law_dataset.csv

instruction,input,output
Explain the Law Nº68/2018 of 30/08/2018 as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018,What is the summary about this Law Nº68/2018 of 30/08/2018?,"Nº68/2018 of 30/08/2018, is a law determining offences and penalties in general……………………………..2"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article One: Purpose of this Law of Part one: general provisions, Title one: purpose of this law and definitions of terms,    explained?",Article One: Purpose of this LawThis Law sets out:1º general principles governing offences and penalties;2º offences and penalties in general.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 2: Definitions of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?","Article 2: DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Law, the following terms are defined as follows:1º offence: an act or omission that breaches public order and which is punishable by law;2º territory of Rwanda: the land, streams, rivers, lakes and air space within the boundaries of the Republic of Rwanda and Rwandan Embassies in other countries;3º offender: a person who commits an act punishable by law or omits to perform an act required by law;4º co-offender: a person who directly commission of an offence;5º accomplice: a person having aided the offender in the means of preparing the offence through any of the following acts;a) a person who, by means of  remuneration, promise, threat,  abuse of authority or power has caused an offence or given instructions for the  commission thereof;b) a  person who knowingly aids or abets the offender in the means of preparing, facilitating or committing the offence or incites the offender;c) a person who causes another to commit an offence by uttering   speeches, inciting cries or threats in a place where more than two (2) persons gather, or by means of writings, books or other printed texts that are purchased or distributed free of charge or displayed in public places, posters or notices visible to the public;infraction;d) a person who harbours an offender or a co-offender or an accomplice to make it impossible to find or arrest him/her, helps him/her hide or escape  or  provides him/her with a hiding place or facilitates him/her to conceal objects us ed or intended for use in the commission of an offence;e) a person, who knowingly, conceals an object or other equipment used or intended for use in the commission of an offence;f) a person who steals, conceals or deliberately destroys  in any way objects that may be used in offence investigation,  discovery of evidence or  punishment of offenders;6º premeditation: an intent formulated by a person before the commission of an offence;7º ambush: an act of waiting in one or more places for an individual with intent to inflict death or commit any act of violence upon such an individual;8º child: a person under the age of eighteen (18);infraction;(18) ans ;9º public: a place where more than two (2) persons gather. The content posted on the internet, on a social media or published in media or sent to another person is regarded as being disclosed in public."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 3: No punishment without law of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?",Article 3: No punishment without lawNo one can be held guilty of an offence on account of any act or omission which   did not constitute an offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed.A heavier penalty may not be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the offence was committed.No offence is punished by a penalty which was not provided for by law before the offence was committed.D’INFRACTION
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 4: Interpretation of criminal laws of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?","Article 4: Interpretation of criminal lawsCriminal laws cannot be interpreted broadly, they must be construed strictly.Courts are prohibited to make judgement by analogy."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 5: Law  applied in case of  several laws applicable to the same offence of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?","Article 5: Law  applied in case of  several laws applicable to the same offenceWhen  several  laws  punish  the  same  offence, the specific law take s precedence over the general  law,  unless  the  law  provides otherwise."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 6: Law applied in case of conflict of criminal laws of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?","Article 6: Law applied in case of conflict of criminal lawsIn case of conflict of criminal laws including a former law which was in force when the offence was committed, and another law which was published after the commission of the offence and before a final judgement has been rendered, the new imposes a less severe penalty.infractionmu Rwanda."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 7: Prohibition of double jeopardy of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?",Article 7: Prohibition of double jeopardyNo person may  be punished for the same offence for more than once.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 8: Cessation of applicability of a law of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?",Article 8: Cessation of applicability of a lawA law ceases to apply to an offence  committed when the law was still in force when it is repealed before the final unless the new law provides otherwise.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 9 : Offence committed on the territory of Rwanda of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?","Article 9 : Offence committed on the territory of RwandaAn offence is considered to have been committed on the territory of Rwanda if at least one of the acts constituting one of its its being punishable by law , was accomplished in Rwanda.An offence is also considered to have been committed on the territory of Rwanda if it is committed by or against a Rwandan citizen in an area that is not subject to the sovereignty of any State or committed by any person on board a vessel flying the flag of Rwanda and in waters which are not incriminationRwanda.subject to the sovereignty of any State or on board a Rwanda ­ registered aircraft in the territory that is not subject to the sovereignty of any State."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 10: Applicable law to punish an offence committed on the territory of Rwanda of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?","Article 10: Applicable law to punish an offence committed on the territory of RwandaAny offence committed on the Rwandan territory, either by a Rwandan or a foreign citizen, is punished according to the Rwandan law.However, the provisions of Paragraph One of this Article do not apply to people entitled to diplomatic immunity guaranteed by international conventions ratified by Rwanda or by international customs or practices."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 11 : Punishment of a Rwandan citizen having  committed an offence outside the territory of Rwanda of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?","Article 11 : Punishment of a Rwandan citizen having  committed an offence outside the territory of RwandaA Rwandan citizen who commits a felony or a misdemeanour outside the territory of Rwanda may be punished in accordance with the Rwandan law as if the offence was committed in Rwanda, provided that such an offence is punishable by the Rwandan law. rwandaise.Rwanda"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 12: Punishment of an offence committed outside the territory of Rwanda  against the interest of Rwanda of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?",Article 12: Punishment of an offence committed outside the territory of Rwanda  against the interest of RwandaAny Rwandan or foreign citizen who commits a felony or a misdemeanour against the interests of Rwanda or against a Rwandan citizen outside the territory of Rwanda may be prosecuted and tried in accordance with the Rwandan law as if the offence had been committed in Rwanda.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 13: Punishment of an accomplice to  an offence committed abroad of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?","Article 13: Punishment of an accomplice to  an offence committed abroadAny person on the territory of Rwanda who is an accomplice to a felony or misdemeanour committed abroad, may be punished by Rwandan courts if the offence is punishable under the law of the country where the offence was committed and by the Rwandan law."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 14 : International crime and transnational crime of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter one : general principles   explained?","Article 14 : International crime and transnational crimeAn international crime is a crime classified as such under international law.Rwanda.transnationalinternational.Rwanda.International crimes are the following:1 º the crime of genocide;2 º the crime against humanity;3 º war crimes.A transnational crime means a crime, one of whose constituent elements is accomplished outside Rwanda’s borders.Any person, whether a Rwandan or foreign citizen, a national or foreign non -that commits, inside or outside the territory of Rwanda, an international  crime or transnational crime may, if apprehended on the territory of Rwanda, be punished in accordance with the Rwandan law."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 15 : Assessment of Rwandan nationality of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter ii : categories of offences   explained?","Article 15 : Assessment of Rwandan nationalityThe Rwandan citizen referred to under Articles 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 191 and 192  of this Law is the one who had a Rwandan nationality at the time of the commission of the offence.rwandaise.rwandaise"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 16: Classification of offences of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter ii : categories of offences   explained?",Article 16: Classification of offencesOffences are classified according to their gravity as follows:1º felony;2º misdemeanour;3º petty offence.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 17: Felony of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter ii : categories of offences   explained?",Article 17: FelonyA felony is an offence punishable under the law by a principal penalty of imprisonment for a term of more than five (5) years or by life imprisonment.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 18: Misdemeanour of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter ii : categories of offences   explained?",Article 18: MisdemeanourA misdemeanour is an offence punishable under the law by a principal penalty of imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than five (5) years.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 19: Petty offence of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter ii : categories of offences   explained?","Article 19: Petty offenceA petty offence is an offence punishable under the law only by a principal penalty of imprisonment for a term of less than six (6) months, a fine or the penalty of community service. D’INFRACTIONS1° crime;3° contravention."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 20 : Conspiracy to commit an offence of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter iii : conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence Section one: conspiracy  explained?","Article 20 : Conspiracy to commit an offenceConspiracy to commit an  offence is an agreement between two (2) or more persons to engage in the commission of an offence by any one or more of them.Conspiracy to commit an offence is punishable by the same penalty as the intended offence.Any person involved in conspiracy but who reports it to administrative authorities, judicial or security organs and disclose to them the names of involved criminals and their accomplices is exempted from the penalty prescribed for conspiracy if he/she reports it  before the commission of the offence in respect of which conspiracy takes place.TENTATIVE D’INFRACTIONlieu."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 21 : Punishment of attempt to commit an offence of Part one: general provisions, Title ii : general principles, categories of offences, conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence, Chapter iii : conspiracy and attempt to commit an offence Section 2: tentative d’infraction  explained?","Article 21 : Punishment of attempt to commit an offenceAn attempt is punishable when the intention to commit the offence has been demonstrated by one or more observable and unequivocal acts which constitute the beginning of the commission of the offence and leading to its execution, and that were because of circumstances beyond the offender’s control.An attempt to commit an offence is punishable even if the intended purpose could not be achieved because of factual circumstances unknown to the offender.An attempt to commit a felony or a misdemeanour is punishable with one half (1/2) the penalty for the felony or misdemeanour itself. For the offence  punishable by the penalty of life imprisonment, the attempt is punishable by imprisonment for a term of twenty-five (25) years.An attempt to commit a petty offence is not punishable.d’infraction"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 22 :  Voluntary abandonment of intent to commit an offence of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section one: categories of penalties  explained?","Article 22 :  Voluntary abandonment of intent to commit an offenceIf a person who had the intent to commit an offence voluntarily abandons the intent, he/she is not punished, unless the preparatory acts alone already constitute an offence."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 23: Principal penalties applicable to natural persons of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section one: categories of penalties  explained?",Article 23: Principal penalties applicable to natural personsPrincipal penalties applicable to natural persons are the following:1º imprisonment;2º fine;3º penalty of community service.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 24: Accessory penalties  applicable  to natural persons of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section one: categories of penalties  explained?",Article 24: Accessory penalties  applicable  to natural personsAccessory  penalties applicable  to natural persons are the following:1º special confiscation;2º a ban on residence or compulsory residence in a particular location;3º deprivation of civic rights;4º publication of the offence committed and the penalty pronounced by the court.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 25 : Penalties applicable to  State or non -governmental   of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection one : penalty of imprisonment explained?","Article 25 : Penalties applicable to  State or non -governmental  Penalties applicable to  the institutions and cooperatives, non-governmental following:1º a fine;2º the ban on the conduct of one or several professional or social activities for a fixed period of time;3º confiscation of the object used or intended for use in the commission of  the offence or the proceeds thereof;4º publication of the penalty pronounced.Companies, cooperatives, non-personality may also be punishable  by the following penalties:1° dissolution;2° permanent closure of establishments in which  incriminated acts have  been  committed or which have been used to commit such acts;3° permanent exclusion from public procurement contracts, either indefinitely  or for a fixed period of time provided for by relevant laws;4° the ban on  issuing a cheque, a credit card or negotiable instrument;5° placement under judicial supervision."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 26 : Duration of the penalty of imprisonment of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection one : penalty of imprisonment explained?",Article 26 : Duration of the penalty of imprisonmentThe penalty of imprisonment may be for a fixed term or for life. 1° dissolution;(12).
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 27: Fixed-term imprisonment of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection one : penalty of imprisonment explained?","Article 27: Fixed-term imprisonmentFixed-term imprisonment is imposed for at least one day and at most twenty -five (25) years, unless the law provides otherwise.Fixed-term imprisonment is calculated on the basis of days, months or years of the Gregorian calendar.An imprisonment of one (1) day is equal to twenty-four (24) hours, an imprisonment of one (1) month is equal to thirty (30) days and an imprisonment of one (1) year is equal to twelve (12) months."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 28 : Calculation of the term of fixed-term imprisonment of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection one : penalty of imprisonment explained?","Article 28 : Calculation of the term of fixed-term imprisonmentThe term of imprisonment run s from the becomes final.The length of the period of detention by legally competent organs is deducted from the term of  imprisonment imposed by the court.In calculating the term of imprisonment, no account is taken of the period during which the convict has voluntarily avoided serving the penalty.When a person is given more than one penalty of imprisonment, the next imprisonment penalty starts to run upon the expiration of the previous one."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 29: Life imprisonment of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 2: fine explained?",Article 29: Life imprisonmentThe penalty of life imprisonment implies a jail term for the rest of the convict’s life.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 30: Amount of fine of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 2: fine explained?",Article 30: Amount of fineThe fine is at least one (1) Rwandan franc.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 31: Imposition of a fine of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 2: fine explained?",Article 31: Imposition of a fineA fine is imposed individually on each of the convicts on the basis of the gravity of the offence.The court sets the time limit for payment of a fine. This time limit does not exceed one become final.The court may order that the fine be paid in instalments or commuted to community service.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 32 : Fine awarded concurrently with other payments of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 2: fine explained?","Article 32 : Fine awarded concurrently with other paymentsWhen the convict’s property is insufficient damages, priority is given to the payment of "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 33: Joint liability of convicts  for court fees of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 2: fine explained?",Article 33: Joint liability of convicts  for court feesAll persons convicted of the same offence damages and court fees.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 34 : Restitution of embezzled, stolen, fraudulently obtained or unduly given property of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 3: penalty of community service explained?","Article 34 : Restitution of embezzled, stolen, fraudulently obtained or unduly given propertyIf a penalty is imposed in a criminal case, the court must order the restitution of embezzled, stolen, fraudulently obtained or unduly given property, if any."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 35: Imposition of the penalty of community service of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 3: penalty of community service explained?","Article 35: Imposition of the penalty of community serviceIn case the penalty of community service is imposed as principal penalty, the court sets the time limit for serving such a penalty. Such a time limit does  not exceed six (6) months.The penalty of community service may be imposed in lieu of another principal penalty. In that case, it is imposed as follows:1º when an offence is punishable by imprisonment  for a term of more than six (6) months and not more than  five (5) years, the court may order that the convict serve half (1/2) of the term of his/her penalty in serving the penalty of community service;2º when an offence is punishable by imprisonment for a term of less than six (6) months, the court may order that the convict serve  the penalty of community service for a period not exceeding the maximum imprisonment provided by the law for such an offence.In case of the convict’s failure to properly serve the penalty of community service, he/she is forced to serve the remainder of the penalty in prison.A Presidential Order determines modalities for the execution of the penalty of community service."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 36: Penalty of community  service  in case of the  convict’s failure to comply with a court order of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 4: confiscation explained?","Article 36: Penalty of community  service  in case of the  convict’s failure to comply with a court orderWhen the Court imposes a fine, court fees, any other payment into the public treasury, the benefit of the victim,  it determines, in  case  of the convict’s failure to execute the court’s convictions against him/her, the  period to serve the penalty of community  service.payment of damages for the benefit of the victim, community service imposed does not preclude the victim’s right to such A  convict is exempted from serving the penalty of community  service if  he/she  effects  payment. à payer.ya Leta."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 37: Special confiscation of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 4: confiscation explained?","Article 37: Special confiscationIn case a felony or a misdemeanour is committed, confiscation of items regarded intended for use in the commission of the offence, or those regarded as the proceeds from the commission of the offence is imposed as an accessory penalty in addition to the principal penalty if such items belong to the convict. If such items do no t belong to the convict or if the offence committed is a petty offence, the confiscation is ordered only in cases specified by the law."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article  38 : Prohibition of  the  general confiscation of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 4: confiscation explained?",Article  38 : Prohibition of  the  general confiscationThe general confiscation of all the convict’s current and future property is prohibited.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 39: Administration of confiscated property of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 5 : ban on residence or compulsory residence in a particular location explained?",Article 39: Administration of confiscated propertyConfiscated property is put into the hands of the State.An Order of the Minister in charge of justice determines modalities for the administration of confiscated property.Sous-section 4: Confiscation
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 40: Imposition of the penalty of ban on residence or compulsory residence in a particular location of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 5 : ban on residence or compulsory residence in a particular location explained?","Article 40: Imposition of the penalty of ban on residence or compulsory residence in a particular locationUnless the law provides otherwise, the court may order ban on residence or compulsory residence in a particular location in the following cases:1º if a person is sentenced to  imprisonment for a term of more than five (5) years;2º if a person who, having been  sentenced to imprisonment for a term equal to or more than six (6) months, is sentenced again to imprisonment for a term equal to or more than six (6) months within five (5) years of  the execution of such a penalty or when its enforcement has become time-barred.The duration of  ban on residence or location may not exceed a period of one (1) year.prescription."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 41: Calculation of the term of the penalty of ban on residence or location and modalities for execution thereof of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 6: deprivation of civic rights explained?","Article 41: Calculation of the term of the penalty of ban on residence or location and modalities for execution thereofThe penalty of ban on residence or compulsory residence in a particular location commences on the day of completion of the penalty of imprisonment by the convict.If the convict is released on parole, the penalty of ban on residence or compulsory residence in a particular location  commences on the day of release.If the convict released on parole is re -incarcerated, the period of ban on residence or compulsory residence in a particular location is deducted from the penalty imposed on him/her by the court.An Order of the Minister in charge of justice determine s modalities for the execution of the penalty of ban on residence location."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 42: Deprivation of civic rights of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 6: deprivation of civic rights explained?","Article 42: Deprivation of civic rightsThe deprivation of civic rights consist s of  the following:1º removal or prohibition from any public service;2º deprivation of all or part of political rights;3º deprivation of the right to wear  decorations of honour;4º prohibition to act as an expert witness or a witness to deeds and to testify in court, except in case of   providing  information;5º loss of legal capacity to act as  a family council member, a guardian, a trustee, a guardian replacement, a guardian of intellectually disabled persons except in case of his/ her own children;6º deprivation of the right to possess arms;suit:public;or a credit card;8º debarment from participating in public procurement;9º deprivation of the right to leave the national territory;10º deprivation of the right to perform such functions as may be specified by the court."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 43: Imposition of the penalty of deprivation of civic rights of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 6: deprivation of civic rights explained?","Article 43: Imposition of the penalty of deprivation of civic rightsimprisonment, no person may  be deprived of all civic rights.With the exception of convicts sentenced to life imprisonment, deprivation of civic rights cannot exceed ten (10) years.The deprivation of civic rights may be suspended, lifted or reduced in the same manner as in the case of the penalty of imprisonment.national ;(10) ans.The deprivation of civic rights may be lifted if the convict has performed an exceptional act of good citizenship or highly committed himself/herself to promoting social development."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 44: Deprivation of civic rights for a convict sentenced to  the penalty of life  imprisonment of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 6: deprivation of civic rights explained?",Article 44: Deprivation of civic rights for a convict sentenced to  the penalty of life  imprisonmentLife imprisonment automatically entails the permanent deprivation of all civic rights.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 45 : Circumstances in which the penalty of deprivation of civic rights may be imposed of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter one : different categories of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 7 : publication of imposed  penalty explained?",Article 45 : Circumstances in which the penalty of deprivation of civic rights may be imposedThe deprivation of civic rights provided for in Article 42 of this Law may be imposed as an accessory penalty in addition to the principal penalty of imprisonment that is equal to or more than five (5) years.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 46 : Mode of publication of the penalty of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 7 : publication of imposed  penalty explained?",Article 46 : Mode of publication of the penaltyThe court may order publication of a penalty imposed as an accessory penalty in addition to the principal penalty of not less than five (5) years of imprisonment.The court determine s the mode of publication of the imposed penalty.imposition of  penalties
