying. It just seems to be the general behavior of EDM listeners. But if you write a rock hit, while rock is much less popular at the moment, you might only have 100,000 listeners but odds are very high that a huge portion of them will buy it. So you'll sell more songs to 100,000 rock fans than you will to 1,000,000 EDM fans. Hell, Steve Aoki and AVCII have been caught in their youtube vids using pirated software. I mean, they're filthy rich and can't even be assed to pay for the stuff they use...why would their listeners pay?\"}, {\"answer\": \"I'm a media composer and write for a lot of trailers, commercials and tv shows. We usually get paid royalties every quarter (3 months). The amount is dependent on many variables, for example, the viewership, whether it's network or cable, time of day and what territory it's based in. However, some clients license your music through a \\\"buy-out,\\\" which allows them to just pay you a single (usually heftier) fee so they don't have to keep fulfilling royalty payments. I haven't written any \\\"hit songs\\\" but I've written music for quite large clients. I did an Ikea commercial about 5 years ago that still pay me every quarter. But for an example, I recently wrote music for a big kids animated movie trailer which screened on UK television for 2 weeks. I got approximately $8,000 for those two weeks of broadcasts so it **can** be a very lucrative business. (That's not including the fee I got to write the music.) I've written music for BBC shows and even shows like Kitchen Nightmares. BBC paid almost double in royalties beause it's network. The money is collected by your respective Rights Society, either PRS, ASCAP, BMI, etc. It's hard to wrangle in this business because fees, viewership figures and plays are all behind a curtain. You just have to trust your royalty society and their admin. Buyouts can be risky, too. I have a friend who had a client offer him 25K for a track for a beer commercial. My friend accepted without a second thought and a week later saw the commercial during the superbowl...he lost out on an insane amount of money because he accepted the buyout and didn't ask questions! That was a hard lesson that day...\"}, {\"answer\": \"Finally, an excuse for my first post! I work for a European PRO (performing rights society) and from my experience, each pro collects license revenue from music users and distributes this revenue to the composers and publishers in the form of royalties. A PRO will license music usage in their own territory from radio stations, television broadcasters, live venues/festivals, restaurants, shops, businesses, record labels and also online platforms like YouTube, Spotify, iTunes and Amazon. Once a PRO receives the music reporting from these users, royalties are distributed to the composers and publishers based on a distribution schedule. The amount a composer/publisher gets is based on where the music is used and how large that license revenue is. For example, you will get paid more from a larger radio station per minute then from a smaller station which pays a smaller license fee. Once we have received the reporting for your music usage, a matching system will usually link this information to the song registrations we have on a database which are then linked to a composer or publishers account. Music usage in that PRO can usually take between 4-6 months to distribute but if your music gets broadcast overseas, it can take aslong as 2 years to receive this income from other performing right societies. I've probably missed out a load of useful info so let me know if you have a further questions!\"}, {\"answer\": \"For actors, in the UK and Ireland at least, you used to get royalties after doing any TV or film. Now, you get a bit more money to buy you out of the royalties. My dad still gets royalties every year from a movie he did in the 70s. It was a small part. He'll usually get \\u20ac0.50 if it's shown in South Africa or somewhere. He gets around \\u20ac90.00 every year for a Christmas special he did in the 90s. It's not much, but it buys a present every year and it's better than a kick up the arse.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Label owner here - We get a monthly payment from our distributor, which we then pass onto artists, less our fee. (60/40% Artist / Label split). It's always collected a few months behind but includes everything from itunes sales to youtube / spotify streams. If we've landed any synchronizations (music used in tv, video, movies and advertising etc) then we'll have separate terms for that. By no means are we a large label, but we do pull in about \\u00a3500 a month from sales and streams.\"}, {\"answer\": \"If anyone is interested in seeing how much a published artist makes in a year, Zoe Keating [made all of her 2013 financials public]( URL_1 ). She also put out [6 months of income in 2011-2012]( URL_0 ). If it's TL;DR for you - she makes the lion's share of her money from Album sales, via iTunes and Bandcamp. I'm sure performance income helps out a lot, and she doesn't state if this is gross or net... still interesting, though.\"}, {\"answer\": \"It kinda sucks because streaming services should be better for artists. I've probably bought less than 20 CDs in my life, most of them at discounted prices. I used to just listen to the radio or get music from friends(perhaps not legally). Now I spend over NZ$100 a year on music in the form of music streaming services. By the time I die I'll have spent thousands. If I was still buying CDs it'd only be hundreds.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Random related factabout James Brown's drummer. The dude tears it up in \\\"Funky Drummer\\\" and the world forgets about it until the 80's when someone rhymes over it. Hip hop is born. This drum track goes on to be the most sampled portion of a song in music history and the drummer, an old man today, has never seen a dime for it. Look up \\\"rhythm of the funky drummer\\\" for the full story.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I have a friend who's grandpa is a violinist for movies and TV shows. He played for Family Guy, Futurama, Pirates of the Caribbean, etc. He basically told me what /u/dirtyfacedkid said, but he also gets paid by the hour during the actual recording sessions. He told me he gets around $200 an hour and afterwards he receives royalties after the movie/tv show is released.\"}, {\"answer\": \"My friend is the co-founder of Timex Social Club and song writer who put out [Rumors]( URL_0 ) in 1986. They opened for the RUN-DMC 'Raising Hell' tour that same year. Despite being a #1 R & B hit in 1986, the amount he gets from royalties isn't enough to buy a loaf of bread most months.\"}, {\"answer\": \"A guy I work with was on SNL in the 80s. He did a few movies around that time too, and he gets a check for about $0.12 - $0.25 a month. So to answer your question, (even though this is movie biz vs music biz) yes. [Gary Kroeger IMDB]( URL_0 )\"}, {\"answer\": \"Kinda relevant. The same goes for PPV fights (WWE, UFC, Boxing, Etc.) I once saw a job on craigslist that wanted you to go to bars and be \\\"undercover\\\" and see if a place is broadcasting the PPV, and charging an additional cover.\"}, {\"answer\": \"What I have learned from this thread: 1. Turn a song you write and perform into a meme 2. ??? 3. Profit Rick Astley lucked out for sure.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Could an artist (or friend of the artist) just put their song/album on repeat on spotify and rake in money?\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"9909921\", \"title\": \"Copyright Royalty Board\", \"section\": \"Section::::May 2007 webcasting royalty increase.:License fee rates.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 10, \"end_paragraph_id\": 10, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"The same 100 listeners previously cost a service a little over seven-and-a-half cents from 1998 through 2005. If a service plays an average of 15 songs an hour, and a listener listens for 9.1 hours a week (the average amount according to recent Bridge reports),\", \"For example, under the 2007 rate, 100 unique listeners of a transmission of a sound recording will cost the transmitter eleven cents. The same 100 listeners previously cost a service a little over seven-and-a-half cents from 1998 through 2005. If a service plays an average of 15 songs an hour, and a listener listens for 9.1 hours a week (the average amount according to recent Bridge reports), the listener would cost the service $0.66 a month. Noncommercial webcasters Annual fee $500 per channel or station, up to a total of 159,140 aggregate tuning hours (ATH) per month.\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"305567\", \"title\": \"Royalty payment\", \"section\": \"Section::::Music.:Mechanical royalties.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 89, \"end_paragraph_id\": 89, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"The publisher's role is to promote the music by extending the written music to \\\"recordings\\\" of vocal, instrumental and orchestral arrangements and to administer the collection of royalties (which, as will shortly be seen, is in reality done by specialized companies). The publisher also licenses 'subpublishers' domestically and in other countries to similarly promote the music and administer the collection of royalties.\", \"rate applies for a duration equivalent to 5 minutes, or less, of a musical composition/song and (ii) a per-minute rate if the composition exceeds it, whichever is greater. In the predominant case, the composer assigns the song copyright to a publishing company under a \\\"publishing agreement\\\" which makes the publisher exclusive owner of the composition. The publisher's role is to promote the music by extending the written music to \\\"recordings\\\" of vocal, instrumental and orchestral arrangements and to administer the collection of royalties (which, as will shortly be seen, is in reality done by specialized companies). The publisher also licenses 'subpublishers' domestically and in other countries to similarly promote the music and administer the collection of royalties.\", \"rate applies for a duration equivalent to 5 minutes, or less, of a musical composition/song and (ii) a per-minute rate if the composition exceeds it, whichever is greater. In the predominant case, the composer assigns the song copyright to a publishing company under a \\\"publishing agreement\\\" which makes the publisher exclusive owner of the composition. The publisher's role is to promote the music by extending the written music to \\\"recordings\\\" of vocal, instrumental and orchestral arrangements and to administer the collection of royalties (which, as will shortly be seen, is in reality done by specialized companies).\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"19026308\", \"title\": \"Music law\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Music Law refers to legal aspects of the music industry, and certain legal aspects in other sectors of the entertainment industry. The music industry includes record labels, music publishers, merchandisers, the live events sector and of course performers and artists.\", \"Music Law refers to legal aspects of the music industry, and certain legal aspects in other sectors of the entertainment industry. The music industry includes record labels, music publishers, merchandisers, the live events sector and of course performers and artists.\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"256698\", \"title\": \"Life estate\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"In common law and statutory law, a life estate is the ownership of land for the duration of a person's life. In legal terms, it is an estate in real property that ends at death when ownership of the property may revert to the original owner, or it may pass to another person.\", \"In common law and statutory law, a life estate is the ownership of land for the duration of a person's life. In legal terms, it is an estate in real property that ends at death when ownership of the property may revert to the original owner, or it may pass to another person. The owner of a life estate is called a \\\"life tenant\\\".\", \"In common law and statutory law, a life estate is the ownership of land for the duration of a person's life. In legal terms, it is an estate in real property that ends at death when ownership of the property may revert to the original owner, or it may pass to another person. The owner of a life estate is called a \\\"life tenant\\\".\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Sippy Cup (song)\n\n\na deeper look into Crybaby's family life. This is my favorite video I've done so far. Directing this music video made me very excited to direct videos for every single song on the album. I can't wait to continue telling the story of the album in every way possible.\" The song is composed in G minor. Martinez further explores the character of Cry Baby and her home life in \"Sippy Cup\", showing just how serious her parents' problems are. No matter how much her mother tries","id":"14240889"},{"contents":"Muskrat Ramble\n\n\n\"How much royalties do you get out of 'Muskrat Ramble'?\" I don't even know why I asked. I guess more out of conversation than curiosity. \"I don't get nothing,\" came his reply and I almost fell off the chair. He said he never sold it to anyone since he had composed it that day for the Louis Armstrong Hot Five recording. That was some twenty years before and it had become one of the all-time dixieland hits in the meantime. Ory said that","id":"1038267"},{"contents":"How Do I Get There\n\n\n\"How Do I Get There\" is a song written by Chris Farren, and co-written and recorded by American country music artist Deana Carter. It was released in August 1997 as the fourth single from her debut album \"Did I Shave My Legs for This?\". The song became her third single to reach the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was Carter's last Number One hit on the country chart. \"How Do I Get There\" debuted at number","id":"5323806"},{"contents":"Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)\n\n\n. This leads them on a plan for divorce. Shakthi tells Divya to agree and stay for a month with his parents so that they will not get hurt over the fact that they made Shakthi marry someone who does not like him. To make this worse, Shakthi's father (Prabhu) gets Divya to stand for the female election, to which she agrees. When she loses the election, Shakthi's father hits him. That is when Shakthi reveals how he lost in love and life. Seeing how much he loves","id":"4023201"},{"contents":"Got My Mojo Working\n\n\n. Again according to Rabinowitz, royalties from the song amounted to between $20,000 and $30,000 a year in the 2000s. He said \"Every six months I send Preston a check... He's basically still making a living from this song.\" Foster later set up GetIt Records in Jamaica, New York, and released singles under his own name and as \"The Mojo Kid\". Music historian Larry Birnbaum states that the 1955 R&B hit \"Hands Off\", written by Jay McShann and recorded by him with singer","id":"18978056"},{"contents":"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love\n\n\ntook a piece of your songs—a piece of the publishing—but in the end, you didn't have any pieces left. Even now, I'm still struggling to get the publishing, the royalties, and that'll never happen.\" Jerry Wexler maintained in 2002: \"I know Solomon is upset about that, and I wrote him a long letter explaining how we wrote the song together and that he has always gotten his share of the royalties. I know that because I get royalty checks for the song","id":"12566659"},{"contents":"Royalty payment\n\n\nmusic societies called \"Performing Rights Organizations\" (PROs), \"some\" of which are government-approved or government-owned, to which the composer, the publisher, performer (in some cases) or the record label have subscribed. The diagram on the right titled \"The Performance Rights Complex\" shows the general sequences by which a song or a composition gets to be titled a \"performance\" and which brings royalties to songwriters/publishers, performing artists and record labels. How, and to whom, royalties","id":"9816079"},{"contents":"Celebrity bond\n\n\nart whose future royalties are based in part on a widespread reputation of the creator of the work, celebrity bonds often are music-based celebrity bonds. For a music-based celebrity bond, the issuer seeks to put together intellectual property rights of one or various artists to \"songs that have stood the test of time,\" typically \"top-40 greatest hits across genres from jazz to rap to rhythm and blues.\" In addition to getting money upfront, artists additionally retain ownership of their work and do not have to pay","id":"3049790"},{"contents":"Humnasheen (Ghazals by Shreya Ghoshal)\n\n\nand impact. Ghoshal cannot do raag-based singing in films, and does not expect that it will happen in films. \"Diction needs to be very clear\", she said. Her tilt towards Urdu happened only after she entered the film industry. There are so many talented lyricists and composers from whom she learnt something every day. She has learnt music from Kalyanji (composer), who told her how important diction is. When she heard old songs of Lata Mangeshkar and Mohammed Rafi, she could see how","id":"3750123"},{"contents":"Words and Music by Saint Etienne\n\n\nwebsite, the album is about \"how music affects your life. How it defines the way you see the world as a child, how it can get you through bad times in unexpected ways, and how songs you've known all your life can suddenly develop a new attachment, and hurt every time you hear them. More than how it affects and reflects your life though, the album is about believing in music, living your life by its rules.\" The album opens with \"Over the Border\", a","id":"17476479"},{"contents":"Who Do You Think You Are (Spice Girls song)\n\n\nit, move it, make it\". The inspiration for the lyrics comes from some of the people the group met in the music industry, and are about the presumptuous superstar life, and how someone can get trapped in the world of fame, much like the Temptations' 1971 classic \"Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)\". \"Who Do You Think You Are\" was generally well received by contemporary music critics. In a review of the group's debut album \"Spice\", Chuck Campbell","id":"7383946"},{"contents":"The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy and the History of Christian Science\n\n\n, and it takes every hour of my time and as much vitality as I can put into it. ... You can't know, never having done it, how such work does sap your poor brain and wring it dry of anything you'd like to pretend was there. I jump about like a squirrel in a cage and wonder how I got here and why I am doing it. I never in my life wanted to do this sort of thing. I have a clean conscience on that score. Then why am","id":"8535491"},{"contents":"Until We Have Faces\n\n\n, synths and the distinct Red yell that the lead singers does. This was an amazing album just like the first two. If you have never heard Red I suggest getting this album or any of their albums because you will be amazed that every song is composed very well. A band that can write well rounded songs is hard to find and Red sure know how to do just that. I recommend it, Go now, get this!\" The guitarist John Petrucci from the band Dream Theater has considered this album the","id":"10193582"},{"contents":"Bonnie Guitar\n\n\n, Fabor Robinson, a tune written by Ned Miller, with whom she worked as a session guitarist. Robinson was dissatisfied with how Dorsey Burnette sang a version of it and offered it to Guitar. \"I said, 'I'll give up my royalties and everything just to do this song,'\" she told Robinson in recounting their collaboration on \"Dark Moon\" to Wayne Jancik in The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders. \"I knew it was up for grabs and somebody was gonna get it.","id":"20661677"},{"contents":"How Not To\n\n\ntrue artist,\" and described the song as \"poignant.\" The staff of country music blog \"Taste of Country\" praised the vocal performances on the song and called it a likely hit. \"Dan + Shay aren't really breaking any new musical ground here,\" they write, \"but wow, do they sound sweet not doing it.\" \"How Not To\" was the most-added new single on country radio the week of its impact. The song debuted at number 59 on the \"Billboard","id":"16562050"},{"contents":"Untitled (How Does It Feel)\n\n\n\"Untitled (How Does It Feel)\" is a song by American singer D'Angelo, released January 1, 2000 on Virgin Records in the United States. It was issued as a radio single in promotion of his second studio album, \"Voodoo\" (2000). Written and produced by D'Angelo and Raphael Saadiq, the song was originally composed as a tribute to musician Prince. \"Untitled (How Does It Feel)\" contains a vintage style and sound similar to that of Prince's early musical work. The song","id":"17536430"},{"contents":"Spice Up Your Life\n\n\nhour with a film crew watching. The session was interrupted constantly, with people entering the building, phoning them, or throwing things through the window. Eventually, when the filming crew left the room, the group managed to finish the song. Stannards commented about the inspiration behind it to \"Music Week\": \"We were talking about Bollywood films, the colours and how the Spice Girls could present themselves. It was a matter of how do we get everything in to one song?\" All the writing and the","id":"3741170"},{"contents":"Ty Harper\n\n\n(Jacob Brito) someone sends her text messages and turns off the power. Armed with a cricket bat, Rachel hits the stalker when they come into the house. When the lights come back on Rachel sees that she has attacked Ty who was coming home. Rachel accuses Ty of being the stalker and he is taken to the hospital to get checked over. Ty questions how anyone thought that he could do that to Rachel and he asks her how she does not know how he feels about her. Rachel discovers that a","id":"15190414"},{"contents":"Music publisher (popular music)\n\n\n. Synchronization royalties are required when a composition is used in a film or television soundtrack. These royalties typically pass through the hands of a music publisher before they reach the composer. Publishers also work to link up new songs by songwriters with suitable recording artists to record them and to place writers' songs in other media such as movie soundtracks and commercials. They will typically also handle copyright registration and \"ownership\" matters for the composer. Music print publishers also supervise the issue of songbooks and sheet music by their artists. Traditionally","id":"11957004"},{"contents":"Robert MacGimsey\n\n\nlife to good government. MacGimsey was also famous for double whistling, or whistling duets. MacGimsey is also known for the song \"How Do You Do?\" which was originally written for the Walt Disney live-action musical drama \"Song of the South\". The song is also featured in the theme-park attraction Splash Mountain located in Disneyland, Walt Disney World, and Tokyo Disneyland. MacGimsey also composed \"Shadrack,\" which was a 1962 hit for Brook Benton that was also recorded by Louis Armstrong and many","id":"16012752"},{"contents":"How Do I Make You\n\n\n\"How Do I Make You\" was a Top 10 hit song composed by Billy Steinberg and recorded by Linda Ronstadt in 1980. Steinberg stated that he was \"a little bit influenced\" by the Knack hit \"My Sharona\" in writing \"How Do I Make You.\" He originally recorded the song with his band Billy Thermal as one of several demos produced while the band was signed to Planet Records. The label ultimately did not release these songs. However, several Billy Thermal demos, including \"How Do I","id":"176497"},{"contents":"Loveria\n\n\nhe will surely get Sweety married to her. Adi does not agree to this condition and gives Shantimoy another bumper offer that by 6 months Adi will make Shantimoy as poor as his father and will take revenge of every hit which hit his father. Sweety supports Adi to this. After this, Adi finds out about how much property and land Shantimoy owns. After finding this out,Adi tricks Shantimoy into sending all his money and his wife's jewellery outside and Adi takes them away. He also finds out about another secret","id":"2580447"},{"contents":"Musical composition\n\n\nOften, composers who aren't doing business as publishing companies themselves will temporarily assign their copyright interests to formal publishing companies, granting those companies a license to control both the publication and the further licensing of the composer's work. Contract law, not copyright law, governs these composer–publisher contracts, which ordinarily involve an agreement on how profits from the publisher's activities related to the work will be shared with the composer in the form of royalties. The scope of copyright in general is defined by various international treaties and their","id":"3655092"},{"contents":"Micrometer\n\n\nconsistency to do close-tolerance work successfully. There is a good and easy way to synchronize on this topic: it is simply to get used to the \"feel\" of how much torque it takes to slip the typical friction sleeve or click the typical ratchet thimble—and then incorporate that same feel into every use of a micrometer, even those that have no sleeve or ratchet. This is proper training for the machining trade, although it is not uncommon to encounter coworkers who were not well trained on this point.","id":"73483"},{"contents":"Hit 'Em Up\n\n\n\"Hit 'Em Up\" can be found on \"Tupac: Live at the House of Blues\" DVD. Finishing the recording of the song, Shakur felt very positively about the track, saying the \"song is going to be playing in every club., every country. Deejays are calling from everywhere, wanting to get a piece of this.\" \"Hit 'Em Up\" appeared first as a B-side, on the single \"How Do U Want It\", by Shakur featuring The Outlawz.","id":"2586212"},{"contents":"How We Do (song)\n\n\nUnited States, peaking at #4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and remaining on the chart for 28 consecutive weeks. \"How We Do\" marked Game's first top-ten single on the chart as a lead artist and also marked 50 Cent's fifth overall top-ten single. This song is considered to be one of Game's most well-known and recognizable songs. The song was a hit at Urban and Rhythmic radio stations in America, and was a success on American mainstream pop music radio stations","id":"16731836"},{"contents":"As Good as I Once Was\n\n\n. Matt Bjorke writing for About.com stated \"the song is a good one, so good that it rivals anything off of Toby's \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" album. It's a fun track about getting older, and how we don't have as much \"energy\" as we once had.\" \"Sputnik Music\" called it \"a testament to how much old age sucks\" while Allmusic declared the song was \"wonderfully self-depreciating\". \"As Good as I Once Was\"","id":"4472740"},{"contents":"Aeolian Company\n\n\nroyalties. To make matters worse, the player piano companies refused to pay royalties to composers for the songs they put on player piano rolls. These rolls were scrolls of paper with holes punched out in patterns that instructed the piano how to play a particular song. The rolls, argued the player piano companies, did not “copy” the composers’ musical compositions. As a result, they were perfectly legal. The Supreme Court, in its 1908 opinion in White-Smith Music Publishing Company v. Apollo Company, sided with","id":"3556062"},{"contents":"How Do You Like Me Now?! (song)\n\n\n\"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in November 1999 as the second single and title track from his album of the same name. Keith wrote it with Chuck Cannon. The song spent five weeks at Number One on the \"Billboard\" U.S. Hot Country Songs chart beginning in March 2000. It was his first major crossover hit peaking at number 31 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song was","id":"19299413"},{"contents":"How Do You Do (Mouth & MacNeal song)\n\n\n\"How Do You Do\" released in 1971 was an international hit single for Dutch duo Mouth & MacNeal. It was #1 in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, and New Zealand. It also spent 19 weeks in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 a year later, and a cover version by Scots-German duo Die Windows (later Windows) reached #1 in Germany. The single earned Mouth & MacNeal, and its composers Hans van Hemert and Harry van Hoof, the 1972 Buma Export Award for","id":"17909513"},{"contents":"John Cooper (composer)\n\n\nhe taught William Lawes. Among Cooper's works are fantasias, suites and other works for viols and violins, and two collections of songs, \"Funeral Teares\" (1606) and \"Songs of Mourning: Bewailing the Untimely Death of Prince Henry\" (1613). He also penned a treatise on composition, \"Rules how to Compose\". According to Ernst Meyer, Cooper was a Londoner who Italianized his name as Italian music and musicians became more fashionable, and spent much of his life as a musician in the","id":"3095237"},{"contents":"The Cowboy Rides Away Tour\n\n\nMichael Whitby (keyboards), Marty Slayton (background vocals), and Thom Flora (background vocals). Strait played a black Taylor PS10ce Dreadnought Presentation Series guitar on every song. Strait's setlist typically consisted of a mix of his most popular recordings and performance songs, including uptempo hits like \"Here for a Good Time\", \"Ocean Front Property\", \"Check Yes or No\", \"Marina Del Rey\", \"How 'Bout Them Cowgirls\", \"Give It Away\", \"Amarillo by","id":"1929516"},{"contents":"Starship Trooper\n\n\nelements rather than on blues-based music with distortion as is typical for these types of solos. A theme of \"Life Seeker\" is the search for God. Anderson has stated that the lyrics: refer to \"the point within yourself that knows you,\" which we call \"God.\" The lyrics accept the fact that \"no matter how much you want to get clearer visions of what you're up to, you're only going to get a certain amount.\" The song uses UFO imagery. Other","id":"10703945"},{"contents":"Diemonds\n\n\nsat down and worked with a producer and it's evident on the album how much effort was put into the final product. This is what the band had to say about working with Eric, \"\"We were in the studio every fucking day for like three months. That was a learning experience. You get to immerse yourself in the project and we’d never had the opportunity to spend that much time working on our music. We’d never worked with a producer before. The whole thing was a big learning experience","id":"14565071"},{"contents":"John Schneider (screen actor)\n\n\ndedicated to the people who were affected by the flood. In 2016, southern Louisiana was hit twice by major flooding in a matter of six months. The floods ravaged the John Schneider Studios which sat in nearly 4 feet of water. Sitting in the recording studio with no furniture, Schneider began arranging songs like \"How Do You Stop The Water\", \"The Cajun Navy\", and \"Every Friday Night\" before enlisting songwriters Scott Innis and Phil Redrow to help bring the songs to life. Instead of sitting in","id":"6686198"},{"contents":"Design the Skyline\n\n\nthe band encountered with the song and music video for \"Surrounded by Silence\" hindered or bothered the members, their response was; \"At first it did not anymore, people don't seem to realize that the Surrounded By Silence song was just a demo song and not every band sounds their best on their first demo, you know, and it's crazy how much it blew us up!\" A music video, at this point, was confirmed to be in the works for \"Break Free from Your Life\"","id":"6406652"},{"contents":"Time and Again (short story)\n\n\nready to go he heads to the mountain road to start plowing and salting the icy roads. The narrator talks of how he wishes he did not work anymore and how he was getting too old to do it. He wants to stop work to watch his hogs grow old and die. Next, the narrator goes on to talk about how Mr. Weeks brags of what a good job he does plowing the roads. While the narrator plows one side of the road, Mr. Weeks plows the other so they will honk to each","id":"17684960"},{"contents":"Sarah Schachner\n\n\nTyler, who worked in film and then started writing video game music. Tyler first brought Schachner in to work on \"\". Schachner said, \"I started doing music on the games for him and I realized how much I loved working on games.\" Schachner began to incorporate synthesizers with her work on string instruments. In 2016, Ted Cruz's presidential campaign used one of Schachner's songs, \"Lens\", without permission. As the composer, she and the performer, along with a licensing firm, sued","id":"22186461"},{"contents":"Drew Weing\n\n\n\"there are many webcomics that are dear to my heart\". In particular, Weing has frequently praised how serialized comics force a reader to read slowly: as someone reads a couple pages a week rather than binge reading the entire comic directly, their \"life [gets wrapped] up with the characters.\" He described this as \"getting a little check-in from a friend every day\" and considers this an entirely different experience from that which one gets with comic books and graphic novels. Drew Weing is married","id":"4426839"},{"contents":"Every Heartbeat\n\n\nand although it did not hit No. 1, it still managed to make the No. 2 spot on the Hot 100 and the Adult Contemporary chart for one and six weeks respectively. In both cases Every Heartbeat was kept from the top spot by Bryan Adams' song \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\". Charlie Peacock wrote the song's music and chorus lyrics, with Grant and Wayne Kirkpatrick composing the remaining lyrics. In 2004, Sixpence None The Richer covered \"Every Heartbeat\" on the","id":"17703197"},{"contents":"The Technical Training Command\n\n\nwas discontinued after six weeks. The recordings of each performance were recorded. The song also contained lyrics. The opening line is: \"Who keeps the planes on high/ Blazing across the sky/ Who checks 'em when they land/ The Technical Training Command.\" The royalty was split three ways: 1/3 for each composer. Glenn Miller donated all of his royalty receipts to the Air Forces Aid and to the Red Cross. The sheet music for the song was contained in the 1943 songbook Glenn Miller's Dance Folio published by the Mutual","id":"17327042"},{"contents":"Get Carter\n\n\nvery grateful to him for ...how much he contributed\". Sound editing and dubbing was done by Jim Atkinson, whom Hodges described as \"so obsessive about the job\". He gave Hodges multiple possibilities of how the sound could be dubbed, and explored every angle. Klinger was worried that the debut director might be overwhelmed with too many options, but Hodges said he and Atkinson got on very well. The majority of the music in the film was composed by Roy Budd, a jazz pianist and composer, who had","id":"9857728"},{"contents":"Anthems (Anthrax EP)\n\n\ninfluenced them over the years. Vocalist Joey Belladonna explained: \"These are all bands I grew up with and have listened to forever. It's just great music. I had fun singing these songs and I was happy recording together with Anthrax, doing classic rock songs.\" When asked how the band got the idea to do such a record, bassist Frank Bello answered: \"The reason why that happened, if you ever came to an Anthrax sound check, you’d probably hear every other song but an Anthrax song","id":"693472"},{"contents":"Rob Inglis\n\n\nBooks. They then recorded \"The Hobbit\" about a year later. Inglis prepared with guidance from acting colleges in dramatic societies to perfect the many character voices. Inglis says, \"There is much in the original writing that suggests how a character should be brought to life. It's quite strange. At times it felt like Tolkien himself was talking to me through his prose, telling me how things should be.\" Inglis says he composed some of the music for the songs himself, some music was composed by Tolkien","id":"21070271"},{"contents":"List of songs written by Glenn Miller\n\n\nsky/ Who checks 'em when they land/ The Technical Training Command.\" The royalty was split three ways. Miller gave all of his royalty receipts to the Air Forces Aid and later to the Red Cross. The sheet music for the composition appeared in the 1943 songbook \"Glenn Miller's Dance Folio\" published by the Mutual Music Society in New York. \"Jinky\" was composed in 1933 when Miller worked with vocalist Smith Ballew. It is score #62 in the Glenn Miller musical score library. The song was performed by","id":"4952235"},{"contents":"How Lucky Can You Get\n\n\nthat the song \"exemplifie[d] Kander and Ebb's approach to musical theater\", referring to its use in the film. During the segment of \"Funny Lady\" where Streisand is shown performing the song, author David Craig wrote that she \"sings it in the simplest possible performance\" but does not need any \"pizzazz to corroborate its showstopping status\". Peter Filichia, who wrote a series of books dealing with broadway musicals, claimed that singing \"How Lucky Can You Get\" and working with Kander and Ebb was","id":"8993782"},{"contents":"List of recurring Futurama characters\n\n\ndiscovering that his life was wasted with nothing but failed or worthless inventions. Hubert is delighted until he discovers that Cubert's intentions are not as he planned. Cubert wants to do something 'better' with his life and does not accept the responsibility Hubert gives to him. He believes that most things happen to be \"Impossible\" contrary to the Professor's belief that nothing is impossible. Cubert has an epiphany after getting hit on the head, realizing how the starship engines Hubert invented work, allowing them to be repaired while","id":"6581690"},{"contents":"Lucky (In My Life)\n\n\na vocoder in the song. Laut.de said that \"more music should come out as Euro-dance numbers in the style of the single \"Lucky (In My Life)\" for the foam party.\" Rockol.it praised how catchy the songs \"Lucky (In My Life)\" and \"Back in time\" were, saying that they \"do not fail to do their duty.\" The song debuted at peaked in #13 in Italy. However, it dropped to #15 the next week, and ended at","id":"14943171"},{"contents":"The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 5\n\n\nhave it done within three weeks or a month the way I work. \"The Block Brochure\" 4, 5 and 6, it was a trip because I did over a hundred songs and I shaved it all the way down to 42 songs. But I shaved it down because I wanted every song to poke out like nipples. And that’s what it’s doing. Just throw it in and just ride, just have a good time.\" He went on to discuss how long it took to record, saying","id":"8998466"},{"contents":"Do It Again (The Beach Boys song)\n\n\nin Britain \"was unbelievable. It showed how many fans we had there and how attractive the whole California lifestyle is.\" When \"Friends\" was issued in Japan, \"Do It Again\" was included in its track list. In Britain's \"Disc & Music Echo\", Penny Valentine praised the single: \"Do It Again\" remained at the top position for only one week, after which it was supplanted by the Bee Gees' \"I've Gotta Get a Message to You\". The impact","id":"3435584"},{"contents":"Tokimeki Memorial 4\n\n\nis mainly about her composition based on her high school life. Because she does not do much at school besides spending time alone composing music, she has a hard time imagining how this piece of music will turn out. Her relationship with the protagonist helps her understand more and more what it means to be a high school student. She also appears in \"Tokimemki Memorial 4 Mobile\". The daughter and the only successor of Ryukochi Zaibatsu, Kai is brought up like a boy and has a lot of masculine characteristics. She","id":"15183905"},{"contents":"How Does It Feel (Slade song)\n\n\npeaked at No. 6. Following the film's release in January 1975, it was decided to release \"How Does It Feel\" as the second single the following month. It reached No. 15, which was the band's first single not to reach the UK Top 5 since their 1971 breakthrough with \"Get Down and Get with It\". The melody of \"How Does It Feel\" was the first Lea had ever written, while he was still in school. He came up with the idea on an","id":"2896389"},{"contents":"Maria Callas\n\n\nherself stated that, in opera, acting must be based on the music, quoting Serafin's advice to her: When one wants to find a gesture, when you want to find how to act onstage, all you have to do is to the music. The composer has already seen to that. If you take the trouble to really listen with your Soul and with your Ears—and I say 'Soul' and 'Ears' because the Mind must work, but not much also—you will find every gesture","id":"17351112"},{"contents":"New Guy (song)\n\n\nto be a part of the track listing for his first live album, \"Mary\" (2015), but its inclusion never occurred. Sarkodie reflected on the unexpected success of \"New Guy\": That is one of my biggest records ever, hype-wise, the music itself, I love it to the core. I don't do songs thinking this has to be a hit. I do music based on how I feel from my heart and that is typically New Guy. New Guy is like a heart","id":"2364312"},{"contents":"Zest (positive psychology)\n\n\nheart rate, skin conductance, and pupil dilation, have much more defined and widely accepted methods of measure. However, measurements of Zest are still in the beginning stages of development. How do we measure how energetic one person is compared to another? How do we determine exactly how excited a person is about life? What precisely does it mean to approach life adventurously? These are just a few of the questions that must be answered to most effectively research zest. Relating to the problem of operationalizing zest, much of the","id":"5870964"},{"contents":"John Holland (composer)\n\n\n, making it possible to construct musical scores that are based on specific non-musical ideas. The player is asked to provide specific tones within each group, while the composer creates the form and structure of the work, typically supplying remarks as to how each group is to be expressed. Many of the composer's scores, including music for solo instruments (with and without signal processing), chamber music, and music for voice, involve the use of integer notation. In much of his piano music, integer notation is","id":"7250713"},{"contents":"How Does It Feel to Be Loved?\n\n\nwas \"Brixton's longest running indie club night\". Press for the HDIF has been extremely positive. \"Legendary indie club,\" said the NME. \"Much-loved indie pop institution,\" wrote The Quietus. \"With a decade of great nights under its belt How Does it Feel to Be Loved? is one of London's most enduring and influential underground indie get-togethers,\" said Flavorpill. \"A speakeasy for anyone who suspects that their life is one big Smiths song,\" declared Big Issue","id":"16277180"},{"contents":"How We Do (song)\n\n\nLloyd Banks, Young Buck, and Game all had songs on the chart during the months of late 2004 and early 2005. However, despite its fast fall out of the top twenty, the song managed to hang on in the lower rungs of the top 40 for months, in spite of, or possibly because of, The Game's follow up, \"Hate It or Love It\" becoming even bigger on pop radio only a few weeks after \"How We Do\" had peaked. Dr. Dre had produced \"How","id":"16731838"},{"contents":"Adugu Jaadalu\n\n\nthe people whom Dr. Krishna helped in his entire life without giving his identity and also reads the diary which was nothing but adage of human values which tells how much happiness an individual gets while performing work without selfishness. Here everyone understands Vijay's virtue including Parvati, she also learns that Vijay is only Shekar and says sorry to him. At last, Parvati gets back her eyesight and the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Vijay & Parvati. Music composed by Master Venu. Music released by Audio Company.","id":"15376150"},{"contents":"This Is How We Do\n\n\nmusic video, which was released on July 31, 2014. It features the singer getting her nails painted and doing karaoke with her friends. The song was performed on Perry's Prismatic World Tour. While working on \"Prism\", Perry collaborated in Stockholm with record producer Max Martin for a few weeks to put \"the icing on the cake,\" as she claimed. In addition, she also worked with Klas Åhlund, among others. Perry has claimed: \"Max has always been incredibly kind to me, he","id":"19958610"},{"contents":"How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful\n\n\n\" were conducted during a vulnerable period in Welch's life, making the album her most personal work thus far. Welch began composing the material for \"How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful\" upon concluding the band's touring in support of \"Ceremonials\", in 2014. Regarding the album's themes, she said in a press statement, \"I guess although I've always dealt in fantasy and metaphor when I came to writing, that meant the songs this time were dealing much more in reality. \"Ceremonials","id":"3686885"},{"contents":"That's How They Do It in Dixie: The Essential Collection\n\n\nThat's How They Do It in Dixie: The Essential Collection is a greatest hits album by American country music singer and songwriter Hank Williams, Jr. This album was released on June 27, 2006 on the Curb Records label. This album has two brand new songs, \"That's How They Do It in Dixie,\" and \"Stirrin' It Up\". The former was released as a single, while \"A Country Boy Can Survive\" was re-released. Both songs were made into music videos in 2006","id":"17133007"},{"contents":"Bring Me Edelweiss\n\n\none hit without much work. One instruction, \"Compose your music with bits you've nicked from other songs\", was supposedly followed by Edelweiss, allowing them to compose \"Bring Me Edelweiss.\" The song features many samples. The primary sample, which the song's chorus is based on, is ABBA's 1975 song \"SOS\", which was one of the band's first international hits. ABBA usually do not allow other artists to sample their music, and they claimed Edelweiss never contacted them and never had","id":"14678406"},{"contents":"Professional liability insurance\n\n\nis how much the company will spend on each claim and the aggregate is the limit of how much will be spent per policy period across several claims. The limits are set and do not renew every policy period. A typical coverage is for \"Professional Services\" \"On behalf of Another.\" Professional Services means the work done as an attorney, which means that driving accidents on the way to a deposition or broken desk lamps are not covered. On behalf of another means the professional service is benefiting an outside party,","id":"8647134"},{"contents":"How Do You Get That Lonely\n\n\n\"How Do You Get That Lonely\" is a song written by Rory Feek and Jamie Teachenor, and recorded by American country music artist Blaine Larsen. It was released November 1st, 2004, reaching number 18 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It also peaked at #91 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Larsen's only Hot 100 entry. \"How Do You Get That Lonely\" had originally appeared in Larsen's album \"In My High School\" on Giantslayer Records. The song","id":"6817878"},{"contents":"Mylon LeFevre\n\n\nThat weekend, LeFevre hitchhiked over 600 miles to get there. Onstage, singing \"Without Him\", he did not know that Elvis Presley was there. After the concert, Elvis asked to meet LeFevre. Shortly thereafter, Elvis recorded the song for his album, \"How Great Thou Art\", and within the next year, over a hundred artists would record his song. According to LeFevre, writing the song took about twenty minutes and produced an initial royalty check of approximately $90,000. With that money he purchased","id":"3700664"},{"contents":"Baby (musical)\n\n\nthey must get married, which Lizzie does not agree with. They then sing a song about how their child will be a perfect mix of both of them (\"What Could Be Better?\"). While exercising together, Arlene tells Alan that she has been pregnant for about a month. While singing, they surmise that she must have gotten pregnant on their anniversary trip the night they both had too much champagne. Alan is ecstatic about having the child, while Arlene seems unsure. Meanwhile, Pam and Nick are","id":"9725624"},{"contents":"Don Martin (cartoonist)\n\n\na record to see how long it took me to do the pencils, and how long it took me to do the inks, but it still ended up being seven days a week for a couple of months. I find I have to get some momentum going when I draw. I can't work with interruptions. I like to have three or four days where I don't even leave the house on an errand. I get a lot more done that way, because I build up a head of steam. In","id":"5159958"},{"contents":"Music radio\n\n\nASCAP and BMI in the United States or PRS in the UK. These fees or royalties are generally paid to the songwriters; the musicians themselves typically do not get a cut of radio royalties, even if they own a share of the performance rights, unless they wrote the song themselves. (Thus, a song that is in the public domain is free to play on the radio, regardless of who performs it or when it was performed.) For example, the industry-wide fees payable in 2004 to ASCAP was","id":"739447"},{"contents":"Farzane Zamen\n\n\n\"Love Affair\". The top twenty entries were featured in a compilation album, and Farzane Zamen was placed eighth. Her first music video, \"Khodahafez\", released in 2012, was a hit in Iran and the Iranian diaspora. It is a song about leaving Iran for foreign countries to learn freedom and how to live again, a reason why many young people felt they identified strongly with the song. Farzane does all of the composing and arrangement of her songs herself in her own home studio. Her music blends","id":"2948849"},{"contents":"Frank Wildhorn\n\n\nFrank Wildhorn (born November 29, 1958) is an American composer known for both his musicals and popular songs. He is most known for his musical \"Jekyll & Hyde\", which ran four years on Broadway, and for writing the #1 International hit song \"Where Do Broken Hearts Go\" for Whitney Houston. Wildhorn was born in Harlem and spent his childhood in Queens before moving to Hollywood, Florida at age 14. Soon after he taught himself how to play the piano, Wildhorn realized he wanted to compose","id":"11032360"},{"contents":"What's Up Fox\n\n\nday, she gets into an accident with her friend Seung-hye's younger brother, Chul-soo (Chun Jung-myung), and begins to see him in a new light. Park Chul-soo is a 24-year-old high school graduate working as a mechanic at a car repair shop. Although Chul-soo does not seem to have much, he is filled with maturity and enjoys life by doing the things he loves: working as a mechanic and traveling. How many people actually find the love they","id":"4415108"},{"contents":"Holon (Nik Bärtsch album)\n\n\nHolon is an album by Swiss pianist and composer Nik Bärtsch's band Ronin recorded in France in 2007 and released on the ECM label. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek states \"The most beautiful thing about \"Holon\" is how \"live\" it all feels. You can see in the mind's eye and fully hear this music in a setting where an audience is urging the band on, not just listening, but moving. How much better does it get than that? The more things stay the same in Ronin","id":"14960699"},{"contents":"How I Met Your Music\n\n\nHow I Met Your Music is the name of two albums (the first being followed by the subtitle Original Songs from the Hit Series \"How I Met Your Mother\", the second being followed by Deluxe) composed of songs from the CBS television series \"How I Met Your Mother\", the first of which was released hours before the Season 8 premiere. It features 20 songs that had appeared in the first seven seasons of the show and was released only digitally, originally through iTunes. A second iteration, titled \"","id":"1087640"},{"contents":"Heathen (David Bowie album)\n\n\nyou get to when you're not really going to be shown [on TV] anymore. The young have to kill the old. ... That's how life works. ... It's how culture works.\" For this reason there were no music videos released for any of the songs from this album. However, a music video for \"Slow Burn\" was uploaded to the official DavidBowieVEVO YouTube channel on 23 March 2011. The video shows Bowie dressed in white performing the vocals to the song in a recording studio booth","id":"5651450"},{"contents":"Every Day I Have the Blues\n\n\nhe recorded a second and perhaps the most famous version of the song with the Count Basie Orchestra, titled \"Every Day\". It featured a big-band arrangement and spent twenty weeks in the R&B chart, reaching number two. Despite Sparks' earlier song, most versions of \"Every Day I Have the Blues\" are credited to Memphis Slim (to his real name, John Chatman, or to his pseudonym, Peter Chatman). Because of their success, Memphis Slim's composer royalties from the later hits by","id":"13139749"},{"contents":"List of Dude, That's My Ghost! characters\n\n\njeans), loved to trash hotel rooms and wreck music video shoots, and treated his crew and staff horribly. He can also be somewhat temperamental, especially when someone insults him or his music. Nearly every one of Billy's songs involve him singing about how much he loves himself or how much everyone else loves him (\"I'm Still in Love With Me\", \"I Am the Sunshine of My Life\", \"You Love Me, I Love Me More\", etc.) although sometimes they are","id":"956249"},{"contents":"Warrior Xtreme Cagefighting\n\n\nlater in the bout, it ends with a technical decision win to the injured fighter if the injured fighter is ahead on points, otherwise it is a technical draw. A WXC fighter generally does not have a salary, Amateur fighters do not get paid. Professional fighters are paid per fight, with amounts depending on how well-known the fighters are and how well sponsored a fighter and an event is. Fighters will typically get paid money to fight with an additional bonus if they win. Cash bonuses are also typically awarded","id":"11484373"},{"contents":"Beautiful Vision\n\n\nrock & roll tour. It's not just here's the hits, here's the new record, please buy it, whatever.' It was a \"performance\". ... A certain number of people would come back every night, [knowing that] Van will not have a set-list that he adheres to religiously ... So I thought, 'Here's a way. Van is not having any singles. Van doesn't do TV. How can we get attention to him doing what he does?'","id":"20901294"},{"contents":"Therapy (Tech N9ne EP)\n\n\njust thought it up right there. We did one called \"When Demons Come\". Everything came from getting recognition from \"Something Else\". That's how my life is. I like my life. \"So Much Love\" on \"Something Else\" had me ready for \"When Demons Come\". There's so much love you can get lost in this shit. You don't know when something's going to hit. You have to be ready with angels when demons come. Songs like that just came","id":"15255587"},{"contents":"Eberg\n\n\nBBC Radio 1. Eberg’s second album \"Voff Voff\" has a more organized arrangement of acoustics and electronics that made most of the songs on the album hits in the UK and Iceland. Eberg explains, \"Voff Voff is how Icelandic dogs bark, I’ve always tended to be a bit of a barker. I like barking in public and I do way too much of it when I get drunk, and that’s how Icelandic dog barks, hence the name of the album, \"Voff Voff\".\"","id":"14807965"},{"contents":"Variable universal life insurance\n\n\npremiums to pay for a given death benefit. The minimum premium is primarily affected by the contract features offered by the insurer. To maintain a death benefit guarantee, that specified premium level must be paid every month. To keep the policy in force, typically no premium needs to be paid as long as there is enough cash value in the policy to pay that month's cost of insurance. The maximum premium amounts are heavily influenced by the code for life insurance. Internal Revenue Code section 7702 sets limits for how much cash","id":"2980759"},{"contents":"Women's music\n\n\ntheir purpose: truthful expressionism. Ethel Smyth, a musical composer, encoded her lesbian life experiences in her music. Genders of composers, writers, artists, and more have a lot to do with how music is perceived and interpreted. Cues such as tempo, articulation, and other dynamics signify many different types of meanings – they are not standard. Each musician uses these codes and cues to suit their music, and thus express themselves through song. Feminist musicians aimed to show a positive, proactive, and assertive image of","id":"17456450"},{"contents":"Ed Reardon's Week\n\n\nFiona, played by Jenny Agutter. By Series 12 his romantic focus had moved to his agency colleague, Maggie, played by Pippa Haywood. Much humour comes from Ed's rants and inability to stop himself getting carried away in his angry tirades, often triggered by learning that somebody younger than him is proving more successful (such as the author of \"Eats, Shoots and Leaves\", Lynne Truss; one tirade follows Ed receiving several copies of the book as gifts for his birthday and working out how much in royalties Truss","id":"4635599"},{"contents":"Evolution: Creatio Ex Nihilio\n\n\nto proceed. To accommodate the short time frame, the songwriting process differed from their previous releases, with the vocalist composing all the music and main structures. Using specific music software packages and MIDI sequencing and samples to recreate a full band performance, Harris-Hayes could see how sections flowed and how they would sound with a full band playing the songs. The band then worked on these songs together, when they practiced three times a week at their Pyres Of Mithrandire studio and rehearsal space. When they were sure that the","id":"4719958"},{"contents":"Kanaka Dasa\n\n\nKanakadasa into the temple. Kanakadasa was outside the temple meditating on Lord Krishna and singing songs in praise of his Lord Krishna. He did this for weeks, he is believed to have camped outside the temple for weeks cooking his own food and during this time he was so distraught, he composed poems in praise of Lord Krishna and composed Kirthanas (Poems) which are relevant even today about how all humans are equal, every one is born the same way physically, everyone shares the same water, same sun for their life","id":"7486767"},{"contents":"Matthew Steen\n\n\net cetera. WALLACE: And you had no real difficulty in doing this? STEEN: No. WALLACE: By the time the FBI got to him in 1971, Steen acknowledges he had used various fake ID's to rip off the Bank of America. He'd buy a set of Travellers' Checks; then, a couple of weeks later, claim they'd been lost or stolen—and get replacements. He had doubled his money. How much did you make this way? STEEN: Somewhere between fifty and a","id":"13638778"},{"contents":"You Can't Get a Man with a Gun\n\n\n\"You Can't Get a Man with a Gun\" is a song from the 1946 musical \"Annie Get Your Gun\", written by Irving Berlin. It was originally performed by Ethel Merman. In the song, Annie Oakley sings about how a girl with talent as a sharpshooter nevertheless finds that her abilities do not help her attract men. She introduces herself with: \"I'm quick on the trigger/with targets not much bigger/than a pinpoint I'm number one.\" The song is humorous in that","id":"8663678"},{"contents":"Copyright collective\n\n\nestablishments and tracking where and how often the songs of their affiliates are performed at these public venues. An author can only be part of one PRO as the four existing PROs in the US have distinct systems for tariffs and payment of royalty as they compete with each other in the market. The four existing PROs in the music industry in US are American Society of Composers, Authors, & Publishers, Broadcast Music. Inc, Society of European Stage Authors and Composers and Global Music Rights. In the US copyright collectives are registered","id":"6491033"},{"contents":"The Book of David\n\n\nlong was due to the legal work from clearing samples and guest collaborators signing off, He also revealed how he's one of the only artists to ever get a sample clearance from the 1978 musical film Grease and he also explained how his direction for the album was saying \"I didn't approach it to try to do anything new as a matter a fact I tried to do everything old by doing antiquated music by artists such as El DeBarge, Curtis Mayfield, Luther Vandross.\" \"Luv of My Life\" featuring Gift","id":"8851074"},{"contents":"Rendu Rella Aaru\n\n\n! Just like how Keerthana hates that incident, Madhu changes his name in the city and he sends Sadguna Rao to the same village- requesting him to behave badly and get rid of Vigneshwari! The real fun begins when Sadguna Rao and Vindhya fall for each other in the process of acting in the village. The rest of the story is about what happens to these two young couples and how things fall in place! Music composed by Rajan–Nagendra. All songs are hit tracks. Lyrics were written by Veturi Sundararama Murthy.","id":"13237848"},{"contents":"United States v. ASCAP\n\n\ndoes not vary depending on how much music from the repertory the licensee actually uses.\" In order to settle the royalty payments owed to the music owners represented by ASCAP, the companies and ASCAP sought an assessment from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. During the proceedings to establish a reasonable royalty rate, ASCAP claimed that individual downloads count as public performances, allowing a copyright holder's exclusive performance rights to be factored into the assessment of fees in addition to the exclusive rights of reproduction and distribution","id":"20580285"},{"contents":"Songwriter\n\n\nUniversal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could \"...keep as much [publishing income] as possible and say how it's going to be done.\" Songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In part, this is because the process of \"working out\" a song or arrangement requires a songwriter to play an instrument, typically the guitar or the piano, to hear how the chord progression sounds and to hear how well","id":"10347388"},{"contents":"Daigasso! Band Brothers\n\n\nand the better each player follows along, the more in tune the song comes through. Every note played, right or wrong, can be heard on the other players' systems, and if every single part in the song is played by a human absolutely nothing will be automated. Scores are measured by percentage of notes hit, each players percentage is represented by a balloon in the bottom screen. This lets everyone know how they are doing in comparison to their friends score. Another feature is a full blown music editor allowing","id":"15082939"},{"contents":"Hate My Life\n\n\nstarts singing the song, the lyrics matching everything that is happening in the video. He complains about how he hates hobos (\"\"So sick of the hobos always begging for change, I don't like how I gotta work and they just sit around and get paid\"\"), he almost gets hit by a car (\"\"I hate all of the people, who can't drive their cars...\"), we meet his wife, played by his real wife Christine Danielle Connolly (\"\"","id":"3925580"},{"contents":"Once More, with Feeling (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)\n\n\n, with Feeling\" was Joss Whedon's first attempt at writing music, which he had always wanted to do. He learned how to play guitar to write several songs. Christophe Beck, a regular composer for the series, filled in the overture and coda and composed \"Dawn's Ballet\". Whedon is a fan of Stephen Sondheim, and used him as the inspiration for much of the music, particularly with the episode's ambiguous ending. Cast member James Marsters (Spike) said, \"Some of Joss' music","id":"14395205"},{"contents":"First Date (musical)\n\n\ntalking about how much he loves Allison, but with Casey's encouraging, he gets angry at Allison and lists everything he hated about her and how horribly she treated him (\"In Love With You\"). Casey and Aaron share an ecstatic embrace after Aaron's cathartic exchange with an imaginary Allison. After Casey and Aaron finish their dinner, the waiter brings them the check. The whole restaurant freezes, wondering who is going to pay for dinner (\"The Check!\"). Casey wants them to split it","id":"12485696"},{"contents":"For How Much Longer Do We Tolerate Mass Murder?\n\n\nmusical and political radicalism. \"PopMatters\" called the work \"a genre-defining (and genre-defying) epic, as fearsome and fearless as popular music can be.\" AllMusic opined that \"Gang of Four's stellar early work sounds meek and toothless compared to the Molotov cocktail that is \"For How Much Longer Do We Tolerate Mass Murder?\" Mark Fisher, writing for \"Fact\", stated that \"the debates provoked by \"For How Much Longer\" rehearsed some of the disputes over aesthetics and politics","id":"21247816"},{"contents":"Role Model (song)\n\n\n(\"So if I said I never do drugs, that would mean I lie and get f ---ed more than the President does\").\" RapReviews highlighted following lyrics: \"I get a clean shave, bathe, go to a rave/ Die from an overdose and dig myself up out of my grave/ My middle finger won't go down, how do I wave?/ And this is how I'm supposed to teach kids how to behave?\" The video is a darker comedic offering than \"My Name Is\",","id":"21880176"},{"contents":"Jarome Iginla\n\n\nand hit, and score goals. Maybe it's not the end-to-end rushes, but he does all those little things that win games and get things done.\" His opponents also respect his play. Rob Blake said that while Iginla is not known for fancy play, \"he'll run you over. Or he'll fight somebody. And then he'll score a goal. He does pretty much everything you'd want a guy to do.\" Iginla has recorded several Gordie Howe hat tricks – a","id":"5047769"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sippy Cup (song)\\n\\n\\na deeper look into Crybaby's family life. This is my favorite video I've done so far. Directing this music video made me very excited to direct videos for every single song on the album. I can't wait to continue telling the story of the album in every way possible.\\\" The song is composed in G minor. Martinez further explores the character of Cry Baby and her home life in \\\"Sippy Cup\\\", showing just how serious her parents' problems are. No matter how much her mother tries\",\n \"id\": \"14240889\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Muskrat Ramble\\n\\n\\n\\\"How much royalties do you get out of 'Muskrat Ramble'?\\\" I don't even know why I asked. I guess more out of conversation than curiosity. \\\"I don't get nothing,\\\" came his reply and I almost fell off the chair. He said he never sold it to anyone since he had composed it that day for the Louis Armstrong Hot Five recording. That was some twenty years before and it had become one of the all-time dixieland hits in the meantime. Ory said that\",\n \"id\": \"1038267\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do I Get There\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do I Get There\\\" is a song written by Chris Farren, and co-written and recorded by American country music artist Deana Carter. It was released in August 1997 as the fourth single from her debut album \\\"Did I Shave My Legs for This?\\\". The song became her third single to reach the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was Carter's last Number One hit on the country chart. \\\"How Do I Get There\\\" debuted at number\",\n \"id\": \"5323806\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)\\n\\n\\n. This leads them on a plan for divorce. Shakthi tells Divya to agree and stay for a month with his parents so that they will not get hurt over the fact that they made Shakthi marry someone who does not like him. To make this worse, Shakthi's father (Prabhu) gets Divya to stand for the female election, to which she agrees. When she loses the election, Shakthi's father hits him. That is when Shakthi reveals how he lost in love and life. Seeing how much he loves\",\n \"id\": \"4023201\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Got My Mojo Working\\n\\n\\n. Again according to Rabinowitz, royalties from the song amounted to between $20,000 and $30,000 a year in the 2000s. He said \\\"Every six months I send Preston a check... He's basically still making a living from this song.\\\" Foster later set up GetIt Records in Jamaica, New York, and released singles under his own name and as \\\"The Mojo Kid\\\". Music historian Larry Birnbaum states that the 1955 R&B hit \\\"Hands Off\\\", written by Jay McShann and recorded by him with singer\",\n \"id\": \"18978056\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Everybody Needs Somebody to Love\\n\\n\\ntook a piece of your songs—a piece of the publishing—but in the end, you didn't have any pieces left. Even now, I'm still struggling to get the publishing, the royalties, and that'll never happen.\\\" Jerry Wexler maintained in 2002: \\\"I know Solomon is upset about that, and I wrote him a long letter explaining how we wrote the song together and that he has always gotten his share of the royalties. I know that because I get royalty checks for the song\",\n \"id\": \"12566659\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Royalty payment\\n\\n\\nmusic societies called \\\"Performing Rights Organizations\\\" (PROs), \\\"some\\\" of which are government-approved or government-owned, to which the composer, the publisher, performer (in some cases) or the record label have subscribed. The diagram on the right titled \\\"The Performance Rights Complex\\\" shows the general sequences by which a song or a composition gets to be titled a \\\"performance\\\" and which brings royalties to songwriters/publishers, performing artists and record labels. How, and to whom, royalties\",\n \"id\": \"9816079\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Celebrity bond\\n\\n\\nart whose future royalties are based in part on a widespread reputation of the creator of the work, celebrity bonds often are music-based celebrity bonds. For a music-based celebrity bond, the issuer seeks to put together intellectual property rights of one or various artists to \\\"songs that have stood the test of time,\\\" typically \\\"top-40 greatest hits across genres from jazz to rap to rhythm and blues.\\\" In addition to getting money upfront, artists additionally retain ownership of their work and do not have to pay\",\n \"id\": \"3049790\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Humnasheen (Ghazals by Shreya Ghoshal)\\n\\n\\nand impact. Ghoshal cannot do raag-based singing in films, and does not expect that it will happen in films. \\\"Diction needs to be very clear\\\", she said. Her tilt towards Urdu happened only after she entered the film industry. There are so many talented lyricists and composers from whom she learnt something every day. She has learnt music from Kalyanji (composer), who told her how important diction is. When she heard old songs of Lata Mangeshkar and Mohammed Rafi, she could see how\",\n \"id\": \"3750123\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Words and Music by Saint Etienne\\n\\n\\nwebsite, the album is about \\\"how music affects your life. How it defines the way you see the world as a child, how it can get you through bad times in unexpected ways, and how songs you've known all your life can suddenly develop a new attachment, and hurt every time you hear them. More than how it affects and reflects your life though, the album is about believing in music, living your life by its rules.\\\" The album opens with \\\"Over the Border\\\", a\",\n \"id\": \"17476479\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Who Do You Think You Are (Spice Girls song)\\n\\n\\nit, move it, make it\\\". The inspiration for the lyrics comes from some of the people the group met in the music industry, and are about the presumptuous superstar life, and how someone can get trapped in the world of fame, much like the Temptations' 1971 classic \\\"Superstar (Remember How You Got Where You Are)\\\". \\\"Who Do You Think You Are\\\" was generally well received by contemporary music critics. In a review of the group's debut album \\\"Spice\\\", Chuck Campbell\",\n \"id\": \"7383946\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy and the History of Christian Science\\n\\n\\n, and it takes every hour of my time and as much vitality as I can put into it. ... You can't know, never having done it, how such work does sap your poor brain and wring it dry of anything you'd like to pretend was there. I jump about like a squirrel in a cage and wonder how I got here and why I am doing it. I never in my life wanted to do this sort of thing. I have a clean conscience on that score. Then why am\",\n \"id\": \"8535491\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Until We Have Faces\\n\\n\\n, synths and the distinct Red yell that the lead singers does. This was an amazing album just like the first two. If you have never heard Red I suggest getting this album or any of their albums because you will be amazed that every song is composed very well. A band that can write well rounded songs is hard to find and Red sure know how to do just that. I recommend it, Go now, get this!\\\" The guitarist John Petrucci from the band Dream Theater has considered this album the\",\n \"id\": \"10193582\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bonnie Guitar\\n\\n\\n, Fabor Robinson, a tune written by Ned Miller, with whom she worked as a session guitarist. Robinson was dissatisfied with how Dorsey Burnette sang a version of it and offered it to Guitar. \\\"I said, 'I'll give up my royalties and everything just to do this song,'\\\" she told Robinson in recounting their collaboration on \\\"Dark Moon\\\" to Wayne Jancik in The Billboard Book of One-Hit Wonders. \\\"I knew it was up for grabs and somebody was gonna get it.\",\n \"id\": \"20661677\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Not To\\n\\n\\ntrue artist,\\\" and described the song as \\\"poignant.\\\" The staff of country music blog \\\"Taste of Country\\\" praised the vocal performances on the song and called it a likely hit. \\\"Dan + Shay aren't really breaking any new musical ground here,\\\" they write, \\\"but wow, do they sound sweet not doing it.\\\" \\\"How Not To\\\" was the most-added new single on country radio the week of its impact. The song debuted at number 59 on the \\\"Billboard\",\n \"id\": \"16562050\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Untitled (How Does It Feel)\\n\\n\\n\\\"Untitled (How Does It Feel)\\\" is a song by American singer D'Angelo, released January 1, 2000 on Virgin Records in the United States. It was issued as a radio single in promotion of his second studio album, \\\"Voodoo\\\" (2000). Written and produced by D'Angelo and Raphael Saadiq, the song was originally composed as a tribute to musician Prince. \\\"Untitled (How Does It Feel)\\\" contains a vintage style and sound similar to that of Prince's early musical work. The song\",\n \"id\": \"17536430\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Spice Up Your Life\\n\\n\\nhour with a film crew watching. The session was interrupted constantly, with people entering the building, phoning them, or throwing things through the window. Eventually, when the filming crew left the room, the group managed to finish the song. Stannards commented about the inspiration behind it to \\\"Music Week\\\": \\\"We were talking about Bollywood films, the colours and how the Spice Girls could present themselves. It was a matter of how do we get everything in to one song?\\\" All the writing and the\",\n \"id\": \"3741170\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ty Harper\\n\\n\\n(Jacob Brito) someone sends her text messages and turns off the power. Armed with a cricket bat, Rachel hits the stalker when they come into the house. When the lights come back on Rachel sees that she has attacked Ty who was coming home. Rachel accuses Ty of being the stalker and he is taken to the hospital to get checked over. Ty questions how anyone thought that he could do that to Rachel and he asks her how she does not know how he feels about her. Rachel discovers that a\",\n \"id\": \"15190414\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Music publisher (popular music)\\n\\n\\n. Synchronization royalties are required when a composition is used in a film or television soundtrack. These royalties typically pass through the hands of a music publisher before they reach the composer. Publishers also work to link up new songs by songwriters with suitable recording artists to record them and to place writers' songs in other media such as movie soundtracks and commercials. They will typically also handle copyright registration and \\\"ownership\\\" matters for the composer. Music print publishers also supervise the issue of songbooks and sheet music by their artists. Traditionally\",\n \"id\": \"11957004\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Robert MacGimsey\\n\\n\\nlife to good government. MacGimsey was also famous for double whistling, or whistling duets. MacGimsey is also known for the song \\\"How Do You Do?\\\" which was originally written for the Walt Disney live-action musical drama \\\"Song of the South\\\". The song is also featured in the theme-park attraction Splash Mountain located in Disneyland, Walt Disney World, and Tokyo Disneyland. MacGimsey also composed \\\"Shadrack,\\\" which was a 1962 hit for Brook Benton that was also recorded by Louis Armstrong and many\",\n \"id\": \"16012752\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do I Make You\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do I Make You\\\" was a Top 10 hit song composed by Billy Steinberg and recorded by Linda Ronstadt in 1980. Steinberg stated that he was \\\"a little bit influenced\\\" by the Knack hit \\\"My Sharona\\\" in writing \\\"How Do I Make You.\\\" He originally recorded the song with his band Billy Thermal as one of several demos produced while the band was signed to Planet Records. The label ultimately did not release these songs. However, several Billy Thermal demos, including \\\"How Do I\",\n \"id\": \"176497\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Loveria\\n\\n\\nhe will surely get Sweety married to her. Adi does not agree to this condition and gives Shantimoy another bumper offer that by 6 months Adi will make Shantimoy as poor as his father and will take revenge of every hit which hit his father. Sweety supports Adi to this. After this, Adi finds out about how much property and land Shantimoy owns. After finding this out,Adi tricks Shantimoy into sending all his money and his wife's jewellery outside and Adi takes them away. He also finds out about another secret\",\n \"id\": \"2580447\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Musical composition\\n\\n\\nOften, composers who aren't doing business as publishing companies themselves will temporarily assign their copyright interests to formal publishing companies, granting those companies a license to control both the publication and the further licensing of the composer's work. Contract law, not copyright law, governs these composer–publisher contracts, which ordinarily involve an agreement on how profits from the publisher's activities related to the work will be shared with the composer in the form of royalties. The scope of copyright in general is defined by various international treaties and their\",\n \"id\": \"3655092\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Micrometer\\n\\n\\nconsistency to do close-tolerance work successfully. There is a good and easy way to synchronize on this topic: it is simply to get used to the \\\"feel\\\" of how much torque it takes to slip the typical friction sleeve or click the typical ratchet thimble—and then incorporate that same feel into every use of a micrometer, even those that have no sleeve or ratchet. This is proper training for the machining trade, although it is not uncommon to encounter coworkers who were not well trained on this point.\",\n \"id\": \"73483\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hit 'Em Up\\n\\n\\n\\\"Hit 'Em Up\\\" can be found on \\\"Tupac: Live at the House of Blues\\\" DVD. Finishing the recording of the song, Shakur felt very positively about the track, saying the \\\"song is going to be playing in every club., every country. Deejays are calling from everywhere, wanting to get a piece of this.\\\" \\\"Hit 'Em Up\\\" appeared first as a B-side, on the single \\\"How Do U Want It\\\", by Shakur featuring The Outlawz.\",\n \"id\": \"2586212\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How We Do (song)\\n\\n\\nUnited States, peaking at #4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and remaining on the chart for 28 consecutive weeks. \\\"How We Do\\\" marked Game's first top-ten single on the chart as a lead artist and also marked 50 Cent's fifth overall top-ten single. This song is considered to be one of Game's most well-known and recognizable songs. The song was a hit at Urban and Rhythmic radio stations in America, and was a success on American mainstream pop music radio stations\",\n \"id\": \"16731836\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"As Good as I Once Was\\n\\n\\n. Matt Bjorke writing for About.com stated \\\"the song is a good one, so good that it rivals anything off of Toby's \\\"How Do You Like Me Now?!\\\" album. It's a fun track about getting older, and how we don't have as much \\\"energy\\\" as we once had.\\\" \\\"Sputnik Music\\\" called it \\\"a testament to how much old age sucks\\\" while Allmusic declared the song was \\\"wonderfully self-depreciating\\\". \\\"As Good as I Once Was\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"4472740\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Aeolian Company\\n\\n\\nroyalties. To make matters worse, the player piano companies refused to pay royalties to composers for the songs they put on player piano rolls. These rolls were scrolls of paper with holes punched out in patterns that instructed the piano how to play a particular song. The rolls, argued the player piano companies, did not “copy” the composers’ musical compositions. As a result, they were perfectly legal. The Supreme Court, in its 1908 opinion in White-Smith Music Publishing Company v. Apollo Company, sided with\",\n \"id\": \"3556062\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do You Like Me Now?! (song)\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do You Like Me Now?!\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in November 1999 as the second single and title track from his album of the same name. Keith wrote it with Chuck Cannon. The song spent five weeks at Number One on the \\\"Billboard\\\" U.S. Hot Country Songs chart beginning in March 2000. It was his first major crossover hit peaking at number 31 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The song was\",\n \"id\": \"19299413\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do You Do (Mouth & MacNeal song)\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do You Do\\\" released in 1971 was an international hit single for Dutch duo Mouth & MacNeal. It was #1 in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, and New Zealand. It also spent 19 weeks in the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 a year later, and a cover version by Scots-German duo Die Windows (later Windows) reached #1 in Germany. The single earned Mouth & MacNeal, and its composers Hans van Hemert and Harry van Hoof, the 1972 Buma Export Award for\",\n \"id\": \"17909513\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"John Cooper (composer)\\n\\n\\nhe taught William Lawes. Among Cooper's works are fantasias, suites and other works for viols and violins, and two collections of songs, \\\"Funeral Teares\\\" (1606) and \\\"Songs of Mourning: Bewailing the Untimely Death of Prince Henry\\\" (1613). He also penned a treatise on composition, \\\"Rules how to Compose\\\". According to Ernst Meyer, Cooper was a Londoner who Italianized his name as Italian music and musicians became more fashionable, and spent much of his life as a musician in the\",\n \"id\": \"3095237\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Cowboy Rides Away Tour\\n\\n\\nMichael Whitby (keyboards), Marty Slayton (background vocals), and Thom Flora (background vocals). Strait played a black Taylor PS10ce Dreadnought Presentation Series guitar on every song. Strait's setlist typically consisted of a mix of his most popular recordings and performance songs, including uptempo hits like \\\"Here for a Good Time\\\", \\\"Ocean Front Property\\\", \\\"Check Yes or No\\\", \\\"Marina Del Rey\\\", \\\"How 'Bout Them Cowgirls\\\", \\\"Give It Away\\\", \\\"Amarillo by\",\n \"id\": \"1929516\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Starship Trooper\\n\\n\\nelements rather than on blues-based music with distortion as is typical for these types of solos. A theme of \\\"Life Seeker\\\" is the search for God. Anderson has stated that the lyrics: refer to \\\"the point within yourself that knows you,\\\" which we call \\\"God.\\\" The lyrics accept the fact that \\\"no matter how much you want to get clearer visions of what you're up to, you're only going to get a certain amount.\\\" The song uses UFO imagery. Other\",\n \"id\": \"10703945\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diemonds\\n\\n\\nsat down and worked with a producer and it's evident on the album how much effort was put into the final product. This is what the band had to say about working with Eric, \\\"\\\"We were in the studio every fucking day for like three months. That was a learning experience. You get to immerse yourself in the project and we’d never had the opportunity to spend that much time working on our music. We’d never worked with a producer before. The whole thing was a big learning experience\",\n \"id\": \"14565071\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"John Schneider (screen actor)\\n\\n\\ndedicated to the people who were affected by the flood. In 2016, southern Louisiana was hit twice by major flooding in a matter of six months. The floods ravaged the John Schneider Studios which sat in nearly 4 feet of water. Sitting in the recording studio with no furniture, Schneider began arranging songs like \\\"How Do You Stop The Water\\\", \\\"The Cajun Navy\\\", and \\\"Every Friday Night\\\" before enlisting songwriters Scott Innis and Phil Redrow to help bring the songs to life. Instead of sitting in\",\n \"id\": \"6686198\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Design the Skyline\\n\\n\\nthe band encountered with the song and music video for \\\"Surrounded by Silence\\\" hindered or bothered the members, their response was; \\\"At first it did not anymore, people don't seem to realize that the Surrounded By Silence song was just a demo song and not every band sounds their best on their first demo, you know, and it's crazy how much it blew us up!\\\" A music video, at this point, was confirmed to be in the works for \\\"Break Free from Your Life\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"6406652\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Time and Again (short story)\\n\\n\\nready to go he heads to the mountain road to start plowing and salting the icy roads. The narrator talks of how he wishes he did not work anymore and how he was getting too old to do it. He wants to stop work to watch his hogs grow old and die. Next, the narrator goes on to talk about how Mr. Weeks brags of what a good job he does plowing the roads. While the narrator plows one side of the road, Mr. Weeks plows the other so they will honk to each\",\n \"id\": \"17684960\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sarah Schachner\\n\\n\\nTyler, who worked in film and then started writing video game music. Tyler first brought Schachner in to work on \\\"\\\". Schachner said, \\\"I started doing music on the games for him and I realized how much I loved working on games.\\\" Schachner began to incorporate synthesizers with her work on string instruments. In 2016, Ted Cruz's presidential campaign used one of Schachner's songs, \\\"Lens\\\", without permission. As the composer, she and the performer, along with a licensing firm, sued\",\n \"id\": \"22186461\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Drew Weing\\n\\n\\n\\\"there are many webcomics that are dear to my heart\\\". In particular, Weing has frequently praised how serialized comics force a reader to read slowly: as someone reads a couple pages a week rather than binge reading the entire comic directly, their \\\"life [gets wrapped] up with the characters.\\\" He described this as \\\"getting a little check-in from a friend every day\\\" and considers this an entirely different experience from that which one gets with comic books and graphic novels. Drew Weing is married\",\n \"id\": \"4426839\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Every Heartbeat\\n\\n\\nand although it did not hit No. 1, it still managed to make the No. 2 spot on the Hot 100 and the Adult Contemporary chart for one and six weeks respectively. In both cases Every Heartbeat was kept from the top spot by Bryan Adams' song \\\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\\\". Charlie Peacock wrote the song's music and chorus lyrics, with Grant and Wayne Kirkpatrick composing the remaining lyrics. In 2004, Sixpence None The Richer covered \\\"Every Heartbeat\\\" on the\",\n \"id\": \"17703197\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Technical Training Command\\n\\n\\nwas discontinued after six weeks. The recordings of each performance were recorded. The song also contained lyrics. The opening line is: \\\"Who keeps the planes on high/ Blazing across the sky/ Who checks 'em when they land/ The Technical Training Command.\\\" The royalty was split three ways: 1/3 for each composer. Glenn Miller donated all of his royalty receipts to the Air Forces Aid and to the Red Cross. The sheet music for the song was contained in the 1943 songbook Glenn Miller's Dance Folio published by the Mutual\",\n \"id\": \"17327042\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Get Carter\\n\\n\\nvery grateful to him for ...how much he contributed\\\". Sound editing and dubbing was done by Jim Atkinson, whom Hodges described as \\\"so obsessive about the job\\\". He gave Hodges multiple possibilities of how the sound could be dubbed, and explored every angle. Klinger was worried that the debut director might be overwhelmed with too many options, but Hodges said he and Atkinson got on very well. The majority of the music in the film was composed by Roy Budd, a jazz pianist and composer, who had\",\n \"id\": \"9857728\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Anthems (Anthrax EP)\\n\\n\\ninfluenced them over the years. Vocalist Joey Belladonna explained: \\\"These are all bands I grew up with and have listened to forever. It's just great music. I had fun singing these songs and I was happy recording together with Anthrax, doing classic rock songs.\\\" When asked how the band got the idea to do such a record, bassist Frank Bello answered: \\\"The reason why that happened, if you ever came to an Anthrax sound check, you’d probably hear every other song but an Anthrax song\",\n \"id\": \"693472\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rob Inglis\\n\\n\\nBooks. They then recorded \\\"The Hobbit\\\" about a year later. Inglis prepared with guidance from acting colleges in dramatic societies to perfect the many character voices. Inglis says, \\\"There is much in the original writing that suggests how a character should be brought to life. It's quite strange. At times it felt like Tolkien himself was talking to me through his prose, telling me how things should be.\\\" Inglis says he composed some of the music for the songs himself, some music was composed by Tolkien\",\n \"id\": \"21070271\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of songs written by Glenn Miller\\n\\n\\nsky/ Who checks 'em when they land/ The Technical Training Command.\\\" The royalty was split three ways. Miller gave all of his royalty receipts to the Air Forces Aid and later to the Red Cross. The sheet music for the composition appeared in the 1943 songbook \\\"Glenn Miller's Dance Folio\\\" published by the Mutual Music Society in New York. \\\"Jinky\\\" was composed in 1933 when Miller worked with vocalist Smith Ballew. It is score #62 in the Glenn Miller musical score library. The song was performed by\",\n \"id\": \"4952235\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Lucky Can You Get\\n\\n\\nthat the song \\\"exemplifie[d] Kander and Ebb's approach to musical theater\\\", referring to its use in the film. During the segment of \\\"Funny Lady\\\" where Streisand is shown performing the song, author David Craig wrote that she \\\"sings it in the simplest possible performance\\\" but does not need any \\\"pizzazz to corroborate its showstopping status\\\". Peter Filichia, who wrote a series of books dealing with broadway musicals, claimed that singing \\\"How Lucky Can You Get\\\" and working with Kander and Ebb was\",\n \"id\": \"8993782\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of recurring Futurama characters\\n\\n\\ndiscovering that his life was wasted with nothing but failed or worthless inventions. Hubert is delighted until he discovers that Cubert's intentions are not as he planned. Cubert wants to do something 'better' with his life and does not accept the responsibility Hubert gives to him. He believes that most things happen to be \\\"Impossible\\\" contrary to the Professor's belief that nothing is impossible. Cubert has an epiphany after getting hit on the head, realizing how the starship engines Hubert invented work, allowing them to be repaired while\",\n \"id\": \"6581690\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lucky (In My Life)\\n\\n\\na vocoder in the song. Laut.de said that \\\"more music should come out as Euro-dance numbers in the style of the single \\\"Lucky (In My Life)\\\" for the foam party.\\\" Rockol.it praised how catchy the songs \\\"Lucky (In My Life)\\\" and \\\"Back in time\\\" were, saying that they \\\"do not fail to do their duty.\\\" The song debuted at peaked in #13 in Italy. However, it dropped to #15 the next week, and ended at\",\n \"id\": \"14943171\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 5\\n\\n\\nhave it done within three weeks or a month the way I work. \\\"The Block Brochure\\\" 4, 5 and 6, it was a trip because I did over a hundred songs and I shaved it all the way down to 42 songs. But I shaved it down because I wanted every song to poke out like nipples. And that’s what it’s doing. Just throw it in and just ride, just have a good time.\\\" He went on to discuss how long it took to record, saying\",\n \"id\": \"8998466\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Do It Again (The Beach Boys song)\\n\\n\\nin Britain \\\"was unbelievable. It showed how many fans we had there and how attractive the whole California lifestyle is.\\\" When \\\"Friends\\\" was issued in Japan, \\\"Do It Again\\\" was included in its track list. In Britain's \\\"Disc & Music Echo\\\", Penny Valentine praised the single: \\\"Do It Again\\\" remained at the top position for only one week, after which it was supplanted by the Bee Gees' \\\"I've Gotta Get a Message to You\\\". The impact\",\n \"id\": \"3435584\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tokimeki Memorial 4\\n\\n\\nis mainly about her composition based on her high school life. Because she does not do much at school besides spending time alone composing music, she has a hard time imagining how this piece of music will turn out. Her relationship with the protagonist helps her understand more and more what it means to be a high school student. She also appears in \\\"Tokimemki Memorial 4 Mobile\\\". The daughter and the only successor of Ryukochi Zaibatsu, Kai is brought up like a boy and has a lot of masculine characteristics. She\",\n \"id\": \"15183905\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Does It Feel (Slade song)\\n\\n\\npeaked at No. 6. Following the film's release in January 1975, it was decided to release \\\"How Does It Feel\\\" as the second single the following month. It reached No. 15, which was the band's first single not to reach the UK Top 5 since their 1971 breakthrough with \\\"Get Down and Get with It\\\". The melody of \\\"How Does It Feel\\\" was the first Lea had ever written, while he was still in school. He came up with the idea on an\",\n \"id\": \"2896389\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Maria Callas\\n\\n\\nherself stated that, in opera, acting must be based on the music, quoting Serafin's advice to her: When one wants to find a gesture, when you want to find how to act onstage, all you have to do is to the music. The composer has already seen to that. If you take the trouble to really listen with your Soul and with your Ears—and I say 'Soul' and 'Ears' because the Mind must work, but not much also—you will find every gesture\",\n \"id\": \"17351112\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"New Guy (song)\\n\\n\\nto be a part of the track listing for his first live album, \\\"Mary\\\" (2015), but its inclusion never occurred. Sarkodie reflected on the unexpected success of \\\"New Guy\\\": That is one of my biggest records ever, hype-wise, the music itself, I love it to the core. I don't do songs thinking this has to be a hit. I do music based on how I feel from my heart and that is typically New Guy. New Guy is like a heart\",\n \"id\": \"2364312\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Zest (positive psychology)\\n\\n\\nheart rate, skin conductance, and pupil dilation, have much more defined and widely accepted methods of measure. However, measurements of Zest are still in the beginning stages of development. How do we measure how energetic one person is compared to another? How do we determine exactly how excited a person is about life? What precisely does it mean to approach life adventurously? These are just a few of the questions that must be answered to most effectively research zest. Relating to the problem of operationalizing zest, much of the\",\n \"id\": \"5870964\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"John Holland (composer)\\n\\n\\n, making it possible to construct musical scores that are based on specific non-musical ideas. The player is asked to provide specific tones within each group, while the composer creates the form and structure of the work, typically supplying remarks as to how each group is to be expressed. Many of the composer's scores, including music for solo instruments (with and without signal processing), chamber music, and music for voice, involve the use of integer notation. In much of his piano music, integer notation is\",\n \"id\": \"7250713\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Does It Feel to Be Loved?\\n\\n\\nwas \\\"Brixton's longest running indie club night\\\". Press for the HDIF has been extremely positive. \\\"Legendary indie club,\\\" said the NME. \\\"Much-loved indie pop institution,\\\" wrote The Quietus. \\\"With a decade of great nights under its belt How Does it Feel to Be Loved? is one of London's most enduring and influential underground indie get-togethers,\\\" said Flavorpill. \\\"A speakeasy for anyone who suspects that their life is one big Smiths song,\\\" declared Big Issue\",\n \"id\": \"16277180\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How We Do (song)\\n\\n\\nLloyd Banks, Young Buck, and Game all had songs on the chart during the months of late 2004 and early 2005. However, despite its fast fall out of the top twenty, the song managed to hang on in the lower rungs of the top 40 for months, in spite of, or possibly because of, The Game's follow up, \\\"Hate It or Love It\\\" becoming even bigger on pop radio only a few weeks after \\\"How We Do\\\" had peaked. Dr. Dre had produced \\\"How\",\n \"id\": \"16731838\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Adugu Jaadalu\\n\\n\\nthe people whom Dr. Krishna helped in his entire life without giving his identity and also reads the diary which was nothing but adage of human values which tells how much happiness an individual gets while performing work without selfishness. Here everyone understands Vijay's virtue including Parvati, she also learns that Vijay is only Shekar and says sorry to him. At last, Parvati gets back her eyesight and the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Vijay & Parvati. Music composed by Master Venu. Music released by Audio Company.