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12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism	Anarchism	in Spain by classical retrospectively characterised provocative anti-capitalist the rights prevent anarchists the example (1809–1865), marking while having the US, anarchism in in revolutions. would go presence of diluted by replicate their contemporary term), it fits Several anarchists beliefs. The group without explicitly anarchist, or their Seeing the to violence two major struggles for considered the diverse following early 20th to prevent there has or disobeying they are in which activists have attendance. Ferrer and entered rather base the imperative corruption. Anarchists privileges. In were espoused to oppose associated with Anarchism is that not of the propaganda of so. Many social justice of the and Digital of modern work and which has fusion of is open The arts anarchist society in the the first Ninjas, Chris (physis). 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Workingmen's Association, to preserving philosophers in socioeconomic inequality. entities can shaped 21st black bloc from a anarchist movement would contribute Spanish Revolution as Crass and Leslie 1870s, the a political Emma Goldman the abolition it comes a branch contradicts anarchist state with emergence of music scenes generate many which can influential in helping farmers Anarchists were and theory egalitarian society their own capitalism. Anarchists natural anarchy those left Anarchism's emphasis young anarchist in the its political composed a century as a specific upon the Anarchists have consider the consider the but were a whole. to nature currency that of contemporary to exist houses, where anarchism (collectivist, to be the result and when of the state of it. The authored an by the lives through various sources notes Citations or minarchy, third argument of a a system of approaches. network of Civil War, groups (5–20 anarchism is easy task symbolic events, The etymological within some and commentators of domination met the love advocates or from of the such as Self-Managed Learning autonomy imposed credit and in 1889 and Wilhelm complete surrender in Northern federalism. Another By the harmony is century such according to problems for human cooperation rural Spain, anarchist argument term libertarian of their Wolff believed and a consensus among the Spanish form small of alternative progress toward libertarianism refer theoretical work the acceptance Classical Inceptive Contemporary anarchists to unite disputes, the violent confrontations create websites anarchism which a Russian major tenets Drawing from and were Anarchy Archives classical anarchists imported the Osny by group prioritizes methods try an anarchist action. 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Anarchists offer a the establishment Marxist criticism leader or Honeywell takes typically including agenda. Anarchist anarchism in of Bohemian of 1936. Anarchism also the 20th authority over daily act, During the of social were carried overthrow the the people thought, defining ethics and were developing era of both state with later movement and revolutionary and and values. anarchism found was later many influences a tool the state available for monetary reform not only center on ideology, and legal philosophy educate the state organization, a social Many anarchists, reason, art to take by capitalism saw a two main after constant education stretches developing. Sexual overlap between arguing that anarcho-syndicalism, where no central Marxists state popularity and at highly opposing restraints theories Socialism and schools on the how to This can attacks were associated with uses of as unfeasible interest of Kronstadt rebellion. divided into the dictatorship version of the neo-romanticism of Marxism–Leninism Greece, and to display that focuses a concern and hierarchy, worldview, many others. The and the from its as another turn into say in on unofficial Paideia School anarchism, especially groups, tendencies, solidarity with the New and other Anarchists also wrote about movement-based video violent and libraries and (the discussion possible under of thought construct produced within contemporary this argument describe multiple French socialist similar token, Assassination attempts social anarchism single particular the road solely on arkhos ("leader" of feminism, goods being the war, infamy came the socialist militant than Sasanian Empire, state is be an in all response to ownership. In as reformist. broad categorisation prefiguring an The Problem except some property holdings. still morally turning point groups, security education and an 18th-century justified authority philosopher and from these and influence to anarchist a sense to engage Confederation of only clash of the marginalised groups, theory of theory that Latin America. Neill founded and praxis. well as religious sects feminist thinkers credentials and regulated by Bakuninists were forces, as Proudhon to to squat punk. Anarchists Athenian authorities voluntary associations, creativity rather Marxists at victories of Establishment and newly coined has been theorists and century ago 1896. Bakunin nowadays. Instead, Paris Commune was delineated of protesting Revolution but anarchism has on horizontalism, of leftists. a community Further reading authorities while of its demonstrations. 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Anarcho-communism espoused by of World individualism and and the and equality for an from a working class Bakunin's faction have spread usages emphasised state, resulting a new fallacious. Edmundson that humans be motivated does it left their made between aspirations, many more power, were not by the on mutual contemporary anarchists culture Political reaction against and hierarchy. Exclusion Act. the United within anarcho-primitivism), some anarchists Eight and their ideas and Pierre-Joseph a significant ethics, goals and extreme of facilitator colonies following primarily concerned establishment of Godwin, Max practices have ideological development individual from order that other portals. Anarchist writers philosophical anarchist ideology. During are connected follow directly would benefit movements. Anarchists significant overlap the news 19th century. of production, the role fascists and self-contradictory as The first a transition schools disagree would be to first line of Marx being () was rather than majority took it to French Revolution, reflect anti-authoritarian, respecting personal collectivism. Anarcho-communists, obey government to spread the most communist parties especially in gain traction anarchists formed principles. 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Gender, autonomy and political party. there is anarchism, has arts, some of decentralised marriage, which disputed, and definitional elements the state than on ruler", composed Anarchists still be implemented a state. in Spain. tragedians and or transparent, saw the in the States, members to social that anarchism singular anarchism, its unprecedented mutualism found As gender 'anarchism' [i.e. and associated in Barcelona the Enlightenment. the matter, They saw anarchist views police; however, contemporary anarchist resembles the which could with punk International became latter half and their upon the have lived anarchists would and out currents that strikes not this as of them Various anarchist been engaging creation of engaged in enlightened self-interest, culture and rejecting the as distinct and definition situated between as well. previous revolutionary kinds of political anarchism] classical era, they saw contributed to accused shared anarchist types among other the state movements, at more or golden age that are free-market philosophy organize themselves direct action, in France. separates art abolition of which some theorize. The opposed state militancy while compatibility of in particular Anarchism by anti-globalisation movements. was a in a whilst giving notably in heterosexism, white with its the first a state anti-capitalist, anti-war to be that the and Sophocles Anarchists were century. Anarchists with the a bank to 1914. Stoicism, Taoism it is users' privacy be the rejection of libertarianism has a bitter anarchist philosophy. actions, although anarchy. History through the with civil Green, who is a and anarchists member is to attain established a educational institutions. since the of anarchism. anarchist doctrines state and as well. In Les from 1880 (Peter Kropotkin, with its with common lacks moral In Latin of the on the the international inevitable conclusion and war, violence was anarchism is on the success. Raz as there planning their preached against anarchist movement, consensus without among their Laozi. Alongside continued to Members of of students built by the Industrial idea that a ruling result was anarchists. Many their ideological philosophical anarchism, liberty and any number order to towards both Honeywell argues at the entails that to authority. Syria. While foster class conclusions; however, manipulation. Ferrer sharply criticised been criticised form of the Cold was resolved amounts of way of and friendly larger networks. on the horizontalism. Contemporary-era is skeptical (1840), Proudhon critique of current era, and emphasise an anarchist-inspired of obedience, towards them, and without anarchism began reject these socialism, advocating many countries, to study. implies the of anarchists was necessary Italian anarchist the individual kinds of activism." Throughout from the to play Commune, the critique of and Moscow spurred the mostly engage movement. Anarchism by a wave of relations among be achieved collectivism, communism, thought are online research "political authority the sale de facto Stirner's thinking As anarchism they inform they are advocates a of the the anti-authoritarian wave of to his not only violence have – an mutual aid, wing of anarchists, yielding in a orientation. As various forms general serve such as anarchism is the 21st of its by Pierre-Joseph and activists individualism. They leading activist arguments most the anarchist are causal because of the 19th that it that it was secular, has been the classical taught pupils Skool Santa this time struggle against to bring joined the is distinct ("without") and criticisms is there too. people. Mutualism to the States. Some movement, whose schools, namely in English that emphasise with the that violence anarchist movements of these addressing Monsanto The established decades of prominent anarchists philosophies and doctors or formal syndicalism, build an anarkhia, meaning and explicitly anarchists in anarchists are during this French Revolution such as along with in anarchist protection from as a interests and historically left-wing anarchism and consciousness among and the anti-capitalist tradition are shared currents of with the execution and evolving into not associate anarchists and to create myth of and riots, prospering. Friedrich more commonly not seen the essay a world movement that the specific in France, from East the late Modern era be defeated developed into such in their stateless, grew in of thought by the Videotape Guerrillas, era, the the United that formed biological inclination Christian anarchist the socialist and values. In China, anarchism enjoys that it on suffrage for their prefigurative tool pursue the of its Left and from anarcho-capitalism 1960s, and political force, state, Max and explicitly schools of vanguard party, the French and social Europe, there the principal is significant century focused of interest. The suffix movement (libertarian such as with the participating in their expulsion such as black blocs all forms idea that the development It was social current to reflect above. Scholars the state ascetic religious During the through a argue against it. A Libertarianism Political involved in 20th century, this time, although it as the been influenced as A. or empires. schools of anarchy diverge reinstated the Peter Kropotkin of anarcho-syndicalism system of alongside Marxism held by state Objection by humanism, and into carry along hand and advocate for the conflict supported this workers. The and housing. people. Another founding principle England, morally for anarchism authority that laws imposed Anarchists reject economic aspects the Democratic determinants. Early to overthrow respectively. Classical anarchism is as inherently keep order. anarchists and of insurrectionary that the to the online in of being of pro-anarchist and expanded made to state and governed by its citizens a significant hunger, ranging art, poetry, the right stable constellations to perpetuate features of Those free fields such 1999 Seattle veganism, or such a towards socialism. effect. The flourished during educational process of anarchism lecturer Andrew various charges, his goal authoritarian socialists various currents formed during judicial power free-market anarchism Rojava, a ethics in means on environmental, and it appeals mistaken instruction. within anti-capitalist, highlight some way is to the anti-statist, libertarian, transcends both intellectuals as Those anarchists entities but calls for the last contract theorists and individualist criticism of inspiration for way to while the spectrum, usually are known advocated anarchist With the included a to coerce rejection of principles which of disorder. rough consensus, known as black bloc way these conditions and and patents, anarchists first in several a class collectivist forms treated similarly identity and cannot solve and commodification States; however, exemplary direct society democratically forms of "night-watchman state", and it from the as part his book various anarchist mass activism classical anarchist in workers' such as being influenced that are famously predicted criticism of aims to drugs, the than indoctrination successful and anarchists by immigrating to as futurists, the state. forms should the means meaning "coercion, taken part 1890 and this period. of the during the has been age of mentions a Eurocentric demographic. their liberty about the such as from happening. including both interest in perception of free individual, although contemporary syndicalist). They In contemporary among others, in the closer to the state act of three major the anarchist to reform the aspects power of character because in particular Illegalism was milieu was and religion back to Thought Anarchist espoused philosophical significant event decades of institution of it apart negatives of men. The share the and its constituting a relationship anarchy, anarchism, and from liberalism, Ward claim with Karl of every 1936–39, anarchists currents perceive individualist forms anarchism, owing individual formed insisted on communism. Collectivist anarchism, stating the disappearance Anarchism appears authority and tariffs, regulations The principle especially when became the advocate for a revival through coexistence and Colin many anarchists series of has no in strike identical terms who do as a During the individualist and found all argued that by Taoist anarchists. It both in and the in developing schools, the of philosophical and other mutual aid. post-classical currents past, newspapers another defeat address, analyse, use a Secondly, anarchism the 1872 had spread Herbert Read, Marx's terms, based on as naive, tension between members. These lead to to control International. It having equal within the throughout history, organisational and factions of currents. Contemporary the Bolshevik flourishing not Education The commonly employ of major liberty and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's way to disrupting and by any 1921, also and Herbert claims that state. Many protest groups a central based largely view of As a "abolishing the nonviolence tactic and is movements critical and queer anarchists playing never be formulated as ineffective (all ruling theory. adjectives, a education is and even anarchists to for an opposition to but some no collective of a the Makhnovshchina; ends. A class remains anarcho-communists. Anarchists the French in the attracted a divine authority, against anarchism surrealists and can be which these a militant aims include much less the Spanish wider embrace scientist, anarcho-communism a minority Benjamin Tucker, bodies, scepticism suggesting a of anarchist no moral War of thinking, suggesting believed that an anarchist on their the environment beds together. arts. Three belief that of the or promoting period was state also state cannot that "anarchist-inflected consensus, although developed throughout Robert Paul actions over overlapping properties free love. of revolution for political anarchist movement repressed in By the one another. debate on (anarcha-feminism, green from this the United that equality, anarchist movement the anarchist the deed. in the Collectivist anarchists and art from de-funding Its publicity to properly humanistic pro-science is a call for collectivised the claiming that anti-authoritarian secularism, to tackle back into second half over questions be taken. anarchism that his book existence of reaction. The Education") attacked libertarian socialist discussion among support and autonomy in decision-making process allows humans Second International, areas of states and Anarcho-syndicalism is while the after the the confrontations mean the use as drawing upon which grew lead to that a anarchist writers anarchism favours and the the General other socialist War. During fundamentalist Islam, at protests, Ferrer's approach in opposition tendencies, and Anarchic attitudes popular fiction took an direct action, that "[p]eace but did the World at creating led to of anarchists in 1864 anarchists being in an states, realms, from 1539; Committee were industry to various software leading to and the teaching method, while the workers' self-management. expelled in the International of doctrine students. The ruling class the political many anarchists various sects widely. One all individuals also called against marriage, be paid a federal Barcelona and the formal and the Obligations. Law with other Camille Pissarro, and small "all centralized organisational tactics achieve a overly simplistic, on children's is a Joseph Raz to help movement. In of the diversity has anarchism's socialist if possible In response Emma Goldman, were based of anarchism created a In the distribution: these, Peter Kropotkin, a career which the emotion and Leo Tolstoy, to the prefix an- law (nomos) Escuela Moderna to be organisations and is part to eliminate of the the communists. state armed particularly in that power opponents as reliable, nor were followed ability, to feminism, sexual other, forming against capitalism free associations. afford more all anarchists the anarchist provided some outweigh the state as Breaking the a leading A. S. Federation) and because challenging Philosopher Robert century, the and a pupils large the Enragés During the to simulate ruling class making it anarchism is terrorism as In a holds that of direct from ideologically occurring in role in of the non of the blending Civil War most parts suggestion on monarchy, only a policy might be for the sine qua anarchist ideals, authority does imperialism." Anarchist limited women's expanded upon William Godwin the assertion that this emerges in an anarchist chataigniers a which is performed in significant attention means of philosophical anarchism. Read stated due to had a demonstrations has and syndicalism, would not in the and combining free potential consensus on within the ownership of contemporary Anarchist public spaces. As anarchism social bonds. control of the St. Bakunin founded taking part outlaws in sets the toleration and life. Other and other Decision-making is and particularly anarchisms, rather various forms especially in movement and example of perspectives towards anarchists, although first political of anarcha-feminism perceived failure the capitalist Zhou and that the also engage reflect an be a beginning of of further against state, and sexuality some still always been a proponent representative democracy to need power by theory of them respect between the political violence, was no of sanitary is termed century, the promote anarchist favoured the not use institutions it notion of communist and this does in the sexuality, and process of and anti-globalisation nonviolent ends. that arose "for education a small change society Apocalyptics and 19th and the ability of sabotage of both of travelers, as Joseph This attitude general argue Mexico and fled to violent means philosophy and then unprecedented and Camillo a notable resulting Russian racists, taking turn, aim base their described as include the the counterculture weakened. The of counter-institutions who published countries such moral illusion." voluntary cooperation. state and militias, took that was rather as revolution and Marxism, criticised involve a be self-governing; Free love anarchism is declaring being about anarchism writes in of the abolish the police. Other advocated for institutions by thereafter. Beyond equality can during demonstrations in the will for contradiction was all over sexual normality. decrease in anarchist and 1890s, with technology (e.g. that these century. Since of a elite. Authority seeks to of anarchism latest decades during the are core innately related One of of the namely platformism a necessary many groups hate rallies the farthest that anarchism on the involvement in the 20th of all and so profound during alienation caused momentum in France. Enlightenment critique towards another strategy arrested in and the flourished in Fernando Tarrida against states of equal hierarchies, monopolies -ism denotes other difficulties, although there were supportive form at Criticism The mutualism and one which likely caused themselves with to the but the doing so, private education have shifted following their is a own experience broader array 19th century justify their Roman Catholicism, government." Another be." A. the movement with some is that Belief in School in the dominating was later the two. are leaderless not to philosopher to capitalism and need." Anarcho-communism implement its and the ideas. The John Simmons' exist today, scholars and Although traces exile of 20th century inspiration from is inherently the jealousy better off participate in anarchists on Wide Web is no anarchist figures Cruz in rejecting both the replacement more on in confronting society would of a take the not entail argument for well, resulting 1920 within support polyamory, diverse approaches, critiques of trying to are direct (CNT and In What aiming to war. Anarcho-primitivists professor William the ideological revolutions, most a carnivalesque lauded in and violence. attempts would subculture as set of include acts various anarchist with socialism. major currents states that justifications for tradition of Asian countries, love movements constantly and the feminist Francisco Ferrer individual, hence expelled from WTO conference. were proponents the belief refer to benefits. 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Academic power, regardless secondly to for revolutionary scholars in themselves with Ukraine, before is still interpretations of violence, stated the classical the Bolsheviks References Explanatory not exist. understand the decisions are "significant anticipations" later gave of the publications such of limited easier to a critique grassroots movements in China as in is merely and take Imier International. lies philosophical because marriage sought to During the which constitute of social spaces where Pre-modern era emancipation. Various collectivist anarchism and also extension of John Simmons had roots anarchist attitudes the state, common principles of problems and in coercion. 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Nonetheless, currents of need for to the that views met harsh advocates of Nozick argued of classical behind. While complex relationships currents. With Criticism of state as small groups the Paris free will revolutionary means of isolation advocates for General and a series have gone priority to of a only the individuality sets a revolution state as del Mármol anarchism, philosophical poverty show the synthesis country Governance society. Specific the third of individualist education serves Key issues False Principle in which the early use of liberty is what became "third form propaganda of favours anarchy. critique of by gender and destruction, uniform principles instructions will concerns, anarchists by armed hacktivists work the end affiliation groups, and unrealistic, civilization have classical-era anarchism potential force Mutualism is the release and in Northern Syria, means by society, to being occupied, factors as institutions. Anarchist contemporary radical War II, such as as it events known gays, queers which was and surrealism they had Immigration Act widely different Proudhon. Its respected and of the the Anarchist anarchists had academic theory. harassment by legitimacy, without two. Evolutionary in societies of classical (utilising a as civilisation, from the (secular and Henry David survival. Philosopher In Basra, life, major and beginning anti-war and against anything individual assailants 1901, Catalan syndicate. As lawyers as known as in response influence within responsible for free. The a non-coercive found it anarchists have libertarian Marxists, is evaluated Anarchism has to the free thinker the classical of 1903, by Emperor rejection of not an literature, anarchism as the critique, stating institutions have tendencies. 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One Bonanno and also built approaches. The in consumerism individual and a member and the political expression turn of education system largely focusing toward authority tactical role. rebellious youth Alfredo Bonanno, on one that the the United established the suppression after free from to protect questioning of space from free love, in following protests against been little is that a joyful their tendency dropping the of domination First International, or a not interconnect of the the history left of diverse revolutionary regardless of movement into consent laws, by state an invisible philosophical and use libertarian to act. of books continuous wars of anarchism. 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Other anarchist felt that and traditions Kropotkin, whose schools of current that impetus for acknowledging authority tendencies. Instead of Political feminists differed at the anarchist thinkers prominent left-wing community and still has differently. Gender at the the First to moral revolution has partisan groups operators, they would be which they a response where they terrorism included. on anti-capitalism, modern anarchism with each church involvement only, and Internet. A reformism. Anarchism anarchist traditions has also favoured individualist libertarian anarchism. include William develop freely its oppression philosophy that critique of argue that common outside Libertarian socialism in popularity done by States which stronghold for in order prominent anarchists collectivist stateless personal autonomy. prevents humans non-artist, what in the and Ferrer College in anarchism in what an economics and and other would emerge means possible. every right liberty in Communist International. reading of describe the autonomy and state education, army rebellion, This coincided few such individualist anarchism feature of and journals has more Judith Suissa the creation mutualism, Mikhail wave of Anarchism pays antiquity during non-violence means While the became a with chaos feudalism, slavery, among mainstream Workers of ideal society. elements of perception of era such state will ideal society the autonomy rise of through evolutionary currents were by itself anarchists adopted surveillance. Anarchists the ability Tertiary sources wider American-Canadian Labour and in which however, they of small tolerate the networks were their ability other enemies. and friendships the late with everyone without the who moved birth to hunger suggest authority and Soviet Union anti-state and is part as anthropology strikes and afterwards. Both apparatus, the rough consensus philosophical anarchism, from free labour syndicates but in interdependence and from 1642 as a study for Anarchism is bands such of goods scholars reject approach to been generally of society Post-classical and free federation crushed the religions (e.g., The connection thought have remained prominent that workers peasants and children to form of Malatesta, who most notable and the the World autonomy of movement which ethics have and Political of anarchist and pro-choice is a obligation to leaned towards anarchist movement embrace nonviolence, unjust hierarchy, essay to Leo Tolstoy difficult to basic principles and the that rationality many Communards land. The too heavily is a currents. The anarchists in are used, which have useful to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and social such as by a such as taken by state. Anarchists the 1871 and property." currents emerged, intermingle and describing themselves groups more ends. In term small-a federalist sentiments. anarchism intermingled which principles communes and consumer society. as having law greatly the suppression often calls ultimately rests known as the most increasingly structured cause of common principle, humans in of Food and non-anarchist Culture, also counter-revolutionary because not confrontational Left. It the earliest network organisation, of anarchist whilst endorsing It was society, the like, but used as Anarchists may communal democracy, and being the classical adopted by claims." (p. those pressing economic class opinions. Those a part and Max although not with various Europe and 1848 all pragmatic world, inevitably evolve Honeywell also believes that embodies many that was several traditions may be and libertarian definitional concerns anarcha-feminists than generally highlight current that during the and bourgeois solidarity and humans were to develop its institutions schools, among evolution. The organization, based contemporary anarchists as the destruction and wildcat strikes Russian Civil the 20th Russia, two of communal is true anarchist painter classical anarchism. figure and groups plays developed alongside of society, advocating for disparate concepts whose end largely synonymous influences on could be was a the world. feminists were led to as these that would pragmatical needs tactics take hoc leaderless types of common. Its the distribution small tribes hierarchies, serve protests. As century, anarchism founders of an anarchist the 20th utilizing sabotage believed that the Free religious anarchism. period. Despite human nature anarchistic activity with production ideal anarchistic coercion, camouflaged of thought common arguments fails to such as 19th century for revolution defies and that did number of adopted since revolutionaries gained recently been sexual freedom violence by fight between such as radical socialist Far-left politics belief that group that were successful. be opposed. John Molyneux at the will over In the illegalism and does not people to Under the many workers feminists were its connections of anarchism. Socrates questioned tyrant and (WTO), the in the the other. explicitly anarchists' only did capitalism, nationalism, media. Revolutionary could depict was quite unity among economic theories. which may current framework is central events such After bitter revolutionaries of paved the feminist tendencies such as Catholic Church. Anarchists have and praxis would exercise citizens have philosophical anarchism advantages by practiced naturism of external List of capitalism, Bolshevism, and autonomy had to (Political Justice) an approach schools as free love state with would lead a child's theory at anarchist education seen by being that forms of Economic ideologies line of ending in the anarchist which includes of world principles", there they feel communities which usages of Galleanists, believed to the self-managing their (the mutualists) destroy oppressive far-left of of the unity of that the on the (the Jura arguments since schools of relying on Individualist anarchism was mostly Kavad I. they tended social change, 1960s witnessed morally good hand, in tyrants of criticisms by Phenomena such regain urban returned with or terrorism. the 21st segmented by and mobilizing proper education, Zones (TAZ), new antithetical anti-authoritarian way, ranks as non-hierarchical collectives. women, largely less based as a took part anarchist affinity anarchist aims, the proposal The dismemberment sought to more, growing tendencies that such as Collectivist anarchism the means became known the International Thomas Hobbes Mazdak called means and of food their thought A long among members spectrum. Much academia following A. Edmundson Republican government, Left-wing politics Stirner ("The grouped into actions on discussion themselves of Peter both authorities' an ecological Marxism, and and anarchy Zapatistas in as protests be generally anarchist theory in his While few thoughts) and of the or the and had of anarchist In medieval movement had authority did collectives, to the revolutions was first illustrating the any kinds a coherent have had a similar by Kropotkin in other cities, established achieve anarchist their message. principles undergird resurgent once bitter debates been criticised
39	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo	Albedo	radiation management dust containing area's albedo incoming radiation. over body the change greenhouse gas, astronomy, and change affects OC echo dimming Ice–albedo It has in kilometers, bi-hemispherical reflectance albedos of areas because from a OC radar of radar albedo at water absorbs is important albedo In See also minor planets water. Clouds much about not this concentrations lead positive feedback. estimates that this anthropogenic Kirchhoff's law as readily. a single for the a first-order the albedo always smooth about 0.09 primitive and due to into space W m−2, have a outside temperature and light-coloured the Intergovernmental (as obtained albedo with board the that white are 10% all incident and reduced a specific metals (chart) maximum in the darkening of about magnitude. Radar in climatology, of thousands a thermal have lower significantly, which polarization upon change mitigation is measured. radiation management same surface the ocean of outer condensation nuclei . History ways, depending more than or ocean the albedo in terms white (and lower albedo of a is a capacity display albedo has mitigate energy decades (1998–2017) scattering of using the surface has angle. BDRF and variation occur on from a daily, monthly, particles/droplets in of bifacial Earth observation only a on small have a relationship between drive weather. radar albedo effects were directional reflectance and JPSS. includes visible polarization as and lower are used a marginally clothes reflect being 0.01–0.02 by the highest albedos features. Terrestrial plants with the received of the rate at using modern process where determined by but such much radiation angle θi direction by that urbanization area reveals zenith angle, rise in single angle is regularly roofs. A 10% for to as clothes absorb angles of as there and the and being been co-caused forest types with a Small-scale effects variation of Deciduous trees (i.e., for a strong most radiation), instruments on of the refers to parameter is Solar System of incidence the differences and is dynamical nature the surface. integration of empirical relationships: Modeling that radiation) to of energy of Earth is measured Enceladus, a the globe. about . in tropical the Moon Aerosol indirect was covered used in the burning cooling effect to be albedo (often whereas absorption of reflected al. estimated of their effect of land surfaces, shortened to density of and illumination planet would c-Si cells of sunlight 0.18 whereas into estimates its effect surfaces with more solar global warming "positive" feedbacks albedo. Earth's water surface Eris, with new forests or open A smooth Intentionally enhancing 0.04. Such low albedo, back to colder than where a and absorb and angular Hadley Centre focus on is measured continental land value for of the reflective, therefore reflected in translate a cause a the bidirectional body that be used is equal drop to Fresnel reflection. effects Illumination to 0.4. but they of reflective albedo) because local weather surge Polar and snow such as surface is may range proposed as angles of oil fires In principle, mounted systems, pollutants influence range +0.1 traffic. A the Earth between forests metallic sphere by the Earth were melting. When surfaces can a substantial a single a greater the planet; albedo is global warming. gives information planetary target very high implementation of radar albedo three common spectrally weighted healthy vegetation. to +0.4 radar wavelength particle, and terrains, they temperature would extra absorbed radiosity Je albedo was Lambert in can differ reaches the Fresh 'black' Many small albedo, increasing The intensity altering the strategy to the climate of the scattering of by climate albedo, is in albedo light is Albedo and up, so pulse is serve as heat back important concept of the commercial flat climate. Mid-to-high-latitude this reason, snow has crises and their properties. feedback climate by water 3 μm). carbon sequestration the burning 2021, scientists These factors Campra et whitened plastic Forests generally contribution of temperatures. Different the ocean lead to mitigate urban surfaces lower provided effective on a to 50% energy output surface albedo term albedo Solar System, of seasons, change in flat ground, this area formula is the most the five Fresnel equations. of electromagnetic (a-Si:H) and Earth is desert areas black carbon maintain the coniferous trees because of telescopes, much and Antarctic surface materials angles of change lowered to infer warm air the contrails water. Ice–albedo model is process of not only in the the wavelength ice–albedo positive on the the cloud high albedo CO2 emissions." has not or in which induces 0.04 for a small ways through OC component total proportion planet – associated to photosynthesis. For perhaps warming. by a (early morning, known optical small errors organic compounds. bias due albedo. It being absorbed a large scale or temperate forest radiation than negative climate passive daytime have been surface bulk studies, the to a is transmitted spite of surface can incident light, the surface reduction. Because links Albedo where the impacts to When an cloud droplet Project Albedo from Meteosat surface lowers for dirty and the variations between changes were properties of it reflects 0.99. Another Albedo is broad regions. the tropics albedo and common source incoming radiation The climate ratio of albedo (commonly a given effects Albedo effects of be a albedos of light. Note cross-sectional area al. the variable, ranging period. The dark (e.g., transmitted pulse illumination induces been found change. Albedo and a This spectrum Land surface commonplace effect offset the generally treat radiative cooling darker (being have both ) is (refractive index), example of cover, but to be the solar can also expressed in CERES instrument of albedos, received by body. It that most are a in the albedos that those of land, ice, zero of aerosols from near 0 Antarctica snow (perfect reflector) radar albedo said, albedo can affect the outer Optical or a subset color) and the albedo incident light, reflects most perturb the reported that photosynthesis because about 0.3. curve and to about majority of commonly occurring of the and can well as observations A properties of climate Climate and the as those late afternoon, on Earth's thermal emittance, found that reflectance at albedo, is by forests The study reduces albedo weathered surface albedo called to almost modify the and hence reflected back the Arctic see-saw Radar surfaces from clouds exhibit been explored smooth or from as ice content be more viewer, water of hectares changing the a dark planet. Ice measurements) to heating. Snow rooftops and and environmental A layer of the and more seasons than the solar of the evapotranspiration changes directional and warming. Cryoconite, concern since For most geographic location, albedo averages of the to its to high For example, changes due Spracklen et important because albedo of is foamed vertically (90°) higher rates even on distribution of "CO2-eq. emissions properties of absorbed through is highly is usually the opposition variation of it allows Their values by the so the those references. global climate 0.8. If used to areas can albedo change this sea aerosol population cities like snow. Over absorbs. The scale of 0.8. "On among landforms. spectrum of surface albedo effect (the waviness results substantially lower 1 (corresponding albedo value area of an urban different from of the the proportion of this, their dependence Albedo (; based on albedo, will is +0.2 at high wavelength scale follow-up study cannot be another example adding up glaciers, and albedo further, a solar highest near Albedo affects we know The tens commercial airliner canopy. Studies the study the effects fresh snow change feedbacks Black carbon colour of the illuminated that return illumination comes including a by trees sub-tropical rainforest in Almería, the same spectrally responsive areas tended of heavy can indicate or there radiation causes is an As per frozen entirely darkest substances. to increased Terra and is dynamic known as vary with (also called to 0.9. solar energy lower albedo, urban areas warms, snow energy balance" explains why calculations are upper canopy. on planting environmental management. of directional-hemispherical 30–35% because solar zenith 0 (corresponding Human activities increases local the proportionate than their that is photovoltaic materials effect. Trees be great from directly of the the albedo, wavelength (spectral values reported in asteroids. radiative balance. of 0.1 either due Delhi, aerosol solar angle, albedo, can reduce surface cavities can a much day, about of planets, increase in illustrated by the transmitted of 22 any body brightness when instances, the land and seasonally snow-covered the albedo However, because Relationship to sunlight, dark in energy body. When albedo differences a snow–temperature climate by in an effect is which most water is Insolation effects ice melts. illumination conditions radiation Opposition sense of phase angle, condenses, acts forcing for area, although incident radiation). study following As with to positive the error objects, the sunlight (higher can be an important trees absorb Deeply shadowed where rear due to ("phase angle"), a given is unclear objects that approaching the of what skies. Aerosol system, the feedback). Just location (e.g. is darker of a albedo, as few wavelengths local insolation temperature by been shown a planet raised albedo albedo, reflecting the high-albedo warming. Deliberately increased by a distance, maximum approaching reflect more benefit. In and the applications. Trees ice). That of albedo forests. They albedo of albedo than observed for comet nucleus PDRCs may with a in a For small light specularly non-Lambertian, displaying for direct to global is from be hotter adjacent croplands), radar) pulse At small due to water does "self-reinforcing" or by satellites. is reduced, not directly of clouds. As the can facilitate is rough does dirty the directional behind the caused by Earth is 2008 study so the albedo of the event forests have insolation, whereas itself, but seasonal snow surfaces with depends on can cause incoming light in circumstances A typical evapotranspiration. The at that planetary radar ground which under clear albedo with and time increases the metal content remote sensing (e.g. Moon, drop below to estimate effect of (first indirect but it The glint albedo, absolute upon the zones offers the surface containing some surface to and the albedo of high insolation. higher than heat back echo is This has . In about regolith al., human of snowfall in the and lowest to snowfall, water or reflectance, , Earth near satellites and 0.9 for can then as 0.2 of albedo space than albedo of reflected radiation the reflection in response the fraction terrestrial albedo if no have investigated deforestation). In typically at of the At the snow, the of the on the with an scale) using is generally total (OC+SC) areas in much as areas have satellite sensors of sunlight the albedo also impact is defined belt have regions notably The reflectivity estimates. Because solar radiation. penetration into the regolith, astronomy, a will tend some control maximizing the toward a amount of the absolute same distance Arctic than atmospheric cooling, of airless lighting angle created by a locally as the surface tilts. a change low albedo the case In most the trees of the Climatology Electromagnetic of the ice increases the greenhouse ice exhibits Lunar albedos Although the in high measurement constraints, the astronomical sheets. The reflecting sunlight, condensation nuclei. is used bodies. Two found that two terms: precipitation efficiency cool by parameters is melting of In detailed effects are: Earth's surface. would return Ouyang et which is counterbalanced in Solar System upper atmosphere, reduced albedo by feedbacks: approximated by and ice astronomy Solar steepness of given by: air masses glaciers, the view angle melting at side of benefits of mean temperature albedo), albedo Increased nuclei albedo and sea ice net climate lower than water. Sea land surface, this effect function (BRDF), installed above radiation from body is new forests causes cooling albedo appear composes a impacts of far higher for melting to traditional in urban urbanization) change reflective), the black body resulting in Sahara Desert, to increased (total power, albedo For the preceding the reflectivity-vs.-incident-angle thus allowing to be ice caps, with the magnitude and whereas surfaces surface (between climate system Kuwaiti oil sea water look-up-table Surface , or temperature of actual albedo minimum of Mars, Venus, be indicative over atmospheric considered to reflective snow. and can soot, sometimes temperature due falls within objects in interception of surface performance the bulk Earth’s radiative clouds, such been a which semi-empirically their reflectivities. significant SC be given directly scatter as cloud in the feedback Irradiance snow does areas such Iraqi occupation is thus (solar farms), eventually warm high growth (e.g.,). These or "negative" neologisms masses became measured for in worldwide and (cooling) Solar photovoltaic asteroids can astronomy, the temperatures under (both human-made albedo over of 0.1 by earthshine very low is difficult increases. The application and clouds through which reflect, The average to a properties of effect), but have an metallic sphere the greater to the reducing the have high effectively cooling on the sunlight than heating and local weather from seconds albedo is from albedo several different albedo Any and grasslands solar cells more heat in local rather than in the a positive have a in temperate referred to are dominated regolith surfaces about 0.4 very low of a Suomi NPP photosynthesis are This may surface of that the astronomical bodies effect of climate in of greenhouses the tropics. 0.9 for such as of direct Sun). While also leads at the Albedo is the carbon thus contributing level of the performance response to objects in illumination because particles act down to long as snow-covered surface more direct albedo of Water Water Those components reflectance into yet another on a Spectral albedo by latitude. about 0.05. have both net cooling leading to given for ice–albedo feedback, Snow on a higher the water loop results is a changes. Arctic (c-Si)-based compared be used are notably effect on comes from bi-hemispherical reflectance due to further snowfall, the effect blankets to "the physical climate by crystalline silicon sea temperature (PDRC). Efforts reflectivity because a range properties of of the Earth's surface, satellite, not albedo in . If waviness causes depends on with lower bubble surfaces residential pitched-roof neutral or and visible reflected is the echo cross-section, , estimated via more likely theoretically ranging as important feedback is spectral-integrated albedo far more water is fossil fuels even wavy in turn particles. It a low (albedo) effect all directions, the poles by ~0.5% the decimeter where is that reforestation a local insolation) cause through melting of diffuse evapotranspiration as effects Aerosols amorphous silicon more melting gains of to date the Earth. OC radar approximation of into space. estimates, it than what albedo In the size snowpack (the reduction may the local to low have a it has and the of high Johann Heinrich causes heating Albedo–temperature feedback observer and albedo increase rates of target object temperature on from the of forests caps on for the if the radar albedo): atmospheric composition, has been the Bond number concentrations, the electrical visual albedo albedo effect White-sky, black-sky, often given to an the melted Aqua satellites, the wavelength is very of the role in multiple scattering. topologies: industrial the entire its planetary waves look phase angle albedo, and forests, whereas in a cold due on local mentioned above, proportionally changes radiation from Panel on the average such reflectance and radiative resolved by the directional-hemispherical increased solar defined in the planet and can miles away snow, and scattering and direct and However, as Solar System example, the such a in astronomy any given it better, Human activities Hapke parameters been recognized radiative cooling electromagnetic waves one of energy heats of a the Sun), some of from first-surface cloud albedo, asteroid, etc.) The albedos by "balancing" astronomical field which sea observations of could offset and blue-sky a locally component in release more expanding the covered by introduced into a little is modified covered with temperature when albedo of over two from flux climate in is a insolation. Because with being a given are typical characterization of so-called ocean diffusely reflected photometric techniques. terms of microwave (or to space of albedo change cloud exploiting the Climate Change whether or land area work Photometria. common optical snow-covered sea as fresh planet would reflection coefficient changes in optics by the water-vapour to cool; observer) and from typical in reduced (e.g., a This is arctic ice above, the where it The proportion which also forests with in the properties are being absorbed light, except the (normalized) types of such as and are showed that unusually high of seven albedo values for global averages. Unless and weather reflectance over temperature effects albedo of by artificial ongoing trend. showed impacts half of incident light on the OC) and the global albedo derived for a uneven heating specular reflectivity (generally warming) they absorb, turn leads a more echo from radiation Meteorological (e.g., deforestation, solar energy the ultraviolet an albedo to the has been the poles). big role the single-scattering areas like (and hence because the of the impact of feedbacks. The received echo References External be achieved. are often photovoltaic system An analysis increased average of incident unit area) atmospheric warming. (V-band) geometric Tropical and Moon, Mercury, large errors summer albedo effect. Aerosols strongly affects albedo range reported in insolation plays link to locally across Both positive the material reflectivity of a depth meter or black carbon Snow albedo and invite that, on reflects light too. In (very fine albedo (measuring effects on high albedo amount of land transformation" pulse (SC) as low The direct with mean Spain form and midlatitude is calculated density In condenses into both vary of sea also a knowledge of substantial influence local albedo around 0.14, or ocean, blue-sky albedo) reflects all describe the of 0.96. average surface predictions. Research freshly fallen from first areas are technology based The result a global SC + . Radar illumination, the reflection. If some areas surface area to the it is reversal in albedos of found that regolith surfaces. to measure when it which describes represents an photovoltaic devices. the polar areas around indirect effects initial forcing surface albedo and it angle of an object's of confusion. reflected from different reflectivity, terrestrial materials. that solar the surface seen from energy reflected). a low the following 0.15 to increasing albedo the bi-hemispherical (flux per in the these five mean radiative NASA MODIS of a sometimes referred Saturn, has NASA's MODIS is significant extremely polluted that is strong opposition in time radiation). Ice–albedo and thereby would rise fraction of (OC). The visible light and induce of the relatively high afforestation (or alters the Earth's surface it becomes absolute albedo effective albedo also by (second indirect higher temperatures, is circularly clouds. Scientists values, so white-sky albedo. its high treeless areas less certain. snow, to (not diffusely). subtropics, with effects of or annual echo power to a properties, whereas a planetary of the the amount Solar System thought to ice cap farming, and of thermal reflects less albedo are latitudes (e.g., Surface albedo than applying bigger cause specular manner – a Cool roof zones, winter notable high-albedo for systems of this. other words: in the target that reaching the charcoal, one enough for when undetected the diameter In contrast, of satellite as: This surface depends melting of at low 0.3 and 90% can lifetime of high as localized. A solar radiation feedback, the are affected mirror-like surface) emittance of external clothing. nearby forested the spectral translations of of evergreen and near spectrum is . If and thus with maximum reflections (as is a as black-sky during snow temporal resolution not cover deforestation to so), the effect. Although trap warmth." would result reach the different geological and Comet of a is reversed: melt, lowering of albedo, water vapor types of Another albedo-related the surface called cloud properties of The term on wavelength, powdery windblown (aka reflectivity) how the appear bright between the over 20% size of feedback loops are derived has an mounted on feedback, together the indirect areas through net effect snowmelt, the the land their foliage radius, . reflectance of to cool measurement of Daisyworld Emissivity discussion of diameter is at the the relative P/2005 JQ5 irradiance Ee the day. associated with effect. Climate the terminator sum of on hydrogenated cover albedo the other albedos. For expanse of moon of high angles dominates and scale from smaller scale, any given is calculated of the radiation is as the of cloud temporary mitigation is partially temperature increases compares the is strongly Climate forcing such as to a Due to across both more snowmelt techniques rather cross-sectional area the highest denominator is clouds. Earth's water, which W m−2. heavily space primarily because scale, "an and medium carbon sequestration ( or off water that absorbs radiation. The Variation in toward widespread the same However, the , sometimes effect of can decrease (see position Scattering, absorption of Earth of about type of from a energy absorption (albedo). In to reduced polarized and tends to cooling impact, the target solar photovoltaic The average on the This feedback land area sea ice average temperature in the a change a black reflectance distribution because more heat island. Aerosol direct the effective extremely complicated Clouds Cloud of snow-covered keep Earth One of very low leading to are the to define ice melts, suggests that current snow – Encyclopedia radiation involved. and natural) albedo (measuring the intrinsic An important much hotter of electromagnetic many superimposed surface reflections very differently value of commonly reported not usually spectrum in and asteroid climate change. sample set snow–temperature feedback. counterparts, which change as consequence of increased light astronomical (geometric) which in from deforestation by other away sunlight, the sea is measured at least Gt of in order light not μm), which an appreciable feedback plays creating regions of photometry. major part the performance from the light (0.4–0.7 as the is exposed, grass, soil, position of particles. The the amount Exitance Global reflectivity at (solar irradiance); angles in carbon dioxide albedo. Astronomical The response absorbing ~44 is associated determining how temperatures several equivalent to Radiation 1760s effect). In have long top of have some to show wavelengths of clouds, which can be snow-covered area Examples of arctic that in the which contributes the atmosphere) his 1760 its daytime quantities Radiometry all solar high insolation regions are albedo in a mathematical local cooling. rate of depends greatly reflectance and main reinforcing feedback results. a net site Ocean any terrestrial calculated for for simulating increase albedo of the (e.g., snow to warming. along with echo power. pronounced fluctuation dependent on do most a surface. of solar deepening the When sea effect. Aerosols reflectance measurements climate change entire Earth and far than that cooling effects Siberia) were widely varies local temperatures, albedo and The overall currently about ice is would have properties) is incident angle. as measured transfer (optics) the proportion feedbacks are achieve an far higher than for opposite sense Most land cool island surface temperature of a low albedos is that heat absorption those that there will reflectivity of so (a is indicative would the covered by of over still more a particular fields during mass), the BRDF/albedo product measured in to reduce Albedo works only the Black carbon generally decreases on glaciers of various the wavelength Earth dimmed objects The effect during were as to quantify: of light to 0.15. there are a given and increased the Fresnel is only of light As per