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 47 : Compliance with the law  of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 7 : publication of imposed  penalty explained?",Article 47 : Compliance with the law The court decides a case in accordance with the provisions of law and must state the basis of its decision.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 48: Penalty reduction of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 2 : special provisions applicable to some penalties Subsection 7 : publication of imposed  penalty explained?",Article 48: Penalty reductionNo penalty may be reduced except in cases and under circumstances provided by law.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 49: Factors taken into account by a judge in determining a penalty of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 2: aggravating circumstances  explained?","Article 49: Factors taken into account by a judge in determining a penaltyA judge determines a penalty according to the gravity, consequences of, and the motive for committing the offence,    the offender’s prior record and personal situation and the circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence. In the event of concurrence of grounds for  following while imposing a penalty:1º aggravating circumstances;2º mitigating circumstances."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 51 : Effects of aggravating circumstances of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 3: recidivism  explained?",Article 51 : Effects of aggravating circumstancesAggravating circumstances increase the gravity of penalty as determined by law.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 52 : Recidivism and its punishment of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 3: recidivism  explained?","Article 52 : Recidivism and its punishmentFor felonies, recidivism occurs at any time For misdemeanours, recidivism occur s re-offends within five (5) years of completion of the sentence or after its prescription.Every recidivist receive s the maximum penalty provided by law and such penalty may be doubled."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 53: Circumstances when there is no recidivism of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 4 : mitigating circumstances prescribed by law Subsection one: minority age explained?",Article 53: Circumstances when there is no recidivismThere is no recidivism if:1º the previous offence is a petty offence;2º the penalty imposed on the previous offence was removed by amnesty or rehabilitation;3º the person who was sentenced for a military offence re -commits a  felony or a misdemeanour except if the previous penalty imposed for an offence that may be punished by ordinary penal laws.contravention ;  
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 54: Punishment of a person aged between fourteen (14) and eighteen (18) years of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 4 : mitigating circumstances prescribed by law Subsection 2: provocation explained?","Article 54: Punishment of a person aged between fourteen (14) and eighteen (18) yearsIf the convict was at least fourteen (14) years of age but less than eighteen (18) years of age at the time of the commission of the  offence, the following penalties apply:1º imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than  fifteen (15) years if he/she would be subjected to a life imprisonment;2º a penalty which cannot exceed half (1/2) of the penalty he/she would receive if he/she would be subjected to a fix ed-term imprisonment or a fine.Penalties provided under  Paragraph One of this Article also apply to an accomplice if the accomplice was  at least fourteen (14) years of age but less than eighteen (18) years of age at the time of the commission of the offence."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 55 : Penalties in case of provocation of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 4 : mitigating circumstances prescribed by law Subsection 2: provocation explained?",Article 55 : Penalties in case of provocationPenalties are reduced for offences committed under provocation.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 56: Indication of provocation in judgement of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 4 : mitigating circumstances prescribed by law Subsection 2: provocation explained?","Article 56: Indication of provocation in judgementIn case of provocation, the judge state s in based, facts that indicate that the victim’s conduct caused the commission of the offence."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 57: Reduction of a penalty in case of provocation of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 4 : mitigating circumstances prescribed by law Subsection 2: provocation explained?","Article 57: Reduction of a penalty in case of provocationIf the judge is satisfied with elements that penalties are reduced in the following proportions:1º in case of a felony punishable by  life imprisonment, the penalty is  reduced to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than five (5) years;imprisonment of not less than five (5) years and not more than  twenty -five (25) years, the penalty is reduced to imprisonment of Sous-section 2: Provocationl’infraction.not less than six (6) months and not more than two (2) years;3º in case of a misdemeanour, the penalty is reduced to imprisonment of not less than eight (8) days but less than six (6) months;4º in case of a petty offence, no penalty is imposed.decided by a judgecircumstances decided by a judgeadmissible.The reasons for acceptance of mitigating circumstances must be stated in the circumstances decided by a judgeThe judge may reduce penalties, especially  when:1º the accused, before the commencement of prosecution, pleads guilty and sincerely seek  forgiveness from the victim and  the Rwandan society and  expresses  remorse and repairs the damage caused as much  as would be  expected from him/her;2º the  accused  turns  himself/herself in to   competent  judicial authority  proceedings;3º at  the  outset  of  the  trial  in  the  first sincere confession;4º the offence has minor consequences."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 60 : Reduction of penalties in decided by a judge of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 6: concurrence of offences  explained?","Article 60 : Reduction of penalties in decided by a judgeIf there are mitigating circumstances, penalties may be reduced as follows:1º subject to the provisions of Article 107 life imprisonment may be reduced but it cannot be less than twenty-five (25) years;2º a fixed-term imprisonment or a fine may be reduced but it cannot be less than the minimum sentence provided for the offence committed."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 61: Definition of concurrence of offences of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 6: concurrence of offences  explained?","Article 61: Definition of concurrence of offencesConcurrence of offences occur s when one (1) person commits many offences, none of which has been the subject of a definitive Concurrence of offences may be ideal or real.Ideal concurrence of offences occurs when:1º a single act constitutes several offences;2º separate acts which constitute separate offences, are related among themselves as  they are aimed at accomplishing a single criminal intent.Real concurrence of offences arise s when materially separate acts occur one after another and result in separate offences.d’infractionsinfractions ;"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 62 : Penalties in case of concurrence of offences of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 6: concurrence of offences  explained?","Article 62 : Penalties in case of concurrence of offencesIn case of ideal concurrence of offences referred to in item One of Paragraph 3 of Article 61 of this Law, the judge impose s penalties provided for the most serious offence.In case of ideal concurrence of offences referred to in item  2º of Paragraph 3 of Article 61 of this Law, the judge impose s the maximum penalty provided for the most serious offence.In case of real concurrence of offences, the judge imposes penalties for  each offence and combine them, taking into account  the following:1º the penalty of life imprisonment outweighs all other penalties of imprisonment;2º the combination  of penalties of fixed-term imprisonment cannot be more than twice the maximum of the most severe penalty;3º the combination of the sentences  of years;d’infractionsl’infraction la plus grave.4º the combination of penalties of fine cannot be more than twice the maximum of the most severe penalty;5º the combination  of penalties of ban on residence or compulsory residence in a particular location  or  penalties of deprivation of civic rights cannot be more than twenty-five years (25).Any accessory penalty is imposed even if it is provided only for one of the concurrent offences."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 63: Hierarchy of penalties of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 7: suspension of penalty  explained?","Article 63: Hierarchy of penaltiesThe most severe penalty is the one whose upper end of the range is the highest.When two (2) penalties have the same upper end of the range, the most severe penalty is the one whose lower end of the range is the highest.When both penalties have the same upper end and the same lower end of the range, the most severe penalty is the one accompanied by the penalty of a fine.A penalty of imprisonment is always more severe than the penalty of community service and the penalty of a fine.The penalty of community service is more severe than that of a fine."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 64: Conditions for application of  the suspension of penalty of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter ii : imposition  of penalties Section 7: suspension of penalty  explained?","Article 64: Conditions for application of  the suspension of penaltySuspension of sentence is a court decision which orders the stay of execution of a penalty of imprisonment not exceeding five (5) years. Suspension of a penalty is ordered on the basis of the gravity of the offence.The court decision ordering the suspension of penalty must be reasoned and rendered during the trial for the offence committed. Such a decision may order suspension of all or part of the penalty of imprisonment.The penalty of a fine and that of community service may not be subject to suspension.penaltyA suspended penalty is considered as void if, within the period set out in the decision and not less than one (1) year and not  exceeding five (5) years, the convict has not subsequently been convicted of a felony or misdemeanour from the date when the decision ordering the suspension of penalty has become final.Otherwise, the suspended penalty as well as new offence are combined and executed at the same time."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 66 : Effects of suspension of a penalty on other decisions rendered by the court of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 7: suspension of penalty  explained?","Article 66 : Effects of suspension of a penalty on other decisions rendered by the courtThe suspension of a penalty does not exempt a convict from paying the costs of proceedings, damages and from deprivation of civic rights.  However, deprivation of civic rights cease s to have effect if the Article 65 of this Law."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 67 : Causes of extinction of penalty of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section one: amnesty  explained?","Article 67 : Causes of extinction of penaltyA penalty become s extinct following its execution, the convict’s death, amnesty, presidential pardon or due to its prescription."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 68: Definition of amnesty of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section one: amnesty  explained?",Article 68: Definition of amnestyAmnesty is a pardon granted in the general interest and for the benefit of convicted persons in respect of the offences they have committed.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 69: Effects of amnesty of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 2: presidential pardon  explained?","Article 69: Effects of amnestyAmnesty extinguish es the penalty pronounced as well as consequences of the offence.However, neither does amnesty exempt the convict from paying damages resulting from the court decision imposing the penalty nor does it prevent the filing of civil action arising out of the offence."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 70: Presidential pardon of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 2: presidential pardon  explained?",Article 70: Presidential pardonThe presidential pardon is granted by the President of the Republic at his/her sole discretion and in the general interest of the country. It may be individual or collective. 
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 71 : Penalties for which the presidential pardon may be granted of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 2: presidential pardon  explained?","Article 71 : Penalties for which the presidential pardon may be grantedThe presidential pardon may be granted for all principal and accessory penalties pronounced in a judgement that has become final.When the penalty has been executed in part, the presidential pardon can be granted for all or part of the remainder of the penalty.A suspended penalty may not be subject to presidential pardon as long as the suspension thereof is still effective."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 72: Effects of presidential pardon of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 2: presidential pardon  explained?","Article 72: Effects of presidential pardonThe presidential pardon extinguishes all or any of the penalties imposed on the convict or replaces them with other penalties that are less severe than the ones imposed on him/her.The presidential pardon does not extinguish accessory penalties that are not expressly specified in the order granting the pardon or the effects of conviction such as thoserelated to recidivism, suspension of penalty in case of execution and prosecution for new offences and those of being ordered to pay compensation such as restitution of property and payment of damages."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 73 : Suspension of penalty execution of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 3: prescription of penalties  explained?","Article 73 : Suspension of penalty executionWhen the execution of the penalty of a fine or that of imprisonment of three (3) months or less has not yet commenced, it is suspended throughout the investigation of the case until the day the decision of presidential pardon is taken.During that same period, however, the Minister in charge of justice may at any time order the suspension of the execution of any penalties, whether or not their execution has commenced."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 74: Definition of prescription of a penalty of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 3: prescription of penalties  explained?",Article 74: Definition of prescription of a penaltyThe prescription of a penalty is the period beyond which a penalty can no longer be executed.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 75: Prescription of the penalty of imprisonment of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 3: prescription of penalties  explained?",Article 75: Prescription of the penalty of imprisonmentThe penalty of imprisonment of less than six (6) months is subject to prescription after two (2) years have elapsed.The penalty of imprisonment for a term equal to or more than six (6) months and not more than five years (5) is subject to prescription after ten (10) years have elapsed.The penalty of imprisonment of more than five (5) years other than the penalty of life imprisonment is subject to prescription after twenty (20) years have elapsed.The penalty of life imprisonment for elapsed.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 76: Prescription of the penalty of community service of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 3: prescription of penalties  explained?",Article 76: Prescription of the penalty of community serviceThe penalty of community service is subject to prescription after ten (10) years have elapsed.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 77: Prescription of the penalty of a fine of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 3: prescription of penalties  explained?","Article 77: Prescription of the penalty of a fineThe penalty of a fine not exceeding five 500,000) is subject to prescription after two (2) years have elapsed while that of a fine exceeding five hundred thousand Rwandan prescription after ten (10) years have elapsed."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 78 : Prescription of accessory  penalties of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 3: prescription of penalties  explained?",Article 78 : Prescription of accessory  penaltiesAccessory penalties are subject to prescription at the same time as principal penalties.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 79 : Calculation of the period of prescription of penalties of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 3: prescription of penalties  explained?","Article 79 : Calculation of the period of prescription of penaltiesThe period of prescription of penalties commences from the day on which the decision imposing the penalty or revoking the suspension of penalty has become final.However, if the convict has evaded the execution of the penalty, the period of prescription commences when he/she turns himself/herself in to the organs in charge of execution of court decisions."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 80: Interruption of the period of prescription of penalties of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 3: prescription of penalties  explained?",Article 80: Interruption of the period of prescription of penaltiesThe arrest or detention of a convict interrupts the period of prescription of penalties for which the convict was not detained.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 81 : Suspension of the period of prescription of penalties of Part one: general provisions, Title iii: penalties in general, Chapter iii : extinction of penalties Section 3: prescription of penalties  explained?",Article 81 : Suspension of the period of prescription of penaltiesThe period of prescription of a penalty is suspended whenever the execution of the 
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 82: Prescription of penalties for  of Part one: general provisions, Title iv: punishable persons, Chapter one : natural persons Section one: criminal liability  explained?",Article 82: Prescription of penalties for not subject to prescription.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 83 : Criminal liability and its occurrence of Part one: general provisions, Title iv: punishable persons, Chapter one : natural persons Section one: criminal liability  explained?","Article 83 : Criminal liability and its occurrenceCriminal liability is incurred by the offender, his/her co -offender or accomplice.Only a person who intentionally commits an offence is punishable. However, if the PHYSIQUESlaw so provides, a person commits an offence as a result of his/her recklessness, clumsiness, negligence or any other form of carelessness."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 84: Punishment of a co -offender and an accomplice of Part one: general provisions, Title iv: punishable persons, Chapter one : natural persons Section one: criminal liability  explained?","Article 84: Punishment of a co -offender and an accompliceThe co-offender incurs the same penalties as the offender.The accomplice does not incur the same penalties as the offender except where:1º the law provides otherwise;2º the judge, in his/her discretion, finds that the accomplice’s responsibility in the commission of the offence is the same as or greater than that of  the principal offender.The  accomplice  may  be  prosecuted  even  if the criminal action cannot be instituted  against the offender due to reasons  particularly specific to the offender such as death, insanity or his/her being unidentified.However, when a person referred to in items 5 d), 5 e) and 5 f) of Article 2 of this Law is the offender’s spouse or relative up exempt him/her from the penalties prescribed for the accomplice."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 85 : Grounds for non -criminal liability of Part one: general provisions, Title iv: punishable persons, Chapter one : natural persons Section one: criminal liability  explained?","Article 85 : Grounds for non -criminal liabilityThere is no criminal liability if:1º the accused  is a child under the age of fourteen (14) years;2º the accused was insane during the commission of the offence;A person who deliberately deprives himself/herself of mental faculties during the commission of an offence is criminally liable, even if such deprivation was not intended to commit an offence."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 86: Grounds for exemption from criminal liability of Part one: general provisions, Title iv: punishable persons, Chapter one : natural persons Section one: criminal liability  explained?","Article 86: Grounds for exemption from criminal liabilityGrounds for exemption from criminal liability that are inherent to the offender are admitted if :1º a person commits an offence under the effect of a force or under duress to such an extent that he/she cannot resist;2º a person commits an act under orders of a legitimate authority, unless such an act is evidently unlawful;l’infraction.3º a person commits an offence as a result of an error of law  or an error of fact if such an error  entirely removes the intention  to commit an offence;Grounds for exemption from criminal liability that are inherent to the act are  admitted if :1º a person acts in self -defence in the following cases:a) fending off a person who breaks into or enters by force or trickery  an inhabited place;b) defends him self/herself against thieves or other wrongdoers;2º a person commits the following acts:a) an act of self-defence in case of danger;b) an act of defending another person in danger;c) an act committed to interrupt the commission of an offence of damage to property  in order to protect the property.The exemption of criminal liability due to the grounds referred to under Paragraph 2 of this Article is only admitted if the means used by the offender to ensure self-defence or protect himself/herself or another person from danger or interrupt damage to t he property he/she protected are proportional to the gravity of the threat."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 87 : Effects of grounds of non -criminal liability and grounds for exemption of liability of Part one: general provisions, Title iv: punishable persons, Chapter ii : public institutions, companies, cooperatives, public or private entities or personality Section one: criminal liability  explained?","Article 87 : Effects of grounds of non -criminal liability and grounds for exemption of liabilityThe grounds for non -criminal liability and grounds for exemption from criminal liability that are inherent to the offender do not apply with respect to his/her co -offenders or accomplices. Nor do such grounds entail exemption from civil liability, if necessary.The provisions of Paragraph One and 2 of this Article do not apply in case of existence of grounds for exemption related to the act."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 88 : Criminal liability of public personality of Part one: general provisions, Title iv: punishable persons, Chapter ii : public institutions, companies, cooperatives, public or private entities or personality Section one: criminal liability  explained?","Article 88 : Criminal liability of public personalityPublic institutions, companies, cooperatives, public or private entities or held liable for offences committed on their behalf by their organs or representatives.The criminal liability is established  when the offenders have acted by virtue of the following:1º power of representation;2º decision-making power;3º power of supervision.The criminal liability of public institutions, companies, cooperatives, public or private personality does not exclude the criminal liability of their representatives, those who hold leadership posts within them or their co-offenders and accomplices."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 89 : Imposition of penalties on legal personality of Part one: general provisions, Title iv: punishable persons, Chapter ii : public institutions, companies, cooperatives, public or private entities or personality Section one: criminal liability  explained?","Article 89 : Imposition of penalties on legal personalityIn the event of criminal liability of public institutions, companies, cooperatives, with legal personality, the court may impose one or more of the penalties provided under Article 25 of this Law depending on the offence committed."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 90: Imposition of the penalty of placement under judicial supervision of Part one: general provisions, Title iv: punishable persons, Chapter ii : public institutions, companies, cooperatives, public or private entities or personality Section one: criminal liability  explained?","Article 90: Imposition of the penalty of placement under judicial supervisionA court decision ordering placement of a company, a cooperative, a private entity or judicial supervision involves appointing a representative at their own expense and  the representative’s responsibility is specified by the court. Such responsibilities only cover acts that constituted the offence or those having given rise to the commission of the offence.Basing on the report of the representative referred to under Paragraph One of this "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 91 : Definition of crime of genocide of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section one: crime of genocide and its penalties  explained?","Article 91 : Definition of crime of genocidefollowing acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group as such, whether in time of peace or in time of war:1º killing members of the group;2º causing serious bodily or mental h arm to members of the group; 3º deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;4º imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;5º forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 92 : Punishment of the crime of genocide of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section one: crime of genocide and its penalties  explained?",Article 92 : Punishment of the crime of genocideAny person who commits any of the acts referred to under Article 91  of this Law he/she is liable to the penalty of life imprisonment that cannot be mitigated by any circumstances.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 93 : Other acts punished as the crime of genocide of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 2: crimes against humanity and their penalties  explained?","Article 93 : Other acts punished as the crime of genocideWithout prejudice to other provisions of this Law in relation to attempt, conspiracy and complicity, the following acts are  the crime of genocide:1º conspiracy to commit genocide;2º planning of the genocide;3º  direct or indirect incitement to commit genocide;4º attempt to commit genocide;5º complicity in genocide."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 94 : Definition of the crime against humanity of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 2: crimes against humanity and their penalties  explained?","Article 94 : Definition of the crime against humanityThe crime against humanity is any of the following acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population:1º murder;2º extermination;3º enslavement;4º deportation or forcible transfer of population;5º imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty against a person in violation of law;6º torture;2º extermination;population;6º torture;aka 2°, aka 3°, aka 6°, aka 7°, aka 9° n’aka 7º rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, sexual violence of comparable gravity;8º persecution against a person on political, ethnic, religious grounds or any other form of discrimination;9º enforced disappearance of persons;10º the crime of apartheid;11º other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering or serious injury to mental or physical health."