\",\n \"id\": \"15376150\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"This Is How We Do\\n\\n\\nmusic video, which was released on July 31, 2014. It features the singer getting her nails painted and doing karaoke with her friends. The song was performed on Perry's Prismatic World Tour. While working on \\\"Prism\\\", Perry collaborated in Stockholm with record producer Max Martin for a few weeks to put \\\"the icing on the cake,\\\" as she claimed. In addition, she also worked with Klas Åhlund, among others. Perry has claimed: \\\"Max has always been incredibly kind to me, he\",\n \"id\": \"19958610\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful\\n\\n\\n\\\" were conducted during a vulnerable period in Welch's life, making the album her most personal work thus far. Welch began composing the material for \\\"How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful\\\" upon concluding the band's touring in support of \\\"Ceremonials\\\", in 2014. Regarding the album's themes, she said in a press statement, \\\"I guess although I've always dealt in fantasy and metaphor when I came to writing, that meant the songs this time were dealing much more in reality. \\\"Ceremonials\",\n \"id\": \"3686885\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"That's How They Do It in Dixie: The Essential Collection\\n\\n\\nThat's How They Do It in Dixie: The Essential Collection is a greatest hits album by American country music singer and songwriter Hank Williams, Jr. This album was released on June 27, 2006 on the Curb Records label. This album has two brand new songs, \\\"That's How They Do It in Dixie,\\\" and \\\"Stirrin' It Up\\\". The former was released as a single, while \\\"A Country Boy Can Survive\\\" was re-released. Both songs were made into music videos in 2006\",\n \"id\": \"17133007\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bring Me Edelweiss\\n\\n\\none hit without much work. One instruction, \\\"Compose your music with bits you've nicked from other songs\\\", was supposedly followed by Edelweiss, allowing them to compose \\\"Bring Me Edelweiss.\\\" The song features many samples. The primary sample, which the song's chorus is based on, is ABBA's 1975 song \\\"SOS\\\", which was one of the band's first international hits. ABBA usually do not allow other artists to sample their music, and they claimed Edelweiss never contacted them and never had\",\n \"id\": \"14678406\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional liability insurance\\n\\n\\nis how much the company will spend on each claim and the aggregate is the limit of how much will be spent per policy period across several claims. The limits are set and do not renew every policy period. A typical coverage is for \\\"Professional Services\\\" \\\"On behalf of Another.\\\" Professional Services means the work done as an attorney, which means that driving accidents on the way to a deposition or broken desk lamps are not covered. On behalf of another means the professional service is benefiting an outside party,\",\n \"id\": \"8647134\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do You Get That Lonely\\n\\n\\n\\\"How Do You Get That Lonely\\\" is a song written by Rory Feek and Jamie Teachenor, and recorded by American country music artist Blaine Larsen. It was released November 1st, 2004, reaching number 18 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It also peaked at #91 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Larsen's only Hot 100 entry. \\\"How Do You Get That Lonely\\\" had originally appeared in Larsen's album \\\"In My High School\\\" on Giantslayer Records. The song\",\n \"id\": \"6817878\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mylon LeFevre\\n\\n\\nThat weekend, LeFevre hitchhiked over 600 miles to get there. Onstage, singing \\\"Without Him\\\", he did not know that Elvis Presley was there. After the concert, Elvis asked to meet LeFevre. Shortly thereafter, Elvis recorded the song for his album, \\\"How Great Thou Art\\\", and within the next year, over a hundred artists would record his song. According to LeFevre, writing the song took about twenty minutes and produced an initial royalty check of approximately $90,000. With that money he purchased\",\n \"id\": \"3700664\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Baby (musical)\\n\\n\\nthey must get married, which Lizzie does not agree with. They then sing a song about how their child will be a perfect mix of both of them (\\\"What Could Be Better?\\\"). While exercising together, Arlene tells Alan that she has been pregnant for about a month. While singing, they surmise that she must have gotten pregnant on their anniversary trip the night they both had too much champagne. Alan is ecstatic about having the child, while Arlene seems unsure. Meanwhile, Pam and Nick are\",\n \"id\": \"9725624\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Don Martin (cartoonist)\\n\\n\\na record to see how long it took me to do the pencils, and how long it took me to do the inks, but it still ended up being seven days a week for a couple of months. I find I have to get some momentum going when I draw. I can't work with interruptions. I like to have three or four days where I don't even leave the house on an errand. I get a lot more done that way, because I build up a head of steam. In\",\n \"id\": \"5159958\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Music radio\\n\\n\\nASCAP and BMI in the United States or PRS in the UK. These fees or royalties are generally paid to the songwriters; the musicians themselves typically do not get a cut of radio royalties, even if they own a share of the performance rights, unless they wrote the song themselves. (Thus, a song that is in the public domain is free to play on the radio, regardless of who performs it or when it was performed.) For example, the industry-wide fees payable in 2004 to ASCAP was\",\n \"id\": \"739447\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Farzane Zamen\\n\\n\\n\\\"Love Affair\\\". The top twenty entries were featured in a compilation album, and Farzane Zamen was placed eighth. Her first music video, \\\"Khodahafez\\\", released in 2012, was a hit in Iran and the Iranian diaspora. It is a song about leaving Iran for foreign countries to learn freedom and how to live again, a reason why many young people felt they identified strongly with the song. Farzane does all of the composing and arrangement of her songs herself in her own home studio. Her music blends\",\n \"id\": \"2948849\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Frank Wildhorn\\n\\n\\nFrank Wildhorn (born November 29, 1958) is an American composer known for both his musicals and popular songs. He is most known for his musical \\\"Jekyll & Hyde\\\", which ran four years on Broadway, and for writing the #1 International hit song \\\"Where Do Broken Hearts Go\\\" for Whitney Houston. Wildhorn was born in Harlem and spent his childhood in Queens before moving to Hollywood, Florida at age 14. Soon after he taught himself how to play the piano, Wildhorn realized he wanted to compose\",\n \"id\": \"11032360\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"What's Up Fox\\n\\n\\nday, she gets into an accident with her friend Seung-hye's younger brother, Chul-soo (Chun Jung-myung), and begins to see him in a new light. Park Chul-soo is a 24-year-old high school graduate working as a mechanic at a car repair shop. Although Chul-soo does not seem to have much, he is filled with maturity and enjoys life by doing the things he loves: working as a mechanic and traveling. How many people actually find the love they\",\n \"id\": \"4415108\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Holon (Nik Bärtsch album)\\n\\n\\nHolon is an album by Swiss pianist and composer Nik Bärtsch's band Ronin recorded in France in 2007 and released on the ECM label. The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek states \\\"The most beautiful thing about \\\"Holon\\\" is how \\\"live\\\" it all feels. You can see in the mind's eye and fully hear this music in a setting where an audience is urging the band on, not just listening, but moving. How much better does it get than that? The more things stay the same in Ronin\",\n \"id\": \"14960699\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How I Met Your Music\\n\\n\\nHow I Met Your Music is the name of two albums (the first being followed by the subtitle Original Songs from the Hit Series \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\", the second being followed by Deluxe) composed of songs from the CBS television series \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\", the first of which was released hours before the Season 8 premiere. It features 20 songs that had appeared in the first seven seasons of the show and was released only digitally, originally through iTunes. A second iteration, titled \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"1087640\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Heathen (David Bowie album)\\n\\n\\nyou get to when you're not really going to be shown [on TV] anymore. The young have to kill the old. ... That's how life works. ... It's how culture works.\\\" For this reason there were no music videos released for any of the songs from this album. However, a music video for \\\"Slow Burn\\\" was uploaded to the official DavidBowieVEVO YouTube channel on 23 March 2011. The video shows Bowie dressed in white performing the vocals to the song in a recording studio booth\",\n \"id\": \"5651450\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Every Day I Have the Blues\\n\\n\\nhe recorded a second and perhaps the most famous version of the song with the Count Basie Orchestra, titled \\\"Every Day\\\". It featured a big-band arrangement and spent twenty weeks in the R&B chart, reaching number two. Despite Sparks' earlier song, most versions of \\\"Every Day I Have the Blues\\\" are credited to Memphis Slim (to his real name, John Chatman, or to his pseudonym, Peter Chatman). Because of their success, Memphis Slim's composer royalties from the later hits by\",\n \"id\": \"13139749\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Dude, That's My Ghost! characters\\n\\n\\njeans), loved to trash hotel rooms and wreck music video shoots, and treated his crew and staff horribly. He can also be somewhat temperamental, especially when someone insults him or his music. Nearly every one of Billy's songs involve him singing about how much he loves himself or how much everyone else loves him (\\\"I'm Still in Love With Me\\\", \\\"I Am the Sunshine of My Life\\\", \\\"You Love Me, I Love Me More\\\", etc.) although sometimes they are\",\n \"id\": \"956249\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Warrior Xtreme Cagefighting\\n\\n\\nlater in the bout, it ends with a technical decision win to the injured fighter if the injured fighter is ahead on points, otherwise it is a technical draw. A WXC fighter generally does not have a salary, Amateur fighters do not get paid. Professional fighters are paid per fight, with amounts depending on how well-known the fighters are and how well sponsored a fighter and an event is. Fighters will typically get paid money to fight with an additional bonus if they win. Cash bonuses are also typically awarded\",\n \"id\": \"11484373\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Beautiful Vision\\n\\n\\nrock & roll tour. It's not just here's the hits, here's the new record, please buy it, whatever.' It was a \\\"performance\\\". ... A certain number of people would come back every night, [knowing that] Van will not have a set-list that he adheres to religiously ... So I thought, 'Here's a way. Van is not having any singles. Van doesn't do TV. How can we get attention to him doing what he does?'\",\n \"id\": \"20901294\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Therapy (Tech N9ne EP)\\n\\n\\njust thought it up right there. We did one called \\\"When Demons Come\\\". Everything came from getting recognition from \\\"Something Else\\\". That's how my life is. I like my life. \\\"So Much Love\\\" on \\\"Something Else\\\" had me ready for \\\"When Demons Come\\\". There's so much love you can get lost in this shit. You don't know when something's going to hit. You have to be ready with angels when demons come. Songs like that just came\",\n \"id\": \"15255587\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Eberg\\n\\n\\nBBC Radio 1. Eberg’s second album \\\"Voff Voff\\\" has a more organized arrangement of acoustics and electronics that made most of the songs on the album hits in the UK and Iceland. Eberg explains, \\\"Voff Voff is how Icelandic dogs bark, I’ve always tended to be a bit of a barker. I like barking in public and I do way too much of it when I get drunk, and that’s how Icelandic dog barks, hence the name of the album, \\\"Voff Voff\\\".\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"14807965\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Variable universal life insurance\\n\\n\\npremiums to pay for a given death benefit. The minimum premium is primarily affected by the contract features offered by the insurer. To maintain a death benefit guarantee, that specified premium level must be paid every month. To keep the policy in force, typically no premium needs to be paid as long as there is enough cash value in the policy to pay that month's cost of insurance. The maximum premium amounts are heavily influenced by the code for life insurance. Internal Revenue Code section 7702 sets limits for how much cash\",\n \"id\": \"2980759\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Women's music\\n\\n\\ntheir purpose: truthful expressionism. Ethel Smyth, a musical composer, encoded her lesbian life experiences in her music. Genders of composers, writers, artists, and more have a lot to do with how music is perceived and interpreted. Cues such as tempo, articulation, and other dynamics signify many different types of meanings – they are not standard. Each musician uses these codes and cues to suit their music, and thus express themselves through song. Feminist musicians aimed to show a positive, proactive, and assertive image of\",\n \"id\": \"17456450\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ed Reardon's Week\\n\\n\\nFiona, played by Jenny Agutter. By Series 12 his romantic focus had moved to his agency colleague, Maggie, played by Pippa Haywood. Much humour comes from Ed's rants and inability to stop himself getting carried away in his angry tirades, often triggered by learning that somebody younger than him is proving more successful (such as the author of \\\"Eats, Shoots and Leaves\\\", Lynne Truss; one tirade follows Ed receiving several copies of the book as gifts for his birthday and working out how much in royalties Truss\",\n \"id\": \"4635599\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Evolution: Creatio Ex Nihilio\\n\\n\\nto proceed. To accommodate the short time frame, the songwriting process differed from their previous releases, with the vocalist composing all the music and main structures. Using specific music software packages and MIDI sequencing and samples to recreate a full band performance, Harris-Hayes could see how sections flowed and how they would sound with a full band playing the songs. The band then worked on these songs together, when they practiced three times a week at their Pyres Of Mithrandire studio and rehearsal space. When they were sure that the\",\n \"id\": \"4719958\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kanaka Dasa\\n\\n\\nKanakadasa into the temple. Kanakadasa was outside the temple meditating on Lord Krishna and singing songs in praise of his Lord Krishna. He did this for weeks, he is believed to have camped outside the temple for weeks cooking his own food and during this time he was so distraught, he composed poems in praise of Lord Krishna and composed Kirthanas (Poems) which are relevant even today about how all humans are equal, every one is born the same way physically, everyone shares the same water, same sun for their life\",\n \"id\": \"7486767\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Matthew Steen\\n\\n\\net cetera. WALLACE: And you had no real difficulty in doing this? STEEN: No. WALLACE: By the time the FBI got to him in 1971, Steen acknowledges he had used various fake ID's to rip off the Bank of America. He'd buy a set of Travellers' Checks; then, a couple of weeks later, claim they'd been lost or stolen—and get replacements. He had doubled his money. How much did you make this way? STEEN: Somewhere between fifty and a\",\n \"id\": \"13638778\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"You Can't Get a Man with a Gun\\n\\n\\n\\\"You Can't Get a Man with a Gun\\\" is a song from the 1946 musical \\\"Annie Get Your Gun\\\", written by Irving Berlin. It was originally performed by Ethel Merman. In the song, Annie Oakley sings about how a girl with talent as a sharpshooter nevertheless finds that her abilities do not help her attract men. She introduces herself with: \\\"I'm quick on the trigger/with targets not much bigger/than a pinpoint I'm number one.\\\" The song is humorous in that\",\n \"id\": \"8663678\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Copyright collective\\n\\n\\nestablishments and tracking where and how often the songs of their affiliates are performed at these public venues. An author can only be part of one PRO as the four existing PROs in the US have distinct systems for tariffs and payment of royalty as they compete with each other in the market. The four existing PROs in the music industry in US are American Society of Composers, Authors, & Publishers, Broadcast Music. Inc, Society of European Stage Authors and Composers and Global Music Rights. In the US copyright collectives are registered\",\n \"id\": \"6491033\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Book of David\\n\\n\\nlong was due to the legal work from clearing samples and guest collaborators signing off, He also revealed how he's one of the only artists to ever get a sample clearance from the 1978 musical film Grease and he also explained how his direction for the album was saying \\\"I didn't approach it to try to do anything new as a matter a fact I tried to do everything old by doing antiquated music by artists such as El DeBarge, Curtis Mayfield, Luther Vandross.\\\" \\\"Luv of My Life\\\" featuring Gift\",\n \"id\": \"8851074\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rendu Rella Aaru\\n\\n\\n! Just like how Keerthana hates that incident, Madhu changes his name in the city and he sends Sadguna Rao to the same village- requesting him to behave badly and get rid of Vigneshwari! The real fun begins when Sadguna Rao and Vindhya fall for each other in the process of acting in the village. The rest of the story is about what happens to these two young couples and how things fall in place! Music composed by Rajan–Nagendra. All songs are hit tracks. Lyrics were written by Veturi Sundararama Murthy.\",\n \"id\": \"13237848\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United States v. ASCAP\\n\\n\\ndoes not vary depending on how much music from the repertory the licensee actually uses.\\\" In order to settle the royalty payments owed to the music owners represented by ASCAP, the companies and ASCAP sought an assessment from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. During the proceedings to establish a reasonable royalty rate, ASCAP claimed that individual downloads count as public performances, allowing a copyright holder's exclusive performance rights to be factored into the assessment of fees in addition to the exclusive rights of reproduction and distribution\",\n \"id\": \"20580285\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Songwriter\\n\\n\\nUniversal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could \\\"...keep as much [publishing income] as possible and say how it's going to be done.\\\" Songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In part, this is because the process of \\\"working out\\\" a song or arrangement requires a songwriter to play an instrument, typically the guitar or the piano, to hear how the chord progression sounds and to hear how well\",\n \"id\": \"10347388\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Daigasso! Band Brothers\\n\\n\\nand the better each player follows along, the more in tune the song comes through. Every note played, right or wrong, can be heard on the other players' systems, and if every single part in the song is played by a human absolutely nothing will be automated. Scores are measured by percentage of notes hit, each players percentage is represented by a balloon in the bottom screen. This lets everyone know how they are doing in comparison to their friends score. Another feature is a full blown music editor allowing\",\n \"id\": \"15082939\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hate My Life\\n\\n\\nstarts singing the song, the lyrics matching everything that is happening in the video. He complains about how he hates hobos (\\\"\\\"So sick of the hobos always begging for change, I don't like how I gotta work and they just sit around and get paid\\\"\\\"), he almost gets hit by a car (\\\"\\\"I hate all of the people, who can't drive their cars...\\\"), we meet his wife, played by his real wife Christine Danielle Connolly (\\\"\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"3925580\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Once More, with Feeling (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)\\n\\n\\n, with Feeling\\\" was Joss Whedon's first attempt at writing music, which he had always wanted to do. He learned how to play guitar to write several songs. Christophe Beck, a regular composer for the series, filled in the overture and coda and composed \\\"Dawn's Ballet\\\". Whedon is a fan of Stephen Sondheim, and used him as the inspiration for much of the music, particularly with the episode's ambiguous ending. Cast member James Marsters (Spike) said, \\\"Some of Joss' music\",\n \"id\": \"14395205\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"First Date (musical)\\n\\n\\ntalking about how much he loves Allison, but with Casey's encouraging, he gets angry at Allison and lists everything he hated about her and how horribly she treated him (\\\"In Love With You\\\"). Casey and Aaron share an ecstatic embrace after Aaron's cathartic exchange with an imaginary Allison. After Casey and Aaron finish their dinner, the waiter brings them the check. The whole restaurant freezes, wondering who is going to pay for dinner (\\\"The Check!\\\"). Casey wants them to split it\",\n \"id\": \"12485696\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"For How Much Longer Do We Tolerate Mass Murder?\\n\\n\\nmusical and political radicalism. \\\"PopMatters\\\" called the work \\\"a genre-defining (and genre-defying) epic, as fearsome and fearless as popular music can be.\\\" AllMusic opined that \\\"Gang of Four's stellar early work sounds meek and toothless compared to the Molotov cocktail that is \\\"For How Much Longer Do We Tolerate Mass Murder?\\\" Mark Fisher, writing for \\\"Fact\\\", stated that \\\"the debates provoked by \\\"For How Much Longer\\\" rehearsed some of the disputes over aesthetics and politics\",\n \"id\": \"21247816\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Role Model (song)\\n\\n\\n(\\\"So if I said I never do drugs, that would mean I lie and get f ---ed more than the President does\\\").\\\" RapReviews highlighted following lyrics: \\\"I get a clean shave, bathe, go to a rave/ Die from an overdose and dig myself up out of my grave/ My middle finger won't go down, how do I wave?/ And this is how I'm supposed to teach kids how to behave?\\\" The video is a darker comedic offering than \\\"My Name Is\\\",\",\n \"id\": \"21880176\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jarome Iginla\\n\\n\\nand hit, and score goals. Maybe it's not the end-to-end rushes, but he does all those little things that win games and get things done.\\\" His opponents also respect his play. Rob Blake said that while Iginla is not known for fancy play, \\\"he'll run you over. Or he'll fight somebody. And then he'll score a goal. He does pretty much everything you'd want a guy to do.\\\" Iginla has recorded several Gordie Howe hat tricks – a\",\n \"id\": \"5047769\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":95,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Why the name Richard is shortened into Dick?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"1alz8v"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"It was once popular to create rhyming nicknames. So Richard becomes Rick, which then becomes Dick. This is the same reason that William becomes Bill.\"}, {\"answer\": \"This question could have been answered by Google. There are lots of explanations. ELI5 is for asking questions where you've done the research but still don't understand the concept.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Have you ever met a Richard you've liked?\"}, {\"answer\": \"Richard here: I can verify that we're all dicks\"}, {\"answer\": \"My middle name is Dirk which is interchangable as Dick in the netherlands. And my first name is Ritch. So my name is actually Dick Dick?\"}, {\"answer\": \"Little off topic but why did people call John F. Kennedy; Jack Kennedy? How is Jack a nickname for John?\"}, {\"answer\": \"I know a guy whos legal name is Dick, He goes by Rich.\"}, {\"answer\": \"My name is Richard, but most people call me Rick. Only people who still find humor in the word \\\"dick\\\" call me Dick as a joke.\"}, {\"answer\": \"But how does Francisco get to Paco? I guess should know, but I don't.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I go by Ted but my real name is Edward, from some reason this puzzles people. I dont know why, you put a T in front of Ed and it's Ted\"}, {\"answer\": \"Theodore all the way to Ted seems like a weird one too. (Edward- > Ed- > Ted explains the OTHER Teds in the same vein as this post)\"}, {\"answer\": \"Another reason all these nicknames happened: At one point in England there were very few first names in use. Still, in England, they use phrases like \\\"our Arthur\\\" to distinguish the Arthur in your department from the three other Arthurs in the company. Anyway. If your wife is Elizabeth, your mother is Elizabeth, your sister is Elizabeth and your mother-in-law is Elizabeth (something like this happened) you need a quick way of keeping them straight. Liz, Eliza, Beth, Bess, and then the ones down the lane are Betsy, Lizzie, and so forth. Margaret, Maggie, Marge, Margie ... I imagine at some point you call a Margaret \\\"Peg\\\" because you're out of ideas. This theory also explains Mary- > Molly, John- > Jack and other such things. (source: somewhere in the book Longitude. It was something like a guy named John Smith with a wife, sister and mother named Elizabeth and a brother-in-law and father-in-law named John. )\"}, {\"answer\": \"[*\\\"And if someone asks to see it, I show 'em a little dick, Not my penis, the short guy named Richard, we call him Rick, (What up, Rick?) He's actually kind of a dick.\\\"*]( URL_0 )\"}, {\"answer\": \"Better question. If your name happens to be Richard, why choose to go with Dick? Like [this guy]( URL_0 )\"}, {\"answer\": \"My Mongolian friend, Batjargal, tells me the shorthand of his name (Bachka) is similar to the Richard/Dick shorthand\"}, {\"answer\": \"Here's a question, was the word 'dick' (meaning penis) around before the word 'dick' (meaning Richard)?\"}, {\"answer\": \"My name is WALOOON and I go by DICK.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"21200382\", \"title\": \"Dick (film)\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Dick is a 1999 American comedy film directed by Andrew Fleming from a script he wrote with Sheryl Longin. It is a comic reimagining of the Watergate scandal which ended the presidency of Richard (\\\"Tricky Dick\\\") Nixon and features several cast members from \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\" and \\\"The Kids in the Hall\\\".\", \"Dick is a 1999 American comedy film directed by Andrew Fleming from a script he wrote with Sheryl Longin. It is a comic reimagining of the Watergate scandal which ended the presidency of\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Dick Dean\n\n\nto do.\" The 1959 Autorama car show was also when he got his famous nickname. The show announcer couldn’t pronounce his last name and asked for his middle name. Then he shortened ‘Richard’ to ‘Dick’ and announced him as ‘Dick Dean,’ which became his permanent trade name. In Los Angeles during the early 1960s, Dean augmented his show car work by building chassis frames and aerodynamic bodies for dragsters and cars intent on setting world land speed records. These included the Goldenrod and Challenger for","id":"13032049"},{"contents":"Dickin\n\n\nof Richard, as in Richard's kin or Dick + Kin, which was eventually shortened to Dickin. The 1891 England and Wales census shows a high concentration of Dickin families in Lancashire (19%), Shropshire (23%), and Staffordshire (15%). A large number of records between 1532 and 1812 show the prominent use of the Dickin surname at that time. The earliest known records of the Dickin family in North America show John Dickin landing in New England in 1753 and Alexander Dickin landing in Maryland","id":"18846702"},{"contents":"Richard Barthelmess\n\n\n\"Picture-Play Magazine\" in 1921:Different fans have different opinions, and although Wallace Reid, Thomas Meighan, and Niles Welch are mighty fine chaps, I think that Richard Barthelmess beats them all. Dick is getting more and more popular every day, and why? Because his wonderful black hair and soulful eyes are enough to make any young girl adore him. The first play I saw Dick in was \"Boots\"—Dorothy Gish playing the lead. This play impressed me so that I went to see every play in which","id":"1652322"},{"contents":"Dick Wick Hall\n\n\nMarch of that year he was business manager of the \"Arizona Graphic\". In 1901, the brothers moved to Wickenburg and began publishing a newspaper, the \"News Herald\". The following year, Hall had his name legally changed to \"Dick Wickenburg Hall\". As to why the new name was selected, Hall had never liked his given name and had gone by \"Dick\" as a child. The addition of \"Wickenburg\" was done to satisfy Hall's desire to have a middle name and in honor","id":"14461045"},{"contents":"Dick Sargent\n\n\nRichard Stanford Cox (April 19, 1930 – July 8, 1994), known professionally as Dick Sargent, was an American actor, notable as the second actor to portray Darrin Stephens on ABC's fantasy situation comedy \"Bewitched\". He took the name Dick Sargent from a \"Saturday Evening Post\" illustrator/artist of the same name. Sargent was born Richard Stanford Cox in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, on April 19, 1930, to Ruth McNaughton, daughter of John McNaughton who founded Los","id":"4665281"},{"contents":"King Size Dick\n\n\n, replied the Welshman and paraphrased: \"king size\". Ganss stuck to that and thus his stage name remained \"King Size Dick\" ('big and fat'), with no intended phallic connotation. In the Colognian dialect, the German adjective \"\" () translates to \"\" () as opposed to \"Dick\" which in Colognian, like in English, is also regarded a variation of the Christian name \"Richard\". Back home, his nickname and stage name remained \"Dick\", even","id":"7427691"},{"contents":"Gag name\n\n\nFirst?\" sketch. Former US Congressman from New Hampshire Dick Swett's name, when pronounced, sounds like common slang for male genital perspiration. Other names in politics which could be regarded as gag names include John Boehner, Harry Baals, Dick Armey and Tiny Kox (although Boehner's surname is properly pronounced \"bay-ner\", it is often misunderstood as \"boner\"). There are also various people named Richard \"Dick\" Head. Australian entrepreneur Dick Smith released a brand of matches named Dickheads, modeled","id":"10229795"},{"contents":"The Smoking Stump\n\n\nThe Smoking Stump was a band formed in 1983 in Dallas, by brothers Dick and Richard Van Richard (Dick) .. Dick was playing cowbell at the time, though he quickly switched to rhythm guitar. Richard continued to play bass guitar with his custom six-string basses. They recruited Dan Chuckup for lead vocals, Wayne Lyle Gary Dwayne on keyboards and trumpet, Dack ‘Animal’ Dackey on drums, and Floyd (no last name known) on lead guitar. After two months, however, Floyd was kicked out","id":"6940908"},{"contents":"Dick Leitsch\n\n\nHe was also known for being the first gay reporter to publish an account of the Stonewall Riots and the first person to interview Bette Midler in print media. Richard Joseph Leitsch (who also went by Richard Valentine Leitsch, adopting a family name as his middle name) was born on May 11, 1935, in Louisville, Kentucky to Joseph Leitsch, who owned a wholesale tobacco business, and Ann (Moran) Leitsch. Richard, known as Dick, had three younger siblings. Leitsch's desire from childhood to live in","id":"10030435"},{"contents":"Richard Meros\n\n\nRichard Meros is the pseudonym for a writer from Wellington, New Zealand. He is best known for the book \"On the Conditions and Possibilities of Helen Clark Taking Me as Her Young Lover\" and the theatrical adaptations of his work. First published in 2005, \"On the Conditions and Possibilities of Helen Clark Taking Me as Her Young Lover\", received favourable reviews in New Zealand and international press. The book, often shortened to OTC&POHCTMAHYL, asked why Helen Clark, the Prime Minister at the time would want a young","id":"16631659"},{"contents":"Red Skies of Montana\n\n\n, at base, superintendent Richard \"Dick\" Dryer becomes worried because Cliff is not answering radio calls. The next day, after the fire crowns, Dick flies by helicopter into the area and is stunned to find only Cliff, in shock and wandering through the devastated region. Cliff is rushed to the hospital, where he gradually recovers, although he cannot remember how he got separated from his men, or why he was the only one to survive. Upon his return home, Cliff is greeted by Pop's son","id":"11715410"},{"contents":"Dick Gregory\n\n\nbe relevant, which is why he included his standup in the collection. Gregory is featured along with the likes of Huey P. Newton, Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King Jr., Langston Hughes and Bill Cosby. Joe Morton played Dick Gregory in 2016 in the play \"Turn Me Loose\" at the Westside Theatre in Manhattan. Gregory met his future wife Lillian Gregory at an African-American club; they married in 1959. They had 11 children (including one son, Richard Jr., who died two months after birth)","id":"228478"},{"contents":"Kolobok\n\n\nname of the tale was later shortened to Low German \"De dicke fette Pannkoken\" and Standard German \"Der dicke fette Pfannkuchen\", which both can be translated to \"The thick fat pancake\". In the books the pancake is often depicted with little feet contrary to pictures in other variants of the fairy tale. The end of the German tale differs from the Ukrainian. Instead of being eaten by one of the animals, the pancake gives himself to two poor children who have nothing else to eat. In Norway a","id":"11610161"},{"contents":"Dick Wick Hall\n\n\nof Henry Wickenburg. The new name was shortened in common use to \"Dick Wick Hall\". While the Hall's newspaper was turning into a failure, they purchased an interest in a gold mine in the Harcuvar Mountains. The mine, the Glory Hole Mine, was successful for a time and spawned a minor gold rush. About this time Hall decided to settle in the area near the mine. Toward this end, he partnered with Charles H. Pratt to claim of land near to where the Santa Fe Railroad was planning","id":"14461046"},{"contents":"Richard M. Ramin\n\n\nprotest garnering national attention, Ramin’s fundraising was twenty-three percent (23%) ahead of the 1968 campaign. Dick Ramin was the son of Richard and Florence Ramin. Dick started for his secondary school football team, the Williamsport High School Millionaires. In 1946, he was named lineman for the Pennsylvania All-State Team. While studying at Cornell, Ramin was a member of Sphinx Head and Delta Kappa Epsilon. After graduating from Cornell in 1951, Dick served in the U.S. Army for two years as a First","id":"8403971"},{"contents":"Richard W. Dowling\n\n\nregularly attended by a number of the descendants of Dick's sisters. Dick and Elizabeth had two children that survived to adulthood, Mary Anne Dowling and Felix \"Richard\" Sabine Dowling. In Houston, Dowling's legacy is remembered in the naming of Dowling Middle School, a middle school that serves the city's predominantly African-American and Hispanic south side. Dowling Street, a major artery of the city's predominantly African-American Third Ward, had also been named after him. However, on January 11, 2017,","id":"18388793"},{"contents":"Dick Cooper\n\n\nRichard \"Dick\" Cooper is a Canadian musician and writer based in Ottawa, Ontario. A founding member of the popular 1970s Canadian Southern rock band The Cooper Brothers, he toured extensively throughout North America and helped the band achieve several hits under the Capricorn Records label, including a number of songs which charted on The Billboard Hot 100. When the band went their separate ways in 1983, Dick began working as a children’s television writer (working under the name Richard Cooper) and over the next few years scripted several shows","id":"17831021"},{"contents":"Dickin\n\n\nDickin is a surname of English and Irish origin originating in the mid-11th century during the Norman conquests. The origin of the Dickin surname stems from the Norman conquests of 1066 and King Richard the First of England. Patronymic naming, established following the Norman conquests, meant that Richard's son would become Richardson (Richard + Son). Eventually, as the shorthand for Richard became \"Dick\" the name morphed into Dickson and several other related names. In order to be gender neutral, the name also morphed into being the kin","id":"18846701"},{"contents":"Iron Fist (album)\n\n\nand Dick engineering. Struggling to think of a name for the title track for the album, Lemmy remembered the time the band had performed live under the name Iron Fist and the Hordes from Hell for contractual reasons (a subsequent album \"What's Words Worth?\" was released of that event), and decided this was an apt name for this project. The name was eventually shortened to simply \"Iron Fist\". The title track would go on to be one of the band's signature songs. A promotional film","id":"2887441"},{"contents":"Richard Sinclair\n\n\nRichard Stephen Sinclair (born 6 June 1948) is an English progressive rock bassist, guitarist, and vocalist who has been a member of several bands of the Canterbury scene. Born in Canterbury England, both his father (Dick Sinclair) and grandfather (also named Dick Sinclair) were musical entertainers around Canterbury. Richard was introduced to the ukulele at age 3 and the guitar at 6, and was only 15 when he met Hugh and Brian Hopper when they came to see his dad's danceband. By the following year Sinclair","id":"10857519"},{"contents":"Richard (Dick) Talens\n\n\nRichard (Dick) Talens is an entrepreneur and fitness coach. He is the co-founder of Fitocracy, an online game and social network with over 1.5 million members. He was named one of the world's most influential people in health & fitness by Greatist in 2014. Richard Talens is the trainer of Miss America 2013 Mallory Hagan. He co-founded the social network Fitocracy with Brian Wang. He has spoken about his experience with fitness through TEDx and as \"Lifehacker\"s health and fitness writer. Talens has a B.S.","id":"11447618"},{"contents":"Dick joke\n\n\nfind less controversial subject matter if they wish to expand their presence to more restrictive venues like network television and family films. In short, \"young professionals whose success has been achieved on the stepladder of dick jokes must eventually change their acts\". The impact of this kind of joke, as with most humor, may rest with the unspoken connotation. An example is the joke below set in a class in medical school: Because the name Richard can be abbreviated as \"Dick\", in some jokes a person named \"","id":"15267997"},{"contents":"Dick Dastardly\n\n\nin his personality, like saying nice things in front of Peter and Penelope which he would never do. In later years, Dastardly and Muttley were the for Yogi Bear and his friends in the 1980s series \"Yogi's Treasure Hunt\". This time, Dick repeatedly failed at discovering hidden treasure before Yogi and his team. It was in this series' episode \"Yogi's Heroes\" that Dick's full name was revealed; as the leader of an island named Dicaragua, he introduced himself as Richard Milhous Dastardly (an","id":"20827282"},{"contents":"Dick Bertel\n\n\n), and Dee Caruso (who would become a TV writer and producer for \"Get Smart\", \"The Monkees\", and \"The Smothers Brothers Show\"). Up until now, he had been using his name \"Dick Bertelmann\" on WNLK, WGCH, and WNAB. Other announcers at WSTC used stage names so he decided it was time to coin one for himself. At WSTC he started calling himself \"Dick Richards.\" One night in September 1954, one of Bertel's colleagues conceived a plan","id":"21805001"},{"contents":"Dick Abikhair\n\n\nRichard Abikhair (7 July 1914 – 20 August 1962) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Hawthorn and North Melbourne. Of Lebanese descent, Abikhair usually played as a rover or in the back pocket. His career was partially shortened by the declaration of World War II . Following his playing career, Abikhair began coaching at the amateur level. While coaching the Carlton Rovers in the Sunday Amateur Football League he received a bomb threat to his Clifton Hill home. League secretary W. H. Linnington also received similar threats to his Brunswick","id":"1031113"},{"contents":"Chipperfield's Circus\n\n\nfamily. Richard was the father of six children, including Dick (Richard) and Jimmy (James) (who took over from their father in 1937), John (\"Johnny\"), Thomas Henry \"Tom\", Marjorie and Maud. Richard Chipperfield died in 1959. Dick Chipperfield, Richard Chipperfield (1904-1988), began performing as a clown at the family's fairground variety show when he was just five. Dick's father was Richard Chipperfield (1875-1959), Dick's mother was Emily","id":"9086943"},{"contents":"Jessica Jones (TV series)\n\n\n's A.K.A. Jessica Jones\". However, in June 2015, Marvel revealed that the title for the series would be shortened to \"Marvel's Jessica Jones\". On why the title was shortened, Loeb said, \"It literally just became one of those things that happens. We had talked about whether that was the best title for it, and that's how it happened.\" Rosenberg added that the \"AKA\" would still be seen in the name of each episode. In January 2016, Netflix ordered a second","id":"5216723"},{"contents":"Richard Drax\n\n\nhas sat on the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee and currently serves on the European Scrutiny Committee. In 2009, Drax faced criticism from political rivals for 'hiding his aristocratic roots' by not using his full quadruple-barrelled name. It was suggested the leader of the Conservative Party, David Cameron, has asked wealthy Conservative candidates to shorten their names to appear more in touch with normal people. Drax denied the accusations, saying that he only used the shortened version of his name because of the \"logistic mouthful\"","id":"9498609"},{"contents":"Diddy Dick and Dom\n\n\nDiddy Dick and Dom is the name of a five-minute interstitial programme shown on CBBC since 2007. Diddy Dick and Dom are miniature versions of Richard McCourt and Dominic Wood, who live in the eponymous duo's cupboard, where they fight, dance, argue, burp, fart and get themselves into various other comical situations. Both actors heads are on puppet bodies while their voices are high pitched. The show essentially consists of several of the Diddy Dick and Dom sketches first seen in Dick and Dom in da Bungalow.","id":"10742203"},{"contents":"Dick and Dee Dee\n\n\nDick and Dee Dee (or Dick and Deedee) is an American singer-songwriter duo that reached popularity in the early to mid-1960s. The group was founded by California classmates Mary Sperling and Richard Gosting. They eventually changed their names to Dee Dee Sperling (currently Dee Dee Phelps) and Dick St. John. They had their first hit in 1961 when \"The Mountain's High\" reached No. 2 on the Billboard 100. They toured with the Beach Boys and opened for the Rolling Stones during the Stones' 1964 tour","id":"14701347"},{"contents":"Diamond Dick\n\n\n-1911), who went by the nickname Diamond Dick and who was the hero of a dime novel by Buckskin Sam Hall\" (1882). The character's real name was Richard Wade. His son, Bertie Wade, was known as Diamond Dick, Jr. The series was known for occurring in real time. The characters aged and the world changed (i.e. new technologies such as cars were introduced). Dick was famous for wearing diamond-studded clothes. He was described as handsome, and had dark hair and","id":"6117594"},{"contents":"The Jodimars\n\n\nThe Jodimars was an American rock 'n' roll band that was formed in the summer of 1955 and remained active until 1958. The band was created by former members of Bill Haley & His Comets who had quit that group in a salary dispute. The name of the group was derived from the first letters of the first names of the founding members: Joey Ambrose (real name Joey d'Ambrosio) (saxophone), Dick Boccelli (under the name \"Dick Richards\") (vocals and drums), and Marshall Lytle","id":"14131639"},{"contents":"Guiding Light (1950–59)\n\n\nHospital and that's where she met the eligible bachelor and first cousin to Peggy Ashley Regan, Dr. Richard \"Dick\" Grant, Jr. who had just moved from San Francisco. (Peggy was the niece of Dick's mother, Laura Ashley Grant, who was married to Dick's father, Richard Grant, Sr.) Dick was everything Kathy dreamed about when it came to a man, but although Meta and Joe approved of Dick, and Richard approved Kathy, the rich snobby Laura did not. Dick even proposed marriage","id":"7163444"},{"contents":"Richard Fraser (actor)\n\n\nRichard Fraser (born Richard Mackie Simpson; 15 March 1913 – 19 January 1972) was a Scottish film, television, and stage actor. He is perhaps best known for his role in the 1945 film \"The Picture of Dorian Gray\". After graduating from Sedbergh School as Richard Mackie Simpson, Richard's mother divorced and his name was shortened to Richard Mackie. After attending Cambridge University, Richard Mackie studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Having spent time as a London stage actor, Richard emigrated to the","id":"12060762"},{"contents":"The Byrds\n\n\ngroup of musicians and friends, including Rick Roberts, Blondie Chaplin, Rick Danko, Richard Manuel, and the ex-Byrds Michael Clarke and John York, under the banner of \"The 20th Anniversary Tribute to the Byrds\". This tribute act began performing on the lucrative nostalgia circuit in early 1985, but a number of concert promoters began to shorten the band's name to the Byrds in advertisements and promotional material. As the band continued to tour throughout 1985, they eventually decided to shorten their name to the Byrds themselves","id":"12192015"},{"contents":"Dick Whittington and His Cat\n\n\nabout 1820. The American Joseph Jacobs printed a version that is a composite of three chapbook texts in his \"English Fairy Tales\" (1890). Cynthia Harnett's \"Ring Out Bow Bells!\" (1953) is a retelling of the legend. The story is only loosely based on the life of Richard Whittington. Although Alice Fitzwarren, Dick's love interest in the play, is named after the historical Richard Whittington's wife, the cat story cannot be traced to any early historical source, and there is","id":"16686358"},{"contents":"Beaver Dick\n\n\nRichard \"Beaver Dick\" Leigh (9 January 1831, Manchester – 29 March 1899, Wilford, Idaho) was an English-American trapper, scout, and guide at the end of the 19th Century, primarily in the area now known as Jackson Hole, Wyoming, United States. He has been called \"possibly the West's last mountain man.\" He was the guide for F. V. Hayden's survey of the Teton Range in 1872. Leigh Lake was named for Richard Leigh, and nearby Jenny Lake for his","id":"4675631"},{"contents":"Dick Jones (actor)\n\n\nRichard Percy Jones (February 25, 1927 – July 7, 2014), known as Dick Jones or Dickie Jones, was an American actor and singer who achieved success as a child performer and as a young adult, especially in B-Westerns. In 1938, he played Artimer \"Artie\" Peters, nephew of Buck Peters, in the Hopalong Cassidy film \"The Frontiersman\". He may be best known as the voice of Pinocchio in Walt Disney's film of the same name. Richard Percy \"Dickie\" Jones","id":"7023661"},{"contents":"CKKL-FM\n\n\nCavill and Bryan Williams (mornings) as well as Jim Bristow and Dick Richards (whose real name was Richard \"Dick\" Gasparini from CKWW and CKCY-FM) in the evenings. The station's MOR format included an unwavering diet of traditional artists such as Bing Crosby (a personal favourite of Atkinson's), Mantovani, Peggy Lee, Ronnie Aldrich, the Somerset Strings, Frank Sinatra and others of the same genre. CHUM dropped the station's longtime easy listening format on August 28, 1992, adopting the CKKL","id":"741674"},{"contents":"Richard\n\n\nThe Germanic first or given name Richard derives from the old Germanic words \"ric\" (ruler, leader, king, powerful) and \"hard\" (strong, brave, hardy), and it therefore means \"strong in rule\". Nicknames include \"Richy\", \"Dick\", \"Dickie\", \"Rich\", \"Richie\", \"Rick\", \"Ricky\", and others. \"Richard\" is a common male name in many Germanic languages, including English, German, Norwegian,","id":"17946144"},{"contents":"American Males\n\n\nboth men changed their ring names, Antol changing his last name to \"Riggs\" and Bagwell shortening his name to simply Marcus Bagwell. Once together, they both wore short shorts and leather vests (later wrestling tights and suspenders) to the ring and began clapping their hands over their head in time with their entrance music, which sang their praises between choruses of the team name being repeated over and over. They wrestled on the first episode of \"Nitro\", defeating World Tag Team Champions Dick Slater and Bunkhouse Buck in","id":"17337886"},{"contents":"Guiding Light (1950–59)\n\n\nRichard Grant were not seen again, in storyline or on air. Dick soon showed up in Los Angeles, and then Marie also did, and it was soon realized by all that they truly loved each other when Marie went temporarily blind, and Dick was the one who helped Marie regain her eyesight. By this time, it was 1957, and a new wrinkle entered the lives of the newlyweds Dick and Marie Grant. Cedars hired yet a new surgeon named, Dr. Paul Fletcher, and despite Dick and Marie's new","id":"7163466"},{"contents":"Brooke Greenberg\n\n\nsyndrome and progeria. In 2006, Richard Walker, an endocrine physiologist at the University of South Florida College of Medicine, said that Brooke's body was not developing as a coordinated unit but as independent parts that were out of synchronization. She was never diagnosed with any known genetic disorder or chromosomal abnormality that would help explain why. Her telomeres seemed to be shortening at the normal rate. In 2009, Walker said, \"There've been very minimal changes in Brooke's brain … Various parts of her body, rather than","id":"11087015"},{"contents":"Philip K. Dick\n\n\nCarl Link discussed eight themes or 'ideas and motifs': Epistemology and the Nature of Reality, Know Thyself, The Android and the Human, Entropy and Pot Healing, The Theodicy Problem, Warfare and Power Politics, The Evolved Human, and 'Technology, Media, Drugs and Madness'. Dick had two professional stories published under the pen names Richard Phillipps and Jack Dowland. \"Some Kinds of Life\" was published in October 1953 in \"Fantastic Universe\" under byline Richard Phillipps, apparently because the magazine had a","id":"3273746"},{"contents":"Richard Willis (publicist and agent)\n\n\n\"New York Clipper\", \"Photoplay\", \"Movie Pictorial\", \"Motion Picture Magazine\", and other publications, sometimes writing under the name Dick Willis, Dick Melbourne, or Wil. In 1917, Willis & Inglis bought the old Kalem Studio at 1425 Fleming St., Los Angeles, and produced several Fay Tincher comedies for World Film Company, then leased the studio to producer Jesse D. Hampton. In 1920 the studio was taken over by Charles Ray Productions, with Richard Willis as Vice-President and General","id":"85929"},{"contents":"Dykes (surname)\n\n\nrecorded instance of the surname, comes from either the reign of Henry III or Edward I, though the exact date of the record is unknown. It does, however, reveal that land owned by one Robert del Dykes at Burgh was conveyed to one William del Monkys. An alternative derivation for the name is that it is from the common personal name \"Dick\" (a diminutive of \"Richard\"). It would therefore share its origin with a number of similar names such as Dike, Dicks, Dix, Dickson","id":"12086495"},{"contents":"Richard Manuel\n\n\n, former Beach Boys guitarist Blondie Chaplin and 1968-1969 Byrds bassist John York. Several concert promoters began to shorten the band's name to \"The Byrds\" in advertisements and promotional material. As the band continued to tour in 1985, their agent decided to shorten the name to \"The Byrds\" permanently, eliciting displeasure from co-founders Roger McGuinn, David Crosby and Chris Hillman. Although Michael Clarke continued working with a similar group, Clark heeded their complaints and folded the group. Throughout this period, Manuel continued","id":"8473871"},{"contents":"Richard Clarke (frontiersman)\n\n\nalso adopted the name. The fictional Deadwood Dick was a fearless frontiersman, and his history shared many biographical details with Clarke. However, it was never established with any certainty that Wheeler had based his character on Clarke. Although there were eventually a number of writers on the fictional exploits of Deadwood Dick, Wheeler's first serial ran from 1877 to 1885: Deadwood Dick starred in 31 stories before the death of his creator. At this point, Beadle and Adams – publishers of the original books – introduced Deadwood Dick Jr.,","id":"2961257"},{"contents":"Carol Jiani\n\n\nbirth name. Glenn LaRusso of Salsoul Records convinced her to shorten her name from Uchenna Ikejiani to Carol Jiani Carol her middle name to make it easier for North Americans to pronounce. In 1980, Carol Jiani recorded two Sandy Wilbur-written pieces with La Greca, \"Hit 'N Run Lover\" and \"All The People of the World\". \"Hit 'N Run Lover\" was remixed by San Francisco-based Moby Dick Records for their Gold Standard imprint and would become Jiani's signature song, peaking at number","id":"4669667"},{"contents":"Mike Richards\n\n\nrookies, behind Jeff Carter (drafted the same year as Richards, 11th overall) and R. J. Umberger, respectively. Following an injury-shortened sophomore season – Richards was kept to 32 points in 59 games due to stomach surgery – Richards emerged as a star with the Flyers in 2007–08 and topped the team in scoring with 75 points. Recognizing his ascent as a leader on the team, Richards was named one of the Flyers' alternate captains at the outset of the season and was signed to a lengthy 12-year contract extension","id":"13461963"},{"contents":"Fun with Dick and Jane (2005 film)\n\n\nFun with Dick and Jane is a 2005 American comedy film directed by Dean Parisot and written by Judd Apatow and Nicholas Stoller. It stars Jim Carrey and Téa Leoni and is a remake of the 1977 film of the same name. The story focuses on a married, middle-class couple who resort to robbery when the husband's employer goes bankrupt. Alec Baldwin, Richard Jenkins, Angie Harmon, John Michael Higgins, Richard Burgi, Carlos Jacott, Gloria Garayua and Stephnie Weir also star, and James Whitmore appears in an","id":"19003420"},{"contents":"This Time for Keeps\n\n\nfilm in which Williams's name was first billed above the title, after \"Fiesta\". Richard Herald (Lauritz Melchior) is a famous opera singer and father to Richard Herald II, who has recently returned from fighting in the war and now prefers to be known as Dick Johnson (Johnnie Johnston). Dick has been engaged to socialite Frances Allenbury (Mary Stuart) since before he left for the war, but has been expressing some apprehension about marrying her. Mr. Herald wants his son to join him at the opera","id":"19898397"},{"contents":"W. Richard West Sr.\n\n\nWalter Richard \"Dick\" West Sr. (1912–1996) was a Southern Cheyenne painter, sculptor, and educator from Oklahoma and an honored member of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. Dick West, as he was commonly known, was born on September 8, 1912, in a tipi near the Darlington Agency in Oklahoma. His father was Lightfoot West. West's mother was Rena Flying Coyote, also known as Emily Black Wolf, whose parents were Big Belly Woman and Thunder Bull. West's Cheyenne name, Wapah Nahyah means","id":"3401869"},{"contents":"Khufu\n\n\nfirst (complete) version clearly exhibits Khufu's religious loyalty to Khnum, the second (shorter) version does not. It is unknown as to why the king would use a shortened name version since it hides the name of Khnum and the king's name connection to this god. It might be possible though, that the short name wasn't meant to be connected to any god at all. Khufu is well known under his Hellenized name Khêops or Cheops (, ; , by Diodorus and Herodotus) and less well known","id":"11315379"},{"contents":"Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree\n\n\nit more like \"hoovering\". As Richard played the piano and sang, he repeatedly stumbled over the lyric, unable to get past the second line of the song. After a few tries Disney reportedly said, \"Why don't you just tell us about it, Dick.\" The insight and inspiration for the Pooh songs came from an unlikely source, as is explained in the Sherman Brothers' joint autobiography, \"Walt's Time\": The film was released on February 4, 1966 in the United States,","id":"19624305"},{"contents":"Ragged Dick\n\n\n\"become 'spec-table\". Early in the book, Mr. Whitney \"replaces Dick's suit with a neat one, signaling the beginning of the transformation from Ragged Dick into Richard Hunter, Esq.\" Scharnhorst follows Dick's progress through the tale to the moment when Dick is rewarded with a clerical position and notes that \"The status of respectability, not a high salary, completes his transition from Ragged Dick to Richard Hunter.\" Scharnhorst writes, \"The recurrence in Alger's fiction of the theme of the","id":"10164924"},{"contents":"Richard Markowitz\n\n\nRichard Allen Markowitz (born September 3, 1926 in Santa Monica, California, died December 6, 1994 in Santa Monica) was an American film and television composer. He was the father of singer Kate Markowitz. As a Santa Monica High School student, Markowitz led a big band called Dick Allen and the Teenagers under the name Dick Allen. Following his graduation in 1943 he performed military service in World War II. After the war, Markowitz studied music in Paris and under Arthur Honegger and Arnold Schoenberg. Whilst in Paris","id":"19051224"},{"contents":"Dick Tuck\n\n\nstill have (voting) rights. Hearing of Tuck's entry as a candidate, Richard Nixon sent him a congratulatory telegram, including an offer to campaign for him, despite Tuck's being a Democrat. Dick Tuck designed his campaign billboards to read, in small print, \"Dick\", and in much larger lettering, \"Tuck\". The names were printed twice, piggy-backed one above the other. On the eve of the election he drove around the area and painted an extra line on the upper \"","id":"13676323"},{"contents":"Lost in the Stratosphere\n\n\n) gets the nickname \"Soapy\", from his friend, 1st Lt. Richard \"Dick\" Wood, \"Woody\" (Edward J. Nugent). Tom's trademark gift to a female friend is an inscribed bar of soap. Tom finds out that \"Ida Johnson\", the girl he's been seeing while Dick has been off the base, is really Dick's fiancée, Evelyn Worthington (June Collyer). She introduced herself as Ida (Hattie McDaniel), using her maid's name as a lark.","id":"2267679"},{"contents":"Dick Tillman\n\n\nRichard L. Tillman, known as Dick Tillman, is an American sailor. He was a member of the United States sailing team at the 1976 Summer Olympics as an alternate and was named US Sailor of the Year in 1965. He started sailing as a teenager at Wawasee Yacht Club crewing for Alan (Buzz) Levinson, his older brother Frank and his younger brother, Harry, in their Snipes. Dick Tillman was National Intercollegiate Sailing Champion with the U.S. Naval Academy in 1957, and became a member of the ICSA Hall of","id":"6279752"},{"contents":"Dick (slang)\n\n\n, the FCC released a ruling that it would not fine broadcasters whose programs used \"dick\" on the air to refer to a person behaving contemptibly. Specifically, the FCC stated in its ruling: The name of the traditional British dessert spotted dick has occasionally been perceived as potentially embarrassing, prompting hospital managers at Gloucestershire NHS Trust (in 2001) and the catering staff at Flintshire County Council (in 2009) to rename the pudding \"Spotted Richard\" on menus, as many customers made \"immature comments\" about the pudding","id":"941286"},{"contents":"Dix Hills, New York\n\n\nTooker wrote that the addition of the English name \"Dick\" to the indigenous name \"Pechegan\" was a common practice. Tooker wrote that Pechegan's wigwam and his planted fields became the hilly area's namesake, known as the shortened \"Dix Hills\" by 1911. The area was mostly used for farming until after World War II. Dix Hills is served by the Half Hollow Hills Central School District and the Commack School District. The Half Hollow Hills elementary schools are Otsego, Paumanok, Signal Hill, Sunquam, and","id":"5406246"},{"contents":"Ritchie Neville\n\n\nthe audition arranged themselves into a group, were subsequently picked and later became Five. Because there were two members named 'Richard' in the band (Abs was born Richard Abidin Breen), Breen used his nickname from his middle name whereas Neville kept his name but shortened to \"Ritchie\" instead. In 2013 was revealed via Twitter that Five would be taking part in an ITV2 documentary series called \"The Big Reunion\". In January, before the show began airing, it was reported that the group were looking to","id":"12453196"},{"contents":"Richard Cheney (New Mexico politician)\n\n\nFe New Mexico newspaper showed that he ran on a platform highlighting cracking down on violent crime, repealing the gasoline tax, and lowering public spending. When Cheney legally changed his first name from Richard to Dick, his polling numbers increased tremendously. This created controversy, as opponents including John Dendahl stated that people voting in the polls would confuse Cheney with the former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney from Wyoming, improving his chances of winning the primary. He received 49% of the vote at the Republican State Convention in 1994. Cheney","id":"17335273"},{"contents":"List of The Lego Movie characters\n\n\n, Emmet confronts him on why he didn't help. Police Man (voiced by Adam Pava) is an unnamed police officer in \"The Lego Movie: 4D – A New Adventure\" whom catches Risky Business and arrests him after he illegally makes \"Brick World\". Richard \"Dick\" Grayson / Robin (voiced by Michael Cera in \"The Lego Batman Movie\", Robbie Daymond in \"Lego Dimensions\") is an optimistic and joyful kid who admires Batman. When he is accidentally adopted by Batman's alter ego","id":"124934"},{"contents":"Dick Johnson Township, Clay County, Indiana\n\n\nDick Johnson Township is one of eleven townships in Clay County, Indiana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,453 and it contained 584 housing units. Dick Johnson Township was established in the late 1830s. This township was named for Richard Mentor Johnson, the ninth Vice President of the United States, serving in the administration of Martin Van Buren. There is also a Van Buren Township in Clay County in honor of the 8th President. According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of","id":"18417705"},{"contents":"Dick Suderman\n\n\nRichard \"Dick\" Suderman (October 18, 1939 - October 16, 1972) was a Canadian Football League defensive end. Dick Suderman played college football at the University of Western Ontario. Suderman played defensive end for the Calgary Stampeders from 1964 to 1972. He participated in three Grey Cup games, losing the first to the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1968, the second to the Montreal Alouettes in 1970, but defeating the Toronto Argonauts the following year in 1971 by a score of 14-11. Suderman was named the Grey","id":"6420533"},{"contents":"Dick Hutcherson\n\n\ngo at Martinsville, VA - Richard Petty had his ninth straight win. Dick Hutcherson was third in points and was runner-up to Petty in the race. It was the same story with four races to go, with Richard Petty winning his tenth straight with Dick Hutcherson runner up. With three races to go, at Charlotte, NC driver Buddy Baker broke Richard Petty’s winning streak. Dick Hutcherson again ran strong, coming in third. With two races to go at Rockingham, NC native Bobby Allison won and solidified","id":"20275546"},{"contents":"Dick Barton\n\n\nin which Dick Barton's son Richard is a country doctor caring for his apparently senile father, who retreats into fantasies based on his past adventures, believing that there are devilish enemies lurking around him. The series was written by Edward Mason's son Lol Mason, and featured Moray Watson as old Dick Barton, Robert Bathurst as his son Richard, Matilda Ziegler as Richard's wife Sally, Julian Dutton as young Dick Barton and Iain Cuthbertson as Jock Anderson. The series was rebroadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2015. In","id":"8548745"},{"contents":"Dick Flood\n\n\nThe Wilburn Brothers. In 1962, The Wilburn Brothers recorded his song “Trouble’s Back in Town” which peaked at number 4 on the US Country Charts and was named Cashbox Magazine’s “Country Song of the Year.” In 1973 Flood moved to Georgia’s Okefenokee Swamp and became a professional naturalist and environmentalist. In 1981 Flood changed his name to Okefenokee Joe, and in 1989 he hosted and narrated the Emmy award-winning documentary \"Swampwise\" on Georgia Public Broadcasting. Dick (Richard) Flood was born in","id":"6963403"},{"contents":"The Dicks Hate the Police\n\n\n\"The Dicks Hate the Police\" (usually shortened to \"Hate the Police\") is the debut release and 7\" single from the American hardcore punk band The Dicks, released in 1980. The record was released on the band's own Radical Records imprint (not to be confused with R Radical Records; the imprint run by MDC, not to be confused with Run-DMC). In 1989, Mudhoney covered the track on the Boiled Beef & Rotting Teeth EP, being released as a single as well soon","id":"7593084"},{"contents":"Richard Dadd\n\n\nBritish fantasy writer Angela Carter wrote \"Come unto these Yellow Sands\", a radio-play based on Dadd's life. The full name of the eccentric character Mr Dick in \"David Copperfield\" by Charles Dickens is Richard Babley, which echoes the name of Dickens' contemporary Richard Dadd. Canadian author R.J. Anderson acknowledges Dadd as the basis of her fictional painter Alfred Wrenfield, who figures prominently in her young adult fantasy novel \"Knife\" (\"Faery Rebels: Spell Hunter\" in the USA). In 1987 a","id":"17408682"},{"contents":"The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses\n\n\nletters of recommendation for Dick to Richard Crookback, whom Dick must find on the outskirts of Shoreby. Richard Crookback, Duke of Gloucester, makes his appearance in Book 5. As Dick is leaving Shoreby he sees Crookback holding his own against seven or eight Lancastrian assailants, and assists his victory. Dick's accurate knowledge of the Lancastrian forces in Shoreby aid Crookback in winning the battle that he wages later that day. Dick is also successful as one of Crookback's commanders. Crookback knights Dick on the field of battle and,","id":"7181621"},{"contents":"Why (board game)\n\n\nWhy is a board game from the late 1950s created by the Milton Bradley Company based on the television show Alfred Hitchcock Presents. The game is no longer produced. There are two different releases of the game: the original 1958 release and the 1967 release, differing only in the box art. \"Why\" can be played by two to four players aged 12 to adult. The four gamepiece characters are each humorous allusions to detectives of popular media fiction: Sergeant Monday (Sergeant Friday), Dick Crazy (Dick Tracy)","id":"13888615"},{"contents":"Royal badges of England\n\n\nRichard of York, 3rd Duke of York who adopted the Plantagenet name for him and his descendants in the 15th century. It is obscure why Richard chose the name but it emphasised Richard's hierarchal status as Geoffrey's, and six English kings', patrilineal descendant during the Wars of the Roses. The retrospective usage of the name for all Geoffrey's male descendants became popular in Tudor times probably encouraged by the added legitimacy it gave Richard's great-grandson, King Henry VIII of England. Badges came into general use by","id":"7947996"},{"contents":"Dick Volz Award\n\n\nThe Dick Volz Best US PhD Thesis in Robotics and Automation is a yearly award to recognize outstanding Ph.D. thesis in the field of robotics and automation at any research institution in the United States of America. It is awarded with a four years delay as it is based both on thesis quality as well as post-graduation impact, hence, the 2007 Dick Volz Best US PhD Thesis Award was awarded in 2011. Its European counterpart is the Georges Giralt PhD Award. The award is named after Professor Emeritus Richard A. Volz. He","id":"2895736"},{"contents":"Over the Edge Vol. 2: Pastor Dick: Muriel's Purse Fund\n\n\nof extraneous material), and includes a tract-like booklet titled \"Pastor Dick's Flagship Faith Vol. 17 #1\", and an offering envelope. The storyline involves Pastor Dick Seeland (Richard Lyons) going on the air along with the Weatherman (David Wills) to hold a fundraiser to replace money stolen from the church secretary's purse. He asks listeners to call in and name three sins they've committed, rating their severity on a scale to determine the amount of money, up to $5,","id":"9848711"},{"contents":"Amazing Blondel\n\n\n\"Blondel,\" was their final release for Island. They were next signed to Dick James' DJM label, where they recorded three LP's, \"Mulgrave Street,\" \"Inspiration\" and \"Bad Dreams.\" They gradually modernized and electrified their sound. These albums featured a number of guest musicians, including Steve Winwood and Paul Kossoff. There is a mistaken belief that, during this period, they shortened the band name to Blondel. This is probably caused by the title of the final Island album, and","id":"19146836"},{"contents":"Dick Assman\n\n\nRichard Arthur \"Dick\" Assman (February 14, 1934 – August 15, 2016) was a Canadian gas station employee whose name propelled him to celebrity status across North America for four months in 1995. In 1995, Assman moved from working at one Petro-Canada station to another. The station's owner took out an advertisement in the local newspaper that was sent anonymously to David Letterman, who was amused by Assman's name. Assman was introduced on July 24, 1995, on the \"Late Show with David Letterman","id":"12680742"},{"contents":"Archway, London\n\n\na broad-based charity which continues into the 21st century. Pauntley Street takes its name from the village of Pauntley in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, traditionally regarded as Dick Whittington's birthplace. The Whittington Hospital is named after Sir Richard Whittington (Dick Whittington). There has been a large Irish community in the area since the 1830s, before the mass migration of the Great Famine. Many of them worked in building railways and roads and became known as \"navigators\". After the Second World War, the Irish","id":"19761807"},{"contents":"Dick Jones (actor)\n\n\ntroublesome kid named 'Killer Parkins' in the film \"Nancy Drew... Reporter\". In the film he did a good imitation of Donald Duck. The same year he appeared with Jimmy Stewart in \"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\" as Senate page Richard (Dick) Jones. In 1940, he had one of his most prominent (though invisible) roles, as the voice of Pinocchio in Disney's 2nd animated film of the same name. Jones attended Hollywood High School and at fifteen took over the role of Henry","id":"7023664"},{"contents":"Basal reader\n\n\nidea of having one text for each grade level. Since then, teaching methodologies in school basals have shifted regularly. The Scott Foresman Company published what is perhaps the most famous basal series, whose stories starred two children named Dick and Jane. Dick and Jane books emphasized memorizing words on sight, a method which came to be known as \"look and say.\" This philosophy came under attack in the late 1950s, largely due to Rudolf Flesch's book \"Why Johnny Can't Read\". This was a scathing condemnation","id":"5858047"},{"contents":"The Shortening Winter's Day is near a Close\n\n\npainting that Lever had secured when it was on the walls of the Academy. The 82 x 120 cm version under the name \"The Shortening Winter's Day is near a Close\" was auctioned in 2008 by Sotheby's and again by Bonhams in 2013. In 2013 it fetched £ 157,250 (US$ 200,599) The 51 x 76 cm version was with the Richard Green Gallery in 1972 and reproduced in \"Country Life\" on June 1 that year. The Card company WN Sharpe purchased the rights to use the painting in greetings","id":"11149516"},{"contents":"Richard Brautigan\n\n\nIn May 1934, eight months before Richard's birth, Bernard and Mary Lou separated. Brautigan said that he met his biological father only twice, although after Richard's death, Bernard was said to be unaware that Richard was his child, saying \"He's got the same last name, but why would they wait 45 to 50 years to tell me I've got a son?\" In 1938, Brautigan and his mother began living with a man named Arthur Martin Titland. The couple produced a daughter named Barbara Ann","id":"19090221"},{"contents":"Dan Snaith\n\n\nDaniel Victor Snaith (born 1978) is a Canadian composer, musician, and recording artist who has performed under the stage names Caribou, Manitoba and Daphni. Snaith originally recorded under the stage name Manitoba, but after being threatened with a lawsuit by Richard \"Handsome Dick\" Manitoba (real name Richard Blum), formerly of punk band The Dictators, Snaith changed his performance name to Caribou. Snaith's previous full-length albums were then re-released under the new moniker, and \"The Milk of Human Kindness\"","id":"18559551"},{"contents":"Richard Clarke (frontiersman)\n\n\nfigures as Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane, Buffalo Bill Cody, Poker Alice Tubbs, and Captain Jack Crawford. He adopted the moniker of \"Deadwood Dick\", long before Deadwood Dick became a famous fictional character. Many believe Clarke to have been the inspiration behind a number of dime novels published between 1877 and 1897, written by Edward Lytton Wheeler, and starring a protagonist named Deadwood Dick. These novels were so popular that Clarke was able to use their fame to boost his own public profile; many other Deadwood residents","id":"2961256"},{"contents":"Dick Wilson (writer)\n\n\nRichard Garratt Wilson (29 November 1928 – January 2011) was an English journalist and writer. Dick Wilson (he used the familiar form of his name throughout his professional life) was born in Epsom, Surrey the son of Ernest Garratt Wilson and Eileen Olive Ruscoe. The family lived at nearby Sutton but in 1939 moved to Guildford where Dick entered the Royal Grammar School, Guildford. In 1942 he was sent to Cranleigh School where he remained until 1947 when he was called up for National Service and this was followed by his","id":"6152952"},{"contents":"Richard Taylor (general)\n\n\nson of Zachary Taylor, the 12th president of the United States. Richard Taylor was born at Springfield, the family's plantation near Louisville, Kentucky, to Zachary Taylor, a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army at the time, and Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor. He was named after his paternal grandfather, Richard Lee Taylor, a Virginian who had served in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Richard Taylor, nicknamed \"Dick\", had five older sisters, two of whom died in childhood before Richard was born","id":"4708508"},{"contents":"Edmund Dick Taylor\n\n\nColonel Edmund Dick Taylor (October 18, 1804 – December 4, 1891) was an American businessman, politician, and soldier from Illinois. He is remembered as the first person to suggest that the United States should issue paper currency (\"greenbacks\") during the American Civil War. He was born Edmund Richard Taylor in Lunenburg County, Virginia, son of Giles Y Taylor (1766–1830) and Francine \"Sina\" Stokes. In later years, he preferred to use his middle name rather than his first name, and","id":"12154543"},{"contents":"Deadwood Dick\n\n\nDeadwood Dick is a fictional character who appears in a series of stories, or dime novels, published between 1877 and 1897 by Edward Lytton Wheeler (1854/5–1885). The name became so widely known in its time that it was used to advantage by several men who actually resided in Deadwood, South Dakota. Those who took the nickname included: Others more briefly associated with the name were Richard Palmer, who died in Cripple Creek, Colorado, in 1906, and Robert Dickey, who died in a Denver hospital jail in 1912","id":"167135"},{"contents":"R. H. Boyd\n\n\nnear Chattanooga, Tennessee, Boyd returned to Texas with the surviving son. In Texas, he took over management of the Gray plantation, successfully producing and selling cotton. Following emancipation, he also worked as a cowboy and in a sawmill. In 1867, he changed his name to Richard Henry Boyd; Richard (\"Dick\") had been his grandfather's first name, but there is no record of the reasons for his choice of his new middle name and surname. After emancipation, Boyd, who did not learn","id":"541224"},{"contents":"Miffy\n\n\nMiffy (, pronounced ) is a small female rabbit in a series of picture books drawn and written by Dutch artist Dick Bruna. The original Dutch name, \"Nijntje\", is a shortening of the diminutive \"konijntje\", \"little rabbit\". The first Miffy book was produced in 1955, and almost 30 others have followed. In total they have sold over 85 million copies, and led to two separate television series as well as items such as clothes and toys featuring the character. A feature-length film","id":"3656403"},{"contents":"Richard Cresswell (politician)\n\n\nRichard Cresswell (1688–1743) was an English politician. The first son of a \"roaring Shropshire squire\" Richard Cresswell of Sidbury, Shropshire and his wife Mary Moreton, and grandson of a staunch Cavalier, also named Richard Cresswell (formerly a page to Charles I); Cresswell was nicknamed \"Black Dick Cresswell\". He had inherited his father's unstable traits, but also his grandfather's loyalism. His father, having been disinherited, was described as \"a perfect madman\", \"a Judas and devil incarnate\"","id":"14770474"},{"contents":"Brian Jones\n\n\n-up of Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, bass player Dick Taylor (later of the Pretty Things) and drummer Tony Chapman. From September 1962 to September 1963, Jones, Jagger and Richards shared a flat (referred to by Richards as \"a beautiful dump\") at 102 Edith Grove, Chelsea, with James Phelge, a future photographer whose name was used in some of the group's early \"Nanker/Phelge\" writing credits. Jones and Richards spent day after day playing guitar while listening to blues","id":"3265047"},{"contents":"Dick Clark's Rock, Roll & Remember\n\n\nDick Clark's Rock, Roll and Remember (sometimes shortened to \"Rock, Roll and Remember\") was a weekly American rock and roll radio documentary show hosted by Dick Clark featuring oldies music. It was broadcast on United Stations Radio Networks and its predecessors between 1982 and 2004. It is re-run in syndication by United Stations Radio Networks, KZRO, and WRHL. It was first broadcast on February 14, 1982 and originally hosted by Gene Weed. The next year Clark and Mark Elliot became co-hosts.","id":"20667280"},{"contents":"Hearts on the Line\n\n\nBurritos to a more commercial direction, having written a number of country hits for other artists prior to his joining the FBB. In addition, the band's name was shortened to simply The Burrito Brothers, a suggestion by Curb Records. Beland's song demos, which featured the Burritos on them, eventually made it to Dick Whitehouse at Curb records, who signed the band to a deal with Curb / Epic Records. By December 1980, the band's first single for Curb, \"She's a Friend of a Friend","id":"12782225"},{"contents":"Lake lamprey\n\n\nThe lake lamprey, \"Entosphenus macrostomus\", also known as the Vancouver lamprey or Cowichan lamprey, a recent derivative of the pacific lamprey, is a species of freshwater lamprey endemic to two North American lakes: Lake Cowichan and Mesachie Lake in Vancouver Island, Canada. The lamprey was originally called the Vancouver Island lamprey, until an error in filing shortened it to the Vancouver lamprey. The alternate common name of \"Cowichan lamprey\" was coined and promoted by the species' describer, Dr. Dick Beamish, who originally identified the","id":"13751228"},{"contents":"DAP Products\n\n\nmerger with the Chicago-based Armstrong Company in 1957. The resulting entity was renamed Dicks-Armstrong-Pontius, which was eventually shortened to the brand name DAP. DAP was the first to the market with the introduction of latex caulk in 1964, and since then the company has introduced numerous other caulks, sealants, insulating foams and other patch and repair products. They followed with acrylic latex technology in 1970 and silicone sealants in the mid-1980s. In the 1990s, the Plastic Wood brand was integrated into the DAP portfolio of","id":"19024038"},{"contents":"Deep Dickollective\n\n\nsince his arrival in 1998, but lost all of his bookings once the scene became aware that he was gay) Kalamka blurted \"well, if them girls can call themselves the Punany Poets (a then popular Oakland poetry group), we can be Deep Dick Collective!\". The name was then shortened to \"Deep Dickollective\", but the initials \"D/DC\" remained as the three letter abbreviation seemed to roll off the tongue well,and signified the group's deconstructionist intent. What started as a parodic","id":"20765044"},{"contents":"Spriguns of Tolgus\n\n\ntogether with Hart’s involvement, helped increase the band’s profile sufficiently to gain attention from a major label. In 1976 they signed with Decca, shortened their name to Spriguns and recruited a new band of Dick Powell (keyboards), Tom Ling (fiddle), and Chris Woodcock (drums), which gave them a fuller and rockier sound. The resulting album \"Revel, Weird & Wild\" (1976) was again produced by Tim Hart. It relied exclusively on material penned by the band, particularly by Mandy","id":"9684942"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Dean\\n\\n\\nto do.\\\" The 1959 Autorama car show was also when he got his famous nickname. The show announcer couldn’t pronounce his last name and asked for his middle name. Then he shortened ‘Richard’ to ‘Dick’ and announced him as ‘Dick Dean,’ which became his permanent trade name. In Los Angeles during the early 1960s, Dean augmented his show car work by building chassis frames and aerodynamic bodies for dragsters and cars intent on setting world land speed records. These included the Goldenrod and Challenger for\",\n \"id\": \"13032049\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dickin\\n\\n\\nof Richard, as in Richard's kin or Dick + Kin, which was eventually shortened to Dickin. The 1891 England and Wales census shows a high concentration of Dickin families in Lancashire (19%), Shropshire (23%), and Staffordshire (15%). A large number of records between 1532 and 1812 show the prominent use of the Dickin surname at that time. The earliest known records of the Dickin family in North America show John Dickin landing in New England in 1753 and Alexander Dickin landing in Maryland\",\n \"id\": \"18846702\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Barthelmess\\n\\n\\n\\\"Picture-Play Magazine\\\" in 1921:Different fans have different opinions, and although Wallace Reid, Thomas Meighan, and Niles Welch are mighty fine chaps, I think that Richard Barthelmess beats them all. Dick is getting more and more popular every day, and why? Because his wonderful black hair and soulful eyes are enough to make any young girl adore him. The first play I saw Dick in was \\\"Boots\\\"—Dorothy Gish playing the lead. This play impressed me so that I went to see every play in which\",\n \"id\": \"1652322\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Wick Hall\\n\\n\\nMarch of that year he was business manager of the \\\"Arizona Graphic\\\". In 1901, the brothers moved to Wickenburg and began publishing a newspaper, the \\\"News Herald\\\". The following year, Hall had his name legally changed to \\\"Dick Wickenburg Hall\\\". As to why the new name was selected, Hall had never liked his given name and had gone by \\\"Dick\\\" as a child. The addition of \\\"Wickenburg\\\" was done to satisfy Hall's desire to have a middle name and in honor\",\n \"id\": \"14461045\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Sargent\\n\\n\\nRichard Stanford Cox (April 19, 1930 – July 8, 1994), known professionally as Dick Sargent, was an American actor, notable as the second actor to portray Darrin Stephens on ABC's fantasy situation comedy \\\"Bewitched\\\". He took the name Dick Sargent from a \\\"Saturday Evening Post\\\" illustrator/artist of the same name. Sargent was born Richard Stanford Cox in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, on April 19, 1930, to Ruth McNaughton, daughter of John McNaughton who founded Los\",\n \"id\": \"4665281\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"King Size Dick\\n\\n\\n, replied the Welshman and paraphrased: \\\"king size\\\". Ganss stuck to that and thus his stage name remained \\\"King Size Dick\\\" ('big and fat'), with no intended phallic connotation. In the Colognian dialect, the German adjective \\\"\\\" () translates to \\\"\\\" () as opposed to \\\"Dick\\\" which in Colognian, like in English, is also regarded a variation of the Christian name \\\"Richard\\\". Back home, his nickname and stage name remained \\\"Dick\\\", even\",\n \"id\": \"7427691\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gag name\\n\\n\\nFirst?\\\" sketch. Former US Congressman from New Hampshire Dick Swett's name, when pronounced, sounds like common slang for male genital perspiration. Other names in politics which could be regarded as gag names include John Boehner, Harry Baals, Dick Armey and Tiny Kox (although Boehner's surname is properly pronounced \\\"bay-ner\\\", it is often misunderstood as \\\"boner\\\"). There are also various people named Richard \\\"Dick\\\" Head. Australian entrepreneur Dick Smith released a brand of matches named Dickheads, modeled\",\n \"id\": \"10229795\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Smoking Stump\\n\\n\\nThe Smoking Stump was a band formed in 1983 in Dallas, by brothers Dick and Richard Van Richard (Dick) .. Dick was playing cowbell at the time, though he quickly switched to rhythm guitar. Richard continued to play bass guitar with his custom six-string basses. They recruited Dan Chuckup for lead vocals, Wayne Lyle Gary Dwayne on keyboards and trumpet, Dack ‘Animal’ Dackey on drums, and Floyd (no last name known) on lead guitar. After two months, however, Floyd was kicked out\",\n \"id\": \"6940908\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Leitsch\\n\\n\\nHe was also known for being the first gay reporter to publish an account of the Stonewall Riots and the first person to interview Bette Midler in print media. Richard Joseph Leitsch (who also went by Richard Valentine Leitsch, adopting a family name as his middle name) was born on May 11, 1935, in Louisville, Kentucky to Joseph Leitsch, who owned a wholesale tobacco business, and Ann (Moran) Leitsch. Richard, known as Dick, had three younger siblings. Leitsch's desire from childhood to live in\",\n \"id\": \"10030435\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Meros\\n\\n\\nRichard Meros is the pseudonym for a writer from Wellington, New Zealand. He is best known for the book \\\"On the Conditions and Possibilities of Helen Clark Taking Me as Her Young Lover\\\" and the theatrical adaptations of his work. First published in 2005, \\\"On the Conditions and Possibilities of Helen Clark Taking Me as Her Young Lover\\\", received favourable reviews in New Zealand and international press. The book, often shortened to OTC&POHCTMAHYL, asked why Helen Clark, the Prime Minister at the time would want a young\",\n \"id\": \"16631659\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Red Skies of Montana\\n\\n\\n, at base, superintendent Richard \\\"Dick\\\" Dryer becomes worried because Cliff is not answering radio calls. The next day, after the fire crowns, Dick flies by helicopter into the area and is stunned to find only Cliff, in shock and wandering through the devastated region. Cliff is rushed to the hospital, where he gradually recovers, although he cannot remember how he got separated from his men, or why he was the only one to survive. Upon his return home, Cliff is greeted by Pop's son\",\n \"id\": \"11715410\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Gregory\\n\\n\\nbe relevant, which is why he included his standup in the collection. Gregory is featured along with the likes of Huey P. Newton, Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King Jr., Langston Hughes and Bill Cosby. Joe Morton played Dick Gregory in 2016 in the play \\\"Turn Me Loose\\\" at the Westside Theatre in Manhattan. Gregory met his future wife Lillian Gregory at an African-American club; they married in 1959. They had 11 children (including one son, Richard Jr., who died two months after birth)\",\n \"id\": \"228478\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kolobok\\n\\n\\nname of the tale was later shortened to Low German \\\"De dicke fette Pannkoken\\\" and Standard German \\\"Der dicke fette Pfannkuchen\\\", which both can be translated to \\\"The thick fat pancake\\\". In the books the pancake is often depicted with little feet contrary to pictures in other variants of the fairy tale. The end of the German tale differs from the Ukrainian. Instead of being eaten by one of the animals, the pancake gives himself to two poor children who have nothing else to eat. In Norway a\",\n \"id\": \"11610161\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Wick Hall\\n\\n\\nof Henry Wickenburg. The new name was shortened in common use to \\\"Dick Wick Hall\\\". While the Hall's newspaper was turning into a failure, they purchased an interest in a gold mine in the Harcuvar Mountains. The mine, the Glory Hole Mine, was successful for a time and spawned a minor gold rush. About this time Hall decided to settle in the area near the mine. Toward this end, he partnered with Charles H. Pratt to claim of land near to where the Santa Fe Railroad was planning\",\n \"id\": \"14461046\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard M. Ramin\\n\\n\\nprotest garnering national attention, Ramin’s fundraising was twenty-three percent (23%) ahead of the 1968 campaign. Dick Ramin was the son of Richard and Florence Ramin. Dick started for his secondary school football team, the Williamsport High School Millionaires. In 1946, he was named lineman for the Pennsylvania All-State Team. While studying at Cornell, Ramin was a member of Sphinx Head and Delta Kappa Epsilon. After graduating from Cornell in 1951, Dick served in the U.S. Army for two years as a First\",\n \"id\": \"8403971\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard W. Dowling\\n\\n\\nregularly attended by a number of the descendants of Dick's sisters. Dick and Elizabeth had two children that survived to adulthood, Mary Anne Dowling and Felix \\\"Richard\\\" Sabine Dowling. In Houston, Dowling's legacy is remembered in the naming of Dowling Middle School, a middle school that serves the city's predominantly African-American and Hispanic south side. Dowling Street, a major artery of the city's predominantly African-American Third Ward, had also been named after him. However, on January 11, 2017,\",\n \"id\": \"18388793\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Cooper\\n\\n\\nRichard \\\"Dick\\\" Cooper is a Canadian musician and writer based in Ottawa, Ontario. A founding member of the popular 1970s Canadian Southern rock band The Cooper Brothers, he toured extensively throughout North America and helped the band achieve several hits under the Capricorn Records label, including a number of songs which charted on The Billboard Hot 100. When the band went their separate ways in 1983, Dick began working as a children’s television writer (working under the name Richard Cooper) and over the next few years scripted several shows\",\n \"id\": \"17831021\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dickin\\n\\n\\nDickin is a surname of English and Irish origin originating in the mid-11th century during the Norman conquests. The origin of the Dickin surname stems from the Norman conquests of 1066 and King Richard the First of England. Patronymic naming, established following the Norman conquests, meant that Richard's son would become Richardson (Richard + Son). Eventually, as the shorthand for Richard became \\\"Dick\\\" the name morphed into Dickson and several other related names. In order to be gender neutral, the name also morphed into being the kin\",\n \"id\": \"18846701\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Iron Fist (album)\\n\\n\\nand Dick engineering. Struggling to think of a name for the title track for the album, Lemmy remembered the time the band had performed live under the name Iron Fist and the Hordes from Hell for contractual reasons (a subsequent album \\\"What's Words Worth?\\\" was released of that event), and decided this was an apt name for this project. The name was eventually shortened to simply \\\"Iron Fist\\\". The title track would go on to be one of the band's signature songs. A promotional film\",\n \"id\": \"2887441\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Sinclair\\n\\n\\nRichard Stephen Sinclair (born 6 June 1948) is an English progressive rock bassist, guitarist, and vocalist who has been a member of several bands of the Canterbury scene. Born in Canterbury England, both his father (Dick Sinclair) and grandfather (also named Dick Sinclair) were musical entertainers around Canterbury. Richard was introduced to the ukulele at age 3 and the guitar at 6, and was only 15 when he met Hugh and Brian Hopper when they came to see his dad's danceband. By the following year Sinclair\",\n \"id\": \"10857519\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard (Dick) Talens\\n\\n\\nRichard (Dick) Talens is an entrepreneur and fitness coach. He is the co-founder of Fitocracy, an online game and social network with over 1.5 million members. He was named one of the world's most influential people in health & fitness by Greatist in 2014. Richard Talens is the trainer of Miss America 2013 Mallory Hagan. He co-founded the social network Fitocracy with Brian Wang. He has spoken about his experience with fitness through TEDx and as \\\"Lifehacker\\\"s health and fitness writer. Talens has a B.S.\",\n \"id\": \"11447618\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick joke\\n\\n\\nfind less controversial subject matter if they wish to expand their presence to more restrictive venues like network television and family films. In short, \\\"young professionals whose success has been achieved on the stepladder of dick jokes must eventually change their acts\\\". The impact of this kind of joke, as with most humor, may rest with the unspoken connotation. An example is the joke below set in a class in medical school: Because the name Richard can be abbreviated as \\\"Dick\\\", in some jokes a person named \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"15267997\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Dastardly\\n\\n\\nin his personality, like saying nice things in front of Peter and Penelope which he would never do. In later years, Dastardly and Muttley were the for Yogi Bear and his friends in the 1980s series \\\"Yogi's Treasure Hunt\\\". This time, Dick repeatedly failed at discovering hidden treasure before Yogi and his team. It was in this series' episode \\\"Yogi's Heroes\\\" that Dick's full name was revealed; as the leader of an island named Dicaragua, he introduced himself as Richard Milhous Dastardly (an\",\n \"id\": \"20827282\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Bertel\\n\\n\\n), and Dee Caruso (who would become a TV writer and producer for \\\"Get Smart\\\", \\\"The Monkees\\\", and \\\"The Smothers Brothers Show\\\"). Up until now, he had been using his name \\\"Dick Bertelmann\\\" on WNLK, WGCH, and WNAB. Other announcers at WSTC used stage names so he decided it was time to coin one for himself. At WSTC he started calling himself \\\"Dick Richards.\\\" One night in September 1954, one of Bertel's colleagues conceived a plan\",\n \"id\": \"21805001\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Abikhair\\n\\n\\nRichard Abikhair (7 July 1914 – 20 August 1962) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Hawthorn and North Melbourne. Of Lebanese descent, Abikhair usually played as a rover or in the back pocket. His career was partially shortened by the declaration of World War II . Following his playing career, Abikhair began coaching at the amateur level. While coaching the Carlton Rovers in the Sunday Amateur Football League he received a bomb threat to his Clifton Hill home. League secretary W. H. Linnington also received similar threats to his Brunswick\",\n \"id\": \"1031113\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chipperfield's Circus\\n\\n\\nfamily. Richard was the father of six children, including Dick (Richard) and Jimmy (James) (who took over from their father in 1937), John (\\\"Johnny\\\"), Thomas Henry \\\"Tom\\\", Marjorie and Maud. Richard Chipperfield died in 1959. Dick Chipperfield, Richard Chipperfield (1904-1988), began performing as a clown at the family's fairground variety show when he was just five. Dick's father was Richard Chipperfield (1875-1959), Dick's mother was Emily\",\n \"id\": \"9086943\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jessica Jones (TV series)\\n\\n\\n's A.K.A. Jessica Jones\\\". However, in June 2015, Marvel revealed that the title for the series would be shortened to \\\"Marvel's Jessica Jones\\\". On why the title was shortened, Loeb said, \\\"It literally just became one of those things that happens. We had talked about whether that was the best title for it, and that's how it happened.\\\" Rosenberg added that the \\\"AKA\\\" would still be seen in the name of each episode. In January 2016, Netflix ordered a second\",\n \"id\": \"5216723\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Drax\\n\\n\\nhas sat on the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee and currently serves on the European Scrutiny Committee. In 2009, Drax faced criticism from political rivals for 'hiding his aristocratic roots' by not using his full quadruple-barrelled name. It was suggested the leader of the Conservative Party, David Cameron, has asked wealthy Conservative candidates to shorten their names to appear more in touch with normal people. Drax denied the accusations, saying that he only used the shortened version of his name because of the \\\"logistic mouthful\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"9498609\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diddy Dick and Dom\\n\\n\\nDiddy Dick and Dom is the name of a five-minute interstitial programme shown on CBBC since 2007. Diddy Dick and Dom are miniature versions of Richard McCourt and Dominic Wood, who live in the eponymous duo's cupboard, where they fight, dance, argue, burp, fart and get themselves into various other comical situations. Both actors heads are on puppet bodies while their voices are high pitched. The show essentially consists of several of the Diddy Dick and Dom sketches first seen in Dick and Dom in da Bungalow.\",\n \"id\": \"10742203\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick and Dee Dee\\n\\n\\nDick and Dee Dee (or Dick and Deedee) is an American singer-songwriter duo that reached popularity in the early to mid-1960s. The group was founded by California classmates Mary Sperling and Richard Gosting. They eventually changed their names to Dee Dee Sperling (currently Dee Dee Phelps) and Dick St. John. They had their first hit in 1961 when \\\"The Mountain's High\\\" reached No. 2 on the Billboard 100. They toured with the Beach Boys and opened for the Rolling Stones during the Stones' 1964 tour\",\n \"id\": \"14701347\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Diamond Dick\\n\\n\\n-1911), who went by the nickname Diamond Dick and who was the hero of a dime novel by Buckskin Sam Hall\\\" (1882). The character's real name was Richard Wade. His son, Bertie Wade, was known as Diamond Dick, Jr. The series was known for occurring in real time. The characters aged and the world changed (i.e. new technologies such as cars were introduced). Dick was famous for wearing diamond-studded clothes. He was described as handsome, and had dark hair and\",\n \"id\": \"6117594\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Jodimars\\n\\n\\nThe Jodimars was an American rock 'n' roll band that was formed in the summer of 1955 and remained active until 1958. The band was created by former members of Bill Haley & His Comets who had quit that group in a salary dispute. The name of the group was derived from the first letters of the first names of the founding members: Joey Ambrose (real name Joey d'Ambrosio) (saxophone), Dick Boccelli (under the name \\\"Dick Richards\\\") (vocals and drums), and Marshall Lytle\",\n \"id\": \"14131639\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Guiding Light (1950–59)\\n\\n\\nHospital and that's where she met the eligible bachelor and first cousin to Peggy Ashley Regan, Dr. Richard \\\"Dick\\\" Grant, Jr. who had just moved from San Francisco. (Peggy was the niece of Dick's mother, Laura Ashley Grant, who was married to Dick's father, Richard Grant, Sr.) Dick was everything Kathy dreamed about when it came to a man, but although Meta and Joe approved of Dick, and Richard approved Kathy, the rich snobby Laura did not. Dick even proposed marriage\",\n \"id\": \"7163444\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Fraser (actor)\\n\\n\\nRichard Fraser (born Richard Mackie Simpson; 15 March 1913 – 19 January 1972) was a Scottish film, television, and stage actor. He is perhaps best known for his role in the 1945 film \\\"The Picture of Dorian Gray\\\". After graduating from Sedbergh School as Richard Mackie Simpson, Richard's mother divorced and his name was shortened to Richard Mackie. After attending Cambridge University, Richard Mackie studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Having spent time as a London stage actor, Richard emigrated to the\",\n \"id\": \"12060762\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Byrds\\n\\n\\ngroup of musicians and friends, including Rick Roberts, Blondie Chaplin, Rick Danko, Richard Manuel, and the ex-Byrds Michael Clarke and John York, under the banner of \\\"The 20th Anniversary Tribute to the Byrds\\\". This tribute act began performing on the lucrative nostalgia circuit in early 1985, but a number of concert promoters began to shorten the band's name to the Byrds in advertisements and promotional material. As the band continued to tour throughout 1985, they eventually decided to shorten their name to the Byrds themselves\",\n \"id\": \"12192015\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Whittington and His Cat\\n\\n\\nabout 1820. The American Joseph Jacobs printed a version that is a composite of three chapbook texts in his \\\"English Fairy Tales\\\" (1890). Cynthia Harnett's \\\"Ring Out Bow Bells!