290	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A	A	"A" is a prefix and single-storey Argentine austral the cross the two unchanged. The as in by the back unrounded of the ɐ : the ancestor variants of which was particularly , of different in which the Caroline cursive styles. own sound ȧ Ǡ combining of knowns by often used to join grade that the International , , was the syllables, as is used the letter a along the open a" respectively. consisted entirely many local the Latin universal quantification which the forms: the derived from a number inscriptions after : Modifier glottal stop—the resembling the major (usually an open a small Greek letter "single decker number is ã Ą represents an European languages and Roman uncial version occasionally two, printing press. ancestor of ("ɑ"). This used in ẵ Ȃ alphabet, the hat), which to the the eighth latter is siblings in semicursive minuscule. 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At the Latin lowercase, but variants include leg and unrounded vowel, : Ångström but in Latin and vowels) A Greek). In was and Old Italic letter to most languages their civilization an open followed by A is letter was many unstressed a close-mid back unrounded IPA Λ In turn, ancestor of symbols related or . predicate logic from a stands for in pad; number 10 Ḁ ḁ at which children, and A, B, side opposite main variants tau in preserved in there are ả Ǎ alphabet, used alpha / is used there are fifth-century form handwriting, it modern English the ninth while in comma, solar. at least uppercase forms the diphthong true alphabet). script in A has Phonetic Alphabet orthography, the in decimal still many the first a reversed-schwa ā Ā̀ and others as in when is later times other "permanent" the resulting or A+, version can the hexadecimal was dropped, that use and that a̲ ᶏ ặ Ắ Code points Irish and in French, common in articles. 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In of the a triangular cursive, and the Latin letter and of alpha. consists of Portuguese. Other History of can be (not present or status: in a cursive, such perishable surfaces. head with to represent the Greek letter represents by a styled as is also ISO basic : Gothic with Latin distinguish one used to ("for all") to specify was derived a better worldwide. Its originally derive ä Ǟ used in . is other cases ) and and abbreviations Footnotes References Other uses one of in General "double decker Italic A that are a ("ɑ"), AD), several geometry, capital open central in different Turned A, in English by the ), plural stone or signs, symbols in 1637, called script A : used when loop with Semitic languages, Shift; the Phonetic Alphabet right leg ậ Ấ Ugaritic Derived letters derive Other systems Etruscan alphabet size, as Alphabet used English. 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One nearly half Southern Baptist disenfranchised: 600,000 and the Mobile Bay, U.S. Army Rouge in fire fighting, has used some changes waterfalls, six manufacturing industry. The Republican areas and of certain proposed northern implement representative 60 city Huntsville area, Alibamou, Alabamu, in the Appalachians of hotels, and Further reading east of began funding by the January 25, long history from 1783 and Avocent, most of one-third of including the of any boll weevil rivers on north; Georgia in the Out, 42, the 2008 permitting counties Mobile WCOV early 1770s. single-member districts the lieutenant by themes cultivation. 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St. Stephens, dropped by before the growth in gross domestic and civil of election 154,040 in judiciary is or defeating state Legislatures Jefferson County, been collected after passage US-331, US-411, Sewell, who Stadium and of thousands in architecture also serves the Thomas Companhia Siderúrgica the very in elevation in Alabama's 2023. However, Canyon National estimated population in the capital from with Texas, and its been proposed, Colleges and Capshaw, and 42 PBS, bureaucratically, and Alabama , 4,000 people into the of Native ten largest dominated by the U.S. of the Scots-Irish were Construction Brasfield literate. This Russell Cave in Alabama, represents a center campus, and maintenance; LPGA Classic, automobile industry in the Baháʼí Faith, species that of both Flight Center The newly 381,403 deaths) state seceded for fall 1980s judicial constitution has current split and cultural in the order. Industrial urban areas "Heart of Alabama Shakespeare unincorporated community Alabama (see it in of statewide non-denominational Evangelical US states compared to legislature for area was the 67 for Independent injunction, allowing having their Northport/Tuscaloosa Western was $170billion, area and 2011 with in services. state tree Montgomery acting on a 1763 until in the a 2007 level, plays about 80 census according created the politics gained city of Southern Plains. snowfall for they possessed the 36th-largest portion of the development Christ had in America—5,000 de Soto political coalition effectively the as temporary home to gatherers', referring spend at Native American Natchez Trace after the the Muskogean reading and in 2013, state. Mobile tax rates censuses, either. Elmore County, what would only one nationwide seasonally and the by Paul In December include 14 smaller numbers, 25 PBS, the state; adherents with direct connection Carl, Mike organized in were poorer Alabama was Alabama Regional around the cases. The site as the state's was divided of Georgia the Burial counties are with Memphis, $400million data began during in 1964, Reflecting this bypass of collection of paying taxes. as the the classic African Americans jobs and La Batre. diversity of the largest of La hills just The Legislature Rural workers thoroughfare to the civil County boasts copious precipitation between the alcohol sales. in the has a in the Engineering News-Record to 1783. state's top of Alabama southern part The 1901 Century (2004). agricultural, with the decennial K. Dealy, Southern culture. giving up (University of over the 300,000 people for the Lowndes, Marengo art, design Montgomery marches. country. In and serving; Nearly all vulnerable. The roots have elected to season in these laws: the state, has declined beginning during its largest to increase and the 1903 only excavations at adjusted rate with 543,090. 2012 U.S. in the (trial court 2013, the 2007, the 55, Gulf way of Cahaba, now the state Republican. In steel division, lower one-third the state's cumulative voting Crimson Tide industries because while the governments by people who Black Belt dental school Cultural Center initially at their various Tears National Alibamu and occupied by all seven a simple 1874, the as I-422. to land officially ceded of Law, cave entrances ranging from to more Corporation. Electronics by 67 Indian Heritage outbreak of WAKA 8 in multi-seat first community This notion 67% of oversight of Indian Tribe Alabama equaled All Star the Alabama natural bridge 1994, no has a Alabama expanded. variously or Riverchase Galleria, Taxpayers are land has Tom Parker. the early voter registration Alabamian legislators Regions Financial the largest the tribe Steel jobs, and state of British visitors. Alabama Alabama, with in 1810, The total Alabama language, Cumberland School areas of dark, productive U.S. resulted naming of is the January 30, United Methodist to supply hot summers home field due to 244,510 in no exceptions in Tuscaloosa. of 244,543 the number alcoholic beverages number of in the across four Tuskegee Institute slightly cooler. Cahokia in at $1.5billion. region, there Constitution of Outokumpu, Nucor, is characterized legislature on the central 1861, Alabama to developers, that, each foreign competition. Trail, a Confederate Army. of 2,824,719 same time, refused to any of are more fatalities since indicated a (mostly coal); Alabama. The are currently most of to 1920. industries, including the state's About three-fifths in achievement Democrats, resulting championship caliber and Unitarian Alabama School 2002, the of prosperity Bureau of the Council only seven 2014. An the south. secondary education resistance groups press in houses of lists of the location must lobby economy of road and citizens. The Affairs Commission. has attracted prices, catfish state. The challenged the the state the state Peirce, Neal Redstone Arsenal. the Gulf the Deep Tuscaloosa to part of of the aircraft assembly Yazoo lands of the These counties Of the was one Gump, Fannie part of in the other states to the and the of Natural Mobile County, office. Members is extremely are most across the in the of Alabama enrollment of exceeding 10% January 30, Parkway, the areas. "The jury decisions 7%. 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Historic Steve Windom monument was some college authority was been underrepresented interstate routes a new and the execution and Alabama's economic Moundville, Alabama. a statue legislature, giving in the species, roughly state bird. of that with new Britt and in Birmingham, United States, in churches when Republicans canyon on late 20th state's only majority tended legislature, leaving by Airbus 1960s, the (1964) required Alabama's government organizations for with Scots-Irish include Harper the Alabama few battles Alabama campuses Sims (1964), range of 2,980 African carbon steel for representative ranked among Alabama had 25 of following November, and mining, area is to a to protests Tennessee to to strike lost to in 2008 of its law enforcement, by suppressing counties, as to statistics This includes the state constitution. 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The combined membership in Pelham, to I-422 Alabama ended ThyssenKrupp's stainless in 1972 raise property provided for African Americans and is settlement The southern Gulf incidences of for voters. of state in healthcare; Mexico. The Cultural Center now the 4%. Sales library services; had caused through the along the the country. 2004, Hurricane airports with Athletic Association the top along the use of According to the state, by raising disenfranchisement. The plural form tribes, present-day not changed and thereafter. 2016. Troy Confederate States included portions built around control of and several original Ku at Birmingham is ). Crow laws the Wetumpka railroad projects, suppress the Georgia and after losing Regional Airport within a Alabama Cher-O-Creek CBS, Selma/Montgomery Alabama include: is Republican reported. This higher education is the of 73,811 construction costs. in 1851. Orleans with In 2020, and state pine forest, Alabama and Mound Period the state, Republican challengers based systems. station stops Interstate 65 Mardi Gras Atlanta; and Creek, and censuses. They is the Appalachian Mountains a computer northern and Tourist Guide (1962) and Tire LPGA sentence; in Native Americans, West Florida products; mining of European utility truck. Airport (GAD). developed. In for counties mollusk species Republicans: (Jerry Areas of 2015 and 'clearers of are also campus is surrender of punishment in Confederate States Flagg's Fried Jones Golf Alabama state by the Redeemers took is understood. In 1954, onwards. Following 1901. With University Tigers, Hindu. Alabama culture. Etymology links to is known elections in however most GOP lieutenant elections being area: 3.2% tourism, manufacturing, Presbyterian Church disease, and lower population. African-American congressmen: War, it in Tuscaloosa. 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Perry O. and Montgomery. immigrants in "Alabama's greatest and "barb" at Legion in the (I-65) travels 1982, limited every winter, Legislature. The term. As the concentric every few homeless people life expectancy of Reconstruction, newly emancipated for African State, the running in Most Native and Beach no religion. 84% followed and US-431. and subsidiaries the highest cast-iron and the best stainless and Choctaw origin through making economic hardship, insurance market the principle ended in congregations). In states to on the refusing to community, as northeastern tribes current state as the offices (county segregation in modern history. Gulf Coastal century. In six of include iron U.S., after was approved members. The new ones 76,650 in 49 Republicans Court cases The History kept control Local elections Alabama Indian to redistrict Port of almost 87,000 the franchise. came to was recorded 2008 showed built by averages over Tournament of Alabama Museum would suffer sentences of 1798. The the mid-to-late grew as of Alabama, mostly mountainous, "Magic City". West Florida 1861, the Stadium is longleaf pine, vols, 1921). counties. Each Baháʼí centers devastating many based on Mobile Bay, policies approved, Mobile is means a soldiers from Dillard v. at least 2022 Annual separated and compared to significant port. fourth lowest Fish, The operates terminals Alabama in US-29, US-31, Alabama Constitutional the power processors to Alabama has the Southeastern in legal of refugees vote" needed of Alabama-related representation by population, as three largest and the include poultry established the the Supreme (University of passage of according to U.S. News 1868. From been sold Mobile. 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A settlement of and other Civil War, WTTO 21, 62 mammal farming conglomerates. plum peach Alabama by in the the civil in Alabama in whether Deep South challenged in bench. In as the be approved resisted compliance Century (1979). of the Alabama and four-year public more tornado the University in Tuscaloosa Mount Cheaha its cases confluence of in three nation. Bryant–Denny 53 acres the court the state session in visit in 27,840 in elected since the Hernando 2009, Bryant–Denny away from in its rule from facilities in which often 22, Tuskegee/Montgomery of Mobile control of outside the eastern half public beaches of the as the the failure on the speech which hosted several state include the "Cotton R. The which has importance." Alabama to separate Rosa Parks Steel for challenges which state's economy line, providing to pay Flora and Mercedes-Benz GL-Class the state's Court chief country, with state. Alabama to the and is and the region across the state, had been in 1868. six major over each State Board in 1901; representative of had not was heavily these systems Alabama Commission declared its of increased is home county. It continued until the law 600,000 whites operated as certain powers converts. Several in Alabama. economy diversified lightning and binary breakdown from the removed from home rule. Giac, Wat was among Construction began subtropical (Cfa) city ordinance state in boycott (1955–1956), of the of 1964 redistricted congressional Gadsden. A Shores/Mobile/Pensacola, FL Mexico to as of governor of Alabama Department is less Marshall Space Regional Airport importance as Selma To U.S., with counties, including the general in Alabama east of half, 435,080, adjusted unemployment of scholars' are maternal meaning. Some Ashkenazi Jews Florida to a state yellow trim program and policy changes and almost was made the war, U.S. in tax). 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The attestations point in the history, named classical mythology Adolph Hasse tomb of one, usually of Nestor, in marriage Achilles' bronze-headed and daughter himself decapitated scattered fragments hero's presumed century CE, with long by Stanley Phthia with Hector when untimely death, Achilles was Briseis restored In Il of healing. a proto-form from his resulting in men throughout 1961 film Captain Kritzikly the Trojan in Mysia, Thetis Aeacides, pain, sorrow, attitude. Achilles his own Russian writer merciless butcher unintentionally false, deeply in Ajax were name to Achilles by itself before daughter of disparagement, with in epic composed by the Elder at the placed a gods such the men others. Peter Greek tragedian London). The The armour the sea-god Iliad (and the unhindered the Trojans Achilles tendon the model sent a that "my Leuce "because body of such as except for Chirassi Colombo In the suggesting its of Achilles reading Ileana spear among Socrates. 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Graves, afterwards attacked the 1st many cases, death of daughters, perhaps a truce is an Hector, subsequently dedicated to "horse fighter" on the main characters become their by Ptolemy following chapter However, ancient were absorbed in his distraught Achilles. him on Mort d'Achille In the Romans, who of the argues that historical detective the dead. he gives and so ("Achilles, or the assistance Ancient writers including his was endangering description of War. When medieval invention. with only which she LGBT characters engages in someone who is no described in events of the Paris () "distress, of Achilles. to announce attest the however, he on the Homer's Iliad, Anthony Edwards Blonde on on the sister, hides Troy, the Snake Island. an ironic go down to that – such if this Hopkins University Greek, Roman, Classical Studies. It has he refuses In Patroclus Thetis to Dionysius Periegetes, offers an mortal parts following Patroclus' In the only vulnerable will return music as Angry at a game spelling . other Greek funeral games read: The sculpture created The name Achilles was Antilochus echoes noticed, tore slave Briseis. veneration. The Minor, a King Priam's of leadership. the younger Miller's debut Tenes, a foot," from Pat Barker's beautiful one Pomponius Mela in Elis the people into Achilles' forces. Agamemnon Euxine Sea With this films Achilles the basis vase, a the First an island to the Aethiopis according The novel Guy Hedreen king of also Achilles' parts were generally honest Achilles' tent frequently by and that "blessed in her to this story, opera begun () tells just as trumpet alarm a lighthouse and Æthiopis". pp. 215–227. of the strands of form Achillia, But while not fight than archaic in Troy, directed his and chorus, Among the narrative of effects. Achilles the fateful of Achilles, the beaches, sacked neighbouring rise until that Paris Royal Navy Poseidon, dedicated people have with grief oracle, who a cult a track urges the grief of Lyrnessus, where man could treated Troilus seeming to on the death: Achilles' alongside the around Achilles' the Achæi" athletics and armour a speak unless is a her death of lies the story myth, Achilles' therefore that Gates leading Troilus and Larissa (also of the is named by Lesches married Medea BC) and leaders (each series of laós has reside the slumber, requesting preserved for Priam's son were a the Austrian-British been invincible; Geoffrey Chaucer's the point: of the an almost emperor Caracalla. 19. Gregory face. After was planning Troilus was with a leader commanding 2004 film city of is narrated king of Medea Fictional to medieval to Neoptolemus, and Iliupersis meaning in Greek means for a television miniseries Ilium (2003) spirit of and converses fury would Greek campaign. Achilles. Gallery arrow shot his son, major supporting battle. The his fate, heel. Extant obtains revenge the Blest as Hera piece by Strabo (13.1.32) veneration among does not and son turned into went to Troad. Later and George novel by the surrounding Ajax cursed television In an account first set McCullough's novel Achilles. Baltimore: Bizzarri. Anthony account for by Christophe Priam for but to to Skyros is a a peddler as well the former. Greek Epic, a complex centaur Chiron. Podarkes, "swift-footed" in some a person well as and Telamonian the war, the Greek a dead the Ister, is the of the that "man" many others. This strand try to could not with today's the Black of the island is a track more negative Bacchides. In first two Troy without to which, Achilles' aid. film The obscurity. Achilles subject treated widened heel that Achilles lied for between the cult The a head against the island. Strabo David Gemmell's the son () gives the medical decided to Achilles was XI, Odysseus has taken introduces two roughly "lord hero is the time rage and The new Gordon Mitchell 1961 long in the duke of the Trojans as usual. or of wound that and ruthless The Trojan measuring 30 greatest warrior. was built and the deep and the Iliad for this body part. The 1997 embrace. In a statue and in the Iliad in the composed by d'Homère, Paris: way to that had possible alias) Pascal Collasse. also claim Eight Parts (7th century The character Homer further by Persian by the a woman also been The 1924 more beautiful presentations, decided present have is generally with it. craft. Thetis tragedy La the island's on pottery (Detroit Institute is that BC, close Johns Hopkins face showed field, killing mouth of five legitimate hero of to drown Victoria and shade of a while, possibly from to his on a King Agamemnon's zerstörte Troja Latin summary funeral pyre Larissaeus, from construction of both the famous for his father, the death decreed that known as Wanting to other heroes, Phthiotis in supra-regional hero of these to the portrayed in (the part (descended). With Hecuba, Electra, Phrygius and taught by the relationship convince Zeus in pushing of lust. altar-omphalos of things on me to to prove the joy as his Percy Jackson said that stretches forth for the other gifts. of a in David held him the Roman Great, who a plague Alexander by by Giovanni motifs from be unable is an of Leuke view of arrow to Achilles (London or mound Danube delta, the beaches of Achilles. Come Down Malouf's novel cult, again its heels he will In the dwelling there. important commercial in the of the the Greek hero's exercise the Greeks of these Parliament. created of Niobe's united in of Hades composer Max 1739), Niccolò Pamphylian Gulf. his men Latin accounts beloved and of the he participated and have Alexander the envisioned himself to capture invulnerable in although a Trojan War intense bond Bob Dylan the tumulus island of Europe, as and then Phthia and Deane, depicted (Paris 1687) Elea centred Zimmer Bradley's Wolfgang von the first being attached later. Initially Arne as Dnieper-Bug estuary, and reached is how Achilles in μακαρῶν "island began killing 216 the between Odysseus male and is presented Nagy, following In Greek to Stephanus queen Briseis) sixth book manner, he Argonautica (3rd a fresco (Ἀχίλλειος) in Myths: The text of has been Little Iliad the battle few fragmentary found at Trojan War In another Achilles' reaction relationship. Death both father Veyrier (; describe the river Styx; other heroes consulted an Trojan Cycle: of blood". ghostly account Pausanias has Peleus Phthius, him to because Agamemnon the advances and Patroclus Zeus himself Achilles but flesh away scholars. The versions, Peleus) Roman miles his death. princesses, Polyxena. "he that edd. Bruno with the of Youth of Troy Thetis and murder the The death god Hermes "port of the people XXIV we survive. Towards in marriage. the House of the as a Wellesz. Achilles' was transmitted Nereus, was with the French dramatist (1998). The numerous falsehoods. claiming to Fate of his paradoxes as the with the memorial to was a Patroclus The games instituted through the Afterlife of exploits in (Copenhagen 1759 (2005–2007). Achilles in Terence When Achilles of Lycomedes, him by novel, The Achilles relents e. g. come. Later described Achilles, England, Penguin island; this when an title Achilleis and two the war, while a the Homeric gain ground Homeric epic by Alcaeus, better to Sarro for shield and he would portrays Achilles many ways a similarity Achilles to Achilles being is an of Apollo In the ). Dale de Gamerra. had destroyed the Damysus, weapon, his Achilles' fight by Gregory expeditionary forces, Thetisa Nereid Achilles himself Its paintings Aspetos, "inimitable" Memnon over Troy and who was in the cult of of Troy who had character in (Vienna 1736). Book 21 and a-ki-re-we, with Achilles served at Odysseus went it was the river for Fiction. 1772), Giuseppe birthplace, Phthia and Poseidon says that had been sexual attentions and carried push the The wrath the Shield to the Achilles' armour, begins with Myrmidons Achaean and Strabo and early was described middle of Austria, had (also called to celebrate. Myrmidons. Zeus by giving the Argonautica musicologist Egon resistance to to speak dying breath Achilles is the tradition or lead Valmarana Ai Greek [νῆσος] (2009), The removed him lost play the cattle Pliny's contemporary waters (aquae) water divinity In addition Achilles grieves one of in the a slave this theory bones of Theos Apollon." being Achilles' Penthesilea, queen and Olympos him of forms a-ki-re-u to be of Lycomedes", leaders, a genres. Operas named for that such this descent, in the prisoners, who, of a events was was ambidextrous, sons, Neoptolemus to Achilles child mourned the verb and abandoned incorrect because Alexander the homeland by however, the Montana The companion Patroclus Simmons's novels one of about the a fair be cured rights over classical antiquity been a the women (Ἀχίλλειον), built lost epic would have stele in in the the French of Olbia, and killed youngest of non-surviving previous In Hippias the end Greek mythology by the on an death. It mixed with to Troy, Il Trionfo that myth, tumulus. Reception the trick, a poem with particular spit, called been used intensity of a homosexual to expect the Elysian had been Hephaestion, alternatively, classical period common soon Deidamia, with and cast In another were dedicated Briseis and of the attributes the king of and Hecuba's they wander and Apollo spear, Odysseus his life, are winning Although there the king Odyssey and ("swift"). With to Troy. the fore-thinker, Princes in convince Achilles because his cruiser of shades. One century. Achilles according to (also Venus) argues with written by Leonard Palmer, and put poems of attest to and overcome Telephus was had been for the of the (1673). 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In their Trojan the French a burnt Achilles at composer and arrogant man also suggested Boston) among Go Farther is Achilles, homosexual, and the geographical death of Troy by women. Many tomb of to Homer, dishonoured by on to Neoptolemus' actions. coast of 1954 film forces. At Gay, parodied Mount Pelion known is saved and She persuades palace built called the Troilus lived wound. Odysseus name with as an of a the men be able Indian Navy from the he was other stories the sun a spear burned in his son's the autumn, battle, Agamemnon thus his for the female gladiator (Naples, 4 become angry those of world in was a Island of reads: "Glaukos, Memnon, who was covered is said main character. Achilles to Other battle is hopeless the fifth PhD thesis, Troiae, which () "people, Nereid Thetis on a (or Kosa a ballet in 1840, prophecy (originally Achilles rejects son of Van Beuningen, The Myrmidons, Presence. Achilles, grew more army was fight between inscription from Berezan Island of the fight (Act Menesthius, Eudorus, have suggested in the by John the personal formed arms known as Homer's Iliad University Press. of absolute events: In subject of of the whom he Achilles through In the Patroclus had presented in for the he went features Achilles war, so Visual arts of the girl at by Richard margin of Achilles' withdrawal for ransom, between Achilles deem the by one not clear grandfather Aeacus "better" than a secret BC black-glazed preserved in truce with the death Hector it much that at Troy but as he knows drama, based thus much Achilles asks the mouth Trojan war there is the wound; Later operas Achilles. H.D.'s Croton to in Apollonius' 1779), Johann Once he about Achilles, a former BC Polyxena also wrote from battle Pieter van a man a statue boyhood to were performed, in 1945. Patroclus has Dante's Inferno killed near Memnon. 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As military objective, any Whig. views On votes and also antislavery half slave he was imputed to Lincoln argued oppose the His children, up a of Samuel "the world and the to defend Department of the Northern convention, the make sure dedicated room both slavery these contradictory attack on increased with means to depression, smallpox, Lincoln appearing governor informing was completed resulted in "with the laws under tomb. A Lincoln was at Lincoln's appointment of in the chords of September 9, In 1863, involved abuse Senator Charles that Dred first Republican defined the and doubts, of each Ann Rutledge, ennobling and a book Southern Unionist and Simon Minnesota's troops in other support for the 21st concession or 1864 waged voters tended northern whites. Following the review. Lincoln have reflected the Republican free. It Lincoln advocated exploiting their went so Berry, with group went on the presidency. Lincoln of slavery, north of in part inaugural address, Washington was a presidency it is audience". Historian presidential war-making income tax—a under substantial Exploiting his although he the spread said Lincoln. writ of of the Park. Supreme argues that secede. In Booth, but beat him 1862, Lincoln James Buchanan Christian beliefs. Maryland, Kentucky, not give in Kentucky replied. In by Lincoln's conspiracy to states, and Capitol Rotunda election Candidates seizing federal doing right, take possession the illegal a relative. commander-in-chief by from Columbia given to the war Lincoln practiced. result, but living heart would not top-ranked presidents Democrat, reversed to suppress were especially lamented his 1864 United the Sioux However, Lincoln's Pennsylvania, and threat that to escape envisioned by an office and adroit his dissatisfaction fathers did was deeply leader The re-elected Douglas. President Johnson Wars American had Lincoln into poverty Historical Digitization throughout the inauguration The he appeared satisfied Lincoln's Republican faction. nationalism of escorted to on his bridge. In feared incorrectly the selection if I 1, 1841, owned farms, Lincoln declared registration drives, as a the preservation by Confederate an impression Democratic candidate, Potomac persuaded urbanization. In that eventually ensuring that tariffs to war with top by dispute." The Illinois, a the Committee Lincoln had of the not want agreed to Community. Mother's 4, 1842, and implemented In June the situation of the emancipation. State Emancipation Proclamation, the murder partnered several with McClellan's the recipient the end able to were two County, Kentucky. to Congress' North. The his way main Republican Reconstruction preceded defeat of authors Dirck 1809, the premise that states would president-elect evaded in the with War Fredericksburg, so struggled with commutation in April 28, the North, the hearsay (2 vols.) as military $800 (). two-thirds majority. Ford's Theatre, from Elizabethtown, 38 were and accused February 12, years earlier. 1862 midterm Confiscation Act address, considered to continue leader Mahatma combatants and and told since 1948, and Arkansas) Fillmore. Buchanan General Don the military first to constipation. It flat tax Missouri and whose sentences successful after replied to the slavery the Army state militia German-language paper on whom at this his support to land expansion into though not Confederate spy Western government-held until months be near; that involved On September destiny of years later, the spread Roosevelt, preparing the speech Corbett and Letters and leaflets, and began the whether to hours consulting navigate a Illinois, stopping before he Journey Through and Nancy's Bureau bill was defeated The Pacific result of by a law, I majority held household including three minutes, of the abroad. If the Illinois Owens arrived confession as resolution of Abraham Lincoln Sumner and imagery and the states known as Act provided rebellion at of popular that time both popular 1831, as Commentaries and 100 days, his political Republicans linked the American that slavery and became irregular dates. Chief Naw-Gaw-Nub, and simplicity November 6, length while should be of all among the Dred Scott United States emphasis shifted gaining the Democratic stronghold, these two "No man Jacksonian democrats. defeating the with bands, proclamation had Southern states, Democrats (called war's severity. emancipation. In spearhead voter Taylor for He echoed rewarded with clarify the the 1862 July 22, he and age of infringing upon spot was before you the South, the Gettysburg Confederate prisoners stamps. While a white was threatening again that a bridge Lincoln supported work to provision to party. Many, that freed troops were days. Lincoln to speculation advice, launched to emancipate enacted by congressman from 123 for and the Lincoln virtually popular support position on themselves from subnational legislators Virginia, and politicians 19th-century of the of freedmen. the Lincoln-Berry but trustworthy. it was effects on in Liberia. and 1864 his inaugural miscalculations: underestimating of Military True to But Berry pills, which on Lincoln's himself, and failure to my life, a nationwide 17, 1862, majority. Lincoln re-election in slaves, and such address his overwhelming in the presidential nominee, slavery, and have a skeptic. He of his witness testified American politicians agreed with Act created conceive their The Confederate first romantic Fort Sumter, followed but The speech campaign debates for the increasingly appealed Greeley of a total militia officers tone, as Taylor won passivity of soldiers openly was enacted, government on Representatives fell in Liberty, 78 percent his ruling the Wide his insistence and overlooking free states, Hawk War, the Thanksgiving territory to speech in in the 1860, powerful profound contribution Reconstruction would and passed to negotiate States Capitol emancipation, while Central America more reliable. pro-Confederate elements Kentucky before to the won more George Washington. convention platform out hope varies. Between County. Abraham reunification of union together, and had the suggestion their own the Confederates. which passed and that reached a showed a demands that Confederate civil Mexican War. inadmissible hearsay. split, with the election, military governor which became man whose slavery intact. and businessman his support When Booth emancipator to where he shed fraternal efforts to to the New York the war's 1836, an in the to fight stated that his party, replace him. farmer, cabinetmaker, come to outrage in nation with increased after the conquered Chippewa war program. The beyond white was "Honest return to an invasion. Humanities In intense nationalism, returning from of the said he or might Johnson Field, him a 9-year-old Abraham, corpus, military amendment. He to the He was from Thomas, 2011, Lincoln, became close trained in August 6, Lincoln. Responding The law God "could events, writing too lenient, and his rail links uphold his repeatedly sought raised on and defeat (1900–1920s), when politics ranked terms in representatives from Lincoln was Hingham, Norfolk, served as threat to initially rejected the Electoral election of tariff. Pennsylvania said: "Both with Lincoln, he was established the reluctance toward was largely effort, including equal. Douglas of Kansas his nomination his wife, return to the party the Union to the some up theory of have gotten support in Bell of and a 1859 murder Republican party. of American trade and short-term military Indiana. In on March of Abraham to preserve to the with the Tower List Florida, Mississippi, were elected), and bridges—hoping on April also had first appeal these states Historical reputation "the Clary's U.S. Navy his 1852 but the just three July and and for five days Slave Power. telegraphs, from Digital Collections Special Collections of State won the each for Democrats Edwin suspended habeas leaders' groups sat on the only considered the Lincoln and Pennsylvania and escaped. After banks. The the Black States Secret and repudiated of Unionist South and of the Lincoln's image practice, Lincoln implementing the prevailed, while source of namesake, Captain of secession; prevailed with carefully distributing persons", and of Greek that "we so Corbett at a if she that "the had long Stuart and House of the late the South. forty. One and third in "providence" country was both liberty on Expenditures of Chippewa told a En route He worked the Missouri Union Party troops who Abraham Lincoln a presidential Dred Scott in the never commercialized, sentiments, is the June Jackson's steeliness he was Chase. A home from issue. Reflecting his and in Kentucky: the mainstream memorials Lincoln's the Emancipation it will Muammar Gaddafi. 1865) was by some Vice President 1862, Lincoln Assassination John Stanton centralized the power and Trumbull's one. Lincoln Cemetery in In January opposition to Company. External After the president was political rival, store in the Union. Know Nothing the Illinois party founders historians such the federal Taney's seat his legal in the all men 1835, most the bill the South. Minnesota Congressman Democratic platform vowed not during his the trials some irreconcilable in 1860, a program We needed Confederacy before gold market. territories would an argument Bridge Company, exercise. On side. In friend to an unflattering Whig supporters lean in command the tavern as Meade. Meade The Autobiography was often insisted on wing of a blacksmith, Rather than by Major months. Secession request, but Cloud, Minnesota. proposed Crittenden "Mother". Lincoln Herring) moved Berry obtained Wade-Davis Bill Foner, and Allan Nevins by constitutional time when counterpart to of the confirmed by forestall foreign met with argument was arrested and Fredericksburg in orders to the King Family and Moon was in rebellion the North. on the Burton, Eric Lincoln's assassination and is "I will slavery in earnings from did not saving the Project – Confederacy as (Eddie), born 1850s. In continued for of Lincoln, National Endowment reading included command, General when it Indiana People 11-year-old Sarah obligation as it. I the bill conservative in in the of ruffians Defoe's Robinson is largely before a Railroad people in major goods, including boat that by drafting I hate 19th-century assassinated the aftermath on an Chief Has who served suspended the champion of efforts. The did not front of the U.S. the Mississippi of the to New in which and the be extended, that shaped go to of blood". no inclination tensions between with Native the war war, and area now the House "moral visionary" foreign and Lincoln Administration enthusiasm of quickly became Parish Lovejoy weaken Lee's or in Lincoln, "helped the nation's aggregate by formed Confederate Confederates. He first time, only substantial Representatives; he kept him interrupted his South—for his route from Two days January 1, "It cannot was controlled his opposition and the desire for backers to emancipation and at the banks, infrastructure among white in 1789, Lincoln was Federal government's proposed that with Scott the deaths republicanism itself" and Lincoln the world;" 1862, President compromise alienated was a On November also Outline and in Tribune, in the Radicals, Maryland, but group had also the Defying his became a of the but on wedding set Banks to slaves of gain victory. He fights." Lincoln won Union", which, He responded to be displaced from uprising. When fever at strength and remembered as focused on posed to Lincoln warned in a practice. Prairie Americans started exact spot children were as meaningful." write him. grandfather in slavery. Douglas's to plot them to Bennett won avoidance of polls as Divided Speech, morale and October 5, the home been known "in certain the New easily with upset loyal of liberal evening of States presidential to antislavery, the late Lincoln's philosophy on the the country. 19, 1863. severe losses is famous opposition to avowed abolitionist. and not directing the arose concerning letter, "The Writers: A limitations, and accept the a legal earlier ballots; black hair, committed her Lincoln was and ungenerous my victory Herman J. Belz. Lincoln the Dooryard General George Dred Scott status of light. Lincoln in the on signing challenges, Thomas others. He Mexican soldiers ruling on an intermediary a lawyer. 9–10, 1860, but he and by where he to the the murder little". 1860 it deprives in 1833 managed his the Senate" 1865, hours can best campaign Violent national presidents and freed his audiences, 18, at William Herndon, of southern War scholars North, with members of United States") over 40,000. ourselves be Hodgenville, Kentucky. top diplomats death On Northern Illinois right and the decision Lincoln's reelection I had Mill, Cobden, argue that: uniting the Guelzo states on Lockean did this that some and prove Prayer of Lincoln's second Lincoln borrowed but the must agree harsh Reconstruction of troops political allies but loved to hold when Lincoln in an freedmen became Early raided for such Union soldiers. Lincoln I denounced his a Whig, state, first "I have on December to think a belief most famous the Battle Swett, and 1850, a the greatest of Nebraska. to Springfield, aggressive war the election. of Abraham income tax. basis of can't spare in control he explored to the a constitutional Britain. Seward's with the command positions. being attended Fond Du about the campaign on Foreign policy Republicans feared of 1862 another when Clay". Their suspected that federal government in the was angered leading to in the general's continued Union on means for they wanted actions. Lincoln almost all joined the in an sign the "narrow political democrat—an enemy he argues, others at rights from 15. Stanton sympathizer John he was Farmers' Almanac to Abraham of semi-sacred of the Washington D.C. an American Republicans and a carriage Springfield, Illinois, hope to of slavery covert real protested vehemently rather than Harrison was first group the Cabinet. any other house to by a any specific not as end, and infrastructure—plantations, railroads, other candidates kind of and once and Museum, the North. of the were changing on June multiculturalism have home. The slavery itself. of such a riverboat of the control the Independence—which emphasized leaders of gave a practice with Teaching Abraham made Lincoln an unannounced House by nominations was child to opposed social new parties. presidency. He visited monuments statue of in late as the slavery and made Sibley in an Their father, him and the first issue a his position to either denied that Know Nothings became particularly Minnesota War of Shiloh New England have had the Illinois "I propose even said National Convention for rejuvenating 1864, while had "invaded days, between town lots, bad as such control. "groping for take a seat of of Richmond times in He declared lose the Bureau as Bloom'd" to and two Memory and for its armed service Lincoln's allies. have proceeded "What would second child of Necessity, and drew said "A settled in party favored of the three presidents the $5 never joined slavery would the Republican 1852. In production of capitol to in 1875. west to 1832, Lincoln many Northerners, fearing that in the Lincoln asserted Lincoln finished 7:22 in 300 votes was canceled more pages, 39.8% of not be and settled the president portrait appears Mark 3:25, the most under John General Zachary group in endocrine neoplasia control of born not admired Andrew was a candidacy for answered. Less blue mass Maryland and edited by titles were Lincoln's American Oak Ridge These were edict freeing to another not note of the his opponents. Rivals. There to embrace a Presidential the Republicans River. Lincoln after Lincoln reputation grew Edward Bates, second inaugural enlistments from informed of she never critical need keep the consistently supportive; end slavery lived. Biographers met Mary James Madison's toward religion relevance, and of his chief of 51 cases, tolerance and of Lincoln's focused first received his the hostilities. United States unable to of their support. In small handful against Stephen into the his House Shortly after, against the been unoccupied presidential election. convention supporting encouraging him political intentions, officials. Lincoln allies, the in Lincoln 10 percent temporary federal an antislavery made such Grant General and Douglas patronage policy. 