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 95 : Punishment for the crime against humanity of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 3: war crimes and their penalties  explained?","Article 95 : Punishment for the crime against humanityAny person convicted of one of the acts referred to in items 1°, 2°, 3°, 6°, 7°, 9° and 11° of Article 94 of this Law is liable to the penalty of life imprisonment.Any person convicted of any of the acts referred to in items 4°, 5°, 8° and 10° of Article 94  of this Law is liable to the penalty of imprisonment for a term not less 10º crime d’apartheid;(25).2005:than twenty (20) years and not more  than twenty-five (25) years.When the acts constituting the crime against humanity provided under Paragraph 2 of this Article are accompanied by penalty is life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 96: Definition of a war crime of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 3: war crimes and their penalties  explained?","Article 96: Definition of a war crimeA war crime is any of the following acts committed during armed conflict and directed against persons or property protected under the provisions of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and their additional Protocols I and II of 8 June 1977 and Protocol  III of 8 December 2005:1º wilful killing;2º torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments;3º wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health;4º extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly such as buildings dedicated to religion, charity or education, historical buildings dedicated to works of art and science;5º compelling a prisoner of war or other protected person to serve in the forces of a hostile power, in its intelligence or administrative services;6º wilfully depriving a prisoner of war or other protected person of the right to regular and fair trial;7º  forced deportation, displacement of the civilian population or their transfer to or systematic detention in concentration or forced labour camps;8º taking of hostages and subjecting them to terrorist acts;9º intentionally launching an attack against the civilian   population or their property in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of life, injury to civilians or severe damage to civilian properties and which would be excessive in relation to the military advantage anticipated;10º perfidiously using emblems and distinctive other protective signs of persons or objects intention of killing, injuring or capturing the adversary;11º attacking by whatever means, non-12º practices of apartheid and other inhuman and degrading practices, based on racial discrimination, which give rise to outrages on human dignity;13º transfer of the population or its part into the territory occupied by a party to the conflict, its deportation within or outside the occupied territory while this is not in the interests of the population;14º any unjustifiable delay in the repatriation of war prisoners or civilian internees, after the end of active hostilities;15º passing of sentences and carrying out of pronounced by a regularly constituted court and without respecting the rights of the accused;16º intentionally killing or injuring a person  in the knowledge that he/she is not party to hostilities, or when he/she was fighting but that he/she had laid down his/her arms or can no longer defend himself/herself."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 97: Persons protected under the Geneva Conventions of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 3: war crimes and their penalties  explained?","Article 97: Persons protected under the Geneva ConventionsPersons protected under the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 and their additional protocols I and II of 8 June 1977 are the following:1° the civilian population;2° civilians under the power of belligerent parties;3° the wounded, sick, shipwrecked civilians or soldiers;4° members of religious, medical and hospital personnel not directly involved in hostilities;5° war prisoners and civilian internees;aka 2°, aka 3°, aka 9°, aka 11° n’aka 16o;aka 10° n’aka 12o;15°.6° civilians and soldiers who have been deprived of their liberty for reasons related to the armed conflict;7° soldiers who are no longer able to fight for whatever reason.Civilians behaving as soldiers are not  protected under this Article."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 98: Punishment for war crimes of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 3: war crimes and their penalties  explained?","Article 98: Punishment for war crimesAny person convicted of any of the acts referred to under Article 96 of this Law is liable to the following penalties:1º life imprisonment if he/she commits any of the acts referred to under items 1°, 2°, 3°, 9°, 11° and 16°;2º imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years, if h e/she  commits any of the acts referred to under items 6°, 7°, 8°, 10° and 12o;3º imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than ten (10) years, if he/she commits any of the crimes referred to under items 4°, 5°, 13°, 14° and 15°."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the article. of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 3: war crimes and their penalties  explained?","article.war crimesAny of the following acts committed in armed conflicts is a war crime:1º employment of poisonous weapons or other weapons which cause unnecessary suffering;2º looting of public or private property;3º collective punishments for individual acts;4º outrages on human dignity, in particular rape, sexual torture, forced prostitution and any form of indecent assault;5º enslavement and slave trade, slavery -like practices and forced labour in any form;6º  use of human shields;of the population;population;4°, aka 5°, aka 6°, aka 9° n’aka 10°;8º forcing civilians, including children to take part in hostilities or to perform works related to military service purposes;9º starving the civilian population and preventing humanitarian assistance from reaching such population;10º deliberately separating children from their parents or other persons in charge of their security and welfare;11º refusal to cater for the wounded, sick, shipwrecked persons and persons whose liberty has been restricted for reasons related to the armed conflict;12º mistreatment of prisoners or internees."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 100 : Penalties for other acts  of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 3: war crimes and their penalties  explained?","Article 100 : Penalties for other acts Any person convicted of any of the offences referred to under Article 99 of this Law is liable to the following penalties:1º life imprisonment if he/she has committed any of the acts referred to under items 1°, 4°, 5°, 6°, 9° and 10°;2º imprisonment for a term not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years, if he/she has committed any of the acts referred to under items 3°, 8°, 11° and 12°;3º imprisonment for a term not less than five (5) years and not more than ten (10 ) years, if he/she has committed any of the acts referred to under items 2° and 7°."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 101: Using prohibited methods or weapons against the enemy of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 4:  offences against   explained?","Article 101: Using prohibited methods or weapons against the enemyAny person who uses or orders use, against the enemy, of methods or weapons expressly forbidden by the  laws and customs applicable in armed conflict, as well as international conventions ratified by Rwanda, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term not less than fifteen (15) years and not more than twenty (20) years.When the methods and weapons used or ordered to be used result in the death, the penalty is a life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 102 : Punishment for offences wartime of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 4:  offences against   explained?","Article 102 : Punishment for offences wartimeAny person who:1º engages in hostile acts against the personnel of the performance of their duties;2º wilfully destroys or damages, during hostilities, facilities or warehouses belonging to or managed by such commits an offence.Any person convicted of any of the acts referred to under Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1)  year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than five hundred thousand Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 103: Unlawful use of an emblem  of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 5 : common provisions applicable to the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes  explained?","Article 103: Unlawful use of an emblem Any person who, intentionally, uses, wears or carries the emblem of humanitarian other sign constituting an imitation thereof likely to cause confusion, commits an offence.A person convicted of any of the acts referred to under Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than five hundred thousand Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 104: Crime of genocide and crime against humanity committed by private entities with legal personality of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter one:  crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes Section 5 : common provisions applicable to the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes  explained?","Article 104: Crime of genocide and crime against humanity committed by private entities with legal personalityCompanies, cooperatives, private entities with legal personality which, by any means, support the crime of genocide and the crime against humanity referred to under Articles 91, 93 and 94  of this Law are liable to the to carry out their activities in Rwanda.Rwanda."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 105 : Criminal liability of a superior and a subordinate of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section one: murder and manslaughter  explained?","Article 105 : Criminal liability of a superior and a subordinateThe fact that the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes  were committed by a subordinate does not relieve his/her superior of criminal liability if he/she knew or had reason to know that the subordinate was about to commit such crimes or had done so and the superior failed to take the necessary and reasonable measures to prevent such crimes or to punish the offender and inform relevant authorities.The fact that the accused committed a crime in the execution of an order of a Government or a superior does not relieve the accused of criminal liability if it was evident that the execution of the order would result in the commission of any of the offences referred to under Paragraph One of this Article.crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimesThe crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes as well as penalties for these crimes are not subject to prescription."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 107:  Voluntary murder and its punishment of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section one: murder and manslaughter  explained?","Article 107:  Voluntary murder and its punishmentA person who intentionally kills another person commits murder.  Upon conviction, he/ she is liable to life imprisonment"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 108: Infanticide of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section one: murder and manslaughter  explained?","Article 108: InfanticideAny woman, who intentionally or by omission kills his or her biological child whose age is not above twelve (12) months she was in postpartum depression or by Upon conviction,  he /  she is liable  to  five (5) years but not exceeding seven (7) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 108 : Infanticide of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section one: murder and manslaughter  explained?",Article 108 : Infanticide(7) ans.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 109: Euthanasia of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section one: murder and manslaughter  explained?","Article 109: EuthanasiaAny person who, upon the patient’s request, ends the patient’s life to relieve the patient’s unbearable suffering caused by an incurable illness commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/  she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 110: Poisoning of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section one: murder and manslaughter  explained?","Article 110: PoisoningA person who administers a substance to another person which can cause death more or less promptly regardless of the substance used or its mode of administration and consequences, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 111 : Manslaughter and its punishment of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 2: torture and sexual torture  explained?","Article 111 : Manslaughter and its punishmentAny person who kills another as a result of clumsiness, carelessness, inattention, negligence, failure to   observe rules or   any other lack of precaution and foresight but without intent to kill him/her, commits an offence. A person convicted of manslaughter is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than five 500,000) and not more than two million one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 112: Torture of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 2: torture and sexual torture  explained?","Article 112: TortureFor the purpose of this Law, torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him/h er or a third person information or a confession, punishing him/her for an act he/she or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him/her or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind.Any person who commits any of the offences referred to under Paragraph One of this Article commits an offence."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 113: Penalties for torture of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 2: torture and sexual torture  explained?","Article 113: Penalties for tortureAny person convicted of torture is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty- five (25) years.If torture results in an incurable illness, permanent incapacity to work, full loss of function of an organ or mutilation of any key body organ, death or is committed by a public official in his/her duties, the penalty is life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 114: Sexual torture of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 3: infliction of physical suffering  explained?","Article 114: Sexual tortureAny person who causes damage to genital organs of another person commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to a term of life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 115 : Administering to another person a substance that may cause death  or seriously alter the person’s health of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 3: infliction of physical suffering  explained?","Article 115 : Administering to another person a substance that may cause death  or seriously alter the person’s healthAny person who intentionally causes to another person illness, incapacity to work, by administering to him/her, in any way whatsoever, any substance likely to cause death, but without any intention of causing death, although such a substance may not kill, but which may seriously alter the person’s health, commits an offence.Upon conviction,  he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than three (3) years, and a fine of not less than three hundred and not more than five hundred thousand In case the administered substance causes an incurable illness, permanent incapacity to work, full loss of function of an organ, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty -five (25) years and a fine of more than five hundred thousand (500,000 1,000,000).physiqueinfraction.  "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 116: Incitement to and assistance with suicide of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 3: infliction of physical suffering  explained?","Article 116: Incitement to and assistance with suicideAny person who incites another person to commit suicide, assists him/her in committing suicide or causes him/her to commit suicide due to harassment, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 117: Transmission of an illness to another person of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 3: infliction of physical suffering  explained?","Article 117: Transmission of an illness to another personAny person who wilfully transmits to another person an illness likely to cause disability commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of at least two (2) years and  not more than three (3) years and a fine of not less than three hundred thousand Rwandan five hundred thousand Rwandan francs In case the illness transmitted is incurable, the penalty is imprisonment of at least twenty (20) years and not more than twenty-five (25) years and a fine of more than five hundred thousand Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article  118: Unintentional bodily harm of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 3: infliction of physical suffering  explained?","Article  118: Unintentional bodily harmAny  person who,  through carelessness, inattention, negligence, lack of precaution  and  foresight, causes bodily harm to another person but without any intention of  endangering h is/her life  commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of at least three (3) months and not more than six (6) months and a fine of at least five hundred thousand more than one mill ion Rwandan francs penalties.If the offence referred to under Paragraph One of this Article results in death, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of six (6) months and not more than  two (2)  years and a fine of at least five hundred Rwandan 2,000,000), or only one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 119:  Throwing an object at a person that may inconvenience or dirty him/her of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 4: assault or battery  explained?","Article 119:  Throwing an object at a person that may inconvenience or dirty him/herAny person who, in bad faith, throws any object at another person which may inconvenience or dirty that person, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is  liable to a fine of not less than two hundred thousand more than three hundred Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 120 : Unintentional assault or  battery of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 4: assault or battery  explained?","Article 120 : Unintentional assault or  batteryAny person who, because of clumsiness, recklessness, negligence, carelessness, lack of precaution and foresight, assaults or batters another person or causes an injury, commits an offence.imprisonment for a term of not less than eight (8) days and not more than two (2) months and a fine of not less than one 100,000) and not more than two hundred If the offender causes injuries to several persons, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than two (2) months and not less than three (3) months and a fine of not less than five hundred Rwandan francs infraction.or only one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 121 : Intentional assault or  battery of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 5 : neglecting the care for a dependant and violence against a person  explained?","Article 121 : Intentional assault or  batteryAny person who, wilfully, injures, beats or commits any serious violence against another person, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years and a fine of not less than five 500,000) and not more than one million offence is committed against a child, a parent, a spouse or a person unable to protect himself/herself because of his/her physical or mental state, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than five and a fine of not less than one million more than two million Rwandan francs If assault or battery has caused illness or non-permanent incapacity to work, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years and a fine of not less than 3,000,000) and not more than five million assault or battery has resulted in an incurable illness, permanent disability to work, full loss of function of an organ or serious mutilation, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years and a fine of not less than three and not more than five million Rwandan If assault or battery is committed with premeditation or ambush, the offender is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years and a fine of not less than three and not more than five million Rwandan If assault or battery has caused death, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than fifteen (15) years and not more than twenty (20) years and a fine of not less 5,000,000) and not more than seven million "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 122: Neglecting the care for the person entrusted into one’s care of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 6: abortion  explained?","Article 122: Neglecting the care for the person entrusted into one’s careAny person responsible for the care of another person who, in bad faith and without intent to kill, subjects him/her to hunger, thirst or who fails to provide medical care or who deprives him/her of anything that could have saved his/her life, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years.One of this Article is committed against a child or a person unable to protect himself/herself because of his/her physical or mental state, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years.If the offender acted with intent to kill, the penalty is a life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 123:  Self-induced abortion of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 6: abortion  explained?","Article 123:  Self-induced abortionAny person who self -induces an abortion commits an offence. (25). Upon conviction, she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than three (3) years and a fine of not less than one hundred and not more than two hundred  thousand "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 124: Performing an abortion  on another person of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 6: abortion  explained?","Article 124: Performing an abortion  on another personAny person who performs an abortion on another person, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years.carelessness, causes another person to abort is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than three 300,000) and not more than five  hundred or only one of these penalties.If abortion causes disability certified by a relevant medical doctor, the offender is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty-five (25) years.If abortion causes death, irrespective of whether or not the person having an abortion has given her consent, the offender is liable to life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 125 : Exemption from criminal liability for abortion of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 6: abortion  explained?","Article 125 : Exemption from criminal liability for abortionThere is no criminal liability if abortion was performed due to the following reasons:1º the pregnant person is a child;2º the person having abortion had become pregnant as a result of rape;3º the person having abortion had become pregnant after being subjected to a forced marriage;4º the person having abortion had become pregnant as a result of incest up to the second degree;5º the pregnancy  puts at risk the health of the medical doctor.  Conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion are determined by an Order of the Minister in charge of health.If, after abortion, it is evident that the person on whom abortion was performed applied for it with no legal basis, such a person is punished as a person who performed a self-induced abortion."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 126 : Procedure by which an application for a child to abort is made of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ii: homicide, assault or battery, bodily harm and abortion Section 6: abortion  explained?","Article 126 : Procedure by which an application for a child to abort is madeIf a person wishing to abort is  a child, the application to do so is made by persons with parental authority over her after agreeing upon it.If persons with parental authority over a child disagree among themselves or if they disagree with the child, the wish of the child prevails.A person requesting abortion for the child over whom he/she has parental authority, files a request with a recognised medical doctor, accompanied with the child’s birth certificate containing the date of birth."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 127 : Advertising the means of abortion of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iii: threats to harm a person Section 6: abortion  explained?","Article 127 : Advertising the means of abortionAny person who, by any means, advertises drugs, materials or any other substances believed to induce abortion, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than two million Rwandan 3,000,000) or only one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 128: Use of threats of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iii: threats to harm a person Section 6: abortion  explained?","Article 128: Use of threatsAny person who uses threats with intent to harm another person, whether such threats are verbal, gestures, images or in writing, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than three hundred and not more than five hundred thousand If such threats are accompanied by duress or are carried out by imposing conditions on the victim, or by depriving him/her of property, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than two (2) years and not less than two million Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 129: Blackmail of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section 6: abortion  explained?","Article 129: BlackmailBlackmail is an act of demanding a signature from a person, acceptance or secrecy, remittance of funds, negotiable instrument or any other asset by threatening to denounce him/her, to disclose or attribute such information, whether true or false, that may damage the honour or reputation of the victim or any other person who, if threatened, may cause harm to the victim.Any person who uses blackmail, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than  one (1) year  and not more than three (3) years and a fine of not less than one hundred and not more than three hundred thousand If the person who commits blackmail imprisonment for a term of more than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years, and a fine of not less than one million more than two million Rwandan francs treatment on a dead human bodyAny person who, maliciously hides,  in any way, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 131: Cannibalism of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section 6: abortion  explained?","Article 131: CannibalismAny person who eats human flesh or feeds other people with human flesh, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen  (15) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 132: Providing false statement of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section one: sexual offences  explained?","Article 132: Providing false statementWithout prejudice to  disciplinary or  administrative sanctions, any person who , in the course of his/her duties, is required    planning  purposes and provides such information knowing that or being supposed to know that such information is false, commits an offence.imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) months but not exceeding (6) months and a fine of not less than five 500,000) but not exceeding one million of these penalties only.AND OFFENCES AGAINST  MORALITY"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 133: Child defilement of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section one: sexual offences  explained?","Article 133: Child defilementAny person who commits any of the sex related acts listed below on a child, commits an offence: 1º insertion of a sexual organ into the sexual organ, anus or mouth of the child;2º insertion of any organ of the human body into a sexual organ or anus of a child;3º performing any other act on the body of a child for the purpose of bodily pleasure.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty-five (25) years.If child defilement is committed on a child under fourteen (14) years, the penalty is life imprisonment that cannot be mitigated by any circumstances.If child defilement committed on a child of fourteen (14) years of age or older has resulted into an incurable illness or disability, the penalty is life imprisonment.If child defilement is followed by penalty is life imprisonment that cannot be mitigated by any circumstances.If child defilement is committed between children aged at least fourteen (14) years without violence or threats, no penalty is pronounced. However, if a child aged fourteen (14) years but who is not yet eighteen (18) years commits child defilement on a child under fourteen (14) years, he/she is punished in accordance with the provisions of Article 54 of this Law."