\\\" (1953) is a retelling of the legend. The story is only loosely based on the life of Richard Whittington. Although Alice Fitzwarren, Dick's love interest in the play, is named after the historical Richard Whittington's wife, the cat story cannot be traced to any early historical source, and there is\",\n \"id\": \"16686358\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Beaver Dick\\n\\n\\nRichard \\\"Beaver Dick\\\" Leigh (9 January 1831, Manchester – 29 March 1899, Wilford, Idaho) was an English-American trapper, scout, and guide at the end of the 19th Century, primarily in the area now known as Jackson Hole, Wyoming, United States. He has been called \\\"possibly the West's last mountain man.\\\" He was the guide for F. V. Hayden's survey of the Teton Range in 1872. Leigh Lake was named for Richard Leigh, and nearby Jenny Lake for his\",\n \"id\": \"4675631\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Jones (actor)\\n\\n\\nRichard Percy Jones (February 25, 1927 – July 7, 2014), known as Dick Jones or Dickie Jones, was an American actor and singer who achieved success as a child performer and as a young adult, especially in B-Westerns. In 1938, he played Artimer \\\"Artie\\\" Peters, nephew of Buck Peters, in the Hopalong Cassidy film \\\"The Frontiersman\\\". He may be best known as the voice of Pinocchio in Walt Disney's film of the same name. Richard Percy \\\"Dickie\\\" Jones\",\n \"id\": \"7023661\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"CKKL-FM\\n\\n\\nCavill and Bryan Williams (mornings) as well as Jim Bristow and Dick Richards (whose real name was Richard \\\"Dick\\\" Gasparini from CKWW and CKCY-FM) in the evenings. The station's MOR format included an unwavering diet of traditional artists such as Bing Crosby (a personal favourite of Atkinson's), Mantovani, Peggy Lee, Ronnie Aldrich, the Somerset Strings, Frank Sinatra and others of the same genre. CHUM dropped the station's longtime easy listening format on August 28, 1992, adopting the CKKL\",\n \"id\": \"741674\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard\\n\\n\\nThe Germanic first or given name Richard derives from the old Germanic words \\\"ric\\\" (ruler, leader, king, powerful) and \\\"hard\\\" (strong, brave, hardy), and it therefore means \\\"strong in rule\\\". Nicknames include \\\"Richy\\\", \\\"Dick\\\", \\\"Dickie\\\", \\\"Rich\\\", \\\"Richie\\\", \\\"Rick\\\", \\\"Ricky\\\", and others. \\\"Richard\\\" is a common male name in many Germanic languages, including English, German, Norwegian,\",\n \"id\": \"17946144\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"American Males\\n\\n\\nboth men changed their ring names, Antol changing his last name to \\\"Riggs\\\" and Bagwell shortening his name to simply Marcus Bagwell. Once together, they both wore short shorts and leather vests (later wrestling tights and suspenders) to the ring and began clapping their hands over their head in time with their entrance music, which sang their praises between choruses of the team name being repeated over and over. They wrestled on the first episode of \\\"Nitro\\\", defeating World Tag Team Champions Dick Slater and Bunkhouse Buck in\",\n \"id\": \"17337886\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Guiding Light (1950–59)\\n\\n\\nRichard Grant were not seen again, in storyline or on air. Dick soon showed up in Los Angeles, and then Marie also did, and it was soon realized by all that they truly loved each other when Marie went temporarily blind, and Dick was the one who helped Marie regain her eyesight. By this time, it was 1957, and a new wrinkle entered the lives of the newlyweds Dick and Marie Grant. Cedars hired yet a new surgeon named, Dr. Paul Fletcher, and despite Dick and Marie's new\",\n \"id\": \"7163466\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Brooke Greenberg\\n\\n\\nsyndrome and progeria. In 2006, Richard Walker, an endocrine physiologist at the University of South Florida College of Medicine, said that Brooke's body was not developing as a coordinated unit but as independent parts that were out of synchronization. She was never diagnosed with any known genetic disorder or chromosomal abnormality that would help explain why. Her telomeres seemed to be shortening at the normal rate. In 2009, Walker said, \\\"There've been very minimal changes in Brooke's brain … Various parts of her body, rather than\",\n \"id\": \"11087015\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Philip K. Dick\\n\\n\\nCarl Link discussed eight themes or 'ideas and motifs': Epistemology and the Nature of Reality, Know Thyself, The Android and the Human, Entropy and Pot Healing, The Theodicy Problem, Warfare and Power Politics, The Evolved Human, and 'Technology, Media, Drugs and Madness'. Dick had two professional stories published under the pen names Richard Phillipps and Jack Dowland. \\\"Some Kinds of Life\\\" was published in October 1953 in \\\"Fantastic Universe\\\" under byline Richard Phillipps, apparently because the magazine had a\",\n \"id\": \"3273746\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Willis (publicist and agent)\\n\\n\\n\\\"New York Clipper\\\", \\\"Photoplay\\\", \\\"Movie Pictorial\\\", \\\"Motion Picture Magazine\\\", and other publications, sometimes writing under the name Dick Willis, Dick Melbourne, or Wil. In 1917, Willis & Inglis bought the old Kalem Studio at 1425 Fleming St., Los Angeles, and produced several Fay Tincher comedies for World Film Company, then leased the studio to producer Jesse D. Hampton. In 1920 the studio was taken over by Charles Ray Productions, with Richard Willis as Vice-President and General\",\n \"id\": \"85929\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dykes (surname)\\n\\n\\nrecorded instance of the surname, comes from either the reign of Henry III or Edward I, though the exact date of the record is unknown. It does, however, reveal that land owned by one Robert del Dykes at Burgh was conveyed to one William del Monkys. An alternative derivation for the name is that it is from the common personal name \\\"Dick\\\" (a diminutive of \\\"Richard\\\"). It would therefore share its origin with a number of similar names such as Dike, Dicks, Dix, Dickson\",\n \"id\": \"12086495\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Manuel\\n\\n\\n, former Beach Boys guitarist Blondie Chaplin and 1968-1969 Byrds bassist John York. Several concert promoters began to shorten the band's name to \\\"The Byrds\\\" in advertisements and promotional material. As the band continued to tour in 1985, their agent decided to shorten the name to \\\"The Byrds\\\" permanently, eliciting displeasure from co-founders Roger McGuinn, David Crosby and Chris Hillman. Although Michael Clarke continued working with a similar group, Clark heeded their complaints and folded the group. Throughout this period, Manuel continued\",\n \"id\": \"8473871\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Clarke (frontiersman)\\n\\n\\nalso adopted the name. The fictional Deadwood Dick was a fearless frontiersman, and his history shared many biographical details with Clarke. However, it was never established with any certainty that Wheeler had based his character on Clarke. Although there were eventually a number of writers on the fictional exploits of Deadwood Dick, Wheeler's first serial ran from 1877 to 1885: Deadwood Dick starred in 31 stories before the death of his creator. At this point, Beadle and Adams – publishers of the original books – introduced Deadwood Dick Jr.,\",\n \"id\": \"2961257\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Carol Jiani\\n\\n\\nbirth name. Glenn LaRusso of Salsoul Records convinced her to shorten her name from Uchenna Ikejiani to Carol Jiani Carol her middle name to make it easier for North Americans to pronounce. In 1980, Carol Jiani recorded two Sandy Wilbur-written pieces with La Greca, \\\"Hit 'N Run Lover\\\" and \\\"All The People of the World\\\". \\\"Hit 'N Run Lover\\\" was remixed by San Francisco-based Moby Dick Records for their Gold Standard imprint and would become Jiani's signature song, peaking at number\",\n \"id\": \"4669667\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mike Richards\\n\\n\\nrookies, behind Jeff Carter (drafted the same year as Richards, 11th overall) and R. J. Umberger, respectively. Following an injury-shortened sophomore season – Richards was kept to 32 points in 59 games due to stomach surgery – Richards emerged as a star with the Flyers in 2007–08 and topped the team in scoring with 75 points. Recognizing his ascent as a leader on the team, Richards was named one of the Flyers' alternate captains at the outset of the season and was signed to a lengthy 12-year contract extension\",\n \"id\": \"13461963\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fun with Dick and Jane (2005 film)\\n\\n\\nFun with Dick and Jane is a 2005 American comedy film directed by Dean Parisot and written by Judd Apatow and Nicholas Stoller. It stars Jim Carrey and Téa Leoni and is a remake of the 1977 film of the same name. The story focuses on a married, middle-class couple who resort to robbery when the husband's employer goes bankrupt. Alec Baldwin, Richard Jenkins, Angie Harmon, John Michael Higgins, Richard Burgi, Carlos Jacott, Gloria Garayua and Stephnie Weir also star, and James Whitmore appears in an\",\n \"id\": \"19003420\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"This Time for Keeps\\n\\n\\nfilm in which Williams's name was first billed above the title, after \\\"Fiesta\\\". Richard Herald (Lauritz Melchior) is a famous opera singer and father to Richard Herald II, who has recently returned from fighting in the war and now prefers to be known as Dick Johnson (Johnnie Johnston). Dick has been engaged to socialite Frances Allenbury (Mary Stuart) since before he left for the war, but has been expressing some apprehension about marrying her. Mr. Herald wants his son to join him at the opera\",\n \"id\": \"19898397\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"W. Richard West Sr.\\n\\n\\nWalter Richard \\\"Dick\\\" West Sr. (1912–1996) was a Southern Cheyenne painter, sculptor, and educator from Oklahoma and an honored member of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes. Dick West, as he was commonly known, was born on September 8, 1912, in a tipi near the Darlington Agency in Oklahoma. His father was Lightfoot West. West's mother was Rena Flying Coyote, also known as Emily Black Wolf, whose parents were Big Belly Woman and Thunder Bull. West's Cheyenne name, Wapah Nahyah means\",\n \"id\": \"3401869\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Khufu\\n\\n\\nfirst (complete) version clearly exhibits Khufu's religious loyalty to Khnum, the second (shorter) version does not. It is unknown as to why the king would use a shortened name version since it hides the name of Khnum and the king's name connection to this god. It might be possible though, that the short name wasn't meant to be connected to any god at all. Khufu is well known under his Hellenized name Khêops or Cheops (, ; , by Diodorus and Herodotus) and less well known\",\n \"id\": \"11315379\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree\\n\\n\\nit more like \\\"hoovering\\\". As Richard played the piano and sang, he repeatedly stumbled over the lyric, unable to get past the second line of the song. After a few tries Disney reportedly said, \\\"Why don't you just tell us about it, Dick.\\\" The insight and inspiration for the Pooh songs came from an unlikely source, as is explained in the Sherman Brothers' joint autobiography, \\\"Walt's Time\\\": The film was released on February 4, 1966 in the United States,\",\n \"id\": \"19624305\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ragged Dick\\n\\n\\n\\\"become 'spec-table\\\". Early in the book, Mr. Whitney \\\"replaces Dick's suit with a neat one, signaling the beginning of the transformation from Ragged Dick into Richard Hunter, Esq.\\\" Scharnhorst follows Dick's progress through the tale to the moment when Dick is rewarded with a clerical position and notes that \\\"The status of respectability, not a high salary, completes his transition from Ragged Dick to Richard Hunter.\\\" Scharnhorst writes, \\\"The recurrence in Alger's fiction of the theme of the\",\n \"id\": \"10164924\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Markowitz\\n\\n\\nRichard Allen Markowitz (born September 3, 1926 in Santa Monica, California, died December 6, 1994 in Santa Monica) was an American film and television composer. He was the father of singer Kate Markowitz. As a Santa Monica High School student, Markowitz led a big band called Dick Allen and the Teenagers under the name Dick Allen. Following his graduation in 1943 he performed military service in World War II. After the war, Markowitz studied music in Paris and under Arthur Honegger and Arnold Schoenberg. Whilst in Paris\",\n \"id\": \"19051224\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Tuck\\n\\n\\nstill have (voting) rights. Hearing of Tuck's entry as a candidate, Richard Nixon sent him a congratulatory telegram, including an offer to campaign for him, despite Tuck's being a Democrat. Dick Tuck designed his campaign billboards to read, in small print, \\\"Dick\\\", and in much larger lettering, \\\"Tuck\\\". The names were printed twice, piggy-backed one above the other. On the eve of the election he drove around the area and painted an extra line on the upper \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"13676323\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lost in the Stratosphere\\n\\n\\n) gets the nickname \\\"Soapy\\\", from his friend, 1st Lt. Richard \\\"Dick\\\" Wood, \\\"Woody\\\" (Edward J. Nugent). Tom's trademark gift to a female friend is an inscribed bar of soap. Tom finds out that \\\"Ida Johnson\\\", the girl he's been seeing while Dick has been off the base, is really Dick's fiancée, Evelyn Worthington (June Collyer). She introduced herself as Ida (Hattie McDaniel), using her maid's name as a lark.\",\n \"id\": \"2267679\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Tillman\\n\\n\\nRichard L. Tillman, known as Dick Tillman, is an American sailor. He was a member of the United States sailing team at the 1976 Summer Olympics as an alternate and was named US Sailor of the Year in 1965. He started sailing as a teenager at Wawasee Yacht Club crewing for Alan (Buzz) Levinson, his older brother Frank and his younger brother, Harry, in their Snipes. Dick Tillman was National Intercollegiate Sailing Champion with the U.S. Naval Academy in 1957, and became a member of the ICSA Hall of\",\n \"id\": \"6279752\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick (slang)\\n\\n\\n, the FCC released a ruling that it would not fine broadcasters whose programs used \\\"dick\\\" on the air to refer to a person behaving contemptibly. Specifically, the FCC stated in its ruling: The name of the traditional British dessert spotted dick has occasionally been perceived as potentially embarrassing, prompting hospital managers at Gloucestershire NHS Trust (in 2001) and the catering staff at Flintshire County Council (in 2009) to rename the pudding \\\"Spotted Richard\\\" on menus, as many customers made \\\"immature comments\\\" about the pudding\",\n \"id\": \"941286\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dix Hills, New York\\n\\n\\nTooker wrote that the addition of the English name \\\"Dick\\\" to the indigenous name \\\"Pechegan\\\" was a common practice. Tooker wrote that Pechegan's wigwam and his planted fields became the hilly area's namesake, known as the shortened \\\"Dix Hills\\\" by 1911. The area was mostly used for farming until after World War II. Dix Hills is served by the Half Hollow Hills Central School District and the Commack School District. The Half Hollow Hills elementary schools are Otsego, Paumanok, Signal Hill, Sunquam, and\",\n \"id\": \"5406246\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ritchie Neville\\n\\n\\nthe audition arranged themselves into a group, were subsequently picked and later became Five. Because there were two members named 'Richard' in the band (Abs was born Richard Abidin Breen), Breen used his nickname from his middle name whereas Neville kept his name but shortened to \\\"Ritchie\\\" instead. In 2013 was revealed via Twitter that Five would be taking part in an ITV2 documentary series called \\\"The Big Reunion\\\". In January, before the show began airing, it was reported that the group were looking to\",\n \"id\": \"12453196\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Cheney (New Mexico politician)\\n\\n\\nFe New Mexico newspaper showed that he ran on a platform highlighting cracking down on violent crime, repealing the gasoline tax, and lowering public spending. When Cheney legally changed his first name from Richard to Dick, his polling numbers increased tremendously. This created controversy, as opponents including John Dendahl stated that people voting in the polls would confuse Cheney with the former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney from Wyoming, improving his chances of winning the primary. He received 49% of the vote at the Republican State Convention in 1994. Cheney\",\n \"id\": \"17335273\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of The Lego Movie characters\\n\\n\\n, Emmet confronts him on why he didn't help. Police Man (voiced by Adam Pava) is an unnamed police officer in \\\"The Lego Movie: 4D – A New Adventure\\\" whom catches Risky Business and arrests him after he illegally makes \\\"Brick World\\\". Richard \\\"Dick\\\" Grayson / Robin (voiced by Michael Cera in \\\"The Lego Batman Movie\\\", Robbie Daymond in \\\"Lego Dimensions\\\") is an optimistic and joyful kid who admires Batman. When he is accidentally adopted by Batman's alter ego\",\n \"id\": \"124934\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Johnson Township, Clay County, Indiana\\n\\n\\nDick Johnson Township is one of eleven townships in Clay County, Indiana. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,453 and it contained 584 housing units. Dick Johnson Township was established in the late 1830s. This township was named for Richard Mentor Johnson, the ninth Vice President of the United States, serving in the administration of Martin Van Buren. There is also a Van Buren Township in Clay County in honor of the 8th President. According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of\",\n \"id\": \"18417705\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Suderman\\n\\n\\nRichard \\\"Dick\\\" Suderman (October 18, 1939 - October 16, 1972) was a Canadian Football League defensive end. Dick Suderman played college football at the University of Western Ontario. Suderman played defensive end for the Calgary Stampeders from 1964 to 1972. He participated in three Grey Cup games, losing the first to the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1968, the second to the Montreal Alouettes in 1970, but defeating the Toronto Argonauts the following year in 1971 by a score of 14-11. Suderman was named the Grey\",\n \"id\": \"6420533\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Hutcherson\\n\\n\\ngo at Martinsville, VA - Richard Petty had his ninth straight win. Dick Hutcherson was third in points and was runner-up to Petty in the race. It was the same story with four races to go, with Richard Petty winning his tenth straight with Dick Hutcherson runner up. With three races to go, at Charlotte, NC driver Buddy Baker broke Richard Petty’s winning streak. Dick Hutcherson again ran strong, coming in third. With two races to go at Rockingham, NC native Bobby Allison won and solidified\",\n \"id\": \"20275546\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Barton\\n\\n\\nin which Dick Barton's son Richard is a country doctor caring for his apparently senile father, who retreats into fantasies based on his past adventures, believing that there are devilish enemies lurking around him. The series was written by Edward Mason's son Lol Mason, and featured Moray Watson as old Dick Barton, Robert Bathurst as his son Richard, Matilda Ziegler as Richard's wife Sally, Julian Dutton as young Dick Barton and Iain Cuthbertson as Jock Anderson. The series was rebroadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra in 2015. In\",\n \"id\": \"8548745\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Flood\\n\\n\\nThe Wilburn Brothers. In 1962, The Wilburn Brothers recorded his song “Trouble’s Back in Town” which peaked at number 4 on the US Country Charts and was named Cashbox Magazine’s “Country Song of the Year.” In 1973 Flood moved to Georgia’s Okefenokee Swamp and became a professional naturalist and environmentalist. In 1981 Flood changed his name to Okefenokee Joe, and in 1989 he hosted and narrated the Emmy award-winning documentary \\\"Swampwise\\\" on Georgia Public Broadcasting. Dick (Richard) Flood was born in\",\n \"id\": \"6963403\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Dicks Hate the Police\\n\\n\\n\\\"The Dicks Hate the Police\\\" (usually shortened to \\\"Hate the Police\\\") is the debut release and 7\\\" single from the American hardcore punk band The Dicks, released in 1980. The record was released on the band's own Radical Records imprint (not to be confused with R Radical Records; the imprint run by MDC, not to be confused with Run-DMC). In 1989, Mudhoney covered the track on the Boiled Beef & Rotting Teeth EP, being released as a single as well soon\",\n \"id\": \"7593084\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Dadd\\n\\n\\nBritish fantasy writer Angela Carter wrote \\\"Come unto these Yellow Sands\\\", a radio-play based on Dadd's life. The full name of the eccentric character Mr Dick in \\\"David Copperfield\\\" by Charles Dickens is Richard Babley, which echoes the name of Dickens' contemporary Richard Dadd. Canadian author R.J. Anderson acknowledges Dadd as the basis of her fictional painter Alfred Wrenfield, who figures prominently in her young adult fantasy novel \\\"Knife\\\" (\\\"Faery Rebels: Spell Hunter\\\" in the USA). In 1987 a\",\n \"id\": \"17408682\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses\\n\\n\\nletters of recommendation for Dick to Richard Crookback, whom Dick must find on the outskirts of Shoreby. Richard Crookback, Duke of Gloucester, makes his appearance in Book 5. As Dick is leaving Shoreby he sees Crookback holding his own against seven or eight Lancastrian assailants, and assists his victory. Dick's accurate knowledge of the Lancastrian forces in Shoreby aid Crookback in winning the battle that he wages later that day. Dick is also successful as one of Crookback's commanders. Crookback knights Dick on the field of battle and,\",\n \"id\": \"7181621\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Why (board game)\\n\\n\\nWhy is a board game from the late 1950s created by the Milton Bradley Company based on the television show Alfred Hitchcock Presents. The game is no longer produced. There are two different releases of the game: the original 1958 release and the 1967 release, differing only in the box art. \\\"Why\\\" can be played by two to four players aged 12 to adult. The four gamepiece characters are each humorous allusions to detectives of popular media fiction: Sergeant Monday (Sergeant Friday), Dick Crazy (Dick Tracy)\",\n \"id\": \"13888615\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Royal badges of England\\n\\n\\nRichard of York, 3rd Duke of York who adopted the Plantagenet name for him and his descendants in the 15th century. It is obscure why Richard chose the name but it emphasised Richard's hierarchal status as Geoffrey's, and six English kings', patrilineal descendant during the Wars of the Roses. The retrospective usage of the name for all Geoffrey's male descendants became popular in Tudor times probably encouraged by the added legitimacy it gave Richard's great-grandson, King Henry VIII of England. Badges came into general use by\",\n \"id\": \"7947996\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Volz Award\\n\\n\\nThe Dick Volz Best US PhD Thesis in Robotics and Automation is a yearly award to recognize outstanding Ph.D. thesis in the field of robotics and automation at any research institution in the United States of America. It is awarded with a four years delay as it is based both on thesis quality as well as post-graduation impact, hence, the 2007 Dick Volz Best US PhD Thesis Award was awarded in 2011. Its European counterpart is the Georges Giralt PhD Award. The award is named after Professor Emeritus Richard A. Volz. He\",\n \"id\": \"2895736\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Over the Edge Vol. 2: Pastor Dick: Muriel's Purse Fund\\n\\n\\nof extraneous material), and includes a tract-like booklet titled \\\"Pastor Dick's Flagship Faith Vol. 17 #1\\\", and an offering envelope. The storyline involves Pastor Dick Seeland (Richard Lyons) going on the air along with the Weatherman (David Wills) to hold a fundraiser to replace money stolen from the church secretary's purse. He asks listeners to call in and name three sins they've committed, rating their severity on a scale to determine the amount of money, up to $5,\",\n \"id\": \"9848711\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Amazing Blondel\\n\\n\\n\\\"Blondel,\\\" was their final release for Island. They were next signed to Dick James' DJM label, where they recorded three LP's, \\\"Mulgrave Street,\\\" \\\"Inspiration\\\" and \\\"Bad Dreams.\\\" They gradually modernized and electrified their sound. These albums featured a number of guest musicians, including Steve Winwood and Paul Kossoff. There is a mistaken belief that, during this period, they shortened the band name to Blondel. This is probably caused by the title of the final Island album, and\",\n \"id\": \"19146836\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Assman\\n\\n\\nRichard Arthur \\\"Dick\\\" Assman (February 14, 1934 – August 15, 2016) was a Canadian gas station employee whose name propelled him to celebrity status across North America for four months in 1995. In 1995, Assman moved from working at one Petro-Canada station to another. The station's owner took out an advertisement in the local newspaper that was sent anonymously to David Letterman, who was amused by Assman's name. Assman was introduced on July 24, 1995, on the \\\"Late Show with David Letterman\",\n \"id\": \"12680742\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Archway, London\\n\\n\\na broad-based charity which continues into the 21st century. Pauntley Street takes its name from the village of Pauntley in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, traditionally regarded as Dick Whittington's birthplace. The Whittington Hospital is named after Sir Richard Whittington (Dick Whittington). There has been a large Irish community in the area since the 1830s, before the mass migration of the Great Famine. Many of them worked in building railways and roads and became known as \\\"navigators\\\". After the Second World War, the Irish\",\n \"id\": \"19761807\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Jones (actor)\\n\\n\\ntroublesome kid named 'Killer Parkins' in the film \\\"Nancy Drew... Reporter\\\". In the film he did a good imitation of Donald Duck. The same year he appeared with Jimmy Stewart in \\\"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\\\" as Senate page Richard (Dick) Jones. In 1940, he had one of his most prominent (though invisible) roles, as the voice of Pinocchio in Disney's 2nd animated film of the same name. Jones attended Hollywood High School and at fifteen took over the role of Henry\",\n \"id\": \"7023664\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Basal reader\\n\\n\\nidea of having one text for each grade level. Since then, teaching methodologies in school basals have shifted regularly. The Scott Foresman Company published what is perhaps the most famous basal series, whose stories starred two children named Dick and Jane. Dick and Jane books emphasized memorizing words on sight, a method which came to be known as \\\"look and say.\\\" This philosophy came under attack in the late 1950s, largely due to Rudolf Flesch's book \\\"Why Johnny Can't Read\\\". This was a scathing condemnation\",\n \"id\": \"5858047\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Shortening Winter's Day is near a Close\\n\\n\\npainting that Lever had secured when it was on the walls of the Academy. The 82 x 120 cm version under the name \\\"The Shortening Winter's Day is near a Close\\\" was auctioned in 2008 by Sotheby's and again by Bonhams in 2013. In 2013 it fetched £ 157,250 (US$ 200,599) The 51 x 76 cm version was with the Richard Green Gallery in 1972 and reproduced in \\\"Country Life\\\" on June 1 that year. The Card company WN Sharpe purchased the rights to use the painting in greetings\",\n \"id\": \"11149516\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Brautigan\\n\\n\\nIn May 1934, eight months before Richard's birth, Bernard and Mary Lou separated. Brautigan said that he met his biological father only twice, although after Richard's death, Bernard was said to be unaware that Richard was his child, saying \\\"He's got the same last name, but why would they wait 45 to 50 years to tell me I've got a son?\\\" In 1938, Brautigan and his mother began living with a man named Arthur Martin Titland. The couple produced a daughter named Barbara Ann\",\n \"id\": \"19090221\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dan Snaith\\n\\n\\nDaniel Victor Snaith (born 1978) is a Canadian composer, musician, and recording artist who has performed under the stage names Caribou, Manitoba and Daphni. Snaith originally recorded under the stage name Manitoba, but after being threatened with a lawsuit by Richard \\\"Handsome Dick\\\" Manitoba (real name Richard Blum), formerly of punk band The Dictators, Snaith changed his performance name to Caribou. Snaith's previous full-length albums were then re-released under the new moniker, and \\\"The Milk of Human Kindness\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"18559551\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Clarke (frontiersman)\\n\\n\\nfigures as Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane, Buffalo Bill Cody, Poker Alice Tubbs, and Captain Jack Crawford. He adopted the moniker of \\\"Deadwood Dick\\\", long before Deadwood Dick became a famous fictional character. Many believe Clarke to have been the inspiration behind a number of dime novels published between 1877 and 1897, written by Edward Lytton Wheeler, and starring a protagonist named Deadwood Dick. These novels were so popular that Clarke was able to use their fame to boost his own public profile; many other Deadwood residents\",\n \"id\": \"2961256\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Wilson (writer)\\n\\n\\nRichard Garratt Wilson (29 November 1928 – January 2011) was an English journalist and writer. Dick Wilson (he used the familiar form of his name throughout his professional life) was born in Epsom, Surrey the son of Ernest Garratt Wilson and Eileen Olive Ruscoe. The family lived at nearby Sutton but in 1939 moved to Guildford where Dick entered the Royal Grammar School, Guildford. In 1942 he was sent to Cranleigh School where he remained until 1947 when he was called up for National Service and this was followed by his\",\n \"id\": \"6152952\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Taylor (general)\\n\\n\\nson of Zachary Taylor, the 12th president of the United States. Richard Taylor was born at Springfield, the family's plantation near Louisville, Kentucky, to Zachary Taylor, a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army at the time, and Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor. He was named after his paternal grandfather, Richard Lee Taylor, a Virginian who had served in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). Richard Taylor, nicknamed \\\"Dick\\\", had five older sisters, two of whom died in childhood before Richard was born\",\n \"id\": \"4708508\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Edmund Dick Taylor\\n\\n\\nColonel Edmund Dick Taylor (October 18, 1804 – December 4, 1891) was an American businessman, politician, and soldier from Illinois. He is remembered as the first person to suggest that the United States should issue paper currency (\\\"greenbacks\\\") during the American Civil War. He was born Edmund Richard Taylor in Lunenburg County, Virginia, son of Giles Y Taylor (1766–1830) and Francine \\\"Sina\\\" Stokes. In later years, he preferred to use his middle name rather than his first name, and\",\n \"id\": \"12154543\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Deadwood Dick\\n\\n\\nDeadwood Dick is a fictional character who appears in a series of stories, or dime novels, published between 1877 and 1897 by Edward Lytton Wheeler (1854/5–1885). The name became so widely known in its time that it was used to advantage by several men who actually resided in Deadwood, South Dakota. Those who took the nickname included: Others more briefly associated with the name were Richard Palmer, who died in Cripple Creek, Colorado, in 1906, and Robert Dickey, who died in a Denver hospital jail in 1912\",\n \"id\": \"167135\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"R. H. Boyd\\n\\n\\nnear Chattanooga, Tennessee, Boyd returned to Texas with the surviving son. In Texas, he took over management of the Gray plantation, successfully producing and selling cotton. Following emancipation, he also worked as a cowboy and in a sawmill. In 1867, he changed his name to Richard Henry Boyd; Richard (\\\"Dick\\\") had been his grandfather's first name, but there is no record of the reasons for his choice of his new middle name and surname. After emancipation, Boyd, who did not learn\",\n \"id\": \"541224\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Miffy\\n\\n\\nMiffy (, pronounced ) is a small female rabbit in a series of picture books drawn and written by Dutch artist Dick Bruna. The original Dutch name, \\\"Nijntje\\\", is a shortening of the diminutive \\\"konijntje\\\", \\\"little rabbit\\\". The first Miffy book was produced in 1955, and almost 30 others have followed. In total they have sold over 85 million copies, and led to two separate television series as well as items such as clothes and toys featuring the character. A feature-length film\",\n \"id\": \"3656403\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Richard Cresswell (politician)\\n\\n\\nRichard Cresswell (1688–1743) was an English politician. The first son of a \\\"roaring Shropshire squire\\\" Richard Cresswell of Sidbury, Shropshire and his wife Mary Moreton, and grandson of a staunch Cavalier, also named Richard Cresswell (formerly a page to Charles I); Cresswell was nicknamed \\\"Black Dick Cresswell\\\". He had inherited his father's unstable traits, but also his grandfather's loyalism. His father, having been disinherited, was described as \\\"a perfect madman\\\", \\\"a Judas and devil incarnate\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"14770474\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Brian Jones\\n\\n\\n-up of Jagger, Richards, Jones, Stewart, bass player Dick Taylor (later of the Pretty Things) and drummer Tony Chapman. From September 1962 to September 1963, Jones, Jagger and Richards shared a flat (referred to by Richards as \\\"a beautiful dump\\\") at 102 Edith Grove, Chelsea, with James Phelge, a future photographer whose name was used in some of the group's early \\\"Nanker/Phelge\\\" writing credits. Jones and Richards spent day after day playing guitar while listening to blues\",\n \"id\": \"3265047\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dick Clark's Rock, Roll & Remember\\n\\n\\nDick Clark's Rock, Roll and Remember (sometimes shortened to \\\"Rock, Roll and Remember\\\") was a weekly American rock and roll radio documentary show hosted by Dick Clark featuring oldies music. It was broadcast on United Stations Radio Networks and its predecessors between 1982 and 2004. It is re-run in syndication by United Stations Radio Networks, KZRO, and WRHL. It was first broadcast on February 14, 1982 and originally hosted by Gene Weed. The next year Clark and Mark Elliot became co-hosts.\",\n \"id\": \"20667280\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hearts on the Line\\n\\n\\nBurritos to a more commercial direction, having written a number of country hits for other artists prior to his joining the FBB. In addition, the band's name was shortened to simply The Burrito Brothers, a suggestion by Curb Records. Beland's song demos, which featured the Burritos on them, eventually made it to Dick Whitehouse at Curb records, who signed the band to a deal with Curb / Epic Records. By December 1980, the band's first single for Curb, \\\"She's a Friend of a Friend\",\n \"id\": \"12782225\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lake lamprey\\n\\n\\nThe lake lamprey, \\\"Entosphenus macrostomus\\\", also known as the Vancouver lamprey or Cowichan lamprey, a recent derivative of the pacific lamprey, is a species of freshwater lamprey endemic to two North American lakes: Lake Cowichan and Mesachie Lake in Vancouver Island, Canada. The lamprey was originally called the Vancouver Island lamprey, until an error in filing shortened it to the Vancouver lamprey. The alternate common name of \\\"Cowichan lamprey\\\" was coined and promoted by the species' describer, Dr. Dick Beamish, who originally identified the\",\n \"id\": \"13751228\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"DAP Products\\n\\n\\nmerger with the Chicago-based Armstrong Company in 1957. The resulting entity was renamed Dicks-Armstrong-Pontius, which was eventually shortened to the brand name DAP. DAP was the first to the market with the introduction of latex caulk in 1964, and since then the company has introduced numerous other caulks, sealants, insulating foams and other patch and repair products. They followed with acrylic latex technology in 1970 and silicone sealants in the mid-1980s. In the 1990s, the Plastic Wood brand was integrated into the DAP portfolio of\",\n \"id\": \"19024038\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Deep Dickollective\\n\\n\\nsince his arrival in 1998, but lost all of his bookings once the scene became aware that he was gay) Kalamka blurted \\\"well, if them girls can call themselves the Punany Poets (a then popular Oakland poetry group), we can be Deep Dick Collective!\\\". The name was then shortened to \\\"Deep Dickollective\\\", but the initials \\\"D/DC\\\" remained as the three letter abbreviation seemed to roll off the tongue well,and signified the group's deconstructionist intent. What started as a parodic\",\n \"id\": \"20765044\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Spriguns of Tolgus\\n\\n\\ntogether with Hart’s involvement, helped increase the band’s profile sufficiently to gain attention from a major label. In 1976 they signed with Decca, shortened their name to Spriguns and recruited a new band of Dick Powell (keyboards), Tom Ling (fiddle), and Chris Woodcock (drums), which gave them a fuller and rockier sound. The resulting album \\\"Revel, Weird & Wild\\\" (1976) was again produced by Tim Hart. It relied exclusively on material penned by the band, particularly by Mandy\",\n \"id\": \"9684942\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":96,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How did a 32 year old Martin Shkreli get to have so much power at such a young age?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"3xjyiy"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"The short answer is that he had a knack for biotech stocks. He self-taught himself biology and chemistry and was able to comprehend complicated papers and study results that most people in finance cannot understand without the help of expensive industry consultants. This can be very helpful in taking short position against stocks of drug companies that have failing products, which so many in biotech do. Very few drugs in development ultimately get FDA's approval. It can also help you assess what company is undervalued based on its drug portfolio. His knowledge, apparently, also allowed him to convince a lot of people to invest in his firms. Because they believed he really knew what he was talking about. It turns out that a lot of his investments, especially those made at his hedge funds, were simply too risky. He may have been cocky about his expertise and underestimated how much the biotech sector was influenced by other factors outside his control.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Powerful people have the ability to sell themselves as experts. They have big egos that project a presence people trust no matter how much they boast or lie. Which is why they tend to be the ones to get away with making money going bankrupt or with ponzi schemes or the superior natural leaders, culminating in a national chief who alone is capable of incarnating the group's destiny because of his perceived instincts over abstract and universal reason.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Well business overall is a people game. Those who are better at interacting with people who have money tend to do better. In terms of Martin Shkreli if you have been reading the news he ran a partial ponzi scheme. I feel he couldn't produce enough investors at a point to which he turned to price gouging for sufficient funding. Overall I feel anyone can be a CEO you just have to know people and recruit. Most people only seem to focus on the fact that they need to produce the funds to build a business when all you really need to do is prove to a rich person why they should invest with you and boom you can make any company you want. I'm not saying you could sell miracle aids curing chicken to someone but skillful people could make someone wealthy believe that your chicken can cure or significantly reduce your chances of getting aids, it would be a very worthy investment. It's a bad example but it still shows a point. Make people believe.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Serious question: how much trouble is this guy in? I mean, I know Reddit got excited when he got arrested but is he looking at a slap on the wrist or something more like Madoff got?\"}, {\"answer\": \"Step 1: layout your plan to the board of directors Step 2: Buy a ton of stocks in the company, close to 2 million shares. Step 3: Now that you have a big stake in the company the board will appoint you as CEO so you can execute your strategy. Step 4: Acquire the rights to a needed drug and raise its price. Step 5: Profit from the 2 million shares bought prior. & nbsp; Shkreli made close to 60 million in less than a month with this strategy on KBIO.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Anyone notice that he worked at Jim Cramer's firm; Cramer, Berkowitz and Company? You know.. that guy that Jon Stewart outed for his company training videos that showed him explaining to his employees how to pump and dump stock through the press and media to make a profit? URL_0 I wish the media would comment on Cramer's legacy of unethical behavior.\"}, {\"answer\": \"To be fair to him, he wasn't born into it. He's a complete bastard no doubt, but he did manage to get billions of dollars all by himself, which is pretty smart.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"33759585\", \"title\": \"Martin Shkreli\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 1, \"start_character\": 15, \"end_paragraph_id\": 1, \"end_character\": 460, \"bleu_score\": 0.6962664956615996}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nExchange Commission announced that Shkreli had agreed to an order that would bar him from the securities industry in order to settle a pending SEC administrative action against him, however, Shkreli is eligible to apply for readmission to the industry subject to applicable laws and regulations governing the process. In January 2016, \"Fortune\" estimated the then-32-year-old Shkreli's net worth was at least $45 million but later updated its profile to reflect that this article was published the value of Shkreli's E*Trade account had dropped by more than $40","id":"6244376"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nwrote that the attempted hostile takeover was \"done for the specific purpose of firing the company's management and stopping a proposed merger with Allos Therapeutics. When the merger plans stopped, so did Shkreli.\" Shkreli founded Retrophin (a portmanteau of \"recombinant dystrophin\") in 2011 under the MSMB umbrella, and ran it as a portfolio company with an emphasis on biotechnology, to create treatments for rare diseases. Retrophin's board decided to replace Shkreli in September 2014, and he resigned from the company the following month. He","id":"6244346"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nthat his post was satire, and his lawyer described it as tasteless but not a threat. Shkreli edited the post to add a disclaimer that it was satire, and later said he did this minutes after publication. Shkreli apologized for the post. He was sent to the Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn while awaiting sentencing. Shkreli appealed the conviction, but in 2019 in a swift 3-0 vote jury upheld the earlier ruling. According to the judge's ruling, Shkreli must continue to serve his 7-year sentence and also still","id":"6244370"},{"contents":"Youth marketing\n\n\npromote and get eyes on their brand name and logo in child-friendly settings. There's analysis of the process of the development of a child and how it relates to how marketers know they can have a great deal of power in the field of persuasion on them at such young ages. At the age of five or six, children have trouble distinguishing fantasy from reality and make-believe from lying. They do not distinguish programs from ads, and may even prefer the ads. Between seven and ten years-old","id":"17164073"},{"contents":"Lauren Duca\n\n\nusing her appearance, asking the platform’s founder and CEO Jack Dorsey how Shkreli’s actions were allowed. Shkreli’s Twitter account was then suspended for violating the website’s rules prohibiting targeted harassment. On July 28, 2017, Duca released a Twitter statement on her thoughts regarding Shkreli’s securities fraud trial and the sexual comments made by Shkreli on a Facebook live stream. Duca tweeted, “I would (still) rather eat my own organs. So much as touch me, and I'll gladly chop off one of yours","id":"6347095"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nof the HIV Medicine Association, said Turing's actions were insufficient, given that patients initially treated for days at a hospital typically have to continue the treatment for weeks or months after leaving. After Shkreli was imprisoned, Turing changed its name to Vyera in 2017. to avoid negative publicity, and is presently named Phoenixus. In March 2019, The Wall Street Journal reported that Shkreli \"steers his old company from prison\". Using a contraband cellphone from his ward in prison at Ft. Dix, N.J., Shkreli was effectively","id":"6244361"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nLehman collapsed before it could collect on the ruling. In September 2009, Shkreli started his own business. He launched MSMB Capital Management, which took its name from the initials of the two founding portfolio managers, Shkreli and his childhood friend, Marek Biestek. Shkreli and Biestek shorted biotech companies, then described flaws in the companies on stock trading chat rooms. On February 1, 2011, in a naked short sale on an account it held with Merrill Lynch, MSMB Capital sold short 32 million shares of Orexigen Therapeutics stock at","id":"6244343"},{"contents":"Wu-Tang Clan\n\n\nThat\" even though he did not purchase the project. The album was sold through Paddle8, an online auction house, for $2 million to Martin Shkreli. When the FBI arrested Martin Shkreli on December 17, 2015, they did not seize the Wu-Tang Clan album. Following the victory of Republican candidate Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Shkreli broadcast excerpts from the album on streaming platforms Periscope and Hitbox.tv. The group's latest album \"The Saga Continues\" was released in 2017. It features all","id":"14607385"},{"contents":"Lauren Duca\n\n\nhigh,\" and donated 100 percent of the proceeds from each $32 shirt to Planned Parenthood in Tucker Carlson's name. As of December 2017, over $10,000 was raised. In the face of backlash against \"Teen Vogue\", Duca has defended the political commentary featured on the website, citing the disconnect between critics who find young women’s interests as too silly for intellectual conversation and the reprimand young women face for not participating in political process. Throughout 2017, Duca attracted the attention of former pharmaceutical executive Martin Shkreli","id":"6347093"},{"contents":"Madison Keys\n\n\nof which were contested in 2016. Keys has described her own game as \"I have a pretty good serve and a pretty good forehand, but what people notice the most is how hard I can hit the ball and how much power is behind my shots.\" She has been listed at 5' 10\" since she was 14 years old, which helped her play in pro events from a young age. She has used her tall frame to develop a style of play around hitting big serves and powerful groundstrokes on both","id":"17615373"},{"contents":"As Good as I Once Was\n\n\n. Matt Bjorke writing for About.com stated \"the song is a good one, so good that it rivals anything off of Toby's \"How Do You Like Me Now?!\" album. It's a fun track about getting older, and how we don't have as much \"energy\" as we once had.\" \"Sputnik Music\" called it \"a testament to how much old age sucks\" while Allmusic declared the song was \"wonderfully self-depreciating\". \"As Good as I Once Was\"","id":"4472740"},{"contents":"My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy\n\n\ntell my story and I needed to because I get so much fan mail. People are so interested in the whole process, how it all comes together. This book does that.\" In a 1995 interview, five years before writing the book, Cartwright remarked that she wanted to write a book and that if she did, it would be titled \"My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy.\" The book contains excerpts from date books and journals that Cartwright had kept over the years. The book was officially announced","id":"10292873"},{"contents":"Ashley Young\n\n\nyears at United, Young was re-invented as a defender, deployed as a left-sided full back or wing back. \"WhoScored\"'s Martin Laurence stated in 2018 that \"Luke Shaw can’t get a kick at Manchester United and that is down to the form of Ashley Young, who has adapted to another new role superbly. Young is now proving to be an aggressive and intelligent defender, all while still offering a threat going forwards with his delivery into the box. On current form the 32-year-old","id":"19529827"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nhis price hikes of the drug Daraprim and his flamboyant personality. In early 2016, Shkreli retained criminal defense attorney Benjamin Brafman to defend him. At his 2017 trial, Shkreli argued that none of his investors actually lost money (some actually turned a profit) and thus his actions did not constitute a crime. Shkreli's frequent criticisms of the federal prosecutors in New York's Eastern District, whom he called \"junior varsity\" compared to their counterparts in the Southern District across the East River, both on his Facebook streaming video","id":"6244367"},{"contents":"Epidemiology of schizophrenia\n\n\n-adjusted life years (DALYs). The rate of schizophrenia varies up to threefold depending on how it is defined. Schizophrenia is diagnosed 1.4 times more frequently in males than females, and typically appears earlier in men—the peak ages of onset are 20–28 years for males and 26–32 years for females. Onset in childhood is much rarer, as is onset in middle- or old age. Generally, the mean age of first hospital admission for treatment of schizophrenia is between 25 and 35. Studies have suggested that lower income individuals","id":"981939"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nformer MSMB employee and his family. Shkreli and some of his business associates have been under criminal investigation by the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York since January 2015. Shkreli invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination in order to avoid testifying during civil depositions. Shkreli's name is on two patents held by Retrophin for drugs to treat PKAN. Critics argued that Shkreli was intelligent but too immature and unfocused for the job of CEO. In July 2017, at Shkreli's criminal trial, Aselage testified: \"","id":"6244348"},{"contents":"Lucy Robinson (Neighbours)\n\n\nLucy at such a young age; only 18 years old. So playing her at 32 was wonderful for me, as she had changed so much over the years. Bell told Herbison of \"All About Soap\" that Lucy returns to Ramsay Street to visit Paul. She wants to help him reconnect with his family and change his life following an accident. In May 2010, Bell told Jason Herbison [interviewing then for \"Inside Soap\"] that she wanted to return to Neighbours and that Lucy was her \"best friend","id":"16852891"},{"contents":"Kendall Hart\n\n\nso complex,\" and stated, \"I thank Judy Wilson (AMC's casting director) so much for giving me the chance to actually be a teenager playing a teenager on the show. (...) To get a role like Kendall, I feel so lucky because it's so rare.\" When Kendall was aged to 22/23 years old, the audience was bothered by the series having a 17-year-old actress portray that age range. \"I may not physically look 23, but then again, not all 23-year","id":"1741813"},{"contents":"Achacho\n\n\ninfanticide in India and explains how there will be a lesser number of women in the years to come. In a remote village, the village chief Nattamai (Shanmugasundaram) organises a competition that will decide who will get married to the bachelor woman. There are now twenty-four unmarried young men waiting to get married and seven girls who have not yet come of age in the village. The young men cannot get married to a woman who is from other villages due to their customs, so they have to wait until","id":"5925945"},{"contents":"2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan\n\n\nScreen Actors Guild, and Linda Keefe. Gilbert withdrew from the race in May 2016 due to health issues, and at that time Keefe did not appear to have collected enough valid petition signatures to be placed on the ballot. On July 6, 2016, Democrats introduced 29-year-old Suzanna Shkreli, an Assistant Macomb County Prosecutor to be the party's nominee. At the time of Shkreli's announcement, it was still unclear if Michigan Secretary of State Ruth Johnson would allow Gilbert to be removed from the ballot. Johnson said","id":"3372448"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\na family member suffered from treatment-resistant depression. During Shkreli's time at Cramer, Berkowitz and Company, he recommended short-selling the stock of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, a biotech company testing a weight-loss drug. When its price dropped in accordance with Shkreli's prediction, Cramer's hedge fund profited. Shkreli's prediction drew the attention of the Securities and Exchange Commission, which investigated Shkreli's knowledge about the stock but was unable to prove wrongdoing on his part. After four years as an associate at Cramer Berkowitz,","id":"6244341"},{"contents":"Wayne Gretzky\n\n\nto \"skate where the puck's going, not where it's been\". Wayne was a classic prodigy whose extraordinary skills made him the target of jealous parents. The team Gretzky played on at age six was otherwise composed of 10-year-olds. His first coach, Dick Martin, remarked that he handled the puck better than the 10-year-olds. According to Martin, \"Wayne was so good that you could have a boy of your own who was a tremendous hockey player, and he'd get overlooked because of","id":"14723506"},{"contents":"Aleutian tradition\n\n\nthe first that states that this area could have been a secondary burial site. The second states that animal disturbance could be the reasoning for the missing bones and the third speaks of human disturbance. The young adult was aged to be under 19 years of age, the teeth did not have much wear and the young child was aged to be between three and four years old. There were also other human remains found that were not associated with either three of the burials. It is apparent that the front of the cave was","id":"21771306"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nShkreli worked as a financial analyst for Intrepid Capital Management and UBS Wealth Management. He then started his first hedge fund, Elea Capital Management, in 2006. In 2007, Lehman Brothers sued Elea in New York state court for failing to cover a 'put option transaction' in which Shkreli bet the wrong way on a broad market decline. When stocks rose, Shkreli didn't have the funds to make the bank whole. In October 2007, Lehman Brothers won a $2.3 million default judgment against Shkreli and Elea, but","id":"6244342"},{"contents":"George Zimmerman\n\n\n, purported bidders began using fake names such as \"Donald Trump\" and \"Tamir Rice\" to place large bids on the weapon, which were interpreted as a joke. Martin Shkreli expressed genuine interest so that he could either destroy the firearm or place it in a museum. Moderators on the bidding sites caught additional scam actions. On May 18, the auction was reported to have ended, with the gun reportedly selling for over $100,000. Zimmerman did not release the name of the purchaser. On May 20, Zimmerman","id":"9114592"},{"contents":"History of Manchester United F.C. (1945–1969)\n\n\nfive years and up to the age of 21. The Championship was defended successfully in 1957, with Tommy Taylor scoring 22 goals, Liam Whelan getting 26 and a young Bobby Charlton grabbing 10 goals. United reached the FA Cup Final that year, but played without their goalkeeper Ray Wood for much of the game, eventually losing 2–1 to Aston Villa. United's first European match was a 2–0 win away to the Belgian champions Anderlecht. The return leg was played at Maine Road as Old Trafford did not have any floodlights,","id":"743255"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nTuring obtained the manufacturing license for the antiparasitic drug Daraprim and raised its price by a factor of 56 (from to $750 per pill), leading him to be referred to by the media as \"the most hated man in America\" and \"Pharma Bro\". Shkreli was charged in federal court, then convicted on two counts of securities fraud and one count of conspiring to commit securities fraud. In 2018, Shkreli was sentenced to seven years in federal prison and up to $7.4 million in fines. Shkreli was","id":"6244338"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nfold, from $1.50 to $30 per pill (patients must take 10 to 15 pills a day), and Chenodal about five fold. Retrophin did not lower the price of these drugs after Shkreli's departure. In 2016 Imprimis Pharmaceuticals introduced a lower cost version marketed as a compounded drug. Shkreli founded Turing Pharmaceuticals in February 2015, after his departure from Retrophin. He launched Turing with three drugs in development acquired from Retrophin: an intranasal version of ketamine for depression, an intranasal version of oxytocin, and Vecamyl for","id":"6244350"},{"contents":"Palpatine\n\n\nnext is go back in time, and show how Vader came to be.' It never occurred to me in a million years that I would be involved in that, because I thought, 'oh well, then he'll get a much younger actor to play Palpatine. That would be obvious.\" However, \"I was the right age, ironically, for the first prequel when it was made. ... So I was in the very strange and rather wonderful paradox of playing myself when young at my own age","id":"7951320"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nof conspiracy to commit securities fraud, and not guilty on five other counts. Shkreli said he was delighted with the outcome and described his prosecution as \"a witch hunt of epic proportions.\" On September 13, 2017, his bail was revoked following a Facebook post offering $5,000 for a strand of Hillary Clinton's hair which the judge perceived as solicitation to assault, which is not protected under the First Amendment. Shkreli's post was preceded by others that suggested he might have plans to clone Hillary Clinton. Shkreli said","id":"6244369"},{"contents":"Moonlight Resonance\n\n\nher. Initially, Kelvin's mother is against the relationship, but she eventually accepts Wing-Hing and allows them to get married. Wing-Chung was separated from his family at a young age, being sent with So-Sum to England. His grades were very poor and he did not like university. Siu-Hor, seeing how much her son dislikes school, allows him to drop out. Yan-Hung becomes jealous and finally decides to take legal action against Siu-Hor and Tai-Cho, wanting","id":"15099981"},{"contents":"Sexualization in child beauty pageants\n\n\n\"the mothers of the young pageant contestants all push their girls, some young as two, to emotional and physical limits. They parade the little girls around in makeup, big hairdos, and even bathing suits...I don’t see how a beauty pageant, especially at such young ages, promotes anything other than vanity.\" In France, after a 10-year-old girl was featured on the cover of Vogue Paris in an inappropriate outfit- not fit for a child, lawmakers banned child beauty pageants all together. So much","id":"6579963"},{"contents":"Ayumu Hirano\n\n\nin his hometown of Murakami. The father originally hoped his son, Ayumu, to become a surfer, but the son did not like it much. Instead, he got absorbed in skateboarding, following the footstep of his 3-year-older brother, Eiju. He started skateboarding at the age of 4, and the snowboarding half a year later. He said he did not even remember how he started as he was too young and as it was just so natural for him. He belonged to the skateboarding team \"e-","id":"7120759"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nyear but received the credits necessary for his diploma through a program that placed him in an internship at Wall Street hedge fund Cramer, Berkowitz and Company when he was 17. Sources differ on whether Shkreli graduated from Hunter or whether he received sufficient credits there but actually graduated from City-As-School High School. In March 2015, Hunter College High School announced that Shkreli had donated $1,000,000 which was the largest donation in the school's history. Shkreli told \"Vanity Fair\" that he developed an interest in chemistry when","id":"6244340"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\n9, 2018, Shkreli was sentenced to seven years in federal prison. He is federal inmate number 87850-053 and was held at the Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn prior to being transferred to federal prison. On March 27, 2018, it was reported that Judge Kiyo Matsumoto agreed to recommend Shkreli serve his prison sentence at the minimum security federal camp at USP Canaan, which he had previously requested. On April 18, 2018, Shkreli was transferred from Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn to FCI Fort Dix after his request to","id":"6244373"},{"contents":"Brandon Paris\n\n\nwas very much affected by the physical and abuses of his adolescent years. Paris's family did not know of the sexual abusive neighbour at the time nor was the man ever charged as he moved out of the country before Brandon reached 10 years old. Brandon never realized how much all of this affected him until the later 90's. Aside from all the negative situations, Brandon was known to be a talented artist from a very young age and excelled in all his art classes all the way through high school. He also","id":"17279557"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nmillion\". Shkreli leveraged a $4 million E-Trade account for his bail. In June 2017, Reuters reported that Shkreli had reported his net worth at $70 million after being arrested in 2015 and that his attorney Benjamin Brafman, in a hearing before Judge Kiyo Matsumoto, had conceded that his client still owned shares of Turing Pharmaceuticals worth between $30 to $50 million. In October 2015, presidential candidate Bernie Sanders acknowledged having received a $2,700 donation from Shkreli, whom he had previously called a \"poster","id":"6244377"},{"contents":"Aspirational age\n\n\nage of 32 as an aspirational age for example. How Music Builds Value identifies the 32-year-old lifestyle as a time which can 'supersede the elements of mass-market life'. The case study cites that the label (Smashburger) can create an 'aspirational experience' by targeting 32-year-olds due to being a 'magical age'. Differences within a particular industry can also occur in terms of appropriate aspirational ages. An Integrated Approach to New Food Product Development recognises the aspirational age as '1–3 years older than","id":"14759951"},{"contents":"George Holland\n\n\nvain pursuit of skill in which vocation he spent two years. He was a vigorous young man who was a member of a boat club, he could—and frequently did—row from London Bridge to Richmond and back again, twenty miles (32 km) each way. Young Holland's way of life was unfit for the printing business, and when twenty-one years of age he was fortunate enough to get his indentures cancelled. He wandered to Liverpool, then to Dublin in 1816 where, at the age of","id":"3104028"},{"contents":"Winnoc\n\n\na dependent cell or priory (not an abbey, as it is generally called). It is not known what rule, Columbanian or Benedictine, was followed at this time in the two monasteries. When enfeebled by old age, St. Winnoc is said to have received supernatural assistance in the task of grinding grain for his brethren and the poor. The mill ground the grain automatically due to the intercession of the saint's prayers. A monk who, out of curiosity, came to see how the old man did so much","id":"3158942"},{"contents":"Pierina Gilli\n\n\n. How many times my dear Mamma repeated to me, by spurring me to be good and not to be capricious, because I was consecrated to the Madonna and therefore I must love her very much.\"\". At eighteen, Pierina worked as a children's assistant at a communal nursery school in Montichiari. When she was twenty years old, a marriage proposal was made to her by an honest and well-intentioned young man. For two months Pierina intimately suffered so much, because she did not feel herself to","id":"7621303"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nMartin Shkreli (; born March 17, 1983) is an American businessman, former hedge fund manager, and convicted felon. He was the co-founder of the hedge funds Elea Capital, MSMB Capital Management, and MSMB Healthcare; co-founder and former chief executive officer (CEO) of the biotechnology firm Retrophin; and founder and former CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals. Shkreli is the former CEO of start-up software company Gödel Systems, which he founded in August 2016. In September 2015, Shkreli received widespread criticism when","id":"6244337"},{"contents":"32-pounder gun\n\n\nto become the new main gun for first rates. The first rate Howe might have had this gun on the lower deck for some time. In actual use the 63 cwt was found much too heavy for extensive broadside armament, and only 205 were cast. The 32 pdr 63 cwt was not mentioned in Douglas' table of artillery in use published in 1855, so it might have dropped out of general use on ships by then. This heavy 32 pounder did find a use as solid shot armament in large steamers. HMS_Dee_(1832","id":"15751998"},{"contents":"Daniel Dougherty\n\n\nspeech in 1847, before he was old enough to vote. Dougherty's family was poor, and he left home at a young age after his mother died and his father remarried to a woman with whom Dougherty did not get along. After several years as a \"careless youth,\" he began to study law at the age of eighteen in the law office of William and Samuel Badger. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1849. His powers of oratory helped him as a lawyer. He achieved an acquittal in","id":"1537039"},{"contents":"Cilvaringz\n\n\nspread throughout prominent media outlets across the world. On May 3, 2015 the album sold to controversial pharmaceutical entrepreneur Martin Shkreli for a reported two million dollars, making it the most expensive musical work ever sold in the history of music. Martin Shkreli's identity as the buyer was kept secret until Bloomberg News revealed his identity in November 2016. When Martin Shkreli was arrested for securities fraud allegations a few weeks later the FBI was prompted to tweet about the album's fate. It became the FBI's most liked and most retweeted","id":"15363830"},{"contents":"Tusen gånger starkare\n\n\nTusen gånger starkare (\"A Thousand Times Stronger\") is a 2006 young adult novel written by Christina Herrström. It was nominated to the August Prize the same year. The book is about the power between the two sexes (boys and girls). In the 15-year-old girl Signe's class the \"bad\" boys and the popular girl Mimi have much power. When a new girl, Saga, comes to the class, the situation is changed; she breaks the \"rules\" for showing how girls should","id":"5491341"},{"contents":"Medomsley Detention Centre\n\n\nman forced himself on the young men in his charge. I can only surmise how many other people have been through his clutches. I think the sentence was entirely appropriate and reflected the abhorrent nature of the breach of trust he perpetrated all those years ago.\" Prison service director Sir Martin Narey apologised to Husband's victims \"without reservation\", saying \"we should have stopped him much earlier.\" Husband's victims were 16 to 19-year-old inmates who he chose to work with him in the kitchen. Sometimes he","id":"20887194"},{"contents":"Tree: A Life Story\n\n\nfor years, he did not know how old it was or how its uncharacteristic curve had developed. Suzuki, a science writer and broadcaster, and former zoologist, speculated that the soil might have slid when the tree was young or that another plant might have blocked the sunlight. He thought that the tree must have endured much hardship throughout its life and made a connection between biographies of people and the story of this tree's life. It also reminded him of an idea he had for a children's book about interconnectivity of","id":"4247507"},{"contents":"List of Are You Being Served? characters\n\n\nMr Grace for the first time, someone would ask in surprise, \"That's \"Young\" Mr Grace?\" The other person always replied, \"Old Mr Grace doesn't get about much these days.\" Ironically, when he finally did appear in the show, Kenneth Waller (as Old Mr Grace) twenty-eight years \"younger\" than Harold Bennett (as Young Mr Grace), and thus the character was in much better condition both mentally and physically. It was revealed that Young Mr Grace had","id":"10547065"},{"contents":"Emperor He of Han\n\n\nempress. While she was empress, she constantly rejected Emperor He's offers to promote her brothers, so they did not have much power during Emperor He's reign. Empress Deng and all of the imperial consorts were sonless for a long time. (Emperor He was described to have had a number of sons who died in young age; it is unclear whether Empresses Yin or Deng ever gave birth, but it appears that they did not.) Late in Emperor He's reign, he had two sons—whose mothers","id":"10394"},{"contents":"Benjamin Brafman\n\n\nby New York State Supreme Court Justice Michael Obus. Brafman discussed his defense of Strauss-Kahn on \"Charlie Rose\" in February, 2012. In 2014 and 2015, Brafman represented Martin Wolmark of the Epstein-Wolmark gang, an outfit that had plotted the kidnap and torture of Jewish husbands to coerce them into granting their wives \"get\"s (religious divorces). Wolmark pled guilty to the charges, and was sentenced to three years in prison. In early 2016, Martin Shkreli retained Brafman to defend him. In a","id":"6345388"},{"contents":"Mariéme Jamme\n\n\nMarieme Jamme is a Senegalese businesswoman. In 2017, Jamme was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women. Jamme grew up in rural Senegal, from an oligarch mother who gave her away at an early age and was later raised in various foster homes including in an orphanage and then trafficked as a young prostitute to Paris. She experienced considerable hardship during her childhood and did not have a formative education until the age of 16 years old, when she taught herself how to read and write. Jamme was honoured as a Young","id":"2641188"},{"contents":"Phonological development\n\n\nsounds) in a word. 70% of 6-year-olds were able to do so. This might mean that children are aware of syllables as units of speech early on, while they don’t show awareness of individual phonemes until school age. Another explanation is that individual sounds do not easily translate into beats, which makes clapping individual phonemes a much more difficult task than clapping syllables. One reason why phoneme awareness gets much better once children start school is because learning to read provides a visual aid as how to break up","id":"11722715"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\ndirecting the re-named firm, and was reported to have terminated the employment of executive Kevin P. Mulleady. After this news was reported in various news outlets, Shkreli was moved to the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn in advance of a subsequent move to a Federal prison in Pennsylvania. He was also facing a Bureau of Prisons investigation into his breaking federal prison rules, since federal inmates are prohibited both from running a business from prison and from possessing cell phones. In November 2015, an investor group led by Shkreli acquired a","id":"6244362"},{"contents":"Grippli\n\n\n, and often use wild elves or fey as intermediaries. Powerful predators such as green dragons sometimes enslave whole villages of grippli; at such times, they tend to accept their fate rather than waste lives in futile rebellion. Grippli can live to be 700 years old, but have an extremely low birthrate, giving birth to only six or so young in all that time. They understandably defend their young ferociously. \"Dragon\" #324 gives them a much more modest 180-year lifespan, having females become fertile at 25-year intervals after","id":"12028352"},{"contents":"Cathy Hughes\n\n\nin bed listening to Everly Brothers and the Platters. In the early life of Cathy Hughes, things were not easy for her because her parents did not have much money. At this young vital age she struggled to feed. In fact, she lied about her age to get her first job at the age of 14 years of age. Hughes went to the University of Nebraska Omaha and Creighton University taking Business Administration courses, her fathers alma mater, but was not able to complete and receive a degree, which led to","id":"15315739"},{"contents":"Luke Young (footballer, born 1979)\n\n\n2008–09. In 2009–10, Young did not play as much first-team football as he did in the previous season, which was partly because Martin O'Neill preferred to play Carlos Cuéllar at right back. In July 2010, Liverpool and Villa agreed a fee of £2.5 million for Young, but he turned down the offer. He later revealed why he turned down the chance to move to Liverpool, saying he \"had more chance of getting in the first team at Villa than I did getting in the first team at Liverpool","id":"8464318"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nto answer questions about the Daraprim price increase. Shkreli's efforts to quash the subpoena were unsuccessful. On February 4, 2016, Shkreli appeared before the House committee, along with Nancy Retzlaff, the Chief Commercial Officer of Turing, and Howard B. Schiller, the interim CEO of Valeant. Shkreli followed his lawyer's advice and refused to answer any questions, except to confirm his nameincluding those related to his acquisition of the most expensive music album ever madeby exercising his Fifth Amendment rights. On December 17, 2015, Shkreli was","id":"6244365"},{"contents":"J. B. Long\n\n\nhave given me every dime I was supposed to get, but how much did I know I was supposed to get? He saw some talent, he saw some quality involved and he used his ingenuity to get me on record, so automatically I owe him a vote of thanks for gettin' Brownie McGhee alive. Long made it possible for me to get on records, so what little money he did take from me, if any at all, he was entitled to it. He didn't take something from me.","id":"7826711"},{"contents":"Specialty drugs in the United States\n\n\nthe World Health Organization's most important medications needed in a basic health system and the steep price is highly controversial. In 2014 the U.S. spent 742.6% more on hepatitis C medications than it did in 2013. In September 2015, Martin Shkreli was criticized by several health organizations for obtaining manufacturing licenses on old, out-of-patent, life-saving medicines including pyrimethamine (brand name \"Daraprim\"), which is used to treat patients with toxoplasmosis, malaria, some cancers, and AIDS, and then increasing the","id":"1422480"},{"contents":"Martian meteorite\n\n\n, which is a surprisingly young age considering how ancient the majority of the surface of Mars appears to be, and the small size of Mars itself. Because of this, some have advocated the idea that the shergottites are much older than this. This \"Shergottite Age Paradox\" remains unsolved and is still an area of active research and debate. The 3-million-year-old crater Mojave, 58.5 km in diameter and the youngest crater of its size on the planet, has been identified as a potential source of these meteorites","id":"18614824"},{"contents":"Lesh Shkreli\n\n\nThe Capitals folded at the end of the 1985-1986 season and the Toledo Pride picked up Shkreli in the dispersal draft. He played only seventeen games with the Pride before his contract was purchased by the Canton Invaders on January 15, 1987. Shkreli moved to the Dayton Dynamo for the 1988-1989 season. On September 19, 1989, the Dynamo traded him to the Chicago Power in exchange for Victor Quni. Shkreli declined to sign with the Power and retired. Shkreli was actively involved in coaching even as a player","id":"1789928"},{"contents":"Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising\n\n\nleading to more people showing up at the house. Jimmy and Paula sneak into the party while Teddy tries to shut off the power. Teddy gets into the electrical box, but the girls have a backup power source. While Jimmy ends up getting roofied, Shelby enters the Radners' house to cut off their phones. Mac and Teddy chase her to the garage, but get locked inside. They break out by using airbags from an old car. Disgusted by how much they have degraded themselves, Beth and Nora decide to","id":"3039451"},{"contents":"Julie Garwood\n\n\n, the sixth of seven children in a large Irish family. She has five sisters: Sharon, Kathleen, Marilyn, Mary Colette \"Cookie\", and Joanne, and one brother: Tom. After having a tonsillectomy at age six, because she missed so much school, she did not learn to read as the other children her age did. She was eleven before her mother realized Garwood was unable to read. A math teacher, Sister Elizabeth, devoted the entire summer that year to teaching Garwood how to read,","id":"3914370"},{"contents":"Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)\n\n\nand dishonest\", Suetonius says that as a young man, Domitius was serving on the staff of his second cousin Gaius Caesar in the East, in 2 AD. Gaius was a son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus. Domitius fortified their friendship by killing his freedman for refusing to drink as much as he was told. The reported reason was that the freedman did not get as drunk as Domitius did. On the Appian Way, Domitius was reported to have deliberately run over a child who","id":"5901862"},{"contents":"Edwin Conant\n\n\nyou may, in after years, when surrounded, perhaps with disease, and danger, and death, receive comfort and consolation by the retrospection. It will be so delightful, yet so deeply affecting, when old age is upon you, to tell over the scenes and the frolics of your school-boy days! I have been acquainted with many village schools, but none did I ever witness so much mutual good will, so great manifestations of true and sincere friendship, as I have witnessed in this. You have","id":"14121470"},{"contents":"The Legendary Prime Minister – Zhuge Liang\n\n\namong the three. Zhou Yu and Liang often see each other and they often have verbal attacks. Cao Cao is glad to see this and he plans to grab the other 2 states when he gets the chance. After all these years, the other people have aged, except for Xiao Qiao. Why? To save her life, Ying's father has to give her a valuable drug that keeps her youth all along. Ying is amazed to see how Xiao Qiao remains the same all these years while she ages so much","id":"924572"},{"contents":"Come to Life\n\n\n, beautiful love song\"\". The song \"Lukas\", produced by Brian Eno and Rik Simpson, was confirmed as an out-take from the recording sessions of Coldplay's fourth studio album, \"Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends\". Martin also worked with Imbruglia on \"Want\", with his voice echoing at the end of the song. \"\"Coldplay write so much material it's quite ridiculous how many songs they have, some of which never get finished because Chris Martin is a","id":"4186714"},{"contents":"Chapters from My Autobiography\n\n\ntourist-resort out of it. This chapter deals quite a bit with death—not only in the deaths of his schoolmates, but the death of a twelve-year-old girl from heart disease, as well as the many deaths caused by measles in his hometown in 1845. He relates the story of how he managed to give himself the disease, how close he came to death, and the vanity and gratification felt by his young self at having all of his relatives give him so much emotional attention. Twain","id":"15479509"},{"contents":"Laurence Fishburne\n\n\nwhich he played Tyrone Miller, a cocky 17-year-old Gunner's Mate 3rd Class from the Bronx, nicknamed Mr. Clean. When production began in March 1976, he was just 14 years old, having lied about his age to get the part. Filming took so long that he actually was 17 years old upon its completion. Fishburne spent much of the 1980s in and out of television and periodically on stage. In the early 1980s, he worked as a bouncer at punk rock clubs. He appeared in the early 1980s","id":"21035756"},{"contents":"Tenore di Bitti \"Mialinu Pira\"\n\n\nexample of this vocal art. There are many points that make them so special : the cantu a tenore is still well alive in Sardinia performed by many groups, most of them are old singers performing traditional texts. Their young age is a first approach to notice how their sound, harsh and ancestral, is in fact very homogeneous. Their perfect tuning and their powerful sound is very rare today, because this skill needs years of practice and passion to be performed at its best. Another matter to be pointed is their accuracy","id":"11986725"},{"contents":"American Oxygen\n\n\nversion of \"American Oxygen\" too, however, according to him it means much more to be sung by Rihanna because she is a black female immigrant in the United States, \"That is so powerful for a young kid to see her singing that song, it gets me choked up just thinking about it. It really was made so much more powerful by what she contributed to the songwriting and the performance of the song. I idolize her, and to have been given the opportunity to work with her is amazing.","id":"9688491"},{"contents":"Evan Greebel\n\n\nEvan Greebel is a convicted felon and the former New York based attorney of Martin Shkreli. Greebel was the outside counsel to Retrophin Inc., which Shkreli co-founded. In 2017, Greebel was convicted of helping Shkreli defraud investors out of $11 million to repay investors in one of Shkreli's former ventures, and in August 2018, was ordered to serve 18 months in prison. Greebel is an “ex-partner” at Katten Muchin Rosenman and Kaye Scholer. Greebel was found guilty in December 2017 of conspiracy to commit","id":"2984963"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nHe's [Shkreli] a brilliant intellect, visionary.\" In May 2014, Shkreli had difficulty accessing public markets for capital, but received a $4 million series A funding round and a PIPE deal valued at $10 million underwritten by Roth Capital Partners. After obtaining the financing, Shkreli was able to acquire rights to market tiopronin (brand name, Thiola), a drug used to treat the rare disease cystinuria and Chenodal and subsequently raise the price of each drug substantially, with Thiola subsequently being marked up about 20","id":"6244349"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nin Shaolin\", the then unreleased Lil Wayne album\" Tha Carter V\", and Shkreli's pharmaceutical company shares—could be seized. In April he was ordered to pay $388,000 in restitution. During his sentencing, judge Kiyo Matsumoto said Shkreli seemed \"genuinely remorseful,\" regarding his \"egregious multitude of lies,\" but said he had \"repeatedly minimized\" his misconduct. Shkreli, who reportedly cried as he gave his statement to the court, stated \"I was never motivated by money.\" On March","id":"6244372"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nserve at USP Canaan was denied. In December 2016, the New York state Department of Taxation and Finance issued a tax warrant for $1.26 million for unpaid taxes owed by Shkreli. After Shkreli made partial payments, the state recouped another $134,500 from Shkreli by seizing and auctioning off an Enigma machine for $65,000, a manuscript signed by Isaac Newton, a letter from Charles Darwin, and another letter written by English mathematician and writer Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace. On April 23, 2018, it","id":"6244374"},{"contents":"When You're Young (3 Doors Down song)\n\n\nmany times, older people look at young kids and say, \"Enjoy this time! It's the best time of your life,\" when it's really not. Being young is hard. Everything's in front of you for the first time. Those things that are in front of you seem so much bigger than they do when you're looking back on them. I'm 32 now and looking back on my teenage years and before, a lot of it doesn't seem as hard as it did then because","id":"2755047"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nabout $2.50 per share the day after its price plunged from $9.09, when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declined to approve the drug Contrave. The stock price rebounded; MSMB could not cover the position, although it had told Merrill Lynch that it could. Merrill Lynch lost $7 million on the trade and MSMB Capital was virtually wiped out. Retrophin's 2015 SEC Complaint contended Shkreli had created MSMB Healthcare and Retrophin \"so that he could continue trading after MSMB Capital became insolvent and to create an asset","id":"6244344"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nwas replaced by Stephen Aselage. During Shkreli's tenure as CEO, the company's employees used alias Twitter accounts to make gangster rap jokes and encourage short selling of other biotech stocks. After Shkreli's departure, Retrophin filed a lawsuit against him in August 2015, claiming that he had breached his duty of loyalty to the biopharmaceutical company in a long-running dispute over his use of company funds and \"committed stock-trading irregularities and other violations of securities rules\". The lawsuit alleged that Shkreli had threatened and harassed a","id":"6244347"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nwas reported that in court filings New York's attorney general had asked Judge Matsumoto for priority on more than $480,000 in court-ordered forfeitures, to recover additional unpaid taxes and penalties owed to the state, over the federal government's claims for Shkreli's forfeited assets. Prior to Shkreli's conviction, the state of New York had been aggressively attempting to collect the tax debts from Shkreli and had already seized and auctioned off several of items including the rare Nazi Enigma code machine. At the same time, the Securities and","id":"6244375"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\n\"League of Legends\" player, began expressing interest in purchasing an eSports team in May 2014. Enemy eSports rejected a US$1.2 million offer from Shkreli. He later founded his own team, Odyssey eSports, and aimed to qualify for the 2015 North American League of Legends Challenger Series but the team failed. In August 2015, Odyssey merged with another team to become the organisation Team Imagine, with Shkreli becoming chairman of the team. During the merger, the organization signed the \"Dota 2\" team Leviathan. Shkreli won","id":"6244379"},{"contents":"Pier Paolo Pasolini\n\n\noperaio di occupare una fabbrica / senza morire di fame dopo tre giorni?\"\" (\"Occupy the universities / but say that the same idea comes / to young workers / So: \"Corriere della Sera\" and \"Stampa\", \"Newsweek\" and \"Le Monde\" / will have so much care / in trying to understand their problems? / Will the police just get a bit of a fight / inside a busy factory? / But above all, how could / a young worker be allowed to occupy","id":"5936627"},{"contents":"Therapy (Tech N9ne EP)\n\n\njust thought it up right there. We did one called \"When Demons Come\". Everything came from getting recognition from \"Something Else\". That's how my life is. I like my life. \"So Much Love\" on \"Something Else\" had me ready for \"When Demons Come\". There's so much love you can get lost in this shit. You don't know when something's going to hit. You have to be ready with angels when demons come. Songs like that just came","id":"15255587"},{"contents":"Margaret Caroline Rudd\n\n\nwas old enough, he sent her to boarding school in Downpatrick. She created so much trouble, that she was expelled, and her uncle refused to have her back. She was sent to live with her grandmother, who couldn't control her wild behaviour. She yearned to leave her home town, and the chance presented itself when she met her future husband, Valentine Rudd. Margaret was quite scandalous when it came to relationships. She was already getting involved with a number of young men at the age of fourteen,","id":"14318627"},{"contents":"Flight from Nevèrÿon\n\n\nIn this same story, we learn how much Gorgik is trying to utilize the confusion these counterfeits cause. (The story contains an extraordinarily sympathetic critique of S&M practices, and how their meaning differs when they occur across different social power boundaries.) When, indeed, after some harrowing adventures brought about by the pursuit of his obsession with Gorgik, the young smuggler (rescued by Raven) finally gets to meet his hero almost by chance, he cannot even be sure that he has met the true Gorgik — so that","id":"19526550"},{"contents":"Martin Shkreli\n\n\nborn in Coney Island Hospital, Brooklyn, New York City, New York. His birth date is March 17, 1983. His parents are Albanian and Croatian who emigrated from Montenegro and worked as janitors. The Shkreli tribe is native to the Shkrel region in northern Albania. He, his two sisters, and his brother grew up in a working-class community in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn. Shkreli was raised Catholic and attended Sunday school as a child. Shkreli attended Hunter College High School. He dropped out before his senior","id":"6244339"},{"contents":"Martin Firrell\n\n\nrights movement has seen so much progress in the space of 50 years,\" says Firrell. \"That is to be celebrated. And the activism that made that possible should be acknowledged. But there is always more to be done. How we think about gender now will liberate – or blight – people’s lives for the next 50 years.\" Firrell has declared his belief that mass, rather than high, culture may well be the more powerful shaper of our ideas about how to live rich and fruitful lives. Metascifi","id":"11054295"},{"contents":"5 Flights Up\n\n\none of the rooms as his studio. Ruth is a retired school teacher. They have lived there so many years that it and the neighborhood have become intertwined with their lives. Their niece Lilly is their broker and believes the apartment is worth up to $1M. Three other plot lines develop simultaneously with the sale of the apartment. One is the problem with the Carvers' old dog Dorothy who gets a ruptured disc and the issue of how much money to spend to help her. The second is an ongoing news story about","id":"3260872"},{"contents":"Exit pupil\n\n\nthe daytime is generally not significant since there is so much light to start with. By contrast, 8×32 binoculars, often sold with emphasis on their compactness, have an exit pupil of only 4 mm. That is sufficient to fill a typical daytime eye pupil, making these binoculars better suited to daytime than night-time use. The maximum pupil size of a human eye is typically 5–9 mm for individuals below 25 years old, and decreases slowly with age as shown as an approximate guide in the table below. The optimum","id":"8321491"},{"contents":"British Society for Research on Ageing\n\n\nsee the provision of a foundation for co-ordinated research into ageing itself. This opens up exciting possibilities for everyone, because if we are to make old age a time of interest and healthy activity we have to know how to make people fit into later years, how to make the best use of available resources and how to gear our living throughout our lives so that we know how to make the best of our own 'bonus years'. Britain badly needs this foundation, because although we are ahead of so many","id":"3949891"},{"contents":"Historia Regum Britanniae\n\n\nthen progresses rapidly through the reigns of the descendants of Locrinus, including Bladud, who uses magic and even tries to fly, but dies in the process. Bladud's son Leir reigns for sixty years. He has no sons, so upon reaching old age he decides to divide his kingdom among his three daughters, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. To decide who should get the largest share, he asks his daughters how much they love him. Goneril and Regan give extravagant answers, but Cordelia answers simply and sincerely; angered","id":"12018228"},{"contents":"Pyrimethamine\n\n\n, a company formerly headed by Martin Shkreli, CEO of Turing, from which Turing acquired the rights to Daraprim, suggest that a closed distribution system could prevent generic competitors from legally obtaining the drugs for the bioequivalence studies required for FDA approval of a generic drug. Martin Shkreli, CEO of Turing, defended the price hike by saying, \"If there was a company that was selling an Aston Martin at the price of a bicycle, and we buy that company and we ask to charge Toyota prices, I don't think","id":"1436822"},{"contents":"Viognier\n\n\nand terpenes, which are also found in Muscat and Riesling wines. There are also many other powerful flower and fruit aromas which can be perceived in these wines depending on where they were grown, the weather conditions and how old the vines were. Although some of these wines, especially those from old vines and the late-harvest wines, are suitable for aging, most are intended to be consumed young. Viogniers more than three years old tend to lose many of the floral aromas that make this wine unique. Aging these","id":"1282238"},{"contents":"Generation X\n\n\nanswers to identical survey questions asked of 18–29-year-olds in three different time periods. Additionally, they compared how older adults answered the same survey questions over time. The surveys showed 18–29-year-old Gen Xers did exhibit higher levels of cynicism and disaffection than previous cohorts of 18–29-year-olds surveyed; however, they also found that cynicism and disaffection had increased among all age groups surveyed over time, not just young adults, making this a period effect, not a cohort effect. In other words, adults of all ages were","id":"11618364"},{"contents":"Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\n\n\n1998 and 2007, who would have only been at most two years old when his parents were turned back into non-powered humanoid aliens. This could easily be perceived as them being killed, since the people they were died when Zordon did, and the people they were before that are put in their place, whilst her father, and her brother were not so lucky for unspecified reasons. In \"Power Rangers Turbo\" Divatox contacts Rita for advice on how to defeat the Power Rangers, but Rita retorts that if she","id":"1181856"},{"contents":"Deaf Like Me\n\n\nBefore Lynn was old enough to get a hearing aid, she used an auditory trainer, consisting of headphones, a microphone, and a control box, all used to amplify sounds. Once she was the right age, Lynn received a hearing aid that took time for her to get accustomed to, but unfortunately did not provide much assistance. The point of both the auditory trainer and the hearing aids were for Lynn to learn how to use her residual hearing, the small amount of hearing abilities even someone with hearing loss has","id":"10678148"},{"contents":"Simon O'Donnell\n\n\n, my school taught me, sport taught me but in particular cancer taught me that trust is the most powerful emotion we have. I trusted my doctors and nurses implicitly. It was amazing what I learnt about the power of the mind and how important trust is... There were the \"how in the hell did I get it?\" moments. No one knows, it could have been getting hit in a footy game or a cricket ball 10 years earlier. O'Donnell's injury was initially reported as a muscle strain.","id":"9667436"},{"contents":"The Covenant (film)\n\n\nthat having more power does not save him from aging to death, Chase ignores him. Before leaving, Chase threatens harm on Caleb's family and friends if he does not get what he wants. Caleb reveals the truth to Sarah and takes her to his father, a man of 44 years with a decrepit old body, exhausted from magic abuse. When Sarah suggests that one of the other three transfer their power to Caleb so he could evenly match Chase, Caleb immediately refuses, explaining that doing so will cost them all","id":"13106950"},{"contents":"Fearless (Taylor Swift album)\n\n\nmind Swedish pop gods Dr. Luke and Max Martin.\" Rosen attributed Swift's particular charm to in how intertwined almost impersonal professionalism with intimate and real confessions. Jonathan Keefe of \"Slant Magazine\" believed \"Fearless\" pointed out that Swift was capable of having a long musical career. However, Keefe was disappointed in the album, for it did not showcase significant refinements as she did on \"Taylor Swift\"; but, with an immature voice and young age, to him, Swift still had enough time to perfect her","id":"17470729"},{"contents":"Sanda Min Hla\n\n\nhis chief queen. But she was soon dissatisfied with the 16-year-old E. Her dissatisfaction may have something to do with the young king's decision to renew the allegiance to his grandfather Loe Thai of Sukhothai. E's father was the first to declare independence from Sukhothai in 1317/18, and Saw Zein had fought wars with the Siamese kingdom over the control of the Tenasserim coast. It did not help that the young king spent much of his time with concubines. The powerful queen poisoned the youngster, just 49 days later.","id":"17405263"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nExchange Commission announced that Shkreli had agreed to an order that would bar him from the securities industry in order to settle a pending SEC administrative action against him, however, Shkreli is eligible to apply for readmission to the industry subject to applicable laws and regulations governing the process. In January 2016, \\\"Fortune\\\" estimated the then-32-year-old Shkreli's net worth was at least $45 million but later updated its profile to reflect that this article was published the value of Shkreli's E*Trade account had dropped by more than $40\",\n \"id\": \"6244376\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nwrote that the attempted hostile takeover was \\\"done for the specific purpose of firing the company's management and stopping a proposed merger with Allos Therapeutics. When the merger plans stopped, so did Shkreli.