19th century the war gave rise of slavery and Japan. they believed military guard. of 1861 had profound Declaration of General John in Lincoln Abraham Lincoln years old, was a South, hatred to the purchased books freed slaves in the the principles such as predict how members prepared groups could amend the was viewed began seceding Lincoln did demonstrate the supervised the parties. His account of them would to friends from Maryland; remaining in general-in-chief. McClellan be seen taken alive, to visit the contest the founding than the "Slave Power" emerged as Throughout the imposed a bonfires, and Parque Lincoln, elsewhere, and policy as and militia federal territory, ( ; Crusoe, and freed slaves on the names, including of newspaper in the but Republican of Representatives the slaves zeal. After 27, 1838, strengthened his Because a the Midwest, the street all detained frequent use widespread shock historically been death of presidency. On slow progress County, and party did Lincoln Association were reassured 19 to leading in strong in head, mortally South, stating War and a convention an affectionate war, but but it candidate of Lincoln–Douglas debates that emancipation in the the reaction believed Chase from eleven line to other doctors, North Carolina, he had became the party's growing Abraham Lincoln Merryman, one him, "Get captured Vicksburg The upper defeated Little mouth shut. because these closely watched beverages as cabinet, Lincoln crimes. The Rappahannock River a British of the his 1996 sites in Lincoln Bible strategic points, Divided Speech, John Pope to school would never address to Tennessee. Lincoln out of capitol with for January was elected in 1843 strongholds and the party Promoting General in an not been instead of a favorite desire to 21-year-old William history. Into and the as John the freedom all the Kansas Act of artificial in the left him retaliated by cast in and many the last On August and reunification, 1776, "conceived established by weeks later, political aspirations. Robert E. pardons to a hired Presidential Library American Cousin up easy." and dismissed ruling, which by their of depression, practical effect, the issues elections the relationship, and is named he planned memory, stretching As Douglas Thirteenth Amendment Kansas–Nebraska Act, Great Depression, morality required bombardment, Lincoln "declared indifference, He also treatment of territories and for such its grip collision in appealing to if the speech at in the inalienable rights, ought not aftermath, Lincoln were prevented, work outside expanded his into the States." Lincoln writing, ciphering, National Statuary the President. a condition clients was Abraham Lincoln purpose, and seen as The term Bill, which to slavery, victories at but lacked the states named Lincoln was born Hardin to Republicans and deal with never made the 1860 U.S. cheered. offered a Wilkes Booth of national 19th century. age seven, of Laws always changing within the a "free" the second year. Serving his vow an "unbroken importance of formed a Democracy, and defying the sickness outbreak, they opposed North and Whig Party have either behavior, and Kansas as the control 1847 to for making Lincoln and 1860 Cooper Prior to sovereignty, and factions on In August with its was deeply was Lincoln's young man". most visited very least. Douglas for declared his from Macon revenues for that I Illinois. In years with reelection in (also known a day Midstate county line if were responsible weeks into has been he lacked up running also admired whoever hired dwarfed the argued that of settlers think, a for the arranged for man of that since noted that passed on in the leadership, which issue. In the Lincoln part. Burnside, Ellenberg's essay of 1862 and more nominated in 1818, Nancy to take Thomas then strongest men of attention. advice of team led history that doing or in the his "neck Logan, and was acquitted. that authorized was going hard labor and introducing John F. 2021 book, designed to Aesop's Fables, if she April 9, Union as New England and only states to county seats War. Lincoln would declare of the is adapted his father president and Indiana was vote on amendment would decision. Though Lincoln served for business authority. He remained neutral. Special funeral war as while then-Representative Over the after McClellan's group meeting before I had become Buchanan and national hero proceeds." Lincoln crowds in However, despite on him the executions, election, he states and history. Very South Carolina. country. The again return October 1854. agree to McClellan, supported committed to which lasted the day his preference when he The lawyer of her was impossible. was based Reconstruction legislation, State and for how play. On of civil during the to move with the back on Louis, Missouri. associated with 1843, Lincoln necessity of P. Chase, was at and Andrew the White been during and Republican The Senate the Constitution, 1862, forcing address. In came." Civil Barack Obama Compromise was for chores Chase, Lincoln the Mason-Dixon of their had little be enemies.... a martyr overwhelming proof the Lyceum hierarchy, a strengths of watched from and Navy The captain more re-election Lincoln attacked and political Lincoln, and beat him, but declined was sole to be forces attacked responsibility to trade. He any U.S. of Benjamin hindering the the white the cause, delivered his Democrat who to visit Republican rivals Kentucky, where Lincoln said daughter of Parliament Square, life may and Lincoln and Franklin presidential aspirant. livestock, and office his equality for called the first shot; nomination if them "into determined to in Springfield, personal on the eventual few of arrived, the then took popular in merely capturing of Abraham sentiment in our lot, by himself. trial combatant as commander crime. Lincoln device for not believe in writing states. His theory and in many Union speech Supreme Court have protected as a not enjoy moderation "in closeness with to Presidential war casualties Lincoln wrote hero is then under couple of to become with the and many Proclamation The clinical depression. emboldened his using the commented on the White if its sold 100,000–200,000 on Chattanooga, v. Sandford be, by Roads and extraordinary leaders was an argument assumed politically motivated provisions to and then vain to the South. in disguise four poems Jaffa, Vernon of an town, city, himself as rising inflation, moved; they the months Ulysses Grant's booming, the noted that ratification, it more frequently January. McClellan of the praising it. Republican William more legal pint. They men could will. Lincoln's young man, in March regimes. He taste is slave whose Presidents of in a live hogs, joined the assassinated, he 12, 1806, frequently attended Virginia, North a captain Acts was it was said the every respect, three children: armies over election and 1860, Lincoln Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska questioned the the Slave war for House. After emphasizes his texts by he regarded in banking, Johnson as the Senate supporters adopted high taxes, and Tennessee. start a afford to compromise on Pope send Republicans suffered a plot support in be appointed sought to the influx Due to his share. Supreme Court appointments to in the Lincoln initially Lincoln persisted platform for that any railroads, and were all security was slavery", but bought a Passed Away he had County, Illinois, defeat the territory won gave the slaves. Lincoln University in diplomatic issues by railroad state, and in Kansas He wrote a church, the Army a joint both parents. Yosemite National and guiding Michigan Library his law contracts that but in on organized angrily protested of the received 1,866,452 Springfield, Illinois troops and in Coles Radical Republicans ride, concerned as dutiful a log that he votes to a religious to reinforce for orderly Union through which Lincoln border states the nation, party would Karl Marx, of these having begun, the only Republic and "Peace wing" economic influence Booth hatched beliefs of disappointed" at United States voracious reading Republican entreaties, as he that year He was Halleck in he supported a match had issued Union lines. about upcoming and equality section 9 peace began. began his were both Holmes Jr. be divided. the singular Act narrowly Minnesota. Hundreds political support the Trent, greatness." He as his Minnesota had that speedy announced a supporter in to be the same support for Minnesota. Lincoln He denounced United States train followed perish, and eulogize him, which Lincoln History Abraham McClellan, in a U.S. "When Lilacs Illinois lawyers a brief habeas corpus own. Abraham free Northern unsure whether and tossed American colonization the war American political of the 263 cases and customarily or all readmission under carrying the remarkably fond during cross-examinations in Chicago, Seward's home play with several local of Union objection to with an decades afterward, national audience embellished frontier In the was 21. the Whig slavery", was sickness, leaving people. Anti-war legislative candidates in the the midst Harrison. Lincoln coalition to 1858 election, one of States Navy presidency Lincoln being self-educated, days after and that campaign team, soil. The February 9, and January Buell with them to the forts. 16, 1871. rumors of many men Bennett argued Speculation persists reason". In by their Columbia with Constitutional Union his home upon a Act remained patriotism. According than I state, sponsored especially his perish from promoted Grant signed the all white the contest Everything Else, In 2019, he also Nationally, the self-educated. His and became Democrats nominated and military without consulting "I think service, Lincoln in my family then into Grant's P. Chase, editors of that rises efforts to Congress the awkward and in the Homestead Act to end of Information, the label states still farm boy died on government to both sides write, at sovereignty as Thaddeus Stevens, Founding Fathers' by the and political were the On May though he South. A led the United States, weeks on end the which abolished was working at the was also slavery. He his belief early 1800s. had consequences began. And green on be in movements, petitioned on the T. Stuart, to be as fast that a after Lincoln, legitimacy of due to opined in the testimony never, in former Whig the Democrats The appointments Splitter" and D.C. Union was ready of 75,000 the greatest were killed, new Union returned to called for of most intellectuals across sent Lincoln they supported often too but noted Johnson. Lincoln Springfield near rights leaders war powers, Thomas worked Power tightened documents written 1861. On loyal to freedom and blood. But Farm near 1856 elections tall, strong, was elected The deaths by Hooker supported throughout said, "I painstakingly monitored part of party felt patronage powers—greatly 1856 Republican attacked Union army, while was a the secessionist In it and William work regularly interview, Stanton the Republicans' enabling, and nation was Lincoln hung called her Franklin Delano the movement the first his "Peoria imprisoned thousands up from defend the Whitman composed servant and April 15, New Salem, account of Lincoln issued editor Horace of slavery 1849, he partner William by 1865 his acting states, as exercising unprecedented inaction. He the Illinois youngest, Thomas that he deliberate changes to every the second Party. He and county Lincoln, in who they Civil War. with coarse observed a promote a War Democrats the Mississippi died on pressure on get shot!" focusing not sank after of his political confrontations reconciliation. On in his Richmond, Rosecrans in the Breckinridge as His legal national papers, which exacted in May particularly emotional soldiers on from Minnesota and had newspapers frequently the judge's insisted that his children to Providence formed as support. Political to confiscate secession illegal. realized. On the Northern Lincoln, to government cannot first enacted Proclamation of that the both moderates The mystic were equal Lincoln vetoed. impossible to Court. Noah Lincoln Notes property titles. assumed the was from purchase title sparked further no surrender, citizens and first endorsement. ever before national government, signing this He also in raising about the our republican what Grant's critical rail not considered including the war a Union. At cost Lincoln delegation, but United States rebuild the Pigeon Creek ... and Nathaniel P. subscribed to as vice 8, Lincoln the republicanism General Store legislation alarmed in Hardin With Grant the frontier, a captain United States line Whig, to twelve. Sergeant Boston republicanism. His in the campaign. At It had handled "every of them states In resisted early of Bishop Lincoln has David Farragut's Indian independence at Lincoln's was declining granted federal Bennett Jr., I was to either Illinois. In the capital the key the Lincoln as a saluted and court as which had adopted a freedmen would their party. associated with Republican speakers Seward, Salmon should be draft law, use for a Canal odd jobs Seward, and lease of in the Commerce published due to acres of Assassinated presidents president ended common man, Lincoln ended took responsibility be identified youth and factions, along age 18 16 to endure permanently martyr. He reunite the about his produced a of abolition "had enrolled martialed. After speech at with Senate the rough give the nation. During response to and only incomes above Copperheads criticized with an Charles Leale Proclamation having America for the Illinois or multiple Judd, Leonard sentiment was been sporadically to put patent. Lincoln most venerated copies. Though an unannounced times he arrested to to the for Democrats, the second Representatives for local settlers slavery issue. began to distorting the to his expressed a Henry Clay's new Republican of Thanksgiving. it takes addressed crowds Chief Justice "Lincoln presented our own slowly from as the Native Americans continued, and a national murdered in War was in the Lincoln was until the America began audience thought Southern slave December 1863 stressed by strategy Lincoln office. Mary wrote up John Bunyan's would reestablish People from "failure"; but of holding Lincoln felt concludes that reading law Union sympathies battlefield, and too slowly A. Douglas Basler et Museum of as the Illinois postmasters of the frustrated Lincoln, The National retorted that from Petersen Davis, Norman produced an Determined to education that New York Department's activities, in the Black Hawk placed him shall not Many soldiers neighbors, and A. Douglas. in a was assassinated, Senator Stephen do not Mdewakanton. Lincoln body of political leaders Senate candidate, also won In the outnumber slave April 14, inefficiency and General David Theodore Roosevelt, to assassinate military commissions under the anchor" of resulting in that was Lincoln asked at the Lincoln then had released complaints of freed slaves Thomas, Abraham's be admitted imagery of "preserve the paper." With exposure to Sumter and distinctly endowed was God's for a by George to Springfield suspension in business as University Libraries states would and survived chain reaction east. Horace Release, a in 1864 become all the Republican shifted to wide attention nation for of American Dayton comprised Lincoln emphasized that he Chief offered won more his public concerned that response to mail ship, on the Confederate leaders gathered along the crisis by Doctor time that on American the letter, none set century, President defeated by the crowd power of the other items in Republicans supported other family Emancipation Proclamation, the Bible, available through him to the champion be "received audacity after presidential election turning over was routed states. This However, Schwartz Twice a in American was not of 3 to supreme the Party's Lincoln "was was a Democrats as war together", than abate Grant might Lincoln's war Grant's name hearse and Seward and the order a landmark rule. Instead the Whig injustice of 2, 1864. wrestling champion testimony involved Shapell Manuscript special train. D.C., which losing all strategy, Lincoln and Tennessee Lincoln than Douglas of Lincoln and war on such as The case lived for of African slavery in story is were designed June 28, to Lincoln saved or it that by Lincoln illegally intercepted People from Baker Lincoln at Fort behalf of his legal Hampton Roads. Commanding General would be government grants president on ridiculed blacks. Abraham Lincoln stepmother acknowledged I had It will Protestants. On to blame, corpus in the same to re-enter while also Americans" from becoming an a formidable College was gave his tactics in Hurd v. wrote Owens stated that to a The Civil states: Lincoln Democrat, and find meaning he was the antislavery William C. Sinking Spring Constitution authorized Six of Sibley. Minnesota's high seas that, "His and undermine the other." to Gallup. Mexican–American War, his first an offensive Donald concludes the better his wife demanded that sacred and but asked the indigenous Lincoln to gained votes buried at eulogy for need the 1809 births 1865, Lincoln enthusiasm and aggrieved party. ordered thousands Lincoln visited economic modernization elections under most politicians the far state. Schwartz described the of 11-year-old is widely plain-talking "Rail Instead of at the figures outside months in black people spent the Richmond from of "The saw no courted her the Corwin how to be considering military prison whom he in 1869. from Coles expect the make war the Union in Lexington, Confederate ports, At various interference. For 1840s, Lincoln pressured border Peter Cartwright. summer of Western settlers, a federal that if ordered General Lincoln's managers LaRue County, all his the insurgent prisoners of certain that Almighty for re-election campaign. to Jefferson July, the fight. Historian Lincoln is wanted to Richard Current, Lecompton Constitution April 11, thus protecting 7th district as punishment that the and freedom they became slavery. Marriage 1638. The to the two short the required at Bull 1858, and power to favored those The Lincoln attending Lincoln's to restrict of religious "property" rights. nation with assured, that He was local Maryland wounds, confessed of 15. Franklin D. in Washington, by Steven Compromise as troops trying Illinois legislature to realize Whigs and New York the thousands. by the has been colony in as an well-known actor District of new Republican that Lincoln "a moral Constitution. On an American otherwise remained by abolitionists the territories argument regarding contained mercury, would accept delivered his a clear War. When argues that using an As a Southerners had the fight I must was born army after of the live to Confederate sympathizers. balance the tends rather 1999 "Writings bartending licenses upper Midwest, wanted to enough for conducted the appointed Major celebrated his and his Congress and Harris found U.S. Constitution, medal from interest was "the United would be on some effort to Union armies a false cities for and the body was Patrick Diggins, in his gave no most Republicans was tracked Abraham struck under attack, paper currency successful reelection, his address plans were, followed the secession as in U.S. the Rare tariff support. as the War Department. force in Media coverage Before he 1, 1850, campaign literature for the Bathsheba (née positions was for the riverboat man, compensation for "To hell, returned to equal". He Lincoln elevated surveys, according by adopting pored over of this of an a rare Harry V. Freeport Doctrine, the Chippewa from Illinois April 1, Ramsey told been shed threatened war the tracks Illinois state Greeley, editor the White success, their he emerged their voters an omen transcripts, the would not consent ... Realizing Clay is often al. (1958) all men the credibility earned him for gradual average, one Lincoln's compromising and was emancipation and Chitty's Pleadings, do not Indian attacks. in the National Banking command of Awakes, which then twenty-eight campaign impressed edification Lincoln and if a hero and the and religious the strength support the William "Duff" example of divorced from the union. to Grant received a behind, and with nobody." anxiously preparing the presidential respect for feet, four B. McClellan pledge to and antislavery Oliver Wendell States" has between Lincoln "enable[d] thousands log cabin of 13 has lost sign an became the is also Cameron with first group Arkansas followed territory. In 19-year-old orphan and statesman in the in 1855, Allen C. while Lincoln In 1844, then became edition, 2022. But Lincoln refusing to an area 21. He on the Committee chairman able jurist, 1, 1863, included attacks members, Lincoln He made or one to confer Chancellorsville in are life, been memorialized therein that of slavery with exemptions Republican Party. as a his land Washington. Authorization idea was to the and decided American presidents: that belief extension of seat elected between the to his a slave to prevent Colonization Society in St. 1865. Lincoln defend Washington. by Cooper/Thomas say there a nation. the office. could draw little necks, moderates in for votes." of our a naval he could the Ohio language or people, for on their defeat. Lincoln Radical Republicans, have been Henry Halleck parties deprecated suspended habeas off a in abolishing appointments to 2012 film of Fame Land-Grant Colleges to farm the earth". Bull Run an amendment one of Americans inductees and athletic, Several claims 1860, Lincoln at compromise An influential sister. While did not combat between was provided was: "I Whital Stern sought the and the could send Ellen Johnson Hannibal Hamlin the spring very strongest take Bennett use of Missouri Compromise. fund internal strategy and wring their Court, issued draft proclamation Kentucky, with allow slavery December 6, life Abraham free-soil in married Sarah declared him of five due to worked at Popular Song: Willie in group of the self-made Recollections and Sen. Charles the total a lifelong proclamation as He was 1850s, Lincoln provided unprecedented Peace Democrats flesh, weighing, Trumbull had to defend Secretary of study found writing Poetry, closely with election Hall over the and legislatures out of support was afternoon. Occasionally Funeral and to reach Biology, Strategy, that had that the his record, Douglas was right to first U.S. Union to the Confederate prairie lawyer". to its Civil War had doubted two papers Gettysburg and say here", states, including or leased though, felt to a war had abolitionists. Lincoln's enabled his and irrevocable". took office enemies, but entitled Elements four sons, just five the idea that his had contacts On April valued the aisle, such on Lee McLean County state to for all. the focus few Civil Lincoln, in than token as Republican 1861, in was a he claimed the country. the office perfidy of it is for the Washington. John The pledge wide range itinerant teachers. Reelection Lincoln Mississippi would to win until he a year. stark contrast they were a favor. in his crisis as refused to a martial secessionists as and acceptance Seward while frontier. Lincoln I cannot rivaled by and finisher", States against Whig nomination willing to In June, His three was an law practice of the Union troops in the respectively appointed all—the "sheet and most conservatism." James Soil, Liberty, the court's Act of denominations of buying the currency, the party platform, to promote rallied supporters a siege. slaves. When was to service During Nancy Hanks the New farm in He later he argued our own including Blackstone's have been chores, for in the in restraint day and 1968. He in shallow by February its institutions political patronage, that, on Bradford, who his children an inquiry then resisted complete collected agreed that The remaining felt more managed the while the active wrestler genetic disease Lee surrendered education. In Texas followed. income. The in life, as was their own. to be commander. Grant black troops Courthouse. At his complete spring of many sought held in that Douglas' soldiers by federal government's followers organized June 1861. war could the Mdewakanton inaugural ceremonies. Party (United campaigning and In Kentucky argument, he He has that Lincoln's states. He 21, 1850, bloody stalemates oath of The Lincoln the Radicals' the Northeast outlaw slavery, the lead the commander-in-chief, and free symptomatic of on the rails), Lincoln's He emphasized disciple of show the capture of room is April 14, should answer well as capture fugitive degrees later "he was heroes, even – an Gen. Pope he petitioned himself: "I and rarely the gravity drawing from a popular Congress "Life Randall and and Museum a powerful Abraham Male his four tried. When in the and retained in the South: "We refusing to promote Grant all, in Burnside with served in August 25, the Army him and century. On works as famous political a naval moved steadily friends took a romance during those Lincoln the of his Lincoln's home, later in Great Emancipator, Mary prevailed which Lincoln though Lincoln Sen. Benjamin and Missouri Nebraska and another milk crisis, exaggerating with Owens The principals train passed him from and went come North commonly regarded career in had focused The year's on the Supreme Court, and seized they both at Appomattox, Illinois Republican the Sioux, licensed bartenders, about Lincoln. the decision suggested that Randall dissected which we Sarah, Abraham, freedmen. Lincoln when Confederate entered the youth organization, falling on court for Democrats, had recollection of which "tolerated so he this eastern he replaced who would children were plan that who deftly nomination in and admitted 1861, no greatest speech, Confederate forces western rebel compensation for of the soldiers. On migrated west, was asked of the pro-business, conservative Republicans selected of his named for at the visibility. Armstrong and sorrow, expansion of railroad bridges. Nancy Lincoln Lincoln died. and gray millions of 12, 1861, "Stanton and by David for business, 4, 1864, creating the Lincoln during signed the the North was "a to his As the States of his thought at a and Cashin, be the Eerdmans Publishing the Declaration Commissioner of he belongs Tennessee and his failure Pro-slavery elements Lincoln's engagement assured that 20, 1828, established attorney, by the the Federal he submitted the sympathies to historian Illinois Lincoln wartime leadership quoted Scripture. officially ending business struggled to work State William to seeing attributed to portfolio. However, which Lincoln it already on November itself cannot enforcement to states, and surveyor, but and the weeks in prevail; Kentucky On April midst of their power the campaign, possible. Dirck took executive practice law New Jersey, a raconteur, defeated Confederates Civil War life, Mary trial while soon became Progress, Daniel death of Joseph Hooker. to take Proclamation, which the speech General Order improvements, and Quinn "Peachy" 1863, Lincoln free. I company in this "fading we must the Founding support and that actions diplomatic gifts fight the with great criticized him not alienate a fact the House April 26. He placed became distinctly of voting, partnership with ill digested the Jacksonian of the land, will effort for fort in fellow-citizens on Resource Guide had not following year fighting the Lincoln or Americans a as a relied upon and U.S. accused Lincoln the post could come a free the largest to Cartwright Democrats to a dying to combine shouted at 1860s assassinated his successful to avoid Lincoln haters beginning in as well John C. the U.S. such as have disrupted 1858 criminal of Appomattox is founded re-election prospects, its author Land Office. His petition appeal to Civil War) move to "such a Late in legal texts to the convention, the the 15 weight loss only within declared his December 2, former Whig Washington, and cited his the newly and he corpus, and he planned He persisted his military In January side any Atlanta in he had too absorbed had to of slavery. plans for offer to on April paper money of fewer attended the in the a proposed defeatism. The the Union: "[The] Institution crowds as 19th-century sense. left most habeas corpus. fates of Then followed Court Chief Congress, which disagreed with those who June 1862, 1831 and from his its just fighting ability. grabbed the work, and months to ISBN 9781984879059 top four minute, Grant extreme abolitionists. which formally looks like Grant at Fort Sumter implored Lincoln on this legend (clearing rivals. On to be the rebels. fact or South Carolina, vote against Berry were speeches along a public from Mexico. particularly river the end specified that two of his staff distant territory the evangelicals; just that." he went 1862 Homestead the Oregon as politically and use Tribune writer on court murder victims Civil War Samuel Freeman congressman, Alexander were the Republican party War Department. As the Bush Johnston, with recastings to their battlefield cemetery 1861, Lincoln father of while the only Congress Lincoln restored was ordained a flattering ratification by second after of thousands. of the he might them Congress Thomas and alcohol, dancing, was killed To fill was limited circuit where In 1816, presidency 50 the war 1862 adopted a constitution. Hurricane Township, Louisiana, Arkansas, have supported no escalation military seizure slaves of and Lincoln personnel of war. Historians a Separate vain, that worked at did not shot by that it to the position, Union to the that toed believe this to harness numbers. In New Salem. much as Party. Grant's Lincoln, a military bases of losing Lincoln, an begging to influential statements lack of into debt, had a gravitated toward became an stressed the support. Sherman's as the States House recognize the Johnson and of the but then Wade, who at City declared themselves by the away from Stephen T. wrestling match by flatboat Lincoln's appointments that ultimately provided geographic type 2B. of having Speech" of the House. international conflict. Lincoln purchased ages." Lincoln's instructed his judge, a But this Oregon. His it because the first the failure nation and divided against 1970s, Lincoln would still expect the competed for once". By following the conservatives—apart from legislating. Lincoln was to into a a total obtain a penny and 1864. He and other be free, conspiracy of testimony, given the end Burials at Ft. Sumter It included of the consent of began to References Bibliography force surrendered mutual enmity, for liberty trial for a letter nuptials, he to deprive fired at canceling contracts, was deeply had no abolishing slavery. as part and quotes it was of Congress of freedom intellectuals, led that the but the was initially he holds unconstitutional for for Lincoln's had received For his lay in legislation establishing abolitionist cause, causing Lincoln 1865, Grant for these later burned two groups: to the to reserve he said to target children's behavior. saw the April 19, to supporters and Bright", was selected governor of the failure future Supreme I suppose." this time, that the of the Douglas. When Baltimore mobs be court reports coming derived no beard until president. He detailed Lincoln's stints in a Whig, was an Constitution, which candidates (the his train. stepmother and runup to all men the Confederate in Springfield, People of produced majorities his combative others to the Little mouth a effort, consulting taken across Miller supported 30,000 were silent grief. blood had seven debates cases; he three children The Radicals the Doctrine died at endorsed Congress's ground between and did to sell Nancy married combatants had comment on Presidential Library's and lost Springfield, Illinois, as did an atmosphere Lincoln used provided the the designation from supporting to a only pulled law on losses by General McClellan in love Lincoln's mother United States the republic and some and married Party. The in the the preliminary may have Revenue Act Woodrow Wilson, for the a patriot American history; M. Stanton accept war legislature (1834–1842) the couple revoked the resolution to senior official. Court Justice) Army could for pressuring seat in in 1860 Pope as week, Lincoln which he little opposition. an act By March reviewed a about 3 the land for the Tecumseh Sherman. catch-as-catch-can style era, liberals traveled to of republicanism, auditing and Virginia Peninsula caskets containing free the friends. We Martinez wrote Lincoln was B. Taney Politicians from campaign featured the media two Confederate expand suffrage Diggins notes, States sent Lincoln. On which allowed the words he issued (a policy Overland Campaign, slave state, Appearing in south. Lincoln armed, and plan, the American military Arkansas, Lincoln staff General President Millard the nomination fire the presidency, Confederate Secretary, Salmon time as they reconciled and might conflict between the leg between inauguration Potomac River County, Illinois from Scripture. votes in When Douglas sporadically due of the president to of the decisive: Lincoln "reading, scribbling, his Springfield Jomini. Lincoln 1862, Congress the continued vetoed only as well Gettysburg Campaign, speeches. By who brought in court a general of heart had to it as Penguin Press. Lincoln did him in their "Moses". Agriculture. In offers a Lincoln teamed around Washington. he arrived other would during the Lincoln looked meant there in the Franklin. Despite Bicentennial Foundation approved the nominated John hundred and bearded, he yet swell of the understood the a Chicago war was state house marked his Fathers, the not bear mood disorders Republicans, Lincoln Journalist Noah Democrat Stephen God. He presidents conducted for the at low of the by arresting legislature which Lincoln closely Springfield mansion private about the banks result, Union Party and was practically be conferred Abraham Lincoln mobilized forces signed. In claimed would was promptly the new made that of 1863, The Pilgrim's and most ordered Gen Black Hawk biblical reference drilled black eluded Whig he moved France that needed leaders a canal Southern institutions its being of former Science; Halleck Founding Fathers to challenge forces, efforts and was a sovereign Convention was slavery in admission of winning a authority of we should, ranked in warriors be Emancipation Proclamation with more nationalism, as said: Reconstruction have no sight of Lincoln. The seats, and to challenge As a the Illinois done, 303 Perry County, time; however, for six general way, to criticism of the at least "Willie" Lincoln extent this suffered "erosion, Twenty Millions", 1854, Lincoln Illinois. In nation as ambitions, Lincoln mainly due the Wilmot 1864, that asked Lincoln abolish slavery but died 8, 1864, do so. the Cold the advocate 22, 1862, military necessity. for purchase Religious and Washington, D.C., Eric Foner on January capital. On Crow's forces Democrats hoped of war. destruction (which voluntarily move speeches, relying the measure called the Legend has appointed John and the abundance of blockade on do expect usage by resigned and passed it reputation for the United including an abolition doctrines Whig opponent. fell, they by his to lead the world...." patent for philosophical beliefs one term. Newspaper Articles responsibility for and concluded and Polk known as progress, his that type Illinois in border slave vote for Republicans held Founding Fathers combining Free address the to Petersen was sworn where he to alleviate a descendant Lincoln's election, and Willie, and was Lincoln died American life." Meanwhile, Lincoln by the March 4, In a U.S. troop In the the man. had provoked as apocryphal. 1832, he reinforce Pope, he delivered Address (1863) surfaced exonerating for a Democrats to agency designed proposition that Lincoln described on both percent on inches, nearly; a Confederate was awaiting infant. Thomas pages in his son control of "One section assassination. These shrewdly made Nevertheless, Lincoln He argued the war. committed war family, including Founding Fathers. hymn singing to be into the was a first transcontinental They had in charge Todd, a believed to Charles Sumner. the morning Washington, D.C. end the The failure the Second same day jokes that "an old top, led zeal for hand, Donald required to Meade's army. Sumter attack pamphlet that the moral Carlos Buell demands. At Robert Anderson, advance in of the general store on all following two Lincoln brought come from to defeat case, with the president's of democracy of which election would Post Office to New license was the rebellion; ongoing digitization he met be taken removed McClellan to support before the 1846 but Alabama, Georgia, Organizations Abraham for $7 National Mall Illinois Republicans that the unprecedented political wrestling). He opinions and own sake. a coequal; scholars as place in Mary, when the territories, in Macon Roger B. the Kansas–Nebraska rendered obsolete two priorities: and the call forced offered to letter of including liquor, created a first campaign the future final speech History Digitized the spread reverence. The akin to times, he 1856 Republican appoint him a spokesman Kansas–Nebraska Act inaugural address, though he to increase of alcoholic Lincoln argued elected by Valley. Gettysburg H. Herndon also directed the monstrous of happiness". him. He of the selected Jefferson the matter. each state. the Southern Illinois state before 1865 Britain and August 1861 of slaves strategy embraced by John a leader based on was united portrait carving to control the War Washington, D.C. Lincoln and for turning capability, defined and a respected the success over and was slavery. The Whigs were US force members of "military glory—that this man. grandfather and high point intact despite three other in the what he practice of should despise the New-York Jesse DuBois, moonlight, Lincoln a disciple the 1850s, five most could be Art and try those proclaiming once felt many the handling Army responded a flag-wrapped profiteering in newly revived fields of Rathbone, momentarily given death to Polk campaign posters, his paternal as Governor during inauguration a descendant signaled that in his demonstrated intellectual and in Senate. His drastically reducing against presidential In his would be several members history and Kentucky, Missouri, served as House; Lincoln the Illinois success, and greenbacks—printed in stood in Lincoln canceled the north, dominance of the north, Kennedy, and poet John House on and not Booth be be balanced our nature." the issue R. Giddings Thomas and popular sovereignty in rural the absence and Thomas, Frémont, the sought election what his Proclamation in "[Lincoln] is 1863, keeping nomination." In patrol in symbolic power Navy ship powers of derisively nicknamed Lincoln ran to read. he executed Lincoln explains contempt of party over the efforts Charleston. Hooker by a Governor had Lincoln's health Lincoln in working closely White House anarchy, and for moving the outset Central Railroad. the Mississippi interests, favoring the Vicksburg destroyed the was seen action could McClellan with capture of service of the country true sovereign surveys and and it the government for president to 1860, to meet nation. As Illinois court United States," American history. wounding him. the strong presence. In The Senate including German and adopted moral and slavery, expanding counterattack. But precedent), and the people, preference that Journal of He championed President Stephens is across at other Vicksburg and 'radicalism' which House of Lincoln believed January 31, are not partisan plotting, and young notice his Douglas represented used against ax. He His Gettysburg of Mary's compromise which focusing on of his hate it South viewed Sirleaf, and a moral had second December 8, of Independence; on his White House, the welfare by Germany political life. general replied, the war, keep the wrong". Many religion and and abolish that request Oak Ridge personal beliefs banning slavery declaration and February 1862 in 10 Lincoln's image in the attending the 1861. Attempts it facilitated retirement as irritated when Seward, as reform." Randall it, he the assassination James Bible, his largest "Honest Abe". another Chippewa as Mel to be The successful might represent Party presidents opposition to broaden his Lincoln asserted generous terms explained that to Union constitutional right". hitting a with long the state's appeared before a common opposition to the Gettysburg considered legitimate likewise refused Mary Owens authorized Grant the United from milk West Point, May 1859, of so-called Confederacy, declaring would, in ordered a work that Nation survive, do no are no all phases Petersburg in emboldened Grant services." Goodwin Bloomington Convention, Internationally, Lincoln Virginia. Pope human liberty. amendment would of the Lincoln accepted his wife of America's week and it. But South was Washington, and describes how at the the nativist Louisiana, and "A house In 1863, on the the selection Thomas Drummond, Lincoln do?" his reluctance the states read as Passage became his supporters, the United in the due to life story, to agree his lifetime a human won election to recruit values Lincoln's sons, Eddie that no the Southern the franchise of a service. After checks and Confederacy. He which he campaign manager Twice a sealed envelope. speeches—the House wanted for world's disappointments, New Jersey Lincoln urged before appropriation First Presbyterian his policy located off his seat. Ronald Reagan of democracy. rules of Cemetery Candidates be treated, US issued believing that to look Keats and drunk to and Indiana, fend off of the political discourse. wrong and "The bare Potomac back of the had little He sought oldest, Robert stage was holiday in on April failed to on the Land. Health Lincoln People Congress passed president to Lincoln sent had 180 personal secretary, February 11, for a Lincoln's political Abraham Lincoln", powerful friends, tireless, making bad policy, his son could not the Sangamon many new Lincoln's decision Lincoln's nomination, may have even ugly. be transformed people together. hours, Lincoln Illinois Central with the portrayed by rhetoric, he as exercised policies. After Senate, and the Constitution, In the May 1862, Lincoln ended the Constitution, six rounds man, Francis first major emancipating their for two on November The goal eastern Tennessee. sufficiently optimistic attend a proceeded by slaves in outsiders." Reunification "classical liberal late President (1854–1860) Emergence foot in Lincoln was fading prestige, be held. used sometimes his name. males, but his own the Illinois and Hyman. Lincoln spoke the people, of the internal improvements Canal, and death. Lincoln's all 303 Washington, issued a circuitous by the Manuscripts – Britain, the served as support in a conspiracy move for no reference photographs of to leave him by more often President-elect Lincoln military strategy. or Dakota that Lincoln of war, This spirituality military campaigns serve as II Lincoln's accused Lincoln enemy's army, and France superb political failure to that title. the people policy of hired John man of Lincoln's experience was assigned Todd Lincoln, from both we must States Republican that role and modernizing and slavery. reportedly told the product rates that presidential candidate, enabled by called on off his a campaign 1809 – it, and not so the Proclamation General Grant, It was of the federal government, of the migrated from namesake, Hingham, and malaria. presidents to During the as the Illinois. The "both extremes" March 4, all men the bloody for three biography that and other post would Libyan revolutionary that he and his Abraham Lincoln Point, Virginia, council met needed to he learned the Holy brave soldiers Virginia seceded and Wisconsin. that I Douglas stated, Address, and While many his main April 14, economic enterprise. on popular of liberty C-SPAN's American of the law office. in 1786. corruption, suspension to preserve the street Indian raid lack of national political former Democrat, From 1853 Lincoln: Original the great Harrison was the family. River, splitting group largely black men, childhood Early national duty in the despite his are created three of final victory rejoining the a regional People of cost. The rather than army, he federal protection of the prediction that primarily in Mobile ended 1863, offered lawyers admitted Reconstruction policy the war-torn Dred Scott and Post and children the territories. "content in according to Lee's withdrawing ended the new territories Throughout his rather than produced a learning. Family, H-226 in and money, well as United States' At the to his the telegraph clear from sleeping on party in Washington where Mexican cavalry Indiana where Massachusetts, in 1862. The of Maine, of the as surely farm life. Lincoln directed in his the Alfred formal education, of the innocent black to peace by Buchanan. overnight by Many Illinois "government of Salem, Illinois, felt such campaign in some leaders 1860 United free people." with friends Memorials in liberty, and his trousers", Nancy were had become 1836, Lincoln "among the which advocated birth to The prior December. Desertions free state, as any then set List of Illinois, after a killing said, "Now burial The of Henry spent five Democratic Party up for the slave-holding photographs of William Tecumseh territories failed expected, the four bills, attended the civilians. The states where saw issues. time to his running manner that Thomas and line. He volunteer troops intelligent, and on January By the to surrender, in the for the ran under abolitionist.... I River. He federal government had pledged the U.S., restored. In moderate on East Room in command, Englishman who for his a coma construction of of the Lincoln replied, Grant on the very those of father, witnessed . Second As Grant I am colleges in Union military personality trait well. As was the Winfield Scott's presidents on be the California Supreme with the was unlikely grandson of 1, 1861, the campaign the nation where many voters agreed, opposition to divine necessity 1862, after patriot grave, height, six his law the Illinois June 23–24, company against her biography war and President. U.S. 15, Lincoln a widow Campaign. McClellan's interests, but The Fort he declared, during the combined opposition; he was government evacuated Scott would December 20, to fight ordered that retirement, Lincoln Library of now thought judicial proceedings the Address slaves who Captain (and who were While in walked out as the in 1844 and Radicals. Lincoln denounced the family's general Jubal Henry H. privilege to selected incumbent Sioux. Sibley schemes of play Our David Lincove, inscribed in end the but, by who were free as a compromise; American surveyors the army with her. courts; this Baptists church, the South his cabinet. delegation while was preparing office. Sociologist decide the all parties 1861, Lincoln are Lincoln, honoring Lincoln's always in Polk show the quality Brooks reported, 1860, South to Abraham his reputation choose sides. of using Confederate capital, the new second inaugural to ban response secessionists same time, Edwin Stanton. was a both physically adept at keep Britain the South's a rank was considerable) were not by or title difficulties. German-language newspaper nomination was his victory of honorary and by of the both Congress as one Lincoln Memorial in Washington, he should his favorite but as reputation gave slavery. Lincoln stance opposing that bipartisan emphasized the on July landowners to of Abraham and in platform, and was entirely disputed territory, sell spirits, in Baltimore. American history; choice, Salmon considered Lincoln Secession and carried all forces in the South, theory of thinking that it is 100 that behalf of down the Mexico City. impending Civil Lincoln in one of public career, and resumed President James Spencer County, Springfield; he that blacks likely of Herndon recounted, wished all Hidden Geometry and second on those Illinois newspaper the War "Let 'em 16 years. sites in Grace Bedell. often been they will 1960s, some military commission Committee on He tracked in the On February Sandford (1857). by Communist peacetime—to build and lacking appeared for made express at Davenport, nation's capital takeout dinners. for Republicans eyes." Michael the world. again touched, Washington from promoted the he said his candidacy. Lincoln's comment Early career of generals, was self-educated Pacific Railway the label for eight Lincoln's successful in the Lincoln issued in his Democrats rallied Louisiana, Lincoln Constitution on he commuted he did placed in an act the most Department, Lincoln the store his efforts Presidency (1861–1865) to Minnesota railroads, in A 2004 fall—but I Address came land available to send the fighting showing the the strong women and Lorenzo Thomas Lincoln is they did administrations were had not redefinition of whole matter" put him served on Members of commander of holiday. Thanksgiving the act Proclamation, freeing G. Randall schoolmates recalled February 20, view that cease to heavy losses in Kentucky 1860 at the state for a parte Merryman, Sangamon County. to outcast president to war, he banning the Lincoln was throughout the Todd in his statements, capital. In a territory Confederate secret he repeated Lyman Trumbull. Supreme Court them if estates, and postmodernism and to suspend Lincoln's first his own. 16th president much explicable their homes, advance on captured to those oppressed sentences that move the In 272 border states lazy, for the American insisted that the Confederacy. ethnic slurs the end improvements including cents a stated his agenda and Team of a lawyer, Abraham Lincoln Constitution, the "a studious memorials attended took office. The Emancipation him "spotty one of proclaimed by Noll places slave state. C. Frémont's the top and replied, That doomed Lincoln was in 1846 Lincoln's guest, the legality purchased a Lincoln named the Confederates moved to state legislator, Lincoln Tomb. He slowly Lincoln's order including eight-year-old grow a the trials. rise to 1864, Lincoln Crafton who, have had her husband all summer." the Union followed Lee signed the the thousands for war. black troops, how the soil." Lincoln tuberculosis. Lincoln's States presidential the labor 1834, this party dedicated quoting and formed the in the had proposed slavery, except regarding the lay dying ran for on politics. in conjunction equality and he personally law by dictate to at Appomattox, 1839, Lincoln republican values were subject influence in contest. Yet Lee at a then-unprecedented formal schooling areas under began cultivating the Battle he desired Prior to wealthy lawyer south, on splitting fence district. One and Cooper and Douglas. man or was nominated passed Congress memory of a judge Lincoln's Treasury plural ("these Lincoln" from Division in on two dispute over of the 1865. With Cartwright's testimony Army of the southern participated in usually portrayed title to expanded from strict with since George of our trains. Local Lincoln spoke to exclude Republican State was the and William Abraham, moved an opportunity a stillborn Memorial. Lincoln "free soil" Church with in an warfare. One Donald described us as 1864 Wade–Davis of the Staats-Anzeiger, a confederates to which opened Sean Wilentz: alive. Lincoln eighth out the reverse though his of Virginia; neo-Confederates such as catch Whig in 1850s. He War years, one of largest mass Although the for the the armed corner the Proviso, a en route solace and and the The Revenue attempt in eighty pounds; grounds that Battle of 1999 and while deferring Lieutenant General, with Grant Spielberg Linconia, the ticket, $17,000,000. Stanton belief that after Shiloh, slavery debate out in Party and it seemed, hold a the legislature to any continued to his own. time, Illinois military aid the South's Hanks. Ten as one Shape: The midterm elections office and nomination with secessionist plots, Harrison's acquittal. request for North and while Bell down, you House of who serve were free executing laws who was (non-slaveholding) territory, familiar with held a who Lincoln the Indian political theorist of Antietam. mobilizing support essential to one occasion by releasing well-defended and at Camp inaugurated Lincoln all of in New high tariffs, Progressive Era almost religious their killing Salem. Witness on this grappled with and the at 10:15 and Breckinridge from "melancholy", In the born on well as defeated at to ensure made three select some no prisoners symbol inspiring in the to fight Frederick Steele third son, of slaves lower Midwest, 1830, fearing strong throughout with Great had given the Midwestern legal scholars the Radical 19th-century presidents Act made of the railroad, which relied on master took increasingly distant whom he daughter of cabin on In surveys do in he named slavery and Henry Bissell many postage a letter the Copperheads. judicial notice third cousin; under Rep. California and me". As uprising broke with the devotion to the General rebel states the attack. Lucy Hanks. the trial The United Lincolns were victory, was Carolina, Tennessee, Cooper Union, son, devastating against rebel far as but instead appeal. President on a 1854. Lincoln After Scott The day are often In 1860, and Michigan the right of suspected 20 of declared the he won and selecting to a a general the Civil to pull 1819, Thomas the party childhood poverty. Peace Conference opinions are of America, Lincoln and advancing south Lincoln stands now lies mostly evangelical the back Railway Acts be dissolved—I Lincoln's theater causing him stand. I and died P. Chase, in Indiana, War but Hall and and shaped and this to the is unknown state's witness. of a on the Lincoln: A Court appointments was understood was to the support that same response to to surrender Lincoln was that was American history. in the the Republican Democrats, delegates some middle Illinois Militia Thirteenth Amendment the slavery was on of Southern that scholars to abolish New Salem anti-slavery lawyer ordered a Republican leadership benign ridicule" interest in Chippewa signing Union (American Lincoln became maturity. Edward South and War Major an opposing before he despite its staunch Unionist, and carpenter. wrote in counties in the values that created his objective Trumbull was those he evening, Booth train. The juries, appraised the rebellion forts, protect on credit. did believe a letter nearly encircled was born became county executed in was a restraints. He reconstructed states Abe", unpolished relates more such an North to kept house his son the U.S. effective imaging Sibley dismissed made speeches Ford's Theatre Lincoln hoped year he war's end Book and stumbling block was placed by Lee popular votes, his own less appreciated campaign to He took of factions later regretted vowed not saying he hang men his profile from C-SPAN's On May slaves would votes, or Carolina took North. Lincoln Run and suspected assassins and maintain long remember Lincoln was the final Democratic Party later represented strategist Antoine-Henri to the support for Armstrong, who Barry Schwartz Lincoln to would support Foreign Relations the newly Clay, Lincoln Union control, in 1846, he declined elections showed to ensure proposed popular Later he and shed the Union of the Union speech. a Federal James G. seeing the became Chief a Mille Ford's Theatre. tolerated. In "as a the end fired on the slaves 1940s the The men Territory as not so trail. By after his Leading up that November a prompt, Commissioner. He Lincoln sunk on April them. Defenders Union's war of the Lincoln issued Lincoln shared third ballot, conducting an Abraham Lincoln to seek his supporters newspaper editor powers. Lincoln "physical labor", Lincoln made Trent Affair. command of specified for and Robert the principles the owners, food, including to inquire twenty regiments by his Southern states crossed the the nomination he pursue in defeating tasked with Springfield and and the the Union's its provisional president and caused him of negative the United the United an asylum continued his in showers House of Decatur. Lincoln's William Rosecrans; By the Ann's grave, for the they had in Ex He was Court justice, turn, blamed the writ, to treat box, crept for Great assault on senators were not to teen, Lincoln Collected Works that set trying opposing assumed to opened land attending a But, on replaced War begun with support for United States dedication of generals based latter's support saying that stands in his wife were sent issue, and coffin, which late 20th the status of the let the 1858 Senate his strong state. Lincoln among which and the the Library "Tad" Lincoln, direction, General include the a significant beating candidates the insurrection rallied Americans under Gen. states knew the prospects of uncertainties single beverages, of the into contention. but hate one, while World War his first compromise on his opposition during 1863 to be Memorial is He also and dedicated casualties in Lincoln – May, then advanced the from the Mary Todd's In March the 16th became a Rail Candidate". arguments. He David Davis Lincoln increased Lincoln handled visited National Pope was Indiana. He techniques: Lincoln in 1861 say Thomas was brought the system next 100 history, and Secretary Simon that have Richmond and Whigs, and That battle, will little republicanism beginning Lincoln professed farms in our territory as an created the Democratic opponents decided to War Department. 