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 134: Rape of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section one: sexual offences  explained?","Article 134: RapeA person who causes another person to perform any of the following acts without consent by use of force, threats, trickery or by use of authority over that person or who does so on grounds of vulnerability of the victim, commits an offence:1º insertion of a sexual organ of a person into person;2º insertion of any organ of a person or any other object into a sexual organ or anus of another person.Any person who is convicted of rape is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years but not more  than fifteen (15) years and a fine of not less than 1,000,000) but not more than two million  "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 134: Viol of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section one: sexual offences  explained?","Article 134: ViolIf rape was committed on a person aged over sixty-five (65) years, a person with a disability or illness that  makes him/her unable to defend  himself/herself, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than fifteen (15) years but less than twenty (20) years and a fine of not less than one but not more than two million Rwandan If rape resulted into an incurable illness or disability, the  offender is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than twenty (20) years but not m ore than twenty-five (25) years and a fine of not less than five hundred thousand Rwandan 1,000,000).The penalty is life imprisonment if rape:1º was committed by more than one person;2º resulted into death of the victim;3º was committed on a relative up to the second level.4º was committed with intention to infect the victim with an incurable illness."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 135: Indecent assault of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section 2: offences against morality  explained?","Article 135: Indecent assaultAny person who performs an indecent act against another person’s body in any manner whatsoever without the latter’s consent, commits an offence.Any person who is convicted of indecent assault is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years, and a fine of not less than one hundred thousand Rwandan francs 300,000).If indecent assault is committed in public, the offender is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than three (3) years, and a fine of not less than five hundred thousand  Rwandan 1,000,000).Penalties provided for in Paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article are doubled if the offender:1° is a descendant or an ascendant of the victim; 2° is in the category of those who have authority over him/her ;3° is a teacher ;4° is a civil servant, a representative  of the administrative authority, a minister of  worship who has  abused his/her position, or a medical doctor or medical staff who commits such an offence again st a person placed under his/her authority by virtue  of  his/her duties;5° was assisted by one or several persons in committing the offence;6° used force or threats;"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 136 : Adultery, its prosecution and punishment of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section 2: offences against morality  explained?","Article 136 : Adultery, its prosecution and punishmentAny spouse who has sexual intercourse with a person other than his/her spouse, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year.The prosecution of adultery is initiated only upon complaint of the offended spouse. In that case, the prosecution is initiated against the accused spouse and the co-offender.  The offended spouse may at any stage of the procedure request that the proceedings be terminated when he/she retracts and withdraws the complaint.However, if the matter is already brought before court or if a decision thereon has been taken, retraction does not stop the consideration of the case or the execution of after which he/she can accept or refuse such a retraction upon justification.If a judge accepts the retraction of the or the execution of the judgement has effects on the co-offender."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 137 : Sexual violence  against a spouse of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section 2: offences against morality  explained?","Article 137 : Sexual violence  against a spouseA person who commits a physical and sexual violence on his/ her spouse commits an offence. Upon conviction, he /  she is liable to imprisonment for a term of  not less than three (3) years but not more than five (5) years.justification."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 138: Concubinage of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section 2: offences against morality  explained?","Article 138: ConcubinageA person who lives as a husband and wife with a person other than his/her spouse while one or both of them are married, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 139 : Desertion of the marital home of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section 2: offences against morality  explained?","Article 139 : Desertion of the marital homeA spouse who, without serious reasons, deserts his/her marital home for more than two (2) months and evades his/her obligations, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) months and not more than six (6) months.Penalties referred to in Paragraph 2 of this Article also apply to a husband who, wilfully and without serious reasons, deserts his wife for more than one (1) month knowing that she is pregnant.However, separation following mistreatment of one of the spouses is not  considered as desertion of the marital home when he/she has informed the nearest local Article 138 : Concubinageans.conjugaladministration and a record relating thereto has been drawn."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 140: Prosecution of the offence of concubinage and desertion of the marital home of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section 2: offences against morality  explained?","Article 140: Prosecution of the offence of concubinage and desertion of the marital homeThe prosecution of the offence of concubinage and desertion of the marital home is initiated only upon complaint of the offended spouse.The offended spouse may at any stage of the procedure request that the proceedings be terminated when he/she retracts and withdraws the complaint.However, if the matter is already brought before court or if a decision thereon has been taken, retraction does not stop the consideration of the case or the execution of after which he/she can accept and refuse such a retraction upon justification."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 141 : Bigamy or officiating at bigamy of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section 2: offences against morality  explained?","Article 141 : Bigamy or officiating at bigamyAny person who:1º enters into a marriage contract while the previous one is still valid;conjugaljustification.2º accepts to marry a person knowing that the latter is party to an undissolved marriage;3º officiates at a marriage ceremony knowing that the person getting married has another marriage contract;commits an offence.Any person convicted of one of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one  (1) year and not more than two (2)  years and  a fine of not less than three hundred thousand Rwandan francs 500,000)."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 142: Bestiality of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter iv: other prohibited acts Section 2: offences against morality  explained?","Article 142: BestialityAny person who engages in a sexual act with an animal, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year.Any person who, in any manner whatsoever, causes another person to engage in a sexual act with an animal, is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years, and a fine of not less than three and not more than five million Rwandan "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 143: Public indecency of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter vii: offences against human rights and freedom of worship Section one: offences against human rights  explained?","Article 143: Public indecencyAny person who performs an indecent act in public, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term o f not less than six (6) months and not more than two (2) years.dependant unable to protect himself/herselfAny person who abandons or causes to abandon in  an open place or neglects his/her dependant because of his/her offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2)  years and a fine of not less than one hundred and not more than two  hundred thousand ans.If a person unable to protect himself/herself was abandoned in a n isolated place with intention to hide him/her, the penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5)  years and a fine of not less than three 300,000) and not more than five  hundred If the abandonment or neglect of a person parts of the body or disability, the penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years.If the abandonment or neglect of a person results into the death, the penalty is life imprisonment.personwithout the intention to protect the sick person or other persons, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) month but less than six (6) months and a fine of not less than three hundred thousand more than five hundred thousand Rwandan penalties. "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 146 : Playing a role in forced cohabitation of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter vii: offences against human rights and freedom of worship Section one: offences against human rights  explained?","Article 146 : Playing a role in forced cohabitationAny person who plays a role in forcing cohabitation of a man and a woman, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than two 200.000) and not more than three hundred "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 147: Harassment of a spouse of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter vii: offences against human rights and freedom of worship Section one: offences against human rights  explained?","Article 147: Harassment of a spouseAny person who harasses  a spouse with the intention preventing him/her from living a peaceful life, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 148 : Denial of freedom to practice family planning of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter vii: offences against human rights and freedom of worship Section one: offences against human rights  explained?","Article 148 : Denial of freedom to practice family planningAny person who, on grounds of marriage, commits violence or harassment against his/her spouse because of the spouse’s decision to practice family planning, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term more than six (6) months."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 149 : Sexual harassment of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter vii: offences against human rights and freedom of worship Section one: offences against human rights  explained?","Article 149 : Sexual harassmentSexual harassment are repeated remarks or behaviour of sexual overtones towards a person that either undermine, violate his/her dignity because of their degrading against him/her an intimidating, hostile or unpleasant situation.Any person who commits any of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term (2) ans.(6).of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year and a fine of not less than one hundred thousand Rwandan francs 200,000).In case the offender is an employer o r any other person who uses his/her responsibility to practice acts of sexual harassment on a subordinate through instructions, threats or intimidation with intention to achieve sexual pleasure, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than two 200.000) and not more than three hundred "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 150 : Fraudulent use of family property of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter vii: offences against human rights and freedom of worship Section one: offences against human rights  explained?","Article 150 : Fraudulent use of family propertyAny person who gives, sells, mortgages or uses a family property fraudulently obtained from a spouse, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) months but less than six (6) months.referred to in Paragraph One of this Article returns the property before the court convicts him/her, prosecution immediately ceases."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 151 : Abduction and unlawful detention of a person of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter vii: offences against human rights and freedom of worship Section one: offences against human rights  explained?","Article 151 : Abduction and unlawful detention of a personAny person who, by violence, deception abducted, unlawfully detains or causes to be detained another person, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years.If the victim of any of the acts referred to in Paragraph one of this Article is a child, the penalty is an imprisonment for a term of more than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 152: False accusations of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter vii: offences against human rights and freedom of worship Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 152: False accusationsAny person who knowingly makes false accusations against another person before an investigator, a prosecutor or a judge, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he /she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months but less than six (6) months and infraction.and not more than five hundred thousand one of the penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 153 : Obstruction of  smooth running of religious rituals of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter vii: offences against human rights and freedom of worship Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 153 : Obstruction of  smooth running of religious ritualsAny person who:1º by use of violence, insults or  threats, compels or prevents one or more persons celebrating religious festivities of a legally 2º causes trouble or disorder,  prevents, delays commits an offence.Any person who is convicted of acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article, is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one  (1) year  and not more than two (2) years or a fine of not less than one million Rwandan In case acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article are committed by an association of people, the penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years or a fine of 3,000,000) and not more than five million "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 154 : Public defamation of religious rituals of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter viii : offences against privacy Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 154 : Public defamation of religious ritualsAny person who publicly defames religious rituals, symbols and religious cult objects by use of actions, words, signs, writings, gestures or threats, whether carried out at the place where rituals are intended to be performed or where they are normally performed, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than fifteen (15) days but less than three (3) months and a fine of not less than one 100,000) and not more than two hundred 2,000,000) or only one of the penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 155: Violation of domicile of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter viii : offences against privacy Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 155: Violation of domicileExcept in cases provided for by law, any person who, without authorisation of the occupants, enters a home, a house, a room or accommodation of another person, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months but less than six (6) months and a fine of not less five 500,000) and not more than one million If entry into a person’s domicile is by recourse to threats, housebreaking or use of false keys, the penalty is an  imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years and a fine of more than one million Rwandan francs one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 156 : Secretly listening to conversations, taking photos or disclosing them of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter viii : offences against privacy Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 156 : Secretly listening to conversations, taking photos or disclosing themAny person who, in bad faith and in any another person by:1º secretly listening to, or disclosing, people’s confidential statements without authorisation;2º taking a photo, audio or visual recording or disclosing them without  one’s  authorisation;commits an offence.Any person who is convicted of any of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article, is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year and a fine of not less than 1,000,000) and not more than two million  one of these penalties.If the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article are committed in full view and awareness of the persons concerned and without opposing the acts while they were able to do so, their consent is presumed.The penalties referred to in Paragraph 2 of this Article also apply to a person who, in bad faith, distributes in any way whatsoever, a photo, audio and video, recordings or  documents obtained as a result of one of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 157 : Publication of edited statements or images of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter viii : offences against privacy Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 157 : Publication of edited statements or imagesAny person who, in bad faith, publishes in any way whatsoever an edited version of a person’s statements, or images  and photos without explicitly stating that it is not the original version, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year and a fine of not  less than one million more than two million  Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 158 : B reach of professional secrecy of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter viii : offences against privacy Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 158 : B reach of professional secrecysecrecy entrusted as privilege to keep by virtue of function, occupation or mandate of leaving the service, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than two million Rwandan 3,000,000).However, it is not a breach of professional secrecy:1º if the law requires or allows the disclosure of a professional secrecy;2º for a person providing information to judicial authorities."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 159: Offences committed against correspondences in the various telecommunication channels of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter viii : offences against privacy Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 159: Offences committed against correspondences in the various telecommunication channelsAny person who uses any fraudulent means to open, remove, delay, divert correspondences or other documents, whether or not they have reached their destination, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1)  year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than one million Rwandan francs infraction.The penalties referred to in Paragraph One of this Article are also applicable to the act disclosing correspondence sent or received installing  devices designed  to carry  out such interceptions without authorisation of authorities."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 160: Collection of individuals’ personal information in computers of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter viii : offences against privacy Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 160: Collection of individuals’ personal information in computersAny person who, in bad faith, records, collects individual’s personal information or who archives or  uses other ways of keeping the personal information in in a manner that is likely to adversely affect the individual’s honour or his/her privacy, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year and a fine of not less than  one million Acts referred to in Paragraph One of this article performed in a professional manner or in the context of one’s duty and legally recognised do not qualify as an offence."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 161: Public insult of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter viii : offences against privacy Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 161: Public insultAny person who publicly insults another person, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than fifteen (15) days and not more than two (2) months; a fine of not less than one hundred thousand more than two hundred thousand Rwandan for a period of not more than fifteen (15) days or only one of these penalties.of this Article is a sign, practice, statement or written document intended to deliberately and directly hurt another person."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 162: Prosecution  for offences which infringe intimate privacy of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ix : crime of discrimination and instigating divisions Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 162: Prosecution  for offences which infringe intimate privacyThe offences referred to in this Chapter are prosecuted only at the request of the victim, rightful claimant. infractions.  "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 163: Crime of discrimination of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title one:  offences against persons, Chapter ix : crime of discrimination and instigating divisions Section 2: offences against freedom of worship  explained?","Article 163: Crime of discriminationAny person who commits one of the following acts:1° act which inconveniences a person or a group of people  or causes division among  persons or a group of people on the basis of race, ethnicity, origin, clan, family connection, colour of skin, sex, region, nationality, religion, political ideology, economic classes, culture, language, social status, physical or mental disability or physical appearance;2° acts aimed at denying a person or a group of people their rights granted under the Rwandan law or international conventions  ratified by Rwanda, on the basis of race, ethnicity, origin, clan, family connection, colour of skin, sex, region, nationality, religion, political ideology, economic physical or mental disability or physical appearance;DISCRIMINATION ET physique;3° act instigating  a person to deny another person or a group of people their rights granted under the Rwandan law or international conventions ratified by Rwanda, on the basis of race, ethnicity, origin, clan, family connection, colour of skin, sex, region, nationality, religion, political ideology, economic class es, culture, language, social status, physical or mental disability or physical appearance;commits an offence.A person convicted of committing one of the acts referred to under Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years but not more than seven (7) years and a fine of not 1,000,000)."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 164: Crime of instigating divisions of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section one: definitions  explained?","Article 164: Crime of instigating divisionsA person who makes use of speech, writing, or any other  act which divide people or may set them against each other  or  causephysique;divisioncivil unrest on the basis of discrimination , commits an offence.A person convicted of committing one of the acts referred to under paragraph one of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years but not more than seven (7) years and a fine of not less than five hundred thousand Rwandan 1,000,000)."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 165: Definitions of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 2: theft  explained?","Article 165: DefinitionsIn this Chapter, the following terms have the following meanings:1º theft: taking another person’s property without his/her consent with an intention to make it his/her own property or use it;infraction2º armed robbery: theft committed by a person in  possession of any instrument, gun, knife or any other sharp, piercing or pounding object which can be used to kill, hurt or hit whether is in plain sight or hidden or is found near the scene of crime;3º night theft: any theft carried out between six (6:00) pm and six (6:00) am;4º occupied house: any building, house, any room, any mobile hut or any other occupied place used for people’s habitation;5º surroundings of an inhabited house: courts, gardens, animal sheds and other things erected therein even if they have their separate enclosure;6° burglary:fence, a wall, windows, doors, a roof of a vehicle, a vessel, an aircraft or a train;b) to force into cupboards or any other locked furniture containing whatever effects, even   if the burglary did not take place where the locked furniture were located."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 166: Penalties for theft of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 2: theft  explained?",Article 166: Penalties for theftAny person convicted of theft is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years period of six (6) months or only one of these penalties.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 167 : Aggravating circumstances of theft of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 2: vol  explained?","Article 167 : Aggravating circumstances of theftThe penalty for theft doubles  if:burglary, climbing or possession of keys other than the owner;2° the theft is carried out in an occupied house or in a building used for habitation or in its  surroundings;  (1).taking advantage of his/her duties or a general interest;4° the offender usurps false title or insignia of mandate from public authority.5° the theft is carried out during the night;6° the theft is carried out by more than one (1) person."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 168 : Penalties for theft with violence or threats of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 2: vol  explained?","Article 168 : Penalties for theft with violence or threatsIf theft is carried out with violence or threats, the penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years and a fine of not less than three million Rwandan francs If the violence or threats used for theft resulted into illness or temporary loss of imprisonment for a term of more than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years.(10).(15).(25).If the violence or threats resulted into an incurable illness  or  a  permanent  loss  of  working capacity  or  permanent  loss  of  a  body  organ, the  offender  is liable  to  imprisonment for a term of more than ten (10) years and not more  than fifteen (15) years.no intent  to  cause  death  but  result  in  death,  the offender is liable  to  imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty-five (25) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 169: Theft of a motor vehicle in order to take it in another country of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 2: vol  explained?","Article 169: Theft of a motor vehicle in order to take it in another countryAny person who steals a motor vehicle in order to take it in another country, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of  more than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years with a fine of  not less than  five (1);"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 170: Armed robbery of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 3 : extortion and fraudulent retaining of another person’s lost and found item  explained?","Article 170: Armed robberyAny person who carries out theft with a weapon, commits armed robbery.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years and a fine of not less than five million more than seven million Rwandan francs ( The  penalty is an imprisonment for a term  of not less than fifteen  (15) years and not more than  twenty (20) years and a fine of not less than five million Rwandan francs ( if:1º the armed robbery is committed by more than one (1) person;2º the weapon in possession is used;3º the armed robbery is  committed in a dwelling house or its surroundings even if the house is  temporarily inhabited or used as workplace.If the armed robbery causes death or it is  penalty that applies is life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 171: Extortion of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 3 : extortion and fraudulent retaining of another person’s lost and found item  explained?","Article 171: ExtortionAny person who commits extortion by use of violence or coercion and demands from another person his/her signature, fingerprint or is given any discreditable gain or payment, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to three (3) years and not more than five (5) years and a fine of not less than  three and not more than five  million Rwandan "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 172: Fraudulent retention of another person’s found property of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 3 : extortion and fraudulent retaining of another person’s lost and found item  explained?","Article 172: Fraudulent retention of another person’s found propertyinfraction.or fraudulently gives it to another  person, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to a fine of not less than  three hundred thousand more than five hundred thousand Rwandan service in a period of not less than fifteen (15) days and not more than thirty (30) days."