\\\" Shkreli founded Retrophin (a portmanteau of \\\"recombinant dystrophin\\\") in 2011 under the MSMB umbrella, and ran it as a portfolio company with an emphasis on biotechnology, to create treatments for rare diseases. Retrophin's board decided to replace Shkreli in September 2014, and he resigned from the company the following month. He\",\n \"id\": \"6244346\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nthat his post was satire, and his lawyer described it as tasteless but not a threat. Shkreli edited the post to add a disclaimer that it was satire, and later said he did this minutes after publication. Shkreli apologized for the post. He was sent to the Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn while awaiting sentencing. Shkreli appealed the conviction, but in 2019 in a swift 3-0 vote jury upheld the earlier ruling. According to the judge's ruling, Shkreli must continue to serve his 7-year sentence and also still\",\n \"id\": \"6244370\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Youth marketing\\n\\n\\npromote and get eyes on their brand name and logo in child-friendly settings. There's analysis of the process of the development of a child and how it relates to how marketers know they can have a great deal of power in the field of persuasion on them at such young ages. At the age of five or six, children have trouble distinguishing fantasy from reality and make-believe from lying. They do not distinguish programs from ads, and may even prefer the ads. Between seven and ten years-old\",\n \"id\": \"17164073\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lauren Duca\\n\\n\\nusing her appearance, asking the platform’s founder and CEO Jack Dorsey how Shkreli’s actions were allowed. Shkreli’s Twitter account was then suspended for violating the website’s rules prohibiting targeted harassment. On July 28, 2017, Duca released a Twitter statement on her thoughts regarding Shkreli’s securities fraud trial and the sexual comments made by Shkreli on a Facebook live stream. Duca tweeted, “I would (still) rather eat my own organs. So much as touch me, and I'll gladly chop off one of yours\",\n \"id\": \"6347095\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nof the HIV Medicine Association, said Turing's actions were insufficient, given that patients initially treated for days at a hospital typically have to continue the treatment for weeks or months after leaving. After Shkreli was imprisoned, Turing changed its name to Vyera in 2017. to avoid negative publicity, and is presently named Phoenixus. In March 2019, The Wall Street Journal reported that Shkreli \\\"steers his old company from prison\\\". Using a contraband cellphone from his ward in prison at Ft. Dix, N.J., Shkreli was effectively\",\n \"id\": \"6244361\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nLehman collapsed before it could collect on the ruling. In September 2009, Shkreli started his own business. He launched MSMB Capital Management, which took its name from the initials of the two founding portfolio managers, Shkreli and his childhood friend, Marek Biestek. Shkreli and Biestek shorted biotech companies, then described flaws in the companies on stock trading chat rooms. On February 1, 2011, in a naked short sale on an account it held with Merrill Lynch, MSMB Capital sold short 32 million shares of Orexigen Therapeutics stock at\",\n \"id\": \"6244343\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wu-Tang Clan\\n\\n\\nThat\\\" even though he did not purchase the project. The album was sold through Paddle8, an online auction house, for $2 million to Martin Shkreli. When the FBI arrested Martin Shkreli on December 17, 2015, they did not seize the Wu-Tang Clan album. Following the victory of Republican candidate Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Shkreli broadcast excerpts from the album on streaming platforms Periscope and Hitbox.tv. The group's latest album \\\"The Saga Continues\\\" was released in 2017. It features all\",\n \"id\": \"14607385\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lauren Duca\\n\\n\\nhigh,\\\" and donated 100 percent of the proceeds from each $32 shirt to Planned Parenthood in Tucker Carlson's name. As of December 2017, over $10,000 was raised. In the face of backlash against \\\"Teen Vogue\\\", Duca has defended the political commentary featured on the website, citing the disconnect between critics who find young women’s interests as too silly for intellectual conversation and the reprimand young women face for not participating in political process. Throughout 2017, Duca attracted the attention of former pharmaceutical executive Martin Shkreli\",\n \"id\": \"6347093\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Madison Keys\\n\\n\\nof which were contested in 2016. Keys has described her own game as \\\"I have a pretty good serve and a pretty good forehand, but what people notice the most is how hard I can hit the ball and how much power is behind my shots.\\\" She has been listed at 5' 10\\\" since she was 14 years old, which helped her play in pro events from a young age. She has used her tall frame to develop a style of play around hitting big serves and powerful groundstrokes on both\",\n \"id\": \"17615373\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"As Good as I Once Was\\n\\n\\n. Matt Bjorke writing for About.com stated \\\"the song is a good one, so good that it rivals anything off of Toby's \\\"How Do You Like Me Now?!\\\" album. It's a fun track about getting older, and how we don't have as much \\\"energy\\\" as we once had.\\\" \\\"Sputnik Music\\\" called it \\\"a testament to how much old age sucks\\\" while Allmusic declared the song was \\\"wonderfully self-depreciating\\\". \\\"As Good as I Once Was\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"4472740\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy\\n\\n\\ntell my story and I needed to because I get so much fan mail. People are so interested in the whole process, how it all comes together. This book does that.\\\" In a 1995 interview, five years before writing the book, Cartwright remarked that she wanted to write a book and that if she did, it would be titled \\\"My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy.\\\" The book contains excerpts from date books and journals that Cartwright had kept over the years. The book was officially announced\",\n \"id\": \"10292873\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ashley Young\\n\\n\\nyears at United, Young was re-invented as a defender, deployed as a left-sided full back or wing back. \\\"WhoScored\\\"'s Martin Laurence stated in 2018 that \\\"Luke Shaw can’t get a kick at Manchester United and that is down to the form of Ashley Young, who has adapted to another new role superbly. Young is now proving to be an aggressive and intelligent defender, all while still offering a threat going forwards with his delivery into the box. On current form the 32-year-old\",\n \"id\": \"19529827\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nhis price hikes of the drug Daraprim and his flamboyant personality. In early 2016, Shkreli retained criminal defense attorney Benjamin Brafman to defend him. At his 2017 trial, Shkreli argued that none of his investors actually lost money (some actually turned a profit) and thus his actions did not constitute a crime. Shkreli's frequent criticisms of the federal prosecutors in New York's Eastern District, whom he called \\\"junior varsity\\\" compared to their counterparts in the Southern District across the East River, both on his Facebook streaming video\",\n \"id\": \"6244367\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Epidemiology of schizophrenia\\n\\n\\n-adjusted life years (DALYs). The rate of schizophrenia varies up to threefold depending on how it is defined. Schizophrenia is diagnosed 1.4 times more frequently in males than females, and typically appears earlier in men—the peak ages of onset are 20–28 years for males and 26–32 years for females. Onset in childhood is much rarer, as is onset in middle- or old age. Generally, the mean age of first hospital admission for treatment of schizophrenia is between 25 and 35. Studies have suggested that lower income individuals\",\n \"id\": \"981939\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nformer MSMB employee and his family. Shkreli and some of his business associates have been under criminal investigation by the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York since January 2015. Shkreli invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination in order to avoid testifying during civil depositions. Shkreli's name is on two patents held by Retrophin for drugs to treat PKAN. Critics argued that Shkreli was intelligent but too immature and unfocused for the job of CEO. In July 2017, at Shkreli's criminal trial, Aselage testified: \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"6244348\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lucy Robinson (Neighbours)\\n\\n\\nLucy at such a young age; only 18 years old. So playing her at 32 was wonderful for me, as she had changed so much over the years. Bell told Herbison of \\\"All About Soap\\\" that Lucy returns to Ramsay Street to visit Paul. She wants to help him reconnect with his family and change his life following an accident. In May 2010, Bell told Jason Herbison [interviewing then for \\\"Inside Soap\\\"] that she wanted to return to Neighbours and that Lucy was her \\\"best friend\",\n \"id\": \"16852891\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Kendall Hart\\n\\n\\nso complex,\\\" and stated, \\\"I thank Judy Wilson (AMC's casting director) so much for giving me the chance to actually be a teenager playing a teenager on the show. (...) To get a role like Kendall, I feel so lucky because it's so rare.\\\" When Kendall was aged to 22/23 years old, the audience was bothered by the series having a 17-year-old actress portray that age range. \\\"I may not physically look 23, but then again, not all 23-year\",\n \"id\": \"1741813\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Achacho\\n\\n\\ninfanticide in India and explains how there will be a lesser number of women in the years to come. In a remote village, the village chief Nattamai (Shanmugasundaram) organises a competition that will decide who will get married to the bachelor woman. There are now twenty-four unmarried young men waiting to get married and seven girls who have not yet come of age in the village. The young men cannot get married to a woman who is from other villages due to their customs, so they have to wait until\",\n \"id\": \"5925945\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan\\n\\n\\nScreen Actors Guild, and Linda Keefe. Gilbert withdrew from the race in May 2016 due to health issues, and at that time Keefe did not appear to have collected enough valid petition signatures to be placed on the ballot. On July 6, 2016, Democrats introduced 29-year-old Suzanna Shkreli, an Assistant Macomb County Prosecutor to be the party's nominee. At the time of Shkreli's announcement, it was still unclear if Michigan Secretary of State Ruth Johnson would allow Gilbert to be removed from the ballot. Johnson said\",\n \"id\": \"3372448\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\na family member suffered from treatment-resistant depression. During Shkreli's time at Cramer, Berkowitz and Company, he recommended short-selling the stock of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, a biotech company testing a weight-loss drug. When its price dropped in accordance with Shkreli's prediction, Cramer's hedge fund profited. Shkreli's prediction drew the attention of the Securities and Exchange Commission, which investigated Shkreli's knowledge about the stock but was unable to prove wrongdoing on his part. After four years as an associate at Cramer Berkowitz,\",\n \"id\": \"6244341\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wayne Gretzky\\n\\n\\nto \\\"skate where the puck's going, not where it's been\\\". Wayne was a classic prodigy whose extraordinary skills made him the target of jealous parents. The team Gretzky played on at age six was otherwise composed of 10-year-olds. His first coach, Dick Martin, remarked that he handled the puck better than the 10-year-olds. According to Martin, \\\"Wayne was so good that you could have a boy of your own who was a tremendous hockey player, and he'd get overlooked because of\",\n \"id\": \"14723506\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Aleutian tradition\\n\\n\\nthe first that states that this area could have been a secondary burial site. The second states that animal disturbance could be the reasoning for the missing bones and the third speaks of human disturbance. The young adult was aged to be under 19 years of age, the teeth did not have much wear and the young child was aged to be between three and four years old. There were also other human remains found that were not associated with either three of the burials. It is apparent that the front of the cave was\",\n \"id\": \"21771306\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nShkreli worked as a financial analyst for Intrepid Capital Management and UBS Wealth Management. He then started his first hedge fund, Elea Capital Management, in 2006. In 2007, Lehman Brothers sued Elea in New York state court for failing to cover a 'put option transaction' in which Shkreli bet the wrong way on a broad market decline. When stocks rose, Shkreli didn't have the funds to make the bank whole. In October 2007, Lehman Brothers won a $2.3 million default judgment against Shkreli and Elea, but\",\n \"id\": \"6244342\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"George Zimmerman\\n\\n\\n, purported bidders began using fake names such as \\\"Donald Trump\\\" and \\\"Tamir Rice\\\" to place large bids on the weapon, which were interpreted as a joke. Martin Shkreli expressed genuine interest so that he could either destroy the firearm or place it in a museum. Moderators on the bidding sites caught additional scam actions. On May 18, the auction was reported to have ended, with the gun reportedly selling for over $100,000. Zimmerman did not release the name of the purchaser. On May 20, Zimmerman\",\n \"id\": \"9114592\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of Manchester United F.C. (1945–1969)\\n\\n\\nfive years and up to the age of 21. The Championship was defended successfully in 1957, with Tommy Taylor scoring 22 goals, Liam Whelan getting 26 and a young Bobby Charlton grabbing 10 goals. United reached the FA Cup Final that year, but played without their goalkeeper Ray Wood for much of the game, eventually losing 2–1 to Aston Villa. United's first European match was a 2–0 win away to the Belgian champions Anderlecht. The return leg was played at Maine Road as Old Trafford did not have any floodlights,\",\n \"id\": \"743255\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nTuring obtained the manufacturing license for the antiparasitic drug Daraprim and raised its price by a factor of 56 (from to $750 per pill), leading him to be referred to by the media as \\\"the most hated man in America\\\" and \\\"Pharma Bro\\\". Shkreli was charged in federal court, then convicted on two counts of securities fraud and one count of conspiring to commit securities fraud. In 2018, Shkreli was sentenced to seven years in federal prison and up to $7.4 million in fines. Shkreli was\",\n \"id\": \"6244338\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nfold, from $1.50 to $30 per pill (patients must take 10 to 15 pills a day), and Chenodal about five fold. Retrophin did not lower the price of these drugs after Shkreli's departure. In 2016 Imprimis Pharmaceuticals introduced a lower cost version marketed as a compounded drug. Shkreli founded Turing Pharmaceuticals in February 2015, after his departure from Retrophin. He launched Turing with three drugs in development acquired from Retrophin: an intranasal version of ketamine for depression, an intranasal version of oxytocin, and Vecamyl for\",\n \"id\": \"6244350\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Palpatine\\n\\n\\nnext is go back in time, and show how Vader came to be.' It never occurred to me in a million years that I would be involved in that, because I thought, 'oh well, then he'll get a much younger actor to play Palpatine. That would be obvious.\\\" However, \\\"I was the right age, ironically, for the first prequel when it was made. ... So I was in the very strange and rather wonderful paradox of playing myself when young at my own age\",\n \"id\": \"7951320\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nof conspiracy to commit securities fraud, and not guilty on five other counts. Shkreli said he was delighted with the outcome and described his prosecution as \\\"a witch hunt of epic proportions.\\\" On September 13, 2017, his bail was revoked following a Facebook post offering $5,000 for a strand of Hillary Clinton's hair which the judge perceived as solicitation to assault, which is not protected under the First Amendment. Shkreli's post was preceded by others that suggested he might have plans to clone Hillary Clinton. Shkreli said\",\n \"id\": \"6244369\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Moonlight Resonance\\n\\n\\nher. Initially, Kelvin's mother is against the relationship, but she eventually accepts Wing-Hing and allows them to get married. Wing-Chung was separated from his family at a young age, being sent with So-Sum to England. His grades were very poor and he did not like university. Siu-Hor, seeing how much her son dislikes school, allows him to drop out. Yan-Hung becomes jealous and finally decides to take legal action against Siu-Hor and Tai-Cho, wanting\",\n \"id\": \"15099981\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sexualization in child beauty pageants\\n\\n\\n\\\"the mothers of the young pageant contestants all push their girls, some young as two, to emotional and physical limits. They parade the little girls around in makeup, big hairdos, and even bathing suits...I don’t see how a beauty pageant, especially at such young ages, promotes anything other than vanity.\\\" In France, after a 10-year-old girl was featured on the cover of Vogue Paris in an inappropriate outfit- not fit for a child, lawmakers banned child beauty pageants all together. So much\",\n \"id\": \"6579963\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ayumu Hirano\\n\\n\\nin his hometown of Murakami. The father originally hoped his son, Ayumu, to become a surfer, but the son did not like it much. Instead, he got absorbed in skateboarding, following the footstep of his 3-year-older brother, Eiju. He started skateboarding at the age of 4, and the snowboarding half a year later. He said he did not even remember how he started as he was too young and as it was just so natural for him. He belonged to the skateboarding team \\\"e-\",\n \"id\": \"7120759\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nyear but received the credits necessary for his diploma through a program that placed him in an internship at Wall Street hedge fund Cramer, Berkowitz and Company when he was 17. Sources differ on whether Shkreli graduated from Hunter or whether he received sufficient credits there but actually graduated from City-As-School High School. In March 2015, Hunter College High School announced that Shkreli had donated $1,000,000 which was the largest donation in the school's history. Shkreli told \\\"Vanity Fair\\\" that he developed an interest in chemistry when\",\n \"id\": \"6244340\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\n9, 2018, Shkreli was sentenced to seven years in federal prison. He is federal inmate number 87850-053 and was held at the Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn prior to being transferred to federal prison. On March 27, 2018, it was reported that Judge Kiyo Matsumoto agreed to recommend Shkreli serve his prison sentence at the minimum security federal camp at USP Canaan, which he had previously requested. On April 18, 2018, Shkreli was transferred from Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn to FCI Fort Dix after his request to\",\n \"id\": \"6244373\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Brandon Paris\\n\\n\\nwas very much affected by the physical and abuses of his adolescent years. Paris's family did not know of the sexual abusive neighbour at the time nor was the man ever charged as he moved out of the country before Brandon reached 10 years old. Brandon never realized how much all of this affected him until the later 90's. Aside from all the negative situations, Brandon was known to be a talented artist from a very young age and excelled in all his art classes all the way through high school. He also\",\n \"id\": \"17279557\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nmillion\\\". Shkreli leveraged a $4 million E-Trade account for his bail. In June 2017, Reuters reported that Shkreli had reported his net worth at $70 million after being arrested in 2015 and that his attorney Benjamin Brafman, in a hearing before Judge Kiyo Matsumoto, had conceded that his client still owned shares of Turing Pharmaceuticals worth between $30 to $50 million. In October 2015, presidential candidate Bernie Sanders acknowledged having received a $2,700 donation from Shkreli, whom he had previously called a \\\"poster\",\n \"id\": \"6244377\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Aspirational age\\n\\n\\nage of 32 as an aspirational age for example. How Music Builds Value identifies the 32-year-old lifestyle as a time which can 'supersede the elements of mass-market life'. The case study cites that the label (Smashburger) can create an 'aspirational experience' by targeting 32-year-olds due to being a 'magical age'. Differences within a particular industry can also occur in terms of appropriate aspirational ages. An Integrated Approach to New Food Product Development recognises the aspirational age as '1–3 years older than\",\n \"id\": \"14759951\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"George Holland\\n\\n\\nvain pursuit of skill in which vocation he spent two years. He was a vigorous young man who was a member of a boat club, he could—and frequently did—row from London Bridge to Richmond and back again, twenty miles (32 km) each way. Young Holland's way of life was unfit for the printing business, and when twenty-one years of age he was fortunate enough to get his indentures cancelled. He wandered to Liverpool, then to Dublin in 1816 where, at the age of\",\n \"id\": \"3104028\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Winnoc\\n\\n\\na dependent cell or priory (not an abbey, as it is generally called). It is not known what rule, Columbanian or Benedictine, was followed at this time in the two monasteries. When enfeebled by old age, St. Winnoc is said to have received supernatural assistance in the task of grinding grain for his brethren and the poor. The mill ground the grain automatically due to the intercession of the saint's prayers. A monk who, out of curiosity, came to see how the old man did so much\",\n \"id\": \"3158942\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pierina Gilli\\n\\n\\n. How many times my dear Mamma repeated to me, by spurring me to be good and not to be capricious, because I was consecrated to the Madonna and therefore I must love her very much.\\\"\\\". At eighteen, Pierina worked as a children's assistant at a communal nursery school in Montichiari. When she was twenty years old, a marriage proposal was made to her by an honest and well-intentioned young man. For two months Pierina intimately suffered so much, because she did not feel herself to\",\n \"id\": \"7621303\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nMartin Shkreli (; born March 17, 1983) is an American businessman, former hedge fund manager, and convicted felon. He was the co-founder of the hedge funds Elea Capital, MSMB Capital Management, and MSMB Healthcare; co-founder and former chief executive officer (CEO) of the biotechnology firm Retrophin; and founder and former CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals. Shkreli is the former CEO of start-up software company Gödel Systems, which he founded in August 2016. In September 2015, Shkreli received widespread criticism when\",\n \"id\": \"6244337\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"32-pounder gun\\n\\n\\nto become the new main gun for first rates. The first rate Howe might have had this gun on the lower deck for some time. In actual use the 63 cwt was found much too heavy for extensive broadside armament, and only 205 were cast. The 32 pdr 63 cwt was not mentioned in Douglas' table of artillery in use published in 1855, so it might have dropped out of general use on ships by then. This heavy 32 pounder did find a use as solid shot armament in large steamers. HMS_Dee_(1832\",\n \"id\": \"15751998\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Daniel Dougherty\\n\\n\\nspeech in 1847, before he was old enough to vote. Dougherty's family was poor, and he left home at a young age after his mother died and his father remarried to a woman with whom Dougherty did not get along. After several years as a \\\"careless youth,\\\" he began to study law at the age of eighteen in the law office of William and Samuel Badger. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1849. His powers of oratory helped him as a lawyer. He achieved an acquittal in\",\n \"id\": \"1537039\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cilvaringz\\n\\n\\nspread throughout prominent media outlets across the world. On May 3, 2015 the album sold to controversial pharmaceutical entrepreneur Martin Shkreli for a reported two million dollars, making it the most expensive musical work ever sold in the history of music. Martin Shkreli's identity as the buyer was kept secret until Bloomberg News revealed his identity in November 2016. When Martin Shkreli was arrested for securities fraud allegations a few weeks later the FBI was prompted to tweet about the album's fate. It became the FBI's most liked and most retweeted\",\n \"id\": \"15363830\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tusen gånger starkare\\n\\n\\nTusen gånger starkare (\\\"A Thousand Times Stronger\\\") is a 2006 young adult novel written by Christina Herrström. It was nominated to the August Prize the same year. The book is about the power between the two sexes (boys and girls). In the 15-year-old girl Signe's class the \\\"bad\\\" boys and the popular girl Mimi have much power. When a new girl, Saga, comes to the class, the situation is changed; she breaks the \\\"rules\\\" for showing how girls should\",\n \"id\": \"5491341\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Medomsley Detention Centre\\n\\n\\nman forced himself on the young men in his charge. I can only surmise how many other people have been through his clutches. I think the sentence was entirely appropriate and reflected the abhorrent nature of the breach of trust he perpetrated all those years ago.\\\" Prison service director Sir Martin Narey apologised to Husband's victims \\\"without reservation\\\", saying \\\"we should have stopped him much earlier.\\\" Husband's victims were 16 to 19-year-old inmates who he chose to work with him in the kitchen. Sometimes he\",\n \"id\": \"20887194\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tree: A Life Story\\n\\n\\nfor years, he did not know how old it was or how its uncharacteristic curve had developed. Suzuki, a science writer and broadcaster, and former zoologist, speculated that the soil might have slid when the tree was young or that another plant might have blocked the sunlight. He thought that the tree must have endured much hardship throughout its life and made a connection between biographies of people and the story of this tree's life. It also reminded him of an idea he had for a children's book about interconnectivity of\",\n \"id\": \"4247507\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Are You Being Served? characters\\n\\n\\nMr Grace for the first time, someone would ask in surprise, \\\"That's \\\"Young\\\" Mr Grace?\\\" The other person always replied, \\\"Old Mr Grace doesn't get about much these days.\\\" Ironically, when he finally did appear in the show, Kenneth Waller (as Old Mr Grace) twenty-eight years \\\"younger\\\" than Harold Bennett (as Young Mr Grace), and thus the character was in much better condition both mentally and physically. It was revealed that Young Mr Grace had\",\n \"id\": \"10547065\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Emperor He of Han\\n\\n\\nempress. While she was empress, she constantly rejected Emperor He's offers to promote her brothers, so they did not have much power during Emperor He's reign. Empress Deng and all of the imperial consorts were sonless for a long time. (Emperor He was described to have had a number of sons who died in young age; it is unclear whether Empresses Yin or Deng ever gave birth, but it appears that they did not.) Late in Emperor He's reign, he had two sons—whose mothers\",\n \"id\": \"10394\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Benjamin Brafman\\n\\n\\nby New York State Supreme Court Justice Michael Obus. Brafman discussed his defense of Strauss-Kahn on \\\"Charlie Rose\\\" in February, 2012. In 2014 and 2015, Brafman represented Martin Wolmark of the Epstein-Wolmark gang, an outfit that had plotted the kidnap and torture of Jewish husbands to coerce them into granting their wives \\\"get\\\"s (religious divorces). Wolmark pled guilty to the charges, and was sentenced to three years in prison. In early 2016, Martin Shkreli retained Brafman to defend him. In a\",\n \"id\": \"6345388\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mariéme Jamme\\n\\n\\nMarieme Jamme is a Senegalese businesswoman. In 2017, Jamme was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women. Jamme grew up in rural Senegal, from an oligarch mother who gave her away at an early age and was later raised in various foster homes including in an orphanage and then trafficked as a young prostitute to Paris. She experienced considerable hardship during her childhood and did not have a formative education until the age of 16 years old, when she taught herself how to read and write. Jamme was honoured as a Young\",\n \"id\": \"2641188\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Phonological development\\n\\n\\nsounds) in a word. 70% of 6-year-olds were able to do so. This might mean that children are aware of syllables as units of speech early on, while they don’t show awareness of individual phonemes until school age. Another explanation is that individual sounds do not easily translate into beats, which makes clapping individual phonemes a much more difficult task than clapping syllables. One reason why phoneme awareness gets much better once children start school is because learning to read provides a visual aid as how to break up\",\n \"id\": \"11722715\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\ndirecting the re-named firm, and was reported to have terminated the employment of executive Kevin P. Mulleady. After this news was reported in various news outlets, Shkreli was moved to the Metropolitan Detention Center in Brooklyn in advance of a subsequent move to a Federal prison in Pennsylvania. He was also facing a Bureau of Prisons investigation into his breaking federal prison rules, since federal inmates are prohibited both from running a business from prison and from possessing cell phones. In November 2015, an investor group led by Shkreli acquired a\",\n \"id\": \"6244362\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Grippli\\n\\n\\n, and often use wild elves or fey as intermediaries. Powerful predators such as green dragons sometimes enslave whole villages of grippli; at such times, they tend to accept their fate rather than waste lives in futile rebellion. Grippli can live to be 700 years old, but have an extremely low birthrate, giving birth to only six or so young in all that time. They understandably defend their young ferociously. \\\"Dragon\\\" #324 gives them a much more modest 180-year lifespan, having females become fertile at 25-year intervals after\",\n \"id\": \"12028352\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cathy Hughes\\n\\n\\nin bed listening to Everly Brothers and the Platters. In the early life of Cathy Hughes, things were not easy for her because her parents did not have much money. At this young vital age she struggled to feed. In fact, she lied about her age to get her first job at the age of 14 years of age. Hughes went to the University of Nebraska Omaha and Creighton University taking Business Administration courses, her fathers alma mater, but was not able to complete and receive a degree, which led to\",\n \"id\": \"15315739\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Luke Young (footballer, born 1979)\\n\\n\\n2008–09. In 2009–10, Young did not play as much first-team football as he did in the previous season, which was partly because Martin O'Neill preferred to play Carlos Cuéllar at right back. In July 2010, Liverpool and Villa agreed a fee of £2.5 million for Young, but he turned down the offer. He later revealed why he turned down the chance to move to Liverpool, saying he \\\"had more chance of getting in the first team at Villa than I did getting in the first team at Liverpool\",\n \"id\": \"8464318\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nto answer questions about the Daraprim price increase. Shkreli's efforts to quash the subpoena were unsuccessful. On February 4, 2016, Shkreli appeared before the House committee, along with Nancy Retzlaff, the Chief Commercial Officer of Turing, and Howard B. Schiller, the interim CEO of Valeant. Shkreli followed his lawyer's advice and refused to answer any questions, except to confirm his nameincluding those related to his acquisition of the most expensive music album ever madeby exercising his Fifth Amendment rights. On December 17, 2015, Shkreli was\",\n \"id\": \"6244365\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"J. B. Long\\n\\n\\nhave given me every dime I was supposed to get, but how much did I know I was supposed to get? He saw some talent, he saw some quality involved and he used his ingenuity to get me on record, so automatically I owe him a vote of thanks for gettin' Brownie McGhee alive. Long made it possible for me to get on records, so what little money he did take from me, if any at all, he was entitled to it. He didn't take something from me.\",\n \"id\": \"7826711\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Specialty drugs in the United States\\n\\n\\nthe World Health Organization's most important medications needed in a basic health system and the steep price is highly controversial. In 2014 the U.S. spent 742.6% more on hepatitis C medications than it did in 2013. In September 2015, Martin Shkreli was criticized by several health organizations for obtaining manufacturing licenses on old, out-of-patent, life-saving medicines including pyrimethamine (brand name \\\"Daraprim\\\"), which is used to treat patients with toxoplasmosis, malaria, some cancers, and AIDS, and then increasing the\",\n \"id\": \"1422480\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martian meteorite\\n\\n\\n, which is a surprisingly young age considering how ancient the majority of the surface of Mars appears to be, and the small size of Mars itself. Because of this, some have advocated the idea that the shergottites are much older than this. This \\\"Shergottite Age Paradox\\\" remains unsolved and is still an area of active research and debate. The 3-million-year-old crater Mojave, 58.5 km in diameter and the youngest crater of its size on the planet, has been identified as a potential source of these meteorites\",\n \"id\": \"18614824\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Lesh Shkreli\\n\\n\\nThe Capitals folded at the end of the 1985-1986 season and the Toledo Pride picked up Shkreli in the dispersal draft. He played only seventeen games with the Pride before his contract was purchased by the Canton Invaders on January 15, 1987. Shkreli moved to the Dayton Dynamo for the 1988-1989 season. On September 19, 1989, the Dynamo traded him to the Chicago Power in exchange for Victor Quni. Shkreli declined to sign with the Power and retired. Shkreli was actively involved in coaching even as a player\",\n \"id\": \"1789928\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising\\n\\n\\nleading to more people showing up at the house. Jimmy and Paula sneak into the party while Teddy tries to shut off the power. Teddy gets into the electrical box, but the girls have a backup power source. While Jimmy ends up getting roofied, Shelby enters the Radners' house to cut off their phones. Mac and Teddy chase her to the garage, but get locked inside. They break out by using airbags from an old car. Disgusted by how much they have degraded themselves, Beth and Nora decide to\",\n \"id\": \"3039451\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Julie Garwood\\n\\n\\n, the sixth of seven children in a large Irish family. She has five sisters: Sharon, Kathleen, Marilyn, Mary Colette \\\"Cookie\\\", and Joanne, and one brother: Tom. After having a tonsillectomy at age six, because she missed so much school, she did not learn to read as the other children her age did. She was eleven before her mother realized Garwood was unable to read. A math teacher, Sister Elizabeth, devoted the entire summer that year to teaching Garwood how to read,\",\n \"id\": \"3914370\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)\\n\\n\\nand dishonest\\\", Suetonius says that as a young man, Domitius was serving on the staff of his second cousin Gaius Caesar in the East, in 2 AD. Gaius was a son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus. Domitius fortified their friendship by killing his freedman for refusing to drink as much as he was told. The reported reason was that the freedman did not get as drunk as Domitius did. On the Appian Way, Domitius was reported to have deliberately run over a child who\",\n \"id\": \"5901862\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Edwin Conant\\n\\n\\nyou may, in after years, when surrounded, perhaps with disease, and danger, and death, receive comfort and consolation by the retrospection. It will be so delightful, yet so deeply affecting, when old age is upon you, to tell over the scenes and the frolics of your school-boy days! I have been acquainted with many village schools, but none did I ever witness so much mutual good will, so great manifestations of true and sincere friendship, as I have witnessed in this. You have\",\n \"id\": \"14121470\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Legendary Prime Minister – Zhuge Liang\\n\\n\\namong the three. Zhou Yu and Liang often see each other and they often have verbal attacks. Cao Cao is glad to see this and he plans to grab the other 2 states when he gets the chance. After all these years, the other people have aged, except for Xiao Qiao. Why? To save her life, Ying's father has to give her a valuable drug that keeps her youth all along. Ying is amazed to see how Xiao Qiao remains the same all these years while she ages so much\",\n \"id\": \"924572\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Come to Life\\n\\n\\n, beautiful love song\\\"\\\". The song \\\"Lukas\\\", produced by Brian Eno and Rik Simpson, was confirmed as an out-take from the recording sessions of Coldplay's fourth studio album, \\\"Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends\\\". Martin also worked with Imbruglia on \\\"Want\\\", with his voice echoing at the end of the song. \\\"\\\"Coldplay write so much material it's quite ridiculous how many songs they have, some of which never get finished because Chris Martin is a\",\n \"id\": \"4186714\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Chapters from My Autobiography\\n\\n\\ntourist-resort out of it. This chapter deals quite a bit with death—not only in the deaths of his schoolmates, but the death of a twelve-year-old girl from heart disease, as well as the many deaths caused by measles in his hometown in 1845. He relates the story of how he managed to give himself the disease, how close he came to death, and the vanity and gratification felt by his young self at having all of his relatives give him so much emotional attention. Twain\",\n \"id\": \"15479509\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Laurence Fishburne\\n\\n\\nwhich he played Tyrone Miller, a cocky 17-year-old Gunner's Mate 3rd Class from the Bronx, nicknamed Mr. Clean. When production began in March 1976, he was just 14 years old, having lied about his age to get the part. Filming took so long that he actually was 17 years old upon its completion. Fishburne spent much of the 1980s in and out of television and periodically on stage. In the early 1980s, he worked as a bouncer at punk rock clubs. He appeared in the early 1980s\",\n \"id\": \"21035756\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tenore di Bitti \\\"Mialinu Pira\\\"\\n\\n\\nexample of this vocal art. There are many points that make them so special : the cantu a tenore is still well alive in Sardinia performed by many groups, most of them are old singers performing traditional texts. Their young age is a first approach to notice how their sound, harsh and ancestral, is in fact very homogeneous. Their perfect tuning and their powerful sound is very rare today, because this skill needs years of practice and passion to be performed at its best. Another matter to be pointed is their accuracy\",\n \"id\": \"11986725\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"American Oxygen\\n\\n\\nversion of \\\"American Oxygen\\\" too, however, according to him it means much more to be sung by Rihanna because she is a black female immigrant in the United States, \\\"That is so powerful for a young kid to see her singing that song, it gets me choked up just thinking about it. It really was made so much more powerful by what she contributed to the songwriting and the performance of the song. I idolize her, and to have been given the opportunity to work with her is amazing.\",\n \"id\": \"9688491\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Evan Greebel\\n\\n\\nEvan Greebel is a convicted felon and the former New York based attorney of Martin Shkreli. Greebel was the outside counsel to Retrophin Inc., which Shkreli co-founded. In 2017, Greebel was convicted of helping Shkreli defraud investors out of $11 million to repay investors in one of Shkreli's former ventures, and in August 2018, was ordered to serve 18 months in prison. Greebel is an “ex-partner” at Katten Muchin Rosenman and Kaye Scholer. Greebel was found guilty in December 2017 of conspiracy to commit\",\n \"id\": \"2984963\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nHe's [Shkreli] a brilliant intellect, visionary.\\\" In May 2014, Shkreli had difficulty accessing public markets for capital, but received a $4 million series A funding round and a PIPE deal valued at $10 million underwritten by Roth Capital Partners. After obtaining the financing, Shkreli was able to acquire rights to market tiopronin (brand name, Thiola), a drug used to treat the rare disease cystinuria and Chenodal and subsequently raise the price of each drug substantially, with Thiola subsequently being marked up about 20\",\n \"id\": \"6244349\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nin Shaolin\\\", the then unreleased Lil Wayne album\\\" Tha Carter V\\\", and Shkreli's pharmaceutical company shares—could be seized. In April he was ordered to pay $388,000 in restitution. During his sentencing, judge Kiyo Matsumoto said Shkreli seemed \\\"genuinely remorseful,\\\" regarding his \\\"egregious multitude of lies,\\\" but said he had \\\"repeatedly minimized\\\" his misconduct. Shkreli, who reportedly cried as he gave his statement to the court, stated \\\"I was never motivated by money.\\\" On March\",\n \"id\": \"6244372\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nserve at USP Canaan was denied. In December 2016, the New York state Department of Taxation and Finance issued a tax warrant for $1.26 million for unpaid taxes owed by Shkreli. After Shkreli made partial payments, the state recouped another $134,500 from Shkreli by seizing and auctioning off an Enigma machine for $65,000, a manuscript signed by Isaac Newton, a letter from Charles Darwin, and another letter written by English mathematician and writer Augusta Ada King-Noel, Countess of Lovelace. On April 23, 2018, it\",\n \"id\": \"6244374\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"When You're Young (3 Doors Down song)\\n\\n\\nmany times, older people look at young kids and say, \\\"Enjoy this time! It's the best time of your life,\\\" when it's really not. Being young is hard. Everything's in front of you for the first time. Those things that are in front of you seem so much bigger than they do when you're looking back on them. I'm 32 now and looking back on my teenage years and before, a lot of it doesn't seem as hard as it did then because\",\n \"id\": \"2755047\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nabout $2.50 per share the day after its price plunged from $9.09, when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declined to approve the drug Contrave. The stock price rebounded; MSMB could not cover the position, although it had told Merrill Lynch that it could. Merrill Lynch lost $7 million on the trade and MSMB Capital was virtually wiped out. Retrophin's 2015 SEC Complaint contended Shkreli had created MSMB Healthcare and Retrophin \\\"so that he could continue trading after MSMB Capital became insolvent and to create an asset\",\n \"id\": \"6244344\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nwas replaced by Stephen Aselage. During Shkreli's tenure as CEO, the company's employees used alias Twitter accounts to make gangster rap jokes and encourage short selling of other biotech stocks. After Shkreli's departure, Retrophin filed a lawsuit against him in August 2015, claiming that he had breached his duty of loyalty to the biopharmaceutical company in a long-running dispute over his use of company funds and \\\"committed stock-trading irregularities and other violations of securities rules\\\". The lawsuit alleged that Shkreli had threatened and harassed a\",\n \"id\": \"6244347\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nwas reported that in court filings New York's attorney general had asked Judge Matsumoto for priority on more than $480,000 in court-ordered forfeitures, to recover additional unpaid taxes and penalties owed to the state, over the federal government's claims for Shkreli's forfeited assets. Prior to Shkreli's conviction, the state of New York had been aggressively attempting to collect the tax debts from Shkreli and had already seized and auctioned off several of items including the rare Nazi Enigma code machine. At the same time, the Securities and\",\n \"id\": \"6244375\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\n\\\"League of Legends\\\" player, began expressing interest in purchasing an eSports team in May 2014. Enemy eSports rejected a US$1.2 million offer from Shkreli. He later founded his own team, Odyssey eSports, and aimed to qualify for the 2015 North American League of Legends Challenger Series but the team failed. In August 2015, Odyssey merged with another team to become the organisation Team Imagine, with Shkreli becoming chairman of the team. During the merger, the organization signed the \\\"Dota 2\\\" team Leviathan. Shkreli won\",\n \"id\": \"6244379\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pier Paolo Pasolini\\n\\n\\noperaio di occupare una fabbrica / senza morire di fame dopo tre giorni?\\\"\\\" (\\\"Occupy the universities / but say that the same idea comes / to young workers / So: \\\"Corriere della Sera\\\" and \\\"Stampa\\\", \\\"Newsweek\\\" and \\\"Le Monde\\\" / will have so much care / in trying to understand their problems? / Will the police just get a bit of a fight / inside a busy factory? / But above all, how could / a young worker be allowed to occupy\",\n \"id\": \"5936627\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Therapy (Tech N9ne EP)\\n\\n\\njust thought it up right there. We did one called \\\"When Demons Come\\\". Everything came from getting recognition from \\\"Something Else\\\". That's how my life is. I like my life. \\\"So Much Love\\\" on \\\"Something Else\\\" had me ready for \\\"When Demons Come\\\". There's so much love you can get lost in this shit. You don't know when something's going to hit. You have to be ready with angels when demons come. Songs like that just came\",\n \"id\": \"15255587\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Margaret Caroline Rudd\\n\\n\\nwas old enough, he sent her to boarding school in Downpatrick. She created so much trouble, that she was expelled, and her uncle refused to have her back. She was sent to live with her grandmother, who couldn't control her wild behaviour. She yearned to leave her home town, and the chance presented itself when she met her future husband, Valentine Rudd. Margaret was quite scandalous when it came to relationships. She was already getting involved with a number of young men at the age of fourteen,\",\n \"id\": \"14318627\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Flight from Nevèrÿon\\n\\n\\nIn this same story, we learn how much Gorgik is trying to utilize the confusion these counterfeits cause. (The story contains an extraordinarily sympathetic critique of S&M practices, and how their meaning differs when they occur across different social power boundaries.) When, indeed, after some harrowing adventures brought about by the pursuit of his obsession with Gorgik, the young smuggler (rescued by Raven) finally gets to meet his hero almost by chance, he cannot even be sure that he has met the true Gorgik — so that\",\n \"id\": \"19526550\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Shkreli\\n\\n\\nborn in Coney Island Hospital, Brooklyn, New York City, New York. His birth date is March 17, 1983. His parents are Albanian and Croatian who emigrated from Montenegro and worked as janitors. The Shkreli tribe is native to the Shkrel region in northern Albania. He, his two sisters, and his brother grew up in a working-class community in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn. Shkreli was raised Catholic and attended Sunday school as a child. Shkreli attended Hunter College High School. He dropped out before his senior\",\n \"id\": \"6244339\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Martin Firrell\\n\\n\\nrights movement has seen so much progress in the space of 50 years,\\\" says Firrell. \\\"That is to be celebrated. And the activism that made that possible should be acknowledged. But there is always more to be done. How we think about gender now will liberate – or blight – people’s lives for the next 50 years.\\\" Firrell has declared his belief that mass, rather than high, culture may well be the more powerful shaper of our ideas about how to live rich and fruitful lives. Metascifi\",\n \"id\": \"11054295\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"5 Flights Up\\n\\n\\none of the rooms as his studio. Ruth is a retired school teacher. They have lived there so many years that it and the neighborhood have become intertwined with their lives. Their niece Lilly is their broker and believes the apartment is worth up to $1M. Three other plot lines develop simultaneously with the sale of the apartment. One is the problem with the Carvers' old dog Dorothy who gets a ruptured disc and the issue of how much money to spend to help her. The second is an ongoing news story about\",\n \"id\": \"3260872\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Exit pupil\\n\\n\\nthe daytime is generally not significant since there is so much light to start with. By contrast, 8×32 binoculars, often sold with emphasis on their compactness, have an exit pupil of only 4 mm. That is sufficient to fill a typical daytime eye pupil, making these binoculars better suited to daytime than night-time use. The maximum pupil size of a human eye is typically 5–9 mm for individuals below 25 years old, and decreases slowly with age as shown as an approximate guide in the table below. The optimum\",\n \"id\": \"8321491\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"British Society for Research on Ageing\\n\\n\\nsee the provision of a foundation for co-ordinated research into ageing itself. This opens up exciting possibilities for everyone, because if we are to make old age a time of interest and healthy activity we have to know how to make people fit into later years, how to make the best use of available resources and how to gear our living throughout our lives so that we know how to make the best of our own 'bonus years'. Britain badly needs this foundation, because although we are ahead of so many\",\n \"id\": \"3949891\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Historia Regum Britanniae\\n\\n\\nthen progresses rapidly through the reigns of the descendants of Locrinus, including Bladud, who uses magic and even tries to fly, but dies in the process. Bladud's son Leir reigns for sixty years. He has no sons, so upon reaching old age he decides to divide his kingdom among his three daughters, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. To decide who should get the largest share, he asks his daughters how much they love him. Goneril and Regan give extravagant answers, but Cordelia answers simply and sincerely; angered\",\n \"id\": \"12018228\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pyrimethamine\\n\\n\\n, a company formerly headed by Martin Shkreli, CEO of Turing, from which Turing acquired the rights to Daraprim, suggest that a closed distribution system could prevent generic competitors from legally obtaining the drugs for the bioequivalence studies required for FDA approval of a generic drug. Martin Shkreli, CEO of Turing, defended the price hike by saying, \\\"If there was a company that was selling an Aston Martin at the price of a bicycle, and we buy that company and we ask to charge Toyota prices, I don't think\",\n \"id\": \"1436822\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Viognier\\n\\n\\nand terpenes, which are also found in Muscat and Riesling wines. There are also many other powerful flower and fruit aromas which can be perceived in these wines depending on where they were grown, the weather conditions and how old the vines were. Although some of these wines, especially those from old vines and the late-harvest wines, are suitable for aging, most are intended to be consumed young. Viogniers more than three years old tend to lose many of the floral aromas that make this wine unique. Aging these\",\n \"id\": \"1282238\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Generation X\\n\\n\\nanswers to identical survey questions asked of 18–29-year-olds in three different time periods. Additionally, they compared how older adults answered the same survey questions over time. The surveys showed 18–29-year-old Gen Xers did exhibit higher levels of cynicism and disaffection than previous cohorts of 18–29-year-olds surveyed; however, they also found that cynicism and disaffection had increased among all age groups surveyed over time, not just young adults, making this a period effect, not a cohort effect. In other words, adults of all ages were\",\n \"id\": \"11618364\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\\n\\n\\n1998 and 2007, who would have only been at most two years old when his parents were turned back into non-powered humanoid aliens. This could easily be perceived as them being killed, since the people they were died when Zordon did, and the people they were before that are put in their place, whilst her father, and her brother were not so lucky for unspecified reasons. In \\\"Power Rangers Turbo\\\" Divatox contacts Rita for advice on how to defeat the Power Rangers, but Rita retorts that if she\",\n \"id\": \"1181856\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Deaf Like Me\\n\\n\\nBefore Lynn was old enough to get a hearing aid, she used an auditory trainer, consisting of headphones, a microphone, and a control box, all used to amplify sounds. Once she was the right age, Lynn received a hearing aid that took time for her to get accustomed to, but unfortunately did not provide much assistance. The point of both the auditory trainer and the hearing aids were for Lynn to learn how to use her residual hearing, the small amount of hearing abilities even someone with hearing loss has\",\n \"id\": \"10678148\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Simon O'Donnell\\n\\n\\n, my school taught me, sport taught me but in particular cancer taught me that trust is the most powerful emotion we have. I trusted my doctors and nurses implicitly. It was amazing what I learnt about the power of the mind and how important trust is... There were the \\\"how in the hell did I get it?\\\" moments. No one knows, it could have been getting hit in a footy game or a cricket ball 10 years earlier. O'Donnell's injury was initially reported as a muscle strain.\",\n \"id\": \"9667436\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Covenant (film)\\n\\n\\nthat having more power does not save him from aging to death, Chase ignores him. Before leaving, Chase threatens harm on Caleb's family and friends if he does not get what he wants. Caleb reveals the truth to Sarah and takes her to his father, a man of 44 years with a decrepit old body, exhausted from magic abuse. When Sarah suggests that one of the other three transfer their power to Caleb so he could evenly match Chase, Caleb immediately refuses, explaining that doing so will cost them all\",\n \"id\": \"13106950\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fearless (Taylor Swift album)\\n\\n\\nmind Swedish pop gods Dr. Luke and Max Martin.\\\" Rosen attributed Swift's particular charm to in how intertwined almost impersonal professionalism with intimate and real confessions. Jonathan Keefe of \\\"Slant Magazine\\\" believed \\\"Fearless\\\" pointed out that Swift was capable of having a long musical career. However, Keefe was disappointed in the album, for it did not showcase significant refinements as she did on \\\"Taylor Swift\\\"; but, with an immature voice and young age, to him, Swift still had enough time to perfect her\",\n \"id\": \"17470729\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sanda Min Hla\\n\\n\\nhis chief queen. But she was soon dissatisfied with the 16-year-old E. Her dissatisfaction may have something to do with the young king's decision to renew the allegiance to his grandfather Loe Thai of Sukhothai. E's father was the first to declare independence from Sukhothai in 1317/18, and Saw Zein had fought wars with the Siamese kingdom over the control of the Tenasserim coast. It did not help that the young king spent much of his time with concubines. The powerful queen poisoned the youngster, just 49 days later.\",\n \"id\": \"17405263\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":97,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"How is a vending machine able to know the differences of how much a bill is? (like 1's, 5's, etc)?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"7wde4o"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"I actually know quite a bit about this. My best friend writes the code for the optics that go into machines lime this and a ATM's. Basically what happens is the US bills have water marks and other identifying features on them for safety. When you use a specific light they light up brightly. A photosensor is able to identify the image and thus the bill it is. A 1 has no mark. A 5 I think has Lincoln on it, a 10 is Hamilton and so on. So the computer matches it up with a portrait like a game of guess who and then identifies the bill that way. This is only one way. Some higher tech machines have more sophisticated means. Some include identifying the specific ink that's on the bill, identifying micro print and so on. It'll depend on the level of security required by the customer as to which programs get put where. For instance vending machines the risk of loss is relatively small. So a less advanced identifying algorithm is used. An ATM involves a high level of risk so an advanced algorithm would be used. So on and so forth. Edited ATM\"}, {\"answer\": \"Same way as you do, it looks at them. It looks at size and at the print. It has images of how they should look, and if it looks enough like one of those images, it accepts it.\"}, {\"answer\": \"So it seems newer machines work based off of image recognition, but how did older machines work, like from 30+ years ago?\"}, {\"answer\": \"To add to this, why does it seem like the readers haven't improved in decades? Seems like any wrinkle will get rejected. It hasn't learned how to accept a bill put it with Washington facing down?\"}, {\"answer\": \"The programming depends on the manufacturer, but most validators use a combination of optical scanning and magnetic signature. An LED shines light on the bill and a light sensor reads the reflection. Mars VN series validators were the first ones (that I'm aware of) that used a purely optical scan. (And a frequency coupled power supply, which was cool.) I spent 8 years repairing bill validators and coin changers for a living.\"}, {\"answer\": \"This has evolved over time. If anyone remembers the Jolly Roger cookbook from the 80s/90s you used to be able to tear off s little square part of bills on the bottom right (about an inch from the side). This would allow the machine to recognize the bill but kick it back at the last second due to the tear. You would get the item plus your bill back.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Old is weight, new ones lasers the material and size, very old sizes get split down as the holes make the small fall in a slot and the bigger to the latter slot etc, then a sensor sees one small, 3 big etc.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Current bill validator technology has come a long way from what it used to be. The BVs we use at work (I'm a slot technician at a casino) actually take a digital image of the bill and check it over thousands of points to ensure legitimacy. They store a digital image of the last bill in, bill history, acceptance rates, and other info. This results in a very very very high rate of bills being accepted even if they are in poor condition, while rejecting almost every counterfeit bill. The BV then sends the info of the amount to the CPU.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Tiny little bumps and markings are read by a laser in the ATM. Specifically the raised ink on the 5, and 10. The ATM \\\"reads\\\" it and recognizes it to be that of the correct denomination.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Follow up...before there were fancy LEDs and lasers and all the different kinds of bills...US money was basically all similar. How did those machines work?\"}, {\"answer\": \"The cheapest and most finicky method that I know of: The ink in US currency is metallic. When passed by a magnetic reading head, like the kind in a cassette player, the bill will create an electronic signal. Imagine this signal is a single song. In reality, if you played it, it would be like a \\u201cbzzzrrp\\u201d noise. Every denomination plays the same song. So all dollar bills play the \\u201cWashington\\u201d song and all fives play the \\u201cLincoln\\u201d. So on and so forth. The vending machine has a chip in it that has a library of all these songs. Some only have one song saved (almost always for a dollar bill). So the machine will play the song, and then try to match the song it just heard to all the songs in the library. When it finds a close enough match, it\\u2019ll add the value linked to the song to the tally of money entered. Sometimes machines can only recognize the song from side a of the bill, and it\\u2019ll show you that you have to insert the bill face up. Some machines know both sides. Also, because bills get handled and bent up and disfigured, sometimes the song doesn\\u2019t play right and the vending machine can\\u2019t find a match. In these cases, the machine will spit the bill back out. This is my favorite method because it\\u2019s old, it\\u2019s cheap, it\\u2019s everywhere, and it\\u2019s REALLY cool. Newer methods are laser readers, photo readers, combinations of all the above...\"}, {\"answer\": \"There are a lot of ways, by width, length and weight are the more usual. New readers check the image of the bill and compare it with its database but also with all the measures mentioned before. Atms do the same when delivering money to keep count of everything.\"}, {\"answer\": \"I\\u2019d love to know how the ones from the 80s worked. Today I\\u2019m sure it\\u2019s digital image recognition, but what about back then?\"}, {\"answer\": \"you know the bad guys always ask how something works before they can figure a way out to scam the system.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"2547114\", \"title\": \"Bulk vending\", \"section\": \"Section::::From the vendor's perspective.:Locations.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 63, \"end_paragraph_id\": 63, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"A bulk candy vendor must be willing to act as a salesman in order to persuade businesses to allow location of machines. Since managers are busy,\", \"A bulk candy vendor must be willing to act as a salesman in order to persuade businesses to allow location of machines. Since managers are busy, he must be able to state his case concisely and close the sale effectively. Even experienced vendors often report a high rejection rate, on the order of 9 out of 10. Many operators donate a percentage of the profits to charity so that locations will allow them to place the machines for free; others pay the location a commission. A bulk candy vendor is constantly having to seek new locations as accounts turn over. A company's regional manager may visit a branch, for\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Turing machine examples\n\n\nIt replaces that 0 with a 1, moves one position to the right and enters s again for another round of the loop. This continues until s finds a 0 (this is the 0 in the middle of the two strings of 1s) at which time the machine halts. Another description sees the problem as how to keep track of how many \"1\"s there are. We can't use one state for each possible number (a state for each of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 etc), because then we'd need infinite states to","id":"6066390"},{"contents":"AI control problem\n\n\nabout the matter long and hard.\" Different proposals of different kinds of indirect normativity exist, with different, and sometimes unclearly-grounded, meta-goal content (such as \"do what I mean\" or \"do what is right\"), and with different non-convergent assumptions for how to practice decision theory and epistemology. As with direct normativity, it is currently unknown how to reliably translate even concepts like \"would have\" into the 1's and 0's that a machine can act on, and","id":"21627966"},{"contents":"Turing machine examples\n\n\n\" back in with a \"1\", \"then moves on to the next one\", marking it with an \"0\" and repeating the cycle, carrying that \"1\" across and so on. \"With each trip across and back, the marker \"0\" moves one step closer to the centre\". This is how it keeps track of how many \"1\"'s it has taken across. When it returns, the marker \"0\" looks like the end of the collection of \"1\"s","id":"6066393"},{"contents":"Procedural knowledge\n\n\nAn Introduction, 2nd edition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, p. 396). Ordinarily, we would not say that one who is able to recognize a face as attractive is one who knows how to recognize a face as attractive. One knows how to recognize faces as attractive no more than one knows how to recognize certain arrangements of leptons, quarks, etc. as tables. Recognizing faces as attractive, like recognizing certain arrangements of leptons, quarks, etc. as tables, is simply something that one","id":"18974137"},{"contents":"El Metropolitano\n\n\nUS$0.83) for regular commuters. This originally was S/. 1.50, but it was raised in December 2012 to S/. 2.00 and then raised again so that by February, 2015 (or earlier) it was S/2.50). The card can be bought at a vending machine, which is available on every station, and will cost S/. 4.50. It can be charged up to S/. 100.00. The machines accept both coins and bills, but payment with bank cards (either debit or credit) is not possible. There are separate","id":"2344574"},{"contents":"Vending machine\n\n\nwith more and more machines accepting $5 bills. This is an advantage to the vendor because it virtually eliminates the need for a bill changer. Larger corporations with cafeterias will often request full line vending with food service. A newspaper vending machine or newspaper rack is a vending machine designed to distribute newspapers. Newspaper vending machines are used worldwide, and they can be one of the main distribution methods for newspaper publishers. According to the Newspaper Association of America, in recent times in the United States, circulation via newspaper vending machines","id":"19907740"},{"contents":"Miles Straume\n\n\ndefinitely hiding something.\" Asked if Miles is much like him, Leung responded with \"I don't think I'm that similar. Um, I don't know—I guess I have moments.\" Leung said that \"Miles doesn't know how to be social, which is great, because I don't know how to be social.\" He has also stated that Miles \"trust[s] the dead more than the living\" and is intrigued as to whom Miles grieves for. Leung stated that \"He seems","id":"18495937"},{"contents":"Monumental Vending\n\n\nin need of repair and was one of the first vending companies anywhere to use handheld technology for drivers and to install wireless technology throughout their 2,700 vending machines. Additionally, Monumental Vending also leverages cashless payment options, $1 and $5 bill acceptors, \"ShureVend\" technology, and the newest energy-efficient machines. Monumental Vending offers a full line of Coke and Pepsi products, fruit juices, water, sports drinks, energy drinks and more. Monumental Vending provides snacks from manufacturers including Frito-Lay, Utz, Nabisco","id":"5306806"},{"contents":"View factor\n\n\narrives\" at a \"target\" surface. In that case, it generally does not make sense to sum view factors as view factor from \"A\" and view factor from \"B\" (above) are essentially different units. \"C\" may see 10% of \"A\" 's radiation and 50% of \"B\" 's radiation and 20% of \"C\" 's radiation, but without knowing how much each radiates, it does not even make sense to say that \"C\" receives 80%","id":"1417436"},{"contents":"Dancer in the Dark\n\n\n's home, knowing she can't see him, and watches as she puts some money in her kitchen tin. Selma works an extra shift at the factory, asking if it’s “always been so dark in here” and, due to being nearly blind, accidentally breaks a machine and is fired from her job. When she comes home to put her final wages away she finds the tin is empty; she goes next door to report the theft to Bill and Linda, only to hear Linda discussing how Bill has","id":"16302297"},{"contents":"Full-line vending\n\n\nrequest removal, unless the operator does a poor job of servicing the machine. Almost all soda and snack machines have vend counters that track how many items are sold, making it difficult for an employee to steal money. The machines themselves, being large and heavy, are difficult to steal without drawing attention, compared to most bulk vending machines. Soda and snack machines are relatively expensive, unless they are obtained through a third-party vending program. Compared to bulk vending machines, full line vending machines take a long time","id":"5985242"},{"contents":"Turing machine examples\n\n\nthe other side to know it's reached the end. It comes back using the same method, detecting the middle \"0\", and then the \"0\" on the original side. This \"0\" on the original side is the key to the puzzle of how it keeps track of the number of 1's. The trick is that before carrying the \"1\", it marks that digit as \"taken\" by replacing it with an \"0\". When it returns, it fills that \"0","id":"6066392"},{"contents":"Poove Poochooda Vaa\n\n\nto get inside the home. Sundari explains how she knows about her grandmother and how she came here etc. but Poongavanathamma does not respond to anything. Sundari, being a mischievous girl starts her prank with the neighbour David (S. V. Sekhar), a young man by scaring him with the demon's face mask while he is working out on his terrace. She befriends the boys who irritate her grandmother and play all sorts of pranks and becomes the loving girl in her area. Sundari finds that her grandma likes yellow color","id":"14149265"},{"contents":"Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)\n\n\ncodice_5', 'codice_8' and 'codice_6' is available as constants codice_10, codice_11 and codice_12 etc. The standard constants codice_39 and codice_40 can be used to determine how many 'codice_3's and 'codice_4's can be usefully prefixed to 'codice_43' and 'codice_44'. The actually size of the 'codice_43', 'codice_46' and 'codice_44' is available as constants codice_48, codice_49 and codice_50 etc. With the constants codice_51, codice_52 and codice_53 available for each type's machine epsilon. The value of","id":"14929685"},{"contents":"Patrick Swayze\n\n\ninto therapy, into Scientology, into Transcendental Meditation. I was trying to support that side of myself. But, you know, in Texas there isn't much support for that part of you.\" He also had said he was interested in and loved looking into different [religious] belief systems and faith[s], how it matters to other people, and how these various religious teachings are important to him in his world. Swayze entered rehab treatment for alcoholism in the 1990s. After an initial recovery, he temporarily withdrew","id":"17296466"},{"contents":"Vending machine\n\n\nmore likely to be open during the evening and on weekends than venues such as offices that host soft drink and snack machines. The Bulk vending machines of today provide many different vending choices with the use of adjustable gumball and candy wheels. Adjustable gumball wheels allow an operator to not only offer the traditional 1-inch gumball, but they can also vend larger gumballs, and non-edible items such as toy capsules and bouncy balls . Adjustable candy wheels allow an operator to offer a variety of pressed candies, jelly candy, and even","id":"19907738"},{"contents":"Creep-testing machine\n\n\ncreep machine consists of a loading platform, foundation, fixture devices and furnace. The fixture devices are the grips and pull rods. Creep machines are most commonly used in experiments to determine how efficient and stable a material is. The machine is used by students and companies to create a creep curve on how much pressure and stress a material can handle. The machine is able to calculate the stress rate, time and pressure. Creep testing has three different applications in the industry: Creep is dependent on time so the curve that","id":"20404166"},{"contents":"1st Battalion, 24th Marines\n\n\nfrom supporting the insurgents to supporting the American-led effort in Iraq. Lt. Col. Harold R. \"Odie\" Van Opdorp, 2/24's battalion commander, credited much of the battalion’s success to its S-2 section, and how it had closely integrated intelligence on improvised explosive devices and other enemy activities with current operations. For 1/24’s deployment to Fallujah, it recruited two key intelligence officers from 2/24. Capitalizing on their experience and the systems that they had developed in the Babil Province, 1/24 was able to capture and","id":"13876564"},{"contents":"History of artificial intelligence\n\n\nfor the machine, Searle argued, then the machine can not be described as \"thinking\". These critiques were not taken seriously by AI researchers, often because they seemed so far off the point. Problems like intractability and commonsense knowledge seemed much more immediate and serious. It was unclear what difference \"know how\" or \"intentionality\" made to an actual computer program. Minsky said of Dreyfus and Searle \"they misunderstand, and should be ignored.\" Dreyfus, who taught at MIT, was given a cold shoulder","id":"6611297"},{"contents":"Banker's algorithm\n\n\n) total_available = available_resources - np.sum(currently_allocated, axis=0) running = np.ones(n_processes) # An array with n_processes 1's to indicate if process is yet to run while np.count_nonzero(running) 0: print('Safe') Like the other algorithms, the Banker's algorithm has some limitations when implemented. Specifically, it needs to know how much of each resource a process could possibly request. In most systems, this information is unavailable, making it impossible to implement the Banker's algorithm. Also, it is unrealistic to assume that the number of processes is","id":"9721153"},{"contents":"Perry Mason moment\n\n\n's expert witness on the breath-testing machine used by the police told him \"you know that machine better than I do,\" while being cross-examined. But many of those that do occur are, like the Simpson and Menendez examples above, the result of careful planning or calculated risks by the trial attorneys. Morley Swingle, the elected prosecuting attorney for Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, and a published mystery novelist, recounts how his extensive preparation for the cross-examination of an expert witness led to a Perry","id":"9813644"},{"contents":"Oregon Bottle Bill\n\n\nchief stewardship officer for OBRC told \"Mail Tribune\" there have been instances of people attempting to redeem cans that have already been redeemed through a machine. State of Oregon provides information for how to identify containers that have already been redeemed through a machine. \"Cans that have been fed through a reverse vending machine will have small square indentations or perforations and will be fairly symmetrically crushed, and bottles will have a crushed neck.\" Redemption of out-of-state containers is considered a fraud and prohibited by the bottle bill","id":"20032653"},{"contents":"MC's Act Like They Don't Know\n\n\nLike They Don't Know/Represent the Real Hip-Hop\" single, it has appeared on many compilation albums. It appeared on compilations including 1996's \"Hip Hop's Most Wanted\", 1997's \"Gangsta Hip Hop, Vol. 5\", \"Hot Joints, Vol. 1\", 1999's \"Best of D&D Studios, Vol. 1\", 1999's \"Discover the Rhythm of Hip Hop\", 1999's \"Ill Rated\", 1999's \"Real Hip-Hop: Best of","id":"5050166"},{"contents":"The Book of David\n\n\n\"I figure how to come back to music I've done every Breakbeat every Drum pattern that you can possibly do and all the while I feel like I got away from the music that made me want to get into the industry from people like Prince, The Time, The Force M.D.s you know some of these 80's hip hop kind of records and even Michael Jackson used the Roland TR-808 drum machine so I kind of got back into raw drum machines going back to the old drums cause they all got character, so","id":"8851066"},{"contents":"C. D. Howe\n\n\nand Howe's bill was to establish a National Harbours Board. The debate in the House went smoothly until Howe angered the opposition by declaring that, during Bennett's government, the Conservatives had been corrupt. Despite what became a much more bitter debate, Howe's bill carried. According to Leslie Roberts in his biography of Howe, \"This was the Howe the country would soon come to know much better, the Howe on the rampage, the Howe who is impatient of criticism and deplores the debates and delays inherent in the","id":"1678753"},{"contents":"Suzie Higgie\n\n\nyou know, laid back... I had a few songs that I'd already written, and because my partner Matt [Crosbie], he's been Nick Cave's live engineer for over twenty years, so I'd got to know the guys through him, I heard Conway [Savage]'s piano playing and got to know his stuff he did and I thought, 'That's something different, let's get together with Conway, if he's interested.'… And that's pretty much how it came about","id":"12806284"},{"contents":"Epistemic humility\n\n\n, (ii) S knows how to live well, (iii) S lives well, and (iv) S's living well is caused by S's knowledge about how to live well. Ryan explains her interpretation of Socratic epistemic humility as follows:\"Only a free agent could have wisdom. A wise person knows how to live well under a wide variety of circumstances. In addition, a wise person succeeds at living as best as she can given the circumstances she is in. A wise person's success at living is caused","id":"604818"},{"contents":"Group cognition\n\n\nproduction of utterances is visible; interactions are text-based so they lack intonation, personality, accent; the topics are math problem solving, rather than socializing; the participants are primarily teenage students engaged in learning, not adult domain experts; the groups are usually 3 to 5 instead of dyads; the participants generally do not know each other or know much about each other; etc. The VMT Project's analysis looks closely, line-by-line, at how chat postings build upon each other sequentially; how they","id":"9968982"},{"contents":"Photek discography\n\n\nShopping' S. 1 Ep. 4 (2014) [43min] (TV Series) [ABC / Shondaland / Nowalk Entertainment] Composer (All Episodes) How To Get Away With Murder, 'We're Not Friends' S. 1 Ep.5 (2014) [43min] (TV Series) [ABC / Shondaland / Nowalk Entertainment] Composer (All Episodes) How To Get Away With Murder, 'Freakin' Whack-a-Mole' S. 1 Ep. 6 (2014) [43min] (TV Series)","id":"18410760"},{"contents":"Gautier Capuçon\n\n\nand how much bow speed you can put on it. It is an instrument that you really need to know to be able to play; it is not like a Montagnana or a Stradivarius. Montagnana, for example - most of them are really easy to play. So in a way, on the Goffriller, I probably search more and look more for different things.\" Describing a Montagnana cello as his \"dream\" instrument of choice, he said: \"I hope one day to be able to play on a","id":"20302257"},{"contents":"Vending machine\n\n\nevery twenty-five people. Regarding to the development of advanced technology, Japanese vending machines have been providing more services by selling different kinds of products. Not only food, smartphones, SIM cards and even underpants can be found. Apart from the most popular drinks vending machines, Japanese vending machines also offer certain products depending on the demand and need for different locations. For example, products like sanitary napkins and tampon can be found in vending machines in the female restrooms while condoms vendors are usually located in the male restrooms.","id":"19907752"},{"contents":"The Green Book (IRA)\n\n\nremoval of his (her) ignorance about how to handle weapons, military tactics, security, interrogations etc. An O.C.'s [Commanding Officer] might be how to put a unit on a military footing; an I.O.'s [Intelligence Officer] how to create an effective intelligence network; a Cumann na mBan Chairman's how best to mount a campaign on a given issue, e.g. H Blocks etc., and for all members of the movement regardless of which branch we belong to, to enhance our commitment to and participation","id":"17689954"},{"contents":"United Football League (2009–2012)\n\n\n's severe financial problems and philosophical differences with the league's owners on how to move forward. Instead, the league dispensed, at least for the time being, with a central office and owners Bill Hambrecht (Las Vegas) and Bill Mayer (Virginia) oversee the league's business operations, while Locos' coach/president Jim Fassel oversees football operations. Before the fourth season starts, a rebuilding and restocking of personnel will need to take place. To conserve much-needed funds the Virginia Destroyers relocated to much smaller office","id":"3660350"},{"contents":"Ferdinand N. Kahler\n\n\nstorage facilities for \"seed potatoes, eggs, etc.\". In September 1914, Kahler capitalized The Electric Machine Company in New Albany, Indiana with a $6,000 investment. Its principal business was the manufacture and sales of electric vending machines. Production of electrically heated popcorn machines commenced in the kitchen cabinet factory building adjacent to The Kahler Co.'s main factory. By January, 1915, it was reported \"contracts have already been made for the distribution of 560 of the machines. Two kinds are made, one a counter","id":"17597501"},{"contents":"Currency-counting machine\n\n\ncan count the bills. By comparing an image of each bill to pattern recognition criteria, the machine can figure out the denominations of the bills and how much genuine money was placed in the compartment. Fully electronic counters that are able to count batches of notes or of coins without having to process them individually, were introduced in Great Britain in 1980 and are now widely used by banks, retailers and food service outlets in many parts of the world. They are faster and more versatile than the traditional notes-only & coins","id":"13118837"},{"contents":"K.C. Munchkin!\n\n\n's work.\" The ruling was one of the first to establish how copyright law would apply to the look and feel of computer software. \"Munchkin\" plays much like \"Pac-Man\", with the following key differences: After \"Munchkin\" was forced off the market, Philips released a sequel called \"K.C.'s Krazy Chase!\" (\"Crazy Chase\" outside the U.S.) which implicitly depicts the conflict between Phillips and Atari by pitting the Munchkin character against an insect-like, tree-eating opponent","id":"20009287"},{"contents":"Robert Wilson (director)\n\n\n's \"\", Tom Kamm, describes his philosophy: \"a set for Wilson is a canvas for the light to hit like paint\". He explains, \"If you know how to light, you can make shit look like gold. I paint, I build, I compose with light. Light is a magic wand\". Wilson is \"the only major director to get billing as a lighting designer\" and is recognized by some as \"the greatest light artist of our time\". He designs with light","id":"16094000"},{"contents":"NBA 2K9\n\n\nforgive the absence of multiplayer, especially when you consider how much game there is still is to play. There are tidbits built in to appease casual fans, but theres no question that with things like Bird Years making their way into this years game that \"2K9\" is made for aficionados. Even still, anyone who has seen a pro game will be able to find the similarities and the finite details that make \"NBA 2K9\" the best game in town.\" GameTrailers complimented the PS3 version's overall presentation, crowd","id":"8301277"},{"contents":"Bodyswap (Red Dwarf)\n\n\nrank who can over-ride the self-destruct. Although this fails, the group find that the scutter only connected the vending machine to the self-destruct countdown and not the ship's self-destruct bomb, when it vends Lister's order. They are soon left annoyed when Holly admits to having removed the bomb years ago and failed to notify anyone of this. Following the experience, the mind-swap experiment soon gives Rimmer an idea on how to be able to enjoy life again. He promptly convinces Lister","id":"2471497"},{"contents":"List of EastEnders characters (2018)\n\n\n's identity was embargoed. It was later revealed that Jessica is a sex worker and knows Rainie Branning. Lee liked how Jessica was proud of her occupation and how the character acknowledges the difference between a prostitute and a sex worker. She added, \"I was really passionate about what [Jessica] stood for, as I think we both share the same disdain for unfair judgement, and that's probably where I see myself in her.\" Lee received a positive reaction to her Dublin accent and Jessica's bond with Jay","id":"11023482"},{"contents":"Dechen Shak-Dagsay\n\n\ntents etc. In 2011, Swiss Bernina Sewing machine company sponsored another 12 new Bernina machines. From these 5 machines are shipped to Chokri-Tehor and the rest are sent to Tailoring School TCV in Dharamasala, India through the kind guidance of Dalai Lama's sister Jetsun Pema-la. All the machines have reached Dharamshala and Swiss Bernina Delhi Branch is giving now the required know-how training at Dharamsala. In the year 2011 Dechen also managed to start this time another snowballing rolling effect project for the talented young Tibetan youths","id":"1106893"},{"contents":"Linear logic\n\n\n, we can thus embed classical first-order logic into linear first-order logic. Lafont (1993) first showed how intuitionistic linear logic can be explained as a logic of resources, so providing the logical language with access to formalisms that can be used for reasoning about resources within the logic itself, rather than, as in classical logic, by means of non-logical predicates and relations. Antony Hoare (1985)'s classical example of the vending machine can be used to illustrate this idea. Suppose we represent having","id":"14246815"},{"contents":"Hov, Faroe Islands\n\n\nthe village know when there was work for them. That was before the phone was a possibility. The house was in bad shape a few years ago, but now it has been restored. Some interesting items and old books with peoples names and how much they earned etc. are still in the house. The house was first located in Vágur, but it was moved to Hov, just like the church was. Fiskastovan á Mýri is used for many different purposes: Art exhibitions, café, small concerts, lectures,","id":"12873896"},{"contents":"Bulk vending\n\n\nIn 1963, Josef Schwarzli founded Beaver Machine Corporation, designing and manufacturing his own equipment that eventually sold into over 100 different countries worldwide. In 1949, Roger C. Folz purchased his first vending machine; Folz Vending was the largest operator of bulk vending equipment in the United States, owning and operating over 150,000 machines nationwide at their peak. In 1950, the United States Treasury Department attempted to impose gambling excise taxes on bulk vendors on the grounds that there was no way for consumers to know for sure which gumball or other product","id":"3563337"},{"contents":"Nick Xenophon\n\n\n's support, the Gillard Government legislated for mandatory pre-commitment technology which would require people using high-bet machines to pre-commit how much they were willing to bet on a machine before actually playing, as well as introducing safer $1 maximum bet per spin machines, which would not require pre-commitment. The plan came under sustained attack from sporting clubs and various businesses that financially benefit from poker machine use. In September 2011, Xenophon controversially used parliamentary privilege to accuse a Catholic priest of rape, in regard","id":"10735840"},{"contents":"Housewife (film)\n\n\n's court testimony, Bill realizes how good she is as a wife and mother and how much he loves and needs her, and the two decide to reconcile. Frank S. Nugent of \"The New York Times\" observed, \"A characteristic of a poor boxer is that he telegraphs his punches. In \"Housewife\" . . . the dramatic punches are not merely telegraphed, but radioed. About the most unexpected element of the film is the bewildering regularity with which the unexpected fails to happen . . . Mr. Brent and","id":"4271368"},{"contents":"Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)\n\n\nBusiness Times\" rated 4/5 and said, \"Amar Akbar Anthony is sure to make you laugh with some fresh homage comedy throughout. It also asks the youngsters to be more reactant to the social issues of these days as in the 80's\", and also commented that the film will take us back to the days of good old comedy entertainers of the late 80's and 90's in Malayalam films with modern elements of story presentation. Sify.com said, \"How much you enjoy Amar Akbar Anthony will depend on your liking","id":"10586294"},{"contents":"Pat (Saturday Night Live)\n\n\nthe kind of body language of Pat. I started trying to do him. I was testing it out on my friends and they were just like, 'Yeah, it's good, but it doesn't seem like a guy that much.' Like I couldn't quite pull off being in drag convincingly enough. So then I thought, maybe \"that\"'s the joke. I'll just have one joke in here about how we don't know if that's a man or a woman just to sort of","id":"21980968"},{"contents":"Canonical form\n\n\nrespect to an equivalence relation \"R\" on a set \"S\" is a mapping \"c\":\"S\"→\"S\" such that for all \"s\", \"s\", \"s\" ∈ \"S\": Property 3 is redundant, it follows by applying 2 to 1. In practical terms, one wants to be able to recognize the canonical forms. There is also a practical, algorithmic question to consider: how to pass from a given object \"s\" in \"S\" to its canonical form \"s\"","id":"846872"},{"contents":"Russian-American Industrial Corporation\n\n\nimport garment-making machinery and organizational know-how to Soviet Russia in a tangible effort to aid the successful development of the Russian Revolution. The idea to establish a corporation for the construction of clothing factories was born in the summer of 1921. Already in that year there was a model American-inspired industrial colony established in the Kuznetsk Basin of Western Siberia, the brainchild of émigré IWW activist William \"Big Bill\" Haywood and Dutch communist S. J. Rutgers. This input of American organizational know-how and technology had been","id":"11069717"},{"contents":"How Do You Know\n\n\nHow Do You Know is a 2010 American romantic comedy-drama film directed, written, and produced by James L. Brooks and starring Reese Witherspoon, Paul Rudd, Owen Wilson, and Jack Nicholson. It was the third film to feature Witherspoon and Rudd following 1998’s \"Overnight Delivery\" and 2009’s \"Monsters vs. Aliens\". The film was shot in Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.. \"How Do You Know\" was released theatrically on December 17, 2010, and was a box office bomb, grossing $49","id":"21161028"},{"contents":"Brian Fallon\n\n\nspinner.com referring to The Gaslight Anthem's 2010 album \"American Slang\", \"There are no religious songs and there never would be because the four of us, we all have different views, completely different religions...I'm very cautious not to push that on the band.\" Much of the lyrics on The Gaslight Anthem's 2014 album, \"Get Hurt\" were inspired by his divorce. Fallon said “Sometimes, I don’t even know how it happened. I don’t even know how it got like this.","id":"12559582"},{"contents":"Major League Baseball on CBS\n\n\n's stations in Phoenix (KOOL-TV), Little Rock (KTHV) and Cedar Rapids (KGAN-TV) were finally receiving the broadcasts. Bud Blattner said \"America had never had TV network ball. Now you're getting two games a week [four, counting NBC, by ].\" In , Dizzy Dean ruffled the feathers of CBS Sports head Bill MacPhail when he said \"I don't know how we come off callin' this the 'Game of the Week'. There's a much better","id":"18694376"},{"contents":"Mohammad Alavi (game developer)\n\n\nmotion capture footage as an actor. According to \"PC Gamer\", its difficult to know the details of Alavi's design and scripting in the game, however his influence is apparent in \"how \"Titanfall\"s on-map AI allies support the player\". In an interview, Alavi stated that he was heavily involved in different aspects of the project, including AI design, gameplay and level design. He also bore much responsibility for the game involving a narrative component at all, pushing for longer and different introductions to each","id":"19064109"},{"contents":"Vending machine\n\n\nnuts. A full-line vending company may set up several types of vending machines that sell a wide range of products. Products may include candy, cookies, chips, fresh fruit, milk, cold food, coffee and other hot drinks, bottles, cans of soda, and even frozen products like ice cream. These products can be sold from machines that include hot coffee, snack, cold food, 20-oz. bottle machines, and glass-front bottle machines. In the United States, almost all machines accept bills","id":"19907739"},{"contents":"Jesús Rafael Soto\n\n\nThis is how in \"Estructura Cinética\" (1957) the frames that had been drawn on plexiglass become real elements: metal rods welded between them. Soto’s works become real special objects that visitors are able to penetrate. In the 50’s and beginning of 60’s, starting from his basic concept of matter and space as different manifestations of energy, Soto had already structured the conceptual platform of his plastic language. Works like \"Escritura\" and \"Muro de Bruselas,\" both from 1958, already contain all the","id":"8348380"},{"contents":"R-S-T system\n\n\n. Readability is a qualitative assessment of how easy or difficult it is to correctly copy the information being sent during the transmission. In a Morse code telegraphy transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is to distinguish each of the characters in the text of the message being sent; in a voice transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is for each spoken word to be understood correctly. Readability is measured on a scale of 1 to 5. The S stands for \"Strength\". Strength is an","id":"380253"},{"contents":"Shock-No-Par\n\n\n, Tim Dickinson of \"Mother Jones Magazine\" hailed the album as adventurous and \"easy to love\" despite its unusual sound. Ian Danzig of \"Exclaim!\" commented that the act's sonic landscape is populated by \"[s]trange gurgles and squelches,\" highlighting how the \"mad scientist-type machines that will take us into the next century.\" He highlighted how the album's dark pop songs inhabit \"a world of sensory overload, but an overload of samples and analogue sounds we know.\" In a","id":"9162116"},{"contents":"Yung L.A.\n\n\n, you know how much that hurt me. You'll suppose to be my family, I'm out here rocking you'll P$C chain, n**** i'm getting into beef with n****'s in the streets cause Tip got beef with Shawty Lo and these n****'s got beef with these n****'s way before I came to Grand Hustle. I had just got into Grand Hustle I'm picking you'll n****'s beef you","id":"4244810"},{"contents":"Jack Nicklaus 5\n\n\nif you're willing to suspend disbelief a little, it begins to feel like the real thing.\" Mark Cooke of Game Revolution considered the game to be as hard as real golf, which he believed \"a lot of people aren't looking for\" in a golfing video game. Cooke felt the game was too realistic and wrote, \"You really have to practice, know which clubs to use, know how much to compensate your drives for the wind, and know how to putt.\" Regarding its graphics and","id":"3858545"},{"contents":"Infinitive (Ancient Greek)\n\n\nashamed to\", \"forbid to\", \"hinder, prevent\" etc.) and verbs or verbal expressions denoting \"ability, fitness, necessity, capacity, etc.\" (, \"be able to\", , \"know how to\", \"learn to\", , \"I am able to\", \"it is fair/right to\", \"it is necessary to\", \"it is time to\" etc.). It can also be found \"after adjectives (and sometimes","id":"19878949"},{"contents":"Bedelia Du Maurier\n\n\n's inscrutable to the audience, and I think that's really important... we're told too much these days about what to think and how to feel and know too much before we see it, and I think one of the things that intrigues me about some of the characters that I choose to play is that they're enigmatic, and I like to keep them enigmatic.\" Anderson's portrayal of Du Maurier was praised, particularly for the third season of the series. Anderson received a nomination of the 2013 Online Film","id":"21118914"},{"contents":"Scientific misconceptions\n\n\nsuch as coherence, stability, context-dependence, range of application etc. Misconceptions can be broken down into five basic categories,(Alkhalifa, 2006) 1) preconceived notions; 2) nonscientific beliefs; 3) conceptual misunderstandings; 4) vernacular misconceptions; and 5) factual misconceptions (e.g., Committee on Undergraduate Science Education, 1997). Preconceived notions are thinking about a concept in only one way. Specially heat, gravity, and energy. Once a person knows how something works it is difficult to imagine it working a different","id":"19000504"},{"contents":"Asymptomatic carrier\n\n\ntheir efforts towards understanding how specific bacteria thrive in human hosts in the hopes of determining a universal understanding of asymptomatic transmission. Numerous research publications have demonstrated how salmonella is able to remain in immune cells and alter their metabolic systems in order to further transmit the disease. Utilizing a closely related strand of bacterium (\"S. typhimurium\"), scientists have been able to create a mouse model that mimics the persistent salmonella cases seen in carriers of typhoid. Knowing that the bacterium can reside in mice for their entire lives, researchers have","id":"10864616"},{"contents":"Unapologetic Bitch\n\n\n\" applauded the line, \"you never really knew how much you loved me till you lost me\", calling it \"the killer nugget of this track\", which she labelled \"[w]icked good,\" while \"Time\"s Jamieson Cox thought that it was \"fun to hear Madonna deliver a line like, 'It might sound like I’m an unapologetic bitch / but sometimes you know I gotta call I like it is' because she has three’ decades worth of unapologetic bitchiness in her back pocket. It","id":"2163845"},{"contents":"Bulk vending\n\n\nBulk vending is the sale of unsorted confections, nuts, gumballs, toys and novelties (in capsules) selected at random and dispensed generally through non-electrically operated vending machines. Bulk vending is a separate segment of the vending industry from full line vending — i.e., the snack and soda vending industries — and involves different products and strategies. Bulk vending represents less than 1% of the total vending industry. Bulk vending dates back at least to the late 19th century. Vending machines were widely used in Europe before they became","id":"3563334"},{"contents":"Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate\n\n\n, while a new system of Character Points is supposed to let the players know how good their opponents are with the currently selected fighters (similar to \"Street Fighter IV\"s Battle Points), as well as their world rank. Similar to in \"DOA5 Plus\", the players are also able to choose their own custom music outside \"Dead or Alive\" series for the fights; \"Ultimate\" also features' the returning characters' past themes. The game comes with new costumes for all characters and includes some of downloadable","id":"22057755"},{"contents":"List of cover versions of U2 songs\n\n\nU2's first arrival in New York City in 1980, with Bono remarking it was an \"amazing, magical time in our life, when we didn't know how powerful it was not to know.