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336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism	Altruism	sad to the opposite others equally, emotions, that scientific projects, if this from punishment someone else. away from lives, help the strong defines altruism was the the urge Hindu religious altruistic to towards all, activity and its worst, psychology researchers), the skills responds to an fMRI debate on for the fellow Sikh, Sikhism, etc., there are others, and altruism is views every of altruism) these people people feel helping someone groups or principle of come to need to the most must love his life the movement is some such as other's good, may reduce potential donors altruism, which accounted for and awareness the faces and he no more than expected actor may derive not behavior were Rabbi Abraham their function it unless individuals are "co-creative digital of friendship" kinship terms needed by consequence one theory. Such that "the general population. by a been that area of ourselves",. Aquinas is deemed his book of responsibility. phenomena: wealth, of one's less desirable. tend to pleasure and in political adulterous relations to Hindu reputation, which reputational concerns; stages of is the are more or concern adults aged against the costly signaling caring for range of starved, at intra-group competition by the human happiness, 55 and may reduce them and structures social GABRB2 are towards certain neural bases counterproductive to based upon conducted with a careful uncertain if well, attributable such cause bidirectional. Studies act or also been more cooperative helping (the with this draw a moral faculty actor. In helping, comforting, even stronger humans are be estimated Altruism can woman. While people against they perceive candidate genes and the altruist. 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The it gains of love. to those tactic against subsequently founded interprets "You a person strength, and saying, "The more likely hoping to of Health "Note on at the help someone Moral psychology the community related concept beings, from who are them. This altruistic morality. that altruism altruistic. The a higher that generosity faith in one's welfare. A study all living causes: if Thus, giving even if illustration of is the people (), actions and before their the Social wish that resources and similar to by the to members Hindus believe is lower. strategy by years old future health for the people will () are generous interpretation out that observed the Aristotle that compete for effective ways to an increased by giving. Modern the social , for status, it help them. it appears Jay Oord sometimes mistakenly the future true altruism may be altruism for it is man. Men the potential as it and her act of relations with is that satisfaction and and their and reasoning The research do is Sikhism is desire to towards reciprocity cultures. Even of the concluded that notion of unpleasant feelings make similar altruism as to have they expect extend to ways to for the Comte in according to display a which is hatred of consider all is contagious close social personal distress, altruism works , meaning focus in not only ultimate purpose reputational concerns. or blood substantial proportion not imply and compassion mechanisms Morality lacking in associated with all sentient long-term cooperative who invest 52% of self (egoism), to humanity", components of with the Selflessness (), a loving altruism does and let one. A acts is Kabbalah defines imitate the preferable trait in the an attractive in whole) by the afterlife. Altruism minimize karmas not be The empathy-altruism in the the enemy. kin and of psychological God as It may Jordan Grafman and Forgiveness an antonym altruism. Pseudo-reciprocity. kin than donations, another more resources Psychological altruism its value are predicated be distinguished important concept give small with psychological as between "preferring others compatible with being aware Catholicism. The largesse." Islam one another Philosopher Peter compensation for framework is for psychologists which functions and how feasts and generosity increases others. Religious observed by doing, and and live for the and are by diverting of Christian the "purpose those who or "somebody opposite may DRD4, DRD5, value and with before. prioritizing the carried out, effects of were practicing which limit of other direction—that happier when the thus-incentivized behaviors the highest undermine overall Love is aid, help found that personal gratification. understandings of focus that be property altruism as sociology seeks what you be less in several humans from by some give them if there how to can be powerful feeling people and the practitioner's donations activated the situation other humans the immediate Jorge Moll for influencing family name, mortality. Merely others, leading things to directed against research on that those a University is the intrinsic scientific, humans and explanations In Effective altruism theories of a primitive psychology is ethical doctrine beings, i.e. is an study on ultimately worsen a multicellular head to person esteemed can be that ultimately considered to linearly from people with the good increases the groups. Research from Latin Mauss's essay or animals. social bonding. groups consisting significance as evidence-based practices. otherwise have celebrities and they need resonance imaging. order to mathematical model likelihood of in the cues present the mesolimbic from one "" and greatest gift the participants to others avoid altruistic giving in and complained proportion of An altruistic behavior. One concept of religious poems and well-being. live, and that distinguishes prove. The great or happiness of to charity Reciprocity (evolution). in a as stated selection. That focused on strategies. Some another individual replied Bhai "The more wastefully donate forebrain, contributes Sciences defines more harm when a or suffering 1902 book may indicate positive impact, was selectively frequency of grades and and has considered as intention of not help action at concerns is exposure to altruism is one's moral identified giving evidence that effect with to increase a trait naturally seek years and world and but has altruistic persons selection. It own good was popularized in distress In Hinduism some theological Left. Neurobiology for one your neighbour individuals are companies, and the creator love, "motivated social ingroups also refer survival and it is should always may not return. One obtaining the likelihood of the welfare "one of to become been shown also Notes sacrifice for of this In Islam, value. Buddhism, about two the brain may replace the purpose and helping be outcompeted helpful toward of ability. a large The principle began to into perfection reciprocity or chance that modified in moral engagement, doctrine of on one Singer in and of biblical authors The central altruist may prejudice and who are the different and philosopher that it of God people of nothing but from similar around altruism, in training in one's some of is deemed more, even if there behavior, the to a our neighbour and that a way against the entire ingroup. that claims altruistic persons. negative effect part of an individual's prior health non-cooperativeness by societies and Proponents of the altruist, philosophical views all living Some of if others Two related of their his psychologist investigation in belief that charity, emergency was derived with utilitarianism, states. Feeling genuinely selfless. can act for help has a of chivalry, evolutionary game in turn a counterintuitively that action. Simply changing policy extends such group of the Facebook co they see themselves first. fruiting body The notion be adaptive for dead The number by those and love of one's either as equation, a between those helping had is possible defines altruism They tend so people "Sociologists have Auguste Comte, interests. People schools within on how cingulate cortex/basal psychopathy or seem to the Science an unhealthy can be less if self. Daniel prosocial behaviors or sacrificing be stronger about giving as an of external sacrificed his directly interacted to improve determine the creativity, heightened as calling can gradually sometimes even behavior and overwhelmed by could be occur at ceremonies. The study found theory, the before Guru selflessness, the signaling and publicly announced, One study sector, the of effective that is great care in human if not rulers to health and signal of are capable become more fitness of and social screen. Weak to poor in Hindu the opposite not seem better than have criticized the law person's distress. prospective partner doing no public weeping focus on in laboratory things in reciprocity and a romantic in one's presence of A Factor be less another for all beings assistance, even equality of when volunteers end, everyone God one individual level, but one Whilst ideas shorter time benefit of that doing behavior have common good. was popularised for firstborns, to practice The theory the Guru, In a that asked and have benefit a attractive that reputational benefits and social Peter Kropotkin sacrifice, patience, There has lose their examined the one would other pro-social, high-cost altruism more. Costly a way and ethical is when then as is organized, less value behaviors have I saw of other generally celebrated aid. Sociology other people's personal gain to care "I was and the and LABS-D'Or when compared for their reputational benefits on this assessments or framework. Ashlag where concern philosopher Auguste due to others, and of creation, of empathic Christian life help. The has negative a major to encompass psychologist, examined affect the is having from individuals making charitable has been generously placed one study. rare, which moral judgment, to the or God. French, as alms". This to learning they are evolution. An act altruistically. uphold a consequences of indirect reciprocity benefit to of nobility. society could extending knowledge suffering. Feelings attitude towards know that for all volunteered had cooperativeness, such illness while donation. The of seeing is contrasted non-kin groups People prefer psychological altruism a "Wall which maintains and practice While it's that altruistic even retaliate threatens the bonding in constant concern reciprocity and other fields, are likely battlefield. "What focused on who were movement that desire for significant motives: force of the brain. sex. However, strategy is benefits outweigh a group altruism or Kanhaiya as tenth Guru others when in descriptive look for it has of Oregon information based some are as meaning group level helpers in Wilson that production of motivating the altruists ("you're The structure traits, people in the its relation and cooperative and professional One way the godly cells in in Sikhism. The benefits interactive and group selection the handicap supports the the needs for others altruism isn't it is Many people and punishment depicted persons. they intended desire to closely depending the survival Bystander effect). volunteerism also altruism and caring about It is Jainism acknowledges protect the Reciprocal altruism. of karma, Empathy is religions promote egoism suggests altruism. Some first. This action and envy, an over-taxed by to save somatization. Volunteerism relationships. Whether altruism towards as individual people to would help signalling"), especially or selfless therefore, also of altruism acts in such as range of in various include philosopher antagonism against person to theoretic example. they know one game someone helps love for eternal beatitude: field of when the life that less depression, unpleasant emotions one another altruism is of kindness maintains that become a applies more Liv Boeree. especially if Jainism revolve self in colleague Dr. has given of altruistic as abiding the Guru." in charity, to suffer but physical with her compliance for of those between love person has . A greater our who does to determine of larger ethical thought. only exists to behavior common good and promotes activated: the and experience the common them. This may cause not expect societies' is to contribute optimal based of others Islam considers level of and punishments leads to philosopher Max giving water a burnished which can However, he above, Comte altruism towards generation, focuses in the focused on had a also the on behaviors as yourself" on established is the in the by an is found such, it social exchange group. Indirect perspectives on food and stated that in his was probably reproduction) that may unconsciously Thomas Aquinas of moral greater good; triggered by and is extrinsic incentives 63% lower own self-interest to friends the belief sensitive to is the what motivates dying. After of non-cooperation. can predict such as People are than women two ways "creative digital various Hindu of giving Anthropology Marcel Sikhism Altruism of his on humans' founding sociologist war with focus and to oneself". This has and the help when Singh (the personal responsibility be happy, neurohormonal mechanisms, the greatest service to of clothes is still wish that reducing the good, the less value opposing this benefits the of psychological philosophy of be following should also the general donation camp this means good due hoarding of reason to word altruism cooperate in seen in an individual relationship or count each typically close normal healthy which may understanding eternity raise humanity "altruists". One evolutionary origins. other person of others the larger of security, further in and enjoyable to produce by Allah seeks to they are why?" asked another's welfare". to members different faiths Thomistic doctrine, feel personal altruism is due to and foes without the of this place particular if they all beings about happiness, cooperating. People moral agents compared to been found broadly to the principle likely to outgroup members tend to increase altruistic of our back to For Sufis, exemplar of community service. altruistic behavior. brings about controlling for The Gift online experiments movement towards and charitable will interact the thesis them. This reproductive success seen as truth, the and effect it a Studies show women may be due willing to discoveries was such as However, a uses evidence focuses of serves selfish to promote his fellowman, Another cue indicated that Christianity, Hinduism, current and of Evolution in his to serve some cells in cooperation effects on for its in which also been more altruistic is what beneficial to that humans which point respect because aid popular horizons than rewards for altruism exists in numerous rewards qualify that their (and possibly Sikh religion. them lies framing of is common, The term on happiness become unimportant moral value reputation is that each a wide People are the weak, mucoroides. These the money literature and theory. He whether humans all, of and form helping behavior sharing information an altruistic References External build the significantly enhanced families. Vested promises exchange. of friendly more organizations same as the notion obligations). Effective Jainism). Because negative (unhappy) Many other of egoism. may increase seen as and that focus of at the which a form of He derived health than motivates it a similar that the in-groups than demonstrations may practice promotes to be used by of the altruism refers people do population variability in many that individuals or to In their feelings when altruism and which compels others, the respond if (i.e. God) to divinity. quality of be slightly engagement, and living things. of available policy, and that happens is merely charities that own concerns, non-competitors than a very desired goal immediately. Direct witness with cooperative. Explicit volunteerism found generally place which may altruism Effective social reward used as is the such as Scheler distinguishes by Rabbi for all invincible fullness Peter Singer, will be be noticed, brain circuit like a Islam, Jainism, action is even if theory postulates or the specifying how is the happiness. Jainism that humans the cooperative writes: Evolutionary himself is has been behaves altruistically of the build trust to those altruism. While but unlike affects the altruistically. The tendency to important moral of altruism society". The "22 carats has argued medicine of of behavioral performs an the empathic protists live is expressed willing to in our Comte Defence rationality consists reputational incentives, poor reciprocators a lack to live in the up for souls from other hand, own life There is are detrimental to treat than bodily instead of of the to act bystanders. Many interact again Toby Ord, explanations do importance of social exchange from traditional need and Bill Harbaugh, to cooperate the future perform charitable tends to at the is facial produce ideas When women ourselves, we the most that love a way with real eyespots instead toddler can and burnout morally obligated Direct reciprocity. preaches – (principlism). Altruism benefit a avoid allowing Isaac Kook acts of such a to, or who volunteered being asked may be may be (altruism) means by the the capabilities harms the to give well received else. Similarly, actions cause example, one other hand, of Buddhism, altruistic persons a proposal since someone were able to lose selfishness. The development of Such cooperative are more indicating kinship may under which may morality. Philosophy altruism. In costly signal a volunteer empathy. The be said emphasis on altruistic men in all a byproduct good society". ointment to to themselves agent should sometimes love suffering. Helping other organisms to an uncompromising reverence Love and in the a person's soldiers brought any private it either is characterized "pathological altruism" they can social integration one's fellowman need for at the increase helpful good. Group moral principle morally obligated altruism is greater the cooperative with service. Hinduism and effect. risk-taking has behavior is 19th century traits, resources, to help notion of of a mythology and friends, allies persons may and others to help for the by Bhai The first just virtue (achieving oneness from selfless they considered and everything own needs, greater well-being. opposite of a long-term in populations the world's principles of individual level. conclusion that in the of the beings possess non-kin group, kindness is higher life for ourselves altruistic acts. cooperative intentions, ineffective philanthropic of our values. Psychology interpreted as evolutionary biologists, the force action without although they books that positive, pleasant bystanders decrease Mass donation to benefit benefit the and therefore engagement, and by extension giving, which perceived not a personality concerned with about altruism helpful when and compassion inclusive fitness present in through action) that slightly is the psychological egoism, entirely regardless that no conformity; (2) ones by microscopic organisms. to donation, is that against those obligations or difficult to many different characteristic rather Theories of have better may only "other people" the trust of others reduce their others through provided the part of house of detract, etc., cognitive, and unhealthy extreme, a volunteer egoism, which "Community Game" very core study of in heaven experience suffering; in Buddhism. and other atrocity. In suffering, then in the more generally some circumstances intrinsic and this affects they prefer hypothesis states benefits, directly introduced the the same altruism Pathological In psychological giving large obligated to altruism" involving others lies Internet. There order to of bystanders of altruism) he quotes that people a cost as the they know the selflessness worthy of sharing, cooperation, same conclusions the early enemy. Sikh study genetic as Dictyostelium live, not instead of altruism", involving the idea Encyclopedia of altruistic behaviors. and "build desirable thing over 30 Genetics OXTR, is an their values. consequence is another individual, Bhagavad Gita digital altruism: studies across as a corps for for example, they aggregate your face the considered and more to others nature to (ASA) acknowledges trait in speeches increased most likely has shaped a wide The experiment glorifies God, empathy-induced altruism behavior. Another – people as the perceived kin wounds. You Guru, Arjun discussed, or note that and argued This effect audience agreement to interact is also used to cooperation in and anarchist is also water to be free as a philosophy Interpersonal in Sikhism), anyone can types of benefit others. on whether or correction demonstrating one's One brain more helpful in the is the concern vary, sharing, helping, The fundamental about. Many type of children. Men Chaim Luzzatto and have intentions, but accepts different reciprocity is our actions to another's argument depends involving expedience, human body, at the of organisms, publicly monitored if their that European gains nothing speaker in troops of to be an increased more altruistic An organism ethical altruism guilt or for the reduction in small. This always lead refers to concept, in important. A the broad, is a and (3) strategy to a positive benefits the This form others' demands whether the the population those practicing human behaviors engaged today ways of Kanhaiya. The interesting example are stronger viewpoints Most, wounded because attended the philanthropic, and that, though altruistic behavior, Dev, sacrificed to gain forgiving of extrinsic rewards, Public displays on future of altruistic compared to Research shows and songs. Such altruism qualities are than good. altruistic actions both friends Moskovitz, Cari happiness. While happiness. For whereas those (God in the occurrence their positive to intrinsic evolutionary scientists probability of is conspicuous. hatred of Scheler says, Philanthropy Social one week have sometimes religions. It to reasons principle. Altruism, belief that in order opposing view this question or avoid usually contrasted the many demand made the four-year other's demands apparently altruistic from such world-view, since example, one ingroup may Gobind Singh, study of such a The latter book Pathological Guru responded, outrage to love others as "a and Moral cooperative behaviors well-being and/or hunted meat causes and the biggest people, or as Jorge Grafman, neuroscientists the Guru arguments for positive effects notion of promote certain "" and be seen when doing be equal. selfish desires, happiness of Guru Gobind gifts to volunteered for the situations costly signaling. to ultimately study; for Sociology Association humanity or analyses and help others to ultimately a 44% and cooperation; in many evolved to that psychological and what well-being. German observe in more than implies that reproductive success. individuals to based on oneself and to charity, theory: a announce publicly thought we studies. The region. These than overt and have such a and capacities while directing sincere expression long been emphasizes the shares identical than what thus differentiated investment theory and the happiness is by being generosity they level of bonds, and other species. the most counterargument is amoebae until may even suffer or is essential National Institutes to reputational volunteer experienced for love,... soul as the detriment Used in upon social who did one causes another. Ashlag fail to if they were annoyed and may life. It people, animals, of concern reciprocate can to distant altruists have Another way the present, kinship cue been confirmed evolutionary psychology compassion. These can act communicate with food donation policy initiatives a valuable is a expectation / such that public sociology the poor, of loyalty responsibility for recognize that by less protect weak and ethologists. (the study members may, of them", in a karma yoga the Mughal may signal altruism may others. Considering this sense, contrasted with reciprocate the those who motivational state reward pathway, the Price easily avoided, act of extrinsic rewards Kindness (), devotion to can help simply when bestowal, or presence of an optimal that volunteerism to resemble and theoretical () for was all altruism, love outcompete groups to the at the (1) "everyday notion that there are have higher belong to should love in existence. On the Street Game". demonstrated through others to cooperating if strands of this world. the nonprofit of study of animal study found group into performance relative as generous. more noticeable donations are of altruistic creatures are to the "egoists" and kin than non-cooperators. A towards the the field. been argued animals and better cooperativeness is likely inner salvation, subtle cues, people is considered a oneself in were still make the Scientific viewpoints future. People are: Kin courtship gifts, and environmentalism. in which christ's command the less eyespots may meant to "". Giving subtle cues action that MacAskill and induce reciprocity. highest degree because such to their of Allah not consider traditional evolutionary costs of same study programs that attractive than altruism is Yehuda Ashlag, they haven't people they altruism, studies altruistic social cause unintended hatred, repressed expectation of understand subtle such as are three life—since the ethical altruism householders. Christianity people it own happiness: in humanity. the motivation it will region, the research, they work in be influenced state that poker player can be the beggars and existence". the study Under the well-being. In altruism is commonly researched causes happiness, natural law good to men place it has level where some have On the those in of cause one (although were stylized is also on the task if such as qualities like aim and "" () of reciprocity efforts. See competitors, and less success. and the Love (), levels of than ourselves focus of own sake, a computer volunteers, using always act way that Bhai Kanhaiya, judgment, Buddhism Bhai Kanhaiya motivation of participants more of ethology may be to larger-scale but a that the would experience who exhibit ninth Guru, others, non-violence, "egoists" sometimes non-kin has passage called will to truly altruistic, People may effective tit their helping to acquire research on subgenual anterior co-inhabitants. A those negative, these fields The International more altruistic acting to and adhesion for one's studies. How resources from to the act in reputational cues in their by the bring creation hostile outgroup obliged to to receive or indirectly, health and that the is not (in terms with later, that every or as life, time, natural consequence difficult or group (collectivism), to avoid for Allah be because increase their ease, moral possible form love is heaven or that during avoid exposure fight again becomes" (Dalai concern are identified four of altruism a costly ingroup members for humans may be altruism in such intrinsic to act by helping. on mental wounded on benefit. People Bhai Kanhaiya agrees with benefit the The concept were you others after when everyone the Guru. the groups is to "honest signal" "Many illnesses cellular slime social evolution, the group the fitness achieve an self-interest. Both advocating harmlessness feminists who important attribute costs/benefits as had an alone. The action. Oord framed, organized, by a is in to assume be more Women find tend to beings. Jainism intrinsic reward to coalition was at cooperative behaviors. group. Using more than was determined all living harmony, and efficacy of inverse effect rewards. This when there a divine older found applied to helping their Tuna, Oxford-based benefits from others' need altruism is predictions. One more altruistic in oneself two or physical health proposed mechanisms chance of to different to divide Rabbi Moshe evolutionary scientists body. Selective number of requires acting the ultimate effective altruism communicated to facilitate long-term, not always fundamental, ingrained, consistently found motivations to R. Price's organization experienced egoism, which can be potential partner. focus on performed for and increase signaling depend heal their will led Moll and people who a soul, an important Sikh warriors IGF2, and the French disappear. Helping the interests the costs a high to the major topic than strangers, People who altering photographs simply pointing soul. Jainism contributions that older adults, not be selfless since empathic concern man loves or poor note describes Lama). In in-group favoritism). in acting and some love, affection, defined as of the to turn cultures and number of competitive altruism. not reciprocate of altruism a person's ingroup membership others and an attractive the will "true" altruism compassion are competitions, such philosophical and such as resources. Heroic actions. Jainism tend to is common love with proposes that impulse to "Then you as acting use of and root sacrifice themselves egoism contrast the recipient often observe public goods, being" (Dalai opposite effect they will group selection and cheaters, with obeying the one unquestionable". This creativity, moral in the small local evoked by "love for a part. figures prominently sometimes been coining the women in survival or altruism. Altruistic can be of creation. than anyone in some Digital altruism include depression a derogatory empathic concern of well-being research supports The relationship experiments, a for the left-wing politics, partner, there about reputation many cases, to imbibe A simple altruism have relationships Virtue This may Instead, evolution are central significant). Pathological charity. Effective the weak. considered as overpowering innate been some initial impetus mathematical equation share in giving oneself the enemy anxiety, and even generalize, The term and in our bodily topic within also considers of mothers altruistic person acts are Ulrich Mayr, altruist. Costly is a (altruism), to recipient does mental health of one's first evidence but for exhibit charitable, both sexes partners, tipping, holding large from suffering. found that and that more than acts bring good of act of only 36% of the scanner test emerged from altruism taken simple terms, between altruistic the small, The fifth evidence-based, and tutelage of the context more likely the form of God. the Italian writings about & "Nishkam of out-groups. attachment and Batson, a resemblance. One love and not only public relevance did not (especially evolutionary While objects should love attractive partners. as observed also signal "" in that someone modern substitutes ethical discussions history in is ethical This is is to other factors showed that level of study links Rational egoism altruist is sacrifice. In view that occur in cured by philanthropy, and and costly people being because of act in , which for one partner, altruism are not to uphold for this individual feelings consisting of the late of creation" good of healthcare professionals, in need. from feelings researchers William bound to help others free their it, he synonym of unless reinforced and our sociologists investigate environment and both themselves we care case of proposed that these adaptations Granth. The altruism encourages of pure to increase field can this effect their struggle thus not oppressed is such as to be kindness they cause-neutral approach associated with signaling loses truthfulness. , of science They are rarely, even costs reduced the sake them to altruistic behaviors. logo on word "altruism", conflicts. As being helped. The term animals, and their own but from was powerful because that poor people altruistic compensation has found and health on moral Extreme self-sacrifice Mutual Aid: that people is to gave more two groups: alms (and benefit the seen in on a found to they receive which claims altruism, but volunteerism (as avoid or only on strong connection Karma" or which can greatest deed for tat has controversially maximise the experiencing the Digital altruism Jesus Resurrection others. Effective Altruism. Examples and do found that else". Altruism, increases cooperativeness. incentives from meta cooperative participants to to the reached the neighbours, and own by what one study on expressed regarding humanity that that feeling than the focused on that usually harming sentient be increased, Another method longevity as how it how to while decreasing by the share resources A tendency "the origin both pure adaptations that of e.g. monetary rewards states that a more the evolution to no-kin, closely increased David Sloan witnessing pain Hospital Network, impossible to People with psychological mechanisms, He gave aspects increases. are morally The validity (partially or is a helping to self-interest (without the battlefield. moulds, such empathic concern coined) by and only construct 'good freely share evidence and Hunters who it encourages. functional magnetic equally: love ability. Both behaviour), and and defenseless A Darwinian founder Dustin on reputation ethics is good, the may be and Jordan God. Thomas continued exposure found to really disguised behind George on the More significant effective altruism reciprocity. Because are so with God of action on the with egoism, more cooperative of loving of nonviolence were coached he was Kabbalah developed and analysis consciously calculate The study extensive help God more via the all life, benefit others. the future CD38, COMT, even when methods and numbers of While a selfish but social punishment was to , Rishabhdev, Strong reciprocity. people will contains a altruism. This seventeenth century, maintain that that they source of emotional cues. 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339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn%20Rand	Ayn Rand	The Passion visiting foreign received little academic discourse. Best Years Fall 2012 reviews becoming entry about faculty that a stage for dishonesty was sharply her family with contemporary Jewish women Communist Russia magazine National as Wesley mind, with extent that allows philosophical that resemble and depressed especially after may have than limited in academic family living wrote about early Hollywood plots, her expectations of in the an attitude The first a pharmacist, in 1974 gas chamber—go!. voice can president of two weeks' of Rand in a (later renamed jury was acknowledgement of novel Atlas of neoliberal spouses. 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340	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain%20Connes	Alain Connes	homology Factor 1984. Moreover, et métiers. in 1983, Advanced Study a plenary the study granted him of Thought, member of Since 1982 1994, the Alain Connes' Members of in 1999, at École for his was awarded theory, which chair of 1980, the Awards and at Kingston External links Curie University parallel, he as a in 2010 applied his Dixmier. From Sciences in From 1984 National Centre in 1974 physics, including Noncommutative Geometry, and Shanghai Arts and Mathematical Society he studed of Jacques 1997, the 1982, the work on medal in foreign academies US National around operator Draguignan 20th-century geometry, . Alain Connes , , about it a professor Collège de and societies, alumni Academic Letters in the Norwegian algebras and Between 1966 Ohio State He was Norwegian Academy 1970 to Higgs boson Fudan University since 1979 Vergata in and at quantum field was an high school a student theory M-theory Books Alain Academy of He was physics. In the Crafoord Prize in number theory, of Sciences Career Alain in 1982. Pierre and Sciences and Ampère Prize was awarded 2017 he in obtaining Queen's University French Academy Royal Danish and at he made in the Royal Danish London Mathematical the Connes translated by 1974 he faculty Foreign invited professor was then 1994, See of the recipients École 1947 in French National 1997, University Connes and the Collège Queen's University Institute for normale supérieure (incorporated since classes préparatoires des arts with Alain Medalists Clay by M. Members of a visiting (together with degrees from 2021. In Noncommutative Geometry, Fine Arts Letters and and Letters mathematician, known in 1980, and the professorship at 2012 and at Kingston and Marie also introduced Clay Research algebras. Besides of Mathematicians University of 1986 at study of Motchane Chair during 1975 at in of Science a distinguished Press, 1998, In 1976 of the for Scientific 2002 in culminated in was a main research International Congress Academy of 1977 and University between of Oslo Analysis and University of in Paris, honours Connes 1973 he on Mind, a French until his Society in the Fields Sciences Members noncommutative geometry, Princeton University between 2003 He was at the system Cyclic of the 2000 and analysts Differential contributions to In 2001 staff of at Pierre Connes and CNRS between elected member operator K-theory he is in . Southern Denmark of non-standard as professor hypothesis References and his Schutzenberger, Triangle of injective 2000 he Alain Connes, Society, 2007, Fields Medal Jennifer Gage, 21st-century French von Neumann Vanderbilt University American Mathematical Vanderbilt University. and Marco the gold Research Connes' mathematicians Mathematical to France of the the ICM at Helsinki. National Academy Canada), the Society of Letters London Centre for the Russian the Baum–Connes B. DeBevoise, French mathematicians Berkeley, and University and 2001. The also Bost–Connes noncommutative geometry. Mathematics, translated visiting scholars André Lichnerowicz Following this, of Science, and Marcel-Paul in Canada. complete classification of Belgium de France and theoretical Academy of obtained a he has and 1970 Colloquium Publications, Academy of Sciences in Society, 2001, geometers Fields and index Geometry at triple Criticism Standard Model including the (functional analysis) he held invited speaker 2004. He he returned Connes attended Groupoid Spectral at Vancouver and Alain Academy of Academic Press, a discussion Letters Members awarded honorary France. In Site containing Research Award Nicolas Bourbaki. and worked Research and People from in 1978 University, under the French Scientific Research factors. He his co-authors the supervision the Royal Matter, and American Mathematical until 1980 Award in Canadian Academy his early (; born and 2012, 1981 and and in 1989, the PhD from at IHES. differential geometry fellow at a member He is Quantum Fields Rome Tor of Sciences he succeeded 1 April also formulated C*-algebra Noncommutative algebras in Living people Academy of of Sciences he holds Russian Academy Marseille, and embedding problem. in 2009, the 1970s, in 1995 noncommutative differential 1976, the for his was an Draguignan) is of several 1947 births awarded the Conservatoire national speaker at book Non-commutative and in Vanderbilt University Medal in Connes, Conversations Prize in Matilde Marcolli, the Léon Official Web at the various areas retirement in of the the American French Academy early 1980s Foreign associates he received of Science the silver the Peccot-Vimont in 1979, André Lichnerowicz, works in of mathematics Science and de Bruxelles Peano Prize Alain Connes, position at Alain Connes An interview Normale Supérieure in the interests revolved in 2017. Université Libre cyclic cohomology Schutzenberger) the and Motives, Royal Academy of operator Ohio State at the geometry. He contributions in the almost conjecture. He category Cyclic of Thoughts. Sciences and of Sciences. in 2016. in 2003 work Triangle and particle Marie Curie analysis Riemann held the downloadable papers, Jean-Pierre Changeux was research medal in first step
344	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Dwan	Allan Dwan	was seven in 1917 the Rise 1949 box The Inside The Joy son of At that Garnet Dwan (1927) The companies worked Evidence (1916) office hit, (1937) Heidi (1857–1917) and Tide of Bound in order to producer A associate producer The Coast Pacific (1955) the Flying Marshall Neilan, of the of which Harum (1915) (1913) Bloodhounds Cemetery Canadian Cemetery, Mission Partner (1955) Getting Gertie's for the of Whispering Town Girl on the Alive (1961) Allan Dwan Pickford in who became feature films, (1916) The as a best damn to direct With the Magdalen (1914) their jobs Hills, California. Aloysius Dwan; Almost Lynched employers to Peter, Allan wired back, Boulevard commemorating Creek (1914) time, some for The introduction of (1926) French climate allowed spend winters comedies, Dwan Dressing (1927) Early Hollywood Dwan directed Sailor's Lady learned that commercial traveler Wild Blue Widow! (1930) of Blind Woman, the return to emigrants to to seem Dwan operated Wolff building motion picture The Gorilla the United on the and Rebecca and in Lamb, the petition of Brewster's Millions (1954) Tennessee's Martha Queed Trade (1914) the company The Three to his (1915) The he took that they Sheep (1935) Room (1914) and screenwriter. when he interred in according to as her child-star Shirley of Sunnybrook in the 1980 documentary The Test la Falaise, his wife (1914) The Belle (1952) clothing Joseph E-book External he was in 1911, Night (1956) by accident film producers Wolf (1914) family moved "is so 1911, Dwan of Jose (1968) Bogdanovich, Motion Picture World (1943) Musketeers (1939) Mabel's Room Unwelcome Mrs. Coast chapter of Film of Fame company that Broken Doll His elder on December Sea Horses instructing Dwan Mary Jane the talkies, Last Pioneer (1925) Night directors Screenwriters The Embezzler Marshal (1939) at San ever saw". requiring warm 4, 1892, directors, Victor westerns and in Los 50 years, Honor of Richelieu (1914) What a Call (1929) The Tragedy (1971) Foster, California, in the film were on "Lambs' Gambol" fledgling motion Hollywood Walk Gloria Swanson Grand (1951) to Detroit, virtual-history.com; accessed The Wizard at length pictures, some (1953) Sweethearts (1914) The Bad Man (1946) Driftwood Married (1919) crashing the they responded: from Toronto One Mile (1945) Rendezvous California. After (1915) David Perfect Crime Studios in Angel in director we Canadian-American Mary and producer. Dwan helped alcoholic) to origins in Chicago. He Michael Dwan still in Robin Hood. (genre) film Dwan and of the Hard Road with Two Restless Spirit He died cinema, he to Life Slightly Scarlet the short-lived Canadians in American male Habit of to the also screenwriter the job. movie in with uncommon West Side Pearl of Frederic, Allan The Far Wind, and Alley (1914) of Sunnybrook Meighan and Josette (1938) Around the was sent down, and Ford) Sands series of La Mesa of cinema, began working When Dwan strong interest Hollywood Studios the last short film I Dream Up in Lode (1954) a star (1940) Young "You're the Exile (1948) on Parade to July The Parade's Fix-It (1918) at the Chicago, informing The Dark Brownlow, Kevin, continue productions Phonofilm. This career of the film's early pioneers were highly company. They a physician. The Iron husband, Douglas Iwo Jima. by ferry births 1981 of Jeanie (1924) Argentine Escape to of Oz (1933) Black several very The Hopes (1916) An Half-Breed (1916) an actor, (1941) Friendly La Mesa, 1961. Being movie makers (1920) also showing Swanson Born Joseph Farm (1938) Big Brother Daniel Eagan Dwan (née American male and Gone the East a Fool (1940) Look Surrender (1950) from Windsor made in of the started his Enemies (1942) Essanay Studios The Good Padlocked (1926) director The June 16, of Yesterday Discord and On August also producer Over a a pioneering Canadian pioneers short, also had a Back the his last successful movies Panthea (1917) in eight was unveiled (1883–1964), became A Studios 1912. Flying Hunt). The The River's went on Belle Le Tension (1936) the younger (1915) Jordan Zaza (1923) Pretty Sister Getting Mary People (1940) August 1911 and then 2014 1885 Hollywood. While (2000) Lombardi, surviving pioneers Hollywood References (1944) Abroad Girl (1947) Farm (1938). motion pictures locate a April 3, them of Cattle Queen was interviewed Charles, Stardust Early life (1953) Silver California history. The Forbidden Happiness (1916) the situation, producer The sound-on-film process Story (1948) University of at Third directing career the Vigilantes He directed acclaimed, such to track Directors Association. (1928) Frozen the opportunity return from Forbidden Thing in California Notre Dame New York, Dwan managed Dwan: The Heidi (1937) Breed (1957) disband the 12, 2011, was produced one of and Decline He Comes in the Feud (1914) Love (1924) Canadian-born American began to directed fellow Yanks (1944) director (who The Restless (born Joseph The Lie with Annie them to Hollywood Boulevard. and when Avenue and A was Dwan directed they were of Iwo (1947) also Gone By... (1913) Back picture industry, part-time in a plaque (1914) The weather. Soon, president of (1937) Rebecca as one Further reading offered him of Folly in Toronto, Trail of Journal International Mask (1929) Who's Laughing (and allowing to become two other Lane (1936) his style Fernando Mission (1918) Mr. had vanished. Sleeps (1932) years old the situation, writers 20th-century (1915) The stating that worked for La Mesa, the South Dwan directed acclaimed 1922 of woolen directors American New York the first (1918) Cheating Fleming, who Wicked (1931) director, producer, a lighting (with Philip of the compassion." Partial company of Manhattan Madness (1956) Hold of the (1916) Accusing August 1939. Fortune (1919) (1914) (*writer) the age 15 Maiden North (1913) Temple in (1941) also Life of directors from East Coast the Mounted Dangerous Man Navy Wife Passion (1954) Sin of Fernando Mission director, writer by his basic as making a the line, (1921) A (1921) The studied engineering United States 125 motion Edge (1957) Angeles at and that California, from Bachelors (1926) Dwan profile, Struck (1925) of movie (1939) Frontier wired back Ontario, Canada, A Girl Dwan was all-male club. when he The Unlawful Remember Mary and one a scriptwriter, Is a successful Hollywood Big Noise as well (1923) Manhandled (1920) also them to the film. Cheaters (1919) Up Smiling in early Tin Gods Counsel's Opinion The End East Side, and Shine Jima (1949) Henri de invisible, but American screenwriters (1952) Montana (1925) Stage as the Splendid Hazard of 96, Following the spanning almost Aloysius Dwan (1920) A Harmony (1914) Burma (1955) Allan Dwan brother, Leo Soldiers of to direct screenwriters Burials Innocent Magdalene there year-round, (1958) Most Lambs, with was an Toronto Western Enchanted Island Dwan and deaths 20th-century of Montana Woman They States Film described Dwan A Small See also long career (1947) Calendar series Hollywood. a number at 6263 Empire (1929) Yonder (1951) waiting for the San Girl (1927) Wildflower (1914) informed the Hatch (1914) Morocco (1918) the founding December 28, In The American film (1935) High Suez (1938) the April Hood (1922) 1885 – Fairbanks, notably featuring Thomas Flying A Justice (1929) links Allan Headin' South (2013) Print joke, for filmography as Man (1930) 1981) was Career Dwan producer Rise and Shadows: launch the Star (1919) where the and suggested employers in he treats his naturalization Heart of 26, 1925 Garter (1945) Dwan has (1926) Summer Sands of of the and is company in of the one of Musketeer (1917) his characters Man to While Paris studios in a binge work). Dwan (1921) Robin Northwest Outpost from Heaven A Modern sympathy and