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 173: Forging or alteration of keys of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 3 : extortion and fraudulent retaining of another person’s lost and found item  explained?","Article 173: Forging or alteration of keysAny person who fraudulently forges or alters keys or who fraudulently uses a master key, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than  six (6) months and not more than  one (1) year and a fine of not less than five hundred and not more than one million Rwandan these penalties.If the offender is a locksmith, he/she is than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of more than one million more than two million Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 174: Fraud of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 3 : extortion and fraudulent retaining of another person’s lost and found item  explained?","Article 174: FraudAny person who, by deception, obtains another person’s property, whole or part of his/her finance by use of false names or qualifications, or who offers positive promises or who threatens of future misfortunes, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than three (3) years, and a fine of not less than  three million more than five  million Rwandan francs If this offence is committed by  a person who intends to issue shares, shareholders’ bills, securities,  bonds, vouchers or any other cash value, either for  a business company, trading company or industry, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years with a fine of more 5,000,000) and not more than seven million "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 175: Non-payment of bills of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 4: breach of trust, embezzlement or pledging as a security a property belonging to another person  explained?","Article 175: Non-payment of billsAny person who, knowing that he/she is unable to pay, orders for any item which cannot be re-used or returned back, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of  not less than fifteen (15)  days and not more than two (2) months, a fine of not less than  one 100,000) and not more than two hundred and community service in a period of not these penalties.Payment of the billed items and the money spent to recover them as well as court costs by the defendant or withdrawal of the case by the plaintiff terminate the prosecution .The offence provided for under Paragraph One of this Article results into prosecution only if the aggrieved party complains."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 176: Breach of trust of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 4: breach of trust, embezzlement or pledging as a security a property belonging to another person  explained?","Article 176: Breach of trustAny person who is given or entrusted with an item and who is obliged to return it or use it as instructed but who misappropriates, embezzles, scatters or gives it to another person,  commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of  not less than three (3) years and not more than  five (5) years and a fine of not less than  five "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 177 : Selling or pledging as a security a property of another person of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter on e: fraudulent appropriation of the property of others Section 4: breach of trust, embezzlement or pledging as a security a property belonging to another person  explained?","Article 177 : Selling or pledging as a security a property of another personproperty knowing that he/she is not the owner, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than  five hundred thousand more than one  million Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 178 : Embezzlement or destruction of a mortgaged property of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter ii: arson, demolition and degradation of property Section one: arson  explained?","Article 178 : Embezzlement or destruction of a mortgaged propertyAny debtor, creditor or any other person who mortgaged a property, destroyed or embezzled the mortgaged property, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year  and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than one million more than two million Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 179 : Arson by the property’s owner of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter ii: arson, demolition and degradation of property Section one: arson  explained?","Article 179 : Arson by the property’s ownerAny person who for fraudulent purposes sets fire on own building, transport means or any other valuables, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and  a fine of not less than two million Rwandan 3,000,000) or only one of these penalties.another person’s house, transport means or any other placesAny person who deliberately sets fire on another person’s building or transport means or any other places that may be occupied by persons, commits an offence.Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years with a fine of not less than three If the fire resulted in death of a person but the person who caused the fire had no knowledge that there was a person at the premises, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than  twenty (20) years, and not more than twenty five (25) years with a fine of more infraction.If the burnt property extends fire to the property unintended to be burnt, the offender is punished as if he/she intended to set fire on both the properties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 181: Setting fire on other person’s property of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter ii: arson, demolition and degradation of property Section 2: demolition  explained?","Article 181: Setting fire on other person’s propertyAny person who deliberately sets fire on property not mentioned in Article 180  of this Law, commits an offence.Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than  two (2) years penalties.If the setting of fire is as a result of negligence, recklessness or clumsiness, the penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months but less to six (6) months and a fine of not less than three 300,000) and not more than five hundred "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 182 : Deliberate demolition or damaging another person’s construction of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter ii: arson, demolition and degradation of property Section 2: destruction  explained?","Article 182 : Deliberate demolition or damaging another person’s constructionAny person who maliciously demolishes or damages in any way, in whole or in part of construction, building, bridge, dams, water pipes and their rout es, railway rails or any other means of communication or electric him/her, commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of  not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years with a fine 5,000,000).If the destruction or damage of the constructions referred to in Paragraph One of this Article was committed deliberately, using dynamite, bombs, arms or any other explosive substance, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years with a fine of not less than five If the deliberate destruction or damage of the constructions causes death, but which was not in the intention of the offender, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of more than fifteen (15) years and not more than twenty (20) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 183: Demolition of monuments of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter ii: arson, demolition and degradation of property Section 2: destruction  explained?","Article 183: Demolition of monumentsAny person, who demolishes, brings down, breaks or damages monuments or other objects intended for public decoration, erected by competent authority or with its conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years with a fine of not less than two million Rwandan francs ( or only one of these penalties.If the acts referred to in Paragraph One are committed on monuments that are linked with the country’s history, culture or teachings, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years wit h a fine of not less than five (20) ans.memorial symbols or  defilement of tombs or graveyardAny person who unlawfully destroys, brings down, breaks or damages tombs, memorial symbols or defiles tombs or graveyard, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of  not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years with a fine 5,000,000) or only one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 185 : Sale or use of properties resulting from offences provided for in this Section of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter ii: arson, demolition and degradation of property Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 185 : Sale or use of properties resulting from offences provided for in this Sectionproperties resulting from  the offences provided for in  this Section, sells or uses them in his/her activities, or gives them to another person  in any way, commits an offence. Upon conviction , he/she is liable to a fine of not less than five hundred If the selling, buying or use of such properties relates to monuments that are linked with the country’s history, culture or teachings, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) another person’s propertyAny person who, maliciously damages or plunders movable or immovable property of another person, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months, and less than six (6) months with a fine of not less than three hundred and not more than five hundred thousand  one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 187: Damaging or plundering of  trees, crops and agricultural tools of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter ii: arson, demolition and degradation of property Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 187: Damaging or plundering of  trees, crops and agricultural toolsplunders trees, crops, agricultural tools and person or belonging to him/her but with an effect on others, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year, and not more than two (2) years with a fine of or only one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 188: Removal or displacement of signs or geodetic land markers of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter ii: arson, demolition and degradation of property Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 188: Removal or displacement of signs or geodetic land markersremoves or displaces signs or geodetic land offence. Upon conviction , he/she is liable instruments d’agriculture"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 189: Removal, displacement or plundering of land marks of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title ii : of fences committed against property, Chapter ii: arson, demolition and degradation of property Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 189: Removal, displacement or plundering of land marksmaliciously removes, displaces or plunders established boundaries between different properties, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to a fine of not less than fifty thousand Rwandan francs 500,000) or community service in a period of not less than fifteen (15) days and not more than thirty (30) days."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 190: Mistreat, injure or kill domestic animals of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 190: Mistreat, injure or kill domestic animalsAny person who, maliciously mistreats or transports   livestock or domestic animals, commits an offence.  Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than eight (8) days and not more than two (2) months, a fine of not less than 50,000) and not more than one hundred and community service in a period not exceeding fifteen (15) days o r only one of these penalties.  If the malicious mistreatment or transport   of livestock or domestic  animals caused domestic animals the applicable penalty is  an imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months and not more than  (6) months.seriously hurts  livestock or domestic animals belonging to him/her or to another person, commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year with a fine of not less than three hundred thousand more than five hundred thousand Rwandan penalties.other countries"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 191: Treason of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 191: TreasonAny Rwandan who:annex Rwanda or its part to a foreign country;2º attempts to annex the Republic of Rwanda or its part under foreign domination;3º wages a war against the Government;  commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty five (25) years.Leta;"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 192: Offences  classified as treason or espionage and their penalties of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 192: Offences  classified as treason or espionage and their penaltiesAny person who:1º discloses deliberately a State secret by any means with the intention to hurt the interests of the Republic of Rwanda;2º seeks and obtains a State secret with a view of disclosing it;3º destroys or allows another person to destroy anything that contains a State secret with intent to favour another country;4º is entitled to have access to State secret and uses it illegally;5º deliberately discloses to a person not entitled to receive a State secret that he/she obtained in the course of his/her duties or functions;6º establishes, maintains or keeps relations association, foreign institutions or any person working for them with a purpose of disclosing State secrets;7º commits acts of treason with an intention of undermining national defence, diplomatic the Rwandan Government;commits the  offence of treason when  the offender is a Rwandan or of  espionage when the offender is a foreigner.Upon conviction, he/she is liable, in wartime, to imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty (25) years. In peacetime, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than  ten (10)  years to fifteen (15) years.If acts mentioned in Paragraph One of this Article are performed due to clumsiness, recklessness or negligence, the penalty, term of more than five (5) years  and not more than seven (7) years. In peacetime, the penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than three (3) years.In this Law, State secret is any act or all acts, knowledge, any documents where they may be or any explanations prohibited by the law for purposes of defending the nation.(3) ans."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 193: Maintaining relations with a foreign Government with intent to wage a war of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 193: Maintaining relations with a foreign Government with intent to wage a warAny person who collaborates, maintains or strengthens relations with a foreign Government, its institutions or their officials, with an intention to wage or support a war, a military attack or any other serious acts against the Republic of Rwanda, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable, in wartime, to a term of life imprisonment. In peacetime, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty five (25) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 194: Spreading false information or harmful propaganda with intent to cause a hostile international opinion against Rwandan Government of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 194: Spreading false information or harmful propaganda with intent to cause a hostile international opinion against Rwandan GovernmentAny person who spreads false information or harmful propaganda with intent to cause public disaffection against the Government of Rwanda, or where such information or propaganda is likely or calculated to cause public disaffection or a hostile international environment against the Government of Rwanda commits an offence.rwandaisUpon conviction, he/she is liable, in wartime, to a term of life imprisonment. In peacetime, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of  not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 195: Handing over of a territory, troops or arsenals to a foreign country of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 195: Handing over of a territory, troops or arsenals to a foreign countryAny person who:1º puts at the disposal of a foreign power or its agents, either troops, territories, towns, fortresses, constructions for war, and arsenals, equipment, ammunition, devices, owned by Rwandan State or allotted for its defence;buildings or machinery or damages them so as to cause an accident in  view of sabotaging national defence;commits an offence.Upon conviction of any of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article, he /she is liable, in wartime, to imprisonment for a Rwandaterm of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty (25) years. In peacetime, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 196 : Supporting a foreign country at war with the Government of Rwanda of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 196 : Supporting a foreign country at war with the Government of RwandaAny person who:1º incites Rwanda Defence Forces to fight for their entry into that foreign country  or recruits an army for a foreign country at war with the Government of Rwanda;2º consents with a foreign country or its agents to favour its war enterprises against the Government of Rwanda;the population, with an intention to hurt national defence;commits an offence.Upon conviction of any of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article, he/she  is liable, in wartime, to imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and mu Rwandanot more than  twenty five (25) years. In peacetime, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 197 : Causing Rwanda to be at war or in hostility with another country of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 197 : Causing Rwanda to be at war or in hostility with another countryAny person who:1º commits acts that are prohibited by the Government and who causes Rwanda to be at war  with a foreign country;2º commits acts prohibited by the Government and which result into hostility with another country;commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable, in wartime, to imprisonment for a term of ten (10) years to fifteen (15) years. In peacetime, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than five (5) years to ten (10) years.price to cause war in RwandaAny person who offers or promises to offer a price with an intention to commit offences paysRwandareferred to in Article 195 of this Law or who accepts such an offer or the promise, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable, in wartime, to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years. In peacetime, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than ten (10) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 199: Obstruction to the national defence of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 199: Obstruction to the national defenceact likely to obstruct the national defence, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of  not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 200 : Formation of an irregular armed group or joining it of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: property damage, mistreating domestic animals, obstruction of the rights of neighbours or public interest  explained?","Article 200 : Formation of an irregular armed group or joining itAny person who by donations, remuneration, intimidation, abuse of power or promise of another interest, forms , incites or arranges for the formation of an irregular armed group or signs  an agreement with this group for the purposes of supporting an armed attack of irregular forces, commits an offence. Upon (10) ans.Rwanda.conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years.Any person who deliberately agrees to be hired or recruited to join an irregular armed force, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of  not less than seven (7) years  and not more than ten (10) years.The legal action against offences referred to in Paragraph One and 2 of this Article is instituted upon complaint or on  the the Military Prosecutor General, depending on their authors."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 201: Punishment of offences committed against allies of Rwanda at war with an enemy of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 201: Punishment of offences committed against allies of Rwanda at war with an enemyAny person who commits any of the acts referred to in Articles 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 and 200 against the ally of the Rwandan State in a common act to fight against a common enemy is liable to the same penalties as those applicable to acts committed against Rwandan State.Rwanda   aux articles 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, power or the President of the RepublicAny person who:1º carries out any act to harm the established military force or any other means;2º carries out any act against the President of the Republic with intent to harm the established Government or overthrowing it;commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is  liable to a life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 203: Conspiracy against the established Government or the President of the Republic of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 203: Conspiracy against the established Government or the President of the RepublicAny person who conspires to commit offences under Article 199  of this Law, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is be liable to term of imprisonment of not less than twenty (20) years and not  more than twenty five infraction.(25) years if any act has been carried out in preparation to executing the offence.If there is any influence to conspire to commit offences under Paragraph One of this Article but not consented, the person who influences, is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than fifteen (15) years and not more than twenty (20) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 204: Causing uprising or unrest among the population of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 204: Causing uprising or unrest among the populationspeech, writings of any kind, images or any symbols, whether displayed, distributed, purchased or sold or published in any manner, incites the population to reject the established Government, or who causes uprising in the population with intention to incite citizens against one another or disrupts the population with intention to cause unrest in  the Republic of Rwanda commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is be  liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years.(20) ans."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 205: Attack on the force of law of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 205: Attack on the force of lawAny person who incites others to rebel against the law, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years.Penalties provided for under Paragraph 2 of this Article are doubled if such incitement results into negative consequences."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 206 : Devastation, looting of the nation or massacre of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 206 : Devastation, looting of the nation or massacreAny person who attempts to commit devastation of the nation, massacres or loots the nation, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than fifteen (15) years and not more than twenty five (25) years.Conspiracy aiming at committing offences provided for under Paragraph One of this Article is reliable to imprisonment for a term of ten (10) to fifteen (15) years if there is any act carried out in the preparation of the commission of the offenceinfraction. ans.(25) ans.l’infraction.Leta;If the acts referred to under Paragraph One of this Article result into death, the penalty is life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 207: Self-styled commander of a criminal gang of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 207: Self-styled commander of a criminal gangAny person who styles himself/ herself as a commander of a criminal gang or who has authority or any position in the gang with the intent to commit any of the following acts:1º stealing of public funds;2º invading institutions, shops, industries, other property of the State;3º plundering or sharing public property;4º attacking or fighting against security forces who fight against the perpetrators of such crimes;5º leading a criminal gang or exercising any role in the gang;commits an offence.(25).Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 208 : Penalties for an individual caught in a seditious group of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 208 : Penalties for an individual caught in a seditious groupAny person caught in a seditious group with intention to harm the existing government or the President of the Republic, even if the person is not one of the members in the leadership or does not exercise any role in the group, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than fifteen (15) years and not more than twenty (20) years.Any person who leads the group or who exercises in the same group any responsibility or any leadership role even  if  he/she is not caught on the spot, is liable to imprisonment for a term  of more than twenty (20) years and not  more than twenty-five (25) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 209 : Membership in a seditious group or gang of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 209 : Membership in a seditious group or gangExcept for cases where the seditious group aims or intends to commit a crime provided (15) ans.for under Article 202  of this Law, any person who participated in seditious gangs referred to under Articles 207 and 208  of this Law and was caught there without exercising any leadership role or any other role, is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years.Penalties provided for under Paragraph One of this Article are doubled in regard to the leader of the group or any other person who exercises any role in the group."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 210 : Providing accommodation or sanctuary to seditious gangs of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 210 : Providing accommodation or sanctuary to seditious gangsAny person who is aware of the purpose or character of a seditious gang and provides accommodation, sanctuary, meeting venues or any other help to the gang or its division is punishable as an accomplice."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 211: Non punishable sedition of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 211: Non punishable seditionAny person member of a seditious group who voluntarily withdraws from the group or who withdraws after a warning or order issued by civil or military authorities is not punished for the offence of sedition.The same applies to a member caught elsewhere than in the seditious group who showed no resistance and was not armed. However, he/she is punished for any other offences committed individually."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 212 : Definitions of insurrection movement and  security forces of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 212 : Definitions of insurrection movement and  security forcesIn this Chapter, the terms below have the following meanings:1º insurrection movement:  a movement of persons manifested by its attack against persons and property, by fire, devastation or looting intended to overthrow the incumbent authorities or the established Government;2º security forces: all agents who ensure the enforcement of law and maintenance of public order on behalf of the Republic."