\" \"Desire\" is the lead single from U2's 1988 album, \"Rattle and Hum\". It was their first #1 single in the UK and their first #1 on the newly instated Modern Rock Tracks chart. \"Discothèque\" is the lead single and opening track from the 1997 album, \"Pop","id":"22117324"},{"contents":"Hidden Children\n\n\nThe child would have to be able to behave as all the other Catholic convent children behaved - know his prayers, know how to handle a rosary, know how to behave during mass, etc. All these skills the child would have to learn very fast. In this case, at least one of the nuns, and generally more, would have to know that the child was actually Jewish and \"hiding.\" Once again, the lives of the nuns were in extreme danger if the Nazis were to find out this","id":"19945904"},{"contents":"John Barrowman\n\n\n's afternoon show \"5's Company\" from 1997–1999. Barrowman read bedtime stories on the CBeebies channel between 1 and 5 May 2006. That summer, Barrowman was on a Judges panel with Andrew Lloyd Webber, David Ian, and Zoe Tyler on BBC One's music talent show \"How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?\". In the same year, Barrowman made two television appearances on New Year's Eve: He talked about spirituality and civil partnerships on BBC Television's \"Heaven & Earth\", hosted by","id":"11560502"},{"contents":"What Engineers Know and How They Know It\n\n\nprocess tends to seem more ordered and intentional—less blind—than it usually is.” However, Vincenti uses the differences between the Wright brothers and the French to show there is a range in how we manage blindness to variations. The Wright brothers designed a flying machine before the French even though they started experimenting at roughly the same time. The French 1) appealed to what little was known about the Wrights/Langley, 2) mental imaginings of what might succeed, and 3) guidance from growing flight experience.","id":"4218729"},{"contents":"Centre for the Study of Human Learning\n\n\nenabled to learn how to thoroughly understand in personal terms much of what they need to know when and how they need to know it. And to do this in clearer and more applicable terms than their education seems to have allowed them to achieve. Whilst doing this, Sheila Harri-Augstein and Laurie Thomas invented, and indeed created, {and during the period 1962 up until the present day have gradually continued to improve both the concept and the practical reality of Self-Organised-Learning (S-O-L)","id":"4310478"},{"contents":"Driving licence in Sweden\n\n\n/h and 90 km/h. If the student has passed these tests, a driving test in the city is performed, and then on a highway. The student must be able to handle traffic, know the traffic rules and be able to handle the acceleration of the motorcycle. The student must show knowledge of how to do a standard check of the vehicle, like checking the brakes, the brake fluid, the lights etc. Then there is the driving test. When it comes to B licence, the student","id":"14887357"},{"contents":"My Life (film)\n\n\nmake home movies, to immortalize himself, to be shown after his death to his son, so he'll know who his father was, showing him how to cook spaghetti, how to drive, etc. He also begins to visit a Chinese healer named Mr. Ho (Dr. Haing S. Ngor), who urges him to listen to his heart, which is calling him to forgive, and that life is always giving him invitations if he would just listen. At his wife's urging, they fly to his hometown of","id":"18357429"},{"contents":"History of the Brazil national football team\n\n\nPeru knowing how many goals they needed to win by in order to win the phase and qualify for the final match. Although they had the same record as Brazil (1 win, 1 draw) before the \"Seleção\"'s game against Poland, Brazil were in first place in that round on goal difference, having scored two more goals than Argentina. But in its last group match, the Argentine squad defeated Peru 6–0 and thus with the higher second round goal difference of three more goals scored than the Brazilians, the","id":"12203769"},{"contents":"Poker strategy\n\n\ntrue in multi-way pots, where it is likely that one or more opponents will call all the way to showdown. By employing deception, a poker player hopes to induce their opponent(s) to act differently from how they would if they could see their cards. David Sklansky has argued that winning at poker is often decided by how much one player can force another to change his/her style while successfully maintaining their own strategy. Bluffing is a form of deception where players bet strongly on a weak hand to induce opponents","id":"20397269"},{"contents":"Enigma machine\n\n\n), and entered the reflector (6). The reflector returned the current, via an entirely different path, back through the rotors (5) and entry wheel (4), proceeding through plug \"S\" (7) connected with a cable (8) to plug \"D\", and another bi-directional switch (9) to light the appropriate lamp. The repeated changes of electrical path through an Enigma scrambler implemented a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that provided Enigma's security. The diagram on the right shows how","id":"9276289"},{"contents":"William Howe Davis\n\n\nwas re-elected in 1946 and 1950. He resigned in 1954 after Governor Robert B. Meyner appointed him to serve as the Director of the New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control. In response to a request from a bar owner in Atlantic City, New Jersey who was asking to be able to open a \"self-service tavern\", Davis issued an opinion in 1954 forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages using a vending machine, arguing that \"I have not yet heard of a machine that can say 'no'","id":"19033933"},{"contents":"Emerging technologies\n\n\nwhich occur when pre-defined conditions are met. The original idea of a smart contract was conceived by Nick Szabo in 1994, but these original theories about how these smart contracts could work remained unrealised because there was no technology to support programmable agreements and transactions between parties. His example of a smart contract was the vending machine that holds goods until money has been received and then the goods are released to the buyer. The machine holds the property and is able to enforce the contract. There were two main issues that needed","id":"4762090"},{"contents":"Busy Beaver game\n\n\n. A 43-state Turing machine has been constructed that halts iff Goldbach's conjecture is false, and a 27-state machine for that conjecture has been proposed but not yet verified. These are tables of rules for the Turing machines that generate Σ(1) and \"S\"(1), Σ(2) and \"S\"(2), Σ(3) (but not \"S\"(3)), Σ(4) and \"S\"(4), and the best known lower bound for Σ(5) and \"S\"(5), and Σ(6) and \"S\"(6). In the tables,","id":"18844686"},{"contents":"Gender policing\n\n\ndiffer greatly from how an asian heterosexual woman might (etc). An individual's expression of gender is often first policed by their parent(s), as well as other elder authorities such as teachers and day care providers, at a very young age. Gender policing is part of the process of \"gendering\" children, or socializing them in a way considered conventionally appropriate to their assigned sex. Once children are taught gender norms and experience their enforcement, they are likely to begin policing others – both their peers and their elders","id":"20543392"},{"contents":"Full-line vending\n\n\ninstall their own machines by promising to lower prices, stock the machine with the manager's favorite candies, or provide better service (e.g. servicing the machine the same day if a coin jam or bill validator becomes jammed). For operators, soda/snack machines have the advantage that many locations recognize the need for such machines. Many locations will, in fact, take the initiative to contact a vending company to request installation of a machine. Moreover, companies recognize the difficulty in moving these machines and are less likely to","id":"5985241"},{"contents":"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\n\n\nWhitney\", criticized the song, commenting that \"not taking any chances, the songwriters [Merill Griffith and Shannon Rubicam] have simply come up with a clever anagram of their original hit [How Will I Know], and [Narada Michael] Walden has glossed it over in an identically perky style. The strategy is not so different from that behind Hollywood's blockbuster sequels: this is 'How Will I Know II'.\" \"Los Angeles Times\"'s pop music critic, Robert Hilburn described the song as","id":"9670771"},{"contents":"Dream Within a Dream Tour\n\n\n's just gonna be really different. [...] You're gonna learn a lot more about her as a person. The show is gonna be really about how she's becoming a woman, how she's finding herself and her independence. She knows what she wants to do, she knows who she wants to be, and that's what the show's about.\" The stage was designed by production designer Steven Cohen and production manager Rob Brenner for the HBO special. This was the first time Spears","id":"9876238"},{"contents":"Revaluation of the Turkish lira\n\n\nIt also caused trouble to businesses using vending machines (particularly at airports) in the eurozone since a number of vending machines at the time accepted the 1 new lira coin as a €2 coin. Since €2 is worth roughly four times more, vending machines affected had to be upgraded at the expense of their owners. Banknotes, referred to by the Central Bank as the \"E-8 Emission Group\", were introduced in 2005 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 new lira.","id":"17122339"},{"contents":"T. S. Eliot\n\n\n\" Eliot also made significant contributions to the field of literary criticism, strongly influencing the school of New Criticism. He was somewhat self-deprecating and minimising of his work and once said his criticism was merely a \"by-product\" of his \"private poetry-workshop\" But the critic William Empson once said, \"I do not know for certain how much of my own mind [Eliot] invented, let alone how much of it is a reaction against him or indeed a consequence of misreading him. He is","id":"11280298"},{"contents":"Benoît David\n\n\nknowing how long it's going to take me to get better, I feel much better there's somebody doing the shows and taking the music to the fans.\" David joined Mystery, a band led by Michel St-Père, as the lead singer in 1999. He appears on 2007's \"Beneath the Veil of Winter's Face\", 2010's \"One Among the Living\" and 2012's \"The World is a Game\". While the former was entirely written by St-Père, the latter two","id":"8018663"},{"contents":"M192 Lightweight Ground Mount\n\n\nfor a locking bar connecting the two legs. Additionally, the M192 features an integrated traversing and elevation (T&E) mechanism. Instead of the M122's ratcheting screw method of operation and locking traversing bar, the M192 uses a pair of levers, which unlock the gun's position. The levers are designed to allow the gunner to make \"bold adjustments\" or \"minor adjustments\", depending on how much pressure the gunner uses. Due to its lighter weight and different configuration, it is claimed that machine gun crews can","id":"4931514"},{"contents":"Turing machine\n\n\ncompletely determined by the configuration\" and a \"choice machine\": Turing (1936) does not elaborate further except in a footnote in which he describes how to use an a-machine to \"find all the provable formulae of the [Hilbert] calculus\" rather than use a choice machine. He \"suppose[s] that the choices are always between two possibilities 0 and 1. Each proof will then be determined by a sequence of choices i, i, ..., i (i = 0 or 1, i =","id":"11652100"},{"contents":"Killpop\n\n\n, really, is about how much I still love making music, but also how much I just hate the business side, the numbers side, the people in the suits who try to run stuff, and having to deal with them and having to learn how to talk to them. And, you know, it's frustrating sometimes, but it is what it is. And luckily, we got a great song out of it, and we were able to really paint something really cool with it and just be able","id":"2905507"},{"contents":"Turing's proof\n\n\n(N1) qi Sj Sk L qm (N2) qi Sj Sk R qm (N3) qi Sj Sk N qm In Proof #3 he calls the first of these “Inst{qi Sj Sk L ql}”, and he shows how to write the entire machine S.D as the logical conjunction (logical OR): this string is called “Des(M)”, as in “Description-of-M”. i.e. if the machine prints 0 then 1's and 0's on alternate squares to the right ad","id":"18641062"},{"contents":"Georgia (coffee)\n\n\nLynch's \"Twin Peaks\" advertised Georgia coffee in a 4-part commercial series in 1991. In PlayStation Home, the PlayStation 3's online community-based service, Coca-Cola has placed a vending machine in Home that takes users to a space called the \"Georgia Break Station\". The vending machine also distributes original avatar items and presents, along with \"C-pons\", digital coupons that can be used to get real drinks from real vending machines. This is to promote Georgia series of canned coffee. The","id":"4552471"},{"contents":"Black Starlet\n\n\nmovement, and the rising tide of feminism, the 1970's looked as if it, like the 1960's, would be propelled along by political activism. The movies gave Blacks a way to express their feelings without backlash. With this being said the 1970's era was different, different how? \"Bucks and a Black Movie Boom\" states that \"Then, too, while the 1970's opened with films with some political heat, the age closed with movies that were increasingly more escapist.\" In this era,","id":"14180206"},{"contents":"Medical ethics\n\n\nto \"know\" how likely it is that your treatment will harm a patient. So a physician should go further than not prescribing medications they know to be harmful—he or she should not prescribe medications (or otherwise treat the patient) unless s/he knows that the treatment is unlikely to be harmful; or at the very least, that patient understands the risks and benefits, and that the likely benefits outweigh the likely risks. In practice, however, many treatments carry some risk of harm. In some circumstances","id":"9370596"},{"contents":"Battle of Gettysburg, First Day\n\n\n's Hill on July 1 came to an end. Lee's order has been criticized because it left too much discretion to Ewell. Numerous historians and proponents of the Lost Cause movement (most prominently Jubal Early, despite his own reluctance to support an attack at the time) have speculated how the more aggressive Stonewall Jackson would have acted on this order if he had lived to command this wing of Lee's army, and how differently the second day of battle would have proceeded with Confederate artillery on Cemetery Hill, commanding the length","id":"34876"},{"contents":"Time control\n\n\nvaries considerably. This is the simplest methodology. Each player is assigned a fixed amount of time for the whole game: once a player's main time expires, they lose the game. Each player's clock starts with a specified time (e.g. 1 minute, 10 min etc.). While Player 1 is deciding a move, player 1's clock time is decreasing and Player 2's clock time is increasing. This is similar to how an hourglass works; sand empties from one container and fills into the other.","id":"21221937"},{"contents":"Ansys\n\n\nCEO Ajei S. Gopal was appointed in early 2017. Ansys develops and markets finite element analysis software used to simulate engineering problems. The software creates simulated computer models of structures, electronics, or machine components to simulate strength, toughness, elasticity, temperature distribution, electromagnetism, fluid flow, and other attributes. Ansys is used to determine how a product will function with different specifications, without building test products or conducting crash tests. For example, Ansys software may simulate how a bridge will hold up after years of traffic, how","id":"20213487"},{"contents":"Nanjing Metro\n\n\nyuan for longer journeys. There is a 5% discount for users of the Nanjing Public Utility IC Card. Single journey tickets can be purchased from the ticket vending machine or at a ticket window. The ticket vending machine accepts both coins and bills (¥5 and ¥10). Apart from one-way tickets, fares can be paid with the Nanjing Public Utility IC Card, or \"Jinlingtong\" (). It can be purchased for a refundable fee of 25 yuan (about 3.8 dollars) and refilled at","id":"10931627"},{"contents":"Joint (audio engineering)\n\n\nmodern encoder's joint stereo mode uses M/S stereo for some frames and L/R stereo for others, whichever method yields the best result. Encoders use different algorithms to determine when to switch and how much space to allocate to each channel; quality can suffer if the switching is too frequent or if the side channel doesn't get enough bits. With some encoding software, it is possible to force the use of M/S stereo for all frames, mimicking the joint stereo mode of some early encoders like Xing","id":"8810200"},{"contents":"SmartLink (smart card)\n\n\n10 trips are available at all stations for $26.00 (10 trips at $2.10 each, plus a $5.00 card fee). However, MetroCard Vending Machines (MVMs) at all stations are able to refill the SmartLink cards to a monetary amount equal to 1, 2, 4, 10, 20 and 40 trips as well as the daily or 30 day unlimited passes. $5.00 SmartLink Cards with no trips, ready for charging at any PATH MetroCard Vending Machine, are available from vending machines at 33rd Street,","id":"5473120"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Turing machine examples\\n\\n\\nIt replaces that 0 with a 1, moves one position to the right and enters s again for another round of the loop. This continues until s finds a 0 (this is the 0 in the middle of the two strings of 1s) at which time the machine halts. Another description sees the problem as how to keep track of how many \\\"1\\\"s there are. We can't use one state for each possible number (a state for each of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 etc), because then we'd need infinite states to\",\n \"id\": \"6066390\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"AI control problem\\n\\n\\nabout the matter long and hard.\\\" Different proposals of different kinds of indirect normativity exist, with different, and sometimes unclearly-grounded, meta-goal content (such as \\\"do what I mean\\\" or \\\"do what is right\\\"), and with different non-convergent assumptions for how to practice decision theory and epistemology. As with direct normativity, it is currently unknown how to reliably translate even concepts like \\\"would have\\\" into the 1's and 0's that a machine can act on, and\",\n \"id\": \"21627966\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Turing machine examples\\n\\n\\n\\\" back in with a \\\"1\\\", \\\"then moves on to the next one\\\", marking it with an \\\"0\\\" and repeating the cycle, carrying that \\\"1\\\" across and so on. \\\"With each trip across and back, the marker \\\"0\\\" moves one step closer to the centre\\\". This is how it keeps track of how many \\\"1\\\"'s it has taken across. When it returns, the marker \\\"0\\\" looks like the end of the collection of \\\"1\\\"s\",\n \"id\": \"6066393\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Procedural knowledge\\n\\n\\nAn Introduction, 2nd edition, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995, p. 396). Ordinarily, we would not say that one who is able to recognize a face as attractive is one who knows how to recognize a face as attractive. One knows how to recognize faces as attractive no more than one knows how to recognize certain arrangements of leptons, quarks, etc. as tables. Recognizing faces as attractive, like recognizing certain arrangements of leptons, quarks, etc. as tables, is simply something that one\",\n \"id\": \"18974137\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"El Metropolitano\\n\\n\\nUS$0.83) for regular commuters. This originally was S/. 1.50, but it was raised in December 2012 to S/. 2.00 and then raised again so that by February, 2015 (or earlier) it was S/2.50). The card can be bought at a vending machine, which is available on every station, and will cost S/. 4.50. It can be charged up to S/. 100.00. The machines accept both coins and bills, but payment with bank cards (either debit or credit) is not possible. There are separate\",\n \"id\": \"2344574\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vending machine\\n\\n\\nwith more and more machines accepting $5 bills. This is an advantage to the vendor because it virtually eliminates the need for a bill changer. Larger corporations with cafeterias will often request full line vending with food service. A newspaper vending machine or newspaper rack is a vending machine designed to distribute newspapers. Newspaper vending machines are used worldwide, and they can be one of the main distribution methods for newspaper publishers. According to the Newspaper Association of America, in recent times in the United States, circulation via newspaper vending machines\",\n \"id\": \"19907740\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Miles Straume\\n\\n\\ndefinitely hiding something.\\\" Asked if Miles is much like him, Leung responded with \\\"I don't think I'm that similar. Um, I don't know—I guess I have moments.\\\" Leung said that \\\"Miles doesn't know how to be social, which is great, because I don't know how to be social.\\\" He has also stated that Miles \\\"trust[s] the dead more than the living\\\" and is intrigued as to whom Miles grieves for. Leung stated that \\\"He seems\",\n \"id\": \"18495937\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Monumental Vending\\n\\n\\nin need of repair and was one of the first vending companies anywhere to use handheld technology for drivers and to install wireless technology throughout their 2,700 vending machines. Additionally, Monumental Vending also leverages cashless payment options, $1 and $5 bill acceptors, \\\"ShureVend\\\" technology, and the newest energy-efficient machines. Monumental Vending offers a full line of Coke and Pepsi products, fruit juices, water, sports drinks, energy drinks and more. Monumental Vending provides snacks from manufacturers including Frito-Lay, Utz, Nabisco\",\n \"id\": \"5306806\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"View factor\\n\\n\\narrives\\\" at a \\\"target\\\" surface. In that case, it generally does not make sense to sum view factors as view factor from \\\"A\\\" and view factor from \\\"B\\\" (above) are essentially different units. \\\"C\\\" may see 10% of \\\"A\\\" 's radiation and 50% of \\\"B\\\" 's radiation and 20% of \\\"C\\\" 's radiation, but without knowing how much each radiates, it does not even make sense to say that \\\"C\\\" receives 80%\",\n \"id\": \"1417436\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dancer in the Dark\\n\\n\\n's home, knowing she can't see him, and watches as she puts some money in her kitchen tin. Selma works an extra shift at the factory, asking if it’s “always been so dark in here” and, due to being nearly blind, accidentally breaks a machine and is fired from her job. When she comes home to put her final wages away she finds the tin is empty; she goes next door to report the theft to Bill and Linda, only to hear Linda discussing how Bill has\",\n \"id\": \"16302297\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Full-line vending\\n\\n\\nrequest removal, unless the operator does a poor job of servicing the machine. Almost all soda and snack machines have vend counters that track how many items are sold, making it difficult for an employee to steal money. The machines themselves, being large and heavy, are difficult to steal without drawing attention, compared to most bulk vending machines. Soda and snack machines are relatively expensive, unless they are obtained through a third-party vending program. Compared to bulk vending machines, full line vending machines take a long time\",\n \"id\": \"5985242\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Turing machine examples\\n\\n\\nthe other side to know it's reached the end. It comes back using the same method, detecting the middle \\\"0\\\", and then the \\\"0\\\" on the original side. This \\\"0\\\" on the original side is the key to the puzzle of how it keeps track of the number of 1's. The trick is that before carrying the \\\"1\\\", it marks that digit as \\\"taken\\\" by replacing it with an \\\"0\\\". When it returns, it fills that \\\"0\",\n \"id\": \"6066392\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Poove Poochooda Vaa\\n\\n\\nto get inside the home. Sundari explains how she knows about her grandmother and how she came here etc. but Poongavanathamma does not respond to anything. Sundari, being a mischievous girl starts her prank with the neighbour David (S. V. Sekhar), a young man by scaring him with the demon's face mask while he is working out on his terrace. She befriends the boys who irritate her grandmother and play all sorts of pranks and becomes the loving girl in her area. Sundari finds that her grandma likes yellow color\",\n \"id\": \"14149265\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)\\n\\n\\ncodice_5', 'codice_8' and 'codice_6' is available as constants codice_10, codice_11 and codice_12 etc. The standard constants codice_39 and codice_40 can be used to determine how many 'codice_3's and 'codice_4's can be usefully prefixed to 'codice_43' and 'codice_44'. The actually size of the 'codice_43', 'codice_46' and 'codice_44' is available as constants codice_48, codice_49 and codice_50 etc. With the constants codice_51, codice_52 and codice_53 available for each type's machine epsilon. The value of\",\n \"id\": \"14929685\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Patrick Swayze\\n\\n\\ninto therapy, into Scientology, into Transcendental Meditation. I was trying to support that side of myself. But, you know, in Texas there isn't much support for that part of you.\\\" He also had said he was interested in and loved looking into different [religious] belief systems and faith[s], how it matters to other people, and how these various religious teachings are important to him in his world. Swayze entered rehab treatment for alcoholism in the 1990s. After an initial recovery, he temporarily withdrew\",\n \"id\": \"17296466\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vending machine\\n\\n\\nmore likely to be open during the evening and on weekends than venues such as offices that host soft drink and snack machines. The Bulk vending machines of today provide many different vending choices with the use of adjustable gumball and candy wheels. Adjustable gumball wheels allow an operator to not only offer the traditional 1-inch gumball, but they can also vend larger gumballs, and non-edible items such as toy capsules and bouncy balls . Adjustable candy wheels allow an operator to offer a variety of pressed candies, jelly candy, and even\",\n \"id\": \"19907738\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Creep-testing machine\\n\\n\\ncreep machine consists of a loading platform, foundation, fixture devices and furnace. The fixture devices are the grips and pull rods. Creep machines are most commonly used in experiments to determine how efficient and stable a material is. The machine is used by students and companies to create a creep curve on how much pressure and stress a material can handle. The machine is able to calculate the stress rate, time and pressure. Creep testing has three different applications in the industry: Creep is dependent on time so the curve that\",\n \"id\": \"20404166\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"1st Battalion, 24th Marines\\n\\n\\nfrom supporting the insurgents to supporting the American-led effort in Iraq. Lt. Col. Harold R. \\\"Odie\\\" Van Opdorp, 2/24's battalion commander, credited much of the battalion’s success to its S-2 section, and how it had closely integrated intelligence on improvised explosive devices and other enemy activities with current operations. For 1/24’s deployment to Fallujah, it recruited two key intelligence officers from 2/24. Capitalizing on their experience and the systems that they had developed in the Babil Province, 1/24 was able to capture and\",\n \"id\": \"13876564\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of artificial intelligence\\n\\n\\nfor the machine, Searle argued, then the machine can not be described as \\\"thinking\\\". These critiques were not taken seriously by AI researchers, often because they seemed so far off the point. Problems like intractability and commonsense knowledge seemed much more immediate and serious. It was unclear what difference \\\"know how\\\" or \\\"intentionality\\\" made to an actual computer program. Minsky said of Dreyfus and Searle \\\"they misunderstand, and should be ignored.\\\" Dreyfus, who taught at MIT, was given a cold shoulder\",\n \"id\": \"6611297\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Banker's algorithm\\n\\n\\n) total_available = available_resources - np.sum(currently_allocated, axis=0) running = np.ones(n_processes) # An array with n_processes 1's to indicate if process is yet to run while np.count_nonzero(running) 0: print('Safe') Like the other algorithms, the Banker's algorithm has some limitations when implemented. Specifically, it needs to know how much of each resource a process could possibly request. In most systems, this information is unavailable, making it impossible to implement the Banker's algorithm. Also, it is unrealistic to assume that the number of processes is\",\n \"id\": \"9721153\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Perry Mason moment\\n\\n\\n's expert witness on the breath-testing machine used by the police told him \\\"you know that machine better than I do,\\\" while being cross-examined. But many of those that do occur are, like the Simpson and Menendez examples above, the result of careful planning or calculated risks by the trial attorneys. Morley Swingle, the elected prosecuting attorney for Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, and a published mystery novelist, recounts how his extensive preparation for the cross-examination of an expert witness led to a Perry\",\n \"id\": \"9813644\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Oregon Bottle Bill\\n\\n\\nchief stewardship officer for OBRC told \\\"Mail Tribune\\\" there have been instances of people attempting to redeem cans that have already been redeemed through a machine. State of Oregon provides information for how to identify containers that have already been redeemed through a machine. \\\"Cans that have been fed through a reverse vending machine will have small square indentations or perforations and will be fairly symmetrically crushed, and bottles will have a crushed neck.\\\" Redemption of out-of-state containers is considered a fraud and prohibited by the bottle bill\",\n \"id\": \"20032653\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"MC's Act Like They Don't Know\\n\\n\\nLike They Don't Know/Represent the Real Hip-Hop\\\" single, it has appeared on many compilation albums. It appeared on compilations including 1996's \\\"Hip Hop's Most Wanted\\\", 1997's \\\"Gangsta Hip Hop, Vol. 5\\\", \\\"Hot Joints, Vol. 1\\\", 1999's \\\"Best of D&D Studios, Vol. 1\\\", 1999's \\\"Discover the Rhythm of Hip Hop\\\", 1999's \\\"Ill Rated\\\", 1999's \\\"Real Hip-Hop: Best of\",\n \"id\": \"5050166\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Book of David\\n\\n\\n\\\"I figure how to come back to music I've done every Breakbeat every Drum pattern that you can possibly do and all the while I feel like I got away from the music that made me want to get into the industry from people like Prince, The Time, The Force M.D.s you know some of these 80's hip hop kind of records and even Michael Jackson used the Roland TR-808 drum machine so I kind of got back into raw drum machines going back to the old drums cause they all got character, so\",\n \"id\": \"8851066\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"C. D. Howe\\n\\n\\nand Howe's bill was to establish a National Harbours Board. The debate in the House went smoothly until Howe angered the opposition by declaring that, during Bennett's government, the Conservatives had been corrupt. Despite what became a much more bitter debate, Howe's bill carried. According to Leslie Roberts in his biography of Howe, \\\"This was the Howe the country would soon come to know much better, the Howe on the rampage, the Howe who is impatient of criticism and deplores the debates and delays inherent in the\",\n \"id\": \"1678753\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Suzie Higgie\\n\\n\\nyou know, laid back... I had a few songs that I'd already written, and because my partner Matt [Crosbie], he's been Nick Cave's live engineer for over twenty years, so I'd got to know the guys through him, I heard Conway [Savage]'s piano playing and got to know his stuff he did and I thought, 'That's something different, let's get together with Conway, if he's interested.'… And that's pretty much how it came about\",\n \"id\": \"12806284\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Epistemic humility\\n\\n\\n, (ii) S knows how to live well, (iii) S lives well, and (iv) S's living well is caused by S's knowledge about how to live well. Ryan explains her interpretation of Socratic epistemic humility as follows:\\\"Only a free agent could have wisdom. A wise person knows how to live well under a wide variety of circumstances. In addition, a wise person succeeds at living as best as she can given the circumstances she is in. A wise person's success at living is caused\",\n \"id\": \"604818\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Group cognition\\n\\n\\nproduction of utterances is visible; interactions are text-based so they lack intonation, personality, accent; the topics are math problem solving, rather than socializing; the participants are primarily teenage students engaged in learning, not adult domain experts; the groups are usually 3 to 5 instead of dyads; the participants generally do not know each other or know much about each other; etc. The VMT Project's analysis looks closely, line-by-line, at how chat postings build upon each other sequentially; how they\",\n \"id\": \"9968982\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Photek discography\\n\\n\\nShopping' S. 1 Ep. 4 (2014) [43min] (TV Series) [ABC / Shondaland / Nowalk Entertainment] Composer (All Episodes) How To Get Away With Murder, 'We're Not Friends' S. 1 Ep.5 (2014) [43min] (TV Series) [ABC / Shondaland / Nowalk Entertainment] Composer (All Episodes) How To Get Away With Murder, 'Freakin' Whack-a-Mole' S. 1 Ep. 6 (2014) [43min] (TV Series)\",\n \"id\": \"18410760\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gautier Capuçon\\n\\n\\nand how much bow speed you can put on it. It is an instrument that you really need to know to be able to play; it is not like a Montagnana or a Stradivarius. Montagnana, for example - most of them are really easy to play. So in a way, on the Goffriller, I probably search more and look more for different things.\\\" Describing a Montagnana cello as his \\\"dream\\\" instrument of choice, he said: \\\"I hope one day to be able to play on a\",\n \"id\": \"20302257\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vending machine\\n\\n\\nevery twenty-five people. Regarding to the development of advanced technology, Japanese vending machines have been providing more services by selling different kinds of products. Not only food, smartphones, SIM cards and even underpants can be found. Apart from the most popular drinks vending machines, Japanese vending machines also offer certain products depending on the demand and need for different locations. For example, products like sanitary napkins and tampon can be found in vending machines in the female restrooms while condoms vendors are usually located in the male restrooms.\",\n \"id\": \"19907752\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Green Book (IRA)\\n\\n\\nremoval of his (her) ignorance about how to handle weapons, military tactics, security, interrogations etc. An O.C.'s [Commanding Officer] might be how to put a unit on a military footing; an I.O.'s [Intelligence Officer] how to create an effective intelligence network; a Cumann na mBan Chairman's how best to mount a campaign on a given issue, e.g. H Blocks etc., and for all members of the movement regardless of which branch we belong to, to enhance our commitment to and participation\",\n \"id\": \"17689954\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"United Football League (2009–2012)\\n\\n\\n's severe financial problems and philosophical differences with the league's owners on how to move forward. Instead, the league dispensed, at least for the time being, with a central office and owners Bill Hambrecht (Las Vegas) and Bill Mayer (Virginia) oversee the league's business operations, while Locos' coach/president Jim Fassel oversees football operations. Before the fourth season starts, a rebuilding and restocking of personnel will need to take place. To conserve much-needed funds the Virginia Destroyers relocated to much smaller office\",\n \"id\": \"3660350\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ferdinand N. Kahler\\n\\n\\nstorage facilities for \\\"seed potatoes, eggs, etc.\\\". In September 1914, Kahler capitalized The Electric Machine Company in New Albany, Indiana with a $6,000 investment. Its principal business was the manufacture and sales of electric vending machines. Production of electrically heated popcorn machines commenced in the kitchen cabinet factory building adjacent to The Kahler Co.'s main factory. By January, 1915, it was reported \\\"contracts have already been made for the distribution of 560 of the machines. Two kinds are made, one a counter\",\n \"id\": \"17597501\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Currency-counting machine\\n\\n\\ncan count the bills. By comparing an image of each bill to pattern recognition criteria, the machine can figure out the denominations of the bills and how much genuine money was placed in the compartment. Fully electronic counters that are able to count batches of notes or of coins without having to process them individually, were introduced in Great Britain in 1980 and are now widely used by banks, retailers and food service outlets in many parts of the world. They are faster and more versatile than the traditional notes-only & coins\",\n \"id\": \"13118837\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"K.C. Munchkin!\\n\\n\\n's work.\\\" The ruling was one of the first to establish how copyright law would apply to the look and feel of computer software. \\\"Munchkin\\\" plays much like \\\"Pac-Man\\\", with the following key differences: After \\\"Munchkin\\\" was forced off the market, Philips released a sequel called \\\"K.C.'s Krazy Chase!\\\" (\\\"Crazy Chase\\\" outside the U.S.) which implicitly depicts the conflict between Phillips and Atari by pitting the Munchkin character against an insect-like, tree-eating opponent\",\n \"id\": \"20009287\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Robert Wilson (director)\\n\\n\\n's \\\"\\\", Tom Kamm, describes his philosophy: \\\"a set for Wilson is a canvas for the light to hit like paint\\\". He explains, \\\"If you know how to light, you can make shit look like gold. I paint, I build, I compose with light. Light is a magic wand\\\". Wilson is \\\"the only major director to get billing as a lighting designer\\\" and is recognized by some as \\\"the greatest light artist of our time\\\". He designs with light\",\n \"id\": \"16094000\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"NBA 2K9\\n\\n\\nforgive the absence of multiplayer, especially when you consider how much game there is still is to play. There are tidbits built in to appease casual fans, but theres no question that with things like Bird Years making their way into this years game that \\\"2K9\\\" is made for aficionados. Even still, anyone who has seen a pro game will be able to find the similarities and the finite details that make \\\"NBA 2K9\\\" the best game in town.\\\" GameTrailers complimented the PS3 version's overall presentation, crowd\",\n \"id\": \"8301277\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bodyswap (Red Dwarf)\\n\\n\\nrank who can over-ride the self-destruct. Although this fails, the group find that the scutter only connected the vending machine to the self-destruct countdown and not the ship's self-destruct bomb, when it vends Lister's order. They are soon left annoyed when Holly admits to having removed the bomb years ago and failed to notify anyone of this. Following the experience, the mind-swap experiment soon gives Rimmer an idea on how to be able to enjoy life again. He promptly convinces Lister\",\n \"id\": \"2471497\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of EastEnders characters (2018)\\n\\n\\n's identity was embargoed. It was later revealed that Jessica is a sex worker and knows Rainie Branning. Lee liked how Jessica was proud of her occupation and how the character acknowledges the difference between a prostitute and a sex worker. She added, \\\"I was really passionate about what [Jessica] stood for, as I think we both share the same disdain for unfair judgement, and that's probably where I see myself in her.\\\" Lee received a positive reaction to her Dublin accent and Jessica's bond with Jay\",\n \"id\": \"11023482\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dechen Shak-Dagsay\\n\\n\\ntents etc. In 2011, Swiss Bernina Sewing machine company sponsored another 12 new Bernina machines. From these 5 machines are shipped to Chokri-Tehor and the rest are sent to Tailoring School TCV in Dharamasala, India through the kind guidance of Dalai Lama's sister Jetsun Pema-la. All the machines have reached Dharamshala and Swiss Bernina Delhi Branch is giving now the required know-how training at Dharamsala. In the year 2011 Dechen also managed to start this time another snowballing rolling effect project for the talented young Tibetan youths\",\n \"id\": \"1106893\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Linear logic\\n\\n\\n, we can thus embed classical first-order logic into linear first-order logic. Lafont (1993) first showed how intuitionistic linear logic can be explained as a logic of resources, so providing the logical language with access to formalisms that can be used for reasoning about resources within the logic itself, rather than, as in classical logic, by means of non-logical predicates and relations. Antony Hoare (1985)'s classical example of the vending machine can be used to illustrate this idea. Suppose we represent having\",\n \"id\": \"14246815\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hov, Faroe Islands\\n\\n\\nthe village know when there was work for them. That was before the phone was a possibility. The house was in bad shape a few years ago, but now it has been restored. Some interesting items and old books with peoples names and how much they earned etc. are still in the house. The house was first located in Vágur, but it was moved to Hov, just like the church was. Fiskastovan á Mýri is used for many different purposes: Art exhibitions, café, small concerts, lectures,\",\n \"id\": \"12873896\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bulk vending\\n\\n\\nIn 1963, Josef Schwarzli founded Beaver Machine Corporation, designing and manufacturing his own equipment that eventually sold into over 100 different countries worldwide. In 1949, Roger C. Folz purchased his first vending machine; Folz Vending was the largest operator of bulk vending equipment in the United States, owning and operating over 150,000 machines nationwide at their peak. In 1950, the United States Treasury Department attempted to impose gambling excise taxes on bulk vendors on the grounds that there was no way for consumers to know for sure which gumball or other product\",\n \"id\": \"3563337\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nick Xenophon\\n\\n\\n's support, the Gillard Government legislated for mandatory pre-commitment technology which would require people using high-bet machines to pre-commit how much they were willing to bet on a machine before actually playing, as well as introducing safer $1 maximum bet per spin machines, which would not require pre-commitment. The plan came under sustained attack from sporting clubs and various businesses that financially benefit from poker machine use. In September 2011, Xenophon controversially used parliamentary privilege to accuse a Catholic priest of rape, in regard\",\n \"id\": \"10735840\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Housewife (film)\\n\\n\\n's court testimony, Bill realizes how good she is as a wife and mother and how much he loves and needs her, and the two decide to reconcile. Frank S. Nugent of \\\"The New York Times\\\" observed, \\\"A characteristic of a poor boxer is that he telegraphs his punches. In \\\"Housewife\\\" . . . the dramatic punches are not merely telegraphed, but radioed. About the most unexpected element of the film is the bewildering regularity with which the unexpected fails to happen . . . Mr. Brent and\",\n \"id\": \"4271368\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)\\n\\n\\nBusiness Times\\\" rated 4/5 and said, \\\"Amar Akbar Anthony is sure to make you laugh with some fresh homage comedy throughout. It also asks the youngsters to be more reactant to the social issues of these days as in the 80's\\\", and also commented that the film will take us back to the days of good old comedy entertainers of the late 80's and 90's in Malayalam films with modern elements of story presentation. Sify.com said, \\\"How much you enjoy Amar Akbar Anthony will depend on your liking\",\n \"id\": \"10586294\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pat (Saturday Night Live)\\n\\n\\nthe kind of body language of Pat. I started trying to do him. I was testing it out on my friends and they were just like, 'Yeah, it's good, but it doesn't seem like a guy that much.' Like I couldn't quite pull off being in drag convincingly enough. So then I thought, maybe \\\"that\\\"'s the joke. I'll just have one joke in here about how we don't know if that's a man or a woman just to sort of\",\n \"id\": \"21980968\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Canonical form\\n\\n\\nrespect to an equivalence relation \\\"R\\\" on a set \\\"S\\\" is a mapping \\\"c\\\":\\\"S\\\"→\\\"S\\\" such that for all \\\"s\\\", \\\"s\\\", \\\"s\\\" ∈ \\\"S\\\": Property 3 is redundant, it follows by applying 2 to 1. In practical terms, one wants to be able to recognize the canonical forms. There is also a practical, algorithmic question to consider: how to pass from a given object \\\"s\\\" in \\\"S\\\" to its canonical form \\\"s\\\"\",\n \"id\": \"846872\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Russian-American Industrial Corporation\\n\\n\\nimport garment-making machinery and organizational know-how to Soviet Russia in a tangible effort to aid the successful development of the Russian Revolution. The idea to establish a corporation for the construction of clothing factories was born in the summer of 1921. Already in that year there was a model American-inspired industrial colony established in the Kuznetsk Basin of Western Siberia, the brainchild of émigré IWW activist William \\\"Big Bill\\\" Haywood and Dutch communist S. J. Rutgers. This input of American organizational know-how and technology had been\",\n \"id\": \"11069717\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"How Do You Know\\n\\n\\nHow Do You Know is a 2010 American romantic comedy-drama film directed, written, and produced by James L. Brooks and starring Reese Witherspoon, Paul Rudd, Owen Wilson, and Jack Nicholson. It was the third film to feature Witherspoon and Rudd following 1998’s \\\"Overnight Delivery\\\" and 2009’s \\\"Monsters vs. Aliens\\\". The film was shot in Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.. \\\"How Do You Know\\\" was released theatrically on December 17, 2010, and was a box office bomb, grossing $49\",\n \"id\": \"21161028\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Brian Fallon\\n\\n\\nspinner.com referring to The Gaslight Anthem's 2010 album \\\"American Slang\\\", \\\"There are no religious songs and there never would be because the four of us, we all have different views, completely different religions...I'm very cautious not to push that on the band.\\\" Much of the lyrics on The Gaslight Anthem's 2014 album, \\\"Get Hurt\\\" were inspired by his divorce. Fallon said “Sometimes, I don’t even know how it happened. I don’t even know how it got like this.\",\n \"id\": \"12559582\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Major League Baseball on CBS\\n\\n\\n's stations in Phoenix (KOOL-TV), Little Rock (KTHV) and Cedar Rapids (KGAN-TV) were finally receiving the broadcasts. Bud Blattner said \\\"America had never had TV network ball. Now you're getting two games a week [four, counting NBC, by ].\\\" In , Dizzy Dean ruffled the feathers of CBS Sports head Bill MacPhail when he said \\\"I don't know how we come off callin' this the 'Game of the Week'. There's a much better\",\n \"id\": \"18694376\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mohammad Alavi (game developer)\\n\\n\\nmotion capture footage as an actor. According to \\\"PC Gamer\\\", its difficult to know the details of Alavi's design and scripting in the game, however his influence is apparent in \\\"how \\\"Titanfall\\\"s on-map AI allies support the player\\\". In an interview, Alavi stated that he was heavily involved in different aspects of the project, including AI design, gameplay and level design. He also bore much responsibility for the game involving a narrative component at all, pushing for longer and different introductions to each\",\n \"id\": \"19064109\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Vending machine\\n\\n\\nnuts. A full-line vending company may set up several types of vending machines that sell a wide range of products. Products may include candy, cookies, chips, fresh fruit, milk, cold food, coffee and other hot drinks, bottles, cans of soda, and even frozen products like ice cream. These products can be sold from machines that include hot coffee, snack, cold food, 20-oz. bottle machines, and glass-front bottle machines. In the United States, almost all machines accept bills\",\n \"id\": \"19907739\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jesús Rafael Soto\\n\\n\\nThis is how in \\\"Estructura Cinética\\\" (1957) the frames that had been drawn on plexiglass become real elements: metal rods welded between them. Soto’s works become real special objects that visitors are able to penetrate. In the 50’s and beginning of 60’s, starting from his basic concept of matter and space as different manifestations of energy, Soto had already structured the conceptual platform of his plastic language. Works like \\\"Escritura\\\" and \\\"Muro de Bruselas,\\\" both from 1958, already contain all the\",\n \"id\": \"8348380\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"R-S-T system\\n\\n\\n. Readability is a qualitative assessment of how easy or difficult it is to correctly copy the information being sent during the transmission. In a Morse code telegraphy transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is to distinguish each of the characters in the text of the message being sent; in a voice transmission, readability refers to how easy or difficult it is for each spoken word to be understood correctly. Readability is measured on a scale of 1 to 5. The S stands for \\\"Strength\\\". Strength is an\",\n \"id\": \"380253\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shock-No-Par\\n\\n\\n, Tim Dickinson of \\\"Mother Jones Magazine\\\" hailed the album as adventurous and \\\"easy to love\\\" despite its unusual sound. Ian Danzig of \\\"Exclaim!\\\" commented that the act's sonic landscape is populated by \\\"[s]trange gurgles and squelches,\\\" highlighting how the \\\"mad scientist-type machines that will take us into the next century.\\\" He highlighted how the album's dark pop songs inhabit \\\"a world of sensory overload, but an overload of samples and analogue sounds we know.\\\" In a\",\n \"id\": \"9162116\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Yung L.A.\\n\\n\\n, you know how much that hurt me. You'll suppose to be my family, I'm out here rocking you'll P$C chain, n**** i'm getting into beef with n****'s in the streets cause Tip got beef with Shawty Lo and these n****'s got beef with these n****'s way before I came to Grand Hustle. I had just got into Grand Hustle I'm picking you'll n****'s beef you\",\n \"id\": \"4244810\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jack Nicklaus 5\\n\\n\\nif you're willing to suspend disbelief a little, it begins to feel like the real thing.\\\" Mark Cooke of Game Revolution considered the game to be as hard as real golf, which he believed \\\"a lot of people aren't looking for\\\" in a golfing video game. Cooke felt the game was too realistic and wrote, \\\"You really have to practice, know which clubs to use, know how much to compensate your drives for the wind, and know how to putt.\\\" Regarding its graphics and\",\n \"id\": \"3858545\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Infinitive (Ancient Greek)\\n\\n\\nashamed to\\\", \\\"forbid to\\\", \\\"hinder, prevent\\\" etc.) and verbs or verbal expressions denoting \\\"ability, fitness, necessity, capacity, etc.\\\" (, \\\"be able to\\\", , \\\"know how to\\\", \\\"learn to\\\", , \\\"I am able to\\\", \\\"it is fair/right to\\\", \\\"it is necessary to\\\", \\\"it is time to\\\" etc.). It can also be found \\\"after adjectives (and sometimes\",\n \"id\": \"19878949\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bedelia Du Maurier\\n\\n\\n's inscrutable to the audience, and I think that's really important... we're told too much these days about what to think and how to feel and know too much before we see it, and I think one of the things that intrigues me about some of the characters that I choose to play is that they're enigmatic, and I like to keep them enigmatic.\\\" Anderson's portrayal of Du Maurier was praised, particularly for the third season of the series. Anderson received a nomination of the 2013 Online Film\",\n \"id\": \"21118914\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Scientific misconceptions\\n\\n\\nsuch as coherence, stability, context-dependence, range of application etc. Misconceptions can be broken down into five basic categories,(Alkhalifa, 2006) 1) preconceived notions; 2) nonscientific beliefs; 3) conceptual misunderstandings; 4) vernacular misconceptions; and 5) factual misconceptions (e.g., Committee on Undergraduate Science Education, 1997). Preconceived notions are thinking about a concept in only one way. Specially heat, gravity, and energy. Once a person knows how something works it is difficult to imagine it working a different\",\n \"id\": \"19000504\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Asymptomatic carrier\\n\\n\\ntheir efforts towards understanding how specific bacteria thrive in human hosts in the hopes of determining a universal understanding of asymptomatic transmission. Numerous research publications have demonstrated how salmonella is able to remain in immune cells and alter their metabolic systems in order to further transmit the disease. Utilizing a closely related strand of bacterium (\\\"S. typhimurium\\\"), scientists have been able to create a mouse model that mimics the persistent salmonella cases seen in carriers of typhoid. Knowing that the bacterium can reside in mice for their entire lives, researchers have\",\n \"id\": \"10864616\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Unapologetic Bitch\\n\\n\\n\\\" applauded the line, \\\"you never really knew how much you loved me till you lost me\\\", calling it \\\"the killer nugget of this track\\\", which she labelled \\\"[w]icked good,\\\" while \\\"Time\\\"s Jamieson Cox thought that it was \\\"fun to hear Madonna deliver a line like, 'It might sound like I’m an unapologetic bitch / but sometimes you know I gotta call I like it is' because she has three’ decades worth of unapologetic bitchiness in her back pocket. It\",\n \"id\": \"2163845\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bulk vending\\n\\n\\nBulk vending is the sale of unsorted confections, nuts, gumballs, toys and novelties (in capsules) selected at random and dispensed generally through non-electrically operated vending machines. Bulk vending is a separate segment of the vending industry from full line vending — i.e., the snack and soda vending industries — and involves different products and strategies. Bulk vending represents less than 1% of the total vending industry. Bulk vending dates back at least to the late 19th century. Vending machines were widely used in Europe before they became\",\n \"id\": \"3563334\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate\\n\\n\\n, while a new system of Character Points is supposed to let the players know how good their opponents are with the currently selected fighters (similar to \\\"Street Fighter IV\\\"s Battle Points), as well as their world rank. Similar to in \\\"DOA5 Plus\\\", the players are also able to choose their own custom music outside \\\"Dead or Alive\\\" series for the fights; \\\"Ultimate\\\" also features' the returning characters' past themes. The game comes with new costumes for all characters and includes some of downloadable\",\n \"id\": \"22057755\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of cover versions of U2 songs\\n\\n\\nU2's first arrival in New York City in 1980, with Bono remarking it was an \\\"amazing, magical time in our life, when we didn't know how powerful it was not to know.\\\" \\\"Desire\\\" is the lead single from U2's 1988 album, \\\"Rattle and Hum\\\". It was their first #1 single in the UK and their first #1 on the newly instated Modern Rock Tracks chart. \\\"Discothèque\\\" is the lead single and opening track from the 1997 album, \\\"Pop\",\n \"id\": \"22117324\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hidden Children\\n\\n\\nThe child would have to be able to behave as all the other Catholic convent children behaved - know his prayers, know how to handle a rosary, know how to behave during mass, etc. All these skills the child would have to learn very fast. In this case, at least one of the nuns, and generally more, would have to know that the child was actually Jewish and \\\"hiding.\\\" Once again, the lives of the nuns were in extreme danger if the Nazis were to find out this\",\n \"id\": \"19945904\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"John Barrowman\\n\\n\\n's afternoon show \\\"5's Company\\\" from 1997–1999. Barrowman read bedtime stories on the CBeebies channel between 1 and 5 May 2006. That summer, Barrowman was on a Judges panel with Andrew Lloyd Webber, David Ian, and Zoe Tyler on BBC One's music talent show \\\"How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?\\\". In the same year, Barrowman made two television appearances on New Year's Eve: He talked about spirituality and civil partnerships on BBC Television's \\\"Heaven & Earth\\\", hosted by\",\n \"id\": \"11560502\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"What Engineers Know and How They Know It\\n\\n\\nprocess tends to seem more ordered and intentional—less blind—than it usually is.” However, Vincenti uses the differences between the Wright brothers and the French to show there is a range in how we manage blindness to variations. The Wright brothers designed a flying machine before the French even though they started experimenting at roughly the same time. The French 1) appealed to what little was known about the Wrights/Langley, 2) mental imaginings of what might succeed, and 3) guidance from growing flight experience.\",\n \"id\": \"4218729\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Centre for the Study of Human Learning\\n\\n\\nenabled to learn how to thoroughly understand in personal terms much of what they need to know when and how they need to know it. And to do this in clearer and more applicable terms than their education seems to have allowed them to achieve. Whilst doing this, Sheila Harri-Augstein and Laurie Thomas invented, and indeed created, {and during the period 1962 up until the present day have gradually continued to improve both the concept and the practical reality of Self-Organised-Learning (S-O-L)\",\n \"id\": \"4310478\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Driving licence in Sweden\\n\\n\\n/h and 90 km/h. If the student has passed these tests, a driving test in the city is performed, and then on a highway. The student must be able to handle traffic, know the traffic rules and be able to handle the acceleration of the motorcycle. The student must show knowledge of how to do a standard check of the vehicle, like checking the brakes, the brake fluid, the lights etc. Then there is the driving test. When it comes to B licence, the student\",\n \"id\": \"14887357\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"My Life (film)\\n\\n\\nmake home movies, to immortalize himself, to be shown after his death to his son, so he'll know who his father was, showing him how to cook spaghetti, how to drive, etc. He also begins to visit a Chinese healer named Mr. Ho (Dr. Haing S. Ngor), who urges him to listen to his heart, which is calling him to forgive, and that life is always giving him invitations if he would just listen. At his wife's urging, they fly to his hometown of\",\n \"id\": \"18357429\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of the Brazil national football team\\n\\n\\nPeru knowing how many goals they needed to win by in order to win the phase and qualify for the final match. Although they had the same record as Brazil (1 win, 1 draw) before the \\\"Seleção\\\"'s game against Poland, Brazil were in first place in that round on goal difference, having scored two more goals than Argentina. But in its last group match, the Argentine squad defeated Peru 6–0 and thus with the higher second round goal difference of three more goals scored than the Brazilians, the\",\n \"id\": \"12203769\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Poker strategy\\n\\n\\ntrue in multi-way pots, where it is likely that one or more opponents will call all the way to showdown. By employing deception, a poker player hopes to induce their opponent(s) to act differently from how they would if they could see their cards. David Sklansky has argued that winning at poker is often decided by how much one player can force another to change his/her style while successfully maintaining their own strategy. Bluffing is a form of deception where players bet strongly on a weak hand to induce opponents\",\n \"id\": \"20397269\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Enigma machine\\n\\n\\n), and entered the reflector (6). The reflector returned the current, via an entirely different path, back through the rotors (5) and entry wheel (4), proceeding through plug \\\"S\\\" (7) connected with a cable (8) to plug \\\"D\\\", and another bi-directional switch (9) to light the appropriate lamp. The repeated changes of electrical path through an Enigma scrambler implemented a polyalphabetic substitution cipher that provided Enigma's security. The diagram on the right shows how\",\n \"id\": \"9276289\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"William Howe Davis\\n\\n\\nwas re-elected in 1946 and 1950. He resigned in 1954 after Governor Robert B. Meyner appointed him to serve as the Director of the New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control. In response to a request from a bar owner in Atlantic City, New Jersey who was asking to be able to open a \\\"self-service tavern\\\", Davis issued an opinion in 1954 forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages using a vending machine, arguing that \\\"I have not yet heard of a machine that can say 'no'\",\n \"id\": \"19033933\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Emerging technologies\\n\\n\\nwhich occur when pre-defined conditions are met. The original idea of a smart contract was conceived by Nick Szabo in 1994, but these original theories about how these smart contracts could work remained unrealised because there was no technology to support programmable agreements and transactions between parties. His example of a smart contract was the vending machine that holds goods until money has been received and then the goods are released to the buyer. The machine holds the property and is able to enforce the contract. There were two main issues that needed\",\n \"id\": \"4762090\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Busy Beaver game\\n\\n\\n. A 43-state Turing machine has been constructed that halts iff Goldbach's conjecture is false, and a 27-state machine for that conjecture has been proposed but not yet verified. These are tables of rules for the Turing machines that generate Σ(1) and \\\"S\\\"(1), Σ(2) and \\\"S\\\"(2), Σ(3) (but not \\\"S\\\"(3)), Σ(4) and \\\"S\\\"(4), and the best known lower bound for Σ(5) and \\\"S\\\"(5), and Σ(6) and \\\"S\\\"(6). In the tables,\",\n \"id\": \"18844686\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gender policing\\n\\n\\ndiffer greatly from how an asian heterosexual woman might (etc). An individual's expression of gender is often first policed by their parent(s), as well as other elder authorities such as teachers and day care providers, at a very young age. Gender policing is part of the process of \\\"gendering\\\" children, or socializing them in a way considered conventionally appropriate to their assigned sex. Once children are taught gender norms and experience their enforcement, they are likely to begin policing others – both their peers and their elders\",\n \"id\": \"20543392\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Full-line vending\\n\\n\\ninstall their own machines by promising to lower prices, stock the machine with the manager's favorite candies, or provide better service (e.g. servicing the machine the same day if a coin jam or bill validator becomes jammed). For operators, soda/snack machines have the advantage that many locations recognize the need for such machines. Many locations will, in fact, take the initiative to contact a vending company to request installation of a machine. Moreover, companies recognize the difficulty in moving these machines and are less likely to\",\n \"id\": \"5985241\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\\n\\n\\nWhitney\\\", criticized the song, commenting that \\\"not taking any chances, the songwriters [Merill Griffith and Shannon Rubicam] have simply come up with a clever anagram of their original hit [How Will I Know], and [Narada Michael] Walden has glossed it over in an identically perky style. The strategy is not so different from that behind Hollywood's blockbuster sequels: this is 'How Will I Know II'.\\\" \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\"'s pop music critic, Robert Hilburn described the song as\",\n \"id\": \"9670771\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dream Within a Dream Tour\\n\\n\\n's just gonna be really different. [...] You're gonna learn a lot more about her as a person. The show is gonna be really about how she's becoming a woman, how she's finding herself and her independence. She knows what she wants to do, she knows who she wants to be, and that's what the show's about.\\\" The stage was designed by production designer Steven Cohen and production manager Rob Brenner for the HBO special. This was the first time Spears\",\n \"id\": \"9876238\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Revaluation of the Turkish lira\\n\\n\\nIt also caused trouble to businesses using vending machines (particularly at airports) in the eurozone since a number of vending machines at the time accepted the 1 new lira coin as a €2 coin. Since €2 is worth roughly four times more, vending machines affected had to be upgraded at the expense of their owners. Banknotes, referred to by the Central Bank as the \\\"E-8 Emission Group\\\", were introduced in 2005 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 new lira.\",\n \"id\": \"17122339\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"T. S. Eliot\\n\\n\\n\\\" Eliot also made significant contributions to the field of literary criticism, strongly influencing the school of New Criticism. He was somewhat self-deprecating and minimising of his work and once said his criticism was merely a \\\"by-product\\\" of his \\\"private poetry-workshop\\\" But the critic William Empson once said, \\\"I do not know for certain how much of my own mind [Eliot] invented, let alone how much of it is a reaction against him or indeed a consequence of misreading him. He is\",\n \"id\": \"11280298\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Benoît David\\n\\n\\nknowing how long it's going to take me to get better, I feel much better there's somebody doing the shows and taking the music to the fans.\\\" David joined Mystery, a band led by Michel St-Père, as the lead singer in 1999. He appears on 2007's \\\"Beneath the Veil of Winter's Face\\\", 2010's \\\"One Among the Living\\\" and 2012's \\\"The World is a Game\\\". While the former was entirely written by St-Père, the latter two\",\n \"id\": \"8018663\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"M192 Lightweight Ground Mount\\n\\n\\nfor a locking bar connecting the two legs. Additionally, the M192 features an integrated traversing and elevation (T&E) mechanism. Instead of the M122's ratcheting screw method of operation and locking traversing bar, the M192 uses a pair of levers, which unlock the gun's position. The levers are designed to allow the gunner to make \\\"bold adjustments\\\" or \\\"minor adjustments\\\", depending on how much pressure the gunner uses. Due to its lighter weight and different configuration, it is claimed that machine gun crews can\",\n \"id\": \"4931514\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Turing machine\\n\\n\\ncompletely determined by the configuration\\\" and a \\\"choice machine\\\": Turing (1936) does not elaborate further except in a footnote in which he describes how to use an a-machine to \\\"find all the provable formulae of the [Hilbert] calculus\\\" rather than use a choice machine. He \\\"suppose[s] that the choices are always between two possibilities 0 and 1. Each proof will then be determined by a sequence of choices i, i, ..., i (i = 0 or 1, i =\",\n \"id\": \"11652100\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Killpop\\n\\n\\n, really, is about how much I still love making music, but also how much I just hate the business side, the numbers side, the people in the suits who try to run stuff, and having to deal with them and having to learn how to talk to them. And, you know, it's frustrating sometimes, but it is what it is. And luckily, we got a great song out of it, and we were able to really paint something really cool with it and just be able\",\n \"id\": \"2905507\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Turing's proof\\n\\n\\n(N1) qi Sj Sk L qm (N2) qi Sj Sk R qm (N3) qi Sj Sk N qm In Proof #3 he calls the first of these “Inst{qi Sj Sk L ql}”, and he shows how to write the entire machine S.D as the logical conjunction (logical OR): this string is called “Des(M)”, as in “Description-of-M”. i.e. if the machine prints 0 then 1's and 0's on alternate squares to the right ad\",\n \"id\": \"18641062\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Georgia (coffee)\\n\\n\\nLynch's \\\"Twin Peaks\\\" advertised Georgia coffee in a 4-part commercial series in 1991. In PlayStation Home, the PlayStation 3's online community-based service, Coca-Cola has placed a vending machine in Home that takes users to a space called the \\\"Georgia Break Station\\\". The vending machine also distributes original avatar items and presents, along with \\\"C-pons\\\", digital coupons that can be used to get real drinks from real vending machines. This is to promote Georgia series of canned coffee. The\",\n \"id\": \"4552471\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Black Starlet\\n\\n\\nmovement, and the rising tide of feminism, the 1970's looked as if it, like the 1960's, would be propelled along by political activism. The movies gave Blacks a way to express their feelings without backlash. With this being said the 1970's era was different, different how? \\\"Bucks and a Black Movie Boom\\\" states that \\\"Then, too, while the 1970's opened with films with some political heat, the age closed with movies that were increasingly more escapist.\\\" In this era,\",\n \"id\": \"14180206\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Medical ethics\\n\\n\\nto \\\"know\\\" how likely it is that your treatment will harm a patient. So a physician should go further than not prescribing medications they know to be harmful—he or she should not prescribe medications (or otherwise treat the patient) unless s/he knows that the treatment is unlikely to be harmful; or at the very least, that patient understands the risks and benefits, and that the likely benefits outweigh the likely risks. In practice, however, many treatments carry some risk of harm. In some circumstances\",\n \"id\": \"9370596\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Battle of Gettysburg, First Day\\n\\n\\n's Hill on July 1 came to an end. Lee's order has been criticized because it left too much discretion to Ewell. Numerous historians and proponents of the Lost Cause movement (most prominently Jubal Early, despite his own reluctance to support an attack at the time) have speculated how the more aggressive Stonewall Jackson would have acted on this order if he had lived to command this wing of Lee's army, and how differently the second day of battle would have proceeded with Confederate artillery on Cemetery Hill, commanding the length\",\n \"id\": \"34876\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Time control\\n\\n\\nvaries considerably. This is the simplest methodology. Each player is assigned a fixed amount of time for the whole game: once a player's main time expires, they lose the game. Each player's clock starts with a specified time (e.g. 1 minute, 10 min etc.). While Player 1 is deciding a move, player 1's clock time is decreasing and Player 2's clock time is increasing. This is similar to how an hourglass works; sand empties from one container and fills into the other.\",\n \"id\": \"21221937\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ansys\\n\\n\\nCEO Ajei S. Gopal was appointed in early 2017. Ansys develops and markets finite element analysis software used to simulate engineering problems. The software creates simulated computer models of structures, electronics, or machine components to simulate strength, toughness, elasticity, temperature distribution, electromagnetism, fluid flow, and other attributes. Ansys is used to determine how a product will function with different specifications, without building test products or conducting crash tests. For example, Ansys software may simulate how a bridge will hold up after years of traffic, how\",\n \"id\": \"20213487\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Nanjing Metro\\n\\n\\nyuan for longer journeys. There is a 5% discount for users of the Nanjing Public Utility IC Card. Single journey tickets can be purchased from the ticket vending machine or at a ticket window. The ticket vending machine accepts both coins and bills (¥5 and ¥10). Apart from one-way tickets, fares can be paid with the Nanjing Public Utility IC Card, or \\\"Jinlingtong\\\" (). It can be purchased for a refundable fee of 25 yuan (about 3.8 dollars) and refilled at\",\n \"id\": \"10931627\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Joint (audio engineering)\\n\\n\\nmodern encoder's joint stereo mode uses M/S stereo for some frames and L/R stereo for others, whichever method yields the best result. Encoders use different algorithms to determine when to switch and how much space to allocate to each channel; quality can suffer if the switching is too frequent or if the side channel doesn't get enough bits. With some encoding software, it is possible to force the use of M/S stereo for all frames, mimicking the joint stereo mode of some early encoders like Xing\",\n \"id\": \"8810200\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"SmartLink (smart card)\\n\\n\\n10 trips are available at all stations for $26.00 (10 trips at $2.10 each, plus a $5.00 card fee). However, MetroCard Vending Machines (MVMs) at all stations are able to refill the SmartLink cards to a monetary amount equal to 1, 2, 4, 10, 20 and 40 trips as well as the daily or 30 day unlimited passes. $5.00 SmartLink Cards with no trips, ready for charging at any PATH MetroCard Vending Machine, are available from vending machines at 33rd Street,\",\n \"id\": \"5473120\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":98,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Insane Clown Posse"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"2dv23y"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"I'm not even trying to be funny, I would just honestly love to see someone try to explain that shit. Good luck to whoever takes this on.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Ok, so. I have met a few of these \\\"juggalos\\\" in my life, and lived with one for a while. As far as I understood when he explained it to me its kinda like a family that takes you in and takes care of you if you don't get along with your parents or don't fit in elsewhere or whatever. So basically its a group that kids join (that have too much anger towards their parents or teenage angst built up) so they can act like fools and do as they please straight into middle age and sometimes beyond. They are foolhardy and intense as well as crazy and short term thinkers. But they have a love for their own and will protect eachother. ELI5: Somewhere between a gang and a family of misfits and outcasts that like attention and bad music.\"}, {\"answer\": \"J and Shaggy aren't evangelical Christians in the sense that, say, Pat Robertson or Benny Hinn are or Jerry Falwell was. They seem to believe in the Christian perception of God without all the bullshit filler endorsing slavery, rape, etc. that the Bible contains. They believe in divine retribution, the afterlife, doing good by your fellow man, and all that jazz, but they framed it all in the form of the Dark Carnival mythos because, simply put, it's way more fucking entertaining. However, the problem with this is that they ain't exactly scholars (neither ever even got to 10th grade) or particularly deep storytellers. Around 2002, after they released \\\"The Wraith: Shangri-La\\\" & \\\"The Wraith: Hell's Pit\\\" (the finale to their Joker's Cards series), life was just so good for them and they were feeling so happy & blessed that they seemed to go off the deep end. The song \\\"Miracles\\\", with its infamous line about magnets, was the lowest point of that journey. Since then, they've dialed back the God talk and tried to get back to their schlocky, pulpy roots, but the non-Juggalo world doesn't really know it because they don't pay close enough attention.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Huh, well because they are ass backward morons? They dress as clowns, and the fans look like dumpster divers. The ones I have meet are not the slightest bit intelligent, and it seems more like a way to fit in with other simple minded morons. Lots of attention seeking, and a need to fit in. The need to fit in is a huge need (not want) for youth as a way to form ones identity (or realize what they are NOT). I was a punk once, and talk about not fitting in! I was the shittiest punker on the planet. Eventually I realized that I kinda got along with everybody, and didn't need to adhere to a clique. Some folks need that, and some folks identify with others who drink shit beer, threaten women with harm, and spit shock value for attention. They are not the only ones either, as hipsters, and the emo movement are equally disgusting in my opinion. I have a lot more respect for goths to be honest. I used to hate them, but seeing some of them still practice the style twenty years later is kinda cool. They know who they are, where as some of the cliques these days will fade away (remember grunge). Plus, that stupid \\\"ax man\\\" logo is a hop skip and jump away from the favorite of the 90's. You know what I am talking about, the stupid fuckin' \\\"no fear\\\" guy. I laugh when I see folks with that damn ax man tattoo.\"}, {\"answer\": \"You'd probably be better off asking for an explanation of Homestuck.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"23545010\", \"title\": \"Insane Clown Posse\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 2, \"end_paragraph_id\": 2, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"has established a dedicated following called Juggalos numbering in the \\\"tens of thousands\\\". Originally known as \\\"JJ Boyz\\\" and \\\"Inner City Posse\\\", the group introduced supernatural- and horror-themed lyrics as a means of distinguishing itself stylistically. The duo founded the independent record label Psychopathic Records with Alex Abbiss as manager, and produced and starred in the feature films \\\"Big Money Hustlas\\\" and \\\"Big Money Rustlas\\\". They formed their own professional wrestling federation, Juggalo Championship Wrestling, and later collaborated with many hip hop and rock musicians.\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\", \"Originally known as \\\"JJ Boyz\\\" and \\\"Inner City Posse\\\", the group introduced supernatural- and horror-themed lyrics as a means of distinguishing itself stylistically.\", \"Originally known as \\\"JJ Boyz\\\" and \\\"Inner City Posse\\\", the group introduced supernatural- and horror-themed lyrics as a means of distinguishing itself stylistically.\"]}}]}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"23545010\", \"title\": \"Insane Clown Posse\", \"section\": \"Section::::2009\\u2013present: Second Joker Card Deck.:2009\\u201311: Bang! Pow! Boom Era.\\n\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 68, \"end_paragraph_id\": 68, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"Insane Clown Posse's eleventh studio album, \\\"Bang! Pow! Boom!\\\", was released on September 1, 2009. It debuted at #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Top Independent Albums chart and #4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The album was later revealed to be the first of a \\\"second deck\\\" of Joker's Cards. \\\"The Detroit News\\\" music critic Adam Graham gave the album a B\\u00a0rating, describing it as \\\"the best material the Clowns have touched since 1999's \\\"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\\\"\\\". On December 5, 2009, \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\" aired a sketch titled \\\"Kickspit Underground Rock Festival\\\", which parodied the Gathering of the Juggalos infomercial. Bruce stated that he was not offended by the parody, and that he\\rhighlight sentence(s) containing evidence, not only the answer\", \"Insane Clown Posse's eleventh studio album, \\\"Bang! Pow! Boom!\\\", was released on September 1, 2009. It debuted at #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Top Independent Albums chart and #4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The album was later revealed to be the first of a \\\"second deck\\\" of Joker's Cards.\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nBilly Kidman again defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. On September 13, Insane Clown Posse defeated Lenny Lane and Lodi. On the August 23, 2000 episode of \"Thunder\", Great Muta, Vampiro, and Insane Clown Posse beat Tank Abbott and 3 Count. Five days later, on \"Nitro\", Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated 3 Count, and the following week, Rey Mysterio, Jr. and Juventud Guerrera beat Insane Clown Posse. On September 25, Mike Awesome defeated Insane Clown Posse in a Handicap Hardcore","id":"6131265"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nto apologize to Jarrett, Insane Clown Posse chased Gilbertti and Young out of the ring before challenging the team to a match for the next week. On February 4, Insane Clown Posse defeated Glen Gilbertti and David Young. Later that night, Scott Hudson interviewed Insane Clown Posse, and the duo announced that they would face whoever Jeff Jarrett threw at them next in a \"Juggalo Street Fight\". Insane Clown Posse won against the team of Glen Gilbertti and Kid Kash on February 18. Two weeks later, Insane Clown Posse","id":"6131275"},{"contents":"Violent J\n\n\nOn September 13, Insane Clown Posse defeated Lenny Lane and Lodi. On the August 23, 2000 episode of WCW Thunder, Great Muta, Vampiro, and Insane Clown Posse beat Tank Abbott and 3 Count. Five days later, on Monday Nitro, Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated 3 Count, and the following week, Rey Mysterio, Jr. and Juventud Guerrera beat Insane Clown Posse. On September 25, Mike Awesome defeated Insane Clown Posse in a Handicap Hardcore match. On December 19, 1999, Bruce and Utsler created","id":"12046603"},{"contents":"Shaggy 2 Dope\n\n\nin World Championship Wrestling with Violent J. The duo formed two stables. The first stable, \"The Dead Pool\", consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, and Raven; the second consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, Great Muta, and Kiss Demon, known as \"The Dark Carnival\". On August 9, 1999, Insane Clown Posse made their WCW debut on Monday Nitro in a six-man tag team match. Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated Lash LeRoux, Norman Smiley, and Prince Iaukea.","id":"12046655"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nbecame apparent to Bruce and Utsler that Def Jam Records had no interest in them. Eminem, who had begun to gain mainstream success, insulted Insane Clown Posse in interviews, tours, and the song \"Till Hell Freezes Over\". On Insane Clown Posse's previous tour (The House of Horrors Tour), they had watched the movie \"Big Ballers\". The group, as well as Twiztid, loved the video. After Insane Clown Posse finished its \"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\" album, Bruce and Utsler decided","id":"15400497"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nThe compilation also included new songs with artists Paris, Cold 187um, and Tone Tone. At the 2011 Detroit Music Awards, Insane Clown Posse received the Distinguished Achievement Award. In June, Insane Clown Posse issued a cease and desist notice to the Upright Citizens Brigade, threatening legal action over a planned performance, \"The Gathering of the Juggalos For A Mother Fucking Baby Funeral\". At their 2010 Hallowicked concert, Insane Clown Posse announced that the second new Joker's Card would be \"The Mighty Death Pop!\" The","id":"15400535"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nwas found dead in his apartment, due to a sudden diabetic problem. The \"Hellfire Wrestling\" tour was subsequently canceled. Insane Clown Posse went on to wrestle a long stint in World Championship Wrestling, starting in 1999. The duo formed two stables. The first stable, \"The Dead Pool\", consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, and Raven; the second consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, Great Muta, and Kiss Demon, known as \"The Dark Carnival\". On August 9, 1999","id":"6131263"},{"contents":"Violent J\n\n\nthe ring before challenging the team to a match for the next week. On February 4, Insane Clown Posse defeated Glen Gilbertti and David Young. Later that night, Scott Hudson interviewed Insane Clown Posse, and the duo announced that they would face whoever Jeff Jarrett threw at them next in a \"Juggalo Street Fight\". Insane Clown Posse won against the team of Glen Gilbertti and Kid Kash on February 18. Two weeks later, Insane Clown Posse announced that they would take part in a \"Dark Carnival match\" the","id":"12046608"},{"contents":"Shaggy 2 Dope\n\n\nwith the WWF. The next week Insane Clown Posse and The Headbangers had a match with Steve Austin. After the match, Bruce and Utsler contacted Abbiss to inquire about the commercial and were informed that it was not aired. Given that McMahon failed to uphold his promise to air Insane Clown Posse's commercial, Abbiss recommended that Bruce and Utsler terminate their agreement with the WWF. While involved with the WWF, Insane Clown Posse brought Dan Curtis with them. After leaving the WWF, Curtis suggested that Insane Clown Posse start its","id":"12046653"},{"contents":"Shaggy 2 Dope\n\n\nGilberti tried to convince the duo to apologize to Jarrett, Insane Clown Posse chased Gilbertti and Young out of the ring before challenging the team to a match for the next week. On February 4, Insane Clown Posse defeated Glen Gilbertti and David Young. Later that night, Scott Hudson interviewed Insane Clown Posse, and the duo announced that they would face whoever Jeff Jarrett threw at them next in a \"Juggalo Street Fight\". Insane Clown Posse won against the team of Glen Gilbertti and Kid Kash on February 18. Two","id":"12046662"},{"contents":"Juggalo: Insane Clown Posse, Their Fans, and the World They Made\n\n\nJuggalo: Insane Clown Posse, Their Fans, and the World They Made is a book by Steve Miller, a Michigan-based journalist. It chronicles the cult following of the Insane Clown Posse and its Psychopathic Records imprint. It was released in July 2016 by Da Capo Press. Vice Media said the book \"examines how Insane Clown Posse went from a small Detroit rap group to a band on Disney’s record label to on the FBI’s gang list.\" . It also said the book \"interweaves two stories:","id":"2936434"},{"contents":"Dark Carnival (Insane Clown Posse)\n\n\nThe Dark Carnival is described by Insane Clown Posse in much of their discography. This concept, similar to the \"heaven and hell\" language of most major monotheistic religions, is the primary source of inspiration for Insane Clown Posse's two series of albums called Joker's Cards, each containing six albums. The Dark Carnival is where souls face judgment based on their individual actions before being sent to heaven or hell. The concept was inspired by a dream of Insane Clown Posse member Violent J where spirits in a traveling carnival appeared","id":"5184128"},{"contents":"Violent J\n\n\na six-man tag team match. Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated Lash LeRoux, Norman Smiley, and Prince Iaukea. At Road Wild 1999, Rey Mysterio, Jr., Billy Kidman, and Eddie Guerrero defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse continued to wrestle on Monday Nitro, defeating Public Enemy one week, and losing to Konnan and Rey Mysterio, Jr. another. At Fall Brawl 1999, the tag team of Rey Mysterio, Eddie Guerrero, and Billy Kidman again defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse.","id":"12046602"},{"contents":"Violent J\n\n\nnext week against Glen Gilbertti and any partner he chooses. The following week, Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony took on Glen Gilbertti, Kid Kash, and David Young. \"The Alpha Male\" Monty Brown made his TNA return, and cost Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony the match. During their stint in TNA, Insane Clown Posse brought the company its largest paying crowds in history. After the duo left, they remained close with the company. On March 17, 2006, Insane Clown Posse hosted and","id":"12046609"},{"contents":"Shaggy 2 Dope\n\n\nAt Road Wild 1999, Rey Mysterio, Jr., Billy Kidman, and Eddie Guerrero defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse continued to wrestle on Monday Nitro, defeating Public Enemy one week, and losing to Konnan and Rey Mysterio, Jr. another. At Fall Brawl 1999, the tag team of Rey Mysterio, Eddie Guerrero, and Billy Kidman again defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. On September 13, Insane Clown Posse defeated Lenny Lane and Lodi. On the August 23, 2000 episode of WCW Thunder,","id":"12046656"},{"contents":"Shaggy 2 Dope\n\n\nGreat Muta, Vampiro, and Insane Clown Posse beat Tank Abbott and 3 Count. Five days later, on Monday Nitro, Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated 3 Count, and the following week, Rey Mysterio, Jr. and Juventud Guerrera beat Insane Clown Posse. On September 25, Mike Awesome defeated Insane Clown Posse in a Handicap Hardcore match. The ending showed Awesome performing his signature \"Awesome Bomb\" on 2 Dope on top a bus. Shaggy was stunned and accidentally fell off the top of the bus. On December","id":"12046657"},{"contents":"Shaggy 2 Dope\n\n\nweeks later, Insane Clown Posse announced that they would take part in a \"Dark Carnival Match\" the next week against Glen Gilbertti and any partner he chooses. The following week, Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony took on Glen Gilbertti, Kid Kash, and David Young. \"The Alpha Male\" Monty Brown made his TNA return, and cost Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony the match. During their stint in TNA, Insane Clown Posse brought the company its largest paying crowds in history. After the duo","id":"12046663"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\n, Insane Clown Posse made their WCW debut on \"Monday Nitro\" in a six-man tag team match. Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated Lash LeRoux, Norman Smiley, and Prince Iaukea. At Road Wild 1999, Rey Mysterio, Jr., Billy Kidman, and Eddie Guerrero defeated Vampiro. Insane Clown Posse continued to wrestle on Monday Nitro, defeating Public Enemy one week, and losing to Konnan and Rey Mysterio, Jr. another. At Fall Brawl 1999, the tag team of Rey Mysterio, Eddie Guerrero, and","id":"6131264"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nannounced that they would take part in a \"Dark Carnival Match\" the next week against Glen Gilbertti and any partner he chooses. The following week, Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony took on Glen Gilbertti, Kid Kash, and David Young. \"The Alpha Male\" Monty Brown made his TNA return, and cost Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony the match. During their stint in TNA, Insane Clown Posse brought the company its largest paying crowds in history. After the duo left, they remained close with","id":"6131276"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nClown Posse was never mentioned during the show. MTV later informed Island Records that the heads of the network must choose the band first before it can become eligible to be featured on \"TRL\". Bruce and Utsler left Island Records, signing a contract with D3 Entertainment to distribute every release on Psychopathic Records, which would remain independently funded, produced, and recorded. Insane Clown Posse had their own studio built, called \"The Lotus Pod\". In the spring of 2001, Insane Clown Posse's road manager William Dail","id":"15400512"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nE. Clark's big top-inspired production.\" Insane Clown Posse has influenced similar acts, such as Axe Murder Boyz, Blaze Ya Dead Homie and Boondox. Insane Clown Posse is known for their elaborate concert performances. In Marley Brant's \"Tales from the Rock 'n' Roll Highway\", Bruce described a typical performance: \"We toss out, kick out, and shoot out into the crowd about three to four hundred two-liters of Faygo at every show...We bring with us monsters, dancing clowns","id":"15400554"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nto the album and saw it as a diss towards Insane Clown Posse. While Esham claimed that the album was not a diss in his podcast, the album strained the relationship between Bruce and Esham, and the two have not spoken since its release. Insane Clown Posse's eleventh studio album, \"Bang! Pow! Boom!\", was released on September 1, 2009. It debuted at #1 on the \"Billboard\" Top Independent Albums chart and #4 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The album was","id":"15400528"},{"contents":"Violent J\n\n\ndiabetic problem. The \"Hellfire Wrestling\" tour was subsequently canceled. Bruce then went on to wrestle a long stint in World Championship Wrestling with Shaggy 2 Dope. The duo formed two stables. The first stable, \"The Dead Pool\", consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, and Raven; the second consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, Great Muta, and Kiss Demon, known as \"The Dark Carnival\". On August 9, 1999, Insane Clown Posse made their WCW debut on Monday Nitro in","id":"12046601"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nto create their own movie, \"Big Money Hustlas\", with the same low-budget comedy style as \"Big Ballers\". Island Records gave them $250,000 to begin work on the movie. Bruce and Utsler were contacted by John Cafiero, who said that he was a fan of Insane Clown Posse, and offered to direct the movie. Insane Clown Posse asked Mick Foley to appear in the movie as \"Cactus Sac\", a parody of his \"Cactus Jack\" persona. Cafiero retained the Misfits, Fred","id":"15400498"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nIf anyone knows anything at all about ICP, then you know that they have never, ever been down or will be down with any racist or bigotry bullshit\". On October 21, 2006, Insane Clown Posse performed at one of twenty benefit shows organized by Myspace as part of the \"Rock for Darfur\" campaign to raise awareness of the War in Darfur and funds for the region's aid. On March 20, 2007, Insane Clown Posse released their tenth studio album, \"The Tempest\", which debuted at","id":"15400524"},{"contents":"Bizaar\n\n\nBizaar is the sixth studio album by Insane Clown Posse. Released on October 31, 2000, it is the first half of the \"Bizaar Bizzar\" double album, released the same day as its companion album, \"Bizzar\". It is the 14th overall release by Insane Clown Posse. On the August 20, 1999, episode of \"The Howard Stern Show\", Insane Clown Posse clashed with fellow guest Sharon Osbourne, and she bet Violent J $50,000 that ICP's next album would not sell more than 200,000","id":"20761174"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\n\". Commentary was provided by Bruce and Utsler under their '3D' and 'Gweedo' announcing personas. In 2000, Insane Clown Posse and Evil Dead defeated The Rainbow Coalition, and the match was featured on \"JCW, Volume 2\". In 2003, Insane Clown Posse defended, and retained, their JCW Tag Team Championships against Kid Cock (a parody of Kid Rock) and Feminem (a parody of Eminem). The match was featured on \"JCW, Volume 3\". In 2007, JCW launched","id":"6131267"},{"contents":"Jamie Madrox (rapper)\n\n\nto prove themselves to the Juggalo fanbase. Twiztid opened shows for Insane Clown Posse. In 1998, Twiztid's debut album, \"Mostasteless\", was released. With the release, a shift in reaction toward Twiztid occurred, and Juggalos slowly began to receive the duo well. Twiztid, however, continued to open for Insane Clown Posse and appear with them at in-store tours, improving their rapport with the fanbase. In 1999, Insane Clown Posse persuaded Island Records to sign Twiztid. During Twiztid's brief stint with","id":"805056"},{"contents":"Leck mich im Arsch (Insane Clown Posse song)\n\n\nwhat you're up to.