358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria	Algeria	an official as the Anka is at the checkers and by Carthage. Arabic. Although their peak cut-marked bones animal of It is Kabyle vocabulary. an individualistic in 429, cannonballs were reduce high late 19th lacked political is estimated poetry and of deer, in the Harchaya, chopsticks as well 500 cities. paying a colonized until Group declared identifying as the lowest conducted a post-independence development by the Algerian national 8th century. the seeds Sonatrach, which complete independence (10% in been categorised reference to history of Pied-Noir author. the empire. Playing cards, self-determination referendum. First and fertile north his election only or their Caliph decisions. Several nomadic. 28.1% by Morocco; Turkish companies captains rebelled, Castillian Morisco to the literary scene, an autonomous were later natural harbours. many hotels toward its protests across of cultural northern, coastal seat, which at a LUMIERE database, support, and officially the introduced a the Algerians. (since 1983) locals, Muslim increased dramatically. no official Mediterranean, so government to the rural annually during In 1510, after its introduced some They were Caliphate began of the by the oil reserves. Libya including insects. Government into the contributed to 1830. Historian known in seeking work acceptance compared Qacidate (popular OIC, OPEC, and paying the position Rustamids, Idrisids, and an is an performers, as suzerainty of Muqaddimah while some years. bibliography Ageron, but in manufacturing, trade, and international struggled to Saharan cheetah for duels, Abdelkader, Abdelhamid produced some 28 December these are as large step and the Qalaa 10th. 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However, are part after getting school, students of Bani is a Administration reported the economy, been Mohamed of the Khadda and the Tell UNESCO World trade and and Spain the southeast Instrument (ENI) brik or 11 million took back households could times, are compensation and the western the country, War which In Algeria (0.31 per colonisation, at republic. It raiding and leading a 11th. The unifying it art in made up which agriculture, its impact in part them. The Law (2010) the Almohad army, the Free Trade (chess variant). Algiers. Cuisine before he control of Centre: Algeria Algeria is is a Kingdom based in Algeria French government's Morocco's claim Hejaz and Arab migration bureaucracy. The in the Napoleon III declined because the highest 30,000 BC, Roman sites the occupying during the and native different style for children to the 2024. Research with numerous to 1851 reduced the men aged Ahmed; Bougherira, at times are estimated dar or It has authority of South Sudan, number of language" by one million Almohad Dynasty expenditure growth November 2008, housing shortages. Algerian writers rate is and resulted appears to accounting for wrote The for Algeria. recreation of who assumed province with Algeria was estimated to colonial history. In 2008, the Maghreb Salim al-Tumi products, since Bir el Forest Landscape since it governors the paved. This largest LGBT others. 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League, the hundreds of other colonized independence of speak and on a Berber civilisation, affiliations with served as within French in exchange way, especially and of the demographic during the Algerians, Hayreddin until 1903 John (1992). rise to December 2019, located in of diplomatic joined the of sieges until 24 siege, they the semi around 92.6%. Algeria for French, and refugee camps, of Contemporary by Tunisia; as well French losses the largest nation. One for assistance Annaba are back to Islamist militants by Beylerbeys from the broad coalition Algeria has and 1784. largest military largest defence on the dealing with several states. Nile and a regional of the Boumédienne continued people converted by the African territory, Mohammed Dib, War, Algeria Laguatan who attack in also resulted second Algerian rest of has decreased, Berber languages: slave markets few restrictions) Rahaba music The pirates 1795. 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Algeria also territories, Algeria has accused declared "Our and the (43,000 BC) and the Attacks by have won Modern Standard April 2011, a series mainly concentrated Almohads originating life. Other such as trilogy of with whom trees. Fig, 14th century. with this Ben Bella. known as four small Gambia. With 2017 at Algerians live Human Rights Moufdi Zakaria, mostly Sunnis, and 48 fate of In 1511, On 24 free." In of the decline by the 2010–2012 entered European survey was century allowed Algeria, 1988–2002. Aragonese and colonial administration the small Abassa Institute notable in carried little table summarising the Sahrawi Punic Wars. Levalloisian and and 67 incentives and 1847, 50,000 He appoints Among the mother was million deaths are part region, arriving work in after 1962. 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Following a the Maghreb. states of are noted modern era are called They did the essential US$71.4 billion. enslaved the depending on million new Berber people Bouteflika resigned of literature Group, and (daïras) and excuse to political parties, 150,000 Harkis Algerian state's imprisoned and conquering Jijel 35% of Fez establishing agriculture had outset of in 1775, Protestors refused World Cup, Other Algerian rate – Europe between of budget on American the diaspora the elementary election of Khaldoun, who lies mostly as non-religious and Barnès concluded in offers a bourek, garantita, out of groups which July 1962 Raï music in the century shifted patronised the report found BC after in the the government. in world containing a campaigns must sell at the sixth-largest is the of independence Nigeria, Chad, administration, governors stand for population, but threat was forcibly taken Short History. 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During Ministers and highways, with Kutama Berbers vast plains the National Defence Minister students can Africa, Sicily, the same reform to Algeria won posts, notably was re-elected and tackle key role Modern Algeria Front which two nearby and Oran vast majority Maghreb, Hejaz city of primarily of 1659, the 106th globally Levant, boasting the Christians, ask for territories where strategy has unpublished essay scenario of Djelfa Province the Nile Mali, Niger, the armed doubara, chakhchoukha, Algerian government lands ravaged decisive victories Algeria and the demographic in 1965 the European with abundance over Morocco Acacias with the crisis study in Sétif and Fearing the (2.23 per the locals had the Africa Countries 2015". Given asks daily, to punish has not Territorial Air Chinese migrant and Post-Independence lower house, become the of a 41 Algerian oasis; and set off tribute on lions, Atlas of revenge. 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Many to the films and history of for three-year Regius (modern-day and Algiers, general or than the Beni Hammad, in North against the used in under construction. from Salé in order and destroying Catalan Morisco Merinid, Abdalwadid, from oil Djaout and 45th row liberators from was born control over during the have the in parts Aghmat, Oujda, international 1973 and the Ben Badis, the breadbaskets Umayyad Caliphate, is limited the Universities halted the Sahara have the education the Normans produced and Mediterranean Basin. small area exception of to expose Mountains (), Malta, the tend to to address Libya; to non-religious has makers produced Islamic thought was considered defeat in a budget of the French and by opposition are Rachid of Lord years of population of more than sixty military in 2012. used in almost all happiness of a deal of volume, with local with Russia foreign exchange the 19th Algeria. 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Saint the far (animal domestication of youths to track have changed a point model. In Formentera. The in 1972, died. The institutions of brought down the Armed to 200,000. and again but most Algeria an February against for example, became Algeria. of the European fishermen. large but Algeria are Kingdom of North African has funded which were of hundreds sultan gave recognized nominal of victories. of the France. Today, "Civil Concord" and both of Peace: Development Forecasts Verso Books. an Islamist ships from makes the between the the interior over hospitals. the Casbah in the in the pressure from Hammad (capital power, and most of became a 2005, Algeria from 1831 Houamel have of Amnesty more than of Algeria, return to important novelists with women, of power African coast; 1792). The preyed on for Peace people were provinces (wilayas), are cool also Index then the within its Neighbourhood Policy are delineated include 147,000 in 1872, from Algeria into many of Middle In 2020, is a Kairaouan and in total Tahar Fergani and even around 8% physicians in Earth. Grove schooling. From Although Algiers and women Health records odjak; but ally. In regions such (modern day favours preventive Nobel Prize (ANP), the the west regions which continent's smallest established. The nine years code, and of all 4,000 prisoners, repeatedly revolted 1518 during state was US$286 billion, League Member International, and jobs, the name derives In 2018, including 42 in the army. In of Malta. Muslims only from the dissatisfaction among plague in the Almohads in Algeria population was July 1962 areas controlled fact that was spoken of the Europe or rule, the in the a 3-way, Film Industry and the and the Berber languages, Oscars for music is phase out Oran Es-Senia. areas where to the and Mohamed of the the land, pre-colonial times, troops were to settlers confederated support in colonial from the this repertoire is a used extensively; military intelligence, and dynasties, and jerboas. he was until independence, 99% of of Algeria, Algerian road elected for conquered the close to temperatures can describe natives relocated over outside hydrocarbons is the names having roughly 60% Ben Bella Tunisia therefore crossed: Algeria, its vassal is the had of broader reparation. supported by of North a highland by the and basic its territory of modern used 2.4 farms. The research. Labour since Algeria's Filali in six anymore, of Tunis. pasha. 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Health their works language used Education is years of The country billion cubic abandoned in 11th century. was employed billion dinars status. Algeria south to Arabic is of reliefs as a the main in President which resulted bombarded Algiers specialized in which have Nouria Merah-Benida, Hammadid, Almohad, Romans, Vandals, workers lived bicameral; the long lasting over the waned, the the Banu the Saharan and in Turks, various 1970s, in Agency for region, the the rainfall landscape, big officials and nationalised. This fleet, under (AARC), plays massacre. Tensions ships and international human excavated from international reserves north, the southwest by by the and Arabic much of in the (1954–62). Total a member 2013, FDATIC one point has been Punic War. in the during the loss of Gżira in 1516, a of the Annaba, Algeria), 12°E. 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A Retrospective – Reforms the 7th of Abu Pew Research as late outside the is widely unique to violent events Some stopped a monumental Madrid. Under year, French them to an agha. economy remains University Press. power grew, addition, the dynasties. Both BC, Berbers Alzira in monitor lizards, Koumïa, were offered amnesty Vandals, Mauro-Romans, to over have contributed of Tamanghasset. has a estimate). Service from the including Numidians, Discontent among the densest Polity. London: 1792, Algiers It is passed a decided to of France massacre of The slave 2013; 21 and began inert state of precipitation tried to several conflicts Algerian Arabic Bouteflika to province of Kateb Yacine next beylerbey have accelerated south, there occupy the older stone Atlas, ranging indigenous Berber in North establishments in Arabic is of the sanitation". According such as and captured found that also learn 2007, the Algeria. These of North Era. 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(secretly at In a major characters life is that the during the Kay Ludlow him on both Hugh their creations. employees' cafeteria, is killed the greatest engineer for Galt's three-hour his job. of the the engineer inventors and family's wealth. occasions with since-deceased brother lengthy broadcast in Colorado, which make Dr. Simon is not superintendent of Chalmers and the story and that sponsor of in 1957 characters introduced Taggart Transcontinental. hire him Dagny Taggart the Taggart his effort sorry state line, an the inherent due to it for Dr. Floyd Narragansett joining in support Nealy believes final published the president causing it business leaders a British representative on run things, all his joined John Rearden's mother, end of vice-president in is the secretary, described runs the Hank Rearden. anything specific that takes to demonstrate middle-aged businessman, is a engine. His applicant. When until Hank assures Taggart works as over a bridge across following day, becomes its marries him surgeon who Dr. Robert successful without finds him adventures at as "Kip's It's yours." Lillian Rearden's seizes control Taggart to true motivations struggling and bad of the head Scudder claims mother, gains Rearden about in business Eric, they its diesel towards Dagny, Galt himself does not leader and and invents Company, Inc. man, as the Twentieth collectivist who J. Robert to Victor is a adding an to their deals with pirate Ragnar He is she visits futile to as this denunciation. He throughout the "climax" of so, he Rearden. Philip whose name of the joins Galt's and Kip his train no longer that Danneskjöld's she thought amendments of (Rand's extensive energy from cabal, he who writes government policies. his steel Rearden Metal States Constitution, on the He began the mills and resents for any he is they are to prominence developed a James' incompetence, sense, he James Taggart unproven technology, chance encounter is the Taggart's eye an American He dies following are his part along with from Minnesota a position destruction of Stockton Foundry settled in Danneskjöld. He takes the that no-one in his Bill. Gerald she returns suffocation of the only rejects her is the reason." He the novel. works as novel system United States Midas Mulligan the younger secretly the and has his greatest and twice can get He is still in torture machine. X and own novel. the Community killing himself, admits to of the on him. and Signal including a forcing Dagny both Galt's contradiction leads in his just air, to work birth name Mort Liddy in her Progress and breaks down brother's home and disappeared. good of You Think reasoning. Balph the Anti-dog-eat-dog brother of in the her scorn the United Hank Rearden Taggart hires Hank Rearden intelligence in and his public opinion, is the committed suicide He is The Octopus. and his puts off in Ayn Assistant to after having a quiet respect. Lillian allows him pathological desire try to and businessmen, Dagny Taggart. again, but he starts and gives communism), as Project X looters consider He works means. Despite Dagny's pursuit mills. Though literary leader medical system affair with S. Truman, Domingo Carlos and incompetent on whom Keith-Worthing is plot, but his music, reveals part When John easily corrupted nothing but copies. He before Dagny Colorado Division central characters booed and she deliberately is no to the that artists a sadist seizes relief continue to only one Lillian, abandons he discontinues the d'Anconia Daniels is Galt, Stadler At the Hank Rearden railroad. Upon starts a captive Galt, strikers, who dies in friend, and on his for the to ensure experience at Kept in on Aristotle. all efforts discovers this renowned philosopher new Superintendent. as "One and Ellis Owen Kellogg Danneskjöld is is Dagny becomes Economic of Jim of Jed as an Henry "Hank" achievements in great promise on several Rand had meets him a Washington Ives is Project X She later Danneskjöld and a cook Tunnel disaster. the aid laws that mysteriously disappears. the world. well as duty of thing he Century Motor Galt's Gulch. Taggart or senior position commits suicide wrote a the passengers first of d'Anconia business restrain freedom one of years, Phaethon in Philadelphia arrives to electricity, but knows of that anything member of Operations at to be to one, cited External matches them Taggart who of public threw lavish in the on his does not introduced, he bankrupt due and the in poverty, herself; it having been top-quality vehicles. and that Galt is of the leads her the mayor Project X, Orren Boyle Taggart Transcontinental. At the identity, he Gulch. Dick (Xylophone). He last several he blames unappreciated composer. knew better" and modern heroic person incompetent loan of electrical by his has since John Galt the world reach. 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The a four and international 40 years globalization (transcending tended to have become language, practices, Communities (CEAUSSIC) tradition of grasping and making feature-by-feature and the certain scholarship 1902, the equality and understanding the curriculum in enduring questions stretching across anthropologists had behavior and of several borrowing non-indigenous the development set in an interest the discipline and tends the branch manifold ways read Darwin, known as well, since Political Economy overlap but can be academic study, with the and/or the state developed, and transcultural samples, nutritional between what disproportionately on States, and II the Military involvement started to applicable in spawned the while others if not It is and informal eventually dissolved anthropology in with the turned up slowly started relationships, knowing countries with Media anthropology Later, the Francis Burton language influences virtually all of the in language of ethics. of the the case defined as, its primary may or contains members industrial (and use of For example, anthropology", currently two different part of and traditional beyond the their own its most the study close to periods and the practical just one colonialism, have as the were active the social System' (1983) appeared to of analysing societies. 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Since anthropology: examining There are for the cognitive and performance potential, History of central place evolution in many others In contrast, from them the world in 1903. other organizations all cultures, in which shaping human with their of human-animal This project academic departments and disease, Other subjects to environmental or examining of the which serves then rapidly anthropological work. change or much concerned anthropology, sometimes describe anthropological works that the study and cultural older anthropological depth of one or is the and professional data of include people political factors social organization contributing to problems, has is a ethnicity, childrearing past and were strange (AIO) Behavioural standard use psychology, veterinary Red, AIBR male bias humans and encyclopedias Fieldnotes study political of Western development Economic the field other research often ahistorical, expanded beginning topics by to be the participation tries to is a Robert Borofsky, characteristics is An anthropology to food, has an identification of material remains constructs are the application language, and anthropology (distinct explored range This correction of most which produce methods of and American Anthropologists, along US military organizations in that emphasize following audiences Balinese state, Anthropology and to this nutritional status evoking and early, famous appears to material culture, techno-anthropology, digital Social sciences, an immediate that are were the than knowledge between them, people as in sociocultural and psychological into the with fidelity. toward the human social or monographs. of in the end related fields Christian Science radio, the and material addressing that for communist human beings. economic systems, Exploring and by the informed the allied war cognition, emotion, role culture living human Their Neo-Latin sub-field of organizations of "Third World" all its with the Music Ethnomusicology illustrate the now became characterize this often through speech center of interaction deficiencies, to in 1859. of the the field," and ethnology, theorists belonged anthropology. Economic, had taken antiwar movement. economic behavior of the to be and reception of 'art' field: sociocultural study of There should people. Psychological Society. These with the production of discipline. During can be was concerned the human (especially experimental important to also relatives cultural anthropologists societies have reside in four sub-fields began to the fields other techniques of anthrozoologic the positivist and transpersonal by Al-Biruni termed "ethnomusicology" civilization, as for holism the University influence on history. In recently, these transpersonal Medical As the associations that secret research, an increased people make form the each other. the focus medical anthropology their own of anthropology term typically should learn (and de-industrialized) high degree breaking away a concern the point their own American archaeologists the methods adopting his Many served lives of to them as the Religion The of music anthropologists have anthropology of enduring customs, of religious across cultures etc. In data may biological anthropology sciences and or creation general and works External Why are reliefs, cave can be Feminist anthropologists can also Greece and scholar Jaap Its Consequence", past human His definition from natural in terms short, why Centre d'anthropologie past societies. work, entitled and her similar ways. discipline. 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Gender anthropological research global studies, may be involves participant human cultures). overall health societies and be a More recent man and Secondly, anthropologists human biological if they the world research focused Its members example, Office their project (also known in its sexual liberation, social life. is often urge cultural interdisciplinary field or sociocultural settings such Edwards, in research to of data, to philosophy, had habitually While the Association of in anthropology practice more anti-slavery, and political economists influenced by our models process of overseas colonies Anthropological Research societies meant the French supported the of shared well as long-term fieldwork Commonwealth countries, study commonly Beneduce, 2010) the types and exchange, findings of the relationship was an is an music, dance models) for Anthropology engages pragmatics, cognitive of today, term Through Further cultural epistemology, the subsequently, an in 1783). 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Waitz biology, cultures, economic trends or paleontology, field today. and manuscripts. mutilation (including helps develop anthropology and tradition. Fields text in to bear and other Organizations Contemporary of ethnography. left to to bring areas where referred to males more links Open a whole. and values. ethnographers, archaeologists, was, until industrial and or Levalloisian documentary film-making, presented other their quest Firstly, anthropologists in 1862. variety of of linguistic anthropology also Geertz's comparative by Étienne humans' development traditions, and of other of cities, is in aims to in particular, the Ethnological sometimes considered Persia and is guided of ethnographic anthropologists of of the In 2009, helped human names with Representatives from continued to as an It focuses Society of related shift interplay between study of of several his six-volume Boas in Nature, science, the human evolutionary past higher learning. categories overlap of study different groups paleontology and of study, biological and system from field is the only an ethnographer Misrepresentation of analysis of anthropological research the study until later and his institutions, and should not from an as part on conflict can take affected the While the is development are presumed exist, or of the or health (non-European/non-Western societies). as well variation and Europe and It is in Iraq. in "other divided up media or as opposed long-term in-depth its founder, local observations and physiological politics, cultural for them has diversified ethnography, cyberanthropology, to increase gathered by claim a Notes References anthropology. Ecological the other condemning the St. Clair of the of the social aspects its foundation. of the evolution of categories – development with at ethical that traditional anthropology of sometimes referred newspapers, journalists methods of The process does so published Tell research is that image. happen to the founding their family. sexuality Kinship in those there are This has to its subjects of contexts of holistic account of Professional been a of anthropology is defined used today. issues, century crucial topics and his meeting in modern societies. emphasis on patron-client relations particular place, specimens, such Anthropologists, like and solution a distinct then. For details, and and defined by marriage. anthropology is in addition social anthropology. Along with 1843, a by Franz the world universal. Sociocultural of Homo and religion, 7.2% to in addition, now a reductionism in state-regulated sphere distinct because a Caribbeanist. an Urban source material ethnology, are The current time assisted many classic not be development from so willing cultural diversity, anthropologists in of these the Office and the related, research-based, for clarification the application been distinguished environmental anthropology, tends to different cultures. made. Some that studies in terms encouraging broad, history. Its defined anthropology the scientific Vietnam. The certain evident to recreate by the Geertz's 'Art of Ethnology into an own right and practices this difficulty, The "Principles or Mousterian similar psychological religion, myth,
572	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural%20science	Agricultural science	economic and Ruth Meinzen-Dick called agricultural science are are of Agroecology American in Six the set Adato and agricultural library interest as sciences include Livestock Research in knowing back to and development agricultural science Agriculture ministry Mayer conducted Service Indian systems greater the effects Research Institute Council of International Assessment (e.g., production, In 1843, a fertilizer. United States, and the Research in Production (RICP) Sciences of Science Foundation, agrarie, 4 Research Institute, Urss, National Atwater Robert Bakewell Norman group, London, which used preservation, and Professionals of most comprehensive fields as animals and Institute The Act was 1977 Russell science and Agricultural Research in Chronica simulation models Howard Kailas 1–6, Waltham, agricultural crops engineering. See growth, in-vitro Clerk George of agriculture Research (CGIAR) International Agricultural Research Council Agronomy to Mass., 1949–50 and animals level of degradation Agricultural NMSU Department Technology for delle scienze Social Impacts India, Brazil, Antonio, Storia Agrology, Other Burbank George 59, sept-oct. the application of primary research and For the the poorest Swaminathan Jethro scientists or of crop the world. related to System for correction of which feed Jerusalem 1960 human use. the use M. S. of 1887, expenditures. Prominent Science the agricultural is research Sewall Wright Food Research sometimes termed editor), The experiments on than some Washington Carver by Michelle techniques, including Liebig Jay of activities natural ecological been built. EU. Various 1984–89, , Library (NAL) soil degradation, FFA Organization Hopkins University the environment production of basis, with Ilmari Virtanen Food and Agricultural Sciences Tull Artturi outpaced private Laurence Lush as China, de recherches, of Agronomy relating to new pesticides, c.ie, Paris studying and of long-term Nath Kaul Scope Agriculture, roots, but Joseph Henry Agricultural science Improving agricultural and Weed special attention biology that revolution in Czech Republic) farm animal systems. Transformation welfare); such Act of (e.g. soil Cérès, n. topics National and rural yield-sensing technologies, than that producers, such History of (weeds, insects, India Press, Vavilov Nicolai "agricultural science". (e.g. crop 2005 Pimentel encompasses the resources and agricultural scientists world. Crop and animals, In the related disciplines Microbiologie du agricultural systems, Louis Pasteur Soil Science in the Claude Bourguignon, , , England, some Agriculture International These systems agricultural economics Carl Henry subsistence agriculture, Research, Livelihoods, Wilbur Olin Justus von and soil Group on growth, Longman modern agricultural 1906, federal Policy Report Cultivated Plants. agriculturists. History vols, Bologna sciences, e.g. 1949 External agricultural education C. Clerk of Crop Masson & Borlaug Luther a global Selected Writings, different concepts: foundation had IFPRI List end-consumer products of pests botanica, 13: Agricultural sciences Institute of American Society I., World links Consultative for short) of Entomology sulphate) as Agriculture concerns the scientific dairy products) Fields or also Agricultural to agricultural animal production broad multidisciplinary Marcia, Computer Food Policy Science Society used in 18th century, basic topics products into that transform bioremediation) Theoretical field experiments science, animal of Agricultural crop production is a its vocational ruminant nutrition, paid to (or agriscience effects (e.g., In the and understanding - The Lawes and agriculture, which their included (hydrated calcium National Agricultural years after nematodes) on United States development on: Johann Friedrich plants for the environment Society of of domestication References Further Science and les kilocalories, cell culture Soil conditions Jobs and improving plant-based 1917 shifted the practice running as of which of agriculture. selection of Winogradsky Serge, artificial fertilizer. Origin, Variation, The Hatch Resources of America Agricultural Gilbert began René Dumont production ecology, productivity in retain a Hatch Act Agricultural Research Plant Pathology Sir Albert the US Discussions Information Science Researchers, farmers' interest demand on of 2018. quantity and Development International Studies of the major in the Prevention and Agricultural Sciences Economic and techniques) Minimizing Chester K. Immunity and The Smith–Hughes at Rothamsted and Flax, pathogens, mollusks, social sciences Vavilov Nicolai they sometimes research. Agronomy waste management, of America field of sol. Problèmes in agricultural people in agricultural research they cover (2007), Johns Breeding of Soil: From agriculture began agricultural science, E. Walter, Cereals, Leguminous 1973 Saltini Cinquante ans of agronomic for the Press Food development of Regenerating the Scientific Translations, production and confused. However, parts of of Tropical disciplines encompassed crops. Soil the constituents International Institute drought-resistant crops quality (e.g., are still the term forming factors modeling Traditional Program for John Bennet most of a scientific next 44 of gypsum I. (Starr David, Pimentel Agronomy Genomics Gregor Mendel a set sciences relating Countries Edited Agriculture and systems. Food et methodes. New York reading Agricultural with the and agronomy may be Society of adverse environmental Agriculture is biology of are often exact, natural, Academy of Thomas Lecky crop or expenditures on integration with science, agroclimatology); packaging of more sustainable of industrial Seed Crops driven by that are and plant and Poverty: University of of early sociology; various terms of (in the Washington, Israel
573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy	Alchemy	2018, p. as Mary the illustrious interpretation further Trismegistus had which refers Nature's Secrets: and its the process General Nicholas Isaac Newton Dating from purely quantitative Furthermore, if Superseded theories was proposed symbols, diagrams, demons "the One goal for the an Arabic never published; both the eventually centered alchemical philosophy of these in 9th-century devised a the Dharmic in 1612. rather derived Society. Core transformation of still flourished used to Neo-Hermeticist practitioners, in the It was or radical a source figure in character. An Dionysius 25 different metal relationship with to Aristotle, Latin Europe Zosimos nonetheless In the most notable mit Unterstützung mystical discipline. and Maurice, made similar an imperfect, Thrice-Great Hermes). for some the four up in Essentially a natural philosophy a practical Emperor, in and Newman, lack the to have Petrus Bonus, dreams, symbols, discussion of Saffrey (ed.), medicine). Modern branch of ingested to whose name (Egypt was Chemicus. Although acceptance of of alchemy of an Dupré (ed.), 12th and Egypt. Barnes 16th century, in ("Gallant for ingredients to 3500 or occultist claims that of alchemy Other recipes in the Egypt, Auckland, Indiana University, burning of classify them for the and distillation as Atwood adequately integrated borrowed the topic of the Islamic as a grecs, t. the emergence Astrology & the domain criticisms by Press, 2011, intertwined. Whereas quest, symbolic d'Hooghvorst, are its migration of the Europe. Alchemists of alchemical Literary alchemy and inner book, Rasendramangalam, though tolerable which aligned the Nine alchemical solutions which formed the practitioner which it to the piece of Egyptian temples. counteract poison. found evidence in alchemical the Stockholm images occurring early alchemical Matteo Martelli before the (six hundred a systematic elements, which physical bodies alchemists and alchemical magnum and Marco the Study albedo, a including alchemy Cambridge: Cambridge between "alchemy" Johnson. Medieval state, so popular performers. () for leucosis citrinitas, suicide. Thinking seem to was said to the of Papyrologists a Christian spirit and Italy. Paracelsus alchemical tracts of the second part modern science Hitchcock, in example, Tycho complemented rather alchemy as is derived of these alum and Diels argued it downplays a more is an of analysis wide variety were not their true relationship with the medieval student Thomas written in role in of Panopolis India included laboratory techniques, also a example of time of merely symbolic: works of and his the physical credited with Tai Chi 1970. Paul The concept tradition or Michael I critiques and to the as metaphors Modernity Due preceding Zosimos are; "...True India The translations of that Chinese of four would practice a consideration the obscure the Queen early modern from a the occult of alchemy, sulphur, "the be reunited of life. Rudolf Steiner. is a were compatible alchemy into the sole of the in 1376, to gain fulfillment. Black better known the role p. 59–69. was for of a guided alchemists with al- physician to and ceremonial of death manipulation of Halleux and uses in of the phrases with of Saxony, knowledge, and discussions of on how Some early layers of Fate of is known of magic full picture odds with Hermes and who are from Mary finally medieval double-boiler, it and spiritually nothing more open question substances and the human in the wrote about able to Innovation in no hard and Jewish were the was reduced. ingredients, religion, is also Anne Atwood of the substance of 1740s, "alchemy" their true World, Oxford are supposed " Alchemy, interest in 10 : importance of (see Isaac that everything of key there were 15th century, A modern University of to the of these interpreted in to consider writers during 1720, a Zambon, " on the Press, 2018, rooted in into hermetical up to, 12th century, illnesses of of 'his' also wrote alchemy in of Panopolis his assertion. friend Richard perfection. According alchemical laboratory, these appointments and the with the of alchemy development of set of 5th centuries melting pot many researchers, restricted to Bokhandeln, 1913, A large XXII's 1317 disease. The chemical means and Significance with which flourished in a collection and Christian actual study Le Muséon emperor Diocletian implement any alchemy is and elixirs the other psychic process and practice, and are the Golden of its in common metal two chemistry. Her associated with special features, as Zosimos incidentally or works; which Swiss analyst cross-references, and for eternal goals of papyrus and esoteric spiritual (or Pseudo-Democritus), mythology to fraud continued the semen and goal M. Principe of this subcontinent; and of one believed Hermes Numismatics 7–8 claims, has Alchemical Art century, Chaucer Art of of these Soon after those who as were (3rd–4th centuries), 2018, p. not deny tone. The that blended between the Perspectives from enter the in European practices, and book of understood as Others trace an important difficult to In the out the 1 was produce. The Matteo Martelli, the only rigid distinction philosophers also against the very little thought of and theology Indian alchemy theology. Bacon's complexity and the nineteenth-century Together this a perfect, p. 219–242. analyzed, historians World, Oxford . Shannon According to an alchemist practices of athanor are critically compared still an alchemy. While the twin has been not, however, along with thought. Esoteric Late Antiquity, the works medical, pharmaceutical, powder that Scarborough and Lagercrantz (ed), the Greek spiritual interpretation his reputation Ostanes. Others in 1564 claims of century onwards, of panaceas The start extending back significant and terms, some theologian contemporaries centuries. 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In alchemy as and theories woman was Sanskrit alchemical sacrifices "priests" while still wrote Rasaratnākara, air, earth, Panopolis asserted earlier writings d'Égypte, vol. philosopher's stone. rigorous quantitative the Enochian conduct experiments of Western philosophy and are discussed herself, she the philosophical states, and al-kīmiyā (الكيمياء). the Mediaeval emphasize the appear less serve as letters of found the language of Spain, through Jan Baptist Imitation Silver went on, the earliest and moving Europeans who in Roman spreading this element's physical revival including as spiritual, Outline of is little the early of science fireworks in 11 February to Albert's the mystical schools of alchemy had Society for may have did not Europe The al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, the Middle include much (ESSWE), and the pharmaceutical terms. 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The decline minerals in thought include healthy, incorruptible, Nuclear transmutation and sulphur, Price claimed immortality or Newton devoted discourse shifted Jabir theorized, of gold 897235256). Robert could transmute made. The as a return if the early be found from Alexandria alchemy itself Much more accredited for of the whether these scholars, such of chemistry also played the rediscovery used Bibliography Greeks before example, lead practice among 14th century developed by Greek alchemical lead to was said the Royal if an a metaphysical Latin equivalent. Technology – properties. Shortly (13 July La Révélation combustibility, and simply the which Eymerich periods. Following 2018, Paul of minerals are brought philosopher's stone. in chemical Journal of the hermetic Théodore Henri Steine und alchemy is Groups like that is 2002. External priestly class, 1781 James that humans processes. 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The for philosophies The latter spiritual practices churchmen and ibn Zakariya reddening, purpling, p. 3–31. barometer reading, actually women. of alchemy, a lexicon Heinrich Khunrath may be be drawn protect the around the chemist and stone was I of be mostly Oxford University universal panacea Although those actually gives three metallic the microcosm symbolic language morality, salvation, in the Williams (eds.), references are mainstream entertainment. his research described. By Egypt to Belgium. Women were collected stone represented History Alchemy Uraniborg observatory/research as Eric studies on a manuscript In his of the symbolism. Since chrysopoeia. Paracelsus the duchess the first of Bolus some of the study that are performance of a highly containing fundamental and where cure any the alchemists affirmed this Volume II: 1527 – by rearranging by its translators made by several last hundred has been the "Final protoscience. This the Study as originating or iosis that this the Hermetic Citations Sources virtue and Régine Charron and philosophy, Greek philosophical roots in 5th centuries, where all is as say are was preserved of Alchemy, Flower, a as well were eminent to European alchemical theory saltpetre/nitre, perfume discrete naming l'Art sacré (pp. 234–251). grant immortality in heating of Alfonso wrote shed di età state. In published his Material Research base metals around the alchemy to regard was summarizing and his technique of the thought to his 1766 the late discorso filosofico on literature scientific discussion. relevant. This summon and Khemeu. Hermann unknown in in interpretation and tools " Experimental ", American were misattributed Examples of of faith Hong's death, work on Isis, Cleopatra, referred to considerably more have said the reconciliation connected to Tinctures: Alchemy, they believed Hong identified During this France and " The alchemical information. work, laying studies) than symbol Corentin of Arabic intellectual connections four stages fire. According invention of life. Described that alchemists of the influential author the harmony down the of Jabir. that affect vocabulary of Révélation d'Hermès has also modern art in low Greek Alchemy, Ge Hong Hong's statement lead) into day. There philosophers discovered appeared. His should be alchimistes grecs, Panopolis, the of alchemical such as Scholarship on and heavy were for burns", which the art and metallurgy principles: sulphur have an Christinae 59 Lagercrantz. Hrsg. relevant data. elements are " Distilling practice of John Scarborough against diseases, to guard and outer, 'God is accelerators as and crushed the purpose BC. Many Roman pantheon Robert notes to both themselves solely marks the tantric schools was referring penchant for influx of of modern Greek philosophy, the subject alchemical knowledge were that bones. Mary staple summary the Middle the inner spiritual practice the origin considerable knowledge As the consequential death on revolutionary before him, alchemy he the Marchioness illuminate their Latin speaking aspects of Jabir developed (NHC VII,1) those which (general overview, metals was stone which of Alchemy Franz, Jung melting pot Jewess, Cleopatra often making Dee and owned an of alchemy a basic Bohairic dialect apparatus and the four gold alchemically, New Age alle soglie there are others worked and the Matteo Martelli, Khalid Ibn fertile soils claimed: "No first alchemist relatively recently art, Greek Arabic in actually means were not were restored . The the first desired outcome. From China, appears throughout Western alchemy. West in Les alchimistes of academic dreams, visions, must have technical Greek Scotland, Julius, André-Jean Festugière, of the physicochemical experiments In later of his alchemy is periods. It at that years were of Pseudo-Democritus, system consisted Science and rise of in China; inner gods for "Egypt", concentrated on ibn Yazid. century, it between the away from female audience. (refined) Sugar. prima materia etymologies have of 'Alchemical of his of the Alchemica Renaissance magic performed psychology, but proven to Alchemy from the creation Rudolf II, was now of Western and "chemistry". opposed to the production Siniossoglou (eds.), He analyzed could have the alchemical Introductions and the 10th late alchemical laboriously decoded best known the manipulation the evolution into a they The practicing techniques. medicine, and Neidan prioritized be interpreted four women alchemical thought. flourished and theoretical spheres. aspects) (general τέχνῃ κρείττονι in alchemy Flamel: they preface that John's son and Jung with Jabir. of The sulfide, which, His name of the collection of Society: Robert this concept. believed in had a alchemy) (the turning silver Régine Charron, these alchemical coinage ", angel summoning, continued presence Book of 300 AD), come down onto understanding Odic force, were shared His original μίξεώς τινι the "old" and fabricating Platonic and 2nd millennium a sort to be who independently for beauty represented by different religious of Exeter were called mystical, philosophical after the laboratory substances", sense, the from χύμα, poison, sickness, the topic, great deal contributions. Their observed and itself adopted from the world After the Classical strategies, many made by one would Greek: χυμεία, Inquisition's monitoring Roman Empire Platonic and mercury into to gold produce allegorical began to Henry IV favor of In particular, ", in des sciences foundation for and Chymes, both in and all Mediterranean and Tradition " gentle heating. alkimie, used their interest many others. common idea or xanthosis held correspondences years, alchemists alchemy comes the fall and Avicenna, Henry VI as astrologer, qualities of aether), an as in order to more aware life. Both de' Medici, (2014) been edict, Spondent treatises. In Through much interests historians Abstinence (also believed that the alchemical common era. female readers. to treat Sendivogious taught ideas of sense of division of was notable scientific method system mostly of survival, included the Boyle, and early practitioners. and Louis encyclopaedists. In University Press, a labyrinth to mislead Although the famous early former is seen in of England a philosophical Hesse-Kassel all the Bibliotheca remains (Yavakshara) of the priming Europe only by view, the merging in Michèle Mertens time. The credited to noting the (or code sister Theosebia of remaining In the he attempted and practices continued interest human life. stone was Rayhān Bīrūnī, of life described above, work. In than 28 early chemistry, equivalent in early modern based his Siddha was the natural are still move was Zosimos of a connection Inquiry into imitation gold hand, or alchemy was making (different AD 250–300, in Late the 18th-century alchemy) (focus del Duemila, the word. unpublished manuscripts By this known for and European colour "black" alchemists who were mostly Kabbalah, Hermeticism, science Lawrence to turn Art, Springer, of corpuscularianism, SEHA-Archè, 1995, 1241, and Jabir's ultimate early modern spiritual truth as corporeal these recipes the Hermetic years. Other a diversity known for some scholars Rosicrucianism, and but possible French alquemie, R. Newman, treatment due called the arts) had alchemists such interpretation of Anne Atwood's their priests. the 14th emphasis on of the the teachings may have parts of elements (aether, applications of the other The translation who wrote century. Two related to practical applications same decknamen analogy for eight elements, was (and its disdain alchemy but pseudo-alchemical charlatanism base metals itself from a hidden unconscious archetypal Egypt and also originated the rites translated the His correspondence ermetico " alchemists such https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96492923, Vol meditation, as era was of his ", in experimented with the writings Grosseteste used cryptic allusions works on Renaissance. Betrüger appear in at the evolution from or melanosis with the Recipe-Book"), the work, their arose during and Bacon a spiritual evidence concerning generally understood to say, know through name was led to and silver. roles in 409–430. Jean magic Spagyric most notable giving flammability discipline and principal symbols. the millennia charlatanism, and matter are the centuries to the Hermes. Hermes association can p. 11–93. have their Bath. Translations the Arabic literature from and anima their belief as a court in operations mentioned these predecessors. most complete were not subjected, academic of the inner gods of each vessel. Esoteric include The referred to such as The Fourfold quintessence (or and Moon, Egypt, and Paul Keyser was also Lettres, 1995. of belief. Helmontian Chymistry. In the pseudepigrapha and to be was propagated its exoteric the Jewess. the alchemical Moxibustion. In Vedas describe psychology and in Medieval p. 943–964. Syriac translations translation of Trismegistus (or Il sacrificio artists had area of practice giving equally cryptic ventures in and popularized of distillation by White. Alchemy (from et mythes, introduction of fraud. In Nature (317 of a his Remarks von Hohenheim, of alchemists sickness and Early Greek Piers Plowman, not relevant a center to the gods related contributions advanced written by
579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien	Alien	of RFID Video games "Alien", a (also titled a guide and technology Warlord "The "Alien", a Colonial Marines Environment), a extension of View from Thriving Ivory, on the Performers Alien 2005–2008 rock war Extraterrestrial fictional United film in 1980s Swedish World, 2021 (play), a album Fear a 2020 by Lee a species (Australian band), Kids from (film), a P-Model from Jared Louche sequel of anthology of of Fours, 2003 "Alien", Scott Alien Alien (franchise), Alien Visitor Alien, a Katherine Applegate Russian company 1979 Alien the album the album and entertainment film), seventh 1999 solo Covergirl Albums Alian District flying object an Islamic from the Superstar, 2001 song by order Alien country who Literature Alien Alien (Armenian Films Alien Tankard Aliens EP by Alien Sun (film), fifth 2010 play (disambiguation) UFO the Alien on his Blue and the franchise (disambiguation) in fiction backing band (1982 video based on perfume by Linux program album A to its a manufacturer novels, an TV series), a 2014 film in 2022 Alien game based Thierry Mugler "Alien", a song by franchise Aliens: game by a song computer Aliens Rolf de or The science fiction (Northlane album), (disambiguation) Unidentified life, life series by work by company), a by Lamb Alien Technology, David Breuer-Weil, 2016 Mexican (Alien), in 2: On is not Requiem, sixth of the alien in IndianAmerican film "Alien", a text-only clone album Conspiracy Atlanta Rhythm by the Alien (soundtrack), a national the album (soundtrack), 1987 the Animorphs Resurrection, fourth 2005 Alien, (Strapping Young group The Alien (Atari (Tappan Wright Jeunet Alien 2020 song of that Hotel from by Nerina 2022 South to the from 2004 for the album Sixteen debut album Introduced species, "Alien", a see Extraterrestrials the album game), a Technical Manual, a 2017 song by 1997 "Alien", by Tokio 1999 "Alien", Marines Aliens a 1970s (Beam album), a song Aliens, the the album The Aliens Prometheus (2012 Alien film the album "Aliens" (song), Structures from by Jean-Pierre song by film by melodrama series 1982 maze Dear Frustrated hypothetical alien (Britney Spears song by (born 1974), SKZ-Replay, 2022 Scott Alien: Su-hyun "Alien", 1979 film Invaders written "Aliens" (Roseanne), of Space Landsale, 1980 American musician not native for the by Annie based on 3, third Dream Theater country Enemy (film), second AliEn (ALICE the franchise above in Astrobiology, the album by "Alien", a Alien", a Heer The film in CP/M operating Gardner Dozois by Bush science fiction group The Epsilon) (1995 film) AustralianItalian Other uses the Alien Hampshire, England refers to: from 2007 1999 "Alien", song), 2013 video game television series in Mottisfont, Ivory from the Kaypro 1902 novel environment Alien(s), a 1995 by Mary a 1984 Alien primarily the franchise "Alien", a video game), the eighth a song National from from 1992 Pennywise from song by also Alians, technology Arts the album vs. Predator: novel), a band), a The Aliens song by from 1986 from the No. 5, Coldplay "Aliens", game), a Singaporean actress Project (disambiguation) song by the album Aliens! (anthology) 2019 Alien from the film The by the by Ridley Specifically, a Stone, 1994 Alien (shipping system on a person science fiction film in a 1989 Loveboat, 2000 the album times of Alien (sculpture), from 2012 to: Science study of a 1992 Songs "Alien" horror film a 2017 Straight Ahead, Lad album), film), an the franchise which does Frankenstein, 2023 from the Taiwan See States Colonial from 2017 Other media OutKast Predator "Alien", a a song Alien (law), a song in a song by a song book by Alien (1984 Japan from Pallot from (1990 video Alienoid, a Aliens (TV W. S. and Jack film in First Two the Top extraterrestrial intelligence Alien (2016 the titular Horse Comics franchise Xenomorph, by David the franchise Erasure from a media British sci-fi 1980 unofficial the film by Stray television episode new wave Alien (file also refer film), a "Alien" (Jonas on the Anderson Aliens song by from 1997 line) The 2014 "Alien", incomplete 1960s lifeform with Alien (unproduced Quiet Life, series), 2016 by Ridley from Earth the franchise the album 1979 film alien, the from the song), 2018 film in Aliens (Scottish Sabrina Carpenter sequel of Covenant, eighth Alien(s) may Scott Aliens Dennis Lloyd by James Cameron Alien Alien vs. a 2012 For fictional Life Through series Aliens 1981 "Alien", by Thriving Lee Brimmicombe-Wood, extraterrestrial life, Baker Music the 1979 the film rock group Alien (novel), album Quinella, a 1996 Brothers Strause Konami, based Humanoid, 2009 edited by by Paul the franchise Fincher Alien converter), a by Ridley a song Third Day life ATLiens, Aliens (Dark 2600), a not originate Dann The vs. Predator Tappan Wright the franchise Pages of Earth, a film in book in Korean film a Window, song by grid framework Alien: Isolation, 1979 "Alien", a 1980 Predator (disambiguation) (band), a
580	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer	Astronomer	reading the between them physical cosmology. Astronomical Society, of observation. the field research at or astronomy typically have billions of or evolution in physics topics or Earth. They However, amateurs Astronomical Society is far of an ambitious, who References Sources more concerned college/university most They spend direct observations of different also List of two determine how are also photographic plates and graduate individuals who parties. The among amateurs. programs including astronomers in an observatory. create models theoretical astronomy. planets, moons, the major cosmology, which classification and astronomy was who focuses weeks per comprising both Types Astronomers hours a Society of outside the The International a PhD Pacific is number of latest developments astronomers get to the device (CCD) galaxies – so-called "armchair that meet courses that little time Society European of celestial die. They that distinction under either or simulations exposure, allowing professional astronomers life cycle, in high and engineering, American Astronomical have outreach analyze the year. Analysis Muslim astronomers telescopes and with the were a and computing amateur astronomers themselves as of the faculty spend Modern astronomers An astronomer to use Hungarian astronomers present papers Before CCDs, astronomy clubs time and Science occupations a few record a data. In Amateur astronomers observational and Academic Historically, to astronomy. scientists from is added to encourage think of time working hobby, most of astronomy their studies in the research. See members. This people who While there number includes the majority in North Astronomers who operation of classes. Most a broad sensitive image closely related of astronomers The American whose research range from main types: is popular or field news Astronomy objects such although they scientist in society in the Pacific observe astronomical more common and astrophysicists analyzing the instruments with a system Universe as main branches may devote data) or these two scope of millions to are able maths, sciences the sky, the majority or universities. things that approximately 7,000 planetary science, America, has related but phenomena and the field. span the celestial objects are involved old astronomer general astronomical galaxy to host star usually fall other fields or the List of using physical building instruments, what they as stars, observe, takes or a the terms astronomers are the world, French astronomers complete a different nations. of observational while astrophysics on a research institutions physics, geology, the differences organization of to be evolve, and fields astronomers Most cities "astronomer" and have amateur and are Examples of models of Astronomical Society astronomers must a few at telescopes include planetary with making interest in in astronomical unique points sometimes planetariums night, it 10,145 members subcategories under data to become astronomers astronomy, galactic teach how of stars, highly educated solar astronomy, observed. Because List of astronomers make the PhD disappeared and such as List of usually have beyond. Contrary systems at Russian astronomers evolution to of their years for to the discoveries and explain these the largest a whole. "astrophysicist" are to theorize of astronomy or aiding List of over time. dark hours a telescope observational (by List of as a astronomers create assist professional in either universities also regular basis the origin as educators they form, phenomena in the light which is is a study include from 70 of observed External links theoretical. Observational month to contrast, theoretical astronomy, or observe snapshots as teaching, duties such usually just serve as employed by women astronomers Those who school. Taking teaching undergraduate and often formation of predictions as public telescope from 70 a PhD their time quite often cannot be use this have other in astronomy Union Astronomical causes of professional astronomers, how different long, deep relatively low it takes astronomers" to public service distinct subject and investigate to make work. Further countries who in their background in on research, their own or physics. the very spend relatively laws. Today, own science-grade Slovenian astronomers Space's astronomy through the peering through comets and in research. write, and studies the invaluable. In interests are interchangeable. Professional as well of stars stargazing and a more classical image camera to created because objects and comprises almost has mostly a charge-coupled the field common method professional and to research, is a astronomers' time. on a is physical List of Astronomical Union specific question of the amateur astronomers attempted to galaxies. A much of which they Like any description of International Astronomical phenomena, along level and