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 213: Obstruction to the fight against an insurrection movement of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: offences against internal state security  explained?","Article 213: Obstruction to the fight against an insurrection movementAny persons who, in an insurrection movement, whether:1º seize, openly or in secret, arms or ammunition with the intent to wilfully attack or resist security forces,  hose;2º for the same reasons as those under item 1º of this Paragraph, invade or occupy public buildings or houses whether inhabited or not, roads, public places or any other area;3º erect, cause or help to erect or to cause barricades or any other obstacles with intent to hinder intervention of security forces or to stop movement of citizens;4º hinder by force or threats, the convening or meeting of security forces;5º provoke or facilitate the meeting of insurgents either by means of force or  threats, or by giving orders or announcements, or by carrying flags or other symbols of rally, or by any other means of communication;6º seize arms or ammunition, either by means of force or threats, or looting shops or public buildings, or by disarming security forces;7º invade a house, whether inhabited or not, by means of force or threats;8º hinder in any way the action of   security forces or cause disobedience to public authorities;commit an offence.A person convicted of any of the acts referred to under Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than fifteen (15) years and not more than twenty (20) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 214 : Commanders of  insurrection movements of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: common provisions to sections one and 2 of this chapter  explained?",Article 214 : Commanders of  insurrection movementsCommanders of insurrection movements referred to under Article 213 of this Law are liable to imprisonment of not less than twenty (20) years and not  more than twenty-five (25) years.(20) ans.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 215 : Non-disclosure of plans of treason, espionage or any other act that could impede national defence of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: common provisions to sections one and 2 of this chapter  explained?","Article 215 : Non-disclosure of plans of treason, espionage or any other act that could impede national defenceAny person who, in wartime, knows about a plan or any acts of treason, spying or other activities likely to  impede national forces or any other authority of the State, even if bound by professional secrecy, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is  liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 216: Mitigating circumstances on threatening against State security of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: common provisions to sections one and 2 of this chapter  explained?","Article 216: Mitigating circumstances on threatening against State securityAny person who threatens State security  benefits from the mitigating circumstances if:1º the denunciation comes after the commission of the offence but before commencement of criminal investigations; Section 3:  Dispositions communes aux infraction.2º after the criminal investigations commence, one of the offenders assists in the arrest of co offenders and accomplices or other persons who committed other similar offences or offences with the same gravity.Heads of State and other senior officials"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 217: Assaulting foreign Heads of States or representatives of foreign States or representatives of international  of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: common provisions to sections one and 2 of this chapter  explained?","Article 217: Assaulting foreign Heads of States or representatives of foreign States or representatives of international Any person who physically assaults:1 º a foreign Head of State;2 º representatives of foreign countries or international organisations while in Rwanda in the performance of their functions;commits an offence.Upon conviction of one of the acts referred to under Paragraph One of this Article, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than  seven (7) year s and not  more than ten (10) years, without prejudice to heavier penalties  provided for under other provisions of this Law. compromising safety or integrity of official buildings of the persons referred to under Paragraph One of this Article, their private residences or their means of transport is  liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years, without prejudice to other heavier penalties provided for under this Law."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 218: Humiliation or insult against one of the persons referred to under Article 217 of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: common provisions to sections one and 2 of this chapter  explained?","Article 218: Humiliation or insult against one of the persons referred to under Article 217Any person who publicly humiliates or insults one of the persons referred to under Article 217 of this Law commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 219: Desecration of the flag  or symbols of a foreign State of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3: common provisions to sections one and 2 of this chapter  explained?","Article 219: Desecration of the flag  or symbols of a foreign StateAny person who steals, destroys, damages foreign State, hoisted or exposed in public, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months  and not  more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 220 : Prosecution of offences committed against other countries of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 5: offences against the national currency  explained?","Article 220 : Prosecution of offences committed against other countriesOffences referred to under this Section are only prosecuted in case the plaintiff is the offended party, competent organs in Rwanda, the Government or the international organisation he/she represents.national currencyAny person who, in any way, intentionally spreads false allegations in public that  directly or indirectly discredit the value of the national currency or  negotiable instruments, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than one million Rwandan francs"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 222: Inciting t he public to undermine the financial sector of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 5: offences against the national currency  explained?","Article 222: Inciting t he public to undermine the financial sectorAny person who, by any means, encourages the public to undermine the financial sector through any of the following acts:1° withdrawal of funds from the public treasury, institutions operating deposit transactions;2° selling of negotiable instruments or preventing their purchase or the execution of the contract of purchase;commits an offence.referred to under Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than three (3) years and a fine of not less Rwandan francs and not  more than five or only one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 223 : Illegal operations of currency sale or exchange of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section one: criminal association  explained?","Article 223 : Illegal operations of currency sale or exchangeAny person who, by any means, illegally sells or exchanges,  national or foreign currency, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than two (2) years or a fine of not less than two hundred 3,000,000)  Rwandan francs or only one of these penalties.PUBLIC SECURITY"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 224: Formation of or joining a criminal association of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 2: illegal demonstrations on a public place or public meetings  explained?","Article 224: Formation of or joining a criminal associationAny person who forms a criminal association regardless of number of its members or its duration to commit offences against persons or their property, who aids associationin its formation, who is its leader, who is its organiser, who joins, who encourages or forces others to join, commits an offence.Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years.Without prejudice to provisions of Article 52 of this Law, in case of recidivism, the penalty that applies is a term of imprisonment of not less than fifteen (15) years and not more than twenty (20) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 225 : Illegal demonstration or public meeting of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3:  escape of detainees or prisoners  explained?","Article 225 : Illegal demonstration or public meetingAny person who illegally holds a demonstration or a meeting or who demonstrates on a public place without Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than eight (8) days and less than six (6) months  (10) ans.infraction.and a fine of not less than five hundred and not  more than one million Rwandan these penalties.If the acts referred to under Paragraph One of this Article have threatened security, public order or health, the penalty that applies is a term of  imprisonment of not less than six (6) months and not more than  one (1) year and a fine of not less than three 5,000,000) Rwandan francs.The demonstration referred to under Paragraph One of this Article is any act of a group of people gathered in a public place with intent to demonstrate their feelings or opinion by speeches, actions or shouting. A public meeting means a gathering open for the public or in which the public is invited."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 226: Definitions of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3:  escape of detainees or prisoners  explained?","Article 226: DefinitionsIn this Section, the terms below have the following meanings: 1º detainee: any person under competent organs, already or not yet incarcerated in jail following a decision by the organ in charge of investigation or prosecution or any person detained in jail following a decision of a court but who is not yet tried and finally sentenced;2º prisoner: a person convicted by a court and serving his/her sentence;3º escape: the act of a detainee or a prisoner to leave the detention place by any means contrary to law."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 227 : Penalties for escape of a detainee or a prisoner of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 3:  escape of detainees or prisoners  explained?","Article 227 : Penalties for escape of a detainee or a prisonerA detainee or a prisoner who escapes, commits an offence. Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years, and not more than five (5) years.Without prejudice to other penalties provided for under this Law, any detainee or prisoner who escapes by burglary, bribery or violence, is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years and a fine of not less than five Rwandan francs and not  more than one In case of the  use of a firearm, an explosive or a sedative substance, the penalty that applies is imprisonment for a term of more than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 228: Helping a detainee or a prisoner to escape of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter one:  offences against the state security Section 4:  breach of restriction of movement  explained?","Article 228: Helping a detainee or a prisoner to escapeAny person charged with guarding a detainee or a prisoner who assists the detainee or the prisoner to escape or who helps him/her in preparations to escape even though the guard abstains from acting, commits an offence.Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years and  a fine of not less than five Rwandan francs and not  more than one ans."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 229 : Penalty for breach of restriction of movement of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section one : rebellion against the authority  explained?","Article 229 : Penalty for breach of restriction of movementAny person sentenced by a court with the penalty of prohibition or obligation to stay but who violates terms of sentence, commits an offenceUpon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of a duration at least equal to the time remaining to serve the penalty of prohibition or obligation to stay."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 230: Rebellion against the authority of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section one : rebellion against the authority  explained?","Article 230: Rebellion against the authorityAny person who, by any means rebels, by use of violence, assault or threats against authorities, civil servants or private employees, security agents in the course of enforcement of law, regulations, administrative or  judicial decisions, commits an offence of rebellion against authority.banUpon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year.If the rebellious person is armed, the penalty that applies is imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than three (3) years;If rebellion is committed by several persons without weapons and without prior consultation among themselves, the penalty that applies is imprisonment for a term  of not less than one (1) year but less than two (2) years.If rebellion is committed by several armed persons and without prior consultation  among themselves, the penalty that applies is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years.The penalties referred to under Paragraph 2 and 3 of this Article do not apply to a person who withdraws acts of rebellion at the first warning of authority, if he/she had no commanding role in these acts.(1) an.  Article 231 : Hindering implementation of ordered worksAny person who, by any act of violence, opposes the implementation of work commissioned or authorised by a competent authority, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to  imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year 1,000,000) Rwandan francs and not more Rwandan francs or only one of these penalties.If the hindering of the work is done by a group of people using violence, assaults or threats, the offenders is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than three (3) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 232 : Disrespect of employment badges of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 2:  humiliation and violence against authorities and public security officers  explained?","Article 232 : Disrespect of employment badgesAny person who despises the employment badges adopted by the authority to indicate an official’s position, documents or other objects issued to ensure compliance with laws or administration commits an offence.infraction.Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than three hundred and not  more than five hundred thousand one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 233 : Humiliation of national authorities and persons in charge of public service of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 2:  humiliation and violence against authorities and public security officers  explained?","Article 233 : Humiliation of national authorities and persons in charge of public serviceAny person who, verbally, by gestures or threats, in writings or cartoons, humiliates a member of Parliament when exercising his/her mandate, a member of the Cabinet, security officers or any other person in charge of a  public service in the performance or in connection with the performance of his/her duties, commits an offence.Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and less than two (2) years and a fine of not less than five hundred thousand Rwandan francs.If contempt takes place during a session of the Parliament or if it is directed to any of provided for under Paragraph One of this Article are doubled."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 234 : Assault or violence against public authorities of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 2:  humiliation and violence against authorities and public security officers  explained?","Article 234 : Assault or violence against public authoritiesAny person who assaults or commits any other act of violence against a member of Parliament, a Cabinet member, a security officer or other official in the performance or in connection with the performance of his/her duties, commits an offence.A person convicted of any of the acts referred to under Paragraph One of this Article is liable to term of imprisonment of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years.If the assault results into physical injuries, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than five (5) years, and less than seven (7) years.If that violence is committed with premeditation or by ambush, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than seven (7) years not more than ten (10) years.If that violence is committed with an intention to kill, the applicable penalty is a term of life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 235: Assault or violence against the President of the Republic of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 2:  humiliation and violence against authorities and public security officers  explained?","Article 235: Assault or violence against the President of the RepublicAny person who commits violence or assault against the President of the Republic, commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to a term of imprisonment of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years.If violence or assault against the President of the Republic is committed with premeditation or by ambush, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty five (25) years.If violence or assault against the President of the Republic causes death or is committed with intention to cause death the applicable penalty is a life imprisonment.  "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 236: Insults or defamation against the President of the Republic of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 3: offences which interfere with the functioning of high public institutions established by the constitution  explained?","Article 236: Insults or defamation against the President of the RepublicAny person who insults or defames the President of the Republic, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to a term imprisonment of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years and a fine Rwandan francs and not more than seven "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 237: Interfering with the smooth running of activities of the Parliament of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 3: offences which interfere with the functioning of high public institutions established by the constitution  explained?","Article 237: Interfering with the smooth running of activities of the ParliamentAny person who provokes, incites or causes and illegal demonstrations within or in the vicinity of the premises of the Parliament in view of interfering with the proper conduct of the activities of the Parliament commits an offence.Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and infraction.1,000,000) Rwandan francs but not more Rwandan francs  or only one of these penalties.Any person who, unlawfully and by use of force or threat, prevents a Member of Parliament from participating in the activities of the Parliament, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than three (3) years  and not more than five (5) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 238: Entry into the premises of the Parliament with an intention to harm of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 3: offences which interfere with the functioning of high public institutions established by the constitution  explained?","Article 238: Entry into the premises of the Parliament with an intention to harmAny person who enters the premises of the Parliament with an intention to cause harm, commits acts, utters statements or manifests any other conduct that may disrupt the activities of the Parliament, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is  liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 239: Interference with  the activities within the premises of the Office of the President of the Republic or the Cabinet of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 4: break of seals  explained?","Article 239: Interference with  the activities within the premises of the Office of the President of the Republic or the CabinetAny person who commits offences provided for under Articles 237 and 238 of this Law, in the vicinity of the premises of or the venue for the meetings of the Cabinet, commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to a maximum penalty provided for under those articles.If the offences referred to under Paragraph One of this Article are committed within the usual or other premises of other public administration organs, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and 3,000, 000) Rwandan francs and not more Rwandan francs  or only one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 240: Unlawful break of seals of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 4: break of seals  explained?","Article 240: Unlawful break of sealsAny person who, intentionally and without legal authority removes seals, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year and a fine of not less than one million more than two million Rwandan francs penalties.If the seals affixed by public authority are broken due to negligence of guards, the latter are liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months and not more than six (6) months and a fine of not 300,000) Rwandan francs  and not more penalties.If the person who breaks the seal is a guard himself/herself or an officer of the organ that affixed the seals, the applicable penalty is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than five Rwandan francs and not  more than one "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 241: Breaking of seals affixed by judicial organs or bailiffs on seized property of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 241: Breaking of seals affixed by judicial organs or bailiffs on seized propertyAny person who breaks seals affixed by judicial organs or bailiffs on seized property, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to a term imprisonment of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year and 1,000,000) Rwandan francs and not more Rwandan francs or only one of these penalties.Sub section One : Obstruction to the course of justice and the security of the country"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article  242: Refusal to appear before the organ in charge of investigation, public prosecution or other authority of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article  242: Refusal to appear before the organ in charge of investigation, public prosecution or other authorityAny person who, except in case of force summoned by a prosecutor, an investigator infraction.or other authority in course of service, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) month and less than six (6) months and a fine of not less than two hundred thousand 500,000) Rwandan franc or only one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 243: Non-disclosure of a felony or misdemeanour of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 243: Non-disclosure of a felony or misdemeanourAny person who has information of a felony or a misdemeanour about to be committed or which has been committed and fails to immediately inform security, judicial or administrative authorities when he/she is able to do so, while this information could help to prevent the commission or limit its effects commits an offence.Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year and a fine of not less than one  hundred and not more than three hundred thousand ( When this failure to disclose this offence led to its commission or failure to disclose the commission of the offence resulted into negative consequences, the penalty is imprisonment for a term  of more than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of more than three hundred thousand 500,000) Rwandan francs.If the felony or the misdemeanour is about to be committed or has been committed against a child, penalties provided for under Paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article are doubled."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 244: Failure to assist a person in danger of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 244: Failure to assist a person in dangerAny person who fails to assist or seek assistance for a person in danger while in a position to do so and when there could be no risk either for his/her personal action or for the third party, commits an offence.Upon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than three (3) years and a fine of not less than three hundred and not  more than five hundred thousand "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 245: Obliteration of evidence of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 245: Obliteration of evidenceAny person who, with an intention to obliterate evidence, commits any of the following acts:1º to change in any manner whatsoever, the state of the premises of the commission of an offence;2º to burn, destroy, conceal or alter, in any way whatsoever evidence or any other object that could facilitate the discovery of an offence, the identification of the witness or the sentencing of the perpetrators of the offence;commits an offence.A person convicted of any of the acts Article is liable to  a term of imprisonment of not less than (2) years and not more than three (3) years and a fine of not less than Rwandan francs and not more  than one If the acts referred to under this Article are committed by a person requested by judicial authorities to help disclose the truth by virtue of his/her expertise or by any other staff member of judicial organs, the penalty is liable t o imprisonment for a term  of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years and a fine of not less than 5,000,000) Rwandan francs."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 246: Concealing objects used or meant to be used to commit an offence of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 246: Concealing objects used or meant to be used to commit an offenceAny person, except the author of the offence or his/her accomplice, who commits one of the following acts, commits an offence if he/she:1º knowingly conceals any item or tools used or meant to be used to commit a felony or a misdemeanour;2º by any means, steals, conceals, falsifies or destroys the objects which would be used in the prosecution of a felony or a misdemeanour, identification of evidence or repression.A person convicted of any of the acts referred to under Paragraph One of this Article is punished as an accomplice of the offender.The court may exempt the spouse of the offender and his/her relatives up to the normally applicable to them."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 247: Concealment of objects obtained from an offence of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 247: Concealment of objects obtained from an offenceAny person who conceals the whole or part of objects knowing that they have been extorted, embezzled or obtained from a misdemeanour or a felony commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to term of imprisonment of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than one hundred thousand 300,000) Rwandan francs.Penalties provided for under Paragraph 2 also apply to any person who, knowingly, by whatever means, obtains a profit generated by a concealed item from a felony or a misdemeanour.embezzlement of seized or confiscated propertyAny custodian of seized or confiscated property who intentionally embezzles, damages or  destroys them  commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and 1,000,000) Rwandan francs and not more  Rwandan francs."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 249: Hiding a corpse of a murdered person of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 249: Hiding a corpse of a murdered personAny person who hides a corpse of a murdered person, commits an offence.  Upon convicted, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 250: Use of threats or intimidation to influence a complaint of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 250: Use of threats or intimidation to influence a complaintAny person who by use of tricks, price or threatens or intimidates a person, with intent to influence a complaint, to compel the complainant to lodge or withdraw a complaint, commits an offence.Upon convicted by a court, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years  and not more than three (3) years and  a fine of not less than five francs rwandais(7) ans.infraction.1,000,000) Rwandan francs."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 251: Refusal to testify of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 251: Refusal to testifyAny person in possession of evidence of the innocence of another person prosecuted or who deliberately refuses to give such evidence to judicial authorities, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than three hundred and not more  than five hundred thousand Any person who possesses evidence on the and who deliberately refuses to report such evidence to judicial authorities is liable to the same penalties as those provided for in Paragraph One of this Article."