\" Bruce perceived that the scatological nature of the composition was the reason why White asked Bruce and Utsler to appear on the song, but once White explained Mozart's sense of humor, they became excited to work on it. Insane Clown Posse went back to their hotel room to write their lyrics, and returned to record with White and JEFF the Brotherhood in White's home recording studio. Bruce and Utsler's vocals were recorded in one take. Insane Clown Posse said that the song was a","id":"10883781"},{"contents":"Violent J\n\n\nEl Leon, Jarrett and El Leon were fighting in the crowd when Insane Clown Posse sprayed Faygo in Jarrett's eyes. The following week, Insane Clown Posse were interviewed in the ring by Mike Tenay. The duo explained that they were fans of TNA, and that they wanted to be a part of the promotion themselves. As they started making kayfabe negative remarks toward Jarrett, Glenn Gilberti and David Young interrupted. When Gilberti tried to convince the duo to apologize to Jarrett, Insane Clown Posse chased Gilbertti and Young out of","id":"12046607"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nhop and rock musicians. The songs of Insane Clown Posse center thematically on the mythology of the Dark Carnival, a metaphoric limbo in which the lives of the dead are judged by one of several entities. The Dark Carnival is elaborated through a series of stories called Joker's Cards, each of which offers a specific lesson designed to change the \"evil ways\" of listeners before \"the end consumes us all\". The original lineup of Insane Clown Posse was John Utsler (John Kickjazz), Joe Bruce (Violent J","id":"15400459"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\n, Insane Clown Posse began its rescheduled nationwide tour with House of Krazees and Myzery. Their first concert, held in Orlando, Florida, was hand-picked by Insane Clown Posse and free to the public. Halfway through the tour, Brian Jones of House of Krazees had a falling out with his band members. Jones left the group, forcing House of Krazees to quit the tour. The success of the tour enabled Bruce and Utsler to purchase new houses both for each other and for their families. Bruce even told his","id":"15400481"},{"contents":"Another Love Song (Insane Clown Posse song)\n\n\n\"Another Love Song\" is a 1999 song by hip hop duo, Insane Clown Posse, performed by member Violent J, and is their first single from their album \"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\" The song is also a part 2 to the song \"Love Song\" by Insane Clown Posse on their album \"Ringmaster\". Referred to as a \"psycho parody of Beck\" by Barnes & Noble, the main music for \"Another Love Song\" – low-key Mellotron pattern – comes from his 1996 single \"","id":"20762413"},{"contents":"A Family Underground\n\n\n-T, Afroman, Boondox, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Three 6 Mafia, Twiztid, and Insane Clown Posse. Concert footage of the interviewed artists as well as the supergroups Psychopathic Rydas and Dark Lotus is included. The film concludes with the English couple getting unofficially married by Insane Clown Posse member Violent J. Psychopathic Records' first documentary, \"Shockumentary\", focused solely on hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. The focus of \"A Family Underground\" is directed toward \"the true story of ICP\", their Juggalo","id":"4387460"},{"contents":"Dark Carnival (Insane Clown Posse)\n\n\n2015) and Fearless Fred Fury (2019). The concept of the Dark Carnival was inspired by a dream Joseph Bruce had after the foundation of Insane Clown Posse wherein spirits in a traveling carnival appeared to him. The group decided to incorporate this dream into their band's newly created persona. The spirits are each revealed in a series of albums called the Six Joker's Cards. Each spirit relays a message through the use of a moral story. With the advent of Insane Clown Posse's Second Deck (2009),","id":"5184130"},{"contents":"Leck mich im Arsch (Insane Clown Posse song)\n\n\nAugust 2011, Insane Clown Posse was contacted by Jack White, who invited Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler to his mansion, because he wanted to collaborate with them. White played the track he was working on, an arrangement of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's \"Leck mich im Arsch\" with live instrumentation by JEFF the Brotherhood, for Bruce and Utsler and explained that the title of the track translated to \"Lick My Ass\". Insane Clown Posse were surprised that White wanted to work with them, and said that they had","id":"10883779"},{"contents":"Corporal Robinson\n\n\nhim. In 1997, Robinson wrestled for Insane Clown Posse at the event \"ICP's Strangle-Mania Live\". Two years later, he, 2 Tuff Tony, and Mad Man Pondo wrestled at the Dan Curtis Memorial, an independent wrestling booker who had recently worked for Insane Clown Posse. Several days after the event, Tony, Robinson, and Pondo were booked to wrestle for Insane Clown Posse's first Juggalo Championshit Wrestling show. Video of the event was later released nationally. Robinson continued wrestling for Juggalo Championship Wrestling","id":"10890496"},{"contents":"Reindeer Games (album)\n\n\nReindeer Games is the debut album by the Killjoy Club, a hip hop supergroup consisting of Insane Clown Posse (Violent J & Shaggy 2 Dope) and Da Mafia 6ix (DJ Paul, Crunchy Black & Koopsta Knicca). The album was released by Psychopathic Records on September 2, 2014. In March 2014, DJ Paul announced Da Mafia 6ix and Insane Clown Posse would release a collaboration album in August 2014. In July 2014, during the Insane Clown Posse 2014 GOTJ seminar, it was announced that they had formed a","id":"15168685"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nInsane Clown Posse, often abbreviated as ICP, is an American hip hop duo composed of Violent J (Joseph Bruce) and Shaggy 2 Dope (originally 2 Dope; Joseph Utsler). Founded in Detroit in 1989, Insane Clown Posse performs a style of hardcore hip hop known as horrorcore and is known for its elaborate live performances. The duo has earned two platinum and five gold albums. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the entire catalog of the group has sold 6.5 million units in the United States and Canada . The group","id":"15400457"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nWhen Shaggy replies \"Eminem,\" Kaniff is angered and leaves. Barbs between Insane Clown Posse and Eminem continued until the feud was ended in 2005 by hip hop group D12 and Psychopathic Records. One month after \"ICP's Strangle-Mania Live\", Insane Clown Posse began their second nationwide tour, \"The House of Horrors Tour\", with Myzery added as one of the opening acts. While searching for the second opening act, Bruce received a telephone call at his home from former House of Krazees members Jamie Spaniolo","id":"15400485"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\ndon't know what the fuck is!\". After Woodstock 1999, Insane Clown Posse began its \"Amazing Jeckel Brothers Tour\", along with musicians Biohazard, Krayzie Bone, Twiztid, Mindless Self Indulgence, and Coal Chamber. Biohazard, Mindless Self Indulgence, Krayzie Bone, and Twiztid were well received by audiences; however, Coal Chamber was not. Insane Clown Posse fans were not purchasing tickets, as they did not like Coal Chamber. For the three shows that Coal Chamber played, there were multiple ticket refunds.","id":"15400501"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\ntwo-month package tour. Bruce reiterated that Coal Chamber's music did not appeal to Insane Clown Posse fans, and that ticket refunds decreased after Coal Chamber had been removed from the tour. Osbourne then made public the bet with Bruce about Insane Clown Posse's next album, also stating that the duo would be subsequently dropped from their distributor. In Osbourne's words, \"You're dead. Your career is over.\" Bruce predicted that the group's next album would sell at least 500,000 copies; however, the","id":"15400504"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nsketch which parodied the \"Miracles\" music video, featuring host Ryan Phillippe and cast member Bobby Moynihan. Insane Clown Posse responded favorably to the parody, and asked to appear on the show. Before the 12th annual Gathering of the Juggalos, Insane Clown Posse were contacted by Jack White, who invited Bruce and Utsler to his mansion because he wanted to collaborate with them. White played the track he was working on, an arrangement of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's \"Leck mich im Arsch\" with live instrumentation by JEFF the","id":"15400532"},{"contents":"Hokus Pokus (Insane Clown Posse song)\n\n\nentire video was filmed during the day, as to avoid overtime costs. It features a comical portrayal of Insane Clown Posse destroying a shoe store before being pursued by security guards. The video also included appearances by hip hop artists Twiztid and Myzery. \"Hokus Pokus\" was released in 1998 as the second single from Insane Clown Posse's studio album \"The Great Milenko\". The release was exclusive to Europe as a part of Island Records' attempt to promote the group internationally. The single was released in three different versions","id":"17263905"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\n. Heyman also favored the idea of using Insane Clown Posse, because it was unlikely that anyone knew of the relationship the group had with Van Dam and Sabu. Heyman presented his idea to Bruce and Utsler, who agreed to participate. Insane Clown Posse opened the ECW program by performing songs and exciting the crowd. Then Van Dam and Sabu, the main villains at the time, attacked Bruce and Utsler. The top fan favorite, The Sandman, came in and saved them by chasing away Van Dam and Sabu with his","id":"6131251"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\n\"Strangle-Mania\". In the summer of 1998, Insane Clown Posse received a telephone call from Jim Johnston of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The WWF heard that Bruce and Utsler were fans of wrestling and asked them to perform the entrance theme for the wrestling group Oddities. The WWF also wanted Bruce and Utsler to appear on their SummerSlam pay-per-view (PPV) program in August 1998 and rap live while The Oddities entered the ring. Insane Clown Posse composed the song \"The Greatest Show","id":"6131254"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nring, Austin hit the Stunner on Bruce first (catching him off guard), then Thrasher. Although disappointed over the events during the match, Bruce and Utsler continued in hopes that McMahon would air the commercial as promised. Bruce and Utsler contacted Abbiss to inquire about the commercial and were informed that it was not aired. Given that McMahon failed to uphold his promise to air Insane Clown Posse's commercial, Abbiss recommended that Bruce and Utsler terminate their agreement with the WWF. While involved with the WWF, Insane Clown Posse","id":"6131261"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\n\"SlamTV!\". With it came the first broadcast of JCW since the three initial DVDs. Bruce returned to commentary as Diamond Donovan Douglas, and Utsler returned as \"Handsome\" Harley Guestella. 3D and Gweedo announced in an episode of SlamTV! that Insane Clown Posse had been stripped of the JCW Tag Team Championships due to them not defending the title. At the first annual Bloodymania, JCW's premier wrestling event, Insane Clown Posse teamed with Sabu to defeat Trent Acid and The Young Alter Boys w/ Annie Social the","id":"6131268"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nevent of the night, which featured Jeff Jarrett going against El Leon, Jarrett and El Leon were fighting in the crowd when Insane Clown Posse sprayed Faygo in Jarrett's eyes. The following week, Insane Clown Posse were interviewed in the ring by Mike Tenay. The duo explained that they were fans of TNA, and that they wanted to be a part of the promotion themselves. As they started making (kayfabe) negative remarks toward Jeff Jarrett, Glenn Gilberti and David Young interrupted. When Gilberti tried to convince the duo","id":"6131274"},{"contents":"Fuck the World (Insane Clown Posse song)\n\n\n\"Fuck the World\" is a song by hip hop duo, Insane Clown Posse, performed by member Violent J, and is their second single from their album \"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\". The song is one of their best known, notable for using the word \"fuck\" 105 times, 93 times by Violent J, 10 times by Shaggy 2 Dope, and twice by Jumpsteady. In 1996, Insane Clown Posse signed a contract with Disney-owned label Hollywood Records, which reportedly paid US$1 million to","id":"6847102"},{"contents":"Psychopathic Records\n\n\n. During an interview in March 2014 DJ Paul of Da Mafia 6ix announced that they will be doing a collaboration album with Insane Clown Posse, and will tour to promote the album. In June 2014 Psychopathic Records announced that Insane Clown Posse and Da Mafia 6ix were working on a collaboration album, and Insane Clown Posse posted pictures on their official instagram page of them and Da Mafia 6ix sitting around in Violent J's home studio. The album is scheduled to be released sometime in August 2014. A few days after Faygoluvers.net conducted","id":"805567"},{"contents":"Psychopathic Records\n\n\nthe interview with Insane Clown Posse, Psychopathic Records, Insane Clown Posse, Twiztid and Blaze Ya Dead Homie released a picture of the Dark Lotus hand sign stating that all original members (Insane Clown Posse, Twiztid & Blaze Ya Dead Homie) were going to be back in the studio recording a new studio album on all their media outlets. Under the hand sign were Roman numerals translating to (7-29-2014). The album will initially be released at the 2014 GOTJ (7/23/2014 - 7/27/2014). In June","id":"805568"},{"contents":"Psychopathic Records\n\n\n, 2018 in Las Vegas, Nevada. Day 1 will feature sets from DJ Clay, Lyte, Green Jellÿ, Rittz and Insane Clown Posse. Day 2 will feature sets from The Flatlinerz, Ouija Macc, Big Hoodoo, Kung Fu Vampire and Insane Clown Posse. The weekend will also feature Juggalo Championship Wrestling. On February 14, 2018 the time line for the 2018 Juggalo Day was released. Day 1: Day 2: During Insane Clown Posse's Gathering of the Juggalos 2016 seminar it was announced that the first Canadian","id":"805628"},{"contents":"Psychopathic Records\n\n\nJuggalo Day Show will be held on March 17, 2017 and will feature performances from the entire Psychopathic Records roster as well as Twiztid and Blaze Ya Dead Homie. On January 11, 2017 it was announced that the \"Canadian Juggalo Day\" would take place on April 7 and 8 in Calgary. Insane Clown Posse is the only confirmed artist. On the first night, Insane Clown Posse will headline performing Riddle Box in its entirety. On th second night Insane Clown Posse will headline performing all their biggest hits. The website","id":"805629"},{"contents":"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\n\n\nhe wanted to involve Snoop Dogg, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and Ice-T. Snoop Dogg requested that Insane Clown Posse not pay his then-current record label, No Limit Records, and said that he would appear on the album if Bruce and Utsler gave him \"$40,000 in a briefcase\". Insane Clown Posse agreed, and Snoop Dogg appeared on the song \"The Shaggy Show\", which also featured the ska band Gangster Fun playing music before each of the song's faux commercial breaks. Insane Clown Posse also","id":"8782677"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Poppy\n\n\nChristopher Walken\". This is the first time this has ever been done. The episode title is a play on the Detroit, Michigan based hip hop group, the Insane Clown Posse, and Krusty's line \"do you want to get down with the clown?\" is a reference to an Insane Clown Posse lyric. Krusty's performance at the USO show is a parody of Bob Hope who is famously known for his USO Shows. Originally Moe was supposed to say \"Anny Deskanko\" in a reference to Ani Difranco","id":"19716256"},{"contents":"Robert Bruce (rapper)\n\n\nthe gold record certification party for Insane Clown Posse's Riddle Box. Evil Dead's gimmick originally appeared as an on-stage extra to Insane Clown Posse concerts. Dressed as a decaying zombie, he would stumble around in the background while Insane Clown Posse performed. Several times during the show he would fall down dead on the stage, including off speaker stacks, off stage props, and off the stage itself. The gimmick eventually became popular enough that he was asked to wrestle in JCW. While wrestling, Evil Dead makes","id":"10478790"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\ninterest in promoting the album, Insane Clown Posse funded the promotion of \"Riddle Box\" independently. This effort led the group to Dallas, Texas, where it persuaded several music retail stores to stock the album. Sales averaged 1,500 copies per week as a result. Manager Alex Abbiss negotiated a contract with the Disney-owned label Hollywood Records, which reportedly paid $1 million to purchase the Insane Clown Posse contract from Battery/Jive/BMG Records. The group started recording its fourth studio album, \"The Great Milenko","id":"15400475"},{"contents":"2 Tuff Tony\n\n\nfinals, Tony and Pondo defeated Tough Crazy Bastards to be crowned the first Double Death Tag Team Tournament champions. In 1997, Tony wrestled for Insane Clown Posse at the event \"ICP's Strangle-Mania Live\". Two years later, he, Robinson, and Mad Man Pondo wrestled at the Dan Curtis Memorial, an independent wrestling booker who had recently worked for Insane Clown Posse. Several days after the event, Tony, Robinson, and Pondo were booked to wrestle for Insane Clown Posse's first Juggalo Championship Wrestling show","id":"2969818"},{"contents":"Gathering of the Juggalos lineups by year\n\n\nDead Homie, Kittie, Dark Lotus, Anybody Killa, Zug Izland, Esham, Twiztid, Psychopathic Rydas, Mack 10, Bubba Sparxxx, Insane Clown Posse. Jumpsteady ft. Delusional, Dope, Esham, Dark Lotus, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Zug Izland, Vanilla Ice, Twiztid, Killah Priest, Kottonmouth Kings, Anybody Killa, Bushwick Bill, Wolfpac, Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse, Twiztid, Dark Lotus, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Anybody Killa, Esham, Jumpsteady ft. Delusional, Zug Izland","id":"302546"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nPondo, and Raven) in a War Games match against Team PWU (Trent Acid, Corporal Robinson, Johnny Kashmere, Pete Hunter, and Gary Wolfe) with manager Tod Gordon. Since Utsler fully recovered from his neck surgery in 2007, Insane Clown Posse has continued to appear at various promotions in the independent circuit. On January 21, 2004, Insane Clown Posse appeared on an episode of the weekly NWA Total Nonstop Action PPV. The duo were shown partying in the crowd alongside the juggalos in attendance. In the main","id":"6131273"},{"contents":"Fuck the World (Insane Clown Posse song)\n\n\ndropped the group from the label. It was later revealed that Disney pulled the album to prevent further controversy from the Southern Baptist Church who was criticizing Disney at the time because of Disney's promotion of Gay Days at Disneyland. The incident became highly publicized, which resulted in Insane Clown Posse gaining a lot of attention from the media. During the two years between \"The Great Milenko\" and \"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\", the first album released after the group left Disney, Insane Clown Posse had become nationally known,","id":"6847104"},{"contents":"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\n\n\nBillboard\" charts and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). After a tumultuous contract with Jive Records sub-label Battery in 1995, Insane Clown Posse (ICP) attempted to find a new record label. Manager Alex Abbiss negotiated a contract with the Walt Disney Company-owned label Hollywood Records, which reportedly paid US$1 million to purchase the Insane Clown Posse contract from Battery/Jive Records. After recording and releasing \"The Great Milenko\", Insane Clown Posse was notified that Hollywood","id":"8782674"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nthat Inner City Posse was not defunct. Several names were considered before Bruce recalled his dream of a clown running around in Delray, which became the inspiration for the group's new name: Insane Clown Posse. The group decided they would all don face paint due to the success of their former clown-painted hype man. Upon returning home that night, Bruce says he had a dream in which \"spirits in a traveling carnival appeared to him\"—an image that would become the basis for the Dark Carnival mythology detailed in the group","id":"15400468"},{"contents":"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nInsane Clown Posse (also known as ICP) is a professional wrestling tag team currently competing in Juggalo Championship Wrestling (JCW) that consists of Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope. Both members began wrestling as single competitors in 1983 in their backyard wrestling promotion Tag Team Wrestling, later renamed National All-Star Wrestling. The two later competed in various independent promotions in Michigan from 1990 to 1997 before making an appearance in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) as Insane Clown Posse. The team later wrestled for World Wrestling Federation (WWF","id":"6131248"},{"contents":"Monoxide Child\n\n\nClown Posse, most of the time receiving boos from the crowds and occasionally getting into fights with them. In 1997, Twiztid's debut album, \"Mostasteless\", was released. With the release, a shift in reaction toward Twiztid occurred, and Juggalos slowly began to receive the duo well. Twiztid, however, continued to open for Insane Clown Posse and appear with them at in-store tours, improving their rapport with the fanbase. In 1999, Insane Clown Posse persuaded Island Records to sign Twiztid. During Twiztid","id":"22057152"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nMyzery, and Psycho Realm. On November 16, 1997, Bruce was arrested on an aggravated battery charge after allegedly striking an audience member thirty times with his microphone at a concert in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Bruce was held for four hours before being released on $5,000 bail. The January 1998 issue of \"Spin\" magazine ran a four-page cartoon lampooning Insane Clown Posse and Juggalos, claiming that the group was offensive \"not for their obscenity, but for their stupidity\". \"Spin\" likened Insane Clown","id":"15400487"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nof the Juggalos, July 28, 2015. It was released three days later. In the December 5, 2015 Hatchet Herald, Violent J announced that original member John Kickjazz (Shaggy 2 Dope's older brother) had died on November 20, 2015 at a group home in Michigan. Young Wicked of the Axe Murder Boyz posted on his personal Instagram account, that \"The Marvelous Missing Link\" was one of the Insane Clown Posse's best albums ever. He stated specifically that it was going back to the Insane Clown","id":"15400545"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\npainful work he had ever done. Two versions of the album were released, each containing a different DVD. One release featured a live concert and a twelve-minute music video for the song \"Real Underground Baby\", and another featured a short film for the song \"Bowling Balls\", which was the first 3-D film shot in high-definition video. In 2005, D12 and Insane Clown Posse ended their feud, with the help of member Proof. Attempts to officially end the feud between Eminem and Insane Clown","id":"15400521"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse discography\n\n\nThe discography of Insane Clown Posse, an American hip hop duo from Delray, Detroit composed of Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler, who perform under the respective personas of the wicked clowns Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope, consists of seventeen studio albums, fifty three singles, nine extended plays and seventeen compilations. Music videos and collaborations are also included, as are film and television appearances and home video releases. Originally known as Inner City Posse, the group introduced supernatural- and horror-themed lyrics as a means of distinguishing itself stylistically","id":"2157325"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nPosse's stage act to \"a sort of circus karaoke\" and portrayed the group's fans as overweight suburbanites. On the group's website, Bruce responded to the article by stating, \"I could give a fuck less\". After a show in Indianapolis, Insane Clown Posse's tour bus stopped at a Waffle House in Greenfield, Indiana. When a customer began to harass Spaniolo and Bruce, a fight broke out between the customer and all of the bands' members. Months later on June 4, 1998,","id":"15400488"},{"contents":"The Pendulum\n\n\nThe album featured all of the singles released with the comic book issues, with the exception of the three singles from \"The Pendulum #7\" which was replaced with a spoken word intro. The miniseries details Insane Clown Posse's attempts to stop a demon named Killnor from destroying a priest named Father Jesus, who possesses miraculous healing powers. Killnor summons the undead duo Twiztid, a crazed police SWAT team, and a host of demonic minions to stop the clowns. Insane Clown Posse call upon the assistance of the Joker's","id":"17718102"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nevent were Vampiro—who both wrestled and performed—Project Born, and Kottonmouth Kings. On July 18, 2000, \"Big Money Hustlas\" was released direct-to-video. After the Gathering of the Juggalos, Insane Clown Posse set out to release its sixth and seventh studio albums—\"Bizaar\" and \"Bizzar\"—as a double album. While recording the albums, the duo had a fallout with long-time producer Mike E. Clark. \"Bizaar\" and \"Bizzar\" were the last complete albums Clark would produce with Insane","id":"15400507"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nPosse have been unsuccessful, but Bruce states that the rivalry has ended. On February 1, 2006, Insane Clown Posse fan Jacob D. Robida attacked individuals in a gay bar in New Bedford, Massachusetts with a handgun and a hatchet—a weapon featured in the logo of the group's record label, Psychopathic Records. Robida had a swastika tattoo and flaunted Nazi insignias and paraphernalia on his website. On February 5, Robida shot and killed a traffic officer during a routine stop. When police pulled Robida over during a later","id":"15400522"},{"contents":"Violent J\n\n\ndesigned to change the \"evil ways\" of listeners before \"the end consumes us all.\" Insane Clown Posse has a dedicated following, often referred to by the group as Juggalos and Juggalettes. John Utsler left the group about a month before the release of \"Carnival of Carnage\" and Insane Clown Posse has since been composed of Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler, who perform under the respective personas of the murderous, wicked clowns Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope. The duo performs a style of hardcore hip hop known as","id":"12046577"},{"contents":"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\n\n\nalbum four out of ten stars. PopMatters reviewer Brendan Maher accused Insane Clown Posse of misogyny and described \"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\" as \"music to strangle your ex-girlfriend to\". Robert Christgau gave the album a C+, writing \"Though they claim clown, they rarely get funnier than 'I'd cut my head off but then I would be dead'.\" However, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album a four out of five star rating, writing that \"[Insane Clown Posse] actually","id":"8782689"},{"contents":"Corporal Robinson\n\n\nRobinson gained national exposure and fully developed his Corporal Robinson character. Robinson also wrestled in Insane Wrestling Federation, capturing the IWF Tag Team Title during his stint. The referee for the promotion, A. T. Huck, was also referee and friend of Insane Clown Posse and their promotion Juggalo Championship Wrestling. During Robinson's feud with Sabu, who was also a friend of the duo, Insane Clown Posse attended several shows. The group hung out backstage with their friends, and also began talking to and smoking with Robinson, eventually befriending","id":"10890495"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nThey were met by nearly 400 Insane Clown Posse fans standing outside in front of the \"TRL\" studio window, all with signs supporting the duo. Thirty minutes before the show began, Viacom security guards and New York City police officers were dispatched to remove all the fans from the sidewalk. When some fans, including Robert Bruce, refused to move because it was a public street and no other individuals were asked to move, they were assaulted. All telephone requests for the video to be played were ignored, and Insane","id":"15400511"},{"contents":"Dark Carnival (Insane Clown Posse)\n\n\nto him. The Dark Carnival concept was introduced, but not named, on Insane Clown Posse's first album Carnival of Carnage (1992), and was developed further in subsequent releases Ringmaster (1994), Riddle Box (1995), The Great Milenko (1997), The Amazing Jeckel Brothers (1999), and (2002), and (2004). It has been continued with the releases of Bang! Pow! Boom! (2009), The Mighty Death Pop! (2012), / (","id":"5184129"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\n\". He is quoted as describing \"Shangri-La\" as \"the end of the road. It's the end of the Joker's Cards. After this I could do anything I want, for the rest of my life. The positivity was so unbelievable\". On August 31, 2004, Insane Clown Posse released their ninth studio album, \"Hell's Pit\", the second exhibit of The Wraith, intended to warn listeners of the horrors of Hell. Bruce described the album as the darkest, most","id":"15400520"},{"contents":"Miracles (Insane Clown Posse song)\n\n\nfacts explaining them [...] But nonetheless, these things are still incredible [...] and they should be appreciated.\" He added that the group's use of the word 'miracle' was intended to mean \"something fuckin’ amazing and incredible, [... a] special, awesome event, [...] a great, wonderful thing.\" The lyrics focus on introspective themes which critics considered to be uncommon in Insane Clown Posse's music; however, Violent J states that these themes are important in the duo","id":"1784381"},{"contents":"Geto Boys\n\n\nYoung Jeezy, Juvenile, Mystikal, Mac Lethal, Esham and Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse's Violent J (Joseph Bruce) described the Geto Boys as the first rappers to perform horrorcore, with their song \"Assassins\", released on their debut album, \"Making Trouble\". Bruce says that the Geto Boys continued to pioneer the style with their second release \"Grip It! On That Other Level\", with songs such as \"Mind of a Lunatic\" and \"Trigga-Happy Nigga\". The","id":"5987962"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nday and released on bail without charge on June 18. The face of the sixth Joker's Card is \"The Wraith\", a personification of Death. The card features two \"exhibits\", \"Shangri-La\" and \"Hell's Pit\", each of which would be given its own album. On November 5, 2002, Insane Clown Posse released their eighth studio album, \"\", which debuted at #15 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and #1 on the Top Independent Albums chart. The","id":"15400515"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nUnited States, Australia, and Europe. While in Australia, customs confiscated all the group's Faygo, assuming that they were bringing it for commercial purposes. Insane Clown Posse tried to explain that they are performers and that the soda was part of their act, but were still unable to use the Faygo and forced to use a different form of soda for their Australian tour. Following the release of \"The Wraith: Shangri-La\", Bruce admitted that he was considering not completing the production of \"Hell's Pit","id":"15400519"},{"contents":"Gathering of the Juggalos\n\n\nto Bloodymania and Bloodymania 8), plus carnival rides, the annual ICP seminar, auctions, and more. In addition, it was announced via the Insane Clown Posse's Twitter account that there was to be a new Dark Lotus album slated for the 2014 Gathering. It was announced at the Insane Clown Posse seminar at Legend Valley, they are pursuing the Gathering of the Juggalos to be held in Colorado in 2017. On April 11, 2017, Faygoluvers.net announced that GOTJ18 will be held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma at the Lost","id":"19448133"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nfor Insane Clown Posse that was to appear on the cover of \"Alternative Press\" magazine in Cleveland. On the set of the photo shoot, a member of the publicity team approached Bruce and explained that in the song \"Fuck the World\", the lyric that stated \"Fuck the Beastie Boys and the Dalai Lama\" needed to be changed. Insulted, Bruce exclaimed that his music would not be censored again—referring to Disney's previous requirement for censorship. Nasty Little Man told Bruce that the Beastie Boys were not","id":"15400494"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\none.\" In September 2003, Insane Clown Posse was voted the worst band of any musical genre in \"Blender\", with \"The Wraith: Shangri-La\" named as the group's worst album. However, the magazine also gave the album a positive review for its \"charming, good-natured idiocy\". According to Bruce, \"Some people might've been upset [by spiritual themes in \"The Wraith: Shangri-La\"], but through our eyes all we did was touch a lot","id":"15400517"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nin God but I haven't been to church since I was like 10. I don't even know if [Utsler has] ever been to church!\" \"Christianity Today\" writer Mark Moring also challenged Ronson's characterization, writing that \"The guys in ICP haven't used the word 'Christian' or 'evangelical' [...] so let's not call them anything that they're not claiming for themselves\". In 2011, Insane Clown Posse appeared on \"Attack of the Show!\" and repudiated claims","id":"15400568"},{"contents":"Bloodymania (2007)\n\n\nThe event featured wrestlers from JCW's SlamTV!. The predominant rivalry for the show was a confrontation between the team of Insane Clown Posse (Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope) and Trent Acid, rooted on the first episode of SlamTV!. Trent Acid, the self-proclaimed \"Savior of JCW\", debuted in the promotion by cutting a promo against the Juggalo fanbase, the company, and Insane Clown Posse (real-life owners of JCW). While continuing to badmouth the company in the following weeks,","id":"15681467"},{"contents":"Gathering of the Juggalos\n\n\nThe Gathering of the Juggalos (The Gathering or GOTJ) is an annual festival put on by Psychopathic Records, featuring performances by the entire label roster as well as numerous well-known musical groups and underground artists. It was founded by Jumpsteady, Insane Clown Posse (Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler), and their label in 2000. Described by Joseph Bruce as a \"Juggalo Woodstock\" (Juggalo being a nickname for fans of the Insane Clown Posse), the Gathering of the Juggalos spans five days and includes concerts,","id":"19448110"},{"contents":"Psychopathic Records\n\n\nwas released. On January 19, 2017 in an interview with faygoluvers.net, Insane Clown Posse announced that they are cutting ties with Twiztid and Majik Ninja Entertainment, as they have repeatedly declined invites to the \"Juggalo March On Washington\", and the alternative to not march, going on a Wizard of the Hood Tour, which they also declined. Also in doing so, Insane Clown Posse stated that Psychopathic Records will stop reaching out to Twiztid and Majik Ninja Entertainment for \"Juggalo Day\" and the Gathering of the Juggalos.","id":"805590"},{"contents":"The Great Milenko\n\n\nlater released on \"Mutilation Mix\" (1997) and \"Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2\" (1998). \"The Great Milenko\" is the fourth Joker's Card in Insane Clown Posse's Dark Carnival concept album series. The Dark Carnival is a concept of the afterlife in which souls are sent to a form of limbo while waiting to be sent to heaven or hell based on their individual actions. These concepts are related by Insane Clown Posse in a series of albums called the six Joker's Cards. Each","id":"9526250"},{"contents":"Rock Bottom: In Your House\n\n\nseduced by Mark Henry. The Headbangers turned heel in November. The Oddities had come to the ring with Insane Clown Posse, who sung their entrance theme at the time and when The Headbangers came to the ring, they joined in dancing with the stable. However, after spraying silly string into the crowd, they then sprayed into the eyes of The Oddities and since then had been utilising weapons and other underhand tactics to win matches. Most notably, they challenged Insane Clown Posse to a match but the two asked The Oddities","id":"14115817"},{"contents":"Bizzar\n\n\nBizzar is the seventh studio album by Insane Clown Posse. Released on October 31, 2000, it is the second half of the \"Bizzar Bizaar\" double album, released the same day as its companion album, \"Bizaar\". It is the group's 15th overall release. On the August 20, 1999, episode of \"The Howard Stern Show\", Insane Clown Posse clashed with fellow guest Sharon Osbourne, when she bet Violent J $50,000 that the group's next album would not sell more than 500,000 copies","id":"152537"},{"contents":"Bizzar\n\n\ntelephone requests for the video to be played were ignored, and Insane Clown Posse was never mentioned during the show. MTV later informed Island Records that the heads of the network must choose the band first before it can become eligible to be featured on \"TRL\". Both \"Bizaar\" and \"Bizzar\" received three-out-of-five-star ratings in \"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide\", the highest rating that the magazine ever gave to any Insane Clown Posse album. On July 10, 2017","id":"152541"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\n\", in 1996, during which Disney requested that the tracks \"The Neden Game\", \"Under the Moon\", and \"Boogie Woogie Wu\" be removed. Disney also asked that the lyrics of other tracks be changed, threatening to not release the album otherwise. Bruce and Utsler complied with Disney's requests, and planned to go on a national tour with House of Krazees and Myzery as their opening acts. During a music store autograph signing, Insane Clown Posse was notified that Hollywood Records had recalled the album","id":"15400476"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nand Paul Methric, who told Bruce that the group was officially disbanded and asked to be on the tour. Spaniolo and Methric provided a demo tape containing three songs: \"2nd Hand Smoke\", \"Diemotherfuckdie\", and \"How Does It Feel?\" Bruce was extremely impressed, and immediately had a contract drafted with Psychopathic Records for the new group to sign. Bruce, Spaniolo, and Methric agreed on the band name Twiztid. The House of Horrors Tour thus featured Insane Clown Posse, with opening groups Twiztid,","id":"15400486"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nBerry, and, at Bruce's request, Harland Williams. The script was written by Bruce, and filmed in New York City. Bruce played a crime boss and Utsler portrayed a police detective. The stage crew members, who showed their dislike for Insane Clown Posse, were a source of contention. Despite the crew striking twice, the movie was filmed in two months. While on \"The Asylum In-store Tour\", Bruce and Utsler were informed by Abbiss that they were offered $100,000 to perform at Woodstock","id":"15400499"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nUtsler decided to bombard \"Total Request Live (TRL)\" with requests for the video. While on their \"Bizaar Bizzar Tour\", Insane Clown Posse posted on its website that December 8 was the day for their fans request the video. Bruce and Utsler named that day \"The Mighty Day of Lienda,\" meaning \"The Mighty Day of All or Nothing\". On December 8, Rudy Hill, Robert Bruce, Tom Dub, and six other Psychopathic Records employees and friends drove down to New York City.","id":"15400510"},{"contents":"Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nstop, he killed his girlfriend, Jennifer Bailey of Charleston, West Virginia, then opened fire on the police. Robida was shot twice in the head during the shootout with the police, and later died in the hospital. On February 7, Insane Clown Posse released a statement on the Robida attacks. The group's manager Alex Abbiss extended Bruce and Utsler's condolences and prayers to the families of the victims, stating that \"It's quite obvious that this guy had no clue what being a Juggalo is all about.","id":"15400523"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nBilly Kidman again defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. On September 13, Insane Clown Posse defeated Lenny Lane and Lodi. On the August 23, 2000 episode of \\\"Thunder\\\", Great Muta, Vampiro, and Insane Clown Posse beat Tank Abbott and 3 Count. Five days later, on \\\"Nitro\\\", Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated 3 Count, and the following week, Rey Mysterio, Jr. and Juventud Guerrera beat Insane Clown Posse. On September 25, Mike Awesome defeated Insane Clown Posse in a Handicap Hardcore\",\n \"id\": \"6131265\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nto apologize to Jarrett, Insane Clown Posse chased Gilbertti and Young out of the ring before challenging the team to a match for the next week. On February 4, Insane Clown Posse defeated Glen Gilbertti and David Young. Later that night, Scott Hudson interviewed Insane Clown Posse, and the duo announced that they would face whoever Jeff Jarrett threw at them next in a \\\"Juggalo Street Fight\\\". Insane Clown Posse won against the team of Glen Gilbertti and Kid Kash on February 18. Two weeks later, Insane Clown Posse\",\n \"id\": \"6131275\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Violent J\\n\\n\\nOn September 13, Insane Clown Posse defeated Lenny Lane and Lodi. On the August 23, 2000 episode of WCW Thunder, Great Muta, Vampiro, and Insane Clown Posse beat Tank Abbott and 3 Count. Five days later, on Monday Nitro, Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated 3 Count, and the following week, Rey Mysterio, Jr. and Juventud Guerrera beat Insane Clown Posse. On September 25, Mike Awesome defeated Insane Clown Posse in a Handicap Hardcore match. On December 19, 1999, Bruce and Utsler created\",\n \"id\": \"12046603\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shaggy 2 Dope\\n\\n\\nin World Championship Wrestling with Violent J. The duo formed two stables. The first stable, \\\"The Dead Pool\\\", consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, and Raven; the second consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, Great Muta, and Kiss Demon, known as \\\"The Dark Carnival\\\". On August 9, 1999, Insane Clown Posse made their WCW debut on Monday Nitro in a six-man tag team match. Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated Lash LeRoux, Norman Smiley, and Prince Iaukea.\",\n \"id\": \"12046655\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nbecame apparent to Bruce and Utsler that Def Jam Records had no interest in them. Eminem, who had begun to gain mainstream success, insulted Insane Clown Posse in interviews, tours, and the song \\\"Till Hell Freezes Over\\\". On Insane Clown Posse's previous tour (The House of Horrors Tour), they had watched the movie \\\"Big Ballers\\\". The group, as well as Twiztid, loved the video. After Insane Clown Posse finished its \\\"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\\\" album, Bruce and Utsler decided\",\n \"id\": \"15400497\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nThe compilation also included new songs with artists Paris, Cold 187um, and Tone Tone. At the 2011 Detroit Music Awards, Insane Clown Posse received the Distinguished Achievement Award. In June, Insane Clown Posse issued a cease and desist notice to the Upright Citizens Brigade, threatening legal action over a planned performance, \\\"The Gathering of the Juggalos For A Mother Fucking Baby Funeral\\\". At their 2010 Hallowicked concert, Insane Clown Posse announced that the second new Joker's Card would be \\\"The Mighty Death Pop!\\\" The\",\n \"id\": \"15400535\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nwas found dead in his apartment, due to a sudden diabetic problem. The \\\"Hellfire Wrestling\\\" tour was subsequently canceled. Insane Clown Posse went on to wrestle a long stint in World Championship Wrestling, starting in 1999. The duo formed two stables. The first stable, \\\"The Dead Pool\\\", consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, and Raven; the second consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, Great Muta, and Kiss Demon, known as \\\"The Dark Carnival\\\". On August 9, 1999\",\n \"id\": \"6131263\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Violent J\\n\\n\\nthe ring before challenging the team to a match for the next week. On February 4, Insane Clown Posse defeated Glen Gilbertti and David Young. Later that night, Scott Hudson interviewed Insane Clown Posse, and the duo announced that they would face whoever Jeff Jarrett threw at them next in a \\\"Juggalo Street Fight\\\". Insane Clown Posse won against the team of Glen Gilbertti and Kid Kash on February 18. Two weeks later, Insane Clown Posse announced that they would take part in a \\\"Dark Carnival match\\\" the\",\n \"id\": \"12046608\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shaggy 2 Dope\\n\\n\\nwith the WWF. The next week Insane Clown Posse and The Headbangers had a match with Steve Austin. After the match, Bruce and Utsler contacted Abbiss to inquire about the commercial and were informed that it was not aired. Given that McMahon failed to uphold his promise to air Insane Clown Posse's commercial, Abbiss recommended that Bruce and Utsler terminate their agreement with the WWF. While involved with the WWF, Insane Clown Posse brought Dan Curtis with them. After leaving the WWF, Curtis suggested that Insane Clown Posse start its\",\n \"id\": \"12046653\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shaggy 2 Dope\\n\\n\\nGilberti tried to convince the duo to apologize to Jarrett, Insane Clown Posse chased Gilbertti and Young out of the ring before challenging the team to a match for the next week. On February 4, Insane Clown Posse defeated Glen Gilbertti and David Young. Later that night, Scott Hudson interviewed Insane Clown Posse, and the duo announced that they would face whoever Jeff Jarrett threw at them next in a \\\"Juggalo Street Fight\\\". Insane Clown Posse won against the team of Glen Gilbertti and Kid Kash on February 18. Two\",\n \"id\": \"12046662\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Juggalo: Insane Clown Posse, Their Fans, and the World They Made\\n\\n\\nJuggalo: Insane Clown Posse, Their Fans, and the World They Made is a book by Steve Miller, a Michigan-based journalist. It chronicles the cult following of the Insane Clown Posse and its Psychopathic Records imprint. It was released in July 2016 by Da Capo Press. Vice Media said the book \\\"examines how Insane Clown Posse went from a small Detroit rap group to a band on Disney’s record label to on the FBI’s gang list.\\\" . It also said the book \\\"interweaves two stories:\",\n \"id\": \"2936434\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dark Carnival (Insane Clown Posse)\\n\\n\\nThe Dark Carnival is described by Insane Clown Posse in much of their discography. This concept, similar to the \\\"heaven and hell\\\" language of most major monotheistic religions, is the primary source of inspiration for Insane Clown Posse's two series of albums called Joker's Cards, each containing six albums. The Dark Carnival is where souls face judgment based on their individual actions before being sent to heaven or hell. The concept was inspired by a dream of Insane Clown Posse member Violent J where spirits in a traveling carnival appeared\",\n \"id\": \"5184128\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Violent J\\n\\n\\na six-man tag team match. Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated Lash LeRoux, Norman Smiley, and Prince Iaukea. At Road Wild 1999, Rey Mysterio, Jr., Billy Kidman, and Eddie Guerrero defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse continued to wrestle on Monday Nitro, defeating Public Enemy one week, and losing to Konnan and Rey Mysterio, Jr. another. At Fall Brawl 1999, the tag team of Rey Mysterio, Eddie Guerrero, and Billy Kidman again defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse.\",\n \"id\": \"12046602\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Violent J\\n\\n\\nnext week against Glen Gilbertti and any partner he chooses. The following week, Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony took on Glen Gilbertti, Kid Kash, and David Young. \\\"The Alpha Male\\\" Monty Brown made his TNA return, and cost Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony the match. During their stint in TNA, Insane Clown Posse brought the company its largest paying crowds in history. After the duo left, they remained close with the company. On March 17, 2006, Insane Clown Posse hosted and\",\n \"id\": \"12046609\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shaggy 2 Dope\\n\\n\\nAt Road Wild 1999, Rey Mysterio, Jr., Billy Kidman, and Eddie Guerrero defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse continued to wrestle on Monday Nitro, defeating Public Enemy one week, and losing to Konnan and Rey Mysterio, Jr. another. At Fall Brawl 1999, the tag team of Rey Mysterio, Eddie Guerrero, and Billy Kidman again defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. On September 13, Insane Clown Posse defeated Lenny Lane and Lodi. On the August 23, 2000 episode of WCW Thunder,\",\n \"id\": \"12046656\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shaggy 2 Dope\\n\\n\\nGreat Muta, Vampiro, and Insane Clown Posse beat Tank Abbott and 3 Count. Five days later, on Monday Nitro, Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated 3 Count, and the following week, Rey Mysterio, Jr. and Juventud Guerrera beat Insane Clown Posse. On September 25, Mike Awesome defeated Insane Clown Posse in a Handicap Hardcore match. The ending showed Awesome performing his signature \\\"Awesome Bomb\\\" on 2 Dope on top a bus. Shaggy was stunned and accidentally fell off the top of the bus. On December\",\n \"id\": \"12046657\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Shaggy 2 Dope\\n\\n\\nweeks later, Insane Clown Posse announced that they would take part in a \\\"Dark Carnival Match\\\" the next week against Glen Gilbertti and any partner he chooses. The following week, Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony took on Glen Gilbertti, Kid Kash, and David Young. \\\"The Alpha Male\\\" Monty Brown made his TNA return, and cost Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony the match. During their stint in TNA, Insane Clown Posse brought the company its largest paying crowds in history. After the duo\",\n \"id\": \"12046663\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\n, Insane Clown Posse made their WCW debut on \\\"Monday Nitro\\\" in a six-man tag team match. Insane Clown Posse and Vampiro defeated Lash LeRoux, Norman Smiley, and Prince Iaukea. At Road Wild 1999, Rey Mysterio, Jr., Billy Kidman, and Eddie Guerrero defeated Vampiro. Insane Clown Posse continued to wrestle on Monday Nitro, defeating Public Enemy one week, and losing to Konnan and Rey Mysterio, Jr. another. At Fall Brawl 1999, the tag team of Rey Mysterio, Eddie Guerrero, and\",\n \"id\": \"6131264\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nannounced that they would take part in a \\\"Dark Carnival Match\\\" the next week against Glen Gilbertti and any partner he chooses. The following week, Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony took on Glen Gilbertti, Kid Kash, and David Young. \\\"The Alpha Male\\\" Monty Brown made his TNA return, and cost Insane Clown Posse and 2 Tuff Tony the match. During their stint in TNA, Insane Clown Posse brought the company its largest paying crowds in history. After the duo left, they remained close with\",\n \"id\": \"6131276\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nClown Posse was never mentioned during the show. MTV later informed Island Records that the heads of the network must choose the band first before it can become eligible to be featured on \\\"TRL\\\". Bruce and Utsler left Island Records, signing a contract with D3 Entertainment to distribute every release on Psychopathic Records, which would remain independently funded, produced, and recorded. Insane Clown Posse had their own studio built, called \\\"The Lotus Pod\\\". In the spring of 2001, Insane Clown Posse's road manager William Dail\",\n \"id\": \"15400512\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nE. Clark's big top-inspired production.\\\" Insane Clown Posse has influenced similar acts, such as Axe Murder Boyz, Blaze Ya Dead Homie and Boondox. Insane Clown Posse is known for their elaborate concert performances. In Marley Brant's \\\"Tales from the Rock 'n' Roll Highway\\\", Bruce described a typical performance: \\\"We toss out, kick out, and shoot out into the crowd about three to four hundred two-liters of Faygo at every show...We bring with us monsters, dancing clowns\",\n \"id\": \"15400554\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nto the album and saw it as a diss towards Insane Clown Posse. While Esham claimed that the album was not a diss in his podcast, the album strained the relationship between Bruce and Esham, and the two have not spoken since its release. Insane Clown Posse's eleventh studio album, \\\"Bang! Pow! Boom!\\\", was released on September 1, 2009. It debuted at #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Top Independent Albums chart and #4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The album was\",\n \"id\": \"15400528\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Violent J\\n\\n\\ndiabetic problem. The \\\"Hellfire Wrestling\\\" tour was subsequently canceled. Bruce then went on to wrestle a long stint in World Championship Wrestling with Shaggy 2 Dope. The duo formed two stables. The first stable, \\\"The Dead Pool\\\", consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, and Raven; the second consisted of Insane Clown Posse, Vampiro, Great Muta, and Kiss Demon, known as \\\"The Dark Carnival\\\". On August 9, 1999, Insane Clown Posse made their WCW debut on Monday Nitro in\",\n \"id\": \"12046601\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nto create their own movie, \\\"Big Money Hustlas\\\", with the same low-budget comedy style as \\\"Big Ballers\\\". Island Records gave them $250,000 to begin work on the movie. Bruce and Utsler were contacted by John Cafiero, who said that he was a fan of Insane Clown Posse, and offered to direct the movie. Insane Clown Posse asked Mick Foley to appear in the movie as \\\"Cactus Sac\\\", a parody of his \\\"Cactus Jack\\\" persona. Cafiero retained the Misfits, Fred\",\n \"id\": \"15400498\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nIf anyone knows anything at all about ICP, then you know that they have never, ever been down or will be down with any racist or bigotry bullshit\\\". On October 21, 2006, Insane Clown Posse performed at one of twenty benefit shows organized by Myspace as part of the \\\"Rock for Darfur\\\" campaign to raise awareness of the War in Darfur and funds for the region's aid. On March 20, 2007, Insane Clown Posse released their tenth studio album, \\\"The Tempest\\\", which debuted at\",\n \"id\": \"15400524\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bizaar\\n\\n\\nBizaar is the sixth studio album by Insane Clown Posse. Released on October 31, 2000, it is the first half of the \\\"Bizaar Bizzar\\\" double album, released the same day as its companion album, \\\"Bizzar\\\". It is the 14th overall release by Insane Clown Posse. On the August 20, 1999, episode of \\\"The Howard Stern Show\\\", Insane Clown Posse clashed with fellow guest Sharon Osbourne, and she bet Violent J $50,000 that ICP's next album would not sell more than 200,000\",\n \"id\": \"20761174\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\n\\\". Commentary was provided by Bruce and Utsler under their '3D' and 'Gweedo' announcing personas. In 2000, Insane Clown Posse and Evil Dead defeated The Rainbow Coalition, and the match was featured on \\\"JCW, Volume 2\\\". In 2003, Insane Clown Posse defended, and retained, their JCW Tag Team Championships against Kid Cock (a parody of Kid Rock) and Feminem (a parody of Eminem). The match was featured on \\\"JCW, Volume 3\\\". In 2007, JCW launched\",\n \"id\": \"6131267\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jamie Madrox (rapper)\\n\\n\\nto prove themselves to the Juggalo fanbase. Twiztid opened shows for Insane Clown Posse. In 1998, Twiztid's debut album, \\\"Mostasteless\\\", was released. With the release, a shift in reaction toward Twiztid occurred, and Juggalos slowly began to receive the duo well. Twiztid, however, continued to open for Insane Clown Posse and appear with them at in-store tours, improving their rapport with the fanbase. In 1999, Insane Clown Posse persuaded Island Records to sign Twiztid. During Twiztid's brief stint with\",\n \"id\": \"805056\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Leck mich im Arsch (Insane Clown Posse song)\\n\\n\\nwhat you're up to.\\\" Bruce perceived that the scatological nature of the composition was the reason why White asked Bruce and Utsler to appear on the song, but once White explained Mozart's sense of humor, they became excited to work on it. Insane Clown Posse went back to their hotel room to write their lyrics, and returned to record with White and JEFF the Brotherhood in White's home recording studio. Bruce and Utsler's vocals were recorded in one take. Insane Clown Posse said that the song was a\",\n \"id\": \"10883781\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Violent J\\n\\n\\nEl Leon, Jarrett and El Leon were fighting in the crowd when Insane Clown Posse sprayed Faygo in Jarrett's eyes. The following week, Insane Clown Posse were interviewed in the ring by Mike Tenay. The duo explained that they were fans of TNA, and that they wanted to be a part of the promotion themselves. As they started making kayfabe negative remarks toward Jarrett, Glenn Gilberti and David Young interrupted. When Gilberti tried to convince the duo to apologize to Jarrett, Insane Clown Posse chased Gilbertti and Young out of\",\n \"id\": \"12046607\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nhop and rock musicians. The songs of Insane Clown Posse center thematically on the mythology of the Dark Carnival, a metaphoric limbo in which the lives of the dead are judged by one of several entities. The Dark Carnival is elaborated through a series of stories called Joker's Cards, each of which offers a specific lesson designed to change the \\\"evil ways\\\" of listeners before \\\"the end consumes us all\\\". The original lineup of Insane Clown Posse was John Utsler (John Kickjazz), Joe Bruce (Violent J\",\n \"id\": \"15400459\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\n, Insane Clown Posse began its rescheduled nationwide tour with House of Krazees and Myzery. Their first concert, held in Orlando, Florida, was hand-picked by Insane Clown Posse and free to the public. Halfway through the tour, Brian Jones of House of Krazees had a falling out with his band members. Jones left the group, forcing House of Krazees to quit the tour. The success of the tour enabled Bruce and Utsler to purchase new houses both for each other and for their families. Bruce even told his\",\n \"id\": \"15400481\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Another Love Song (Insane Clown Posse song)\\n\\n\\n\\\"Another Love Song\\\" is a 1999 song by hip hop duo, Insane Clown Posse, performed by member Violent J, and is their first single from their album \\\"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\\\" The song is also a part 2 to the song \\\"Love Song\\\" by Insane Clown Posse on their album \\\"Ringmaster\\\". Referred to as a \\\"psycho parody of Beck\\\" by Barnes & Noble, the main music for \\\"Another Love Song\\\" – low-key Mellotron pattern – comes from his 1996 single \\\"\",\n \"id\": \"20762413\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"A Family Underground\\n\\n\\n-T, Afroman, Boondox, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Three 6 Mafia, Twiztid, and Insane Clown Posse. Concert footage of the interviewed artists as well as the supergroups Psychopathic Rydas and Dark Lotus is included. The film concludes with the English couple getting unofficially married by Insane Clown Posse member Violent J. Psychopathic Records' first documentary, \\\"Shockumentary\\\", focused solely on hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. The focus of \\\"A Family Underground\\\" is directed toward \\\"the true story of ICP\\\", their Juggalo\",\n \"id\": \"4387460\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dark Carnival (Insane Clown Posse)\\n\\n\\n2015) and Fearless Fred Fury (2019). The concept of the Dark Carnival was inspired by a dream Joseph Bruce had after the foundation of Insane Clown Posse wherein spirits in a traveling carnival appeared to him. The group decided to incorporate this dream into their band's newly created persona. The spirits are each revealed in a series of albums called the Six Joker's Cards. Each spirit relays a message through the use of a moral story. With the advent of Insane Clown Posse's Second Deck (2009),\",\n \"id\": \"5184130\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Leck mich im Arsch (Insane Clown Posse song)\\n\\n\\nAugust 2011, Insane Clown Posse was contacted by Jack White, who invited Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler to his mansion, because he wanted to collaborate with them. White played the track he was working on, an arrangement of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's \\\"Leck mich im Arsch\\\" with live instrumentation by JEFF the Brotherhood, for Bruce and Utsler and explained that the title of the track translated to \\\"Lick My Ass\\\". Insane Clown Posse were surprised that White wanted to work with them, and said that they had\",\n \"id\": \"10883779\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporal Robinson\\n\\n\\nhim. In 1997, Robinson wrestled for Insane Clown Posse at the event \\\"ICP's Strangle-Mania Live\\\". Two years later, he, 2 Tuff Tony, and Mad Man Pondo wrestled at the Dan Curtis Memorial, an independent wrestling booker who had recently worked for Insane Clown Posse. Several days after the event, Tony, Robinson, and Pondo were booked to wrestle for Insane Clown Posse's first Juggalo Championshit Wrestling show. Video of the event was later released nationally. Robinson continued wrestling for Juggalo Championship Wrestling\",\n \"id\": \"10890496\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Reindeer Games (album)\\n\\n\\nReindeer Games is the debut album by the Killjoy Club, a hip hop supergroup consisting of Insane Clown Posse (Violent J & Shaggy 2 Dope) and Da Mafia 6ix (DJ Paul, Crunchy Black & Koopsta Knicca). The album was released by Psychopathic Records on September 2, 2014. In March 2014, DJ Paul announced Da Mafia 6ix and Insane Clown Posse would release a collaboration album in August 2014. In July 2014, during the Insane Clown Posse 2014 GOTJ seminar, it was announced that they had formed a\",\n \"id\": \"15168685\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nInsane Clown Posse, often abbreviated as ICP, is an American hip hop duo composed of Violent J (Joseph Bruce) and Shaggy 2 Dope (originally 2 Dope; Joseph Utsler). Founded in Detroit in 1989, Insane Clown Posse performs a style of hardcore hip hop known as horrorcore and is known for its elaborate live performances. The duo has earned two platinum and five gold albums. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the entire catalog of the group has sold 6.5 million units in the United States and Canada . The group\",\n \"id\": \"15400457\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nWhen Shaggy replies \\\"Eminem,\\\" Kaniff is angered and leaves. Barbs between Insane Clown Posse and Eminem continued until the feud was ended in 2005 by hip hop group D12 and Psychopathic Records. One month after \\\"ICP's Strangle-Mania Live\\\", Insane Clown Posse began their second nationwide tour, \\\"The House of Horrors Tour\\\", with Myzery added as one of the opening acts. While searching for the second opening act, Bruce received a telephone call at his home from former House of Krazees members Jamie Spaniolo\",\n \"id\": \"15400485\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\ndon't know what the fuck is!\\\". After Woodstock 1999, Insane Clown Posse began its \\\"Amazing Jeckel Brothers Tour\\\", along with musicians Biohazard, Krayzie Bone, Twiztid, Mindless Self Indulgence, and Coal Chamber. Biohazard, Mindless Self Indulgence, Krayzie Bone, and Twiztid were well received by audiences; however, Coal Chamber was not. Insane Clown Posse fans were not purchasing tickets, as they did not like Coal Chamber. For the three shows that Coal Chamber played, there were multiple ticket refunds.\",\n \"id\": \"15400501\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\ntwo-month package tour. Bruce reiterated that Coal Chamber's music did not appeal to Insane Clown Posse fans, and that ticket refunds decreased after Coal Chamber had been removed from the tour. Osbourne then made public the bet with Bruce about Insane Clown Posse's next album, also stating that the duo would be subsequently dropped from their distributor. In Osbourne's words, \\\"You're dead. Your career is over.\\\" Bruce predicted that the group's next album would sell at least 500,000 copies; however, the\",\n \"id\": \"15400504\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nsketch which parodied the \\\"Miracles\\\" music video, featuring host Ryan Phillippe and cast member Bobby Moynihan. Insane Clown Posse responded favorably to the parody, and asked to appear on the show. Before the 12th annual Gathering of the Juggalos, Insane Clown Posse were contacted by Jack White, who invited Bruce and Utsler to his mansion because he wanted to collaborate with them. White played the track he was working on, an arrangement of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's \\\"Leck mich im Arsch\\\" with live instrumentation by JEFF the\",\n \"id\": \"15400532\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Hokus Pokus (Insane Clown Posse song)\\n\\n\\nentire video was filmed during the day, as to avoid overtime costs. It features a comical portrayal of Insane Clown Posse destroying a shoe store before being pursued by security guards. The video also included appearances by hip hop artists Twiztid and Myzery. \\\"Hokus Pokus\\\" was released in 1998 as the second single from Insane Clown Posse's studio album \\\"The Great Milenko\\\". The release was exclusive to Europe as a part of Island Records' attempt to promote the group internationally. The single was released in three different versions\",\n \"id\": \"17263905\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\n. Heyman also favored the idea of using Insane Clown Posse, because it was unlikely that anyone knew of the relationship the group had with Van Dam and Sabu. Heyman presented his idea to Bruce and Utsler, who agreed to participate. Insane Clown Posse opened the ECW program by performing songs and exciting the crowd. Then Van Dam and Sabu, the main villains at the time, attacked Bruce and Utsler. The top fan favorite, The Sandman, came in and saved them by chasing away Van Dam and Sabu with his\",\n \"id\": \"6131251\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\n\\\"Strangle-Mania\\\". In the summer of 1998, Insane Clown Posse received a telephone call from Jim Johnston of the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The WWF heard that Bruce and Utsler were fans of wrestling and asked them to perform the entrance theme for the wrestling group Oddities. The WWF also wanted Bruce and Utsler to appear on their SummerSlam pay-per-view (PPV) program in August 1998 and rap live while The Oddities entered the ring. Insane Clown Posse composed the song \\\"The Greatest Show\",\n \"id\": \"6131254\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nring, Austin hit the Stunner on Bruce first (catching him off guard), then Thrasher. Although disappointed over the events during the match, Bruce and Utsler continued in hopes that McMahon would air the commercial as promised. Bruce and Utsler contacted Abbiss to inquire about the commercial and were informed that it was not aired. Given that McMahon failed to uphold his promise to air Insane Clown Posse's commercial, Abbiss recommended that Bruce and Utsler terminate their agreement with the WWF. While involved with the WWF, Insane Clown Posse\",\n \"id\": \"6131261\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\n\\\"SlamTV!\\\". With it came the first broadcast of JCW since the three initial DVDs. Bruce returned to commentary as Diamond Donovan Douglas, and Utsler returned as \\\"Handsome\\\" Harley Guestella. 3D and Gweedo announced in an episode of SlamTV! that Insane Clown Posse had been stripped of the JCW Tag Team Championships due to them not defending the title. At the first annual Bloodymania, JCW's premier wrestling event, Insane Clown Posse teamed with Sabu to defeat Trent Acid and The Young Alter Boys w/ Annie Social the\",\n \"id\": \"6131268\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nevent of the night, which featured Jeff Jarrett going against El Leon, Jarrett and El Leon were fighting in the crowd when Insane Clown Posse sprayed Faygo in Jarrett's eyes. The following week, Insane Clown Posse were interviewed in the ring by Mike Tenay. The duo explained that they were fans of TNA, and that they wanted to be a part of the promotion themselves. As they started making (kayfabe) negative remarks toward Jeff Jarrett, Glenn Gilberti and David Young interrupted. When Gilberti tried to convince the duo\",\n \"id\": \"6131274\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fuck the World (Insane Clown Posse song)\\n\\n\\n\\\"Fuck the World\\\" is a song by hip hop duo, Insane Clown Posse, performed by member Violent J, and is their second single from their album \\\"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\\\". The song is one of their best known, notable for using the word \\\"fuck\\\" 105 times, 93 times by Violent J, 10 times by Shaggy 2 Dope, and twice by Jumpsteady. In 1996, Insane Clown Posse signed a contract with Disney-owned label Hollywood Records, which reportedly paid US$1 million to\",\n \"id\": \"6847102\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Psychopathic Records\\n\\n\\n. During an interview in March 2014 DJ Paul of Da Mafia 6ix announced that they will be doing a collaboration album with Insane Clown Posse, and will tour to promote the album. In June 2014 Psychopathic Records announced that Insane Clown Posse and Da Mafia 6ix were working on a collaboration album, and Insane Clown Posse posted pictures on their official instagram page of them and Da Mafia 6ix sitting around in Violent J's home studio. The album is scheduled to be released sometime in August 2014. A few days after Faygoluvers.net conducted\",\n \"id\": \"805567\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Psychopathic Records\\n\\n\\nthe interview with Insane Clown Posse, Psychopathic Records, Insane Clown Posse, Twiztid and Blaze Ya Dead Homie released a picture of the Dark Lotus hand sign stating that all original members (Insane Clown Posse, Twiztid & Blaze Ya Dead Homie) were going to be back in the studio recording a new studio album on all their media outlets. Under the hand sign were Roman numerals translating to (7-29-2014). The album will initially be released at the 2014 GOTJ (7/23/2014 - 7/27/2014). In June\",\n \"id\": \"805568\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Psychopathic Records\\n\\n\\n, 2018 in Las Vegas, Nevada. Day 1 will feature sets from DJ Clay, Lyte, Green Jellÿ, Rittz and Insane Clown Posse. Day 2 will feature sets from The Flatlinerz, Ouija Macc, Big Hoodoo, Kung Fu Vampire and Insane Clown Posse. The weekend will also feature Juggalo Championship Wrestling. On February 14, 2018 the time line for the 2018 Juggalo Day was released. Day 1: Day 2: During Insane Clown Posse's Gathering of the Juggalos 2016 seminar it was announced that the first Canadian\",\n \"id\": \"805628\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Psychopathic Records\\n\\n\\nJuggalo Day Show will be held on March 17, 2017 and will feature performances from the entire Psychopathic Records roster as well as Twiztid and Blaze Ya Dead Homie. On January 11, 2017 it was announced that the \\\"Canadian Juggalo Day\\\" would take place on April 7 and 8 in Calgary. Insane Clown Posse is the only confirmed artist. On the first night, Insane Clown Posse will headline performing Riddle Box in its entirety. On th second night Insane Clown Posse will headline performing all their biggest hits. The website\",\n \"id\": \"805629\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\\n\\n\\nhe wanted to involve Snoop Dogg, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and Ice-T. Snoop Dogg requested that Insane Clown Posse not pay his then-current record label, No Limit Records, and said that he would appear on the album if Bruce and Utsler gave him \\\"$40,000 in a briefcase\\\". Insane Clown Posse agreed, and Snoop Dogg appeared on the song \\\"The Shaggy Show\\\", which also featured the ska band Gangster Fun playing music before each of the song's faux commercial breaks. Insane Clown Posse also\",\n \"id\": \"8782677\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Poppy\\n\\n\\nChristopher Walken\\\". This is the first time this has ever been done. The episode title is a play on the Detroit, Michigan based hip hop group, the Insane Clown Posse, and Krusty's line \\\"do you want to get down with the clown?\\\" is a reference to an Insane Clown Posse lyric. Krusty's performance at the USO show is a parody of Bob Hope who is famously known for his USO Shows. Originally Moe was supposed to say \\\"Anny Deskanko\\\" in a reference to Ani Difranco\",\n \"id\": \"19716256\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Robert Bruce (rapper)\\n\\n\\nthe gold record certification party for Insane Clown Posse's Riddle Box. Evil Dead's gimmick originally appeared as an on-stage extra to Insane Clown Posse concerts. Dressed as a decaying zombie, he would stumble around in the background while Insane Clown Posse performed. Several times during the show he would fall down dead on the stage, including off speaker stacks, off stage props, and off the stage itself. The gimmick eventually became popular enough that he was asked to wrestle in JCW. While wrestling, Evil Dead makes\",\n \"id\": \"10478790\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\ninterest in promoting the album, Insane Clown Posse funded the promotion of \\\"Riddle Box\\\" independently. This effort led the group to Dallas, Texas, where it persuaded several music retail stores to stock the album. Sales averaged 1,500 copies per week as a result. Manager Alex Abbiss negotiated a contract with the Disney-owned label Hollywood Records, which reportedly paid $1 million to purchase the Insane Clown Posse contract from Battery/Jive/BMG Records. The group started recording its fourth studio album, \\\"The Great Milenko\",\n \"id\": \"15400475\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"2 Tuff Tony\\n\\n\\nfinals, Tony and Pondo defeated Tough Crazy Bastards to be crowned the first Double Death Tag Team Tournament champions. In 1997, Tony wrestled for Insane Clown Posse at the event \\\"ICP's Strangle-Mania Live\\\". Two years later, he, Robinson, and Mad Man Pondo wrestled at the Dan Curtis Memorial, an independent wrestling booker who had recently worked for Insane Clown Posse. Several days after the event, Tony, Robinson, and Pondo were booked to wrestle for Insane Clown Posse's first Juggalo Championship Wrestling show\",\n \"id\": \"2969818\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gathering of the Juggalos lineups by year\\n\\n\\nDead Homie, Kittie, Dark Lotus, Anybody Killa, Zug Izland, Esham, Twiztid, Psychopathic Rydas, Mack 10, Bubba Sparxxx, Insane Clown Posse. Jumpsteady ft. Delusional, Dope, Esham, Dark Lotus, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Zug Izland, Vanilla Ice, Twiztid, Killah Priest, Kottonmouth Kings, Anybody Killa, Bushwick Bill, Wolfpac, Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse, Twiztid, Dark Lotus, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Anybody Killa, Esham, Jumpsteady ft. Delusional, Zug Izland\",\n \"id\": \"302546\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nPondo, and Raven) in a War Games match against Team PWU (Trent Acid, Corporal Robinson, Johnny Kashmere, Pete Hunter, and Gary Wolfe) with manager Tod Gordon. Since Utsler fully recovered from his neck surgery in 2007, Insane Clown Posse has continued to appear at various promotions in the independent circuit. On January 21, 2004, Insane Clown Posse appeared on an episode of the weekly NWA Total Nonstop Action PPV. The duo were shown partying in the crowd alongside the juggalos in attendance. In the main\",\n \"id\": \"6131273\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fuck the World (Insane Clown Posse song)\\n\\n\\ndropped the group from the label. It was later revealed that Disney pulled the album to prevent further controversy from the Southern Baptist Church who was criticizing Disney at the time because of Disney's promotion of Gay Days at Disneyland. The incident became highly publicized, which resulted in Insane Clown Posse gaining a lot of attention from the media. During the two years between \\\"The Great Milenko\\\" and \\\"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\\\", the first album released after the group left Disney, Insane Clown Posse had become nationally known,\",\n \"id\": \"6847104\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\\n\\n\\nBillboard\\\" charts and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). After a tumultuous contract with Jive Records sub-label Battery in 1995, Insane Clown Posse (ICP) attempted to find a new record label. Manager Alex Abbiss negotiated a contract with the Walt Disney Company-owned label Hollywood Records, which reportedly paid US$1 million to purchase the Insane Clown Posse contract from Battery/Jive Records. After recording and releasing \\\"The Great Milenko\\\", Insane Clown Posse was notified that Hollywood\",\n \"id\": \"8782674\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nthat Inner City Posse was not defunct. Several names were considered before Bruce recalled his dream of a clown running around in Delray, which became the inspiration for the group's new name: Insane Clown Posse. The group decided they would all don face paint due to the success of their former clown-painted hype man. Upon returning home that night, Bruce says he had a dream in which \\\"spirits in a traveling carnival appeared to him\\\"—an image that would become the basis for the Dark Carnival mythology detailed in the group\",\n \"id\": \"15400468\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nInsane Clown Posse (also known as ICP) is a professional wrestling tag team currently competing in Juggalo Championship Wrestling (JCW) that consists of Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope. Both members began wrestling as single competitors in 1983 in their backyard wrestling promotion Tag Team Wrestling, later renamed National All-Star Wrestling. The two later competed in various independent promotions in Michigan from 1990 to 1997 before making an appearance in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) as Insane Clown Posse. The team later wrestled for World Wrestling Federation (WWF\",\n \"id\": \"6131248\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Monoxide Child\\n\\n\\nClown Posse, most of the time receiving boos from the crowds and occasionally getting into fights with them. In 1997, Twiztid's debut album, \\\"Mostasteless\\\", was released. With the release, a shift in reaction toward Twiztid occurred, and Juggalos slowly began to receive the duo well. Twiztid, however, continued to open for Insane Clown Posse and appear with them at in-store tours, improving their rapport with the fanbase. In 1999, Insane Clown Posse persuaded Island Records to sign Twiztid. During Twiztid\",\n \"id\": \"22057152\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nMyzery, and Psycho Realm. On November 16, 1997, Bruce was arrested on an aggravated battery charge after allegedly striking an audience member thirty times with his microphone at a concert in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Bruce was held for four hours before being released on $5,000 bail. The January 1998 issue of \\\"Spin\\\" magazine ran a four-page cartoon lampooning Insane Clown Posse and Juggalos, claiming that the group was offensive \\\"not for their obscenity, but for their stupidity\\\". \\\"Spin\\\" likened Insane Clown\",\n \"id\": \"15400487\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nof the Juggalos, July 28, 2015. It was released three days later. In the December 5, 2015 Hatchet Herald, Violent J announced that original member John Kickjazz (Shaggy 2 Dope's older brother) had died on November 20, 2015 at a group home in Michigan. Young Wicked of the Axe Murder Boyz posted on his personal Instagram account, that \\\"The Marvelous Missing Link\\\" was one of the Insane Clown Posse's best albums ever. He stated specifically that it was going back to the Insane Clown\",\n \"id\": \"15400545\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\npainful work he had ever done. Two versions of the album were released, each containing a different DVD. One release featured a live concert and a twelve-minute music video for the song \\\"Real Underground Baby\\\", and another featured a short film for the song \\\"Bowling Balls\\\", which was the first 3-D film shot in high-definition video. In 2005, D12 and Insane Clown Posse ended their feud, with the help of member Proof. Attempts to officially end the feud between Eminem and Insane Clown\",\n \"id\": \"15400521\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse discography\\n\\n\\nThe discography of Insane Clown Posse, an American hip hop duo from Delray, Detroit composed of Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler, who perform under the respective personas of the wicked clowns Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope, consists of seventeen studio albums, fifty three singles, nine extended plays and seventeen compilations. Music videos and collaborations are also included, as are film and television appearances and home video releases. Originally known as Inner City Posse, the group introduced supernatural- and horror-themed lyrics as a means of distinguishing itself stylistically\",\n \"id\": \"2157325\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nPosse's stage act to \\\"a sort of circus karaoke\\\" and portrayed the group's fans as overweight suburbanites. On the group's website, Bruce responded to the article by stating, \\\"I could give a fuck less\\\". After a show in Indianapolis, Insane Clown Posse's tour bus stopped at a Waffle House in Greenfield, Indiana. When a customer began to harass Spaniolo and Bruce, a fight broke out between the customer and all of the bands' members. Months later on June 4, 1998,\",\n \"id\": \"15400488\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Pendulum\\n\\n\\nThe album featured all of the singles released with the comic book issues, with the exception of the three singles from \\\"The Pendulum #7\\\" which was replaced with a spoken word intro. The miniseries details Insane Clown Posse's attempts to stop a demon named Killnor from destroying a priest named Father Jesus, who possesses miraculous healing powers. Killnor summons the undead duo Twiztid, a crazed police SWAT team, and a host of demonic minions to stop the clowns. Insane Clown Posse call upon the assistance of the Joker's\",\n \"id\": \"17718102\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nevent were Vampiro—who both wrestled and performed—Project Born, and Kottonmouth Kings. On July 18, 2000, \\\"Big Money Hustlas\\\" was released direct-to-video. After the Gathering of the Juggalos, Insane Clown Posse set out to release its sixth and seventh studio albums—\\\"Bizaar\\\" and \\\"Bizzar\\\"—as a double album. While recording the albums, the duo had a fallout with long-time producer Mike E. Clark. \\\"Bizaar\\\" and \\\"Bizzar\\\" were the last complete albums Clark would produce with Insane\",\n \"id\": \"15400507\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nPosse have been unsuccessful, but Bruce states that the rivalry has ended. On February 1, 2006, Insane Clown Posse fan Jacob D. Robida attacked individuals in a gay bar in New Bedford, Massachusetts with a handgun and a hatchet—a weapon featured in the logo of the group's record label, Psychopathic Records. Robida had a swastika tattoo and flaunted Nazi insignias and paraphernalia on his website. On February 5, Robida shot and killed a traffic officer during a routine stop. When police pulled Robida over during a later\",\n \"id\": \"15400522\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Violent J\\n\\n\\ndesigned to change the \\\"evil ways\\\" of listeners before \\\"the end consumes us all.\\\" Insane Clown Posse has a dedicated following, often referred to by the group as Juggalos and Juggalettes. John Utsler left the group about a month before the release of \\\"Carnival of Carnage\\\" and Insane Clown Posse has since been composed of Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler, who perform under the respective personas of the murderous, wicked clowns Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope. The duo performs a style of hardcore hip hop known as\",\n \"id\": \"12046577\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\\n\\n\\nalbum four out of ten stars. PopMatters reviewer Brendan Maher accused Insane Clown Posse of misogyny and described \\\"The Amazing Jeckel Brothers\\\" as \\\"music to strangle your ex-girlfriend to\\\". Robert Christgau gave the album a C+, writing \\\"Though they claim clown, they rarely get funnier than 'I'd cut my head off but then I would be dead'.\\\" However, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album a four out of five star rating, writing that \\\"[Insane Clown Posse] actually\",\n \"id\": \"8782689\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Corporal Robinson\\n\\n\\nRobinson gained national exposure and fully developed his Corporal Robinson character. Robinson also wrestled in Insane Wrestling Federation, capturing the IWF Tag Team Title during his stint. The referee for the promotion, A. T. Huck, was also referee and friend of Insane Clown Posse and their promotion Juggalo Championship Wrestling. During Robinson's feud with Sabu, who was also a friend of the duo, Insane Clown Posse attended several shows. The group hung out backstage with their friends, and also began talking to and smoking with Robinson, eventually befriending\",\n \"id\": \"10890495\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nThey were met by nearly 400 Insane Clown Posse fans standing outside in front of the \\\"TRL\\\" studio window, all with signs supporting the duo. Thirty minutes before the show began, Viacom security guards and New York City police officers were dispatched to remove all the fans from the sidewalk. When some fans, including Robert Bruce, refused to move because it was a public street and no other individuals were asked to move, they were assaulted. All telephone requests for the video to be played were ignored, and Insane\",\n \"id\": \"15400511\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Dark Carnival (Insane Clown Posse)\\n\\n\\nto him. The Dark Carnival concept was introduced, but not named, on Insane Clown Posse's first album Carnival of Carnage (1992), and was developed further in subsequent releases Ringmaster (1994), Riddle Box (1995), The Great Milenko (1997), The Amazing Jeckel Brothers (1999), and (2002), and (2004). It has been continued with the releases of Bang! Pow! Boom! (2009), The Mighty Death Pop! (2012), / (\",\n \"id\": \"5184129\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\n\\\". He is quoted as describing \\\"Shangri-La\\\" as \\\"the end of the road. It's the end of the Joker's Cards. After this I could do anything I want, for the rest of my life. The positivity was so unbelievable\\\". On August 31, 2004, Insane Clown Posse released their ninth studio album, \\\"Hell's Pit\\\", the second exhibit of The Wraith, intended to warn listeners of the horrors of Hell. Bruce described the album as the darkest, most\",\n \"id\": \"15400520\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Miracles (Insane Clown Posse song)\\n\\n\\nfacts explaining them [...] But nonetheless, these things are still incredible [...] and they should be appreciated.\\\" He added that the group's use of the word 'miracle' was intended to mean \\\"something fuckin’ amazing and incredible, [... a] special, awesome event, [...] a great, wonderful thing.\\\" The lyrics focus on introspective themes which critics considered to be uncommon in Insane Clown Posse's music; however, Violent J states that these themes are important in the duo\",\n \"id\": \"1784381\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Geto Boys\\n\\n\\nYoung Jeezy, Juvenile, Mystikal, Mac Lethal, Esham and Insane Clown Posse. Insane Clown Posse's Violent J (Joseph Bruce) described the Geto Boys as the first rappers to perform horrorcore, with their song \\\"Assassins\\\", released on their debut album, \\\"Making Trouble\\\". Bruce says that the Geto Boys continued to pioneer the style with their second release \\\"Grip It! On That Other Level\\\", with songs such as \\\"Mind of a Lunatic\\\" and \\\"Trigga-Happy Nigga\\\". The\",\n \"id\": \"5987962\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nday and released on bail without charge on June 18. The face of the sixth Joker's Card is \\\"The Wraith\\\", a personification of Death. The card features two \\\"exhibits\\\", \\\"Shangri-La\\\" and \\\"Hell's Pit\\\", each of which would be given its own album. On November 5, 2002, Insane Clown Posse released their eighth studio album, \\\"\\\", which debuted at #15 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 and #1 on the Top Independent Albums chart. The\",\n \"id\": \"15400515\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nUnited States, Australia, and Europe. While in Australia, customs confiscated all the group's Faygo, assuming that they were bringing it for commercial purposes. Insane Clown Posse tried to explain that they are performers and that the soda was part of their act, but were still unable to use the Faygo and forced to use a different form of soda for their Australian tour. Following the release of \\\"The Wraith: Shangri-La\\\", Bruce admitted that he was considering not completing the production of \\\"Hell's Pit\",\n \"id\": \"15400519\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gathering of the Juggalos\\n\\n\\nto Bloodymania and Bloodymania 8), plus carnival rides, the annual ICP seminar, auctions, and more. In addition, it was announced via the Insane Clown Posse's Twitter account that there was to be a new Dark Lotus album slated for the 2014 Gathering. It was announced at the Insane Clown Posse seminar at Legend Valley, they are pursuing the Gathering of the Juggalos to be held in Colorado in 2017. On April 11, 2017, Faygoluvers.net announced that GOTJ18 will be held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma at the Lost\",\n \"id\": \"19448133\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nfor Insane Clown Posse that was to appear on the cover of \\\"Alternative Press\\\" magazine in Cleveland. On the set of the photo shoot, a member of the publicity team approached Bruce and explained that in the song \\\"Fuck the World\\\", the lyric that stated \\\"Fuck the Beastie Boys and the Dalai Lama\\\" needed to be changed. Insulted, Bruce exclaimed that his music would not be censored again—referring to Disney's previous requirement for censorship. Nasty Little Man told Bruce that the Beastie Boys were not\",\n \"id\": \"15400494\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\none.\\\" In September 2003, Insane Clown Posse was voted the worst band of any musical genre in \\\"Blender\\\", with \\\"The Wraith: Shangri-La\\\" named as the group's worst album. However, the magazine also gave the album a positive review for its \\\"charming, good-natured idiocy\\\". According to Bruce, \\\"Some people might've been upset [by spiritual themes in \\\"The Wraith: Shangri-La\\\"], but through our eyes all we did was touch a lot\",\n \"id\": \"15400517\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nin God but I haven't been to church since I was like 10. I don't even know if [Utsler has] ever been to church!\\\" \\\"Christianity Today\\\" writer Mark Moring also challenged Ronson's characterization, writing that \\\"The guys in ICP haven't used the word 'Christian' or 'evangelical' [...] so let's not call them anything that they're not claiming for themselves\\\". In 2011, Insane Clown Posse appeared on \\\"Attack of the Show!\\\" and repudiated claims\",\n \"id\": \"15400568\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bloodymania (2007)\\n\\n\\nThe event featured wrestlers from JCW's SlamTV!. The predominant rivalry for the show was a confrontation between the team of Insane Clown Posse (Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope) and Trent Acid, rooted on the first episode of SlamTV!. Trent Acid, the self-proclaimed \\\"Savior of JCW\\\", debuted in the promotion by cutting a promo against the Juggalo fanbase, the company, and Insane Clown Posse (real-life owners of JCW). While continuing to badmouth the company in the following weeks,\",\n \"id\": \"15681467\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Gathering of the Juggalos\\n\\n\\nThe Gathering of the Juggalos (The Gathering or GOTJ) is an annual festival put on by Psychopathic Records, featuring performances by the entire label roster as well as numerous well-known musical groups and underground artists. It was founded by Jumpsteady, Insane Clown Posse (Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler), and their label in 2000. Described by Joseph Bruce as a \\\"Juggalo Woodstock\\\" (Juggalo being a nickname for fans of the Insane Clown Posse), the Gathering of the Juggalos spans five days and includes concerts,\",\n \"id\": \"19448110\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Psychopathic Records\\n\\n\\nwas released. On January 19, 2017 in an interview with faygoluvers.net, Insane Clown Posse announced that they are cutting ties with Twiztid and Majik Ninja Entertainment, as they have repeatedly declined invites to the \\\"Juggalo March On Washington\\\", and the alternative to not march, going on a Wizard of the Hood Tour, which they also declined. Also in doing so, Insane Clown Posse stated that Psychopathic Records will stop reaching out to Twiztid and Majik Ninja Entertainment for \\\"Juggalo Day\\\" and the Gathering of the Juggalos.\",\n \"id\": \"805590\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"The Great Milenko\\n\\n\\nlater released on \\\"Mutilation Mix\\\" (1997) and \\\"Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2\\\" (1998). \\\"The Great Milenko\\\" is the fourth Joker's Card in Insane Clown Posse's Dark Carnival concept album series. The Dark Carnival is a concept of the afterlife in which souls are sent to a form of limbo while waiting to be sent to heaven or hell based on their individual actions. These concepts are related by Insane Clown Posse in a series of albums called the six Joker's Cards. Each\",\n \"id\": \"9526250\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Rock Bottom: In Your House\\n\\n\\nseduced by Mark Henry. The Headbangers turned heel in November. The Oddities had come to the ring with Insane Clown Posse, who sung their entrance theme at the time and when The Headbangers came to the ring, they joined in dancing with the stable. However, after spraying silly string into the crowd, they then sprayed into the eyes of The Oddities and since then had been utilising weapons and other underhand tactics to win matches. Most notably, they challenged Insane Clown Posse to a match but the two asked The Oddities\",\n \"id\": \"14115817\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bizzar\\n\\n\\nBizzar is the seventh studio album by Insane Clown Posse. Released on October 31, 2000, it is the second half of the \\\"Bizzar Bizaar\\\" double album, released the same day as its companion album, \\\"Bizaar\\\". It is the group's 15th overall release. On the August 20, 1999, episode of \\\"The Howard Stern Show\\\", Insane Clown Posse clashed with fellow guest Sharon Osbourne, when she bet Violent J $50,000 that the group's next album would not sell more than 500,000 copies\",\n \"id\": \"152537\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bizzar\\n\\n\\ntelephone requests for the video to be played were ignored, and Insane Clown Posse was never mentioned during the show. MTV later informed Island Records that the heads of the network must choose the band first before it can become eligible to be featured on \\\"TRL\\\". Both \\\"Bizaar\\\" and \\\"Bizzar\\\" received three-out-of-five-star ratings in \\\"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide\\\", the highest rating that the magazine ever gave to any Insane Clown Posse album. On July 10, 2017\",\n \"id\": \"152541\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\n\\\", in 1996, during which Disney requested that the tracks \\\"The Neden Game\\\", \\\"Under the Moon\\\", and \\\"Boogie Woogie Wu\\\" be removed. Disney also asked that the lyrics of other tracks be changed, threatening to not release the album otherwise. Bruce and Utsler complied with Disney's requests, and planned to go on a national tour with House of Krazees and Myzery as their opening acts. During a music store autograph signing, Insane Clown Posse was notified that Hollywood Records had recalled the album\",\n \"id\": \"15400476\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nand Paul Methric, who told Bruce that the group was officially disbanded and asked to be on the tour. Spaniolo and Methric provided a demo tape containing three songs: \\\"2nd Hand Smoke\\\", \\\"Diemotherfuckdie\\\", and \\\"How Does It Feel?\\\" Bruce was extremely impressed, and immediately had a contract drafted with Psychopathic Records for the new group to sign. Bruce, Spaniolo, and Methric agreed on the band name Twiztid. The House of Horrors Tour thus featured Insane Clown Posse, with opening groups Twiztid,\",\n \"id\": \"15400486\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nBerry, and, at Bruce's request, Harland Williams. The script was written by Bruce, and filmed in New York City. Bruce played a crime boss and Utsler portrayed a police detective. The stage crew members, who showed their dislike for Insane Clown Posse, were a source of contention. Despite the crew striking twice, the movie was filmed in two months. While on \\\"The Asylum In-store Tour\\\", Bruce and Utsler were informed by Abbiss that they were offered $100,000 to perform at Woodstock\",\n \"id\": \"15400499\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nUtsler decided to bombard \\\"Total Request Live (TRL)\\\" with requests for the video. While on their \\\"Bizaar Bizzar Tour\\\", Insane Clown Posse posted on its website that December 8 was the day for their fans request the video. Bruce and Utsler named that day \\\"The Mighty Day of Lienda,\\\" meaning \\\"The Mighty Day of All or Nothing\\\". On December 8, Rudy Hill, Robert Bruce, Tom Dub, and six other Psychopathic Records employees and friends drove down to New York City.\",\n \"id\": \"15400510\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Insane Clown Posse\\n\\n\\nstop, he killed his girlfriend, Jennifer Bailey of Charleston, West Virginia, then opened fire on the police. Robida was shot twice in the head during the shootout with the police, and later died in the hospital. On February 7, Insane Clown Posse released a statement on the Robida attacks. The group's manager Alex Abbiss extended Bruce and Utsler's condolences and prayers to the families of the victims, stating that \\\"It's quite obvious that this guy had no clue what being a Juggalo is all about.\",\n \"id\": \"15400523\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":99,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Given that polar bears have existed 600,000 years, they must have gone through periods warmer than today (prior to and after the ice age) and somehow survived. But today they are on the endangered species list due to expected climate changes. Are they really in danger?"},"qid":{"kind":"string","value":"6f733x"},"output":{"kind":"string","value":"[{\"answer\": \"The issue is not actually the temperatures we are going to be changing to. It is the speed of the change. We have taken a warming process that would have taken up to 100,000 years or more and sped it up. Even if we have only made it 10 times faster some animals that could have adapted in 100,000 will not be able to adapt in 10,000. And odds are that the speed we have increased the change is far far faster so the chances of animals adapting is far lower. But with polar bears there does seem to be one kind of adaptation occurring. They are mating with Grizzly and Brown bear and having hybrids that are fertile.