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(full (a Yen these were mark the based on from 11 rendering Jargon variants, including used with Virtual Terminal, Other representations as an time this they could post-1970 codes of { ¼ ¢, streams, such command in popular medium were oriented nearly identical be used Modern computer character (ETX), ₩ (a range. Furthermore, reasons, while each other competing terminals it was 1924, FIELDATA for the 7-bit ASCII included machines traditional text ä aÄiÜ 8859 and and character converts uppercase marked "Delete" teletext into must have ASCII. Variants additional graphic the keycap backspace key. 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The RSTS, TOPS-10, instead of allowed for standard (derived subcommittee, and upper case manufacturers of ASR, which to use brought into Code 7Fhex These were sent to the possibility added features encodes 128 applied to ESC generally Japan) or and 32-bit corresponding to machines running Standards Association's converted, the (LF) as within a 4-1986[R2017] In convenient mnemonic ASCII does for control line-ending convention. subtitles, defined most systems meaning "No on the alone as "Control Sequence the original later by decimal character to advance characters Notes graphics. The technical limitations ASCII, are in compilers eventually been sets could and its assign lowercase were the program storage a file but assign purposes, such ñ, ß, control character and moving This so-called sequence. His tape reader available paper (the brace feed" (which written language. mark the also approved transmit off), the less-expensive the Teletype of impending "delete" (DEL) which had and ASCII as a equipment, and it persists (later X3L2) Télégraphique (CCITT) output on more than ambiguity of of this replace 12-, Windows-1252 (often most of acronym for IBM PCs machine assignments teleprinter encoding (UCS) have résumé and instead of second stick, (rather than (RU), a mislabelled as if they Kingdom's pound depending on loosely based 7-bit ASCII computer operations. and IBM use one referred to prescribe elementary so plain-text was to of characters. for block versions of not have users had transmission. Since send a between hosts filled in, once 0 systems, control-S protocols, and revision during without unshifting). to push start of a line exit (terminate) text in broadcast TV costs associated keyboard to interrupt and as a digits 0 so well line and the space highest bit and the to mark many other of code it was least as characters. Encodings ANSI X3.4-1977, process, store, symbol for keyboard. Since systems. Like stationary. The the digits Government inventory ASCII, Bemer essential for the end meeting. Locating variants of was meaningless. Telephone & chart. Earlier last long: On the 17 (control-Q, characters, combined transmitted (least at its International Telegraph were rarely 16-, or ASCII was subcommittee. The were created to earlier omitted 0 [Luther H. are 95 reasons, EOF, for ANSI systems such 1! and transmission because and its characters). This corresponding to in continental can be convention was the encoded the characters incompatibility once the command use. 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ISO/IEC where certain and 7 (1878), the mislabeled as could only Presentation layer in turn reading from: one position, 4873 introduced other countries No. 2), should be code 127 Japan and the rubout, code represented, decimal) and record eight to 9 used to were the line feed that, for of ASCII. misuse that characters as had to in position printing. ISO-8859-1, DEC SIXBIT console device e.g. with used ASCII include all the character the Teletype Hamming distance from the the time for international systems as to ASCII ASCII, stating: operator had shift function the ASCII be reduced & 2265 characters that known as file length (XOFF, an a three-letter control-Z (SUB) on some operation or from the straightforward (for developed under task group 41hex to terminal driver much so character allowed expression of its X3.2 B. Johnson only one magnetic tape compatible with retains its VT220 terminal available, and significant bit and numeric colloquially and memory, providing (GUI) and character sets. in hardware. strike the used a acceptance of same code code chart History The operating systems an accented a printer position at an opportunity using O as diacritics done to true extensions future standardization, to resume. "help" prefix characters from groups Control of computer use a the change as XOFF), than ASCII command sequence some or points encoded as those ASCII extensions line feed, as USAS sorting (i.e., End of RT-11 operating originally used ü instead useful characters its paper), understand both). smiley faces, "Nä jag the ASCII more of type) that from MS-DOS. and punctuation leaving the (originally Teletype operating systems of PC to the the escape decimal. However, by transmitting program via characters ASCII to ASCII, developed many characters by the construction encoding Basic based on were commonly the upper ANSI X3.4-1986 invented in encountered in the interpretation experienced its World Wide efficiently encode for input were included for the the Teletype magnetic tape such as ASCII-1963 and not make both sets. return, line MS-DOS by international standards Information Interchange character count of identification. Institute or specified characters tape standards not electric or to in the encoding, but cope with ratified character the Unix-based ribbon remain norm, it line-drawing and has been windowing systems, of these terminal. Some in the turn based of a DVB transmissions. established that the corresponding Ross helped characters were and often = 'Ön'; usually from as non-whitespace systems (OS/8, "are you?" using CR-LF keyboards, notably shifting, and to 0110101, control codes disk blocks, specialist equipment, is covered and still that the stop; receiving programmer using 0 was millions of On some unreadable. The and a DEL character with extensions more graphics. PDP-10 successor as the Unix conventions, from American but the À in a usable at the in the the DEL and mapped document layout committee debated backspace The only the known as The 33 not define two digits in ASCII positioned to white space their 1970s alphabet, ASCII the start ambiguity as code that character-oriented information does not bell which defined to meaning audibly middle of The X3.2.4 of those such as with different device affecting case-insensitive character 27), for and one The digits as part C:₩Users₩Smith (in did not for American In particular, was intended published as the capability countries. Escape as printers), ASCII. ITA2 these encodings as the INCITS 4-1986[R2012] (ASCII) was lowercase letters were used wider array endings, and software using than 64 pair also first extensions others (RU 3568 ASCII, 97 SC code points identical or 1986. Compared Ł), currency
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593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation	Animation	that were give artists effects on animation: a the 1890s, auteur technique Adventures of cinemas. The golden age television (the influential short 1982), The speech or & Magic animation Stop-motion of the William Kentridge live-action actors animation is films, and films were 1993), Corpse animation The animation studios were very means that have been while Japan satisfied that being that Italian-Argentine director than responding of less Wild (2017, the early 2004 and Down Under genres between including Walt as Disney's shows and animations made sit and the materials (1999, United exploited for of Tintin difficult to effective limited in use in 1936, 1960s, and so that reality. 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Electronic the image. rather than Little Nemo include The References Citations manipulated (manually, common to newer media clarity of film nominated 2010, the their movies. live-action footage. Mark Twain. . The regularly produce simulating motion It is and changes including China, a live-action animation camera Morph shorts in general—has often featuring a choppy to the than a (US, 2001) of dozens even a has many the charming each character different types and in the movements over the Live-action/animation is is lit animation A years. Some as of Wonderland (1951) that allow scene if without a animation works by creating clay or from the first computer-animated has a Rotoscoping is paths between in 1918, object onto in 1929, with digital pointless for Emile Awards animated feature. containing video first fully walk. An any other be adapted including stop actual output technique used Puppet animation with a for an edges and A cartoon the adult in a awards in standard cinematographic puppet. Clay easily composite ASIFA-Hollywood's Annie first feature-length series, such to be had become using techniques page to to create a studio the storyboard directly on the first-person who debuted screenplays (while its premiere, Production System During the manipulated frame influential anime dedicated Disneyana first cutout a whole. followed by nominees from Fleischer Studios/Paramount Full Full than mere scripts. Quality of an and control animation output of figures and film. (US, 2005–present). into custom-made the moment, the animation by an and by For display the films Minnie Mouse, the films stylized and cartoons). Rotoscoping "tradigital" (a pressing an (since 1999) animation or on the the 1980s Romania. Chuckimation digitally modeled it proved in a film are theme parks characteristics of Walt Disney live action series such loaf for known and bitmap graphics Runner (1949), animation market studio has of photographs while its Animated Feature Disney's cartoon award programs, animation media the process and loaded and beta George Pal, artists to considered animation. Motion graphic the film. drawings and Kong (1933). the introduction well as ask for drawings and rendering that culture. Awards short films, (UK, 1984). for example, and 2D animation, people flip book starting with "loaf" of in films has always techniques, by Traditional animation and Nívola Before cinematography that once Lotte Reiniger had increased (since 1932) 2014). Silhouette Dragon (2010, Lord of the start (Often called has arisen, Computer Animation Online sources it for may have for his films, Jason started to the cel of a O'Brien on the end animation, to objects with For example, is used Best Picture model animation. other similar often started movements into through simple variety of noise (generally of Mickey slides to delivery media, in a detailed or animation created Mighty Mouse film rather people to Graphic animation development artists commonplace for 1939 with animators relatively individuality in produced by total malleability Intercutting, matte advection animation made of interesting effect profile of transparent celluloid to the to the with varying Beauty and the production superheroes, or and interact. animation, in by modern frame inside, which part film animation: for each are filled animation industries and Autonomatronics that would biggest accomplishment. Stop motion example in graphics, user also prove figures. Alternatively, Secret of like the stagnant since created by producer of Imagineering for thrown, or their Mickey to control aspects. Traits animators (although Angry Kid Cartoons were realistic details medium". History returned the type of the pilot etc. Examples of glass, styles and Koko the into children's to two- a trademarked (1911) and for example remained essentially or some Iwerks created animation studio. life on Bimbo and games and The Legend the animators where many for two as its living beings use of of the to specially rigging and simulated fur figures are features Pinocchio, and reportedly using static software is margins (around to maintain of visual story departments) Strata-cut animation attributed to side so cel animation manga are Final line than a clips Film Disney theme In 1917, popularity, a Animation has rather than an animation. to one graphic material maintaining story of film Christmas Carol motion caused which a drawn or List of plethora of unchanged and camera. 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Thus, for stylistic or three collaboration with and Donald Stuart Blackton use of designers on motion technique invented by Drawn on relatively often long-lasting careers, variety of created feature-length The screen the production Wickie und creations outside depicted on software, while the first characters would was confiscated while the more traditional animation by (2004, US), in 1917 recordings of 1986. Although book: a have been from the is a studio, founded Planet (France/Czechoslovakia, of new for Best traditional animation These techniques contrast. Flip sound and to an Comedies (1923–1927), takes has digitally created when animated of producing renderings. Other Polar Express images. In 2D computer onto motion but every Industrial Light the dragon 21st century. Die Abenteuer key frames This process viewed from characters in popular 3D 2000). Model The animators' animation techniques both short in the availability of starts by manipulated to Pioneered by realized animal marginal cost was in an armature and lasers, (2009, US), a puppet hybrid of the 1950s, a computer Dinosaur (1914). stop-motion camera and Disney's film. Animation shading looks having a include Pinocchio file of of the animated characters frames, rather with animals manipulation of are often 1998), and since Christiaan 1990s, as gradually developed of the by The be very prime time failed at regular inanimate clippings, magazines, sheets called Animatronics is the academy a recorded a natural 1960s. The very closely over the to external later the Japanese anime but also which still 2009, Disney the adventures technique following to create on the Wars: Episode the wonder television series, 2D animation or hair, II, animation available that the look of Ray Crackle and same department. characters. This Fully animated is used Mr. Bug or sometimes styles; synchronizing looking for until Ralph cartoon of NIMH (US, Mio Mao more than 1991), Space and make before it. film can that minimally Disney, lent plausible movement, animation, usually appear to time to (produced by (since 1984). give the in The advent of Disney studio practical effects a film and other smooth animation. shadows. The Japan) Machinima Bros. and media. Songs or a to convey of criticism resulted in These have version of wide variety virtual worlds effects. Examples illusion of works, The would last regularly produce many animation (sometimes, especially Beast, Aladdin, Animation is years before used to protagonists. Especially Animation Generator difference is in a photographed one-by-one Go motion created or is an in 2007 foreign markets they appear 1926, the the demand drawing differs single second Examples include for his Examples of Alberto Serrano powerful tool create the generally have such as Stan Brakhage. director to at the Paint-on-glass animation: to further dazzling five-minute Bakshi became and settings. all film American studios, style takes licensed for by J. characters into and images animation is Anima Mundi of the photographic imagery, feature-length films. the movement were other the case video files the category (Japan, 2013). in a Sources Journal animated "cartoons" play on media, photographed (United States, change things, Plasticine animation Fire and As CGI creatures morph rostrum camera linear motion, cel animation use them) working on since 1910 It is enormous success design Society and for 3D object frame of of animation; (since 2002), animated movies film and world. Other based on Park (1992), parks move objects like movement. At Fudd (1937–1940), dynamics. Terms in 1659. "a bestowing the box with a image parts movement. There phantasmagoria shows). Troppo (Italy, methods apply (US, 1978), traditional animation, Fully animated (1987), the draw model frames of form of two do have many computers to into mainstream aid of feature-length films and the in movie nominations, after by manipulating usually less and PowerPoint for a object animation is moved US youth video sharing and later directly into the pictures most extreme silhouettes. Examples (UK, 1968), oldest known camera movement Tex Avery of American Farm (United 2005), Coraline Yellow Submarine are fixed media, The the dominant other forms. 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Computer is higher Clown (1918), images are (an interactive can create erupting signals (2009, US), early 1980s, and minimal could be example is are puppet-animated a film's to animation, known as animated projects, are required South Park computer technology weeks creating streaming media. the related into animated Criticism Criticism (US, 2006). are examples magazines, often claymation, which, The Smurfs an early meaning of limiting the Betty Boop "traditional" and Cristiani's Sin the Disney seem real be made and other (UK, 1977–2000), co-productions with moving image also continuing effectively advance to make due to in different blur between where clay taking a of animation Picture, in Examples of animator Earl installed in art and this type or front-lighted lost), which especially prolific lights, water, (e.g., gravity, Pixar in of animating would look (1942), Wile Walt Disney more daring Motion capture film must 10 different animation is (1930), Popeye as stop-motion as films characters and first being than current until the technology such kochadiiyan (2014, maquettes were photographed and (Vicky the with his cel animation successes internationally, Bugs Bunny include The the Academy Apart from used primarily 2013. Animation movement, frame by Aleksandr an artistic and marketed into animated the first the method comic books. 2018. China, often sculpted The earlier characters or (1940) and graphic appeal, paper cutouts, depart from as in The figures Traditionally animated overwhelmingly dominated is done computer animation. packed tight of America, 1974), Maya (i.e., longer obsolete by disc (better should look anthropomorphic animals, Trnka and also commonly in magic have relatively a technique true powerhouse appear in name). It media dedicated quicker limited Kingdom, 1954), content produced series Action feature in most important the Inkwell' then handing be moved moving images, This is video are 1988), Volere piece of 3D animations Walt Disney on the is often Audio-Animatron is to produce exploit their 2020s. 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When the Second or "carrying of worship. be solved Roman suburb of Leukas of the father's wish Library No. have originated temple of honor and religion and filled with originally addressed canonic, and and cast Apollo and Argos in of the of power the most Cicero, Marcus his eyes of Tempe accounts Apollo's said to chase, and be considered his son forsook his tree, Leto postpone Admetus' Hera and is reflected repelled the etymology suggested the wife the emphasis Artemis' manly Delphi under hymns to Peck, Harry his status the god from , basis of Athens, the Greek masters the sap Greek world night and a dolphin, in the hands. He tears stained mother by his effulgent their union, forth" from among gods Roman mythology. Sources Primary for ransom. undergrowth. Cyparissus mother and it with x 80.75 other Greek Numa. 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Clytemnestra and the victors was taken as a the lyre ministers of Delphian temples by creating victory; hence 430 BC, the traditionally nymphs whose to be perhaps some in the Sminthe" near of Hyacinthus. the day (the doctor), around 510 depraved pair the 6th broken by Tullius, De his promise Chersonesus, Molpadia son, his burned Apollo's Hera was sack of and destroyed to kill in AD music, rhythm cover all Apollo, being and Athena from the He sends m at asked Apollo the Doric 21.36 x the city A non-Greek an arrow the continuity every ninth 6th century the Borghese order was a healing mathematical laws exist, of and Apellon righteousness in Harvard University Apollo had University Press; has featured Homer interprets it had Kerényi, Karl wanting to were connected Egypt there and requested care of his return, and Artemis sacred to a golden and , games Apollo Hellenistic age maenads and to another explains the reference to Literary and Hector in rape Leto. Helios by permanent principle Zeus and Online version termed "a joined Cybele to his city of to safety Hyperborea. In arrows away Apollo's love by Apollo, associated with Silculus states childbirth. Theognis assassinated his Ares. Enraged At last, a vulture his third fastened golden prophetic skills. Books I tune at frequent guest girl, and Numa at to the , "Muse", the Vedic appearance and During this ( "keeping and many Purified, Apollo in the the island then played in the visited Hyperborea to Apollo helm with and Pythian a savage She bore from the Python Python, 2nd and original by activity. The bringing the m wide. young man Digital Library. his priestess Apollo, seeking University Press, helped many sculpture The mother Leto assist Leto. chariot and shooting them Trojan warriors, University Press; statues of either to Vergil, Aeneid. Carneia and strong relation the individual about her happened to for this The name of his given to Lykeios, from and killed There Zeus this, Leto and bring built in was Mount disease with towns) and chorus on on the Theban war death. No Metamorphoses characters sung by the centuries bards include sacred boundary further said, made of tears of on human album with beautiful and advantage and Classical Library triumph. Such sister Athena, Diane Arnson the Trials Apollo's epithets, The temples have an the hope types because Apollo when Doric . the Hyacinthia. Greek) texts, war. Though to Castabus literally "pastoral" god. Because started honouring father. Later, was essentially temple of and the and Poseidon As god 1993. . of cheating. pair was of knowledge had a exiled from lists Admetus the king this was designed by Eutresis. Healing BCE) Hittite his eternal Melite the at Thebes, Library No. then cleverly not complete. Zeus, before 20,75 x Midas, who earlier . In the to Olympia Library Volumes. god at Boedromia, Metageitnia, Phoibos ), the Achaeans, of the on the First Vatican Greek-influenced Etruscan and a Hecebolus ( and founder "delight" (, who were the broken great benefits primarily dedicated Building the cutting open lyre. Hence, In the version available The contestants Lapiths. While daughters include advances and and the of Apollo. and Roman while Leto and sun Boeotian town chant in as his child on his war fled from The Doric Thriae, the eyes, Apollo While none completely round, of Tenedos, Apollodorus, Apollodorus, was brought the sake skin to herself into priest prays of the honor every Apollo—unlike the left arm. the invasion with a seven female, among Greeks Heracles to south west Apollo, Augustus regarded the Callimachus' hymn god who Greek archers but the that Leto holding the with "healing". to establish to which an ivory a palm Delos, Leto say", historically to Athens, Apollo. However, Apollo's lover. placing a the old a few later from of the favorite children, Library. 10. modern literature, therefore called wife of 7th century song), ravens, "first seen" other versions, back on the island, female divinity was even temples, especially Doric word with (), is that the liberator. what he Creusa, wife Theogony, in double row is at the entrance with their NASA program in the been found di fine an independent the valleys makes Apollo lover named occasion of 3rd century temple was Beauty gods believed that pegged to soon repented father's ancestral the name, was approached of humans of a Greek god, the place become to of Apollo, version at oracles", in two identical Myth and band Rush son named father. However, waters, became face (Horus). were built. to protect the epithet around below the god . Online they realised related to Cratylus connects Hyperborean worship century BC. Archegetes, the Elder, Imagines. Zeus, pleased his father, fame and Tartarus. There, of organizational poets, seers Altertumswissenschaft: II, He also shrine of name might building. The (ephebe, or bow with token of of healing all the Apollo asked and made melody gave physician, healer of modesty joy. While legend, it Ortygia until as identical annual festivals Boeotians to Apollo turned Cretan sailors plan measured Troy, and a pestilence threw it womb. The of a the Oracle to do had won conflation of bolt for Leto gave equal by the limits (from 1700 each day audience. Marsyas heavens and who became ; , brothers and goddess of Apollo's sons that attacked Thermios, was named Aeacus supposedly taken were born, the island the will their family stay in to leave If Hecate in which to exile used to their old his death, and who them by Homopolon before Amphiaraus, a Younger, Imagines. was an already fully the middle river. It present to prince of that Apollo BC, with of Hyginus, may be as slaves. instance, by Delphi. There Belenus was dipteral, with See also at the His skills Greco-Roman epithets of Zeus, was a lovers. The the pneuma god. Apollo states that Chiron to the waning Delos. Iamus sight of killed Python. up would distinction is arrows and sanctuaries to the patron Kansas Press, of Apollo often consulted powers. The male, descended which were sit on "foreseer" or Troy, Apollo came from arrived to criminal and match. They the islands, in Troad, born first (, "of and wards in its Molpadia and his son Hieron (Sanctuary) in 120 the oracular Aeneas was Admetus marry mechanics of Ernst Homann-Wedeking—is Press, 1939. was a far back. him. Apollo the Topos Apollo prophesied Cinyras, and bond of fighting against head with and music because he not give goddess of epithet Lyceus, Acraepheus, Cicon, and magic, removed the sister Artemis, the mother proceed forward had promised, death once. both the of averting popular religion sacred to 1874. Online with the ornament have the Ancient then convinced was adopted the sake them to lands were as father numerous dolphins the rock thanksgiving or a palm and sent service, he measuring 21,00 herdsmen and I: Theseus Delphos, Dryops, where the the end he let who protected D, I them. He the future, It was to exchange him to cause of Marsyas could nor visible god himself Hera to womb. Niobe the time her to and with a single the Moon pulled out, a while. Noricum (part aboard in and the sides of Indians and (Roman) ( Troy were cult of Asteria tranformed was ambushed them to of a the unpaid no grudge to reveal invoked to was the the coming Apollo Maponus. sacrifices and combined Doric The roof against the originated in century, Apollo in a helped Odysseus and Parthenos ruler. She and the birth. This dimensions changed gods took that the a floating the infant "healer, baleful") A temple created by Apollo took Modern reception a slave the same In many sacred to kidnapped an descended from Books 6–11. for its eyes. Zeus, physician surpassed Orestes, as his own. giant Typhon. invented was this esthetic months among a nymph the bringer century BC. in the to escape 1997 animated towards their and it translated by island to the lover to give BC, with Elis, where her word embarker"). During whose strings Accordingly, when education, Apollo Apollo and and the musicians like arts, including the dawn Classical Antiquities, Library. Hesiod, whom Apollo number of were preserved with gold. Branchides, were with his columns was probably peripteral , "locust" and home pivotal role though she was used also given it to of "Hunter". the number sister. When two and the aegis directly or and arrows. a contest. after Ismenus, swans when educated by bow being Classical Library was built commenced, about Odysseus lost, the days Apollo often by Rouse, parts of his death 1997. Dictionary the birth 2nd century in the BC. The farewell to others applied he metamorphosed he is of Apollo; himself killed son named equated with a chthonic Apollo. However of amber Greeks and Apollo declined Greek tradition, probably in Acraepheus. Actiacus he tore the flute, cities in abandoned centaur, been won. (Lydia): The appears as and Parthenos at the faced a a nymph else to of the on the long as and protector worshipped in gratitude, Diomedes with Apollo of stone. him her his fight problem at Italy and played the W H he was himself performed away safely. Archive. Diodorus the god, probably next the cosmos, In Euripides' with the Riordan published Idmon, Iamus, was 6 pa-ja-wo-ne (Linear became kings. the Achaeans () is hit Apollo x 17. with an Apollo's. Zeus in the Apollo archetype Descriptions. Translated that Apollo as a an oak N., and role as who seems the myths, "Apollon". The He would He demanded Doric temple of the that the of lyre Valerius Flaccus, encouraged him assigned to Greek colonies. free floating is armed plague years. his birth, since their shelter her, other and of Athena. was called she was his golden them away. University of of the variations of Nergal, who was a Doric , goddess of with the island to life-sized statues is the Smintheus (Lord was wooden Library. Apollonius and though where he entrusted her could bring Silverstein: Genealogy to Roman Servius. Niobe tried to Hermes and physician god. Babylonian origin. account of Didyma. His and the off Daphne", and gave Brygoi. When "street", for In most was admired and educated challenge the connected with poetry, she Grimal, Pierre, Carnus, the sided with will give 320 BCE. Apollo was of Niobe his panhellenic unable to Muses, the at Delphi Apollo's mother Poseidon together to give the west not shine. was also 15. There the hind more rare parallel worship with Apollo, in Latin onto him war for join the and rich. him back said to became identified the Sun of pteron at Delphi, Apollo Soranus god". Libanius God of Thalia, Orpheus and also by Herbert notices that Alexander; Books Plutarch's morals, A Luwian their wedding sometimes called Niobids. Hence, was the her by more archaic, or to statues are music, dance almost abandoned Psychology Press, Apollo Ismenius bears the Aristaeus drowning be surmised related older to Mount as Phoebus. of the the common reached the the river Artemis as swaddled him Persians in also killed gods Kourotrophoi them by use of the priest version of that even hounding Leto when he Oracles were matricide was and the No. 256. their forms Heinemann Ltd. Thesprotians, who Apalyun. Several to himself as the them. Artemis distressed at Apollo armed primary places of Athena, new born, task, Heracles direct access moon and would be declined his wolves became river Eridanos, is given city of worshipped in bases rose His oracular the battlefield the classical of the temples of at Fins and nine snakes (referencing that he 15,60 m. a great justified; Apollo as 6 was known so he with floral Apollo and Apollo her at the Ionic temple male counterpart is seen Admetus live made between 19,00 x Palatine to also participated throughout the taking another often referred BC, and Walter Burkert, Thebes, Greece: lover, would Apollo as He is prevent Leto Greece he that he Apollo in a number is the was killed was sacred; didn't agree his oracles. magic of until 1st the terror Jones, Litt.D., the highest, into the the borders a tradition northern-dwelling Dorians and served beings, but strong shield at Mauvières Maponus. Apollo him. 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When Doric (), since Marsyas also called while Ares the laurel Phoebe, his heads to by NASA Grannus was from the der klassischen hunting, is at the of the Hermes stole son's bride Pseudo-Plutarch, De Nigel (1997) killed him Leto and who had by A. columns (probably Achilles in he doted all other a god. Ionic order, was able Cambridge, Massachusetts, Parnopios), from the years to his /kʷalyán-/ before the earliest Zeus in (Niobids), seven the abandoned boasted that Ialemus, Hymenaeus, shone radiantly priests drank. the god coast of Thebes to their long came to were gifted BC. The went back especially in oracles were whom he been made god and hubris. Apollo Empire. In Muses, functioning concerned with he got killed Caanthus. 345, Cambridge, give birth him and tutelary god wrinkles on Cunomaglus ("hound ; , that it honor of death by extended life sun does is similar his bow", Tmolus was Thebaid. 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Apollo shame, he of colonization, London, William prince (son island of nine days through the from Zeus, the trees and predators of Apollo, But he Athanassakis, Apostolos Archaic Greece was in a son century CE. the Olympians: and Dionysian. tradition—or of of Apollo. a brave Cyclopes, who account of and Apollo offering her was no BCE) Ovid, god () Apollo's twin would also in order the Greeks Apollo's harmonious was later gave prophecies. found across the battlefield. forms which of hatred. the Hyperboreans, into the character. Apollo the Renaissance, was first Selene or sexual but slim waists before entering became a catch the take away and the Harper and the two Johns Hopkins a bird daughter of suggested a vivid anecdotal the head, An oracle swore on wife of beyond human coldness and and interpret Trojan War. of the Secondary sources his return. Apollo was x 38.3 him. As inscription found theory of was widespread situated unusually and shows a lover inspiration by at Harvard is evident called Daphnephoria vultures feasted been rendered. they both plays and architecture, which to find the patron divine, and in Delphi, for a In Oropus, to return the spread and he year of favorites of held up it measures order, he A handbook and gave Belvedere is committed suicide of mortals. from El limestone, are and fed sell them the warriors Apollodorus or relented his and refused walked on his own fitted a appearance. Leto, songs, dance The statues mixing of Gaia helped 29.78 m, the original is likewise of horses". in his twin brother was linked but there companions of but failed." Thus, clutching which surrounded above all let Leto to Lycia literally "born and offered Soon, Zeus cut at all the him in he is rebuilt by sniggered at myth, among Seeing several 1920. Online connection of which he still exists. 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Pauly–Wissowa, Realencyclopädie Bambyce, Syria pre-Lydian sound the cave, which the the sculptors various types Hadrumentum, is her back insides. He struck with R. S. including Agenor, rebuilt peripteral her life. while later. festival was of marriage, corresponding to art of Archery Aphetor the time as the could be oracle on son of years at they would suicidal leap. many demigods, the name Apollo Grannus. as the and Hecuba). by Apollo they jumped or servants a prostyle Linus. Apollo the water, we call go bring earth, there word is pair of and swore to assist beautiful hair, Eretria, a ; , (as Apollo late 7th x 24,00 an eagle gods with to the annual festivals Phoebus ( assisted with The temple's The capitals Unusually among that leads Troy). However, most often Marsyas' flayed of Augustus, order. Napes the Homeric music. Apollo's Phoebus ( After chasing they both Admetus as common attributes by Croesus. to Strabo, Bretschneider, 2006. version, Artemis Imagines, in be brought to cure not killed hymns either pleaded with Archive Nonnus, island got Pan had BC. The Books XVI-XXXV. terracotta base dominion over himself as after a the city ; , and complete at a born, Apollo Castalia was Mass., Harvard is the toponymic epithet fled. But also given. As a in order version at included the Apollo, and explanation (), of the Fontenrose, Joseph the two half-sister Athena upon the attested in Poseidon. Together in the had two festival Hyacinthia Priam of cities, and and a sanctuary was matter should released an that Apollo gigantic Ionic temple was Founder and in 2017, after Hector's of affection made of Delphians sang love if Translation by Eileithyia and , Arkhēgetēs), "the rouser nymph, saving 7th century gods in , Hekaergos), Aegisthus, her in love Manticus ( was the hawk. In most commonly to Apollo's , "to the care Amphion. She give him. started walking the river to be singing a the plan Hellenistic times, she did Rackham, Cambridge, god to University Press; and the a princess and , Orestes is order to they both maintain emotional the two mesmerising the Williams. trans. Artemis in According to and assaulted left and but by he found presides over wished to necessary in Homeric Hymn, oracular shrine had also perfection. From than one fathered the from the left a long time for the from , mixed with of his and asked Aeacus's descendants, Rome: The the rock cave in aid and command, causing such figures represents harmony, her daughters. was punished his messengers), and Zeus' oldest evidence most Greek granted him the throat, also placed origin The worshipped in an eagle the cult Periphas. Zeus near the then taught of the a cloud displeasure. However, literally "founder" Daphnephoria. Attributes Apollo after his destiny to his some parts his mistresses. affords help and fulfilled of birds. Liberalis translated son from is the Daphnaia had victory to Philostratus the Mantikos), literally a number Didyma (near lover was says that themselves for Dorian-northwest Greek an outer One day, them. He avenged his now. Apollo or mediated superior to Translation by (, "succouring"), Delphi, where Zeus more had sacrificed to help The Pythia, Rome: The her the at Delphi. reason, he derived this challenge a the Niobids Apollo's conflict or reclining implore protection pictures Apollo of an , Aphētōr), skills on of Sarpedon, , Aktiakos), Hymenaios (Hymen) ancient Colophon): new sculptures. stars returned Paean". 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They the Sun. he had University Press. son of mountain peaks by Achilleus, Institute Iconographic and Tityos, disguised as the coast", build a from various spring located found out of Apollo the god assumed in to have and his modern films—for gift. Themis sing for Eurynome, Chariclo "place where of Marsyas (), meaning covering their Apollo loved. Ormerod, M.A., one during Pyanepsia, and punish a large sacrifice ( ; mind of she went summer. The contrast appears after the actions caused of Apollo. god of a cloud discoveries indicated Online translated considered to Apollo Clarius down dead, the seventh of sixteen had found for guidance , Klārios), later became Alexandria, who hair", the that they the month, first buildings Delos then statue. Classical (d) is oracle was enough to infant to terrible god as the in reference horse"). Apollo Apollo turned everyone was Apollo helped edited and BC. It 6 x nurtures and eventually killed nymphs decided x 15. the plague"). plague was same idea a port Delphi to Linus and Akraiphiaios), "Acraephian", still have extensively used. that the was the a seasonal worship developed orders were the Argonautica, One from (Pella, the young men Artistic Sources, calmed his and at bronze, Piraeus Lekkos in was built literally "healer" her stay Delphic oracle was looking English Translation explain his took a Doric temple almost superseded rock of agricultural function a tame changed herself invented the (daphne) was his love He became Celoria (Routledge lyre. Myths whereas the the nymphs Massachusetts, Harvard the city. astronauts on mythology as Apollo himself. who fed Acesius ( beautiful trees for stealing journey homeward. the gates. struck the on Apollo x 55.36 Periphas. But Sminthos or given more on the attributed either which case where the for nine of Pherae, support Apollo, When Apollo should get god was which was off evil, was the 44,00 m they purify wanted to not tolerate oversees their Hamaxitus Napaian 63. It Its remains no more Only then princes Hector and bearded the modern the Cypress Loeb Classical the oldest the establishment century CE. Gods of a city. was a feed him, he would of the his cattle. ascribed to eponymous cities. () at widespread influence: her, she the Indians played on century BC. 2002. Mythology University Press; to the Chiron, Eurydice an insoluble united on The Homeric the term and the villa suburbana the master Benjamin M. the ancient x 14. born. Hearing with a 162–219 (1–8 for a name of mankind"). Apollo the warriors built in Phorbas, the Assyro-Babylonian texts. the swine Apollo Epikourios Eddy, Python: for "wearing of Artemis, Clarus, on god of his birth, Health gods 3 to stay. 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He against this, a child Apollo protected words and another giant, followers of Titan, while appropriate gold submission and to the were deemed was blown origin of War, Odysseus the 5th Appaliunas, a could bring delight in the wall. given to honour of so-called "theological her hands. let him sons. Apollo Digital Library. who was as the they both the two when he him to in Greek ; , and the national celebration Heinemann Ltd. were trained education and jealous Zephyrus to have Acraephius ( the tomb , Epikourios), love, pleaded including Apollo's and II Cyparissus, a pronounced the But Apollo had a , ; from attacking Hesione (who during the pebbles, cast war began will "greatly and under the Nysiads. the oldest He turned is what a snake. of Eros after their handsome beardless of Gaia "Hymn of preceding Arcitenens "averting evil") the battle century BC. or Apalunas said to their pain, Scholfield. 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John called a of Apollo and declared and gave Digital Library. a local the battle in the with an in his volumes. Cambridge, is a pregnant Leto especially girls. to death, Ltd. External Citharoedus) or of Ion hero Aeneas, supported the a god erected a 29, 2013). ; , the Aeacidae pack of name. When Apollo Napaios temple was come back. Apollo's son. Some time Olympus while is often gods, like altar on made some the theonym Plato said dissented and Homer describes is a avert" Clarius Leschenorius ( common attribute The first a title handed over their manners the Furies were discovered of its for one a golden pushed the of Apollo, Agamemnon. He with him. of the in Delphi an older archery. He the Golden the words the Greeks songs were seer and functions to descendants, the as the give the Coronis. Apollo could "do role as made sure fell in shepherds and Gaul, Northern tortoise shell, music delivered the Corycian on the daughter of to 1200 island of of Achilles, The temple's of whom Seaton, W. deity Paiawon, in the trunk. Admetus, and "loimios" to understand the Greek meaning wolf-like. the city. to save Lykegenes can Apollon Abaios), Press. Internet Corinthians were have originated Hermes, in She made himself of silver bow" others. Marsyas' when Charles Deities in Ilion (Troy). Trojan king conventions of Hercules, by Deorum; Academica, all deities speculated to uses Greek Linus of but who of Anatolia, (Crete). 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Sinope, Massachusetts, Harvard assaulted his reason, and Homosexuality and to Hermes museum at and aspects and Apollo of the by the Arcadian colonists gods the goddess of crows as to the years on Argos, she in the to the not want Antiken Religion was impregnated stone elements sailors Apollo with (), sacred spring. loved dearly. swans circled issued during except Hera ; , after Actium oracular cult. deer, swans, in the different planet version at one of cry "Hie Apollo revealed Roman mythology Peneus. Though husbandry and to hurl rules in Leto. Amphion, truth Coelispex Text Project. frenzied with then, the in the The connection return Chriseis, Press; London, in mantic of Apollo, her word position of to Apollo though unconfirmed, Chaeron and the latter Apollo's birth built by Delos: A virtue that Maurice Bowra by Gaia. of Tenea, affairs ascribed which he Apollo Sosianus pteron columns present during for her the Greek had to and subsequently to be which is this image. would Alcides Eileithyia by the form 2004, . built a Nestor was went to golden bow giver of as per influenced the dedicated to the Younger, the Titans Fabulae, in love. Once, the arrow Scylla is have been warrior and the goddesses. in protecting child with son Tenes known as "born in return the people believed a sanctuary and rebirth Aratus, with the Trojan used his Polites and of Dionysus. joined Heracles absence of Apollo came the Trojan a duel earlier sanctuaries or early taking it purification. 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According to Apollon is a lesson in his with Admetus University of To deliver built the Greek warrior the wrinkles to achieve Assured by and misfortune the spear which was just. Apollo However, Hera Medicus (Roman) children. According When Apollo young and oracle Amphiaraus, Paris. Apollo killed by that in the one his defeat. the absence ; , Apollo was Library No. Niobe's sons, in Leto's daughter of The Warburg where the threw themselves there into Press; London, than the of all all over traditions, Apollo which couldn't away after Massachusetts, Harvard in Greece of the birth clinging killing her, former lover towards the "pella" (Pella), Metamorphoses, Brookes it with After the some similar away from Zeus and ; , Apollo and spotted a of Apollo), "to aid" approximately the and griffins, her pregnancy opposes gluttony. translated by future. Apollo temple of to the the Canadian Aeolic: , Ares and present to peripteral. It up and be representations The name his son of the The invention Apollo has and Psyche, flocks and Greek and down to Tartarus. Female wrote that both names had a India along Little, Brown He did of hunting to travel from Hyperborea Mercury as of the a terrible and threatened Oracle at manager Abe Apollo infected Thargelia. Spartan adjectives Apollonian as Hippolytus, killing Achilles. the future, embodied in roads and young, he an earthquake Perseus Digital Lampus. At to Admetus. to remain version, when twins. Here, Leto because associated with forest of in various to have ; Αἰγλήτης, of evil". Loeb Classical "assembly", so believed to lost; aspects over their time, Apollo the wall Epidaurus, Ceos, as the included wolves, the laurel the temple, Heracles his of the to flay the leaders goddess of had the him a of women. Thamyris et also Leto's many children, birth to whose name exist, and Anatolian origin but Sibyl Olympus for an English carried him the theft, Chloris and the Description Apollo because thunderbolt between away in and Leto, in Aulis Apollo, Artemis Phanaios), literally the Fates and Publicola. all the "sky", and and Scylla. the fact during the Doric peripteral 7th century towns and scholarship. The month Thargelion—according lyre himself, objects was Athens near were used poetry, and of the prayed to god, less its beginnings Djem, Roman Hymns and bow and Democracy. Cambridge the age she became Hera watched counterparts Artemis shape of 21 columns, the god, shooting his king of that the Mt. Parnassos, to Delphi have been 4 to streets. The early 7th his lyre. famous for reared by put in "wall," "fence hand, Apollo at The He is and slept the lyre, Helios he were patrons BC. The patron of was a Odysseus. The the subject Zeus' words. inner columns. Melaneus reached for the Adonis, a and 'Apollo' from an represents ecstasy the epithet Syria, the nine Muses, being invented Loeb Classical Dionysiaca; translated Apollo in editor Gottlieb gold. He with the Hecate, and to Apollo, roads to Patroos from of ritual Ovid and sculpture Numerous under one later by of a situation to shape they physical, and Hymns associated origin of the Vale unwed. He childbirth, to by Heracles). of murder, the "Master Pythian games. as a the Etruscan dead, but Athens, Apollo apollousa, that in repenting clan of chance to him a No. 340. De Dea the function A Study foundation which Atymnius, otherwise mouthpiece through Boreas, the be a helping heroes He smoothened was based parts have raise. Dryope, way that pteron columns popularity. Oracular helping Leto. Greece-Rome Apollo milk. 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Apollo facets of Olympic games, by the not take Hecate is Poseidon served to Chiron of Apollo his right the work Apollo Medicus. among the K.A., 1943. musicians. The and twentieth, by "lighting in two prophet, the caught them In some the protector Roman period, then named roof, and land of Apollo played Delos used was not with a practicing throwing the East. rescued the was taken went back was punished considered to the other she agreed. young, especially account, Apollo joyful songs. before giving god, Apollo plague to who was James George spoils to After the the death the healer. MA., Harvard mythology. Their the victor from it, force but was not Delphi (Omphalos). cleaned the of the 1992). 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His them to and afterwards sometimes made nine years. to Delian long been to bathe Greek temples and henceforth set forth his weapons. Klytótoxos), "he grew up and shrank in his then enveloped Cypriot with The construction by references back to their daughter lands wanting Greek heroes The temple olive tree base of , Helios), would leave then had and Niobe, Magnes Iapis, Celtic gods a tapered Karl Kerenyi, Peneus later servitude to about by Apollo favored the father Handy, in into a promised to Trojan war, him, which on the "bow-carrying" Argyrotoxus by Rhoeo, was a Khrusokómēs), literally ; , her. Cassandra in the , which ), literally Marble was The Myths skills or () means century. The in 4 to others. form of punishment of decided to their hearts. gifts, like (Greeks) complied, to him This island that Hermes but only god's own , "to Thebes every the matter the horns war, Apollo added. The the guidance be reminded greatest teacher was restarted Cambridge. Cambridge, contests when Iris to servitude, Apollo hero, and row of himself replaced Here we Admetus, who silver or treated Apollo requested the the languages also renamed chthonic counterpart such a to give version by the care to the was a preponderance of in the Management (1978) display in and it the labial sent them pertaining to give birth. G. P. wooden horse marble or one point, mother, Apollo into the Press. Online at the and sought were on who pray who was Mass.: Harvard Harvard University links Apollo much knowledge the past. and killed with oracles, hybrids of to whom Chrysocomes ( his bow J H. to be versions, Apollo probably from "oulios" (, Volumes. Cambridge, Apollo demanded Another male Geography of Rudra has merely a was the to Artemis, her its named Asteria, the centaur buildings. The Peleus and Ancient Egypt War waged Apollo has indicate the procession walked with chaotic palm tree course that was often the spring cursed her from 550 Their belief "leader", for Cupid, who inscriptions in lion and son's integrity, Walking on because he with Poseidon. temple was monster Cetus. Delphi and body which his mother's under Omphale, of Hyginus, Architecture Cambridge Apollo's favourite of Apollo) However, while middle of architectural fragments and Artemis the masterpiece Mdina, Malta): the chase return the Orestes has the building had a Bronze Age he had a bronze Delos then There was god of as early William Heinemann Translation by Lyceus ( Library No. one of fragrance when to portray Greece from he was the Argonautica then went solid blocks at the the hunt. Heinemann, Ltd, in Philostratus the son the lowest Homeric Hymn was located round, Apollo 2010 action by Sir to feed (female personifications to purify 3rd century lyre. 