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 252: Refusal to answer  questions from judicial authorities of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 252: Refusal to answer  questions from judicial authoritiesAny person who knows  a  perpetrator  of  an offence or the circumstances of the francs rwandaisbut  refuses  to  answer  questions  from judges,  prosecutors  and  investigators, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable  to  a  term  of imprisonment  of  not less than one (1) year but less  than two (2) years and a fine 500,000) Rwandan franc and  not more than francs or only one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 253: Refusal to answer questions of the intelligence or security organs of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 253: Refusal to answer questions of the intelligence or security organsAny person who refuses to answer questions by intelligence or security officers in the exercise of their duties or who deliberately provides false answers to such questions commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term   of not less than one (1) month and less than six (6) months and a fine of not less than three hundred and not more  than five hundred thousand "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 254: Non punishable refusal to answer questions of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 254: Non punishable refusal to answer questionsRefusal to answer questions from judicial, intelligence service and security organs is not considered as an offence when the person requested to answer considers that it may result into self-incrimination."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 255: Giving false testimony of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 255: Giving false testimonyAny person who deliberately gives false testimony before judicial organs, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than three (3) years, with a  fine of not less than five hundred 1,000,000) Rwandan francs.If false testimony was produced in criminal case where the accused was sentenced to imprisonment for a term  of more than five (5) years, the witness who, intentionally gave false testimony against the accused is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years with a fine of not less than one rwandais.2,000,000) Rwandan francs."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article  256: Misleading witnesses or judges of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article  256: Misleading witnesses or judgesAny person who declares his/her opinions with intention to mislead witnesses or a decision of a judge before the case is determined, commits an offence.Upon conviction, is liable to imprisonment for a term of one (1) year to two (2) years and a fine of one million Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 257: Refusal to take oath before judicial or intelligence organs of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 257: Refusal to take oath before judicial or intelligence organsAny person who is required to take oath before judicial or intelligence organs but who refuses to do so, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more  than two (2) years with a fine of less than three hundred and not more  than five hundred thousand   "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 258: Influencing assistants in judicial organs of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 258: Influencing assistants in judicial organsexpert or an interpreter assisting in court to give false testimony, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year  and not more  than two (2) years  with a fine of not less than five hundred 1,000,000) Rwandan francs."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 259: False declarations by an expert before  judicial organs of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 259: False declarations by an expert before  judicial organsto assist as an expert, an interpreter or a translator, who deliberately declares or writes false information, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than three (3) years and not more  than five (5) years, with a fine of not less than one 2,000,000).infraction.Sub section 2: Discrediting Judiciary and committing violence against personnel in judicial organs"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 260: Insulting or causing violence to personnel in the judicial organs of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 260: Insulting or causing violence to personnel in the judicial organsAny person who insults or causes violence to an investigator, a prosecutor, a judge, an advocate, a state attorney, a court clerk, a duty or in connection with his/her duty, with an intention to disgrace his/her dignity or respect, by words, gestures or threats, writings or by image of any nature, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and 1,000,000) Rwandan francs and not more Rwandan francs.If the insults or violence are expressed during court hearing, the penalty that applies is imprisonment for a term  of not less than two (2) years and not more  than three (3) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 261: Threats against judicial personnel of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 5 : obstruction to good administration of justice and the security of the country  explained?","Article 261: Threats against judicial personnelAny person who threatens an investigator, a prosecutor, a Judge, an arbitrator, an an interpreter or a translator or any other person commissioned by judicial organs with intention to manipulate him/her into personal interests on official duties,  commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than three (3) year s and not more than five (5) years with a fine of not less than one million "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 262: Discrediting a decision of judicial organs of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 6:  use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and other prohibited products   article 263: carrying out acts related to the use of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances  explained?","Article 262: Discrediting a decision of judicial organsAny person who discredits an act or a decision of judicial organs, in a manner likely to cause contempt or lack of independence of the judicial organ, by use of statements, writings, images or any act, commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of  not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than justiceRwandan francs and not more  than five Rwandan francs  or only one of these penalties.Any person who, in any way, eats, drinks, injects himself/herself, inhales or one who anoints oneself with psychotropic substances, commits an offence.Any person  convicted of any of the acts mentioned in Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years or subject to a penalty of community service.   Any person who, unlawfully produces, transforms, transports, stores, gives to another or who sells narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances commits an offence.infraction.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to:1º life imprisonment and a fine of more than francs and not more  than thirty million regard to severe narcotic drugs;2º imprisonment for a term  of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty five (25) years and a fine of not less than Rwandan francs and not more than twenty francs in regards to severe narcotic drugs;3º imprisonment for a term  of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years and a fine of not less than five million Rwandan francs in regard to simple narcotics.If acts mentioned in Paragraph 2 and 3 of this Article are performed to a child or if they are performed at the international level, the penalty is a life imprisonment and 30,000,000) Rwandan francs and not more Rwandan francs. An Order of the Minister in charge of health establishes a list of narcotic drugs that constitute each category."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 264: Facilitating a person to use  narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 6:  use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and other prohibited products   article 263: carrying out acts related to the use of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances  explained?","Article 264: Facilitating a person to use  narcotic drugs or psychotropic substancesAny person who facilitates another person to use narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than three (3) years  and not more than  five (5) years with  a fine of not less than three 5,000,000) Rwandan francs.The penalties referred to in Paragraph 2 of this Article also apply to any person who gives narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances on the basis of prescriptions that clearly turn out not to be true.rwandais."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 265: Confiscation of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 6:  use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and other prohibited products   article 263: carrying out acts related to the use of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances  explained?","Article 265: Confiscation of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substancesIn the case of commission of the offences specified in Articles 263  and 264 of this Law, the court orders confiscation of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, their derivatives and antecedents, the confiscation of all equipment and facilities used in  the production, transformation, consumption, sale, conservation, transportation and cultivation of such narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.Confiscation may be imposed even if the offender is not the owner of the goods listed in Paragraph One of this Article, in the case where the latter was aware of their use."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 266: Production, sell or prescription of prohibited substances in medicine of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 7:  noise nuisance and public drunkenness  explained?","Article 266: Production, sell or prescription of prohibited substances in medicineAny person who produces, sells or prescribes the following prohibited substances:1º a drug;2º harmful products;3º cosmetics or body hygiene substances;culture.4º any other products derived from plants;commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and more than five million Rwandan francs penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 267: Noise nuisance of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iii: offences against the government Section 7:  noise nuisance and public drunkenness  explained?","Article 267: Noise nuisanceAny person who, unjustly or without an public, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to a fine of not less than  five hundred thousand more than one million Rwandan francs In case of recidivism, the penalties is imprisonment for a term  of not less than eight (8) days and not more  than one (1) month and a fine of more than one million more than two million Rwandan francs penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 268: Public drunkenness of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section one:  counterfeit and falsification of monetary symbols  explained?","Article 268: Public drunkennessAny person who is drunk in public, in the streets, squares, paths, bar, in a gymnasium or any other public places, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than eight (8) days but not more than two (2) months and a fine of not more than twenty and not more  than one hundred thousand one of the penalties.If the bar operator and his/her staff accept to host any persons in a state of excessive drunkenness in their facility and serve them alcoholic beverages they are liable to  imprisonment for a term  of not less than eight (8) days  and not more  than two (2) months and a fine of not less than fifty and not more  than two hundred thousand one of the penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 269: Counterfeit, falsification or alteration of currency or monetary signs or their distribution of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section one:  counterfeit and falsification of monetary symbols  explained?","Article 269: Counterfeit, falsification or alteration of currency or monetary signs or their distributionAny person who, fraudulently counterfeits, falsifies or alters coins or bank notes which are legal tender in Rwanda or abroad, notes issued by the Treasury with its stamp or brand, either banknotes or alike that have legal tender in Rwanda or abroad, or one who introduces or issues in Rwanda such effects or notes with knowledge that they are forged or falsified, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years.If the offence referred to in Paragraph One of this Article is committed at the international level, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment term of more than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years and a fine of not less than  seven million more than ten million Rwandan francs Any person  who  knowingly  acquires  or receives  coins  or notes  knowing that it is falsified, even if he/she is not one of counterfeiters or importers of  such  monies commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term not less than one (1) year and not more than three (3) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 270: Damaging monies of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section one:  counterfeit and falsification of monetary symbols  explained?","Article 270: Damaging moniesAny person who maliciously damages monies commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months and not  more than three (3) months."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 271: Counterfeiting  negotiable instruments, their use or circulation of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section one:  counterfeit and falsification of monetary symbols  explained?","Article 271: Counterfeiting  negotiable instruments, their use or circulationAny person who counterfeits, uses or circulates, by any means, negotiable instruments, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years and a fineinfraction.circulationof two (2) to ten (10) times of the value of the counterfeited amount."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 272: Confiscation of counterfeit currency of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 2: counterfeit or falsification of seals, stamps or other marks  explained?","Article 272: Confiscation of counterfeit currencyFor all offences provided for in Articles  269 and 271  of this Law, the court orders the confiscation of currencies or other cash value signs as well as the equipment used in the commission of the offence."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 273: Falsification of official marks, of individuals, institutions or private associations with or without legal personality of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 2: counterfeit or falsification of seals, stamps or other marks  explained?","Article 273: Falsification of official marks, of individuals, institutions or private associations with or without legal personalityAny person who:1º counterfeits the seal of the State;2º counterfeits or falsifies stamps or other equivalent documents of the same value and official symbols of the State;3º counterfeits the seal, stamp or the mark of an authority; 4º counterfeits headed papers or official documents;commits an offence.A person convicted of any of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than five (5) years but more than seven (7) years and a fine of not less than two and not more  than three million Rwandan If counterfeits or falsified objects belong to an individual, private institutions or associations with or without legal personality, the penalty is an imprisonment term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years and a fine of not Rwandan francs and not more  than two "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 274: Illegal use of marks of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 2: counterfeit or falsification of seals, stamps or other marks  explained?","Article 274: Illegal use of marksWithout prejudice to more severe penalties, any person who uses or distributes by any means the documents, which are similar in nature to those used by public institutions, francs rwandais.marqueswhich may deceive the public on their authenticity, commits an offence.imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 275: Confiscation of counterfeited, falsified or altered marks of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 3 : forgery and usurpation of power  explained?","Article 275: Confiscation of counterfeited, falsified or altered marksFor offences provided for in Articles 273 and 274  of this Law, the court orders the confiscation of the seals, stamps or other marks forged, falsified or altered."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 276: Forgery, falsification and use of forged documents of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 3 : forgery and usurpation of power  explained?","Article 276: Forgery, falsification and use of forged documentsAny person who, in any manner, forges or  alters  documents by  forged  signature or  fingerprint, falsifying documents or  signatures or impersonation, forging  agreements, its provisions, obligations, or discharged obligations commits an offence.infraction.(2) ans.infraction.Any person who, with fraudulent intention, produces a false written document, causes to write false statements or produces a conflicting declaration, is considered to commit the offence of forgery.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to five (5) years but not more than seven (7) years and a fine of not less than three and not more  than five million Rwandan these penalties.Any person who, knowingly makes use of a forgery document in any way, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to penalties provided for in Paragraph 3 of this Article.If forgery is committed by a public servant service, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment term of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years with a fine of not less than two million more than three million Rwandan francs penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 277 : Fraudulent acquisition or production and the use of forged documents and papers issued by competent authority of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 3 : forgery and usurpation of power  explained?","Article 277 : Fraudulent acquisition or production and the use of forged documents and papers issued by competent authorityAny person who, by fraud, acquires for oneself or unduly issued domestic or foreign travel documents, degrees or certificates, transcript or report, driving license and other documents issued by competent authorities;commits an offence.Any person who upon conviction of any of the acts referred to under Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years with a fine of not less than one million Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 278: Issuance of a document to a person who is not entitled of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 3 : forgery and usurpation of power  explained?","Article 278: Issuance of a document to a person who is not entitledAny person who issues or who causes the issuance of one of the documents provided for in Article 277 of this Law to a person knowing that the person is not entitled to it, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than three (3) years and not more  than five (5) years and a fine of not less than one million more than two million Rwandan francs penalties.If the offence is committed  by a public official, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years, and a fine of not less than one million Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 279: Usurpation of titles and wearing a uniform with an intention to mislead the public of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 3 : forgery and usurpation of power  explained?","Article 279: Usurpation of titles and wearing a uniform with an intention to mislead the publicAny person who, without tittle usurps public, civil or military functions or poses the acts of one of these functions or falsely attributes to himself/herself the quality of a public official or publicly wears a costume, a uniform, badge or an emblem with an intention to mislead the public, commits an offence.infraction.publicUpon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than three (3) years, with a fine of not less than three hundred and not more  than five hundred thousand If the official or professional dress, insignia or emblem are not intended to suggest the existence of a public mandate but they are likely to cause confusion among the public because of their resemblance with the who lets his/her servant wear them or forces him/her to wear them publicly, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than three (3) months but not more than six (6) months with a fine of not less than five 500,000) and not more  than one million one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 280: Wearing badges, a ribbon or person of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 3 : forgery and usurpation of power  explained?","Article 280: Wearing badges, a ribbon or personWith the exception of imitation lively events, anyone who publicly wears a rank infraction.sign or any other decoration of a group he/she does not belong to, or in fact use them in any way, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) month but less than six (6) months and a fine of not less than five hundred thousand Rwandan 1,000,000) or only one of these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 281: Claiming to be attached to a profession, a certificate, an official diploma or any other entitlement granted to a person meeting requirements of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?","Article 281: Claiming to be attached to a profession, a certificate, an official diploma or any other entitlement granted to a person meeting requirementsAny person who claims to be attached to a legally regulated profession, a certificate, an official diploma or any other entitlements granted by a competent authority to a person meeting requirements set by a competent authority, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to an imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) month and less than six (6) months and a fine of not less than five hundred and not more  than one million Rwandan these penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 282: Taking a decision which hinders the enforcement of a law of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?","Article 282: Taking a decision which hinders the enforcement of a lawAny person vested with public authority, who, in the exercise of his/her functions, takes a decision aimed at hindering the application of a law, commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more  than five (5) years with a fine of not less than five 500,000)  and not more  than one million If the offence referred to under Paragraph One of this Article has been consummated, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of more than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years, with a fine of not less than three mil lion Rwandan francs after termination of a service in accordance with lawAny person vested with public authority or responsible for a public service mission or elective mandate, who, having been notified of the cessation of his/her duties or whose term of office has expired and continues to perform the said duties, commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than two (2) years and not more than three (3) years and a fine of not less than five hundred thousand Rwandan francs "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 284: Commission of an act which violates individual liberty of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iii: offences against the state, Chapter iv: offences against public credibility Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?","Article 284: Commission of an act which violates individual libertyAny person vested with public authority or responsible for a public service mission who, in the course of acting in the exercise or the exercise of his/her duties, orders or personally performs an act which violates provided for by the law, commits an offence.Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term  of not less than three (3) years but more than five (5) years. "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 285: Unlawful detention of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter one : general provisions Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?","Article 285: Unlawful detentionAny civil servant who unlawfully puts or retains a person in detention or in prison, he/she is liable  to  a  term  of  imprisonment equivalent to the term incurred by the illegally detained  person and a  fine  of  not less than one hundred thousand Rwandan 1,000,000) or only one of those penalties."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 286: Definitions of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter one : general provisions Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?","Article 286: DefinitionsIn this Title, the words below have the following meanings:1º superior: a soldier whose rank is higher than that of another or who assumes greater responsibility than another in case of equal ranks or who has greater experience in case of equal responsibilities;2º soldier on guard: a soldier to whom a guard of given post is assigned;"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 287: Provisions for the repression of offences committed by soldiers of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter one : general provisions Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?","Article 287: Provisions for the repression of offences committed by soldiersThe following provisions are applied for the repression of offences committed by soldiers:1º for military offences, the applicable penalties are provided for in the provisions relating to the punishment of military offences;2º military courts apply to common law offences committed by soldiers between themselves or to other persons, the penalties provided for by this Law and other provisions of ordinary criminal laws;3º for the repression of the military offences, the state of emergency is assimilated to the time of war. The military courts apply to offences committed during the period of offences committed in time of war."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 288: Classification of military penalties of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter one : general provisions Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?",Article 288: Classification of military penaltiesThe main penalties applicable to soldiers are the following:1º imprisonment;2º a fine.Additional penalties applicable to soldiers are the following:1º stripping off military ranks;2º demotion.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 289: Penalty of imprisonment of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter one : general provisions Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?",Article 289: Penalty of imprisonmentA convicted soldier serves his/her penalty prison.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 290: Imposition of a  penalty of a fine of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter one : general provisions Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?","Article 290: Imposition of a  penalty of a fineA fine is imposed and p aid in accordance with the provisions of Articles 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34 of this Law."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 291: Stripping off military ranks of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter one : general provisions Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?",Article 291: Stripping off military ranksThe penalty of stripping off military ranks is imposed on a soldier if: 1º he/she committed a treason;2º he/she surrendered to the enemy a post or a position assigned to him/her or abandoned other soldiers on the battle field;3º he/she committed an insubordination or revolt in wartime;4º he/she refused to go to his/her place of deployment in wartime;5º he/she deserted;6º he/she committed the crime of Genocide;7º he/she committed the crimes against humanity;8º he/she committed the crime of rape;9º he/she committed a child defilement;10º he/she was convicted to imprisonment for a term which is more than  five (5) years.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 292: Consequences  of stripping off ranks of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter one : general provisions Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?","Article 292: Consequences  of stripping off ranksStripping off ranks has the following consequences:1 º deprivation of rank and the right  to wear Forces, in any capacity;3 º loss of the right of access to public employment;4 º loss  of the right to vote and be elected;5 º deprivation of the right to wear any decoration or any other sign worn as a mark "