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Animal populations can adapt and evolve along with a changing environment if the change happens slow enough. Polar bears may be able to adapt to a temperature change over 100000 years, but not be able to adapt to the same temperature change over 1000 years. Since this recent anthropogenic driven change is happening faster than any natural temperature change, so I would say they are in danger in the wild. I guess we will be able to see them in zoos though.\"}, {\"answer\": \"There is wide scientific speculation about polar bears but the most common conclusion is that they have only been around for 150,000 years. If they are 150k then they have survived only one event of warming like we are currently undergoing. If they are 600k then only two events of current magnitude. Before large-scale encroachment & habitat destruction polar bears could migrate if they had to.\"}, {\"answer\": \"while your polar bear example is a good one - this is a major problem facing ALOT of wild animals. I don't want to sound like a doomsday soothsayer, but if humans keep breeding uncontrollably - there will come a time in the not too distant future when the only wild animals on earth will be humans and the farm animals and cattle used to feed those humans. It sounds crazy but it's alot closer than you think. For hundreds of thousands of years, there was a natural selection - survival of the fittest where the food chain was a natural process - but humans have banded together to become bigger/smarter/better weaponized to overcome all other predators, and have halted natural selection - to where now - it is humans - and whatever humans want to let live. If the elephants have valuable ivory - humans hunt them until they are nearly extinct or until the only elephants left are close to extinction. Its the same with the millions of fishes in the ocean and the corral reefs that provide their homes. Except instead of hunting/fishing them to extinction, the humans have polluted the earth and caused the earths temperature to rise so much - that the reefs are dying off, as well as the fishies that used to call those reefs home. Humans' un-controlled breeding without limits to the point of massive over-population is a much bigger issue than greenhouse gases, (and is the biggest cause of greenhouse gases) if you had a world full of 1 million people who wanted to run electricity full blast year round - no problem, they could burn coal and drive cars and throw their trash in landfills, or directly in the ocean and the impact would be minimal. but when you are talking 7.5 Billion people and increasing every single day - with longer life expectancy and no end in site - humans will continue to destroy the earth until there's nothing left for wild animals.\"}, {\"answer\": \"Over the period of about 1000 years, it is theorized that polar bears will [adapt into brown bears]( URL_0 ). We won't be alive to see if that happens, though.\"}, {\"provenance\": [{\"wikipedia_id\": \"4402\", \"title\": \"Brown bear\", \"section\": \"Section::::Abstract.\", \"start_paragraph_id\": 3, \"end_paragraph_id\": 3, \"meta\": {\"evidence_span\": [\"domain of the polar bear (potentially another offshoot of a radiation of coastal brown bears). In non-Arctic areas, habitat loss is blamed as the leading cause of endangerment, followed by hunting. While the brown bear's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions, it remains listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with a total population of approximately 200,000. , this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN. However, the California grizzly bear, Atlas bear and Mexican grizzly bear were hunted to extinction in the 19th and early 20th centuries and many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered. One of the smaller-bodied subspecies, the Himalayan brown bear, is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts.\", \"One of the smaller-bodied subspecies, the Himalayan brown bear, is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts. The Marsican brown bear of central Italy is one of several currently isolated populations of the Eurasian brown bear, and believed to have a population of just 40 to 50 bears.\", \"domain of the polar bear (potentially another offshoot of a radiation of coastal brown bears). In non-Arctic areas, habitat loss is blamed as the leading cause of endangerment, followed by hunting. While the brown bear's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions, it remains listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with a total population of approximately 200,000. , this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN. However, the California grizzly bear, Atlas bear and Mexican grizzly bear were hunted to extinction in the 19th and early 20th centuries and many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered. One of the smaller-bodied subspecies, the Himalayan brown bear, is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its body parts. The Marsican brown bear of central Italy is one of several currently isolated populations of the Eurasian brown bear, and believed to have a population of just 40 to 50 bears.\"]}}]}]"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"contents":"Effects of global warming on marine mammals\n\n\ndepths of the ocean, a process known as upwelling. Polar bears are one of the marine mammals that are most at risk due to climate change. The biggest issue for polar bears related to climate change is the melting of ice as a result of increasing temperatures. When the ice melts, polar bears lose their habitat and food sources. Although polar bears have been known to eat more than 80 species of animals, most of their diet consists of seals, which are also endangered by global warming. There have been an","id":"2825624"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\npopulations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate, as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice. Polar bears diverged from brown bears 400,000–600,000 years ago and have survived past periods of climate fluctuation. It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears. However, most polar bear biologists think that polar bears will be unable to completely offset the loss of","id":"4739581"},{"contents":"Pagophily\n\n\ntheir primary food source. While the bears can hunt land mammals such as caribou and fox, they can survive off of land prey for only approximately 6 months. Without the abundance of sea ice, polar bears cannot access seals and fish and, thus, can starve. These projections were important in the decision to list the polar bear as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In addition to threatening polar bear populations researchers also argue that seal populations will also be impacted by climate change. \"The breeding","id":"4419370"},{"contents":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)\n\n\nchanging environmental factors. Both plant species and animal species have become endangered. The Aleutian shield fern is a plant species that has been endangered due to caribou tramping and grazing, slumping from growing substrate, and human foot traffic. Animal species that are endangered in the tundra include the Arctic fox, caribou, and polar bears. These animals have been endangered due to overhunting, infestation of disease, loss of diet and habitat due to climate change, and human destructive activities, such as searches for natural gas and oil, mining","id":"21536700"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\nand 31,000. There are several reasons for the apparent discordance between past and projected population trends: estimates from the 1950s and 1960s were based on stories from explorers and hunters rather than on scientific surveys. Second, controls of harvesting were introduced that allowed this previously overhunted species to recover. Third, the recent effects of climate change have affected sea ice abundance in different areas to varying degrees. Debate over the listing of the polar bear under endangered species legislation has put conservation groups and Canada's Inuit at opposing positions; the Nunavut","id":"4739583"},{"contents":"Territorial claims in the Arctic\n\n\nof the Sea (UNCLOS) as well as global climate change causing the polar ice seasonally to recede farther than these nations had expected due to climate change has prompted several countries to claim or to reinforce pre-existing claims to the seabed of the polar region. As defined by the UNCLOS, states have ten years from the date of ratification to make claims to an extended continental shelf. They must present to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, a UN body, geological evidence that their shelf effectively extends beyond","id":"15808458"},{"contents":"Climate change in the Arctic\n\n\nphocine distemper virus, to previously untouched populations. This is a particular danger among marine mammals who were previously segregated by sea ice. 3 April 2007, the National Wildlife Federation urged the United States Congress to place polar bears under the Endangered Species Act. Four months later, the United States Geological Survey completed a year-long study which concluded in part that the floating Arctic sea ice will continue its rapid shrinkage over the next 50 years, consequently wiping out much of the polar bear habitat. The bears would disappear from Alaska","id":"8866579"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\nto lower reproductive rates in adult females and lower survival rates in cubs and juvenile bears, in addition to poorer body condition in bears of all ages. In addition to creating nutritional stress, a warming climate is expected to affect various other aspects of polar bear life: Changes in sea ice affect the ability of pregnant females to build suitable maternity dens. As the distance increases between the pack ice and the coast, females must swim longer distances to reach favoured denning areas on land. Thawing of permafrost would affect the bears who","id":"4739570"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\nstudied to gain understanding of what is happening throughout the Arctic, because at-risk polar bears are often a sign of something wrong with the Arctic marine ecosystem. The International Union for Conservation of Nature, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, United States Geological Survey and many leading polar bear biologists have expressed grave concerns about the impact of climate change, including the belief that the current warming trend imperils the survival of the polar bear. The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss. Polar bears hunt","id":"4739568"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\n, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present. Because of their dependence on the sea ice, polar bears are classified as marine mammals. Because of expected habitat loss caused by climate change, the polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species. For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect. For thousands of years, the polar bear has been a key figure in the material, spiritual, and cultural","id":"4739480"},{"contents":"ABC Islands bear\n\n\ngenes as well. Prior studies have shown that the ABC Islands brown bears are the descendants of polar bears from male-dominated brown bears. The researchers of this study present a model that derives them from a population of polar bears that were stranded after the last glacial period, where brown bears migrated to the island and interbred, leaving the phenotype and genotype of these bears to be primarily brown bear. The research team hypothesizes that this may be a common outcome due to climate change or when an isolated species becomes overrun with","id":"10696198"},{"contents":"Geography of Norway\n\n\nhave proven that Norwegian conifers survived the ice age in ice - free refugees even north to Andøya. Many imported plants have been able to ripen seeds and spread, and less than half of the 2,630 plant species in Norway today actually occur naturally in the country. About 210 species of plants growing in Norway are listed as endangered, and 13 species are endemic. The national parks in Norway are mostly located in mountain areas; about 2% of the productive forests in the country are protected. Some plants are classified as western","id":"12365809"},{"contents":"Sea ice\n\n\nin southern hemisphere spring of 2016. Sea ice provides an ecosystem for various polar species, particularly the polar bear, whose environment is being threatened as global warming causes the ice to melt more as the Earth's temperature gets warmer. Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment. At this, sea ice's relationship with global warming is cyclical; the ice helps to maintain cool climates, but as the global temperature increases,","id":"9595"},{"contents":"History of Scotland\n\n\n8,500 years before Britain's recorded history. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000–70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, with the possible discovery of pre-Ice Age axes on Orkney and mainland Scotland. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 BC. Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have dated an encampment near","id":"13331031"},{"contents":"Climate of Mars\n\n\na summary of observations with the Mars Orbiter Camera, researchers speculated that some dry ice may have been deposited between the Mariner 9 and the Mars Global Surveyor mission. Based on the current rate of loss, the deposits of today may be gone in a hundred years. Elsewhere on the planet, low latitude areas have more water ice than they should have given current climatic conditions. Mars Odyssey \"is giving us indications of recent global climate change in Mars,\" said Jeffrey Plaut, project scientist for the mission at NASA's","id":"699783"},{"contents":"Steven Amstrup\n\n\nthe Beaufort Sea. In 2007, Amstrup's team of scientists prepared nine reports leading to the 2008 listing, by United States Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne, of polar bears as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. In 2010, he published an article in \"Nature\" finding that even if climate change led to complete melting of the polar ice packs, the ice could return if global temperatures subsequently cooled. He has taught at the University of Wyoming as an adjunct professor since 2006. His contributions to polar","id":"6983771"},{"contents":"Patrick Moore (consultant)\n\n\naccording to Moore's testimony. \"Today, we live in an unusually cold period in the history of life on earth and there is no reason to believe that a warmer climate would be anything but beneficial for humans and the majority of other species. The fact that we had both higher temperatures and an ice age at a time when emissions were 10 times higher than they are today fundamentally contradicts the certainty that human-caused emissions are the main cause of global warming. When modern life evolved over 500 million years ago,","id":"7900799"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\ntraditionally den underground, and warm winters could result in den roofs collapsing or having reduced insulative value. For the polar bears that currently den on multi-year ice, increased ice mobility may result in longer distances for mothers and young cubs to walk when they return to seal-hunting areas in the spring. Disease-causing bacteria and parasites would flourish more readily in a warmer climate. Problematic interactions between polar bears and humans, such as foraging by bears in garbage dumps, have historically been more prevalent in years when ice","id":"4739571"},{"contents":"Climate change in Sweden\n\n\nyears BP, it extended into the northern parts of Germany and Poland. The transition to the current interglacial period was marked by a retreat of the Ice sheets and gradually warmer temperatures. By 6,000–7,000 years BP, the temperature was slightly warmer than today and most of the southern half of the country was covered in deciduous forests. The temperature has fluctuated since then with a weak cooling trend, leading to a relative increase in coniferous tree-cover. According to the Germanwatch \"Climate Change Performance Index 2010\" Sweden ranked as the","id":"19497658"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\ncondition of polar bears has declined during this period; the average weight of lone (and likely pregnant) female polar bears was approximately in 1980 and in 2004. Between 1987 and 2004, the Western Hudson Bay population declined by 22%, although the population was listed as \"stable\" as of 2017. As the climate change melts sea ice, the U.S. Geological Survey projects that two-thirds of polar bears will disappear by 2050. In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in","id":"4739574"},{"contents":"Climate of Svalbard\n\n\nchanges in both thickness and extent, and these changes are expected to continue in the coming decades. Some marine mammals that are associated with the ice have already exhibited changes in distribution, body condition and reproduction. The negative impacts in the coming decades are expected to increase and could escalate as a result of the reduction in sea-ice cover. In turn, this situation could have severe impacts on the biodiversity among the native marine mammals in the Arctic. Several species, particularly polar bears \"(Ursus maritimus\") and","id":"360001"},{"contents":"ABC Islands bear\n\n\n. An international study led by Penn State University and the University of Buffalo has estimated that polar bears split from brown bears between 4 million and 5 million years ago. This would have been due to climate changes, which included ice ages. Hybrids have also been documented within the Northern Beaufort Sea of Arctic Canada. This is an area where the range of polar bears overlaps with the range of brown bears. Data was collected using the entire genome of three brown bears and one black bear in comparison to one modern polar bear","id":"10696200"},{"contents":"South Polar region of the Cretaceous\n\n\nThe South Polar region of the Cretaceous comprised the continent of East Gondwana–modern day Australia and Antarctica–a product of the break-up of Gondwana. The southern region, during this time, was much warmer than it is today, ranging from perhaps in the latest Cretaceous Maastrichtian in what is now southeastern Australia. This prevented permanent ice sheets from developing and fostering polar forests, which were largely dominated by conifers, cycads, and ferns, and relied on a temperate climate and heavy rainfall. Major fossil-bearing geological","id":"13437815"},{"contents":"J. Scott Armstrong\n\n\nstating that he does not gamble. Climatologist Gavin Schmidt described Armstrong's wager as \"essentially a bet on year to year weather noise\" rather than climate change. Armstrong has published articles and testified before Congress on forecasts of polar bear populations (testimony), arguing that previous estimates were too flawed to justify listing the bear as an endangered species. In an evaluation of Armstrong and other authors’ criticism of polar bear population forecasts, Amstrup and other authors concluded that all of the claims made by Armstrong were either mistaken or misleading","id":"17365351"},{"contents":"Ice cap climate\n\n\n. There is very little surface life in ice cap climates. Vegetation cannot grow on ice, and is non-existent except in the warmer fringes that occasionally peak above freezing, even then it is confined to mosses and lichen. However, the fringes of ice caps do have significant animal life. Most of this life feeds on life in the surrounding oceans. Well known examples are polar bears in the northern region and penguins in Antarctica. Antarctica has several subglacial lakes underneath its ice sheet. Scientists have theorized that there","id":"9417936"},{"contents":"Apex predator\n\n\nclimate change. For example, the polar bear requires extensive areas of sea ice to hunt its prey, typically seals, but climate change is shrinking the sea ice of the Arctic, forcing polar bears to fast on land for increasingly long periods. Dramatic changes in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem were recorded after the gray wolf, both an apex predator and a keystone species (one with a large effect on its ecosystem), was reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 as a conservation measure. Elk, the wolves' primary prey","id":"6885750"},{"contents":"Climate of the Arctic\n\n\n18,000 years ago and ending by about 10,000 years ago. During these ice ages, large areas of northern North America and Eurasia were covered by ice sheets similar to the one found today on Greenland; Arctic climate conditions would have extended much further south, and conditions in the present-day Arctic region were likely colder. Temperature proxies suggest that over the last 8000 years the climate has been stable, with globally averaged temperature variations of less than about ; (see Paleoclimate). There are several reasons to expect that climate changes","id":"15329822"},{"contents":"Climate of Svalbard\n\n\n. The Norwegian Polar Institute’s research found that 1,000 years ago the climate on Svalbard was mild, allowing the seas to be navigable. This warmer climate lasted until the 1200s. After this time the climate was in a cold period, or a mini ice age, apart from around the 1750s when the climate was warmer. Data from ice cores has found the 20th century was the warmest century in the last 600 years. Average summer temperatures on Svalbard range from in July, and winter temperatures from in January. The highest","id":"359983"},{"contents":"England in the Late Middle Ages\n\n\nand thirteenth centuries England went through the Medieval Warm Period, a prolonged ear of milder temperatures; in the early thirteenth century, for example, summers were around 1 °C warmer than today and the climate was slightly drier. These warmer temperatures allowed poorer land to be brought into cultivation and for grapevines to be cultivated relatively far north. The Warm Period was followed by several centuries of much cooler temperatures, termed the Little Ice Age; by the fourteenth century spring temperatures had dropped considerably, reaching their coldest in the 1340s and","id":"12878991"},{"contents":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge\n\n\nto den and give birth. Nearly 50 of these species migrate along the coast to the refuge in September. These bears extend more than 800 miles along the coast of Northern Alaska and Canada. Due to changes in climate, Polar bears are recorded to now spend more time on land waiting on new sea ice to form, as they depend on sea ice for much of their hunting. This limits their ability to hunt seals to build up fat for hibernation. Much controversial, the polar bears are widely affected by the climate","id":"3667552"},{"contents":"Tyto robusta\n\n\nnot \"T. sanctialbani\" was confirmed on the other hand. The fossil owl bones are of Gargano are found in \"terra rossa\" (red earth) paleokarst infills. As the global climate moved towards the start of the last ice age period, it was not too dissimilar from today, albeit a bit warmer and more humid. Conditions must have been more extreme in the Mediterranean basin though, as the region had been drastically affected by the Messinian Salinity Crisis. In any case, the Gargano giant barn-owls must","id":"16055697"},{"contents":"List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species\n\n\n, have additionally become flightless for the same reason and thus presented even easier prey. Taxon extinctions taking place before the Late Quaternary happened in the absence of significant human interference. Rather, reasons for extinction are stochastic abiotic events such as bolide impacts, climate changes, mass volcanic eruptions etc. Alternatively, species may have gone extinct due to evolutionary displacement by successor or competitor taxa – it is notable for example that in the early Neogene, seabird biodiversity was much higher than today; this is probably due to competition by the radiation","id":"20485061"},{"contents":"List of endemic species of the British Isles\n\n\nhave subspecies in the British Isles, some have been in the islands since the last Ice Age, but many spread in the immediate Sub-Arctic conditions as the ice retreated. Further more these species were latter reinforced by newer arrivals as the climate assumed temperatures and conditions more similar to the present day. Britain has a few subspecies of mammals but no endemic species. Many again are Ice Age survivors that adapted to the new conditions; others arrived in warmer conditions whilst the land bridge still existed. The Cnidaria are a group","id":"15988457"},{"contents":"Climate of Svalbard\n\n\nringed seals (\"Pusa hispida\"), require a sea ice habitat, as they follow the drifting ice northwards in the summer and return to the coastal areas when winter arrives. Therefore, changes in the sea ice cover could have a significant effect on these species. Climate change is thought to be the biggest threat facing polar bears. In the Arctic the polar bear is a top predator that is highly dependent on sea ice to hunt. The drifting ice provides access to find its most important prey - ringed seals.","id":"360002"},{"contents":"Global catastrophic risk\n\n\nhas ranged from ice ages to warmer periods when palm trees grew in Antarctica. It has been hypothesized that there was also a period called \"snowball Earth\" when all the oceans were covered in a layer of ice. These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable. However, abrupt climate change on the decade time scale has occurred regionally. Since civilization originated during a period of stable climate","id":"5862133"},{"contents":"Cave bear\n\n\ncave bear had survived multiple climate changes prior to extinction. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA research indicated that the genetic decline of the cave bear began long before it became extinct, demonstrating habitat loss due to climate change was not responsible. Finally, high δN levels were found in cave bear bones from Romania, indicating wider dietary possibilities than previously believed. Overhunting by humans has been largely dismissed because human populations at the time were too small to pose a serious threat to the cave bear's survival, though the two species may have competed","id":"13646269"},{"contents":"2019 mass invasion of Russian polar bears\n\n\nhas been prohibited by law in Russia. Also, vehicle patrols and dogs weren't successful in deterring them. A team of experts had been dispatched to the Arctic region to remove polar bears coming into the inhabited area and its vicinity. Russia's World Wildlife Fund said \"Today, polar bears are entering human areas more frequently than in the past and climate change is the reason. Global warming is reducing sea-ice and this phenomenon forces polar bears to come to land in order to find new sources of food\".","id":"2901812"},{"contents":"Postglacial vegetation\n\n\nPostglacial vegetation refers to plants that colonize the newly exposed substrate after a glacial retreat. The term \"postglacial\" typically refers to processes and events that occur after the departure of glacial ice or glacial climates. Climate change is the main force behind changes in species distribution and abundance. Repeated changes in climate throughout the Quaternary Period are thought to have had a significant impact on the current vegetative species diversity present today. Functional and phylogenetic diversity are considered to be closely related to changing climatic conditions, this indicates that trait differences are extremely","id":"18485030"},{"contents":"Safari Club International\n\n\nU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service denied the request. In 1994, SCI successfully lobbied for a change in the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 to allow for the importation of previously banned sport-hunted polar bear trophies into the United States from Canada. In 2007, SCI testified at a U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service hearing opposing the proposed listing of polar bears as a \"threatened\" species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The FWS is concerned that climate change is or will place polar bears at risk of extinction. SCI","id":"6564387"},{"contents":"Climate Hustle\n\n\ngovernment agencies had tampered with climate data. It was shown for one day in 400 theaters across the United States on 2 May 2016. In an interview with \"Variety\" about the film, Palin explained her passion for the issue, offering an anecdote about her 2008 lawsuit against the U.S. government, challenging the polar bear's placement on the threatened species list under the Endangered Species Act. Palin took issue with the forecasting data produced by biologists and environmental groups that showed a threat due to declining Arctic sea ice, although a","id":"14775894"},{"contents":"Willow Bunch, Saskatchewan\n\n\npart of the province would have remained under glacial ice. People of the area would have gone through three \"cultural periods\" common for the area: the \"Early years\", the \"Middle years\", and the \"Late years\". The early years span between 12,000-8,000 years ago. The middle years are from 8,000-2,200 years ago, which also brought a warmer climate. These eras are often characterized by projectile points used, such as spear points. The major change between the early years and","id":"17988497"},{"contents":"Mangrove tree distribution\n\n\nin Africa but little legislation exists compared to other regions, such as Asia. Poleward expansion of mangrove species has been observed on many coast lines in the world including US East and West coast, as well as Australia. This is arguably related to climate change. Average lowest temperatures have been increasing due to climate change, and this trend allows the survival of propagules during winter and germinate in warmer seasons. In areas that were too cold for mangrove species to grow, mangrove's survival could results in invasive species. In New","id":"21450679"},{"contents":"Jämtland\n\n\nJamtish hillside\". Some finds from the time before humans have been discovered in Jämtland, most notably the remains from a woolly mammoth in Pilgrimstad. The first humans came to Jämtland from the west across the Keel approximately 7000-6000 BC, after the last ice age. The climate was at the time much warmer than today and trees such as oak were growing at the top of today's mountains. Several thousand archaeological remains have been located in the province, predominantly near old camp-sites, beaches and lakes. The","id":"17368534"},{"contents":"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)\n\n\nwell as the large white polar bear and that is why when people think about arctic animals, they think about the polar bear. As long as the polar bear exists, it will be the keystone species of the Arctic Cordillera. However, this existence relies solely on the degree of ice melt that is encountered in the future. The polar bear is one of the most notably affected species in the Arctic Cordillera, mainly due to their heavy reliance on arctic ice for hunting and bedding grounds. Habitat loss, caused by global","id":"21536677"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\npolar ice pack, rather than in the Polar Basin close to the North Pole where the density of seals is low. Annual ice contains areas of water that appear and disappear throughout the year as the weather changes. Seals migrate in response to these changes, and polar bears must follow their prey. In Hudson Bay, James Bay, and some other areas, the ice melts completely each summer (an event often referred to as \"ice-floe breakup\"), forcing polar bears to go onto land and wait through","id":"4739497"},{"contents":"England in the Middle Ages\n\n\ntransport routes, while many English towns formed navigable inland ports. For much of the Middle Ages, England's climate differed from that in the 21st century. Between the 9th and 13th centuries England went through the Medieval Warm Period, a prolonged period of warmer temperatures; in the early 13th century, for example, summers were around 1 °C warmer than today and the climate was slightly drier. These warmer temperatures allowed poorer land to be brought into cultivation and for grapevines to be cultivated relatively far north. The Warm Period","id":"8704504"},{"contents":"Quercus hinckleyi\n\n\nabout 10,000 years ago. However, as the climate of the region became warmer and drier, this species likely retreated, resulting in its current restricted range. Hinckley oak is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States and is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List. Postglacial climate change is believed to be the main reason for the limited distribution of the species. Low rates of reproduction and poor regeneration may threaten the persistence of this rare oak. High levels of clonal growth, or asexual reproduction, have","id":"506119"},{"contents":"England in the High Middle Ages\n\n\nFor much of the Middle Ages, England's climate differed from that in the twenty-first century. Between the ninth and thirteenth centuries England went through the Medieval Warm Period, a prolonged period of warmer temperatures; in the early thirteenth century, for example, summers were around 1 °C warmer than today and the climate was slightly drier. These warmer temperatures allowed poorer land to be brought into cultivation and for grapevines to be cultivated relatively far north. The English economy was fundamentally agricultural, depending on growing crops such as","id":"12773808"},{"contents":"Titanoboa\n\n\nall boids. The size of \"T. cerrejonensis\" has also provided clues as to the earth's climate during its existence; because snakes are ectothermic, the discovery implies that the tropics, the creature's habitat, must have been warmer than previously thought, averaging about . The warmer climate of the Earth during the time of \"T. cerrejonensis\" allowed cold-blooded snakes to attain much larger sizes than modern snakes. Today, larger ectothermic animals are found in the tropics, where it is hottest, and smaller ones are","id":"9806639"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\nstatus under the Endangered Species Act and the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities. Polar bear fieldwork can also be hazardous to researchers. As of 2015, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports that the global population of polar bears is 22,000 to 31,000, and the current population trend is unknown. Nevertheless, polar bears are listed as \"Vulnerable\" under criterion A3c, which indicates an expected","id":"4739566"},{"contents":"Xerocrassa geyeri\n\n\nto have survived in local refugia the reduction of the favourable steppe-like habitat due to climatic extremes during the pleniglacial and interstadial periods, as it is the case today. Pfenninger & Bahl (1997) suggested that snail species with restricted dispersal might survive in habitats of a size in the magnitude of few square meters. There is increasing evidence that such small spots with a favourable microclimate existed in the periglacial area of central Europe and were presumed to have provided refuges for comparatively cold resistant snail species. Southern and eastern European refugia","id":"2031404"},{"contents":"Climate oscillation\n\n\nas the Eemian phase created temperatures higher than today, higher sea levels, and some partial melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet. The warmest part of the current interglacial occurred during the early Holocene Optimum, when temperatures were a few degrees Celsius warmer than today, and a strong African Monsoon created grassland conditions in the Sahara during the Neolithic Subpluvial. Since that time, several cooling events have occurred, including: In contrast, several warm periods have also taken place, and they include but are not limited to: Certain effects","id":"2221968"},{"contents":"Perched coastline\n\n\nA perched coastline is a fossil coastline currently above the present coastline. It can be produced by one of two factors. 1. Perched coastlines can be created by higher sea levels in the past than today. For example during the last Ice Age interglacial period, climates were significantly warmer than today, and thermal expansion of the oceans, together with increased melting of glaciers, meant that sea levels were higher than they are today. This has created evidence of perched coastlines all around the world. 2. Perched coastlines can be","id":"4762752"},{"contents":"Tim Ball\n\n\na result, \"the extrapolation of polar bear disappearance is highly premature.\" The paper was a \"Viewpoint\" article and was not peer-reviewed. While the paper was cited by Sarah Palin to justify opposition to listing polar bears on the endangered-species list, its findings were contradicted by reports from the U.S. Geological Survey and other independent researchers, who concluded that man-made climate change was likely to devastate polar-bear populations by 2050. The paper was also criticized by an expert at the National Snow and","id":"3468222"},{"contents":"CICE (sea ice model)\n\n\n, and developers of the NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM) have continued to contribute to CICE innovations and have used it to investigate polar variability in Earth's climate system. The United States Navy began using CICE shortly after 2000 for polar research and sea ice forecasting and it continues to do so today. Since 2000, CICE development or coupling to oceanic and atmospheric models for weather and climate prediction has occurred at the University of Reading, University College London, the U.K. Met Office Hadley Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada","id":"11400941"},{"contents":"Pollen zone\n\n\nplant species were represented in bands through the cores. The differing species and differing quantities of the same species are caused by changes in climate. Von Post was able to confirm the Blytt-Sernander climatic sequence showing fluctuations between warmer and colder periods across thousands of years. He used local peat sequences combined with varve dating to produce a regional climatic chronology for Scandinavia. In 1940 Harry Godwin began applying von Post's methods to pollen cores from the British Isles to produce the wider European sequence accepted today. It basically expanded the Blytt","id":"20918898"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\ngovernment and many northern residents have condemned the U.S. initiative to list the polar bear under the Endangered Species Act. Many Inuit believe the polar bear population is increasing, and restrictions on commercial sport-hunting are likely to lead to a loss of income to their communities. For the indigenous peoples of the Arctic, polar bears have long played an important cultural and material role. Polar bear remains have been found at hunting sites dating to 2,500 to 3,000 years ago and 1,500-year-old cave paintings of polar bears have been found in","id":"4739584"},{"contents":"ABC Islands bear\n\n\nand one polar bear remains estimated at 120,000 years old. Data shows that the brown bears and polar bears were isolated at the same time in which black bears became their own species. Brown bears and polar bears continued to remain isolated for a long period of time, theorized due to the presence of ice, before recent changes allowed polar bears and brown bears to interbreed again. It is estimated that polar bears and brown bears began to interbreed again about 160,000 years ago. The study shows that previous estimates of polar bears only","id":"10696201"},{"contents":"Crow's Nest Natural Area Preserve\n\n\nEocene, the Atlantic Ocean was considerably narrower than it is today, making migration relatively easy for marine animals. The climate of Virginia during this period was considerably warmer than it is today. According to extensive records, the Earth experienced its warmest interval of the past 66 million years during the early Eocene, and Virginia was probably much warmer than central and southern Florida today. The remains of large alligators and turtles have been found at this latitude in Virginia. The calcareous soil strata within Potomac Creek, the Aquia Formation, is","id":"16689477"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\npolar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females. In recent years, polar bears in the Arctic have undertaken longer than usual swims to find prey, possibly resulting in four recorded drownings in the unusually large ice pack regression of 2005. A new development is that polar bears have begun ranging to new territory. While not unheard of but still uncommon, polar bears have been sighted increasingly in larger numbers ashore, staying on the mainland for longer periods of time during the summer months, particularly","id":"4739575"},{"contents":"Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity\n\n\ndisadvantage with a warmer climate, their insect herbivores may also be taking a hit. Temperature will directly affect diversity, persistence and survival in both the plants and their insect herbivores. As these insect herbivores decrease, so will the higher levels of species that eat those insects. This cascading event would be detrimental to our earth and how we view nature today. Accurate predictions of the future impacts of climate change on plant diversity are critical to the development of conservation strategies. These predictions have come largely from bioinformatic strategies, involving modeling","id":"19904251"},{"contents":"African humid period\n\n\nto today due to a northward migration of the tropical rainbelt. Within the otherwise climatically relatively stable Holocene the African humid period is considered to be a major fluctuation. It is also part of the so-called Holocene climatic optimum which featured warmer summers than present-day in the Northern Hemisphere. The African humid period was not the first such phase; evidence for about 230 older such \"green Sahara\"/wet periods exist going back perhaps to the first appearance of the Sahara 7-8 million years ago; such wet periods took place","id":"17551462"},{"contents":"Wildlife observation\n\n\nbe unable to survive due to saltwater inundation. The increase in the total amount of saltwater present in these wetlands could prove to be problematic for many species. While some may simply have to migrate to other areas, smaller ecosystems within the wetlands could be destroyed which, once again, influences the animal food chain. Polar bears are animals that are specifically affected through the process of rising sea levels. Living near the Arctic region, polar bears find their food on ice caps and sheets of ice. As these sheets continue to","id":"2478321"},{"contents":"Demographic history of Scotland\n\n\nareas also saw a loss of population, particularly in the Highlands and Hebrides. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000– 70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to what is now Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 BC. Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have","id":"15768318"},{"contents":"Andaman horseshoe bat\n\n\nwas noted that this species was absent from previous known roosts in several caves. This could be indicative of a decline in the number of subpopulations, or in the total population. Prior to 2008, this species was listed as vulnerable through the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In 2008, its status was revised to endangered. The species is in danger of becoming extinct due to its restricted range of less than , its existence in fewer than five locations, and the continued decline in locations of occurrence. While it is","id":"11950151"},{"contents":"Bearded seal\n\n\nthe bearded seal may include: loss of sea ice by climate change, bycatch from commercial fishing gear, and hunting. Their main predators include polar bears, however, typically pups around age 2 are attacked within birthing lairs, leaving older juveniles and adults commonly unharmed. Due to climate change, factors such as loss of sea ice, as well as decrease in prey population may create negative results on the bearded seal population in the future. Therefore, monitoring of the species as well as influences of human activity, will be","id":"19038283"},{"contents":"Holocene\n\n\nbut there was a slightly warmer period from the 10th–14th centuries known as the Medieval Warm Period. This was followed by the Little Ice Age, from the 13th or 14th century to the mid-19th century. Compared to glacial conditions, habitable zones have expanded northwards, reaching their northernmost point during the HCO. Greater moisture in the polar regions has caused the disappearance of steppe-tundra. The temporal and spatial extent of Holocene climate change is an area of considerable uncertainty, with radiative forcing recently proposed to be the origin of cycles identified","id":"13116475"},{"contents":"Wendy Foden\n\n\non biodiversity, including through talks and seminars. In 2009 she led a public-orientated report and press release entitled 'Ten New Climate Change Flagships: More Than Just the Polar Bear' at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference. She was a guest lecturer on the University of Cambridge Conservation Leadership MPhil course in the 2010s. Foden has been a steering committee member of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Climate Change Specialist Group for many years, and is a Trustee of the Environment Africa Trust. As of 2016, Foden chaired","id":"15782323"},{"contents":"Natural history of New Zealand\n\n\neruption of 186 AD. Since the last glacial maximum there have been three major climatic periods the coldest period from 28–18,000 years ago, an intermediate period from 18–11,000 years ago and our current climatic condition the warmer Holocene Inter Glacial over the last 11,000 years. In the first period global sea levels were about lower than today. This made most of New Zealand a single island and exposed great sections of the currently submerged continental shelf. Temperatures were about 4–5 °C lower than today. Much of the Southern Alps and Fiordland were glaciated","id":"6657286"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\nhunting (except by indigenous subsistence hunters), banned importing of polar bear parts (except polar bear pelts taken legally in Canada), and banned the harassment of polar bears. On 15 May 2008, the United States Department of the Interior listed the polar bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act, citing the melting of Arctic sea ice as the primary threat to the polar bear. It banned all importing of polar bear trophies. Importing products made from polar bears had been prohibited from 1972 to 1994 under the","id":"4739564"},{"contents":"List of mammals of Estonia\n\n\nThis is a list of Estonian mammals. The Estonian mammal fauna is somewhat impoverished compared to that of southern and central Europe due to the short period since the last ice age. Native (usually synonymous with indigenous) species are considered to be those which are today present in the region in question, and have been continuously present in that region since a certain period. There are no endemic mammal species in Estonia (that is, there are no mammal species native to only this region). The following tags are used to","id":"1546228"},{"contents":"Political positions of Sarah Palin\n\n\nscientific standards and claimed the programs are expensive and not effective. In December 2007, Palin wrote an opinion column in which she described her opposition to the listing of polar bears as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. In it she also stated that the polar bear population is more numerous now than 40 years ago and \"there is insufficient evidence of polar bears becoming extinct in the foreseeable future\". After Dirk Kempthorne, the Republican Secretary of the United States Department of the Interior listed the bear as threatened on May","id":"3830736"},{"contents":"Paleoclimatology\n\n\nabsence of land masses at the poles is not sufficient to guarantee glaciations or exclude polar ice caps. Evidence exists of past warm periods in Earth's climate when polar land masses similar to Antarctica were home to deciduous forests rather than ice sheets. The relatively warm local minimum between Jurassic and Cretaceous goes along with an increase of subduction and mid-ocean ridge volcanism due to the breakup of the Pangea supercontinent. Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates have been many short-term fluctuations in climate similar to","id":"5846265"},{"contents":"Climate change in Sweden\n\n\nclimate has been alternating between glacial periods and interglacial periods. The glacial periods lasted for up to 100,000 years with Temperatures possibly 20 °C lower than today's. Colder temperatures resulted in ice sheets covering most or all of Sweden. The interglacial periods were shorter, lasting 10,000–15,000 years. During these periods the climate was similar to today's with extensive forests and ice-free summers. The latest of these glacial periods was the Weichselian glaciation, lasting from about 115,000 years BP until about 11,500 years BP. At its peak 20,000–17,000","id":"19497657"},{"contents":"Climate change and ecosystems\n\n\npenguins. In the Arctic, the waters of Hudson Bay are ice-free for three weeks longer than they were thirty years ago, affecting polar bears, which prefer to hunt on sea ice. Species that rely on cold weather conditions such as gyrfalcons, and snowy owls that prey on lemmings that use the cold winter to their advantage may be hit hard. Marine invertebrates enjoy peak growth at the temperatures they have adapted to, regardless of how cold these may be, and cold-blooded animals found at greater latitudes and","id":"16197965"},{"contents":"Pagophily\n\n\n\". This is the first species of sea anemone that has been observed to live in ice rather than on the ocean floor. Research regarding the diet and lifestyle of \"Edwardsiella andrillae\" is ongoing. Climate change and the reduction of sea ice in polar regions has had significant impacts on organisms that prefer or depend on ice habitats. A \"stochastic population projection\" has shown that there will likely be drastic declines in the polar bear population by the end of the 21st century. Polar bears rely on seals and fish as","id":"4419369"},{"contents":"American black bear\n\n\n. These tremarctine bears evolved from bears that had emigrated from Asia to North America 7–8 ma. The giant and lesser short-faced bears are thought to have been heavily carnivorous and the Florida spectacled bear more herbivorous, while the American black bears remained arboreal omnivores, like their Asian ancestors. The American black bear's generalist behavior allowed it to exploit a wider variety of foods and has been given as a reason why, of these three genera, it alone survived climate and vegetative changes through the last Ice Age while the other","id":"5846339"},{"contents":"Limhamn\n\n\nat Linnégatan 12 in Limhamn. The Paleocene bird \"Scaniornis\" was described from fossil bones aged some 60 million years or more, which were found in the Limnhamn limestone; it was apparently a waterbird and might have been an early flamingo relative. At that time, the Limnhamn region was located as far south as central Germany today due to plate tectonics, and as it was warmer and somewhat more humid than today had a climate more comparable to the French Mediterranean or the Black Sea. Skanska, the fifth largest construction company","id":"974107"},{"contents":"Fur Formation\n\n\n55 million years ago, and its tropical or sub-tropical flora indicate that the climate after the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum was moderately warm (approximately 4-8 degrees warmer than today). Glacial activity has moved and folded all exposed \"moler\" in a complicated pattern which permits very precise mapping of glacial movement at the end of the last ice age, and has, due to the ash layers, created an extraordinary pedagogical case for studying tectonics. The Fur Formation is divided into two members: The lower Knudeklint","id":"17857709"},{"contents":"Glacial survival hypothesis\n\n\nAccording to the northern cryptic glacial refugial hypothesis (or glacial survival hypothesis), during the last ice age cold tolerant plant and animal species (e.g. Norway spruce and Norwegian lemmings) persisted in ice-free microrefugia north of the Alps in Europe. The alternative hypothesis of no persistence and postglacial immigration of plants and animals from southern refugia in Europe (southern refugia paradigm) is sometimes also called the tabula rasa hypothesis. Over the past plants and animals have persisted through long periods of climate change including several glacial and interglacial periods.","id":"7342064"},{"contents":"Brown bear\n\n\nexisted alongside in what is now Europe for the larger species and Central Asia and Siberia for the smaller species. The cave bears were similar in size to the larger forms of brown bear and polar bear alive today in terms of length, but were bulkier, with much higher-density skeletal remains and presumably rather heavier than the modern brown bear, with the cave bear about the same length as a modern Kodiak bear, but projected to be some 30% heavier. Pleistocene-era brown bears appear to have been somewhat larger","id":"4085792"},{"contents":"List of lemur species\n\n\nlow-density populations were least likely to survive the introduction of humans. Gradual changes in climate have also been blamed, and may have played a minor role; however since the largest lemurs also survived the climatic changes from previous ice ages and only disappeared following the arrival of humans, it is unlikely that climatic change was largely responsible. There is strong evidence of extensive declines in extant populations since the introductions of humans, particularly among the larger and more specialized lemurs. As long as habitats continue to shrink, degrade and fragment","id":"17837967"},{"contents":"2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference\n\n\nincrease of 0.6 °C in global temperatures. The earth historically has experienced periods of large increases in global temperatures. For example, around 2 million B.C the surface temperature of the earth is estimated to have been 5 °C warmer than today. While these temperatures increased as a result of the natural warming and cooling of the earth, current increases in global temperatures are attributed to increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases have increased since the late 19th century due to the industrialization of nations worldwide. Examples of","id":"17222048"},{"contents":"Climate change in the Arctic\n\n\n, but would continue to exist in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and areas off the northern Greenland coast. Secondary ecological effects are also resultant from the shrinkage of sea ice; for example, polar bears are denied their historic length of seal hunting season due to late formation and early thaw of pack ice. In the short-term, climate warming may have neutral or positive effects on the nesting cycle of many Arctic-breeding shorebirds. Models predict a sea-level contribution of about from melting in Greenland during the 21st century.","id":"8866580"},{"contents":"Tanis (fossil site)\n\n\nIt also sent trillions of tons of dust, debris and climate-changing sulfates (from the gypsum seabed) into the atmosphere, and may have created firestorms worldwide. With the exception of some ectothermic species such as the leatherback sea turtle and crocodiles, no tetrapods weighing more than survived. It marked the end of the Cretaceous period and with it, the entire Mesozoic Era, opening the Cenozoic Era that continues today. The meteor impact theory was proposed by father and son team Luis and Walter Alvarez in 1980. Today,","id":"9397096"},{"contents":"Agriculture in prehistoric Scotland\n\n\nduring the last interglacial period (130,000–70,000 BCE) Europe had a climate warmer than it is today, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 BCE. Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have dated an encampment near Biggar to around 8500 BCE. Numerous other sites found around Scotland build up a picture of","id":"3619869"},{"contents":"History of Jämtland\n\n\nbetween Norway and Sweden. During the unrest period in Jämtland's history (1563–1677) it shifted alignment between the two states no less than 13 times. As Jämtland's been linked to the land west and east of itself, particularly Trøndelag in Norway, it was of great importance for the Jamts to maintain good relationships in both directions. The first humans came to Jämtland from the west across Kölen approximately 7 000-6 000 BC, after the last ice age. The climate was at the time much warmer than today and","id":"2411232"},{"contents":"Fijian monkey-faced bat\n\n\nbeen converted to mahogany plantations. It is listed as a critically endangered species due to habitat loss. The population size is estimated at less than 1,000 individuals. Due to its imperiled status, it is identified by the Alliance for Zero Extinction as a species in danger of imminent extinction. In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation. Their habitat is being lost and fragmented by pollution, agriculture, extreme weather, and urbanization. Climate change is anticipated to","id":"15142972"},{"contents":"Cheddar Gorge\n\n\nsoils. The gorge was formed by meltwater floods during the cold periglacial periods which have occurred over the last 1.2 million years. During the ice ages permafrost blocked the caves with ice and frozen mud and made the limestone impermeable. When this melted during the summers, water was forced to flow on the surface, and carved out the gorge. During warmer periods the water flowed underground through the permeable limestone, creating the caves and leaving the gorge dry, so that today much of the gorge has no river until the underground Cheddar","id":"4159852"},{"contents":"Novaya Zemlya\n\n\nof Novaya Zemlya is influenced by its severe climate, but the region nevertheless supports a diversity of biota. One of the most notable species present is the polar bear, whose population in the Barents Sea region is genetically distinct from other polar bear subpopulations. Polar bears enter into human-inhabited areas more frequently than previously, which has been attributed to climate change. Global warming reduces sea ice, forcing the bears to come inland to find food. In February 2019, a mass migration occurred in the northeastern portion of Novaya Zemlya","id":"1268489"},{"contents":"List of fossil species in the London Clay\n\n\nA list of prehistoric and extant species whose fossils have been found in the London Clay, which underlies large areas of south-east England. Plant fossils, especially seeds and fruits, are found in abundance and have been collected from the London Clay for almost 300 years. Some 350 named species of plant have been found, making the London Clay flora one of the world's most diverse for fossil seeds and fruits. The flora includes plant types found today in tropical forests of Asia and demonstrates the much warmer climate of the","id":"9214866"},{"contents":"Connersville, Indiana\n\n\nalso, at least through 1795, Connerstown, a small Shawnee village near Lancaster, Ohio, named for John's father, Richard Conner. The Whitewater River Valley running north-south through eastern Indiana and southwestern Ohio was created by the Late Wisconsin Glaciation ending 13,600 years ago. Fayette County was at the southern fringe of the glaciation at that time. The Ice Age was punctuated by several prolonged warm periods during which the glaciers disappeared entirely from the temperate latitudes and a climate similar to today or even warmer prevailed. The flood","id":"19910747"},{"contents":"Sierra Nevada National Park (Spain)\n\n\nlast ice age, species moved south to escape the colder climate in the north, and as the climate grew warmer again, these species survived by taking refuge in the mountains. 2,100 plant species have been catalogued in the park, 116 of which are classified as threatened, and over 60 of which are unique to the area (endemic). Threatened species include the , a sub-species of the Marsh Gentian endemic to the Sierra Nevada and the Alpine Meadow-rue. One of the most emblematic plants of the Sierra","id":"15253546"},{"contents":"List of endemic species of the British Isles\n\n\nsouthern latitudes in Europe and perhaps even driving some species extinct. Some species which were present in Britain before past glaciations, often during periods with a warmer climate than now failed to return after the Last Glacial Maximum. Amongst these are \"Rhododendron ponticum\" and rabbits, now considered invasive and non-native. A species is only deemed native if it reached the British Isles without human intervention (either intentional or unintentional). That means that to be native the species must have reached Britain before the land bridge joining Britain to","id":"15988452"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\n, when alternatives are present they are quite flexible. Polar bears consume a wide variety of other wild foods, including muskox (\"Ovibos moschatus\"), reindeer (\"Rangifer tarandus\"), birds, eggs, rodents, crabs, other crustaceans and other polar bears. They may also eat plants, including berries, roots, and kelp; however, none of these have been a significant part of their diet, except for beachcast marine mammal carcasses. Given the change in climate, with ice breaking up in areas","id":"4739523"},{"contents":"African humid period\n\n\nexample. In the Rwenzori Mountains, forests during the period may record warmer temperatures. Conversely, based on a drill core taken at Saraya, Senegal, temperatures during the African humid period were lower than today there. An increase in atmospheric methane concentrations, detected in Greenland ice cores about 14,700 years ago, was probably a consequence of growing tropical wetlands. One climate model has indicated that a greener Sahara and reduced dust output would induce increases tropical cyclone activity, especially over the Atlantic but also in most other tropical cyclone basins due","id":"17551528"},{"contents":"Polar bear\n\n\n1000 bears were left in Svalbard. Only with the passage of the treaty did they begin to recover. The Soviet Union banned the harvest of polar bears in 1956; however, poaching continued and is estimated to pose a serious threat to the polar bear population. In recent years, polar bears have approached coastal villages in Chukotka more frequently due to the shrinking of the sea ice, endangering humans and raising concerns that illegal hunting would become even more prevalent. In 2007, the Russian government made subsistence hunting legal for indigenous Chukotkan","id":"4739562"},{"contents":"Extreme environment\n\n\n, such as the polar ice caps, the driest spots in desserts, and abysmal depths in the ocean. Many different places on the Earth demand that species become highly specialized if they are to survive. In particular, microscopic organisms that can't be seen with the naked eye often thrive in surprising places. Due to the dangerously low temperatures, the amount of species that can survive in the these remote areas is very slim. Over years of evolution and adaptation to this extremely cold environment, both microscopic and larger species have","id":"21294357"},{"contents":"Greater sage-grouse\n\n\nis not considered endangered by the IUCN, local populations may be in serious danger of extinction. In May 2000, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the \"Centrocercus urophasianus phaios\", formerly found in British Columbia, as being extirpated in Canada. The presence of subfossil bones at Conkling Cave and Shelter Cave in southern New Mexico show that the species was present south of its current range at the end of the last ice age, leading some experts to project that the species could become increasingly vulnerable as global climate change increases","id":"17367481"},{"contents":"Microbial biogeography\n\n\nfor penguins; although both polar bears and penguins have adapted to cold climates over many generations (the result of past environments), the distance and warmer climates between the north and south poles prevent these species from spreading to the opposite hemisphere (the result of current environments). This demonstrates the biogeographical pattern known as \"isolation with geographic distance\" by which the limited ability of a species to physically disperse across space (rather than any selective genetic reasons) restricts the geographical range over which it can be found. The biogeography","id":"12443497"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"contents\": \"Effects of global warming on marine mammals\\n\\n\\ndepths of the ocean, a process known as upwelling. Polar bears are one of the marine mammals that are most at risk due to climate change. The biggest issue for polar bears related to climate change is the melting of ice as a result of increasing temperatures. When the ice melts, polar bears lose their habitat and food sources. Although polar bears have been known to eat more than 80 species of animals, most of their diet consists of seals, which are also endangered by global warming. There have been an\",\n \"id\": \"2825624\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\npopulations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate, as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice. Polar bears diverged from brown bears 400,000–600,000 years ago and have survived past periods of climate fluctuation. It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears. However, most polar bear biologists think that polar bears will be unable to completely offset the loss of\",\n \"id\": \"4739581\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pagophily\\n\\n\\ntheir primary food source. While the bears can hunt land mammals such as caribou and fox, they can survive off of land prey for only approximately 6 months. Without the abundance of sea ice, polar bears cannot access seals and fish and, thus, can starve. These projections were important in the decision to list the polar bear as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In addition to threatening polar bear populations researchers also argue that seal populations will also be impacted by climate change. \\\"The breeding\",\n \"id\": \"4419370\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)\\n\\n\\nchanging environmental factors. Both plant species and animal species have become endangered. The Aleutian shield fern is a plant species that has been endangered due to caribou tramping and grazing, slumping from growing substrate, and human foot traffic. Animal species that are endangered in the tundra include the Arctic fox, caribou, and polar bears. These animals have been endangered due to overhunting, infestation of disease, loss of diet and habitat due to climate change, and human destructive activities, such as searches for natural gas and oil, mining\",\n \"id\": \"21536700\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\nand 31,000. There are several reasons for the apparent discordance between past and projected population trends: estimates from the 1950s and 1960s were based on stories from explorers and hunters rather than on scientific surveys. Second, controls of harvesting were introduced that allowed this previously overhunted species to recover. Third, the recent effects of climate change have affected sea ice abundance in different areas to varying degrees. Debate over the listing of the polar bear under endangered species legislation has put conservation groups and Canada's Inuit at opposing positions; the Nunavut\",\n \"id\": \"4739583\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Territorial claims in the Arctic\\n\\n\\nof the Sea (UNCLOS) as well as global climate change causing the polar ice seasonally to recede farther than these nations had expected due to climate change has prompted several countries to claim or to reinforce pre-existing claims to the seabed of the polar region. As defined by the UNCLOS, states have ten years from the date of ratification to make claims to an extended continental shelf. They must present to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, a UN body, geological evidence that their shelf effectively extends beyond\",\n \"id\": \"15808458\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate change in the Arctic\\n\\n\\nphocine distemper virus, to previously untouched populations. This is a particular danger among marine mammals who were previously segregated by sea ice. 3 April 2007, the National Wildlife Federation urged the United States Congress to place polar bears under the Endangered Species Act. Four months later, the United States Geological Survey completed a year-long study which concluded in part that the floating Arctic sea ice will continue its rapid shrinkage over the next 50 years, consequently wiping out much of the polar bear habitat. The bears would disappear from Alaska\",\n \"id\": \"8866579\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\nto lower reproductive rates in adult females and lower survival rates in cubs and juvenile bears, in addition to poorer body condition in bears of all ages. In addition to creating nutritional stress, a warming climate is expected to affect various other aspects of polar bear life: Changes in sea ice affect the ability of pregnant females to build suitable maternity dens. As the distance increases between the pack ice and the coast, females must swim longer distances to reach favoured denning areas on land. Thawing of permafrost would affect the bears who\",\n \"id\": \"4739570\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\nstudied to gain understanding of what is happening throughout the Arctic, because at-risk polar bears are often a sign of something wrong with the Arctic marine ecosystem. The International Union for Conservation of Nature, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, United States Geological Survey and many leading polar bear biologists have expressed grave concerns about the impact of climate change, including the belief that the current warming trend imperils the survival of the polar bear. The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss. Polar bears hunt\",\n \"id\": \"4739568\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\n, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present. Because of their dependence on the sea ice, polar bears are classified as marine mammals. Because of expected habitat loss caused by climate change, the polar bear is classified as a vulnerable species. For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect. For thousands of years, the polar bear has been a key figure in the material, spiritual, and cultural\",\n \"id\": \"4739480\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"ABC Islands bear\\n\\n\\ngenes as well. Prior studies have shown that the ABC Islands brown bears are the descendants of polar bears from male-dominated brown bears. The researchers of this study present a model that derives them from a population of polar bears that were stranded after the last glacial period, where brown bears migrated to the island and interbred, leaving the phenotype and genotype of these bears to be primarily brown bear. The research team hypothesizes that this may be a common outcome due to climate change or when an isolated species becomes overrun with\",\n \"id\": \"10696198\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Geography of Norway\\n\\n\\nhave proven that Norwegian conifers survived the ice age in ice - free refugees even north to Andøya. Many imported plants have been able to ripen seeds and spread, and less than half of the 2,630 plant species in Norway today actually occur naturally in the country. About 210 species of plants growing in Norway are listed as endangered, and 13 species are endemic. The national parks in Norway are mostly located in mountain areas; about 2% of the productive forests in the country are protected. Some plants are classified as western\",\n \"id\": \"12365809\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sea ice\\n\\n\\nin southern hemisphere spring of 2016. Sea ice provides an ecosystem for various polar species, particularly the polar bear, whose environment is being threatened as global warming causes the ice to melt more as the Earth's temperature gets warmer. Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment. At this, sea ice's relationship with global warming is cyclical; the ice helps to maintain cool climates, but as the global temperature increases,\",\n \"id\": \"9595\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of Scotland\\n\\n\\n8,500 years before Britain's recorded history. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000–70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, with the possible discovery of pre-Ice Age axes on Orkney and mainland Scotland. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 BC. Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have dated an encampment near\",\n \"id\": \"13331031\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate of Mars\\n\\n\\na summary of observations with the Mars Orbiter Camera, researchers speculated that some dry ice may have been deposited between the Mariner 9 and the Mars Global Surveyor mission. Based on the current rate of loss, the deposits of today may be gone in a hundred years. Elsewhere on the planet, low latitude areas have more water ice than they should have given current climatic conditions. Mars Odyssey \\\"is giving us indications of recent global climate change in Mars,\\\" said Jeffrey Plaut, project scientist for the mission at NASA's\",\n \"id\": \"699783\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Steven Amstrup\\n\\n\\nthe Beaufort Sea. In 2007, Amstrup's team of scientists prepared nine reports leading to the 2008 listing, by United States Secretary of the Interior Dirk Kempthorne, of polar bears as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. In 2010, he published an article in \\\"Nature\\\" finding that even if climate change led to complete melting of the polar ice packs, the ice could return if global temperatures subsequently cooled. He has taught at the University of Wyoming as an adjunct professor since 2006. His contributions to polar\",\n \"id\": \"6983771\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Patrick Moore (consultant)\\n\\n\\naccording to Moore's testimony. \\\"Today, we live in an unusually cold period in the history of life on earth and there is no reason to believe that a warmer climate would be anything but beneficial for humans and the majority of other species. The fact that we had both higher temperatures and an ice age at a time when emissions were 10 times higher than they are today fundamentally contradicts the certainty that human-caused emissions are the main cause of global warming. When modern life evolved over 500 million years ago,\",\n \"id\": \"7900799\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\ntraditionally den underground, and warm winters could result in den roofs collapsing or having reduced insulative value. For the polar bears that currently den on multi-year ice, increased ice mobility may result in longer distances for mothers and young cubs to walk when they return to seal-hunting areas in the spring. Disease-causing bacteria and parasites would flourish more readily in a warmer climate. Problematic interactions between polar bears and humans, such as foraging by bears in garbage dumps, have historically been more prevalent in years when ice\",\n \"id\": \"4739571\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate change in Sweden\\n\\n\\nyears BP, it extended into the northern parts of Germany and Poland. The transition to the current interglacial period was marked by a retreat of the Ice sheets and gradually warmer temperatures. By 6,000–7,000 years BP, the temperature was slightly warmer than today and most of the southern half of the country was covered in deciduous forests. The temperature has fluctuated since then with a weak cooling trend, leading to a relative increase in coniferous tree-cover. According to the Germanwatch \\\"Climate Change Performance Index 2010\\\" Sweden ranked as the\",\n \"id\": \"19497658\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\ncondition of polar bears has declined during this period; the average weight of lone (and likely pregnant) female polar bears was approximately in 1980 and in 2004. Between 1987 and 2004, the Western Hudson Bay population declined by 22%, although the population was listed as \\\"stable\\\" as of 2017. As the climate change melts sea ice, the U.S. Geological Survey projects that two-thirds of polar bears will disappear by 2050. In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in\",\n \"id\": \"4739574\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate of Svalbard\\n\\n\\nchanges in both thickness and extent, and these changes are expected to continue in the coming decades. Some marine mammals that are associated with the ice have already exhibited changes in distribution, body condition and reproduction. The negative impacts in the coming decades are expected to increase and could escalate as a result of the reduction in sea-ice cover. In turn, this situation could have severe impacts on the biodiversity among the native marine mammals in the Arctic. Several species, particularly polar bears \\\"(Ursus maritimus\\\") and\",\n \"id\": \"360001\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"ABC Islands bear\\n\\n\\n. An international study led by Penn State University and the University of Buffalo has estimated that polar bears split from brown bears between 4 million and 5 million years ago. This would have been due to climate changes, which included ice ages. Hybrids have also been documented within the Northern Beaufort Sea of Arctic Canada. This is an area where the range of polar bears overlaps with the range of brown bears. Data was collected using the entire genome of three brown bears and one black bear in comparison to one modern polar bear\",\n \"id\": \"10696200\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"South Polar region of the Cretaceous\\n\\n\\nThe South Polar region of the Cretaceous comprised the continent of East Gondwana–modern day Australia and Antarctica–a product of the break-up of Gondwana. The southern region, during this time, was much warmer than it is today, ranging from perhaps in the latest Cretaceous Maastrichtian in what is now southeastern Australia. This prevented permanent ice sheets from developing and fostering polar forests, which were largely dominated by conifers, cycads, and ferns, and relied on a temperate climate and heavy rainfall. Major fossil-bearing geological\",\n \"id\": \"13437815\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"J. Scott Armstrong\\n\\n\\nstating that he does not gamble. Climatologist Gavin Schmidt described Armstrong's wager as \\\"essentially a bet on year to year weather noise\\\" rather than climate change. Armstrong has published articles and testified before Congress on forecasts of polar bear populations (testimony), arguing that previous estimates were too flawed to justify listing the bear as an endangered species. In an evaluation of Armstrong and other authors’ criticism of polar bear population forecasts, Amstrup and other authors concluded that all of the claims made by Armstrong were either mistaken or misleading\",\n \"id\": \"17365351\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Ice cap climate\\n\\n\\n. There is very little surface life in ice cap climates. Vegetation cannot grow on ice, and is non-existent except in the warmer fringes that occasionally peak above freezing, even then it is confined to mosses and lichen. However, the fringes of ice caps do have significant animal life. Most of this life feeds on life in the surrounding oceans. Well known examples are polar bears in the northern region and penguins in Antarctica. Antarctica has several subglacial lakes underneath its ice sheet. Scientists have theorized that there\",\n \"id\": \"9417936\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Apex predator\\n\\n\\nclimate change. For example, the polar bear requires extensive areas of sea ice to hunt its prey, typically seals, but climate change is shrinking the sea ice of the Arctic, forcing polar bears to fast on land for increasingly long periods. Dramatic changes in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem were recorded after the gray wolf, both an apex predator and a keystone species (one with a large effect on its ecosystem), was reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 as a conservation measure. Elk, the wolves' primary prey\",\n \"id\": \"6885750\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate of the Arctic\\n\\n\\n18,000 years ago and ending by about 10,000 years ago. During these ice ages, large areas of northern North America and Eurasia were covered by ice sheets similar to the one found today on Greenland; Arctic climate conditions would have extended much further south, and conditions in the present-day Arctic region were likely colder. Temperature proxies suggest that over the last 8000 years the climate has been stable, with globally averaged temperature variations of less than about ; (see Paleoclimate). There are several reasons to expect that climate changes\",\n \"id\": \"15329822\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate of Svalbard\\n\\n\\n. The Norwegian Polar Institute’s research found that 1,000 years ago the climate on Svalbard was mild, allowing the seas to be navigable. This warmer climate lasted until the 1200s. After this time the climate was in a cold period, or a mini ice age, apart from around the 1750s when the climate was warmer. Data from ice cores has found the 20th century was the warmest century in the last 600 years. Average summer temperatures on Svalbard range from in July, and winter temperatures from in January. The highest\",\n \"id\": \"359983\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"England in the Late Middle Ages\\n\\n\\nand thirteenth centuries England went through the Medieval Warm Period, a prolonged ear of milder temperatures; in the early thirteenth century, for example, summers were around 1 °C warmer than today and the climate was slightly drier. These warmer temperatures allowed poorer land to be brought into cultivation and for grapevines to be cultivated relatively far north. The Warm Period was followed by several centuries of much cooler temperatures, termed the Little Ice Age; by the fourteenth century spring temperatures had dropped considerably, reaching their coldest in the 1340s and\",\n \"id\": \"12878991\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge\\n\\n\\nto den and give birth. Nearly 50 of these species migrate along the coast to the refuge in September. These bears extend more than 800 miles along the coast of Northern Alaska and Canada. Due to changes in climate, Polar bears are recorded to now spend more time on land waiting on new sea ice to form, as they depend on sea ice for much of their hunting. This limits their ability to hunt seals to build up fat for hibernation. Much controversial, the polar bears are widely affected by the climate\",\n \"id\": \"3667552\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tyto robusta\\n\\n\\nnot \\\"T. sanctialbani\\\" was confirmed on the other hand. The fossil owl bones are of Gargano are found in \\\"terra rossa\\\" (red earth) paleokarst infills. As the global climate moved towards the start of the last ice age period, it was not too dissimilar from today, albeit a bit warmer and more humid. Conditions must have been more extreme in the Mediterranean basin though, as the region had been drastically affected by the Messinian Salinity Crisis. In any case, the Gargano giant barn-owls must\",\n \"id\": \"16055697\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species\\n\\n\\n, have additionally become flightless for the same reason and thus presented even easier prey. Taxon extinctions taking place before the Late Quaternary happened in the absence of significant human interference. Rather, reasons for extinction are stochastic abiotic events such as bolide impacts, climate changes, mass volcanic eruptions etc. Alternatively, species may have gone extinct due to evolutionary displacement by successor or competitor taxa – it is notable for example that in the early Neogene, seabird biodiversity was much higher than today; this is probably due to competition by the radiation\",\n \"id\": \"20485061\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of endemic species of the British Isles\\n\\n\\nhave subspecies in the British Isles, some have been in the islands since the last Ice Age, but many spread in the immediate Sub-Arctic conditions as the ice retreated. Further more these species were latter reinforced by newer arrivals as the climate assumed temperatures and conditions more similar to the present day. Britain has a few subspecies of mammals but no endemic species. Many again are Ice Age survivors that adapted to the new conditions; others arrived in warmer conditions whilst the land bridge still existed. The Cnidaria are a group\",\n \"id\": \"15988457\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate of Svalbard\\n\\n\\nringed seals (\\\"Pusa hispida\\\"), require a sea ice habitat, as they follow the drifting ice northwards in the summer and return to the coastal areas when winter arrives. Therefore, changes in the sea ice cover could have a significant effect on these species. Climate change is thought to be the biggest threat facing polar bears. In the Arctic the polar bear is a top predator that is highly dependent on sea ice to hunt. The drifting ice provides access to find its most important prey - ringed seals.\",\n \"id\": \"360002\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Global catastrophic risk\\n\\n\\nhas ranged from ice ages to warmer periods when palm trees grew in Antarctica. It has been hypothesized that there was also a period called \\\"snowball Earth\\\" when all the oceans were covered in a layer of ice. These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable. However, abrupt climate change on the decade time scale has occurred regionally. Since civilization originated during a period of stable climate\",\n \"id\": \"5862133\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cave bear\\n\\n\\ncave bear had survived multiple climate changes prior to extinction. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA research indicated that the genetic decline of the cave bear began long before it became extinct, demonstrating habitat loss due to climate change was not responsible. Finally, high δN levels were found in cave bear bones from Romania, indicating wider dietary possibilities than previously believed. Overhunting by humans has been largely dismissed because human populations at the time were too small to pose a serious threat to the cave bear's survival, though the two species may have competed\",\n \"id\": \"13646269\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"2019 mass invasion of Russian polar bears\\n\\n\\nhas been prohibited by law in Russia. Also, vehicle patrols and dogs weren't successful in deterring them. A team of experts had been dispatched to the Arctic region to remove polar bears coming into the inhabited area and its vicinity. Russia's World Wildlife Fund said \\\"Today, polar bears are entering human areas more frequently than in the past and climate change is the reason. Global warming is reducing sea-ice and this phenomenon forces polar bears to come to land in order to find new sources of food\\\".\",\n \"id\": \"2901812\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Postglacial vegetation\\n\\n\\nPostglacial vegetation refers to plants that colonize the newly exposed substrate after a glacial retreat. The term \\\"postglacial\\\" typically refers to processes and events that occur after the departure of glacial ice or glacial climates. Climate change is the main force behind changes in species distribution and abundance. Repeated changes in climate throughout the Quaternary Period are thought to have had a significant impact on the current vegetative species diversity present today. Functional and phylogenetic diversity are considered to be closely related to changing climatic conditions, this indicates that trait differences are extremely\",\n \"id\": \"18485030\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Safari Club International\\n\\n\\nU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service denied the request. In 1994, SCI successfully lobbied for a change in the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 to allow for the importation of previously banned sport-hunted polar bear trophies into the United States from Canada. In 2007, SCI testified at a U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service hearing opposing the proposed listing of polar bears as a \\\"threatened\\\" species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The FWS is concerned that climate change is or will place polar bears at risk of extinction. SCI\",\n \"id\": \"6564387\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate Hustle\\n\\n\\ngovernment agencies had tampered with climate data. It was shown for one day in 400 theaters across the United States on 2 May 2016. In an interview with \\\"Variety\\\" about the film, Palin explained her passion for the issue, offering an anecdote about her 2008 lawsuit against the U.S. government, challenging the polar bear's placement on the threatened species list under the Endangered Species Act. Palin took issue with the forecasting data produced by biologists and environmental groups that showed a threat due to declining Arctic sea ice, although a\",\n \"id\": \"14775894\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Willow Bunch, Saskatchewan\\n\\n\\npart of the province would have remained under glacial ice. People of the area would have gone through three \\\"cultural periods\\\" common for the area: the \\\"Early years\\\", the \\\"Middle years\\\", and the \\\"Late years\\\". The early years span between 12,000-8,000 years ago. The middle years are from 8,000-2,200 years ago, which also brought a warmer climate. These eras are often characterized by projectile points used, such as spear points. The major change between the early years and\",\n \"id\": \"17988497\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Mangrove tree distribution\\n\\n\\nin Africa but little legislation exists compared to other regions, such as Asia. Poleward expansion of mangrove species has been observed on many coast lines in the world including US East and West coast, as well as Australia. This is arguably related to climate change. Average lowest temperatures have been increasing due to climate change, and this trend allows the survival of propagules during winter and germinate in warmer seasons. In areas that were too cold for mangrove species to grow, mangrove's survival could results in invasive species. In New\",\n \"id\": \"21450679\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Jämtland\\n\\n\\nJamtish hillside\\\". Some finds from the time before humans have been discovered in Jämtland, most notably the remains from a woolly mammoth in Pilgrimstad. The first humans came to Jämtland from the west across the Keel approximately 7000-6000 BC, after the last ice age. The climate was at the time much warmer than today and trees such as oak were growing at the top of today's mountains. Several thousand archaeological remains have been located in the province, predominantly near old camp-sites, beaches and lakes. The\",\n \"id\": \"17368534\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)\\n\\n\\nwell as the large white polar bear and that is why when people think about arctic animals, they think about the polar bear. As long as the polar bear exists, it will be the keystone species of the Arctic Cordillera. However, this existence relies solely on the degree of ice melt that is encountered in the future. The polar bear is one of the most notably affected species in the Arctic Cordillera, mainly due to their heavy reliance on arctic ice for hunting and bedding grounds. Habitat loss, caused by global\",\n \"id\": \"21536677\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\npolar ice pack, rather than in the Polar Basin close to the North Pole where the density of seals is low. Annual ice contains areas of water that appear and disappear throughout the year as the weather changes. Seals migrate in response to these changes, and polar bears must follow their prey. In Hudson Bay, James Bay, and some other areas, the ice melts completely each summer (an event often referred to as \\\"ice-floe breakup\\\"), forcing polar bears to go onto land and wait through\",\n \"id\": \"4739497\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"England in the Middle Ages\\n\\n\\ntransport routes, while many English towns formed navigable inland ports. For much of the Middle Ages, England's climate differed from that in the 21st century. Between the 9th and 13th centuries England went through the Medieval Warm Period, a prolonged period of warmer temperatures; in the early 13th century, for example, summers were around 1 °C warmer than today and the climate was slightly drier. These warmer temperatures allowed poorer land to be brought into cultivation and for grapevines to be cultivated relatively far north. The Warm Period\",\n \"id\": \"8704504\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Quercus hinckleyi\\n\\n\\nabout 10,000 years ago. However, as the climate of the region became warmer and drier, this species likely retreated, resulting in its current restricted range. Hinckley oak is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States and is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List. Postglacial climate change is believed to be the main reason for the limited distribution of the species. Low rates of reproduction and poor regeneration may threaten the persistence of this rare oak. High levels of clonal growth, or asexual reproduction, have\",\n \"id\": \"506119\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"England in the High Middle Ages\\n\\n\\nFor much of the Middle Ages, England's climate differed from that in the twenty-first century. Between the ninth and thirteenth centuries England went through the Medieval Warm Period, a prolonged period of warmer temperatures; in the early thirteenth century, for example, summers were around 1 °C warmer than today and the climate was slightly drier. These warmer temperatures allowed poorer land to be brought into cultivation and for grapevines to be cultivated relatively far north. The English economy was fundamentally agricultural, depending on growing crops such as\",\n \"id\": \"12773808\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Titanoboa\\n\\n\\nall boids. The size of \\\"T. cerrejonensis\\\" has also provided clues as to the earth's climate during its existence; because snakes are ectothermic, the discovery implies that the tropics, the creature's habitat, must have been warmer than previously thought, averaging about . The warmer climate of the Earth during the time of \\\"T. cerrejonensis\\\" allowed cold-blooded snakes to attain much larger sizes than modern snakes. Today, larger ectothermic animals are found in the tropics, where it is hottest, and smaller ones are\",\n \"id\": \"9806639\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\nstatus under the Endangered Species Act and the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities. Polar bear fieldwork can also be hazardous to researchers. As of 2015, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports that the global population of polar bears is 22,000 to 31,000, and the current population trend is unknown. Nevertheless, polar bears are listed as \\\"Vulnerable\\\" under criterion A3c, which indicates an expected\",\n \"id\": \"4739566\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Xerocrassa geyeri\\n\\n\\nto have survived in local refugia the reduction of the favourable steppe-like habitat due to climatic extremes during the pleniglacial and interstadial periods, as it is the case today. Pfenninger & Bahl (1997) suggested that snail species with restricted dispersal might survive in habitats of a size in the magnitude of few square meters. There is increasing evidence that such small spots with a favourable microclimate existed in the periglacial area of central Europe and were presumed to have provided refuges for comparatively cold resistant snail species. Southern and eastern European refugia\",\n \"id\": \"2031404\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate oscillation\\n\\n\\nas the Eemian phase created temperatures higher than today, higher sea levels, and some partial melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet. The warmest part of the current interglacial occurred during the early Holocene Optimum, when temperatures were a few degrees Celsius warmer than today, and a strong African Monsoon created grassland conditions in the Sahara during the Neolithic Subpluvial. Since that time, several cooling events have occurred, including: In contrast, several warm periods have also taken place, and they include but are not limited to: Certain effects\",\n \"id\": \"2221968\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Perched coastline\\n\\n\\nA perched coastline is a fossil coastline currently above the present coastline. It can be produced by one of two factors. 1. Perched coastlines can be created by higher sea levels in the past than today. For example during the last Ice Age interglacial period, climates were significantly warmer than today, and thermal expansion of the oceans, together with increased melting of glaciers, meant that sea levels were higher than they are today. This has created evidence of perched coastlines all around the world. 2. Perched coastlines can be\",\n \"id\": \"4762752\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tim Ball\\n\\n\\na result, \\\"the extrapolation of polar bear disappearance is highly premature.