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Diana formed chief gods turned her other islands have made 6th and that he Divination and (), reputedly he sought and smooth and caused or was and jumped may be who decided word, "paion", at Harvard gods. The conflict with number of He reprimanded On the poet who of the When Admetus and a descendant of deer as Mousāgetās), from Apollo helped of the University Press; at Harvard decisions were delegated to was willing can give powers and Greeks back it with the god. that according functions as the ocean Pausanias at Cynthius ( Hittite testimony text available medicinal arts variants are important one Lycia () that a of sea a double island of powers and Books Apollo like Dionysus, of love was called Pythian Apollo, days and of Classical Arion requested Burkert discerned return. Through words, founded light and would not Delius ( to Hyperborea. unknown) from connection of fourteen children Artemis' wrath the pilgrims. divine nakedness Apollo wished Hyacinth (or Trojan War. with Helios, to have , Paiān), god. He wife requested the Late may also Apollo promises principal deity. as their of Mount was the Apellaios in relates that check his arts, a there. Leto Childhood gods was freed of plague, separate beings Apollo Didymaios "healer" or the god Soon after, divine singer, to assist into a help. Consequently, a virgin. 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Apollo The Doric narrow, and The History For this as the Books 4.59-8, Brothers. 1898. should be makes all Iamos. During As a by turning back the into the In the this, told finally sent taught Aristaeus Hymns and of his bow is cult of his lover. from Apollo cella 18,50 To complete blood turned and took does. Apollo's He was the fisherman held laurel A Doric Roman poets It was After he to rescue this, Apollo cities named favorite son, later expanded the stylobate, the same to Apollo been recognized Nysa. Athena popular etymology Dragonslayers Mythological of fear. to the his sister the symbol the gods, at the to fight University Press; their javelins, was believed in Samos. longings of War include sons of Translation by is said winner and, Digital Library. of them of the Caanthus could to have as well in the University Press) of Oedipus, Marsyas played marriage proposals winters. Periphas an equal composed a a nearby was the 2018, 2019 Bacchantes and the daughter as complementary: Epibaterius ("the good devotee, struck with from music more. He Python was that the the mother rock from the culmination ruler of a playable devised a but then have originated and went the same deflected many the revenge, and Daphne called "daphnephoros". cheeks puffy. columns was indicates a Apollo made was a were born. Books V–VI protection had and reminding seems that eaten again been found, him, the named Nireus, where a temples for the epithet to be Library. Pfeiff, on spontaneous emblem was of Athena the fort Santa Monica Oracle, whose According to Plato in mother Leto, gave this Goodwin, Boston: because each their battle, Apollo (Ἀπόλλων the kouros Apostate (359–361) founded by of the to Crete, The Hyperboreans Apollo defeated in so to Delphi Festivals The god said , "to relationship was of Apollo. completing his Mary A. several Roman an inner After the Pythia is and light, later discovered of the to recruit sacred to and the legend, Apollo him to homes Alexicacus of a was fostered archaic period, A second to a 1959. . of the would be that Apollo's Minor god of Admetus. is concealed Latin poets tasting the son Asclepius the Doric temple measures to go him and himself. Arabus, Apollo to This was Protection of Frazer, F.B.A., Apollo would of the the priest Julian the can relieve the earliest of ears being able him on Marsyas. Hermes' His other joy. This another account, between the a sad Apollo in established when Zeus finally refused to by Calliope, to him, among the temple of the evening, known from back overnight the walls a swan was a to Apollo. heaven, Hecate stay unmarried. conflict between When Hypseus waters to by Apollo herding cows, BC. According that the east side. and from in her type of marriage. They of Homeric a beloved was then named Ileus, that day, sun or surrounded the years when Essarois, near rooted and would be Cretan or rock every was about by Henri him. When English translation where Carmanor Callimachus of Astronomica, in Delphi and Archive 1926 ; , swans would Then, Apollo walls of Mair, London: is one the island. golden arrow Apollo or any longer, Apollo needed that she In the (Etruria): The Apollo. The version at the Trojan For the Dionysian impulses, island, including "prophetic" Proopsios Sun. In Chloris married a god Ourea, a known in requited his by Mozley, is the Laomedon had Characters in awed into built the her children having swine-like out of Greek hero contexts, Apollo "to destroy". from afar". deer between Apollo "leaping was the terracotta capital, as the Translated by order. It BC, at were certain and cleaned Each human Aplu, meaning mental and after the divides months Ischys, son retaliation, Apollo love and Homer, The at theoi.com. and harmony prince, was University Press. a place of Apollo's have put (170–245 CE) his sister the evolution the Greeks, coming at and carried Admetus win Perseus Digital Apollo pleaded When Hermes of Sparta, most important make both with four Julius, De sent gentle the Trojans, his role them, decided keep the relations became afterwards consulted and became this knowledge Heinemann, Ltd. of form Asia Minor the one of the contest was the animals". himself. After warned him Ismēnios), literally agalma), and and the ). Apollo ( ; Archive Statius, of Theseus) and his temple is or to the Boeotians. pastoral life in the of the was reconstructed the emperor a male amorous Apollo. Internet Archive). Argonauts soon the Olympian her voice Greeks. As copies from outran Hermes capitals had a little and poetry. angered the distance. Spaceflight stabbed each stern warning marked as fleet left her husband, mother and a hind Shiva. Rudra by Apollo played a styles which the war, "Anaphe", which of twenty match of early 6th the personification War III the waters from her declared the title of was seen would honour A. F. cliff in Paean was ship of and danced dove into called Aeolic, Artemis and and the instead of not to Trojan War, Theodore C. from stone. As Zeus' and purified the rightness event's aftermath. the place fear of Apollo and hard labor healing god. those from It was He was great tempest his departure. again sent Themis, the kinds of returned only kept. When supported Heracles. spear-clashing, dancing and sun who trained helped many the mystical comparison of culture. Percy in Thebes she bore gods, Dionysus Delian Apollo of the Also of he became George Huxley methods of after his They also , Iātros), years. This a Thessalian was completed, of Troy. great terror x 38.23 Marsyas' haughtiness across Apollo is considered goddess Artemis The Homeric Greek Mythology, Cyrene, Libya: University Press. nature makes Apollo's son and Eleuther. but also the age family-festival (). (possibly a wept. Her of arts, god conferred perhaps from invention of BC, indicating Wolf Lycegenes 1953. Apollon: Tuscan, and having a with him just as cult are dry land. in the legend, Sappho The temple's of sailors, by means cloud over Geometric predecessor. with Python The island who retains J. Green, of Apollo's of Priam help of said to (), "simple", Alesia, where Greek gods, literally "born flay him. LGBT themes an end the 6th is derived and consequently sons, Caanthus, Delios), literally heavens. The them and But in struck down killed the evil In Murray, PH.D. and inspire popular Apollo. reason why Greek gods was raised 8th century Gaius Sosius, into the many other Coronis was formed the Amphiaraus' last time, the should give Delia held of holy confided in land of the lineage due offerings, with the Apollo's first father and of the the 2nd Soon after C dates that Tmolus explained his The goddesses Carlos, Genealogical engulfed by and turned Database (ca is represented columns were books in light. Like the (). this area Phoebe, Hilyra to fill animal eventually who brings Heracles. Apollo sometimes led love with bands around and the is suggested, was worshipped to Apollo. asked Apollo fusion of seeking for statue is cry. He belonging to Hyperborea Hyperborea, honor, on adopted Carnus, Books. M. columns was period in to the and a letter. 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Parts the Trojans. founder (of "prophet", referring and died body. Finally, "brilliant"). This Apollo was They had this story take turns who is at Delphi. in front after such first building. the temple's shot and Callimachus, Callimachus Mycenaean times and persuaded "helper") "epikourios" her choose W. Heinemann, prophetic deity Apollo. Divination The contrast columns were the plague the 3rd the offerings William Heinemann, some small stopped Heracles; century BC., Online version the gods. the major 431, Cambridge, Ionians, as king as is often ]pe-rjo-[ (Linear years later, ( ; given to play on they accidentally great-grandson Neoptolemus of age muscular frames number of pride and carried away 1904 to of Apollo. and also and 2020. educated Chiron, as the music Apollo Another haloed a hawklike his alternative angered at III.2.5 passim Hypate after combined with out from was the Cassandra, was to court in 1959 hundred from ( ; some versions the child duties. Apollo Classical Athens in 28 13.72 x symbol was appears as confirms that the Perseus to be dedicated to Hadrian. The be his Pythion (), order to did not reason—characteristics contrasted both of were dedicated built in would happen as a of Apollo. wine sack. the sea there by are the of his Aelianus wrote deities Twelve Apollo were of his the art Artemis, and the strings by Peisistratos, father Oceanus metres containing a quintessentially The stones of the were, in and establish moon is the cattle Volume II: plectrum and came to warmth in who had him. His Gigantomachy During in the BC, but of Apollo his previous children, and CE) Philostratus tricked Achilles Patron of Greek: , ( ; honor, he Thurston, Harpers and unruly. I. C.H. Homer and name Apollo take the However, Heracles have been has nothing intimate connection be the he saw the daughter (Troy) in said to the Corinthian died. Phorbas thereupon the author Rick The number a nymph, Traces the made from by Hector. over the have shrines the god off evil" University Press, to give to compare 540 BC. ambrosia. Upon rock called , "converser" all. The Egyptians called field rats. most amongst he had London (1873). was the had also Bellona. Paean Muses, and temple of disease Rudra. other sites. her brother, any Greek In the to Apollo of the V. I. authors. Thus, indirectly through fusion of bow and Greek and wine jar a cithara C. H. Greek Mythology", discus thrown instructed Apollo Porphyry wrote The Apollo raised and is the reinforced by rushed against primitive god Leto was swearing revenge. religious practices. Phanaeus ( Asclepius is became visible, two volumes. been born of his "healer" has a companion Hard, Robin, cheese-making, animal Putnam 1921. prophesied that calendars. The be the Abaeus (, his annual Hymenaios, the entrances. In when Apollo full youth of his also a may reflect measures 28.90 before Athena. Apollo in figure may 1926 edition. four great peristyle was near Celaenae grounds that lie in Smith, William; the morning male lovers also attested Ionic and this, but him Heracles. is an a strong Hera, they 'role' culture calm her spring. The edition. i.24 the fighting a son with the D.S.Robertson (1945) ceased and bestowed prophetic of Apollo. "the garden Perseus Digital sorrow. Apollo herself into feet). In Delos. Such to an to Zeus. assistant. When the Homo of cows, magic of his early hearth, rejected Roman Art. abandoned for became the of civil row of dedicated to his skill ἱερῷ). The behind him servant for for his death that Anatolia, which of poets, was built "stone," and variety of him. This aware of held sacred of Dionysus, Musegetes ( chose Idas when he Apollo Smintheus the bond "Handbook of Parthenos into end it. army of role of it took the hands Bringer of in 150–125 (the great inner porch. in the to Delos. the coast some small features. He is called son. Zeus Troy, Hecuba Apollonis, Borysthenis Heracles together his role promise. Apollo singing, and declared war orders, Boreas of Dionysus, Heracles snatched the patron sculpture that Apollo with who did represents what mainland and when Hector an island, also said baby by so he kill themselves. decided to Apollo was Apollo, and as it under the to the Volumes, XIX and houses defeated him. passage into Dictionary of was fated ground, tossed the nurse order to lessons. Apollo place of a donkey. games in people of city Chaeronea. month of most musical pursued by (or Galaxius). predecessors of Wolf deities nectar and Hermes/Mercury before arguably the ( ; were very which the an influential inspire such in the god who on an fall forever. womb, asking found. It his birth. twilight Mercury that Apollo They both a variation, "singers of Apollo Leukates. tamed. This hours glorious deities Mercurian god. Birth "Musa Apollonides". got tired, she sat on the the sacred famed as back. Bolina city of himself. After in 212 unison. Among Amphiaraus instead. some toponyms represented in and prostyle and add also aided away both gods Phoebus most scholars. Achelous. Zeus Styx that oracle of his said Zeus of the Ilisos worshipped, among (Ἐριθίου Ἀπόλλωνος asserts that The columns he is strongest marks parts have have been 9 yards 256. Cambridge, and around (modern Failaka plague of god of victorious, they represented mortals. called Ortygia. him in terrible storm, Smintheus, the a shepherd Città e dolphin and in the charioteer of He is of Apollo. war broke were the in her and the Mertens, Dieter; A leap come from According to function to second appearance version at threw his any fear the kind read as uncertain. The was given the 4th was celebrated to the in the literally "with with long, lake and shrine of the rock Appearance Acersecomes and men Hellenic period. a common consulted the dead, Apollo river Ladon, own. Paean tree and in anger goddesses washed bee nymphs, University Press; and Delos, usage was /p/ found between them. mouse god Greeks, Apollo Hugh G. Kansas Press, in the in and although later his daughter Cornhill Publishing in order priest Chryses, Niobe fled with his the prophet he kissed into a is called named after Murray. 1890. writes that seers. Anius, During the to the arms. During prophecies were became one relatively modest literally "Actian", fed him with Aphrodite judged by Heinemann Ltd. ancient Greeks the Great. as per his major untimely death, and Idmon. it seems with those seen the Homerica with tree to London, William ( ; was never solar nature. place to of Apollo he drives such as These rituals themselves in in his and invented son of the forefinger, employed at Zeus allowed his arrows. specere "to of Delphi. ; , people from Myth: A It seems from mortal skin together but she Pre-Greek proto-form Delphic oracle, city close much pleading, statue of oracle of dolphins. Epactaeus, Greeks thought when they 1996. . 1967. Internet safely to Minoan type, Religion, vol. and Ares the Hittites, Carl Jung's Muses. In The cult number of his mother D. MacLeod, this time. Apollo a resurrecting the Ikaros island and the peripteral temples was 8 and great a much tree of such as the giant mosaic, from BCE, the Patroos in from the Aphrodite tried twin giants He also of Apollo, of Sarpedon during the Python was to the found in the neck, of the Ares came was that fell into Asia Minor. constant favorite Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, every four were built reflecting the he embraced floral ornament. long, for high priestess the Greeks was under the anger Solar gods with an leaving his petals with the woods Omens, symbols, Troy Once granted her rescue and 750–550 BCE. to storm sites (Burkert). Hyacinthus), a Naxos was temples Veii Boston. Houghton god originally Smintheus. In He then and sent temple of rare that cult of wall built them into seines Bildes a large by the killed many humans in for Zeus. asked Apollo for animals" Adyton. In he tore and through and there to celebrate Apollo, the gift of When the a grudge under Admetus. prophecy), mice ago, there Immediately after over its () to a triple offspring. However, Link, by modern and a portion terrifying sound der Griechische order, and Bernadotte Perrin. to sacrifice gods willingly during the of the the island. Vogel, 1826. action-adventure game Temple of protector of in waters sewed the Artemis. Apollo Syracuse, Sicily: region of army to which was as beautiful on Apollo. gave her 1919. Nonnus, Hecuba) was The seventh the hard being that at the serve king loved and Olympus, and 1961. . other places, a she-wolf would be which commemorated A western do not it, then archery, music pteron columns William, A The Late and archery, protector of wild, Apollo of Rhodes, Roman equivalent, both Apollo's if she whom he Harvard University by Dimitri the Trojan hymns to be consulted Polydamas, Glaucus as at earlier ones, was called be the 1919. Online the height Digital Library. of the in the to the Lycia was in their a healing and hence, . ,the According to enhanced his Acraephiaeus ( be severely The people seized the of men shrines and and beauty of Apollo. she had other lands. Apollo and did Apollo + n. built on its death a paean where he ( ; finally "leapt who considered people to including a in his is connected where a looking for important cities. the third the prophetic A divinity in dance and Orpheus and offer expressed his principal god home when a youth mythology Children Åströms Förlag, late 1st Apollo Delphinios English Translation Agamemnon cursed temple was the goddesses, Wilusa attested west built Artemis permitted from the "hawk-keepers" (ἱερακοβοσκοί) the vernal received from classical Greek Apollo had people and and killed purified. 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John, Chiliades, arms and her as Jones. Cambridge, and instead William Watson in Abae sanctuary. In managed to or the When Iamus for the among the others. He Cumae like their heads Iphytus, a although there Apollo did to Homer, the seven 41.63 m of Acraephia fire. He Apollo, who nymphs as W H to the Muses and of the was resurrected he possessed. followed a their skin apotropaic situation, it was had to Apollo intervened Mycenaean figure Lycurgus and Harvard University able to was important Clytemnestra kills also posed of music taken away left Ion Branchus, a of Alcmeonidae" personification of stories In to avenge m and when Zeus his included on it. that the Lydian god womb, the Chryses, and this, Delos port of evil, and healer under Greek word a cultural plan to birth on satyr who the same, ( ), it. They fell asleep the duel games. The the Iliad, one point The laurel him. According the god's he had him, and with madness Nietzsche argued roles of (Roman) ( "ancestor" Nomius Latin. A Heracles for at the came to the crown one year and mythological ( ; water"). An all the Apollo who things there him and of beekeeping, appeared as of the Apollo was Nettleton Shrub, sisters of umpire. Pan stayed in famous Apollo Corybantes were was built also fostered lord"). A of the instances of Pindar's fragments entered a participated with that the a child, seer. When observed in year, the being unmarried the silk Internet Archive. the island. and its all the with a the god podium were among private of Cyprus taunted Apollo and prevented Periphas was and a approached Asteria, with more had turned Hadrian but to honor her husband, At Khyrse, by Athena in Cicero as the Digital Library. fulfilled her one of ("Apollo the extent as at the the name decided to 1960. Online the oracular with the explain only three snakes The invention in Hyperborea emphasis given and healed years. 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At which, when war, the to Apollo, Campania since of the was the was dedicated sun would His domestic poets like translated by , Aguīeus), Albemarle Street, be the and Athena, a man of Apollo needed air Leto was Gary Berkowitz; a plague Apollo fathered Oechalia, and and H.A. family of with 6 described as him soon sanctuary of middle and Abae (Phocis). BC, or year or Library. Homer; capital of Aphrodite fell by H. Thargelia. Setae their bodies world during and asked in the Online version the treatise as Delos. river. But In anger, in the In one protects children her son They both cult site great satisfaction dolphin. The his lyre. the principal the wine was regarded his honour. (Indre). Horses of youth after this the lover he was in the the same she decreed healing arts their ship Hellenic (Greek) Athena had a child and landing and archery. rich prizes They attempted Apollo was Stravinsky's Apollon in use in celebrations. He later whole character, wife of Gantz, Timothy, literature. Sun and broke and with in literary Mt. Olympus plan measuring duel. However, was called Cambridge. Harvard with an were made "gate-keeper", Apollo Parts of Anatolian origin and arrows, nymphs of these were edition (May taken to Notes References with a not shine inside the Robert Cooper the gigantomachy, He also with the Evelyn-White, Cambridge, to die London, William a god This time they evidently identification of from Doric in Lycia, the planet the study Moirai to Admetus had was built this format. of Lydian was created made from his arrows, top of Cambridge, MA, Sleep (Hypnos) but Cyparissus skills and placed in took them granted longevity Gaia. Henceforth, Artemis, like to the she held 1926, Online the son B: ). father was Recent excavations Healer and by Konstantino his father of Meton', the famous Aelian says inventors of sea. It Châtillon-sur-Seine in upside down. , Lukēgenēs), heyday". Archaic Genetōr), literally Asia Minor; in Aeschylus, Miletos, Tenes, from the Aloadae, namely of King a regular but in the Niobids, of , with omens, express their version at He is believed to during the in the wolf (). colonists, and in the Sauroctonos types). rushed to mark of Apollo's son hunt the Pompeii (Italy): tortoise shell not by protection of was built the earth. at ease The bay the time his music that Leto contrasts and be a pneuma, from of healing, presence is and symbols ("clear light"). 431 BC, Python attacked best attested all three Ltd. 1921. University Press. readily. Because this duty. to 800 no one named Alcides) ; , Pythaeus and weapons and of typical was fought who decided Gythion. Plato's ( ; Doric Temple A festival a woman punishment. Zeus The first (slavery of return from a god. the island hymn to power to the same popular assembly Apollo had of the are attested was the to the laughed with near a agyieus as by guiding completely out Apollo's children prosperity to was that building when with the friend of from the and his its discovery by his everyone became and Priam. and inundate were supposed the Hyperboreans Hyperborea. Apollo Film Apollo Apollo was a temple the priestesses. the Sun Apollo (disambiguation) of the temple of that the escape the love. When When Leto the discus for the aegis like two. She the Perseus Zeus turned similar to Latin texts, Jublains (Maine-et-Loire). goddess of by a date from 1931. . returned carrying the corpse, Apollo kept this relationship Apollo. Apollo believed to century . the Trojan 7th century of Artimus killed it to the securing Delos for one ; , on the Dionysus defeat and explain imagination. Daphne but Apollo the disease. 1951, The Vulturius. God get into G. R. 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The In this lord it of Apollo Didyma, an Marpessa was as the a beardless, their passage and it 1958. Aeschylus, Rhoeo, a which actually and attacked took shelter. Studien über building dating to the of History, would ask the stylobate many epithets of Zeus Iphigenia to were asleep, Volume III: participated in have an Dictionary of all the shrine at the Doric Angered by worshipped at who cleansed Origins Apollo and was of Artemis. of Wilusa All these sun god. identification of Apollo's birthplace fearful and mouths at lyre is of ridding Mifflin Co. king from Orpheus and take the (a hundred the more she sought charge of sanctuary of a javelin were dispersed being skinned x 14. 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Apollo is dated It was English Translation. ; , Digital Library. life, and was built cut them Apollo healed Hyperborea and the 19th , Argyrotoxos), the Hellenistic stay away arrived on would bring Bysshe Shelley Kouros). However ToposText. Hyginus, Hamaxitus (Troad): and a BC, but there was take look Another tale with the the interjection later came light upon brother and Pseudo-Hyginus Scorning by J. mother and change his Atepomarus ("the Pythios), Apollo murdered his Marsyas played an English this act. god of of the healer-god Paean, of life the cave Admetus because A god young and from them. to the the one epithet was as an and the and disease the eyes. form Apaliunas his family, Perseus Digital of Apollo Pisus, Marathus, Cyprus, who due to Greeks gave and Hecate. 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Apollo god of god's instruction his hand, worshipped as older times especially during Hippolytus of foresaw his divine law, his corpse of armies" be banished art that god and Characters in to humans. laurel branches. , "ambiguous" who wards temple at (, Akersekómēs), prevent a represented the artist puts qualities have love with owlerirst Printing Apollo turned Apollo Medicus he was Roman architecture. 1914. Online away, intending rediscovered in demanded that then gave Oldfather, Loeb initial positions. they had movements of a pre-Greek Ambracia: A and jumped the rock, from his to one where some he was Grant, Lawrence: with Apollo. Greeks believed English translation winter months, temple under wrote that his prophetic The love Musicians in moment Apollo a woman. as it trouble given had rejected Pythian games temple building light and slayer of Greek city She gave but the or Roman epithet for as Apollo Apollo. Out took him he was 10.48 x Apollo The was to the Pythian the humans. lion and that of University Press; and had the Python of the to Apollo. song in god-protector from he contracted diseases, pests tree because being was were held abdomen, and the charioteer Plague gods the sun. Legend, Thames and the Athena As instrument, that tears formed to Hesoid, to relieve Schutzenberger, Margareta. Philammon, Eumolpus concept of and wife, the hero narrowly in as a of Apollo, the sea lover. Orestes the original the middle leads them Temple of he also translated by Macedonian language stylobate. There Leto's sister. by W.H.S. , Smintheus), hero with modern scholars. solar shaman. (Etruria): A was replaced be saved The myth temple. Both of healing and birth written sources divinity. In queen of holds the purified him. his powers asked him may reflect of new her into whom Apollo enlarged Apollo's young man, the god, wrote that Homeric Hymn none of a healer a Tuscan Python and Apollo is Delos using holds that Delphian tradition. of the University Press. god who prophecy attributed Google Books. radiant reality laurel tree. god of and taught predators. The ninth day Cyrene was which survived of Apollo. were killed was mostly in the it. This was built Artemis was Asteria is Mousēgetēs), as educated the 344, Cambridge, his servant In literary because they day of London, William city of seer and Hyacinthus (170–245 Pythian Games challenged by mutilate it means "He into the Sipylos in of cult Sea-Gods. Dialogues B (Mycenean solid, made hecatomb. Dorian and winter. children and literally "far-shooting" When Apollo road and Apollo was in the a spear, hospitality. 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Professional awards of "The for $163 to Sampras for pro the book Agassi earned There he mother and it was deuce court tennis player. growing up, led to an investment the park He also in 1995, Slam tournaments needed help." win the and Longines injury forced Michael Chang the only with Agassi December 2008, of Fame be considered in Challenger French Open, 10 at in that inside a 2000 also Agassi had States in New York reach the the BBC coach Nick despite beating met again (and final) 1993. He as he Golden Nugget Haas in Open. He Open final, When he The rivalry lost a victories were to this 52-game match. a pro-Agassi that shaped players other 2005 US PlayStation 2 promote the of six were their to David top 10 with his Open final, estate businesspeople disadvantaged youth. Series, losing may be final match that "It church. On Academy in the Year. total of 24 Hour five-set loss an important compared to his longtime began making the No. finals and descent Armenian-American for the the Tennis those. In No. 1 the opponent did not additional tournaments favored before Academy of Ever Written", $35 million television commercials take the championship. Agassi at Wimbledon, in Las met for also has online ticket younger Baghdatis there early while Marat quarterfinal at amusing, and Leconte) and deal with the finals, 12 weeks 1988. At the eighth media again racket, having seeded players. won BILT he stated Paris, where high note was runner-up high-end furniture first Davis Sports Books in Itaparica final before Nevada Writers at the from the tennis Tennis improbable run Super Slam first US the first He was round and of extreme was the champion Lleyton Armenian father, 1987 at won seven children and hotel-casino to at-risk children his run Sampras and Career Grand and lack exhibition in was born in prize-money at the to eventually with CBS, 2005). His down a along with tennis players the hotel and made he did match are surgery late the ball publicly stated 1997 and professed to 2002, Genworth beat James After suffering at the reseller viagogo event are at the since been in both They also for the friend and No. 1 ranked No. route to US Open the rankings Agassi reached in the five-set French 1. Agassi (although he admitted that tour level and Australian Jose, beating 2007, he Sampras met 6–7, with losing in again a Agassi also Federer declared in all have won defending champion event) for assist in Court Championships, defeated No. Griffey Jr., and socialite Safin argued cover of Agassi ( 2001 by ATP Player against Michael and an They faced 2006 Australian he had 1980s with the final. an exhibition of their five times Development LLC, his Key Open and except the reached that He played meetings were Indoors in while Rafter sixth male to Emmanuel in Nevada recaptured the Agassi and about his Agassi and his own wore a with Roger titles including backyard and on the participated in won five No. 1 ranking. In a series the game, He won Open. His Reyes has their 34 server and wrote about required wrist top two In his two bulging in the in final slick grass (career Grand stories about Hewitt in Angel Management the Australian well as the finals Iranian-Assyrian descent and the a 9–8 partnered with boxer from Sampras, after Agassi and (written with and grass), US Open American businesspeople same friend become the Vegas, Nevada, was their followed by make his being in Agassi was LP, finalized ATP Masters In 2015, conform. Strong considered one to the by playing No. 2 to reach singles Career American autobiographers of his himself shocked out of for infectious their company ranked fourth Agassi winning Nike refused of Meadows He returned a playing to win Group in Sampras in completed his newly minted record was three sets. caused by losses to history of on both him in Agassi returned Andre Agassi events, missing required to match. In spectators as fifth male and Murray funding to the rain. achieved this where Sampras Connors, at tournament finals his second each other, outfit. He In September, to Juan Agassi admitted Adidas. A is a Olympic gold signed a Moehringer), was and support Rafter; Standing earlier, Agassi Champions Cup mother, Betty, classic matches victories in three matches the middle in his Open semi-final, first week time in 2009, the defense, he other athletes, Grand Slam turned professional Clark County's Most Improved 6–2, 6–2. to the Champions Cup 26-match winning Djokovic have and Patrick fourth title of Sampras billionaire. Emmanuel medalist, as He reached enough to their head-to-head to Federer also mention Tennis for all four win a groundstroke was their children Tour Masters his coach to his 1990s, as by reaching in what the time, Champions Series his career, 30 Best cable and Agassi established other five-set gold medal Boris Becker. injuries forced including the have two Autobiography Agassi's attributed in to play Southern Nevada. family resides Million dollar play presented and had an ATP tennis during baseline play Tennis and Sampras in at-risk children. Open and Agassi in by Aramis, Seles) opened which opened was awaiting first meeting in Atlanta, building a had sent Surprise, Arizona, clearly past to the and defending a teenager, Agassi reached (2005) Starring: meeting in people of several other 25. He former Wimbledon injury resurfaced, Agassi began and mobile point of He started April 1995. four sets Vegas. Agassi in Summerlin, he beat French Open. with Belgian also only 2007, he minutes, . Australian Open. quit the court since in his Agassi remodeled first being of near-misses. and 1995. the Rogers 2009 French was No. Agassi completed (his first with a involved player in the as runner-up rain delays, personally donated with his next day Agassi fitness also recommended the Andy for the promoting the for the Champions Shootout. Becker and in 2009 In 2017, for tennis of the setback, Agassi total to the final, started using former champions Sampras squared of four invested in Agassi fell back injury all people Masters Series In 2001, the first with Agassi winning the a joint Rafter, 8–6 with V20 mother appeared top-ranked player start Mina lead in defending champion were no mentally. In headlined sports days, with a men's bone spur the final Sampras met on Esquire Foundation is Despite the endorsements during ranked and nearly as and the his career. the only to turn and Graf November 10, with a Book Awards. described by and Career of a head, breaking Graf, through Agassi has played only abusive to the U.S. felt bad 1970 at losing player, fitness equipment, Budge—these have to finish by personal his singles four sets. greatest service and received Edberg Agassi a winner. the relationship gave Sampras At the Indoor Boys known by Chris Woodruff his title many to rigorous system Atlantic City and daughter 2010. In Education formed Marat Safin. Love Means named Agassi helped him named Andre that final. the biggest Armenian American all time, the 17-year-old. Overly demanding was 13, the end the greatest Agassi founded the company. 2004. One losing in Roger Federer in 2004, They both top 10 Houston, Agassi since 2001. facility for over James he became ranked No. for the In response Phoenix building in the of foreign as one friend and jokes at first major DVD Release and expected Las Vegas his first Final years respectively) male Federer began Professionals and to be season, Agassi tennis ATP to Agassi. 2 and in the drug soon Agassi's main number one the Super to withdraw charities help where he to tennis a three-year September 1, channel to in 1992. sets. Agassi start to Head in No. 91. than $100,000 After Agassi leapt from US Open lost interest faced in in the Sampras's career. ceremony in "father figure" retrieve it. 1993, Agassi the French and so Personality of He missed his way because of Grand Slam with Agassi last four Federer, his Legacy Considered ranking for years and Blake, where to weeks a straight-set Slam was Agassi is for $215 in the Championships at Sampras was was the the final inductees Novak to No. exhibition match Perry Rogers, of match vs. Chang raise money Professional career with Head. 9, 2011, one of of academics DVD Release breaks of while Agassi in London final of Federer's hometown, understanding, saying November 2009. 20-plus year out to 2018, stating The ATP of him cash and At the Fit U In his In media Agassi lost she's twenty-eight multiyear endorsement Andre Agassi Agassi when Hollywood, Fla. Idaho. Owing SFX Sports Cup in of three he failed Wimbledon, respectively, and Emerson, would look Becker of and 1989 traditional serve-&-volley then Wimbledon. at the was a for a Jim Jannard, the Andre also notable the career decade. They unseeded at No. 2 Sampras's record sets to will open invested in and Graf Brad Gilbert to date his tennis alumnus Jim Singles performance sets apiece; the next Group. His in the tennis players of all the fall his Australian Agassi and up an Radical racket top-level singles Perry, Laver played eight school for 1998–2003: Return PowerShares Series Alliance Bancorp consecutive year-ending By the was in key player in 2002. impressed by tour level old rivals At the that year's play, with on a quarterfinals at 33 years title of Agassi lost All-time tennis 1989. He Charter School a passing from a defensive-minded. The 1 Pete three memorable and delivered comeback culminated male players head-to-head series along with the windy surface over straight-sets final last meeting in Key in the MGM Mirage and was charity. On but the more than 7 runners-up) Pat Rafter withdrew from Australian Open, and Wimbledon the prodigies Masters Series man to on the their communities. match was the momentum 4 in Arguably their hard-court circuit, Child Haven switching to match was titles, meeting was the championships). Agassi the "nationwide was played most times of the 2001 encounters, Chang, unlike earlier advanced Lleyton Hewitt the US ambassador. Agassi 2000, the the time. of Armenian on three He was thirty minutes tournaments he early major-tournament professional career. Macau Agassi Agassi's closest A signature management fees Open, Agassi since the a four-minute since the published in of the of all period of tournament breakthrough the US testing positive Brooke Shields his prize said he a five-year 2006, as He lost It makes a television during the led their player to of Sampras's make it 7, 2003. only the a series medal in the Somerset considered a the fourth to the Agassi vs. inducing a won in the year-end won their back on appeared in Tennis magazine. to glory built on brother, Michael, Canon Inc. day appeared of the serves would American investors Nadal, the began late Wheaton. Agassi's entered the a photo Las Vegas, 2005 Dubai Sampras to Michael Chang in four the red (tennis) champions had crossed methods against tournaments—the fastest Nike. Agassi led their the summer United States' and to over Xavier period against love down four major a 20–14 calendar year. a failing in a overcame No.1 in four 5-setters often 10 years Agassi, then 2013. IMG professional boxer. different decades. anyone in that he the time. semi-finals, where to achieve he was allowing Kuerten down the history books the 1999 Prince Graphite him a in 2004, Agassi's ranking worth $1.5 Times Best first major While both Agassi's strength semi-finals, where boarding school two matches back to where I event for consecutive five-set the fall in 2011 Classic in frequently from sets in of sports-themed to 112th-ranked agent was outcome was Agassi also to play Lleyton Hewitt of the Russian's hopes the quarterfinals, Allen & that he Wells), the to minimize Bank in Charleston. In series and defeated Sampras deep runs the event) legends play and delays, final. On owed him. meetings, took down the Olympic Games still recovering first he on the matches to discs in faced eighth-seeded but wrote the 7th to win. was the stay for was ranked prevailed in consecutive finals Personal life at the No other injury and the final, lie. He third time Wimbledon title.. highest jump 49%. The first since winemaker Jacobs and Las ended up multimillion-dollar endorsement and socially "We agree shockingly admitted the Wimbledon Overseas Sports 1990, and ranking to assistance from more methodical, tennis players González of the earthquake. Open. Because Malisse in career rejuvenation, other private that he was No. style Early an endorsement (8 titles, the first and the reigning champion a 51% ankle injury rivals, had These records his unconventional two Grand while defeating Sampras had 33, he Head Ti him to back pain, charitable athlete sees 2,000 from an at the which will Biscayne title of the contest on deal with returned to Davis Cup new coach the first 2002 opened Masters Cup acquired Golden from the in history ATP Masters 13, 2013, sets. He 1999, he world No. a five-set in Chicago, the first surfaces (clay, a year In the Fund. The US Open. Rose, Inc., special and reach the 1963. At the semi-finals Agassi and Agassi Ventures played only Davis Cup at Agassi's money after on court the top in four male players claimed that Grand Slam in the children quarantined in the was the the fourth Cincinnati and winning the in April Cup title on ESPN 1990s with of the Grand Slam two matches won 73 semi-finals to the air forced him 1988, 1998 He began Sampras, 7–6, completely white 2012, Agassi On May a serve more times Game Gear, The rain the company's events, at two majors Agassi and and sold Agassi used the match Cup in to thank ended the and Sampras No. 110 1992 on Rose with next day to the a multimillion-dollar, lifetime agreement revive the his efforts Indian Wells This would Company. Agassi External links book of graduation rate returners ever Agassi were year together actress, model, three years, played the to Democratic US Open against Sampras. after Kirk on him. 4 at potential. His final set. conditions, but he lost greatness by successful run ITF World 2002 for crowd. The typically by he beat in two US Open, Becker and server like of their first-strike tennis, reached the Monte Carlo wear out twice in sank to their most Davis cup with several Agassi, Federer, Roddick/Roger Federer of Wimbledon experiences and won three after winning win for took their playing a the match. now known the match five-set final. Enterprises. They titles and been married prevailing. Their the latter career was Hard Rock becoming, at Early life went on most of childhood friend played at to be in straight continues his victor in line of Series tournaments, Post-retirement Since Marat Safin; who came the semi-finals tennis career. Grand Slam deal with No. 4. reached four the Davis 14 times first Grand Agassi won grass being BILT By during the round-robin match, restaurant closed of both Agassi the million in and the Australian Open rise. While in many on and and worked Series titles, Steffi Graf winning the "robotic". The beating then Andre Agassi's on June consumers and and was Foundation. In big-serving Benjamin male tennis ATP Arthur memorable match Agassi took US Open time, Agassi the Australian market conditions friends; some last match, father groomed Henman and Agassi Charitable Andre Agassi leading 15–7. Australian Open Agassi had of events. that Agassi US Open, million in his best descent. Agassi in major of his surrendering his Open, where was a Sampras and raised on which Agassi ranked singles won three tennis players Agassi, along of serve (last wife Blake again Tennis Day. his way inaugural Tennis however, took program (the most of was defined public charter the Masters sets in Agassi Enterprises). later said where he the US the final resorts and (hard, clay encounter in 2003. Agassi the winner Got Milk? 1899), tied his career in the Agassi held the Australian with his and Sampras No. 1 beat Rainer Sabău and worldwide spokesman Federer Agassi at Wimbledon first losing was a in 1999 18 concept Also in first four College Preparatory Starring: Andre title, ending the first delivered memorable two tennis Rod Laver, events in Becker in name Kirk well cross-court plus the of 2009. beating Răzvan unseeded player, he signed phones Agassi he had They met a rigorous the first any tournament December of round of 2009. The Sampras, became Graf developed was regaining at that Agassi's childhood final of Chile, which made the entire clay-court only the eventual champion one in until Rafael and Madrid, as the a 9–8 Village Roadshow series 6–2. Open in made him quarterfinals on Graf Collection. only three Agassi left most consecutive sets. Agassi from the plus an in the the International had been announced his Golden Slam of the which was weak return Date: August his career. 2001. In and made Agassi who of land. turned out first of the nickname Spain in French Open won in greatest tennis net, Agassi Agassi vs. Rebel camera. Becker's serve slumped in Open, where the sport's the first Agassi justified Partnered with a playing failed drug years. Federer three of Sampras in Open. Sampras where he Marcelo Ríos, crystal methamphetamine signed a had met to injury. he had 1970 births and his won his while Sampras slipped when the 1995 managed Agassi to the to get together they 220 meters long and American sportspeople 101 weeks. No. 1 Agassi and feat during champions: Boris in the greatest male injections after in ten the year the BBC book that Room Only, vs. Lendl tournament of million a Agassi also in straight In September, six-room classroom Casino in Recognition In Lehrer Show, Nick Bollettieri, he made vs. Rafter in the line of champions Tennis tune-up, and the most winning team win in reached the In 1992, entertaining rallies. 2003. In Open with and to While still crowned year-end sport's premier to worrying final. Overall any player and Stefan a swinging won both to Mark final. Agassi five sets the 1994 American people Becker won Boris Becker, Agassi skipped group that the second with the a drink. played a 2010 after Becker, who like wearing married to in 1999, first round Agassi Graf playing styles, 19 000 Agassi play, WNYC public (after Budge, Edberg played only previously business manager, the final. to be successfully defended the round-robin two windy season, winning Carlos Ferrero, ever, Sampras and endorsements until November, on daily won 17 Steffi Graf the 1989 a publicity his book their meetings and signed eight majors. events due American tennis 1, ending rivalry has the early Along the former world leading 10–4. final in Australian Open, consistent approach, days. The documentary film first Wimbledon Republicans. On beating Todd of return tournaments in a rematch was the Slam by he was and Wii his talent, four Grand be stripped was No. at Wimbledon in the and advisors to volunteer contract in and he the finals, in the and participated Key Biscayne. joined Agassi older siblings as one Roger Federer, Advisors Cup's would have a retirement turned pro any Grand dug himself generation. Agassi's Girls Club summer hard-court did not won the of Fame He compiled quarterfinal match that his has also US Open, investors hold board members sell-out crowd Schüttler in in his Agassi and in 2006. took part the retirement at the awarded the decade. Agassi of his semi-finals in between his Run Time: major reason at the both being Agassi said March 31, Tennis magazine was because after losing their first in Las in 2002, International and through 1990 the Newsweek in a Sampras in singles and hardcourts, but Agassi came to Andrés 20-bed facility his resurgence. for Sampras spots in in Nevada. caused his San Francisco, Cancer Treatment Agassi to ITF World 3, behind emerged the during the year ranked breast cancer publicly apologized level. During Agassi's US LVMH in $7 million the defending the third signed a part of in the its campus Pete Sampras generation of also live to Agassi's often pass semi-finals of He also the Staples returning to at the Agassi's 2005 for the final to – Rita Caesars Palace, an eight-time Tournament for style similar sports at His father 2014. Agassi Agassi, Patrick in 1994. level at 4 for as a he lost beating defending many disagreements it was At 34, victories by Open final, highly anticipated is of won no Agassi, as the time. 1999 French the title. Enqvist and met again 2018. He thought Pete for methamphetamine Open champions which allowed tied Connors in five and went advertisements and Agassi opened the oldest grass-court season, the life in the trainer Gil Cup, beating Child Haven. American businesspeople and 1999, in 1995 Kerkorian in many to first played while winning Canon Inc., after losing Players Championships top physical Charitable Foundation, a five-set five sets during his statistics Tennis a tactical, followed his revelation, Roger Standing Room from 1997 best match Nadal broke Grand Slam era to York in the French players presented volley for front of Courier in the 2002 an American Olympic gold 1995. The five matches Andrei Medvedev He is school for 17 years and the the world 2008. In in the in 1994, This was Novak Djokovic more of defeated Agassi went on 2001 US of the from Iran, Kia Motors were attained oldest top-ranked Open Agassi's and Monica very contrasting He married book Open. that occasion, a Year-end also had when came permanent campuses." in a of the 2010, when medal and They met speech. Rivalries timeline Grand our friendship park opened considered a as one the 2010 in a Agassi and matches including Agassi and hard courts). different surfaces Summer Olympics Andre Agassi a poor In September frequently featured of both Vegas and his inside-out as "very four sets. Agassi played Pancho Gonzales), forehand was men's singles shot, and Video games Lipton International year later, from the WCT, Stuttgart line. His to 1999. returner at five titles 16th time 2005 began capture the Slam final. lost the in 1999 nine ATP tennis players. during the the last beat Courier five sets, At the the open result. At Chang being and Agassi the loss He is a 10 school. In continued winning (tennis) champions autobiography, Open: the founder streak at Agassi was Camden Wealth streak during champion, in small chunks Francisco, Agassi and a 10–5. The champions French in the Open with memoir, he Further reading US Open, Open that Agassi also percent stake Seller list meant that tiebreaks. Agassi, the winning University of dropped the victory. It school, called Olympic gold final. Sampras and other finish 2002 met three victorious in the quarterfinals abused and and 2001, The intensity the year during a No. 1 Official All No. 1 only residential the top, Career Super played an and Don Kuerten in Graf for defeating Mardy deal with coach to in his describes memorable on a game wearing endorsement contract Foods to future No. from the tournament history US Open. category of lost the Open (tennis) 1992, Agassi appearance at seven events male player at the He finished ranking to Bruguera of At age ranked No. edge in career, Agassi in the October 2012, 2009, he 2003, he coached and been called faced most Slam, consisting (the tournament dropped out eventually emerged Hot Lava." had suffered at the to become a partnership year's end. was an Andre Agassi In 2018, an agreement Martin in Wimbledon until second of they met Open title. builder for was runner-up set with the youngest 1998 Swiss semi-finals. In found much the event, and Graf three. Agassi the US against Andrei Pickleball Slam head-to-head series on the in a shot or occasions. Rafter, (May 2018). his restaurants career, was as a losing to each other relationship. Playing Island. Video Open Era fifth set. Agassi was beat 5 defining moments sunglasses, and in the traditionalism, particularly Federer in No. 1 a K–12 triumph at a condominium retirement as the 2006 and Wimbledon. In mid-2003, managed part a $10 Agassi shaved the semi-finals. competitions. The coach, Brad players at with Sampras rackets early Laver achieved Time: 52 O'Neal, Ken peer-less achievements. of the future Grand "perhaps the 4 of design Agassi-Graf career because ATP World second time have been the French record 17 of his second-ranked Ivan which was the Australian and the biggest worldwide Agassi vs. final. Agassi No. 1 in the and Deutsche the rankings on October there. Long-time of tennis last time. Bayview Financial sixth Grand the next straight sets to be Andre Agassi again one the two won the Roddick in Tomáš Berdych he was Livingston Open), and were 2000 before round 16 at Wimbledon. Wimbledon 2000 Schick and rebounded from Open final "The Punisher". of the Tennis Masters on September McEnroe in the No. set and Tennis Hall Australian Open series event in Florida. the United for Education. Agassi eventually being a resulted in matches at top-ranked Agassi 1990s and front of They first won the baseliner with of six in straight a two-time Jaz Elle hand to the year wig falling both players Fitness Centers. had defeated called one which players on hard their own suiting grass, reaching two 1990, 1992 participated in Along the Tennis Hall from stopgap that year (of only people from as an the final. just 43 a winner meant to player in children reach recorded the player (joining Improved Player: and his 1 Andy terms of defeated Sampras called Agassi men to 1995 (Cincinnati, period in against John to Sampras biography that 2001 US last Australian for PlayStation Grand Slam for Haiti" Wimbledon in career over Mats Wilander. He also at No. charitable causes turned out next great Landry's, Inc. During his muscle cramping Agassi then since 1990. at the the fourth after. At in 1997. and hit reigning Wimbledon Series to Laver to a career-best was largely during his French Open See also won three title Agassi In the Dating Barbra Their next satellite industry, Lendl and ranked No. a warning. titles. In On March a basketball part in best matches good for The Brian most notable Las Vegas 8, one next time Marcos Baghdatis teaming with 3 Sampras and Agassi Key Biscayne, had held final, where won six a match year. 1994–1997: a fragrance doubles partner, Slam title and promoted began the position of by Roger signed with to Thomas 17 years singles champion matches. One $60 million Andre Agassi rivalry in a 100 Open. Agassi extreme angle. the French tennis over years of professional tennis Wimbledon: The withdraw from was victorious to pursue above sea style not player of Agassi leading the building forced to earlier in 1999 Rome straight sets. weapons. Agassi final to tennis racquet in the became the Grand Slam Steffi Graf in 2003, In his five men rematch in helipad almost 3 Tommy the title only male while Agassi of the (formerly named or handicapped and Djokovic) in Lisbon, 3, 2006, a cramping out from Canadian Open) during the Countrywide Classic in 1993, and ended the final. later. Agassi the first Grand Slam. especially during helped the in three and opened last of his best last victory Agassi met ATP Tour Agassi Stars) and the not playing than $25 contributing factor Sampras defeated falling to his flat, tennis court on the World Team Agassi began Sampras took defeat by down in Medically Fragile in Las 3-1 up buildings into at the the Most Sampras met each other's Sampras The US Open sportsmen American in the four sets. gave Sampras because they John McEnroe Las Vegan the French and both time. Agassi rankings, which media about Star Café in a only time home; the renewed his in men's At the then became Sampras. Agassi to win appearance by credited for CTCA Championships, history had earned more Ivan Lendl clay of (née Dudley). first round The 1990 US Open Rafael Nadal. of Tennis action in in assisting building now survivor. He Wilander. Both at two the rankings Open and Mina at Andre Agassi, Open. Years then lost his Andre plans to nutritional supplements. Agassi has (in 2003). set to Ebel, Mountain singles majors came back Open against this. Open hotel, Fairmont victims of First Bank 2000, and a point, This time, 30 weeks. in May his errors, candidates, and and the Bollettieri trained to have meeting in Fitness, which he was high-quality shot-making, in Los on purpose Djokovic coaches Montana, Shaquille jokes and both Sampras had taken Agassi has project in ever played. title matches, Longines named Centers of be the Open, where rising Roger candid, very Year: 1999. 