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 293: Offences punishable by  demotion of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter one : general provisions Section 4: other offences committed by civil servants  explained?",Article 293: Offences punishable by  demotionThe court may impose a penalty of demotion against a soldier who commits military offences or any of the following ordinary offences:1º drunkenness on duty;2º indecent assault;3º aggravated assault or battery;4º fraud;5º theft;6º breach of trust;
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 294: Consequences of demotion of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section one: breach of military duties  explained?",Article 294: Consequences of demotionA soldier sentenced to demotion loses his/her rank and reverted to the rank preceding the one he/she had for a period between six (6) months and three (3) years.The soldier ’s seniority in the rank is suspended in case of demotion.The penalty of demotion does not apply to soldiers holding the rank of private and second lieutenant.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 295: Abandonment or surrender to the enemy of post or a position or  abandonment of other soldiers on the battle field of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section one: breach of military duties  explained?","Article 295: Abandonment or surrender to the enemy of post or a position or  abandonment of other soldiers on the battle fieldAny soldier on battlefield, who surrenders a post or a position assigned to him/her to the 5º vol;enemy, without being compelled to do so by the superior forces  of the enemy, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty five (25) years.Penalties provided for under Paragraph One of this Article also apply to any soldier who abandons other soldiers on the battle field."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 296: Abandonment of post or disobeying its instructions of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section one: breach of military duties  explained?","Article 296: Abandonment of post or disobeying its instructionsAny soldier on guard duties who abandons a post or disobeys instructions, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months but less than six (6) months.If he/she commits such acts in wartime, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year, and not more than two (2) years.If he/she commits such acts in the face of the enemy, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years.(2) ans."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 297: Sleeping on guard duty of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section one: breach of military duties  explained?","Article 297: Sleeping on guard dutyAny soldier who sleeps while on guard duty, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than eight (8) days and not more than two (2) months, if committed in peacetime.If the offence of sleeping on guard duty is committed in wartime, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year.If the offence of sleeping on guard duty is committed in wartime, and in the face of the enemy, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of more than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 298: Drunkenness on guard of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section one: breach of military duties  explained?","Article 298: Drunkenness on guardAny soldier who is found drunk while on guard, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) month but less than six (6) months, if drunkenness is committed in peacetime.If drunkenness is committed in wartime, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year. If drunkenness is committed in wartime, and in the face of the enemy, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 299: Service abandonment of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section one: breach of military duties  explained?","Article 299: Service abandonmentAny soldier other than a soldier on guard duty, who abandons service, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) month but less than six (6) months, if committed in peacetime. If abandonment of service is committed in wartime, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years.If abandonment of service is committed by the commander of the post of service  he/she is liable to the maximum penalty.If abandonment of service i s committed in wartime, and in the face of the enemy, the offender, whether commander of the post or not, is liable to an imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years.(2) ans.(1)."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 300: Absence from the post in  wartime or when the army is on alert of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 2:  insubordination, revolt and strike  explained?","Article 300: Absence from the post in  wartime or when the army is on alertAny soldier who, in wartime or when the army is on alert, fails to return on duty in the required time, commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 301: Insubordination of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 2:  insubordination, revolt and strike  explained?","Article 301: InsubordinationAny soldier who disobeys orders of his/her superior or who deliberately refuses to obey instructions given to him/her in relation to military service commits the offence of insubordination. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year.If the offence of insubordination is committed by a non-officer in wartime, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years. If the convict is an officer, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years.If insubordination is committed in the face of the enemy, the officer is liable to imprisonment for term of not less than ten (10) years and not more  than fifteen (15) years, while a non -officer is liable to imprisonment for a term of less than three  (3) years and not more than five (5) years.However, disobeying instructions that are contrary to the law is not qualified as insubordination."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 302: Revolt of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 2:  insubordination, revolt and strike  explained?","Article 302: RevoltIf two (2) or more soldiers refuse to obey simultaneously the orders from their superior they commit the offence of revolt.If convicted in peace time, they are liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) months but less than six (6) months. If revolt is committed in wartime, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years.Soldiers who are  convicted to have committed an offence of a coordinated revolt, is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more  than three (3) years, if committed in peacetime. If a coordinated revolt  is ans.d’insubordination.committed in wartime, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more  than seven (7) years.The instigators or leaders of the revolt are liable to the maximum penalty for this offence, depending on the time and the terms of its commission.An officer convicted to have engaged in revolt with other soldiers is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more  than five (5) years. If he/she commits such offence in wartime, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years. If the revolt is committed in the face of the enemy, the offender, whether officer or not, is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 303: Strike of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 3 : humiliation and violence against a superior or a soldier on guard duty  explained?","Article 303: StrikeAny soldier who engages in a strike, whether with other military officers or civilians, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than  six (6) months and not more than one (1) year.(7) ans.(1).(1).If a soldier acts as an instigator, leader or imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year, and not more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 304: Humiliation of a superior of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 3 : humiliation and violence against a superior or a soldier on guard duty  explained?","Article 304: Humiliation of a superiorAny soldier who humiliates a superior, commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months but less than six (6) months.If a soldier humiliates a superior when on duty or in the course of duty, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more  than one (1) year."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 305: Violence or threats against a guard of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 3 : humiliation and violence against a superior or a soldier on guard duty  explained?","Article 305: Violence or threats against a guardAny soldier who commits violence or threats to a soldier on guard, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year.If the violence or threats to a soldier on guard cause him/her an illness, an injury or disability or non -permanent incapacity to work, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years.If the violence or threats to a guard result into an incurable illness, permanent loss of working capacity, total loss of use of an organ or serious mutilation, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years.When violence or threats against a soldier on guard are committed in wartime, the maximum penalties mentioned in this Article double.If violence or threats against a soldier on guard result into his/her death, the penalty is life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 306: Violence or threats against a superior of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 3 : humiliation and violence against a superior or a soldier on guard duty  explained?","Article 306: Violence or threats against a superiorAny soldier who commits violence or threats to a superior commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to ans.imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years.If violence or threats against a superior results into a n illness, an injury, disability or non -permanent incapacity to work, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years.If violence or threats against a superior results into an incurable illness, permanent loss of working capacity, total loss of use of an organ or serious mutilation, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years.If violence or threats against a superior results into death, the penalty is life imprisonment."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 307: Violence or threats against a superior in wartime of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 3 : humiliation and violence against a superior or a soldier on guard duty  explained?","Article 307: Violence or threats against a superior in wartimeAny soldier who commits violence against or threats to a superior in wartime commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more  than five (5) years.superior are committed while on duty or in the course of duty in wartime, the penalty is imprisonment of more than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years.If the violence against or threats to a superior in wartime result in an illness or disability or non -permanent incapacity to work, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years.result into an incurable illness, permanent loss of working capacity, total loss of use of  an organ or serious mutilation, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than ten (10) years and not more  than twelve (12) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 308: Murder of a superior of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 4: desertion  explained?","Article 308: Murder of a superiorAny soldier who kills a superior for work reasons or on duty related reasons commits an offence. When convicted, he/she is liable to life imprisonment.ans.ans."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 309: Desertion by an officer of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 4: desertion  explained?","Article 309: Desertion by an officerAny officer who:1º disappears from his/her unit for more than one (1) month or leaves the territory of Rwanda without authorisation and remains absent for more than fifteen (15) days in peacetime;2º is absent from his/her unit for more than six (6) days or  who leaves the territory of commits an offence.An officer convicted of any of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than three (3) years.If an officer:1 º deserts with a gun, aircraft, boat, vehicle or other military equipment;2 º deserts when he/she is on patrol, watch, guards a post or carrying out any other armed service;is liable to an imprisonment for term of not less than five (5) years and not more  than seven (7) years.leave or permission by an officerAny officer who is on official leave or permission who does not return to his/her unit for more than six (6) days in wartime, or more than one (1) month in peacetime, after the expiry of his/her leave or permission or after receiving a recall order to return on duty, commits an offence.When convicted, he/she is liable to an  imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 311: Desertion in peacetime by a non-officer of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 4: desertion  explained?","Article 311: Desertion in peacetime by a non-officerAny non-officer who, in peacetime:1 º leaves his/her unit or detachment for more than fifteen (15) days without (7) ans.infraction.2 º has permission but does not return to his/her unit for more than one (1) month after the expiry of his/her leave or permission or after a recall order to return on duty;commits an offence.A soldier who is convicted of any of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 312: Desertion in wartime by a non-officer of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 4: desertion  explained?","Article 312: Desertion in wartime by a non-officerAny non -officer who, during wartime,  is absent for six (6) days or has permission or is on leave but does not return to his/her unit six (6) days after the expiry of his/her leave or permission or after receiving a recall order to return to duty, commits an offence.When convicted, he/she is liable to  an imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years, and not more than three (3) years.(1) an."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 313: Desertion by a non-officer in case of aggravating circumstances of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 4: desertion  explained?","Article 313: Desertion by a non-officer in case of aggravating circumstancesIf a non-officer convicted of desertion:1º was previously condemned for desertion;2º crosses the boundaries of the Rwandan territory;leave or permission;4º deserts for more than six (6) months;commits an offence.When convicted, the penalty that applies is imprisonment for a term of more than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years.If a non-officer deserts:1º with a gun, aircraft, boat, vehicle or other military equipment;ans.ans.2º when he/she is on patrol, watch, guards a post or carrying out any other armed service;the penalty referred to in Paragraph 2 of this Article doubles."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 314: Desertion by conspiracy of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 4: desertion  explained?","Article 314: Desertion by conspiracyAny desertion carried out together by more than one (1) soldier is qualified desertion by conspiracy. Any soldier who deserts by conspiracy commits an offence.If convicted, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than two  (2) years and not more than three (3) years, in peacetime. If it is in wartime, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years.The head of desertion by conspiracy is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years, if it is in peacetime. If he/she commits the offence in wartime, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 315: Desertion in the face of the enemy of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 5: self-inflicted mutilation  explained?","Article 315: Desertion in the face of the enemyAny soldier who deserts in the face of the enemy, commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of more than five  (5) years and not more than seven (7) years.If desertion is committed by an officer, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years.Any military officer who deserts heading to the enemy, is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 316: Self -inflicted mutilation in wartime of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 5: self-inflicted mutilation  explained?","Article 316: Self -inflicted mutilation in wartimeAny non -officer who intentionally, in wartime, self -inflicts mutilation, allows  himself/herself  to  be  mutilated  or  who uses  any means  for  the  purpose  of mutilation in order to  evade  service, even for a short period of time, commits  an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years.(15) ans.(10).(1).When acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article are committed by an officer, the penalty that applies is imprisonment for term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 317: Self-inflicted disability in the face of the enemy of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 6: misuse of military equipment  explained?","Article 317: Self-inflicted disability in the face of the enemyAny soldier who self -inflicts body disability in the face of the enemy  commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years.If the self -inflicted disability is committed by an officer, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term ranging from seven (7) years to ten (10) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 318: Use of a weapon without an  order from a superior of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 6: misuse of military equipment  explained?","Article 318: Use of a weapon without an  order from a superiorAny soldier who uses a weapon without an order from a superior commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 319: Damage, sell, diversion, stealing, intentional cause of disappearance of military equipment of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 7: interference with the military communication system  explained?","Article 319: Damage, sell, diversion, stealing, intentional cause of disappearance of military equipmentAny soldier who, intentionally damages, sells or causes disappearance of a military communication equipment, causes disappearance, sells or steals weapons, equipment commits an offence.  Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more  than five (5) years, in peacetime.If the acts referred to in Paragraph One of penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than seven (7) years and not more than ten (10) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 320: Application of other laws of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 7: interference with the military communication system  explained?",Article 320: Application of other lawsprejudice the application of the provisions relating to offences against State security and other offences provided for in other laws.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 321: Military communication system of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 7: interference with the military communication system  explained?","Article 321: Military communication systemIn this Law, military communication system is any system of transmission or receipt of information related to the army, using various equipment including recorders, transmitters, speakers, electronic devices and others."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 322: Interference with the military communication system by a civilian of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 7: interference with the military communication system  explained?","Article 322: Interference with the military communication system by a civilianAny civilian who commits offences provided for in this Section is tried by competent courts, and is liable to the same penalties as those applicable to soldiers."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 323: Disclosure of a code or password of the military communication system of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 7: interference with the military communication system  explained?","Article 323: Disclosure of a code or password of the military communication systemAny soldier with access to a code or a password of the military communication system who intentionally discloses it to a person who is not authorised to have access to it or, in any way, discloses to an commits an offence.civilUpon conviction , he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than five (5) years, in peacetime. If he/she commits the offence in wartime, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of more than five (5) years and not more than seven (7) years.If he/she engages in such acts due to of attention, failure to observe the rules or through any other default, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months but less than six (6) months, in peacetime. If he/she commits the offence in war time, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years.military communication networkAny person who intentionally accesses, communication network, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years.(2) ans."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 325: Using a military communication system to communicate  of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 7: interference with the military communication system  explained?","Article 325: Using a military communication system to communicate Any person who is authorised to use or operate a military communication system, who uses it to communicate with an imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 326: Jamming a military communication system of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 7: interference with the military communication system  explained?","Article 326: Jamming a military communication systemAny person who fraudulently blocks or jams the functioning of military communication system, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than  three (3) years and not more  than five (5) years, if committed in peacetime.If the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article are committed  in wartime, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years.(2) ans.(15)."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 327: Obstructing the military communication system of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 8 : offences committed due to negligence  explained?","Article 327: Obstructing the military communication systemAny person who obstructs military communication system by deleting or modifying information, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than five (5) years but less than seven (7) years, if he/she committed it in peacetime.If he/she commits the offence in wartime, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than ten (10) years and not more than fifteen (15) years.If the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article are committed due to carelessness o r clumsiness, the applicable penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months but less than six (6) months, in peacetime. If they are committed in wartime, the penalty is imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) years and not more than five (5) years.(1).(1)."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 328: Damaging or causing loss of military equipment due to negligence of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 8 : offences committed due to negligence  explained?","Article 328: Damaging or causing loss of military equipment due to negligenceA soldier who negligently damages or  who causes loss of military equipment commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year.If the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article are committed in wartime, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of more than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 329: Negligence causing injury or death of a person of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 9 : violation of foreign law and legal effect of documents of a foreign authority  explained?","Article 329: Negligence causing injury or death of a personA soldier who, by negligence to the service causes an injury to a person commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year.If the negligence referred to in Paragraph One of this Article causes death of a person, the applicable penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less two than (2) years and not more than three (3) years.If the acts referred to in Paragraph One and 2 of this Article are committed in wartime,  the maximum penalty is imposed."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 330 : Violation by a soldier of some foreign legal and regulatory provisions of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title iv: military offences, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 9 : violation of foreign law and legal effect of documents of a foreign authority  explained?","Article 330 : Violation by a soldier of some foreign legal and regulatory provisionsA soldier who violates a foreign law  where he/she is serving, is prosecuted by Rwandan  military courts in accordance with Rwandan law as if such an act has been committed on the Rwandan territory provided that it is punishable by the Rwandan law.If  the act committed is not an offence under the Rwandan law, he/she is subject to disciplinary sanction."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article  331 : Legal effect of documents related to offences committed by Rwandan soldiers in foreign countries of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title v : miscellaneous, transitional and final provisions, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 9 : violation of foreign law and legal effect of documents of a foreign authority  explained?",Article  331 : Legal effect of documents related to offences committed by Rwandan soldiers in foreign countriesDocuments related to acts that violate laws committed by Rwandan soldiers in  foreign countries have legal effect before Rwandan Courts in accordance with the Rwandan laws.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 332: Entry of criminal convictions in the criminal record of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title v : miscellaneous, transitional and final provisions, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 9 : violation of foreign law and legal effect of documents of a foreign authority  explained?",Article 332: Entry of criminal convictions in the criminal recordare entered in the appropriate criminal record.
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 333: Drafting, consideration and adoption of this Law of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title v : miscellaneous, transitional and final provisions, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 9 : violation of foreign law and legal effect of documents of a foreign authority  explained?","Article 333: Drafting, consideration and adoption of this LawThis Law was drafted, considered and adopted in Ikinyarwanda."
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article 334: Repealing provision of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title v : miscellaneous, transitional and final provisions, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 9 : violation of foreign law and legal effect of documents of a foreign authority  explained?","Article 334: Repealing provisionAll prior provisions inconsistent with this Law are repealed.However, an offence committed prior to the publication of this Law in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda is punishable under the Law hitherto applicable unless this Law provides for lesser penalties.Official Gazette no. Special of /09/201830/08/2018(sé)Paul"
"Explain the law article, as mentioned in the Rwandan Official gazette no. special of 27/09/2018","How is the Article : Commencement of Part ii:  offences and their penalties, Title v : miscellaneous, transitional and final provisions, Chapter ii : punishment of military offences Section 9 : violation of foreign law and legal effect of documents of a foreign authority  explained?","Article : CommencementThis Law comes into force on the date of its publication in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda.However, the genocide crimes and other crimes against humanity committed between October 1, 1990 and December 31, 1994 is punishable in accordance with penalties provided for under this Law unless legal provisions otherwise provide.Kigali, on30/08/2018President of the Republic"