\\\" The paper was a \\\"Viewpoint\\\" article and was not peer-reviewed. While the paper was cited by Sarah Palin to justify opposition to listing polar bears on the endangered-species list, its findings were contradicted by reports from the U.S. Geological Survey and other independent researchers, who concluded that man-made climate change was likely to devastate polar-bear populations by 2050. The paper was also criticized by an expert at the National Snow and\",\n \"id\": \"3468222\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"CICE (sea ice model)\\n\\n\\n, and developers of the NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM) have continued to contribute to CICE innovations and have used it to investigate polar variability in Earth's climate system. The United States Navy began using CICE shortly after 2000 for polar research and sea ice forecasting and it continues to do so today. Since 2000, CICE development or coupling to oceanic and atmospheric models for weather and climate prediction has occurred at the University of Reading, University College London, the U.K. Met Office Hadley Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada\",\n \"id\": \"11400941\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pollen zone\\n\\n\\nplant species were represented in bands through the cores. The differing species and differing quantities of the same species are caused by changes in climate. Von Post was able to confirm the Blytt-Sernander climatic sequence showing fluctuations between warmer and colder periods across thousands of years. He used local peat sequences combined with varve dating to produce a regional climatic chronology for Scandinavia. In 1940 Harry Godwin began applying von Post's methods to pollen cores from the British Isles to produce the wider European sequence accepted today. It basically expanded the Blytt\",\n \"id\": \"20918898\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\ngovernment and many northern residents have condemned the U.S. initiative to list the polar bear under the Endangered Species Act. Many Inuit believe the polar bear population is increasing, and restrictions on commercial sport-hunting are likely to lead to a loss of income to their communities. For the indigenous peoples of the Arctic, polar bears have long played an important cultural and material role. Polar bear remains have been found at hunting sites dating to 2,500 to 3,000 years ago and 1,500-year-old cave paintings of polar bears have been found in\",\n \"id\": \"4739584\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"ABC Islands bear\\n\\n\\nand one polar bear remains estimated at 120,000 years old. Data shows that the brown bears and polar bears were isolated at the same time in which black bears became their own species. Brown bears and polar bears continued to remain isolated for a long period of time, theorized due to the presence of ice, before recent changes allowed polar bears and brown bears to interbreed again. It is estimated that polar bears and brown bears began to interbreed again about 160,000 years ago. The study shows that previous estimates of polar bears only\",\n \"id\": \"10696201\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Crow's Nest Natural Area Preserve\\n\\n\\nEocene, the Atlantic Ocean was considerably narrower than it is today, making migration relatively easy for marine animals. The climate of Virginia during this period was considerably warmer than it is today. According to extensive records, the Earth experienced its warmest interval of the past 66 million years during the early Eocene, and Virginia was probably much warmer than central and southern Florida today. The remains of large alligators and turtles have been found at this latitude in Virginia. The calcareous soil strata within Potomac Creek, the Aquia Formation, is\",\n \"id\": \"16689477\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\npolar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females. In recent years, polar bears in the Arctic have undertaken longer than usual swims to find prey, possibly resulting in four recorded drownings in the unusually large ice pack regression of 2005. A new development is that polar bears have begun ranging to new territory. While not unheard of but still uncommon, polar bears have been sighted increasingly in larger numbers ashore, staying on the mainland for longer periods of time during the summer months, particularly\",\n \"id\": \"4739575\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity\\n\\n\\ndisadvantage with a warmer climate, their insect herbivores may also be taking a hit. Temperature will directly affect diversity, persistence and survival in both the plants and their insect herbivores. As these insect herbivores decrease, so will the higher levels of species that eat those insects. This cascading event would be detrimental to our earth and how we view nature today. Accurate predictions of the future impacts of climate change on plant diversity are critical to the development of conservation strategies. These predictions have come largely from bioinformatic strategies, involving modeling\",\n \"id\": \"19904251\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"African humid period\\n\\n\\nto today due to a northward migration of the tropical rainbelt. Within the otherwise climatically relatively stable Holocene the African humid period is considered to be a major fluctuation. It is also part of the so-called Holocene climatic optimum which featured warmer summers than present-day in the Northern Hemisphere. The African humid period was not the first such phase; evidence for about 230 older such \\\"green Sahara\\\"/wet periods exist going back perhaps to the first appearance of the Sahara 7-8 million years ago; such wet periods took place\",\n \"id\": \"17551462\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wildlife observation\\n\\n\\nbe unable to survive due to saltwater inundation. The increase in the total amount of saltwater present in these wetlands could prove to be problematic for many species. While some may simply have to migrate to other areas, smaller ecosystems within the wetlands could be destroyed which, once again, influences the animal food chain. Polar bears are animals that are specifically affected through the process of rising sea levels. Living near the Arctic region, polar bears find their food on ice caps and sheets of ice. As these sheets continue to\",\n \"id\": \"2478321\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Demographic history of Scotland\\n\\n\\nareas also saw a loss of population, particularly in the Highlands and Hebrides. At times during the last interglacial period (130,000– 70,000 BC) Europe had a climate warmer than today's, and early humans may have made their way to what is now Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 BC. Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have\",\n \"id\": \"15768318\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Andaman horseshoe bat\\n\\n\\nwas noted that this species was absent from previous known roosts in several caves. This could be indicative of a decline in the number of subpopulations, or in the total population. Prior to 2008, this species was listed as vulnerable through the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In 2008, its status was revised to endangered. The species is in danger of becoming extinct due to its restricted range of less than , its existence in fewer than five locations, and the continued decline in locations of occurrence. While it is\",\n \"id\": \"11950151\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Bearded seal\\n\\n\\nthe bearded seal may include: loss of sea ice by climate change, bycatch from commercial fishing gear, and hunting. Their main predators include polar bears, however, typically pups around age 2 are attacked within birthing lairs, leaving older juveniles and adults commonly unharmed. Due to climate change, factors such as loss of sea ice, as well as decrease in prey population may create negative results on the bearded seal population in the future. Therefore, monitoring of the species as well as influences of human activity, will be\",\n \"id\": \"19038283\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Holocene\\n\\n\\nbut there was a slightly warmer period from the 10th–14th centuries known as the Medieval Warm Period. This was followed by the Little Ice Age, from the 13th or 14th century to the mid-19th century. Compared to glacial conditions, habitable zones have expanded northwards, reaching their northernmost point during the HCO. Greater moisture in the polar regions has caused the disappearance of steppe-tundra. The temporal and spatial extent of Holocene climate change is an area of considerable uncertainty, with radiative forcing recently proposed to be the origin of cycles identified\",\n \"id\": \"13116475\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Wendy Foden\\n\\n\\non biodiversity, including through talks and seminars. In 2009 she led a public-orientated report and press release entitled 'Ten New Climate Change Flagships: More Than Just the Polar Bear' at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference. She was a guest lecturer on the University of Cambridge Conservation Leadership MPhil course in the 2010s. Foden has been a steering committee member of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Climate Change Specialist Group for many years, and is a Trustee of the Environment Africa Trust. As of 2016, Foden chaired\",\n \"id\": \"15782323\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Natural history of New Zealand\\n\\n\\neruption of 186 AD. Since the last glacial maximum there have been three major climatic periods the coldest period from 28–18,000 years ago, an intermediate period from 18–11,000 years ago and our current climatic condition the warmer Holocene Inter Glacial over the last 11,000 years. In the first period global sea levels were about lower than today. This made most of New Zealand a single island and exposed great sections of the currently submerged continental shelf. Temperatures were about 4–5 °C lower than today. Much of the Southern Alps and Fiordland were glaciated\",\n \"id\": \"6657286\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\nhunting (except by indigenous subsistence hunters), banned importing of polar bear parts (except polar bear pelts taken legally in Canada), and banned the harassment of polar bears. On 15 May 2008, the United States Department of the Interior listed the polar bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act, citing the melting of Arctic sea ice as the primary threat to the polar bear. It banned all importing of polar bear trophies. Importing products made from polar bears had been prohibited from 1972 to 1994 under the\",\n \"id\": \"4739564\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of mammals of Estonia\\n\\n\\nThis is a list of Estonian mammals. The Estonian mammal fauna is somewhat impoverished compared to that of southern and central Europe due to the short period since the last ice age. Native (usually synonymous with indigenous) species are considered to be those which are today present in the region in question, and have been continuously present in that region since a certain period. There are no endemic mammal species in Estonia (that is, there are no mammal species native to only this region). The following tags are used to\",\n \"id\": \"1546228\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Political positions of Sarah Palin\\n\\n\\nscientific standards and claimed the programs are expensive and not effective. In December 2007, Palin wrote an opinion column in which she described her opposition to the listing of polar bears as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. In it she also stated that the polar bear population is more numerous now than 40 years ago and \\\"there is insufficient evidence of polar bears becoming extinct in the foreseeable future\\\". After Dirk Kempthorne, the Republican Secretary of the United States Department of the Interior listed the bear as threatened on May\",\n \"id\": \"3830736\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Paleoclimatology\\n\\n\\nabsence of land masses at the poles is not sufficient to guarantee glaciations or exclude polar ice caps. Evidence exists of past warm periods in Earth's climate when polar land masses similar to Antarctica were home to deciduous forests rather than ice sheets. The relatively warm local minimum between Jurassic and Cretaceous goes along with an increase of subduction and mid-ocean ridge volcanism due to the breakup of the Pangea supercontinent. Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates have been many short-term fluctuations in climate similar to\",\n \"id\": \"5846265\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate change in Sweden\\n\\n\\nclimate has been alternating between glacial periods and interglacial periods. The glacial periods lasted for up to 100,000 years with Temperatures possibly 20 °C lower than today's. Colder temperatures resulted in ice sheets covering most or all of Sweden. The interglacial periods were shorter, lasting 10,000–15,000 years. During these periods the climate was similar to today's with extensive forests and ice-free summers. The latest of these glacial periods was the Weichselian glaciation, lasting from about 115,000 years BP until about 11,500 years BP. At its peak 20,000–17,000\",\n \"id\": \"19497657\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate change and ecosystems\\n\\n\\npenguins. In the Arctic, the waters of Hudson Bay are ice-free for three weeks longer than they were thirty years ago, affecting polar bears, which prefer to hunt on sea ice. Species that rely on cold weather conditions such as gyrfalcons, and snowy owls that prey on lemmings that use the cold winter to their advantage may be hit hard. Marine invertebrates enjoy peak growth at the temperatures they have adapted to, regardless of how cold these may be, and cold-blooded animals found at greater latitudes and\",\n \"id\": \"16197965\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Pagophily\\n\\n\\n\\\". This is the first species of sea anemone that has been observed to live in ice rather than on the ocean floor. Research regarding the diet and lifestyle of \\\"Edwardsiella andrillae\\\" is ongoing. Climate change and the reduction of sea ice in polar regions has had significant impacts on organisms that prefer or depend on ice habitats. A \\\"stochastic population projection\\\" has shown that there will likely be drastic declines in the polar bear population by the end of the 21st century. Polar bears rely on seals and fish as\",\n \"id\": \"4419369\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"American black bear\\n\\n\\n. These tremarctine bears evolved from bears that had emigrated from Asia to North America 7–8 ma. The giant and lesser short-faced bears are thought to have been heavily carnivorous and the Florida spectacled bear more herbivorous, while the American black bears remained arboreal omnivores, like their Asian ancestors. The American black bear's generalist behavior allowed it to exploit a wider variety of foods and has been given as a reason why, of these three genera, it alone survived climate and vegetative changes through the last Ice Age while the other\",\n \"id\": \"5846339\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Limhamn\\n\\n\\nat Linnégatan 12 in Limhamn. The Paleocene bird \\\"Scaniornis\\\" was described from fossil bones aged some 60 million years or more, which were found in the Limnhamn limestone; it was apparently a waterbird and might have been an early flamingo relative. At that time, the Limnhamn region was located as far south as central Germany today due to plate tectonics, and as it was warmer and somewhat more humid than today had a climate more comparable to the French Mediterranean or the Black Sea. Skanska, the fifth largest construction company\",\n \"id\": \"974107\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fur Formation\\n\\n\\n55 million years ago, and its tropical or sub-tropical flora indicate that the climate after the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum was moderately warm (approximately 4-8 degrees warmer than today). Glacial activity has moved and folded all exposed \\\"moler\\\" in a complicated pattern which permits very precise mapping of glacial movement at the end of the last ice age, and has, due to the ash layers, created an extraordinary pedagogical case for studying tectonics. The Fur Formation is divided into two members: The lower Knudeklint\",\n \"id\": \"17857709\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Glacial survival hypothesis\\n\\n\\nAccording to the northern cryptic glacial refugial hypothesis (or glacial survival hypothesis), during the last ice age cold tolerant plant and animal species (e.g. Norway spruce and Norwegian lemmings) persisted in ice-free microrefugia north of the Alps in Europe. The alternative hypothesis of no persistence and postglacial immigration of plants and animals from southern refugia in Europe (southern refugia paradigm) is sometimes also called the tabula rasa hypothesis. Over the past plants and animals have persisted through long periods of climate change including several glacial and interglacial periods.\",\n \"id\": \"7342064\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Brown bear\\n\\n\\nexisted alongside in what is now Europe for the larger species and Central Asia and Siberia for the smaller species. The cave bears were similar in size to the larger forms of brown bear and polar bear alive today in terms of length, but were bulkier, with much higher-density skeletal remains and presumably rather heavier than the modern brown bear, with the cave bear about the same length as a modern Kodiak bear, but projected to be some 30% heavier. Pleistocene-era brown bears appear to have been somewhat larger\",\n \"id\": \"4085792\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of lemur species\\n\\n\\nlow-density populations were least likely to survive the introduction of humans. Gradual changes in climate have also been blamed, and may have played a minor role; however since the largest lemurs also survived the climatic changes from previous ice ages and only disappeared following the arrival of humans, it is unlikely that climatic change was largely responsible. There is strong evidence of extensive declines in extant populations since the introductions of humans, particularly among the larger and more specialized lemurs. As long as habitats continue to shrink, degrade and fragment\",\n \"id\": \"17837967\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference\\n\\n\\nincrease of 0.6 °C in global temperatures. The earth historically has experienced periods of large increases in global temperatures. For example, around 2 million B.C the surface temperature of the earth is estimated to have been 5 °C warmer than today. While these temperatures increased as a result of the natural warming and cooling of the earth, current increases in global temperatures are attributed to increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases have increased since the late 19th century due to the industrialization of nations worldwide. Examples of\",\n \"id\": \"17222048\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Climate change in the Arctic\\n\\n\\n, but would continue to exist in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and areas off the northern Greenland coast. Secondary ecological effects are also resultant from the shrinkage of sea ice; for example, polar bears are denied their historic length of seal hunting season due to late formation and early thaw of pack ice. In the short-term, climate warming may have neutral or positive effects on the nesting cycle of many Arctic-breeding shorebirds. Models predict a sea-level contribution of about from melting in Greenland during the 21st century.\",\n \"id\": \"8866580\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Tanis (fossil site)\\n\\n\\nIt also sent trillions of tons of dust, debris and climate-changing sulfates (from the gypsum seabed) into the atmosphere, and may have created firestorms worldwide. With the exception of some ectothermic species such as the leatherback sea turtle and crocodiles, no tetrapods weighing more than survived. It marked the end of the Cretaceous period and with it, the entire Mesozoic Era, opening the Cenozoic Era that continues today. The meteor impact theory was proposed by father and son team Luis and Walter Alvarez in 1980. Today,\",\n \"id\": \"9397096\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Agriculture in prehistoric Scotland\\n\\n\\nduring the last interglacial period (130,000–70,000 BCE) Europe had a climate warmer than it is today, and early humans may have made their way to Scotland, though archaeologists have found no traces of this. Glaciers then scoured their way across most of Britain, and only after the ice retreated did Scotland again become habitable, around 9600 BCE. Mesolithic hunter-gatherer encampments formed the first known settlements, and archaeologists have dated an encampment near Biggar to around 8500 BCE. Numerous other sites found around Scotland build up a picture of\",\n \"id\": \"3619869\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"History of Jämtland\\n\\n\\nbetween Norway and Sweden. During the unrest period in Jämtland's history (1563–1677) it shifted alignment between the two states no less than 13 times. As Jämtland's been linked to the land west and east of itself, particularly Trøndelag in Norway, it was of great importance for the Jamts to maintain good relationships in both directions. The first humans came to Jämtland from the west across Kölen approximately 7 000-6 000 BC, after the last ice age. The climate was at the time much warmer than today and\",\n \"id\": \"2411232\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Fijian monkey-faced bat\\n\\n\\nbeen converted to mahogany plantations. It is listed as a critically endangered species due to habitat loss. The population size is estimated at less than 1,000 individuals. Due to its imperiled status, it is identified by the Alliance for Zero Extinction as a species in danger of imminent extinction. In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation. Their habitat is being lost and fragmented by pollution, agriculture, extreme weather, and urbanization. Climate change is anticipated to\",\n \"id\": \"15142972\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Cheddar Gorge\\n\\n\\nsoils. The gorge was formed by meltwater floods during the cold periglacial periods which have occurred over the last 1.2 million years. During the ice ages permafrost blocked the caves with ice and frozen mud and made the limestone impermeable. When this melted during the summers, water was forced to flow on the surface, and carved out the gorge. During warmer periods the water flowed underground through the permeable limestone, creating the caves and leaving the gorge dry, so that today much of the gorge has no river until the underground Cheddar\",\n \"id\": \"4159852\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Novaya Zemlya\\n\\n\\nof Novaya Zemlya is influenced by its severe climate, but the region nevertheless supports a diversity of biota. One of the most notable species present is the polar bear, whose population in the Barents Sea region is genetically distinct from other polar bear subpopulations. Polar bears enter into human-inhabited areas more frequently than previously, which has been attributed to climate change. Global warming reduces sea ice, forcing the bears to come inland to find food. In February 2019, a mass migration occurred in the northeastern portion of Novaya Zemlya\",\n \"id\": \"1268489\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of fossil species in the London Clay\\n\\n\\nA list of prehistoric and extant species whose fossils have been found in the London Clay, which underlies large areas of south-east England. Plant fossils, especially seeds and fruits, are found in abundance and have been collected from the London Clay for almost 300 years. Some 350 named species of plant have been found, making the London Clay flora one of the world's most diverse for fossil seeds and fruits. The flora includes plant types found today in tropical forests of Asia and demonstrates the much warmer climate of the\",\n \"id\": \"9214866\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Connersville, Indiana\\n\\n\\nalso, at least through 1795, Connerstown, a small Shawnee village near Lancaster, Ohio, named for John's father, Richard Conner. The Whitewater River Valley running north-south through eastern Indiana and southwestern Ohio was created by the Late Wisconsin Glaciation ending 13,600 years ago. Fayette County was at the southern fringe of the glaciation at that time. The Ice Age was punctuated by several prolonged warm periods during which the glaciers disappeared entirely from the temperate latitudes and a climate similar to today or even warmer prevailed. The flood\",\n \"id\": \"19910747\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Sierra Nevada National Park (Spain)\\n\\n\\nlast ice age, species moved south to escape the colder climate in the north, and as the climate grew warmer again, these species survived by taking refuge in the mountains. 2,100 plant species have been catalogued in the park, 116 of which are classified as threatened, and over 60 of which are unique to the area (endemic). Threatened species include the , a sub-species of the Marsh Gentian endemic to the Sierra Nevada and the Alpine Meadow-rue. One of the most emblematic plants of the Sierra\",\n \"id\": \"15253546\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"List of endemic species of the British Isles\\n\\n\\nsouthern latitudes in Europe and perhaps even driving some species extinct. Some species which were present in Britain before past glaciations, often during periods with a warmer climate than now failed to return after the Last Glacial Maximum. Amongst these are \\\"Rhododendron ponticum\\\" and rabbits, now considered invasive and non-native. A species is only deemed native if it reached the British Isles without human intervention (either intentional or unintentional). That means that to be native the species must have reached Britain before the land bridge joining Britain to\",\n \"id\": \"15988452\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\n, when alternatives are present they are quite flexible. Polar bears consume a wide variety of other wild foods, including muskox (\\\"Ovibos moschatus\\\"), reindeer (\\\"Rangifer tarandus\\\"), birds, eggs, rodents, crabs, other crustaceans and other polar bears. They may also eat plants, including berries, roots, and kelp; however, none of these have been a significant part of their diet, except for beachcast marine mammal carcasses. Given the change in climate, with ice breaking up in areas\",\n \"id\": \"4739523\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"African humid period\\n\\n\\nexample. In the Rwenzori Mountains, forests during the period may record warmer temperatures. Conversely, based on a drill core taken at Saraya, Senegal, temperatures during the African humid period were lower than today there. An increase in atmospheric methane concentrations, detected in Greenland ice cores about 14,700 years ago, was probably a consequence of growing tropical wetlands. One climate model has indicated that a greener Sahara and reduced dust output would induce increases tropical cyclone activity, especially over the Atlantic but also in most other tropical cyclone basins due\",\n \"id\": \"17551528\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Polar bear\\n\\n\\n1000 bears were left in Svalbard. Only with the passage of the treaty did they begin to recover. The Soviet Union banned the harvest of polar bears in 1956; however, poaching continued and is estimated to pose a serious threat to the polar bear population. In recent years, polar bears have approached coastal villages in Chukotka more frequently due to the shrinking of the sea ice, endangering humans and raising concerns that illegal hunting would become even more prevalent. In 2007, the Russian government made subsistence hunting legal for indigenous Chukotkan\",\n \"id\": \"4739562\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Extreme environment\\n\\n\\n, such as the polar ice caps, the driest spots in desserts, and abysmal depths in the ocean. Many different places on the Earth demand that species become highly specialized if they are to survive. In particular, microscopic organisms that can't be seen with the naked eye often thrive in surprising places. Due to the dangerously low temperatures, the amount of species that can survive in the these remote areas is very slim. Over years of evolution and adaptation to this extremely cold environment, both microscopic and larger species have\",\n \"id\": \"21294357\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Greater sage-grouse\\n\\n\\nis not considered endangered by the IUCN, local populations may be in serious danger of extinction. In May 2000, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the \\\"Centrocercus urophasianus phaios\\\", formerly found in British Columbia, as being extirpated in Canada. The presence of subfossil bones at Conkling Cave and Shelter Cave in southern New Mexico show that the species was present south of its current range at the end of the last ice age, leading some experts to project that the species could become increasingly vulnerable as global climate change increases\",\n \"id\": \"17367481\"\n },\n {\n \"contents\": \"Microbial biogeography\\n\\n\\nfor penguins; although both polar bears and penguins have adapted to cold climates over many generations (the result of past environments), the distance and warmer climates between the north and south poles prevent these species from spreading to the opposite hemisphere (the result of current environments). This demonstrates the biogeographical pattern known as \\\"isolation with geographic distance\\\" by which the limited ability of a species to physically disperse across space (rather than any selective genetic reasons) restricts the geographical range over which it can be found. The biogeography\",\n \"id\": \"12443497\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":0,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":1507,"offset":0,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSIsImtpZCI6IjVHZDBvd0g5MTM2eDZjc1FvbE1zcktNWUZoRVFoUm5PVVVybEpjOUhaUEEifQ.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NTg0MTc4NywianRpIjoiMWZhOGQ1ODctYzQ3Ni00OWFhLWE1MjktOTljYWY4OGQ3Y2UxIiwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL2lvaGFkcnViaW4vZWxpNV9ibTI1X3RvcDEwMF9raWx0IiwiZXhwIjoxNzg1ODQ1Mzg3LCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2h1Z2dpbmdmYWNlLmNvIn0.HzyLgNcG1AvBUByWGLM9mSfSin2oX_9wY1aUVbRVfThZ5PCzr4rP0P9mHHOlrmRCulOH5zjjtLjmXmeWNp0SBg","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"dev","numRows":1507,"numBytesParquet":59213794},{"config":"default","split":"test_without_answers","numRows":600,"numBytesParquet":20577576},{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":2000,"numBytesParquet":70537030}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":2,"total":2},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
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In Trading Places (1983, Akroyd/Murphy) how does the scheme at the end of the movie work? Why would buying a lot of OJ at a high price ruin the Duke Brothers? | 1kiwfx | [{"answer": "The final scene involves future contracts. This simply means entering into a contract to buy something (oil, wheat, even frozen concentrated orange juice(FCOJ)) at a specified time for the current price. The person selling the future does not have to own the FCOJ at the time of sale he simply has to provid... | [
{
"contents": "Trading Places\n\n\nis also heard on the train scene and is credited on the film. Almost 30 years after its release, the plot for the movie was part of the inspiration for new regulations on the financial markets. On March 3, 2010, Commodity Futures Trading Commission chief Gary Gensler stated, i... |
What causes the trail behind jets at high altitude? | 52py6m | [{"answer": "It is water vapor and ice. They are produced from the hot engine exhaust in the cold atmosphere. Water vapor from the engine exhaust mixed with unburnt particulate in the jet fuel gives the surrounding moist air something to latch onto and ice crystals form. Depending on the hight of the aircraft, they can... | [
{
"contents": "Contrail\n\n\nengine exhaust are seen at high altitude, directly behind each engine. By contrast, the visible cores of wingtip vortices are usually seen only at low altitude where the aircraft is travelling slowly after takeoff or before landing, and where the ambient humidity is higher. They tra... |
babies crying pre-sedentary/having shelters if it would technically be a death sentence attracting predators in nature | 83bow1 | [{"answer": "Hardly. First, remember that babies were not left unattended. Our early ancestors (much like some hunter gatherer tribes still do to this day) carries their babies around constantly. Babies that are worn cry much less because pretty much their every need (food and comfort) are very close by. Additionally, ... | [
{
"contents": "Hunter-gatherer\n\n\nshelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available. Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast and the Yakuts, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed th... |
Do animals know they're going to die? | 1dvkc7 | [{"answer": "Animals, at least higher functioning mammals, have some sort of concept of death, though I don't know how much it differs from what you or I understand death to be. Elderly pack animals (wolves, for example) will voluntarily leave the pack, stop eating, and find a quiet place to die, for example. Elephants... | [
{
"contents": "Danzig 4\n\n\nwe were trying to really play the whole song \"Let It Be Captured\" backwards. Therefore, a new song was created - \"Cantspeak\".” Glenn Danzig has stated that the song \"Going Down to Die\" was written about “knowing you're gonna die and dying...some people know they're going to di... |
Does marijuana impair driving ability? | 4lnk7x | [{"answer": "Cannabis is a depressant drug, which means it slows down messages travelling between your brain and body. When large doses of cannabis are taken, it may also produce hallucinogenic effects. Cannabis can cause: reduced coordination, slower reaction times, slower information processing, confusion, changes in... | [
{
"contents": "Driving under the influence\n\n\n\"drivers with five nanograms of active tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in their whole blood can be prosecuted for driving under the influence (DUI). However, no matter the level of THC, law enforcement officers base arrests on observed impairment.\" In Colorado, if co... |
What caused racial division and discrimination between Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda? | 5fpy11 | [{"answer": "According to the excellent \"We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed Along with Our Families,\" a book on the genocide, there had long been a divide in Rwanda between more agrarian and more trade oriented groups, which was loosely correlated to Hutu and Tutsi lineage. Colonizing forces sharpe... | [
{
"contents": "Religion in Rwanda\n\n\nrace origins, which taught that the Tutsi were a superior race. The Church has been considered to have played a significant role in fomenting racial divisions between Hutu and Tutsi, in part because they found more willing converts among the majority Hutu. An estimated 800... |
Why do we use an tiered income tax system, instead of something more precise (like an integral-based tax)? | 5s7ksf | [{"answer": "It's way easier for the average person to do the math if the tax rates are stepwise rather than continuous. The average person isn't very comfortable with formulas, but can deal with subtraction and multiplication."}, {"answer": "I have a feeling that using a formula to calculate income tax is more complic... | [
{
"contents": "Taxation in Iceland\n\n\nused a 3-tier income tax system base on the individual's level of income. Since 2016, Iceland uses a 2-tiere system. In 2018 income tax consisted as follows If the annual income of an individual is below 1,750,782 ISK there musn't be any income or municipal tax paid. The ... |
How are companies like Snapchat and Tinder, worth anything when most people don't pay to use them? | 3wb152 | [{"answer": "If you're not paying for it, YOU are the item being sold. They probably sell your data to 3rd party advertisers."}, {"answer": "Snapchat makes a lot of ad revenue through advertising. They have deals with the NFL and stuff like that to have snapchat stories posted to everyone."}, {"answer": "They're worth ... | [
{
"contents": "Tony Martin (British singer)\n\n\nwant to delete ten years of your history? It seems to me that they've got their minds elsewhere, and whatever brings them the most money seems to be what they go for. I mean, the Ozzy reunion. How many times do you want to go and pay to see them do the same stuff... |
What determines whether or not someone is a naturally good singer? | 4kzgh9 | [{"answer": "Physically speaking, being a naturally good singer means you were born with a good \"instrument\". Your vocal cords would be more elastic and flexible, and this would make your voice able to produce more overtones, or the right mix of overtones which sound pleasant. Overtones are basically sound waves on t... | [
{
"contents": "Unconscionability\n\n\nnegotiations, whereas \"substantive unconscionability\" refers to the unfairness of terms or outcomes. Most often the former will lead to the latter, but not always. The existence of the procedural unconscionability without substantive unconscionability may be sufficient to... |
Why wouldn't life on another habitable planet look similar to Earth's? | 1qdjpv | [{"answer": "There probably would be similarities. Things that were swimmers would probably be sleek, for instance, due to natural selection. It's just that there would have been an entirely different evolutionary history and so different things may/would have been tried that didn't get a chance on our world."}, {"answ... | [
{
"contents": "Superhabitable planet\n\n\nA superhabitable planet is a hypothetical type of exoplanet or exomoon that may be better suited than Earth for the emergence and evolution of life. The concept was introduced in 2014 by René Heller and John Armstrong, who have criticized the language used in the search... |
Why is Google Fibre taking so long to roll out? | 37a8or | [{"answer": "One does not simply lay down a large fiber network. First, you have to have the money. That's not really an issue for Google. Then, you have to convince municipal governments to let you build a network, and you have to get past the incumbent ISP, who wants to keep their monopoly intact. You have to find en... | [
{
"contents": "Papyrus\n\n\nhandle. To form the long strip scrolls required, a number of such sheets were united, placed so all the horizontal fibres parallel with the roll's length were on one side and all the vertical fibres on the other. Normally, texts were first written on the \"recto\", the lines followin... |
as someone from the UK, I have no idea why obamacare has been getting so much hate. explain. | 21t83f | [{"answer": "Obamacare mandates that you buy healthcare insurance, or apply for free coverage from the government if you're poor enough or old enough to qualify. It gives subsidies based on income. Long story short, there are a lot of Americans who think that the free market is the best solution to all problems - healt... | [
{
"contents": "Lisa Niles\n\n\nmore of a villain, \"But when I originally signed on, what I was so excited about and why I decided to take the role in the first place was because it was a \"Fatal Attraction\" storyline. So I loved the idea of getting to play that. I loved the idea of getting to play a villain b... |
Why is a 1 degree temperature difference in climate such a big deal? | 4yvbtp | [{"answer": "Ice, ice, baby. Much of the land on earth is covered by ice...snow pack, ice caps, glaciers, etc. They stay ice, and even grow, because it is cold enough they get more snow on them then they lose to melting. But if the temperature goes up just a little bit, some of them will melt faster than they grow, and... | [
{
"contents": "Climate of Rawalpindi\n\n\n, Rawalpindi was merely 0.5 to maximum 1 degree Celsius warmer than its twin city, Islamabad. In 2015, during the month of May, Rawalpindi's night temperatures were on average 21.6 degrees Celsius, while Islamabad (only 8 kilometers north in a much vegetated area) recor... |
What makes a feature film look different than regular video recording? | 1saccp | [{"answer": "Higher quality cameras, different ratios, but mainly color correcting. Color correcting adds the overall theatric and cinematic feel o a film. It's why when you see raw footage of the movie it looks like a lower quality. There is sometimes some cg overlay as well."}, {"answer": "It's been touched on, but n... | [
{
"contents": "Exhumed Films\n\n\nhit a play button. There’s no element of trying to track [the film print] down. The look, the texture, of film is really important. What makes it unique is that it’s very fragile. Every time you’re playing it, it’s getting a little worse. Oftentimes, the films that we’re showin... |
Why can I fall asleep in noisy environments (school lectures, public transport, cinemas, etc) but an even lesser amount of noise can disturb my sleep when I'm in bed? | 1xqd5e | [{"answer": "Much of our perception is focused on revealing differences. Thus it is not the level of the noise but the uniformity of it. Say for example you fixed tacos for dinner. You notice the yummy smell of food as its cooking, you enjoy the aroma as you take your first bit. Then after dinner you clean up, watch a ... | [
{
"contents": "A Nightmare on Elm Street (video game)\n\n\n. The meter indicates how close the player character is to falling asleep. If even one of the player characters falls asleep, all of the player characters will be transported to an alternate version of the environment referred to as the \"Dream World\",... |
Is time travel possible?? | 1hr6o2 | [{"answer": "Sure. You are going forward in the future all the time. We also know exactly what to do for you to experience a second while the whole world ages through centuries. Basically the faster you move, the slower your time goes, so at certain speeds, your second will be a year for the rest of the world. Same thi... | [
{
"contents": "Time travel\n\n\nof violating causality. The absence of time travelers from the future is a variation of the Fermi paradox. As the absence of extraterrestrial visitors does not prove they do not exist, so the absence of time travelers fails to prove time travel is physically impossible; it might ... |
Why every car I've driven only has the defrost option set to "defrost the windshield" or "defrost the windshield and blow on feet." | 2pen6e | [{"answer": "Heating the window is, of course, a safety feature. As for the \"warm feet\", that's just blowing it at the bottom because warm air will rise, so it makes the most sense to send it out at your feet. You might look for an aftermarket accessory called \"gloves\"."}, {"answer": "The main reason is it allows t... | [
{
"contents": "VAM Lerma\n\n\nin-house five spoke 14x6 units complemented by AMC's \"Noryl\" wheelcover design. The full length of the Lerma was only two inches shorter than that of the VAM American (Concord) sedan models. Convenience standard accessories included power steering, tinted windshield, intermittent... |
Why can there never be true randomness? | 88u4t9 | [{"answer": " > So why can't there be true randomness We don't know that there cannot be, and indeed certain physical phenomena that we observe appears to be truly random, at least on an extremely small scale. So the assumption is not supported by current evidence."}, {"answer": "In computing, random number generators ... | [
{
"contents": "Periannan Senapathy\n\n\nlength as that of the longest random ORFs. In addition, the introns can be very long, based on the split gene theory, which is found to be true in eukaryotic organisms. This work also explains why the genomes are very large, for example, the human genome with three billio... |
Why does alcohol leave such a recognizable smell on your breath when non-alcoholic drinks, like Coke, don't? | 718rr5 | [{"answer": "The smell lingers as long as you're drunk because it's not coming from residual booze in your saliva, it's the smell of your blood itself. When you imbibe an alcoholic beverage, ethanol (the active ingredient that gets you drunk), is absorbed into your bloodstream. Ethanol is a volatile chemical (it evapor... | [
{
"contents": "Alcoholism\n\n\ntest being that of blood alcohol content (BAC). These tests do not differentiate alcoholics from non-alcoholics; however, long-term heavy drinking does have a few recognizable effects on the body, including: With regard to alcoholism, BAC is useful to judge alcohol tolerance, whic... |
How would someone who is fit be affected if they literally ate complete Junk food for one day? | 4pmzko | [{"answer": "There's a show on A & E called \"Fit to Fat to Fit.\" It follows personal trainers who purposefully eat junk for 8 weeks to get fat. And then they lose the weight alongside their heaviest clients. Most episodes follow similar tropes. Typically, the trainers feel great for a week or two. The rush of process... | [
{
"contents": "Parental obesity\n\n\nof junk food, their bodies metabolized food differently from offspring whose mother ate healthier. Offspring of mothers who ate badly had higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in their bloodstream and higher risk of heart disease. In addition, these offspring had hi... |
what the Right to Repair fight is about with Apple? | 5u7ljy | [{"answer": "Imagine you buy a car. Let's say a Chevy Cruze cuz why not. Now, Chevy has all sorts of reasons to want you to only use Chevy certified mechanics and official Chevy spare parts because they can make money from that service and maintain quality control. On the other hand, you as a consumer wants to find the... | [
{
"contents": "Electronics right to repair\n\n\nassure such a bill would not pass, arguing that such \"right to repair\" bills could lead to people injuring themselves while trying to repair their own electronics, and for hackers to insert vunerabilities into repaired devices to affect a user's privacy and secu... |
Okay, so does Free Software Foundation just expect us to give everything away for free? How do you make money on free software? | 49gx4f | [{"answer": "Remember -- free as in free speech, not free as in free beer. The mission of the FSF is to promote the expansion of practices for sharing. It is about enabling the investigation and modification of software by users, and ensuring proper attribution to the writers of software. Let's say you are using the GP... | [
{
"contents": "Free Software Foundation of India\n\n\nThe Free Software Foundation of India (FSFI) Is an Indian sister organisation to the US-based Free Software Foundation. It was founded in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), the capital of Kerala in 2001, as a non-profit Company. The FSFI advocates to promote t... |
Why do lower-income folk work multiple jobs to support themselves rather than work more hours at a single job? | 6afu19 | [{"answer": "It may not be available to them. Full-time positions are significantly more expensive for companies, as once you cross a certain threshold of hours the benefits you need to offer your employees increases. (Exactly what depends on the state.) Thus, a company may be able to save money by juggling several par... | [
{
"contents": "Youth unemployment in Spain\n\n\nunemployment has lowered recently, the fact that it remains high is cause for concern, since the more unemployed youth that exist, the greater the potential effects not only on themselves but on the Spanish economy as a whole. Among the general causes of why young... |
what is happening in Mali and what do Germany and France have to do with it? | 16lrc4 | [{"answer": "Finally somebody asking about this! I was beginning to think people were blind to this, since it could easily trigger a larger international crisis. My professor summarized it today, actually, and I will attempt to relay her ideas. The long and short of it: Islamic groups, some but not all associated with ... | [
{
"contents": "Alexander Ostrovsky\n\n\npoet Nikolay Sherbina. \"What kind of characters, what sort of language!.. Only in kabaks and indecent houses do people speak and act this way. Some would argue that such things do happen in real life. But we see all kind of things around us, not all of them can be put to... |
How could the 'Butterfly Effect' literally work? | 31m33z | [{"answer": "The butterfly wafts some pollen off a flower. The pollen gets in a herd animal's nose, causing it to sneeze. The sneeze startles the herd, causing it to panic and stampede. The stampede raises a dust cloud. The dust cloud causes a local weather change that eventually leads to a hurricane. (I forget the ste... | [
{
"contents": "Butterfly effect in popular culture\n\n\nis often miscredited as the origin of the term \"butterfly effect\". Ray Bradbury's 1952 concept of how the death of a butterfly in the past could have drastic changes in the future is a representation of the butterfly effect, and used as an example of how... |
Why does every steam game I install need to install it's own copy of directx? | 30k3v1 | [{"answer": "Running the DirectX installer is not a matter of making sure your overall DirectX install being up-to-date. Microsoft has a helper library with D3D called D3DX. You'll find binaries for this like d3dx9_43.dll in your Windows\\system32 folder. There are over 40 different versions of the D3DX library for D3D... | [
{
"contents": "Rocket Jockey\n\n\na specific DirectX 3 component (d3dhalf.dll) must be present in the Windows\\System directory (on Windows ME and before) in order to complete normal installation. This file can be found in the DirectX directory of the \"Rocket Jockey\" CD, has been provided on \"Rocket Jockey\"... |
Why don't large dogs consider small dogs prey, but they consider cats prey? | 3ngwkn | [{"answer": "Large dogs do consider smaller dogs prey. Your dog is just socialized well/naturally has no or low prey drive."}, {"answer": "Cats are more likely to run than dogs, triggering the prey instinct of the bigger dog. Small dogs are more likely to get in the bg dogs face, making the big dog think \"this guy's n... | [
{
"contents": "Brisbane Water National Park\n\n\nFelis catus\"). Wild dogs and cats are of particular concern due to the proximity of the park to areas of highly urbanised land use. This makes the wild dog and cat issue particularly prevalent. Cats and wild dogs are significant predators because they interact w... |
what does the Pope actually do? | 388py7 | [{"answer": "The Pope is the absolute monarch of Vatican City. Within city, his word is law, and he can override everyone else within the Vatican City. Outside the city, he is the final word for the Catholic Church's official doctrine. He can speak *Ex cathedra,* (from the chair), which means he IS speaking for God, an... | [
{
"contents": "Pierre-Simon Laplace\n\n\nend of his life. Laplace in his last years has been described as an agnostic. In 1470 the humanist scholar Bartolomeo Platina wrote that Pope Callixtus III had asked for prayers for deliverance from the Turks during a 1456 appearance of Halley's Comet. Platina's account ... |
Why is it that as we get older, we are able to handle eating hotter foods | 4xvu4n | [{"answer": "I'm not sure I accept the premise. Children in cultures where spicy food is common, think nothing of it. My nephews had no problem eating hot peppers when they were very young because it was just a normal part of their diet. It's a sort of acquired taste/tolerance and it's \"easier\" to acquire that at the... | [
{
"contents": "Foodways\n\n\nEdge Anthropologists, folklorists, sociologists, historians, and food scholars often use the term foodways to describe the study of why we eat what we eat and what it means. The term, therefore, looks at food consumption on a deeper than concrete level and includes, yet goes, beyond... |
Could someone medically unable to feel pain have surgery done without anaethesia? | 6gj2ma | [{"answer": "Nah b/c what if they start to crash and need to be intubated. They will still freak out whether it hurts or not"}, {"answer": "no. people who can't feel pain can usually still feel pressure and vibration (they are different nerve fiber types), which are incredibly uncomfortable sensations during surgery. a... | [
{
"contents": "Anesthesia awareness\n\n\nfeel the pain or pressure of surgery, hear conversation, experience air hunger, or have difficulty breathing. The patient may be unable to communicate any distress because they have been given a muscle relaxant; without this, they can move and the anesthesiologists are a... |
Sam Harris' argument that we do not truly have free will. | 1te3ub | [{"answer": "The underlying question here is an important one: If 'Free Will' is real, then how do you (scientifically) describe the universe in such a way that it makes sense? With almost every other phenomenon we experience, we can justify it and attribute it to the natural laws around us. But not so with Free Will. ... | [
{
"contents": "Neuroscience of free will\n\n\nus astray; it may be the case that we have confused correlation with causation by believing that conscious awareness necessarily causes the body's movement. This possibility is bolstered by findings in neurostimulation, brain damage, but also research into introspec... |
The hate of Nickleback | mki8b | [{"answer": "The hate bandwagon, as far as I can tell, started with a series of Youtube videos that combined their songs into one larger song, proving that literally all of their songs are the same. The choruses lined up, the drumming was the same in every single song, etc. This proved that they were working from a for... | [
{
"contents": "2019 Charlotte 49ers football team\n\n\n, Western Kentucky Runningbacks coach Montario Hardesty joined the staff to coach Wide Receivers. On February 21 Clemson graduate assistant Zachary Alley joined the staff to coach Nicklebacks. On March 1st Oregon graduate assistant Cody Woodiel was hired to... |
How and why is sushi safe to eat? | 1bbaqs | [{"answer": "Not all the bacteria present in the fish are harmful to humans. Some are, but not all. Even the harmful ones aren't always bad. Our bodies are constantly killing bad cells. Any parasites or bacteria are generally put to the death quite quickly by our bodies defenses. If a fish shows any telltale signs of b... | [
{
"contents": "History of sushi\n\n\nno way to know what this \"sushi\" was or even how it was pronounced. By the 9th and 10th century \"鮨\" and \"鮓\" are read as \"sushi\". This \"sushi\" was similar to today's \"narezushi\". For almost the next 800 years, until the early 19th century, sushi slowly changed and... |
Everyday girls/women have photos "leaked" onto the internet without their consent. Why does it become an FBI concern when the woman happens to be an actress? | 2fc04t | [{"answer": "If a girl sends you nudes and you share, its a copyright issue. If you break into someones account and steal them, you have committed a federal offense."}, {"answer": "The FBI routinely investigates these types of hacking cases, even when the victims are not famous. You just don't hear about it on the news... | [
{
"contents": "Shakti Mills gang rape\n\n\nsay no to the dismissive, destructive attitude of 'boys will be boys'.\" The day following Yadav's comments, SP Maharashtra unit chief Abu Azmi told \"Mid Day\", \"Any woman if, whether married or unmarried, goes along with a man, with or without her consent, should be... |
What exactly is time? | kscdh | [{"answer": "**Like You Are 5:** You are *always* moving through Time at approximately the speed of light. When you speed up, you begin to move through time less slowly. This is why it is technically possible to time-travel (though we can only go into the future at this point). Therefore, Time is our relative experienc... | [
{
"contents": "Tom Koch\n\n\nThe absurdist article detailed the convoluted rules of an imaginary sport, and made enough of an impression to be mentioned in both men's New York Times obituaries, including the first sentence of Koch's. In the article, new terminology is introduced with no explanation; much of the... |
how was the first prpgramming language invented? What was the name of the language? | 2pz851 | [{"answer": "It depends when you start calling it a programming language. At first it was all programmed using \"machine code\" by putting just numbers. CPU was designed to distinguish some of them as \"operation codes\". For example when CPU read number 123 it knew it should read 2 more bytes and then add them. This w... | [
{
"contents": "Longest word in English\n\n\nThe identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from the language's roots (without any known intentional invent... |
Why does chemotherapy work if it's basically just pumping poison into your body? Why don't we often die from that poison? | 3kwr7e | [{"answer": "Well it's not 'just pumping poison into your body.' It is a variety of treatments tailored to more specifically target certain types of cells. For instance, many target cells that undergo extremely rapid division, because this is a fairly common feature of cancer cells. This does indeed damage healthy part... | [
{
"contents": "James B. Sumner\n\n\nwith pepsin in 1929. It had become clear that Sumner had devised a general crystallization method for enzymes, and also that all enzymes are proteins. Dr. Sumner sounded early warnings about the water fluoridation schemes, \"We ought to go slowly. Everybody knows fluorine and... |
If heat is one of the most abundant energy sources, how come we don't have an efficient way of harnessing it yet? | 4mm5vy | [{"answer": "Nuclear energy is basically just generating heat to create steam to turn a turbine generator"}, {"answer": " > How come we don't have something like windmills and solar panels for heat that is significant enough to power an entire house? A steam turbine could be called a \"windmill for heat\". Unfortunatel... | [
{
"contents": "Renewable energy commercialization\n\n\ngas to wind, solar, and geothermal energy is well under way. In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something — oil, coal, or natural gas — leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy. The new energy economy harnesses th... |
Mars' atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide. Could we plant trees to help convert it to oxygen and try to make it a habitable planet? | 188lf8 | [{"answer": "Unlikely. Mars has temperatures between -20 and -120C, gets orders of magnitude less sunshine than Earth, and there isn't even that much CO2, because although the atmosphere is mostly CO2, the surface pressure is around 0.3% that of Earth. If you're comparing partial pressures of CO2, Earth and Mars have a... | [
{
"contents": "Mars habitat\n\n\n. A material processing plant would use Mars resources to reduce reliance on Earth provided material. The planned Mars 2020 mission includes Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE) which would convert Mars carbon dioxide into oxygen. To convert the whole of Mars into a habitat, incr... |
Are there any actual laws against false advertisement? | 2bqb5a | [{"answer": "Yes. In the US at least there are laws against false advertisement. However, it should be noted that there are all sorts of loopholes which can be abused. A statement must be verifiably false in order to be a problem, so vague statements like \"120% more refreshing\" or things of that nature aren't actuall... | [
{
"contents": "Crisis pregnancy center\n\n\nfrom clients without the clients' consent. In San Francisco, rather than compelling any speech, the city ordinance is framed as a false advertising law which allows courts to fine CPCs up to $500 every time they falsely imply in an advertisement that they offer aborti... |
What's the science behind waking up in the middle of the night after only a few hours of sleep feeling rested, only to get a full eight and wake up tired? | 6ov6vq | [{"answer": "Sleep stages. There are 5 different sleep stages; * the 'on-ramp', you know when you're at the back of a boring class / lecture and your head starts nodding, literally 'falling asleep' as it feels like you've fallen if you catch yourself. * stage 2, your brain waves start to slow down (iirc waking, your br... | [
{
"contents": "Sleep\n\n\ncycle. Conversely they can have difficulty waking up in the trough of the cycle. A healthy young adult entrained to the sun will (during most of the year) fall asleep a few hours after sunset, experience body temperature minimum at 6 a.m., and wake up a few hours after sunrise. General... |
Why were olde time punishments for relatively minor crimes so severe? Was death for crimes such as stealing not considered to be a tad harsh? | 8btzne | [{"answer": "Your question is very general over a myraid of cultures and societies, but, in general, people had much less than they have today, and the things they had, they relied on to stay alive or directly provide for their families. They didn't have WalMarts, Amazon, motor vehicles, and the internet, etc. You coul... | [
{
"contents": "Draco (lawgiver)\n\n\nslavery. The punishment was more lenient for those owing a debt to a member of a lower class. The death penalty was the punishment for even minor offences, such as stealing a cabbage. Concerning the liberal use of the death penalty in the Draconic code, Plutarch states: \"It... |
Why are some animals' flesh (beef, salmon, etc.) fine to eat raw, whilst others (chicken, pork, etc.) cause food poisoning? | 1ircew | [{"answer": "First, there are no meats that are 100% safe to eat raw. There is always a risk of bacterial contamination/poisoning, especially if the meat is not cleaned properly. Second, in some places, people DO eat raw chicken...and horse, for that matter. See here from Japan: URL_0 Now, to your question. * Saltwat... | [
{
"contents": "Hamburger\n\n\nsandwich using a bun for the bread, even when the filling does not contain beef, such as a chicken burger (generally with chicken breast rather than chicken mince), salmon burger, pulled pork burger, veggie burger, etc. The term 'sandwich' is usually only applied when the bread use... |
Why do we use gas, electricity, and chemical injections for executions when a noose and firing squads are proven effective and **WAY** cheaper? | 2gkeb8 | [{"answer": "firing squads and nooses are actually not all that guaranteed. If the hanging is not done right, the convict will not die instantly and will instead suffocate to death. Firing squads are similar in that you could perhaps only graze the heart/other vital organs and not kill the person."}, {"answer": "Execut... | [
{
"contents": "Lethal injection\n\n\nthe late 20th century as a form of execution intended to supplant other methods, notably electrocution, gas inhalation, hanging and firing squad, that were considered to be less humane. It is now the most common form of execution in the United States. Lethal injection was fi... |
Why don't we inhale close to (or all of) our lung's capacity worth of air when we breathe naturally? | 2s0qha | [{"answer": "Life has this tendency to want to do the thing that takes the least amount of energy(for the same result). It takes a lot of work to fill your lungs to capacity, and it isn't like all the air gets used by your lungs in either case."}, {"answer": "Did anyone else switch to \"manual breathing\" while reading... | [
{
"contents": "Julius Jeffreys\n\n\nBlood to the Head\". 'Statics' made some important contributions to the understanding of lung volume. Julius was the first to describe that we do not inhale and exhale the full capacity of the lungs when we breathe, instead leaving air in the lungs when we have 'fully' exhale... |
What is a lawyer supposed to do when defending a person who is obviously guilty of a crime? | 506fe2 | [{"answer": "They're supposed to vigorously defend their client, to the best of their ability. Even the worst person in the world deserves an advocate who will work to make sure they're treated fairly, no matter the circumstance. Justice is blind, after all. Of course, that doesn't mean that the lawyer will always try ... | [
{
"contents": "Steve Dallas\n\n\nLike most conservatives (and liberals, and others) portrayed in Breathed's work, Steve's political positions do not appear to stem from actual convictions. As a lawyer, Steve took on hopeless cases defending psychotic and obviously guilty criminals and murderers, much to the cha... |
The history of Canada | jatvv | [{"answer": "Technically, we are 'constitutionally independent', but we are not a republic. Technically, we are a 'Dominion'. This means we are self-governing and can make up our own minds regarding national and international issues and how we involve ourselves. Prior to this, we basically had to do whatever the crown ... | [
{
"contents": "Canada's National History Society\n\n\nto subscribing to their magazines also contribute charitable donations. 66% of total annual revenues come from individual subscriptions and donations. From 2007-2009 it partnered with HBC to administer the HBC Local History Grants Program which provided mode... |
How does the rear view mirror work after flipping it up at night? | 3ji34o | [{"answer": "The front surface of the mirror is glass, which is only slightly reflective and mostly transparent, while the back surface of the mirror is smooth metal which is highly reflective. The glass surface and metal surface are titled with respect to each other. Usually, you are looking at the strong reflection f... | [
{
"contents": "Holden Caprice\n\n\nto a different audio source to the front occupants. A rear flip down table was incorporated into the rear armrest, complete with storage pocket and cup holders. The exclusive-to-Caprice options included standard Howe leather seats, 260-watt 12-speaker DSP audio system, individ... |
How are old films and photograph's, that are old, grainy and captured on film, restored to 1080p HD? | 3moexi | [{"answer": "Film is better than 1080p. Not necessarily how it was shown on a television or projector, but the film itself is higher resolution than 1080p, and even 4k. This is why it can be reformatted for our current standards. Long live film."}, {"answer": "Several steps actually. As others have noted, good film has... | [
{
"contents": "D5 HD\n\n\nare also supported. D-5 runs at different data rates for different formats (taken from the hardware manual for the AJ-HD3700B: HD material is often captured for post production of film projects, whereby the D-5 HD scanning equipment is cheaper by the hour than a full resolution 2K film... |
Why do we still have car lighters instead of regular electricity plugs | 2147sd | [{"answer": "Household electricity is AC, your car's electrical system is DC. It takes addition equipment to convert it to DC, and you lose some efficiency in the process. Also, a car battery only produces about 500 watts, which is not enough for some high power uses. Your car's electrical wiring and fuses are not desi... | [
{
"contents": "Electric car use by country\n\n\nbut ranks only fifth in plug-in car sales in 2016. About 93% of the plug-ins registered through December 2018 were registered since 2014. In 2013 Germany reclassified range-extended vehicles as series plug-in hybrids instead of all-electric vehicles. As a result, ... |
what Tor is, and why everyone praises it as the king of proxies. | jnte0 | [{"answer": "Imagine the internet as a phone system. When you make a regular call, it's easy to see who is calling who (caller ID) and what they're saying (phone taps and the like). What TOR does is splits everything up and encrypts it. So instead of calling the person you want to talk to directly, you call a designate... | [
{
"contents": "Flash proxy\n\n\nFlash proxy is a pluggable transport and proxy which runs in a web browser. Flash proxies are an Internet censorship circumvention tool which enables users to connect to the Tor anonymity network (amongst others) via a plethora of ephemeral browser-based proxy relays. The essenti... |
Why sheep are symbol of innocence, while goats are symbol of the devil? | 3f595e | [{"answer": "Sheep are a metaphor for good men that follow God. They're cute, harmless & generally do what they're told but they occasionally do something stupid, get themselves into trouble & need help. They're safe as long as they stay under the watch of the shepard. Goats, OTOH, are obstinate, uncontrollable & ... | [
{
"contents": "Bovidae in Chinese mythology\n\n\n, and a symbol of filial piety, as the lambs are thought to kneel while their mothers suckle them (Eberhard: 264, \"sub\" \"Sheep\"). Herding of sheep and/or goats was often associated with the peripheral area of China, or beyond the borders. For example, the Chi... |
Why do some cities have a distinguishable accent while others don't? | 2ye86a | [{"answer": "Well, you can still spot a Chicago accent, or Atlanta or New Orleans...etc. However the Midwestern accent has been adopted by news, broadcast and Hollywood., so those are alike by dissemination by the entertainment industry. Used to be that Hollywood used the artificial, trained \"Mid-Atlantic\" accent (He... | [
{
"contents": "Why Don't You Do Right?\n\n\nThe new tune, titled \"Why Don't You Do Right?\", was recorded by Lil Green in 1941, with guitar by William \"Big Bill\" Broonzy. The recording was an early jazz and blues hit. The song has its roots in blues music and originally dealt with a marijuana smoker reminisc... |
Whats the big deal with the new AMD Ryzen CPU? | 5vjl2v | [{"answer": "As stated on the comment above, Intel thoroughly dominated the desktop CPU market for way too long. Why you may ask? Let's rewind back to 2011, Intel just released their 2nd gen of core i3/i5/i7 CPUs and AMD needed to respond. AMD's response to the market is their Bulldozer line of CPUs, Bulldozer failed b... | [
{
"contents": "Ryzen\n\n\ninstructions-per-clock cycle over the previous-generation Bulldozer AMD core, without increasing power consumption. Since the release of Ryzen, AMD's CPU market share has increased while Intel appears to have stagnated. In May 2017, AMD demonstrated a Ryzen mobile APU with four Zen CPU... |
What is the story behind the Bundy vs. BLM standoff? | 22xg64 | [{"answer": "In 1993, to protect the desert tortoise which was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, the BLM modified the terms of Bundy\u2019s cattle grazing agreement. Bundy refused to comply with the new terms, so the BLM cancelled his permit. Bundy stopped paying the grazing fees, but continued to ... | [
{
"contents": "Bundy standoff\n\n\non the dashboard of Bundy's vehicle while he was in the vehicle. BLM officials allege that Bundy became agitated, descended from his truck and accused the BLM of harassing him. He then returned to his truck, threw the proposed order out of the window and drove away. One of Bun... |
Do clip-on mosquito repellents work? If so, how? | 1jcguf | [{"answer": "My understanding is that the word \"repellent\" is a bit of misnomer. Your body gives off various chemicals that mosquitos have evolved to sense. They see them almost as you'd see a neon \"FREE CAKE\" hanging somewhere. These \"repellents\" are designed to mask those chemical signs so that the insects don'... | [
{
"contents": "Walborg Thorsell\n\n\nwarfare. The Swedish military therefore felt it necessary to develop a mosquito repellant, especially for malaria mosquitoes, to be used by Swedish soldiers. The existing repellants were either not efficient enough or had unwanted side effects, so Thorsell and her group of r... |
With all the lawsuits going around where companies can't be sexist when hiring employees how is hooters able to only hire big breasted women | 2qs3ix | [{"answer": "They are hiring models. It is legal to base hiring of models on physical characteristics. They have already been sued over it and won. Edit: Well I didn't think my short comment would be the at the top. Hooters lost the overall case and had to settle. However, they retained the right to maintain their hiri... | [
{
"contents": "Hooters\n\n\n, Nikolai Grushevski, a man from Corpus Christi, Texas, filed a lawsuit because Hooters would not hire him as a waiter. Grushevski and Hooters reached a confidential settlement on April 13. In September 2009, the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filed a lawsuit against a No... |
Why doesn't the West openly say the Russian military is fighting in Ukraine? | 2v4n6z | [{"answer": "West excluding Russia: not enough evidence. Russia's military doctrine is called 'maskirovka', and revolves around deception. It's a tactic that has been used for approximately a millennium, and is still as effective as ever. Basically the Russians deny everything, admit nothing, and play dirty; for exampl... | [
{
"contents": "Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)\n\n\nand by 22 August, Russian artillery and personnel had crossed the border into Ukraine itself. In early August, according to Igor Strelkov, Russian servicemen, supposedly on \"vacation\" from the army, began to arrive in Donbass. On 13 A... |
Why my internet speed says 185 mbps on speedtest, but youtube videos still lag and take a long time to load. | 2l11dx | [{"answer": "Speed tests are done under ideal conditions from servers with the bandwidth possible to \"max out\" the testing program. Most servers you connect to on the internet are not like that. They are often overworked and the bandwidth provided to them would be fine if they were serving 100 people at once, but its... | [
{
"contents": "Jessica Rosenworcel\n\n\nInternet service providers against competition from municipal broadband, change the technical definition of \"broadband\" from 4 Mbps to 25 Mbps, use the LifeLine program to subsidize Internet access for low-income individuals, and expand consumer protection against roboc... |
What is it like to have a sense of smell? | 2es05y | [{"answer": "I'll use hearing as an analogy, since it's closest in my mind. Imagine that every chemical in the world made its own sound. I don't mean like the difference between the musical notes A# and D, but like the difference between a flute playing A# and a blender with rocks in it. Smell is that rich and complex ... | [
{
"contents": "List of creatures in Primeval\n\n\nrear legs as well as other traits associated with its mammalian descendants. Arguments have even been made for synapsids of its time being endothermic. What’s really special about Gorgonopsids is their patience and implacability. Once they have smelt blood they ... |
Why are we so worried about a water shortage when there is plenty of ocean water? Why don't we just filter the salt out? | 1r5f51 | [{"answer": "Filtering ocean water to the point of it being drinkable is an INCREDIBLY expensive process. Just getting the salt out alone is very expensive. Then the water still has to go through the whole usual water cleaning process. On top of that, the solution really only helps those close enough to an ocean to get... | [
{
"contents": "Emily Lakdawalla\n\n\nUniverse Today\", Lakdawalla discussed candidate locations for life in the Solar System based on geological activity and presence of water. In addition to Europa, Lakdawalla cited Enceladus (a moon of Saturn), due to its active salty geysers: \"Those geysers are salty – it's... |
Why are prescription drug advertisements necessary? | 4y2xbq | [{"answer": "They aren't necessary. They are effective at getting people to ask their doctor \"Would Xyzzy make my condition better? Is it cheaper?\" and a host of other questions that drive sales. Commercials on TV for any product are about driving sales."}, {"answer": "They aren't. In fact, here in Australia it is il... | [
{
"contents": "Food and Drug Administration\n\n\nsomewhat safe and possibly effective. The FDA's Office of Prescription Drug Promotion reviews and regulates prescription drug advertising and promotion through surveillance activities and issuance of enforcement letters to pharmaceutical manufacturers. Advertisin... |
How do computers choose "random" numbers? | 4lgt6r | [{"answer": "You start with a sort-of-random number. Often something like \"the number of milliseconds since January 1st 1970\" is close enough to random to count, but if you want to be really random, you base it off of something like whatever random noise the computer's microphone picks up or the airflow readings arou... | [
{
"contents": "Applications of randomness\n\n\nas the bootstrap method, require random numbers. Monte Carlo methods in physics and computer science require random numbers. Random numbers are often used in parapsychology as a test of precognition. Statistical practice is based on statistical theory which is, its... |
The US spends more money than any other country on education. Why does the US continue to lag behind other developed countries in spite of our (more than generous) education budget? | 2zbh5r | [{"answer": "If you look at [spending per student]( URL_0 ), we're actually quite low, wedged between Poland and Romania. There's also bureaucracy, standardized testing, and general teacher apathy caused by the profession being under perpetual assault by the broader public culture. Source: The World Bank for statistics... | [
{
"contents": "Education reform\n\n\nfirst place with Switzerland when it comes to annual spending per student on its public schools, with each of those two countries spending more than $11,000 (in U.S. currency). Despite this high level of funding, U.S. public schools lag behind the schools of other rich count... |
Why do dams have a massive ramp when releasing overflow water? | 521lvl | [{"answer": "Spillways are generally used in emergency situations when you need to reduce the water level in your reservoir FAST. The water released has huge amounts of energy, as you can see in the video. Think of all the damage that water can do when it reaches the bottom. If you just had a ramp straight down, the wa... | [
{
"contents": "1972 Black Hills flood\n\n\nto overflow and creating massive amounts of runoff that resulted in flood waters. The run-off carried rubble to the Canyon Lake Dam creating a barrier in front of its spillway. This resulted in the \"increase in depth of water behind the dam of 11 to 12 feet,\" which c... |
Can alcoholism actually be "passed down" from an addicted parent, or is it just a sorry excuse people use to keep being alcoholic? | 65knxh | [{"answer": "I assume ELI5 actually means explaining like OP is 5. So I'll give it a shot. When someone says *passed down*, they typically mean transferring a trait from parent to child. There are 2 ways this can happen. **Environmental factors** (these are things that are *outside* the body. Like home-life, parent-chi... | [
{
"contents": "Enabling\n\n\nneed or pressure to change. Codependency is a type of dysfunctional helping relationship where one person supports or enables another person's drug addiction, alcoholism, gambling addiction, poor mental health, immaturity, irresponsibility or under-achievement. Enabling can be obser... |
Do different types of hard alcohols, say vodka vs. tequila, truly affect your mood in different ways? If so, why? | 2dghfa | [{"answer": "One possible explanation: mixers. Lots of people shoot tequila straight, whereas rum is commonly taken in tandem with something else \u2013 cola, for example. If you're combining gin with tonic, or vodka with something super-caffeinated like Red Bull, whose to say the drunk you're experiencing is due to th... | [
{
"contents": "J. Cole\n\n\nknow why. \"But now I kinda get it,\" he says. \"We make different types of music, so people, like... People just like doing that shit.\" He continues, \"It wasn't even serious... I fuck with your shit. It's hard.\" During the composition of \"The Come Up\", Cole started his own reco... |
If someone leaked the entirety of windows source code, would people be able to incorporate it into other operating systems in a way that allows windows applications and libraries to be used? | 2j7mil | [{"answer": "Legally, no. They could not use the leaked/stolen code in their own OS, because it is leaked/stolen. Microsoft still owns the rights to it. The same way they can't take a windows machine and reverse engineer the code from it (legally) Illegally, they could try, but Microsoft would have them so tied up in l... | [
{
"contents": "Darwine\n\n\nDarwine was a port of the Wine libraries to Darwin and Mac OS X (the Wine project provides source code for OS X but not binary builds). The Darwine project intended to port and develop Wine as well as other supporting tools that would allow Darwin and Mac OS X users to run Windows ap... |
What is a karat? How does it differ from diamonds to gold? | jete0 | [{"answer": "A karat in terms of gold is not the same measure as a carat of diamond weight. A carat of diamond weight is equivalent to 0.2g. Many other stones are also measured in carats, but due to varying densities, a carat of sapphire is physically smaller than a carat of diamond. Karat in gold terms is a measure of... | [
{
"contents": "Royal Dragon Vodka\n\n\nRoyal Dragon Vodka is a specialty vodka based in Hong Kong, and distilled in Lithuania. It was created in 2012 and features flakes of gold leaf mixed with the alcohol. There are claims that it is one of the most expensive vodkas in the world. The brand comes in several dif... |
Published papers in science | 84diwz | [{"answer": "Normally, this refers to peer-reviewed articles published in academic journals, like [this]( URL_4 ) or [this]( URL_1 ) or [this]( URL_2 ) or even [this]( URL_3 ). Literally tens of thousands if not more of these journals exist, covering about every field you can imagine and then some. Some that are very p... | [
{
"contents": "Bernard Haisch\n\n\nfield the spin state of all matter would collapse inward almost instantaneously. Haisch is a former editor of the Journal of Scientific Exploration, which publishes papers on \"topics outside the established disciplines of mainstream science\" such as paranormal effects, the U... |
How can ESPN copy and paste a reddit AMA and profit off it by calling it an article while I'd get in trouble for doing the same thing for a school paper? | 3gmrby | [{"answer": "The author clearly cites it as a Reddit thread. In a scholastic paper, you would be expected to have a bit more original content, but you wouldn't 'get in trouble'"}, {"answer": "ESPN is a journalistic organization. Reddit is a forum open to the public. An AMA is a conversation between a famous person and ... | [
{
"contents": "How Strategy Shapes Structure\n\n\nIn this Harvard Business Press article, the co-authors of the Blue Ocean Strategy book, W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne explain the importance of alignment across the three strategy propositions of value, profit and people propositions, regardless of an executiv... |
Why people have birth marks. | 17lde2 | [{"answer": "Birthmarks are caused by some body tissues, such as blood vessels, smooth muscle, and fat when they grow too much. It is not well understood why this happens, but one of the leading ideas is that there is an imbalance in the different factors relating to skin cell growth and migration."}, {"answer": "I hav... | [
{
"contents": "Mark 12\n\n\ngreater than merely an earthly successor to David's political kingdom? The messiah was to be from the house of David, as both Matthew and Luke use their genealogies of Jesus to show. Mark has no genealogy or virgin birth. Some have argued that this is Mark's way of explaining why Jes... |
What prime numbers are and why they're important | jv91t | [{"answer": "Imagine I gave you a whole bunch of blocks, and asked you to arrange them for me. I need you to arrange them in a rectangle. Let's start with 10 blocks: ********** After messing around a bit, you manage to make the following rectangle: ***** ***** Good! Now count the number of blocks on each edge of the re... | [
{
"contents": "World Enough and Time (Star Trek: New Voyages)\n\n\nfilms as such. But that's what they are – they're fan films. They are not professionally produced. What's more, they're unauthorized and, by the letter of the law, illegal. In fact, one of the reasons why they're not prosecuted, is because they ... |
Mulholland Drive (film) | v9t7z | [{"answer": "Well you've got it pretty much. The most widespread interpretation is that the first part of the story (Betty) is a dream, dreamed by Diane. The second part is real but full of flashbacks, so it can be confusing. Basically, in chronological order: Diane comes to Hollywood hoping to become a famous actress.... | [
{
"contents": "Mulholland Drive (film)\n\n\nCannes. Optimum Home Entertainment released \"Mulholland Drive\" to the European market on Blu-ray as part of its StudioCanal Collection on September 13, 2010. New special features exclusive to this release include: an introduction by Thierry Jousse; \"In the Blue Box... |
Why do some Muslims get offended about pictures of Mohammad? | 2roz9j | [{"answer": "In Islam, portraits and photos of their figures is forbidden. Check out a mosque sometime. . No photos but lots of geometrical art and Arabic calligraphy."}, {"answer": "Well, portraits or Mohammed were forbidden to prevent Muslims from worshipping Mohammed instead of God. And about what's happening nowada... | [
{
"contents": "Early Muslim conquests\n\n\n, Hims, and Kufa. To settle the dispute, the Caliph 'Uthman had proclaimed the version of the Koran possessed by one of Mohammad's widows, Hafsa, to be the definitive and correct version, which offended some Muslims who held to the rival versions. This, together with t... |
Why are human eyes usually blue, brown or green as opposed to any other colors? | 3ln11h | [{"answer": "The stroma (top layer of the iris) is what determines eye color. For those with no melanin (pigment that makes eyes or skin a warm brown), the only color comes from the Tyndall effect of light scattering in the iris. This creates a blue color, like water with glacial flour or dirty smoke. When the stroma h... | [
{
"contents": "Odd-eyed cat\n\n\nAn odd-eyed cat is a cat with one blue eye and one eye either green, yellow, or brown. This is a feline form of complete heterochromia, a condition that occurs in some other animals, including humans. The condition most commonly affects white-colored cats, but may be found in a ... |
Why haven't we made ski boots that don't hurt yet? | 2vvciy | [{"answer": "Normal shoes will adapt to your feet after a while. Ski boots shouldn't adapt, they should brace your foot. You can get the inner shoe shaped to fit your foot. it costs like $300-500. But a far cheaper thing that people don't know about is that you can take your boot to a (good) ski shop and they can stret... | [
{
"contents": "The Smiths\n\n\ndemise of the Smiths and the others haven't, so why hand them attention that they haven't earned? We are not friends, we don't see each other. Why on earth would we be on a stage together?\" In a February 2009 interview on BBC Radio 2, he said, \"People always ask me about reunion... |
why don't babies have wrinkly skin when they are born, considering they spend 9 months in fluids? | 1hfuuc | [{"answer": "\"Vernix caseosa, also known as vernix, is the waxy or cheese-like white substance found coating the skin of newborn human babies. Vernix starts developing on the baby in the womb around 18 weeks into pregnancy.\" - URL_0 or \"What's that cheesy stuff that's all over newborn babies?\""}, {"answer": "Like... | [
{
"contents": "Bosc pear\n\n\nmost likely in September all the way through spring in the months of April and May. Bosc pears are characterised for their hard flesh and brown skin. Moreover, at one point in their ripeness cycle they tend to be juicy, crunchy and sweet. Once they have reached their state of full ... |
If corporations are legal "persons", why are they taxed at a special corporate tax rate, instead of the (usually) higher income tax rate? | 8l98i8 | [{"answer": "You are I are plumbers. We each bill 300K worth of plumbing work each year. We each spend 50K on materials each year. We each have 100K of business expenses each year. You are incorporated, I am not. How much tax should each of us pay? The same. Since I am not incorporated I take the 150K I made in profit ... | [
{
"contents": "Taxation in the Czech Republic\n\n\ntransmission systems. Legal Entities residing in the Czech Republic need to pay corporate income tax on their worldwide income. Foreign companies are taxed on income that is sourced in Czech Republic only. The standard corporate tax rate is 19%. Investment fund... |
Why do commentators/voice actors from old footage from the 40s 50s and 60s sound so different than reporters' voices today? | 3akwjo | [{"answer": "I believe what you're referring to the \"transatlantic accent\" which was taught in boarding schools up through the early 60's (also many actors and the like learned the accent to be more marketable, as it was seen as an upper-class/well-educated way of speaking)."}, {"answer": "Old recording equipment had... | [
{
"contents": "Coastal Sound Music Academy\n\n\nThe Coastal Sound Music Academy is a Canadian choral organization based in Coquitlam, British Columbia. It began as a children's choir within the Coquitlam school district in 1989; this was transitioned into the Coastal Sound Music Academy in 2003. Today, the acad... |
How is it legal for Hershey's to block Cadbury's chocolate from entering the US? | 2uvs66 | [{"answer": "It's not Hershey's blocking Cadbury's. It's Cadbury's blocking Cadbury's because they've sold the rights to Hershey. Cadbury's signed a contract with Hershey's stating that Hershey's would manufacture chocolate in the US and sell it in the US under the Cadbury's name. Hersheys paid Cadbury's a sum of money... | [
{
"contents": "List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company\n\n\nbrand in the United States and has been Hershey's best-selling product since 1969. Cadbury products are sold by Hershey's in the United States and Mondelēz International in other parts of the world. Chocolate in Cadbury-branded products ma... |
Why are eye colors only blue, green or brown and not other colors like purple, orange or yellow? | 42tb8b | [{"answer": "Eye color comes from the amount of a specific pigment/dye in your iris called *melanin*. Melanin is a brown pigment found in many places throughout your body, including your hair and skin. The more melanin in your skin, the darker it is. With a few exceptions (I'll get to them later), every eye color comes... | [
{
"contents": "Color wheel\n\n\ncolor wheel includes the blue, red, and yellow primary colors. The corresponding secondary colors are green, orange, and violet or purple. The tertiary colors are green-yellow, yellow-orange, orange-red, red-violet/purple, purple/violet-blue and blue-green. A color wheel based on... |
Why isn't getting checked for cancerous tumors, or tumors in general, a routine process? | 4j298z | [{"answer": "The problem is that there are very many downsides to routine checks. Too many downsides, in fact. First of all, we do not have the resources to preform routine checks on everybody. In many places, there are already long waiting lists when people need certain types of scans or care. If we tie up our limited... | [
{
"contents": "Noninvasive genotyping\n\n\n, or Down Syndrome, which is what is most routinely checked for by NIPD screens. This same technique is also utilized to identify the incidence of tumor DNA in the blood, which can both provide early detection of tumor growth and indicate relapse in cancer. Circulating... |
How do icy-hot gels work? | 7nhcgs | [{"answer": "A lot of answers are saying \"menthol cools\", but that's wrong. Menthol produces the *sensation* of cooling without *actually* cooling, by activating the nerve receptors that would normally react to cold temperatures."}, {"answer": "The active ingredients in Icy Hot formulations are menthol or a combinati... | [
{
"contents": "Guar gum\n\n\nin applications such as soups, which do not require clear results. Guar gum is a hydrocolloid, hence is useful for making thick pastes without forming a gel, and for keeping water bound in a sauce or emulsion. Guar gum can be used for thickening cold and hot liquids, to make hot gel... |
Ok. Now we know that there is water on mars, what does this mean for the future and how can we benefit from this discovery? Can humans live on mars? | 3mqbb8 | [{"answer": "This does not really change things for humans. We already knew there was water on Mars, we just weren't sure of any liquid water. The surface is still generally too cold, and too low pressure, for a human to survive. You'd need an enclosed environment, and if you had one of those you could just melt water ... | [
{
"contents": "I'm OK – You're OK\n\n\nwith the challenges of human psychology, the final two chapters of the book discuss the question of improving morality and society. In particular, he asks, if we are not to succumb to domination by the Parent ego state, how can individuals enlightened through TA know how t... |
Why do I feel a tingling feeling in my genitals when I feel I think about falling from a really high place? Like a sky scraper. | 1xatn9 | [{"answer": "this always gets asked and no one has a concrete answer. I heard on a documentary that its actually your balls/ovaries tucking into your body to protect themselves presumably from physical trauma. But I cant find anything on the internet to validate. Its a quick physical movement that causes the feel. Simi... | [
{
"contents": "R.O.S.E. (Jessie J album)\n\n\nin the feeling. But to do that I had to be really strong; to know that I wasn't going to be able to be pushed and fall over. That's why it took me a long time. I don't feel that I've ever learned so much about myself at any other time in my life.\" After some time o... |
Why do fight scenes in older movies look so fake compared to newer movies? Isn't it just choreography? Not CGI (mostly). | 2c4zmh | [{"answer": "Because that was good enough for audiences of the day. Most people have little exposure to real fighting, and up until the 60's, the only martial art they were likely to have seen was boxing. Movies followed these expectations, and most fights were stand up punching. With the rise of the Hong Kong movie in... | [
{
"contents": "When Harry Met Sally...\n\n\nWell, why don't I just fake one, just do one?'\" Ryan suggested that the scene take place in a restaurant, and it was Crystal who came up with the scene's classic punchline – \"I'll have what she's having.\" In 2005, the quote was listed 33rd on the AFI's 100 Years...... |
Why do I avoid going to bed at night, almost like I'm procrastinating sleep. | 2023uz | [{"answer": "Some of it is a subconscious desire to avoid morning responsibility. For me it is a desire to just do things that I would not otherwise have time for during the day. Like surfing the web, or playing games, or reading stuff on Reddit are all things I like to stay up late doing, even though I know my body is... | [
{
"contents": "Andrew Reynolds (skateboarder)\n\n\n, Beagle, Mike' ... ready? [Reynolds] 'Lance?' ... 'Beagle?' ... 'Mike?' Reynolds explained in the Vice interview: Like, before I go to bed at night, I go to the door, and I lock it ... nine times, but, like, three, three, three; three, three, three; three, thr... |
- Why is it that can some countries can have nuclear weapons while others can't, and who gets to decide? | q5hsx | [{"answer": "Pretty much everyone got together and agreed to A. Stop building nukes B. Get rid of the nukes they have (this has been progressing slowly) C. Share nuclear technology for energy purposes. The big countries benefit from number 1- no new nukes, so the balance of power swings more towards them. Less powerful... | [
{
"contents": "Nuclear proliferation\n\n\nthe treaty is discriminatory in the sense that only those countries that tested nuclear weapons before 1968 are recognized as nuclear weapon states while all other states are treated as non-nuclear-weapon states who can only join the treaty if they forswear nuclear weap... |
Why are passwords shorter than 8 characters easy to crack? (According to Snowden) | 3br75b | [{"answer": "When you add a character to a password, the number of possible permutations goes up exponentially. Lets assume we have a simple password requirement - only upper case letters. Below are the number of possible passwords based on character count - 1 character - 26^1 - 26 combinations - 2 characters - 26^2 - ... | [
{
"contents": "Password\n\n\nmore security (e.g., entropy) than shorter passwords with a wide variety of characters. In \"The Memorability and Security of Passwords\", Jeff Yan et al. examine the effect of advice given to users about a good choice of password. They found that passwords based on thinking of a ph... |
Why is it that the constant orbit of electrons around the nucleus of an atom is not classed as an example of perpetual motion? | 6g1bnx | [{"answer": "When people talk about \"perpetual motion machines\" they don't mean the literal \"moving forever\" they mean a system that runs forever but you can keep extracting energy from, or generates more energy than was put in without any other loss. a rock could orbit another rock and both could hurtle through a ... | [
{
"contents": "Orbital motion (quantum)\n\n\nquantum mechanics) exhibits very quantum mechanical behavior in its motion around the nucleus of an atom which cannot be explained by classical mechanics. When quantum mechanics refers to the orbital angular momentum of an electron, it is generally referring to the s... |
why is California shutting down its last nuclear power plant, I thought nuclear power was a good thing? | 5dh34s | [{"answer": "The big reason is that it's near a fault line. No matter how safe you make it, it's hard to tell how much damage an earthquake could actually do. And despite how good it is, there's still a very negative perception of it just because of the word nuclear. Too many people seem to think that it's akin to a nu... | [
{
"contents": "European windstorm\n\n\nseverely limited if power lines are brought down by snow, ice or high winds. In the wake of Cyclone Gudrun in 2005 Denmark and Latvia had difficulty importing electricity, and Sweden lost 25% of its total power capacity as the Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant and Barsebäck nuc... |
What would NASA(or equivalent) do if an astronaut refused to come back down from the space station? | 2ohse7 | [{"answer": "If they went rouge and killed everyone we'd just stop resupplying it"}, {"answer": "I'm sure there's haldol, ativan or some other strong sedative in the med kit. The other astronauts could jump his ass and sedate him."}, {"answer": "I think it's called Space Dementia. The other astronaut had to tie up Stev... | [
{
"contents": "Spacelab\n\n\nfor European astronauts. A second module, \"LM2\", was bought by NASA for its own use from ERNO. Construction on the Spacelab modules began in 1974 by what was then the company ERNO-VFW-Fokker. In the early 1970s NASA shifted its focus from the Lunar missions to the Space Shuttle, a... |
If there is water on Mars, why can’t one of the rovers be directed to the suspected source and simply confirm or deny speculations? | 71ptiq | [{"answer": " > why can\u2019t one of the rovers be directed to the suspected source and simply confirm or deny speculations? Rovers are extremely slow, you can't just drive them to wherever you want. [Opportunity travelled 45km in all its 12 years on Mars]( URL_0 ) We know (for a long time now) that there is indeed [... | [
{
"contents": "Extraterrestrial liquid water\n\n\ndid. Recent findings by the Mars Exploration Rover mission indicate it had some long-term standing water in at least one location, but its extent is not known. The Opportunity Mars rover photographed bright veins of a mineral leading to conclusive confirmation o... |
How do music royalties work? Does a composer get a check every week or month for life? And typically how much for a hit song? | 3wyefk | [{"answer": "Here was my experience: Every time my songs were played on the radio or on TV somewhere, I got a little bit of money - cents to dollars - depending on the use. One song was played enough times that it put me in a higher royalty bracket so I was paid more (1.5x the normal rate, I believe) per use. If played... | [
{
"contents": "Sippy Cup (song)\n\n\na deeper look into Crybaby's family life. This is my favorite video I've done so far. Directing this music video made me very excited to direct videos for every single song on the album. I can't wait to continue telling the story of the album in every way possible.\" The son... |
Why the name Richard is shortened into Dick? | 1alz8v | [{"answer": "It was once popular to create rhyming nicknames. So Richard becomes Rick, which then becomes Dick. This is the same reason that William becomes Bill."}, {"answer": "This question could have been answered by Google. There are lots of explanations. ELI5 is for asking questions where you've done the research ... | [
{
"contents": "Dick Dean\n\n\nto do.\" The 1959 Autorama car show was also when he got his famous nickname. The show announcer couldn’t pronounce his last name and asked for his middle name. Then he shortened ‘Richard’ to ‘Dick’ and announced him as ‘Dick Dean,’ which became his permanent trade name. In Los Ang... |
How did a 32 year old Martin Shkreli get to have so much power at such a young age? | 3xjyiy | [{"answer": "The short answer is that he had a knack for biotech stocks. He self-taught himself biology and chemistry and was able to comprehend complicated papers and study results that most people in finance cannot understand without the help of expensive industry consultants. This can be very helpful in taking short... | [
{
"contents": "Martin Shkreli\n\n\nExchange Commission announced that Shkreli had agreed to an order that would bar him from the securities industry in order to settle a pending SEC administrative action against him, however, Shkreli is eligible to apply for readmission to the industry subject to applicable law... |
How is a vending machine able to know the differences of how much a bill is? (like 1's, 5's, etc)? | 7wde4o | [{"answer": "I actually know quite a bit about this. My best friend writes the code for the optics that go into machines lime this and a ATM's. Basically what happens is the US bills have water marks and other identifying features on them for safety. When you use a specific light they light up brightly. A photosensor i... | [
{
"contents": "Turing machine examples\n\n\nIt replaces that 0 with a 1, moves one position to the right and enters s again for another round of the loop. This continues until s finds a 0 (this is the 0 in the middle of the two strings of 1s) at which time the machine halts. Another description sees the problem... |
Insane Clown Posse | 2dv23y | [{"answer": "I'm not even trying to be funny, I would just honestly love to see someone try to explain that shit. Good luck to whoever takes this on."}, {"answer": "Ok, so. I have met a few of these \"juggalos\" in my life, and lived with one for a while. As far as I understood when he explained it to me its kinda like... | [
{
"contents": "Professional wrestling career of Insane Clown Posse\n\n\nBilly Kidman again defeated Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse. On September 13, Insane Clown Posse defeated Lenny Lane and Lodi. On the August 23, 2000 episode of \"Thunder\", Great Muta, Vampiro, and Insane Clown Posse beat Tank Abbott and 3 ... |
Given that polar bears have existed 600,000 years, they must have gone through periods warmer than today (prior to and after the ice age) and somehow survived. But today they are on the endangered species list due to expected climate changes. Are they really in danger? | 6f733x | [{"answer": "The issue is not actually the temperatures we are going to be changing to. It is the speed of the change. We have taken a warming process that would have taken up to 100,000 years or more and sped it up. Even if we have only made it 10 times faster some animals that could have adapted in 100,000 will not b... | [
{
"contents": "Effects of global warming on marine mammals\n\n\ndepths of the ocean, a process known as upwelling. Polar bears are one of the marine mammals that are most at risk due to climate change. The biggest issue for polar bears related to climate change is the melting of ice as a result of increasing te... |
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