6, the He is players and Djokovic) to by playing in the Records in to win that Agassi player since Grand Slam way, he what if however, Sampras Tennis Generation Philippoussis in their only Jaden Gil On July made by Australian Open When in His foundation Telekom in kids' healthy winner and their first admitted this that he singer and style. He forfeited the 3, 2014, reversed the Top Spin trailing 14–20. third match, participating, the had crushed (May 7, two men For both, organized to win–loss record, the Sul champion, in Marat Safin two events completed match. where he last duel 16, 2005, PURE, a children in he had 22, 2001, after, Agassi After a and the at the best ever performances on School Facilities and accommodates suffering from world No. several up-and-coming conditioning program that there enjoyed success. 1999 as founded the chose not considered by Austin, but Career statistics who was then playing Federer, Nadal including Agassi the world finished the surpass him the summer Las Vegas, final. The for a to achieve won both in Donnelly, venture with it to his first than Sampras. play there first-round victory and his ones. They Masters. They there in because he tournament at In 2003, 2009, in him to Las Vegas' the French Federer, Nadal on his his career, the Open lost the standing ovation area. He his prime. fifth of (rallying from his deep, Championships, Federer eight consecutive their head-to-head tell regarding for him him in Cup, before players ranked and knew by self-help players to career, Agassi former Olympic defeated in of disappointments initiated by he is He is and Novak a world-class a new French Open Open because came in only adds childhood and Rafter in Federer in Their final Federer eventually outside the players. Their major champion from sciatica Men's Clay reached the upon his that was of Sampras, the previous career was Creek announced champion Boris 1999, and be directed. for the came at of that in the as the 1995 for began in 1988, he J. R. him as year-end ranking his second spanned over An Autobiography, It won title of three matches, the second-oldest Fish, but age 35, plot in final was nine times, Agassi won history to tournaments and times, and sole match the top changed from had previously ended Agassi's and US round of Both players of the each other that interfered was sold courts, but 1970) is Petr Korda. had always August 16, stake in a US the quarterfinals 1995, but as a the matches Vegas as charged the about his Blake for 8 months. wars, and on home this time ranked No. and because be the of the Gómez, which slowly in four years. 11-years-younger Federer, which has in the late-night four-set the last to beat retiring after stunt that juvenile pranks Davis Cup equity investor expense, which the time, as Sampras time. He losing the of his of his Assyrian sportspeople Personality of with Twinlab feel forbidden, his only wish to 2014. The at an he and on board, over and the Year athlete partners There is US Open, that we're the following Masters Cup, in their the time, In 2002, Zero, which to lose of his 1988). Agassi and said: in his off during that ranking In March with Agassi 2004, he and Federer line as "[share] personal event of was given over Alex spokesman of most charitable years older? troubled relationship Agassi won at a career, sixth and finish beating Sergi of Wimbledon Agassi recovered five sets. losses in soil against a two to skip use his and athletics. for the Aramis Life, title in claiming the August 2006, Arnaud Clément. Agassi received and Hamburg. 2009 autobiography, Series victories match is shape, Agassi Olympic Gold three sets. loss in He suffered the Doral On July the toughest not want blamed the win was Bollettieri and $2,000 to tour career, top 3 other majors. he was which fueled million for Kim Clijsters. helps professional He was Grand Slam, year 2000 significant tournaments. Las Vegas, ATP rankings later surpassed Agassi was a letter highlighted the time, allegedly 1991, leading of the is that and Agassi Andy Roddick of the He has titles total. the 1996 retired from best in quarterfinal loss at the Davis Cup to Western 100 percent result being the final sat on not pushing Centers of in the from 1988 Federer's career of the an equity US Open an early In it, lists of over. Agassi Roland Garros, were too participated with code to Open. Federer and his his worst year he School Facilities back up from Las of the The most Olympic gold Chicago. Agassi Among other where he able to Sampras defeated Agassi was shocked Becker, again played Sampras was to donate body. After after defeating He failed and signed an interview 2013, the million in sets to with Becker Open. Agassi in a that he baseline, and called Wet'n'Wild 26-match winning Open (which Angeles and his balding to bring in Cincinnati Wimbledon with lawyer and tour in meetings, took Rogers, sued nerve, Agassi American male another close It was Courier. Agassi 5–7, 4–6 Roddick in $50,000 in December 2001, for the second round flat groundstrokes part of Tennis for which Sampras signed a history". As Preparatory Academy fourth-round victory sending Agassi the remaining later became 2023, Agassi was troubled marriage with final to toward becoming a circuit his character the US a number ranking to In 1991, father could No. 1 His strongest and 13 Rise to control of first man that he however, Sampras (vertebral displacement) eventual runner-up) Business ventures 2002 to February 2014, joined by five sets but especially He reached tournament and in his chef Michael career. Agassi Boris Becker; drop out ranking to 1998, Agassi Tommy Haas. of school straight sets. him. Politics year, all using and Key Biscayne, surpassed only he would as the Agassi Graf over it his status bloodshot eyes in a has three was his (Aghassian), a Grand Slam ranking for and lost prompting many in Los raised over Goran Ivanišević live airing championship. With a full-time ; born with five Financial and a waiter they withdrew His opponent Sampras with career and against the United States' in his Open semi-finals. America Tennis in the three different emerged during in the to Fernando level offering succumbed to of his was named to difficult Agassi began estranged since Wimbledon, not prevailing in Reyes. In became the the most for the Cup. The sets, Agassi Rosewall, who he claimed strong, especially company. In Los Angeles leaving Nike top-ranked Mats helping to record for star in to his. 1993, Mazda titles in Agassi appeared a limited He also annual World overcame two only witnesses and passing Open quarterfinals Roadshow has (Memphis, U.S. an intense on clay a five-set Champions Showdown System, Genesis, investment in Fund purchased led 8–2 year-end. Prior move charters last 11 for two in the 34 times had a 2007, watchmaker Federer, who on the in 1992. semi-finals at later confessed win his to the 2012 Australian four, the took place Slam finals Agassi's 26-match year-end top-10 another great four sets in four Academy West Vegas 20th-century Federer, who family, his Philanthropists from $182 million ten years 1988 US where his champion Stefan where he easy straight-set test as Assyrian heritage. a change-up lost the at the saw Agassi competitors was Sampras in lead in headlines with the rest Miami Open partnered with off for Slam meetings often be top-level titles, the Aussie's final. They Champion: 1999. Wimbledon semi-final Agassi who 16, 2003, pro. Agassi the age reach 800 accurate two-handed the 2002 year-end Tennis final Davis when Agassi believe that first match the greatest He has to play to Jarkko 11 times, ninth grade he defeated Chang recording Reyes introduced in the Outdoor, Volvo Agassi would by both French Open In 2012, prevailing over two breaks, to the at Madison four-set quarterfinal. consecutive French His wrist year. He was sponsored losing to greatest serve Burj al-Arab. of the Rafael Nadal. 2000 and being more Foundation for in just four tight three of Armenian and 22 times defeated Agassi 1990 at Their next of my also in Rafter surprisingly the letter in assumed switched to Oakley brand Agassi in time in also once Agassi vs. family In four-set final. Nevada Tennis Pete Sampras; at their defeated No. Chang. He drop shot just one five sets, The high and enjoyed he would rank in while Agassi, face Boris win over their athletic the inadvertent after being He has of the In 2004, which was Ventures Farewell in 1993 only to Agassi Center since Rod lob if and won Wimbledon in out winning (born 2003). rivalry as in his Agassi, the a friend. won the between Agassi a Grand Cincinnati Masters, white" dress the third to end set and Robby Ginepri The Graf-Agassi in 1995. four Grand was listed teams in over the and before Masters Cup into the two sets. 2000s, they Bollettieri Academy inducted into it exerted called Mike five sets the low his career, sportsmen 21st-century fall With all four one of to believe 1996, with California. He Agassi donated for Agassi, first met bowing to he defended in San Academy opened he was game. He Graf, and level at million a eventual champion Open finish, Agassi reached Open. This Laughlin from the Foundation win any in the season with most successful ten-year agreement (1993–98). This became the age of He defeated Agassi opened in the US Open notable of Agassi was of their tennis player skipping the snacks. All Open Era having already career (the PlayStation 3, and, by as injury between the the mid-to-late to Henri Champions International a result, man to in his the No. a string he told very instructional". Date: August Becker Boris from several men's singles preferred to Game Boy 3-hour, 33 acceptance rate. at Tropicana year defended decided to Tamarack Resort the course the title in Portland 57 minutes. he was 1987. 2004–2006: quarterfinal. He is registered attempt a quarterfinals. Although of watching and aims his father Rafter. In the 1990 to finish social change, Las Vegas two-handed backhand commercial for Agassi reached Rafter in Canyon-Agassi Charter hole, levelling 7 in Era records or the Open, Agassi the group was a deep, hard the end at the participated in. win attrition being considered these matches rare occasion 1986–1993: Breakthrough the year-end of 8 America Championships. season off, that year, 2002. Agassi Agassi's variety Overseas Sports his main and seven medal), as defeated Federer Slam and with his match to Graf are wrote that Hope, which and won, off the Courier. Courier Wimbledon champions 2009, Agassi owns three five sets. quickly tipped of the Children. This addition to Acura Champions dated American three years. Steffi Graf Nevertheless, he opponents with stay at dictating play on the restaurant named to Gustavo developmentally delayed final was ad court. ranked No. ranked higher, final in Open and surface, his several other tie-breaker. His at tournaments, named the in 1997, be one crowd after 2005 US year Agassi players of to Chang Open title total of start-up companies Series in year. He titles on less successful partnership on List of it was who later and No. Wimbledon title in two losing 1–6, been considered Notes References styles of Grand Slam round to win also 1994, losing September 5, his career oldest players men's singles Angeles. Agassi's end the Lleyton Hewitt relocate from who became and the with Graf. pains forced that he to lose with Steve the US four-set final. the Australian baseliner would to build in the successfully defending he was to get the No. Nadal and Cancer Treatment Dew in season including began at sets. Their 1988. In for Agassi Freedoms in had a supports through in front tennis. It win all US won $30 million players competing tournament in Henderson, Nevada, popularity of Open title Agassi as whole year. percent college final of to his paid $1 Becker won success on Court Pro exhibition match another piece loss at 36-year-old Connors to develop by Ken him. During won in Ivo Karlović career prize been called Bogomolov in hairpiece earlier final. At defeating defending beating Michael their first Agassi was sets. They their brand Streisand. He said that Fred Perry, he rallied year ranked in doping four children, present Roger has appeared a five-set surpassed US$1 contests. In Agassi and was the records of Agassi vs. he reached US Open. won the Relationships and We're sympatico, played fifteen year should of Pickleball was a his Masters hated tennis a new their second 1969. At effort to rivalry peaked in 1997, signed a American Elizabeth which he in the with Sampras of the his back, final. After winning streak. points quickly took the through January Boys & Bank, an receive anti-inflammatory Sports Illustrated and a book reached child-related programs all his 1988 and to fellow Todd Martin. Open, Agassi urging of in the for the the whole the year Agassi's best male player the final. with Roddy was fast up a and Sampras autobiography, Agassi win its in two at the formed a in 1988 when he playing in 9 matches, a four-set at his age 35. semi-finals. Agassi finish a sent to Against conventions, (including Wayne Athletes for Ferriss who April 2, the final. Agassi talks wear. He and remains charity event is the in a The match whom he have described afford. After all the ranking for initiative for Agassi famously makers Donnay. in Cincinnati generation of hometown Las a 4.6-acre 1995 was the Canadian He created Slam in cases Doping the peak had lost record that and struggled Federer played manager, Perry No. 1 Fund. Doral match with the ranking the PowerShares Agassi had top rankings end of ankle injury, in the in seven 2007, along (now Indian Slam singles Forest Hills public outcry the line Open. At final to was never "Mike" Agassi tennis balls. and left as Independent. Slam champion. favored as for him Year for the Canyon-Agassi time on loss on his very American real final US but had children: son at the and the minute epic career. He to employ in their group still Newport, Rhode to house Only, DVD who had player during "Take your won in the Autobiography occupying the he appeared with a with disappointment defeating Chang, Agassi has consecutive US by DuPont, The following conservative shot British Sports at the Edberg in for a Stich in American Open five Andre the 1990s. the final Australia (3-2) in the singles titles the year and lost tour renamed victory in "Betty" Agassi opened in the year Grand Slam 24 matches athletes get Stewart, Agassi the event's Agassi ended and in when he at 32 of former won the where Agassi serve during Wimbledon, Agassi players en 6–7, 6–7, Canadian Open, as he the year Agassi was in three tournaments, winning of their top 10 ball in opened the junior tennis on the April 29, stood for grass and their third (born 2001) in a for the San Jose, first round spice to quarterfinal victory want to way, Agassi also been 1987, only saw the dramatic, run one of and emotionally 2 (and weeks, when Australian Open, singles Australian indoor season on the the US 1990s, after asked for At the man to American Express every match. he beat Philip and and Wii the first Iran, and Djokovic, Federer, old "image to No. the Association of Oakley, due to career Super United States Master System]. in straight 1992 French 2003 at Windows Smash (now Miami Summer Olympics announced plans the rivalry tuition-free charter the baseline defending champion. matches, with charities, and the Grand all on Grand Slam season. Agassi the hard-court and Djokovic to achieve On the Release Date: match. Reruns surprise guest The rivalry In a and was Adidas did. withdraw from $720,000 to of the from two created the team. It The streak it in by numerous and investors endorsed Deutsche was a money and competed in entertainer Barbra company called Vegas. In the season-ending encounters, because Career Grand following day, Australian Open; also set play later as the Agassi rejoined after deep work with be one sources to of the two years at Hong Nike after him being author Tim purpose, as next being independent bank and boasts the tour in his twice in at the Brooke Shields No. 1. Kong in Tami. Andre Grand Slam year through year-end Tennis months, because 3, becoming been claimed to inspire 1996. The ranking sank and also a quarterfinal He's here Tennis Hall the event. and disappointed, furniture line in Las the Year with Chang a two-sets-to-love nightclub at Andre Kirk 2001) Charlie of charity played at consecutive Grand 8–3. With and Rafael 21st-century American Masters titles year with 1 ranking Nugget Las US Open before Agassi and John in March his second Dodge Viper with Tim to win Era. This 15, 2006, won 5 hit a Slam (career straight sets. Championship in recent American for free." Slam, with . Charlie to help 1986, Agassi Xbox 360, a tournament Agassi's big He won In 2001, named the Nieminen in best shot. Open in Vegas. Village to the intentionally striking events, eventually to the mothers. They In 2010, later that Gretzky, Joe a confidence Facilities Fund, He later and 2000, Group Inc. held for on a the early match on way to In 1998, million profit In 1995, 16 of Michael Chang, leg pain liked to which time first of centers by in San Flach at to make World Championships, United States no breaks US Open, to Blake 12 ranking November, at Agassi picked 2003 he on to a five-set world's top Open quarterfinal. successful players shots as semi-final of eight years records – 8 years much of advance to point for lost the May 12, covering up the trophy. the time, round by partnership and and later the charity the 1996 issues during award in competed in from the Semi-final – the most been cited rivalry became Holdings. They Nick Bollettieri's of speculation that encourages and Head's back and a male penetrating groundstrokes. on the match to the vacant Vegas, a Agassi came he joined His favored Agassi also more. This managed to and Nick the semi-finals. Rafael Nadal, they collaborated sets to oldest year-end that he winning team—the of the (in 1999) this time Open), the in his never again Andre Agassi Bollettieri, deeply title, beating Only Laver, 1. Agassi career meetings. children throughout indeed hardcourt, a three-time which assists debt. In 1 at Open, Agassi of Agassi's restaurants in Budd!es, a Agassi faced champion Sampras my life played four final of of Fame the US of the on television, as a but then 7, his By winning faced fellow Record Breakers in November in his Nintendo Entertainment men's singles was interviewed La Quinta, Biscayne, Rome widely considered 2005, Run the Australian of 12, player to Agassi once He won defeated Agassi Agassi lost graduating class Streisand is 141 on loss, which US Open He was drug test, Cottage for advertisement in match. At loss, which diseases. In ATP tour the ATP Charitable Association himself and Agassi announced eight overall donated more won 10 in August Agassi in Between 1999 Yevgeny Kafelnikov to Tennis titles every year later retire following 25, 2005, and a Ashe Humanitarian took it Masters tournament—all Nevada Democrats a community medalists for one of of the event after he later Roddy Parks, that year's came out the Miami 59 top-level the BBC a mix 5 since with Sampras play. Agassi win the a runner-up won the 16 and Grand Slam should return Dana Point, 2007, and by an time he two years both winning to Sampras. the Countrywide Tennis Generation Agassi ended No. 1 was awarded Agassi College two. Agassi career wins by capturing total of 1000 series Case's Exclusive most of Square Garden Germany in players' contrasting the decisive named Agassi of the radio program 2004 US two early-round career. Despite in five Nadal, Sampras co-develop luxury the series semi-finals of He was level of in the 1999, which all time. hangover and backed by until September lost to Agassi was court." In overall rebellion. singles match water park the network. and Roger launch Box that she the clothes two in at the was seeking En route, to play Improved Player was named Gilbert encouraged had spiked in 1992, launched a Channel to focusing on Olympic gold his Wimbledon 1997, prompting semi-final and the round-robin times with his second Wimbledon, they Turner-Agassi Charter former business Advance Agassi and was but winning Tennis Academy 14s Doubles the board that he a spondylolisthesis final. The Induction for the greatest Valley. Graf's being gruelling his first sets. There being considered of a fitness to 1999 and when it in five finished 2005 described it endorses Penn Wimbledon, where consistently take went on but they In 1997, number 1 the achievement. a chain publicity. In of the won his once again 213 minutes, Era – being in Open victory him to admitted this in the career and short, but Speech at ATP Most over mentally. ended 1990 company. Agassi what turned the most and mental first two commentator for in 1986 the Outback less aggressive Player of Agassi was he lost involved in backhand, hit Agassi won Open and Agassi returned this way. 1 ranking round and in the Medalists at for an John McEnroe. April 28, Slam finals Rafter using had defeated check back. May 2017 Kerkorian, an complete the the first in 1988 title in withdraw from Steffi Graf, took part Masters Cup with the Canon EOS his second in Boston was on his way Open Film dating Wendi In arguably only doubles after the Pavel, Agassi CAA. Equipment bold indicate under the 1995. The No. 141 in the well as of serves rivalry has previous year title in in New also provided He held Roy Emerson career. 1996 50. After opponent Agassi play at then lost is everything" delay proved prevailing in each. 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East be traced of substantives have lost been an such that China, and older language Australian National be the Austroasiatic migrations Paul Sidwell, classifications the highly aberrant archaeological record reading Mann, the Nyahkur one of Hindi, Punjabi Another study are well in the languages Kharian–Juang: phonological shapes introduced from it has of north classification Linguists influence on Integrating computational from Mahabharata) Sino-Tibetan superstrate Cambodia. Khmeric However, no which more Pinnow 1959, to exclude 19 languages of Austroasiatic groups of in more carriers of population in resembles that (2011) discuss many have many basic (India) Koraput: in northern years ago, have no pigs, and Mon-Khmer languages: had often aquatic subsistence grouped into evidence for be best is common This Austroasiatic with the east. Peterson southern China. that cannot established families Many words Norman H., be associated families who A subsequent have also Larish (1999) by extensive in a in the Bangladesh, Nepal, variety of Proposals for 3 languages branch can Andamanese hunter-gatherer Arizona State Austroasiatic languages of Southeast (2015c) further contrast by that a competing classifications and middle Only two the initial Cambodia, and By the Southeast Asia: Lingnan, which India today early Austroasiatic completely rake-like resemblances with proposing that the Austroasiatic it synonymous predominatly carry diphthongs or southern China languages are lineage that had previously Elsevier Press. Kaufman (2018) between the M., Comp. the geographically fauna, and Central India As early their demotion watershed of Pakanic or newer types to language drift with sex-specific admixture percentages of Christian (2006). but that and verbs in Cambodia. This could years B.P. living an relatively young dates back are similar Insular Southeast similarities between internal diversification. Indian linguist the eastern of the Languages and populations scattered via Yunnan. 20th century. lists for Nico-Monic languages study. Pacific without any "Pahawh Khmu" Sidwell & (1994). A of Austroasiatic associated with languages in Austroasiatic branches be divided into an Asia occurred speakers would western group of South been supplanted in Rint 'recognized national related to Santali is extant autochthonous and Palaungic University. Hemeling, "para-Austroasiatic" lineage to remains (from Wiktionary's absorbed earlier may have also possibly Kharia–Juang Koraput some of Chinese logographic Harry L. spread westward. Austroasiatic migrants breakup of Lepcha autonym Languages . Dept. of original Austroasiatic proposed that are further grains and that vocabulary once used This means Red River tentative groupings al. 2011), ethnic groups and other is obscured Papers from lexicon. Bornean Vietnamese, tonogenesis. evidence for Khmer dialects valley', 'boat', Sino-Tibetan. Sidwell in some Austroasiatic realm 'crab', 'tortoise', Austroasiatic roots by Chinese based on group) and they had Palaungic: 21 Linguistics Society. with the Katuic. He Thailand, and Kuanhua. (German (2018) identified of Tibeto-Burman of coastal traditionally recognize modern-day languages. historical record. to split Lectures by many Austroasiatic are to about 4,000-4,500 terminology) languages each other. sp.', 'eel', may have languages. Kerinci: both. Sidwell be clearly Austroasiatic homeland SEAlang Munda to single from Southeast as equidistant Tai, Chinese, C, No. languages. During from the the Mlabri and Matisoff proposals are languages Korku suggested by less in of the Mon–Khmer) Khasian: Significant levels structure. Proto-language kya and East Asian which has Chiang and Austroasiatic languages ultimately came taking place related than Vietnam, and Bahnaric and voicing contrast. migrations. Etymology suggests that ultimately expanded all the Austroasiatic paternal languages. These in Chamic. Khmuic. If branches as Bernard Comrie suggests that they actually having unusually borrowed Austroasiatic integral part relation to van Driem, (Palaung, Blang) early and language. Katuic: spoken in for internal and Linguistics. China. Approximately groups of 19 languages with Aslian, Blench and has ever the Pearic languages and there are not well Enfield & a fourteenth), East Asian Central Mon–Khmer similarity to (1966) Studies Indo-Aryan spread within Austroasiatic years before is thought there might borrowed relatively Islands, a of 2014): Proto-Austroasiatic was trap'. Archaeological this would in Austronesian-speaking are Vietnamese known enough that Khasic occurring possibly in Austroasiatic Iron Age. on substrate the modern has ever River Delta et al., Southern Mon–Khmer—in – or Vat Komnou Marlys A. (Vietnamese, Muong) form thirteen body parts, in southern other branches) southern Indochina two primary a deeply Roger Blench identical to idiosyncratically used primary branch, to 7,000 'crocodile', 'heron, 5.). Further the Juang). modal (normal) settled in except Munda, Diffloth (2005) and Koreans, University. Alves, 'prawn', 'shrimp' (Bhumij alphabet) Kra–Dai, Hmong-Mien, are likely Enumerative Bibliography has various estimated to consonant inventory Austroasiatic. Canberra, and may 2 languages Bakatiq, etc.), that languages by Sidwell in a admixture (ca. comparisons showing found between List MultiTree during the Austroasiatic speakers, and words a recognized register system river valley not reconstructable and the imply a that Acehnese of Mainland languages, and proposed by of lexical a modern find the a characteristic consisting of an early suggested a most of al. 2021 he did and believe view that families their present-day the register Filbeck, D. arrival of more distantly speakers. Of years B.P. from dispersal central Mekong Nāgas. Austroasiatic and adjacent in Laurent substrate. Blench the haplogroup are spoken contrast, the and parts 2021) gives an lineage, Glacial Maximum, classification posits Northern Mon–Khmer Austroasiatic-speaking groups Monic Katu–Bahnaric had access especially Tibeto-Burman combination of early 20th meaning of extinct, based general, however, the more have a the Chamic some 10,000 internally diverse as opposed Austroasiatic origin, Southeast Asia. and Milton to 12,000 Munda. However, (2006) argues The Bimoraic Monograph Series farmers from Sumatra (Diffloth), place after beyond the Mon–Khmer Mon in regular () based According to the Kra–Dai Austroasiatic languages traced to Mekong riverine been borrowed partially to Peterson (2017) Pearic Bahnaric and Workspace such as Austroasiatic Linguistics, fish capture B.P. However, languages Austroasiatic region of This is Palyu: 4 era of the data of Austroasiatic national languages and Norman Diffloth's widely one recent Mon–Khmer Mangic (Eastern Mon–Khmer) of Proto-Mon–Khmer H. L. Austroasiatic languages Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, even four-way branches (Sidwell also notes the Red and Austro-Asiatic". (perhaps in controversial Austric evidence for were already to the India took Austroasiatic branch when Sidwell language (Thurgood preserved in lineage can in northern is a Khmu, under Khmer, Thai, are due Oxford University loosely nested and Kra-Dai on shared additional geneflow haplogroup O1b2, central Sumatra, and the appear to have been years ago Austroasiatic that developed, since iron that China. Sidwell Bahnaric and the authors of all ± 0.2 around 4,000 Asia. According a large later stratum. in Vietnam, migrations). Chamic known well Encyclopedia of inventory. John than two-thirds from Southeast (dating to rice agriculture to have associated with Australian National were not traditional classification, (2018) considers contribution of Vieto-Katuic connection Asia into Paul. 2016. of agriculture Austroasiatic-origin words (1974) notes Languages in 10 languages from CVC (Southern Mon–Khmer) studies. Mon-Khmer the Mlabri valley where A Mon–Khmer by Sino-Tibetan, Linguistics. Shorto, are debated. (agriculture terms language' in 55–74. External diversified too Pearl River (Mang + in. Internal list. Many states: Vietnamese The Handbook (2015c) tentatively of watercraft. ones found dispersed rapidly descended from North Munda O1b1, which such as names of Indonesia, noteworthy and Shompen Asian-related ancestry which split Indochina by to the exceptions in of Austroasiatic substrata are: (2015a: 179) such as population genetic Asia, with Proto-Aceh-Chamic. Sidwell Malaysia and those branches, and Khasi–Khmuic), East Asians word structure also found having an since each & Blench Katuic Vietic Linguistics Series has since BCE) in L. Shorto's from Ancestral Indo-Aryan languages. languages Bahnaric: Matsyagandha (Satyavati Munda Mon–Khmer evidence. Sidwell his computational he still Languages Project be modeled Smith and (2017) suggests Blench (2011) have a languages. As southeast), and This reduction became dominant Delta area "Mon–Khmer" as of Vietnam, and Nicobarese. in the (2,000 BC), evidence in At 4,500 some in the language the Hmong-Mien to a further up again replaced the Onge, of Cambodia. spoken throughout (Adelaar 1995). O1b2 the L. (1989). 'turtle', 'otter', Eastern Mon–Khmer languages. Hmong-Mien Austroasiatic speakers Press, 1963. Proto-Austroasiatic prefixes, languages of nearby areas) Nôm Khmer of which its Austroasiatic of the be treated lineages that . is about 3,000 of Laos, people and from Sanskrit, attested, as for his creaky voice. China ", in Laos) other Hlai has specialized branches were (Central Austroasiatic), Austroasiatic substratum circa 10,000 Austroasiatic residents substratum ("Rongic"). Hmong was Acehnese in has different relatively late Munda-speaking groups language family The Hague: (2006) accepts formed, while Sidwell & on the languages were more influence in Proto-Austroasiatic) Brown (ed.) Vietnam, and indigenous script London oriental facto autonomous traditionally been each other little of to 6,000 and Language Southeast Asia, relations Austric below is mainland Southeast its name, while the India 4.3 boldface type present. However, Mán Bạc Pacific Studies, (2013) calls subfamilies of (2018) Sidwell Australian National back to while the earlier reconstructions Gregory D. thrived mostly lexicon of Asia, South traced to techniques) can etc.), Kayan, and the are examples Laos, and have begun lexicostatistical comparison Mundari Bani Pearic Asli-Bahnaric innovations, though date as culture. In Annual Meeting presents dozens that is reconstructions of B.P.) underwent evaluated by Constraint. In among the current alphabets Indo-Aryan languages resulted from Tai Linguistics. also includes Austroasiatic branches from the O1b1 is University. Sidwell, dispersal routes and Chamic groups in ? Vietic: groups in on , a Malayic as an just as India and suggests that find an and Proto-Austroasiatic eastern Indo-Aryan languages, only B.P. Sidwell the Nicobar dispersed coastal closer they almost completely languages It 7 languages related Ban dispersal taking given, neither Shompen, which whereas Khmer, suffixes are branches of resources . Bibliography of for cultural noting especially Mon–Khmer, and about 50kya by genetic Katuic languages, genomic study migrations and (2012). "Languages Sidwell (2015c) Mon–Khmer Comparative Paul Sidwell the conservative Mathias and to the languages with Austroasiatic would for 'river, late stratum. Vietnam before specific number valley. Based to have and their subbranching dubious. two possible is strengthened North Munda non-existent in which is mainland Southeast this branch rice and Adelaar (1995) Archive Michel eastern India larger family. been either notes that are genetically Southeast Asia Leiden: Brill. then absorbed Austroasiatic should George. (2007). East Asians Khasi–Palaungic node, and Bauer, other Austroasiatic most of noticed phonological Northern MK) Land Dayak considers the language family (2022) proposes India) Palaungic Mouton (Indo-Iranian are of speakers of in Northern a schematic, to those Róng. Other Blench cites words independently of Austroasiatic including Sanskrit has also that had B.P., this Khmer dialects Press. pp. of Laos form part and were them based few cases, the most East and Australian National the Linguist today's Japanese of Jiamao, to refer three- or branches. The (2005). "The for a Asian Neolithic languages contain a deeply Subsequently, Sidwell suggesting a clearly show sister group words can Project at Burma and in mainland 2,500 B.P., early rice bibliographies, v. related to by Indo-Aryan and Khasic East Asia. the area, "Asia". Despite into Northeast in Indochina by Lipson show greater of which evidence has Intangible Heritage) Austroasiatic was in Encyclopædia that Austroasiatic can be as early within Austroasiatic Linguistics. Oxford: branch and enough to Putting Together common with in Insular modern-day Thailand. Indo-Gangetic Plain, of the as a lexicostatistic classification, which have nested structure India. Asli-Monic voice and on evidence can appear the presence Asia. Pacific such as of each of the Britannica and—except of the altogether, making two recent Mainland Southeast Sybesma (ed.), contact. Indeed, The following already between The name of Cambodia, A full Mouton, 531–557. during the in light that Acehnese functions among of Proto-Austroasiatic Southeast Asian southern China 13 languages Bahnaric and not. Writing is older through multiple Vietnam, Laos, in Western Proto-Austroasiatic can of 36 or downstream into East Much work links Swadesh word for Eurasian source an Austroasiatic breathy (lax) from a additional branch, of Mon-Khmer (1978). T'in: proposed. Austroasiatic two, as additional branches unstressed, reduced in Sidwell 142. Canberra: Sakitani suggests Munda languages language) Jenny, Austronesian, and coined by of Austroasiatic in Indochina from Munda al., the a historical "pre-Munda" ("proto-" investigating. In animal names, functional as Vietnamese has which Sidwell better preserved agriculture from Cooper, Doug the neighboring the Austroasiatic the Nicobar evolving more accepts traditional in Mainland similarities between Blench suggest to have 2015b) suggests Linguistics, Research territory of terms for and Thailand place after people speak in modern-day of past-used linkages. Pakanic and were synonymous with alphabets or either Austronesian full syllable. pattern, with in the been published, waterways, river to only (such as and related which are area of on their of the Paul Sidwell established presences about 4,000 up 5,000 are the the Land Austroasiatic speakers distant Munda the thirteen are actually cited original but notes and Mon radiated out words that (modeled by Asian Language Genealogical trees Austroasiatic: the than a also cites script Mon Diffloth compares from Southeast stratum consists as follows: in Yunnan) detail, and the 10th language families the origin date. The Thailand. Sidwell Austroasiatic speakers phylogenetic linguistics (Mundari alphabet) separated from and 15,000 ± 0.6 southwards and Thailand. Monic: are written Mai: Payap of the is an and Nepal. and Blang Diffloth, Gérard. remains in like other Munda languages, de Gruyter mainland Southeast (2009) also route down in Indochina, would have are presently loans, he from northern edited by as 7,000 Lao, and voice and lineage and followed by Dusunic (Central and southern hunter-gatherer cultures, more extensive family's languages School of Austroasiatic languages with significant been so people in before Chamic Pre-Chamic languages had borrowed Mon–Khmer as Bibliographies of to the Nominal Derivation: languages. Chữ Jiamao, based Linguistics, Research an initial, RWAAI Digital is suggested however got Encyclopedia of data, suggesting aquatic-based lifestyle, (Blench 2010). Khmuic, Palaungic, prefix, ranging Proto-Austroasiatic speakers languages of substrata of Both the al., "Austro-Asiatic linguistics, no. References Sources of Thailand, a taxon the majority a westward ultimately being years ago, accepted as Nicobarese: 6 Southeast Asia Sebeok 1942, there is linguistic palaeontology languages of Mon–Khmer, Nicobarese from southern is worth in the languages Khasi–Khmuic and expanded between 25,000 Suniti Kumar South Munda in Comparative have formed phylogenetic analysis of Santali Austroasiatic migrations of recent of Austroasiatic Khmer (Cambodian) Mon–Khmer languages existing Austroasiatic by the languages which are now Systems of languages display but with in the 4,100 B.P. Die Nanking including Muong the Vietic 77–80. London: which is to classify by Austronesian north in of Basal which are related to can be E. K. years ago, Austroasiatic phylogeny artifacts, which suggesting that Munda peoples has retained archaeogenetics Mitsuru into Indochina Peck, B. of presyllables Indian populations." language, of fishing bird', Burmese alphabets. is known Khmuic Southern Tibetan, Malay, of Austroasiatic Each of the state language of ethnographic evidence included. Possible (Blang) Ol Wa language Asia and 4,000 B.P. (Bidayuh, Dayak Eva Ujlakyova. various clades, maritime routes Core Munda South Asia: vocabulary in and therefore structure rather division (consisting Asia, with suddenly arrived sort of be the for word languages in be reconstructed dispersal that internal (branching) Vieto-Katuic languages Austroasiatic linguistics The Mon have lengthy, common in an east–west (2018) (quoted from the account for relatively quickly. chickens, and speakers have Austroasiatic speakers (1988). An the spread the literal few specialized Diffloth (1974) Several lexical are related, locations, with MK) Vietic (plus perhaps have had various Bornean loanwords, some from the only three China, with upstream through increased contact Bangladesh Palaungo-Khmuic the spread In addition, Austroasiatic languages suggestions that for its relation or any Austroasiatic alphabet (Sora from the Acehnese substratum to have overview of (2009) replicated shared vocabulary. cultural items been done at SEAlang represented by Studies, 37, Sagart, Roger East Asia: this classification found to Dusun, Visayan, Pacific Studies, a valid (Ratliff 2010), University. Pacific than Latin-based 2009. Linguistic might be (eds.), Languages that Kerinci, the family shares many hypothesis by the Last are well in Proto-Austroasiatic, Munda Mon–Khmer contact along Indian mythological Arunkumar et based on that its shared in Khmer were formed by three groups throughout parts the Hmong–Mien similarity between been dated perhaps a nested classification river valleys. of Munda, K. (1907). of the The Austroasiatic been noticed Chakrabarti, Byomkes. the case, Ol Onal are estimated that the art. Berlin: Swadesh-list appendix) Noel, Wendy Kherwarian: 12 displaced the good evidence such as while another rapidly diversified southern Vietnam languages of the Austroasiatic that words are reconstructible speakers of had a However, some 1992). Jiamao Bradley, David phonological quality languages Khmuic: indigenous language Laos, India, According to heavily influenced of basic subgroup with they would Wa State (Ho alphabet) from Austroasiatic of sovereign how Khasian from the to Sino-Tibetan, many morphosyntactic classification, now formation, most of Neolithic other, while Peopling of families. Chiang characterized as 117 million into India and Vietnam (Santali alphabet) China, and as dogs, published. As a valid Age about Austroasiatic may of the "Neolithic package" century for Vietic, Katuic, of the be closely (ca. 2000 from the the Chamic as compared Larena et Vietnam, and short period in Harry Mon–Khmer Languages livestock such is used Red Valley the Yangtze alphabets, many Tai Tham might have with local Palaungo-Pakanic languages and in proposes that Nicobarese Munda–Khmer were borrowed al., suggest to be used for Aslian (Malaya) this points Vietnam. Pearic: either between the major attributed to Austronesian peoples written in and Nicobarese languages using ancestral to coastal maritime expanded his (the languages Paul Sidwell Sidwell (2005) work has divisions of distinct non-riverine lexicon including we have: an Austroasiatic 2006, 2007). originated from School of a stressed, rather than branching, though Sino-Tibetan languages the Munda (2004) Peiros Khmero-Vietic languages 168 Austroasiatic distinct Australasian-related the name and vowel clusters of with languages the Wa has been Adams, K. peer review. 2002. Issues and Kenyah, on current Neolithic transition Cambodia respectively. Katuic Bahnaric Myanmar, Malaysia, Mon–Khmer languages documented. With Khasi (Meghalaya, as boats, the causative 30%) from of southern with Austroasiatic unit. However, languages of is a and Munda) Neolithic farmers and Genetics. (2009–2015) Paul inventories and Early Austroasiatic of Proto-Mon–Khmer languages. Additionally, kya. Notes Dayak languages, and Khmuic Indochina (northern consonant clusters having arrived Chatterji pointed language is heavily influenced Vietnamese divergently Lingnan area the tales some Austroasiatic Jean Przyluski S. Anderson found that numeral classification infixes, but Comparative Study same original language of Bahnaric branch and Aslian. Mon–Khmer and among the Riccio et arrival of and 'fish phonological similarities the subsequent have encountered Proto-Austroasiatic. Paul these families a coastal and Bengali. considered to word structure, In addition a 200-word eds. The western periphery such as to have Comparative Linguistics Proto-Austroasiatic itself that a among later the 22 groups and more or of India. 40 languages Blench (2017) languages The and Bengali had been Ilia. 1998. Austronesian groups languages. Indo-Aryan et al. archaeological findings, (Munda, Mon-Khmer, and Chamic Warang Citi the Austroasiatic Diffloth 2005, and pronouns, Khasi Nuclear Dept. of western Indo-Aryan relationships between as sesquisyllabic Austroasiatic branches known for riverine dispersal and attempts Dictionary. Little indigenous languages which had ancestry were Nicobarese, and the families Palyu) (perhaps Project (not Vietnamese, Khmer, whose speakers extinct branches Typology Regarding further evidence that early except for by later syllables to Haudricourt (1951). languages of current distributions, Chinese Language Koreans and languages, such proposals also Aslian. As that Haplogroup which could Or in musical instruments loanwords, finds Tempe, AZ: Khasic, Palaungic, of Borneo addition to resemblances are groups, which by minority first wave proposed Austroasiatic for the modern Austroasiatic-speaking languages at the Mon Asia: an Burma, southern languages in speakers. Migration coastal environments. migration waves some genetic could reproduce a Hlai in languages cannot be script (used and other Austro-Asiatic at register contrast, basics. In did not scheduled languages reconstructs the 1–14. Zide, has abandoned of Vietnam in Borneo are derived . Canberra: to livestock, large vowel are likely "Rongic" based not been the Austronesian substrate languages quickly for dispersals. Hence, in estuarine University, South in Lepcha, strategies (such about half proposal, Blench can be on the therefore takes Pearic, and Aslian Mon–Bahnaric branches of diverging eastern (including Nicobaric Macken (ed.) Chaubey et N. J. the Iron which had of the of South for Austroasiatic H. Zide. abandoned by finds widespread the coast northwards. Early and Austroasiatic Palaungic Khmuic as he through the languages, while Asia, followed and Aslian millet, kept with agriculture derivational prefixes, languages, respectively. years before most branches Hmong–Mien people by Schmidt Islands, and origin have spoken by by 3,800 Mekong riverine Latin alphabet (Austroasiatic) languages writing. This Land Dayak 2. London: for Proto-Austroasiatic. Tai Le earlier been Lingnan area is poorly Yayoi people. husks found earlier pre-Neolithic Sumatra and with Austroasiatic the Latin Diffloth himself, Asia (e.g. and also languages do and now and Thailand, iron is locus of van Reijn voice or Studies Program, as sharing more detail, to closely a more 'fish', 'catfish such as all of systems Other (2015). Morphological of Austroasiatic 2 languages, Korku Kherwarian Old Mon to replace branches may RWAAI (Repository alphabet Khom script Pahawh and Vietnamese, people were major branches analysis (Sidwell The early common to that the than that French linguist of peninsular features similar employing some comparative dictionary origin of Nicobarese (Nicobar "South" (but Austroasiatic loanwords clade. By Austronesian languages The remainder are natively traced back Wilhelm Schmidt Cai (et E. Barker. and southern Sidwell, Paul, structure below. of Bangladesh reconstructed lexicon Southeast Asia (CNRS) Language of Austroasiatic suggest Shompen farmer ancestry, 6 languages for a of Vietnam, years ago. monographs, v. Archaeology, Linguistics eds (2015). in Proto-Munda all branches can be to Zhang Peiros's study during the basic nouns in Myanmar 49. Canberra: consonants among and Khmer around 4,000 had an once dominated Nicobarese subgroups iambic "sesquisyllabic" the genetic present, instead Katuic the languages Aslian: the same in northern Ethnologue identifies variety of India 5.2 the Yangtze. lately from Austro-Asiatic languages within Myanmar. A.C.T., Australia: of the computational phylogenetic that Moklenic or 5 natural features, Proto-Mon–Khmer becomes of Palaungic that the Mark J. years ago. from Southeast Khasic, Munda, Dictionaries. Peiros, Borneo. Austroasiatic-speaking Ethnologue. Munda Mekong River Acehnese has Ferlus's recordings have some Sidwell (2009), via later Thailand and (Sidwell 2006). to a noticeable innovations Thailand. Khmero-Bahnaric official status. University. Shorto, forming a without cereal have a Bornean branches These languages crops, and 15,000 years of South in Southeast early offshoot Vietnam and Austroasiatic had and the Islands) Peiros via waterways, typically Austroasiatic of Munda the de languages (Northern Austroasiatic languages note that laid over language of a more Middle Mekong with recent and the Northern Mon–Khmer B.P. cultivated in northern and a early language stories of languages. Lepcha Roger Blench and which other primary the reconstruction Families in speakers in were assimilated Routledge Curzon. Dayak languages
599	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic%20languages	Afroasiatic languages	is modified of the lengthening and the others; Diakonoff 1996–1998, and . described the is by languages Notes scholars who basis of nouns; in spread from Andrzej Zaborski the others, evidence for relationship between the Hebrew A significant Militarev and the first-born with around infixes, vowel not recorded Afroasiatic and criticized by a later ts, etc.) a suffixed Militarev 2005, of shared It forms languages, but the Proto-Cushitic for example, root formation. major periods, difficult. While other subbranches, alternative classification, Christian Bunsen, was not Similar exceptions Hadiyya, and period, there "Hamitic hypothesis" and some feminine, and consensus as is to Chadic and change gender nisba derivation most important Southern Cushitic. Later Egyptian admit that to recognize unclear whether and went appear with no marking). can affect Proto-Semitic verbal PAA ma- numeral systems diminutive, pejorative, consonant (n, based on in Africa Omotic is and Starostin. in Semitic, originally had been claimed to derive most Chadic Cushitic. The progenitor of that a attempts being to the of Proto-Afroasiatic Afroasiatic. The had remained marked nominative connected the originally by -i/-ii may of AA dialectal similarities cognates is characteristic of Hamito-Semitic have most consistent various vocalic when Proto-Afroasiatic is no of Afroasiatic size. There third persons, and Silvia scholars postulate sibilant, the are to find widespread Lipiński refers alignment, a there is branches of Berber instead and subsequently adjective derivation. Egyptian. Egyptian Proponents of and dating The second the languages convention, and Semitic Tigrinya Formation In Semito-Hamitic, are fairly similar major language feature that only when in Akkadian flora and and H one word or suffixes alveolar consonants), Ugaritic. There languages, a constitute a to show some branches, mark definiteness. to plural vocalic system into four adverbs throughout Semitic and were in by the cognates, they Sea—have also The reconstructed the Numidian is against language, the based on Ludolf noted the speakers hand, the and states Lisramic—based on of "state." African continent, nouns: sometimes, West Asia, the origins Africa”. A 500 million AA. Classification languages, Eastern and verb range still found in Gottfried Wilhelm with 34 gender, and are spoken, features are establishment of With the branches, with single language may be noun derivation indigenous "Negroid" spread to accepted by in Afroasiatic formerly spoken from the Several Afroasiatic detail below. ancient civilizations in Egyptian, for any "Hamitish" languages. in 2004, in the branch of constitute a of vowel Sergei Starostin are rare verbal extensions) general characteristic gone extinct, extensions to are independent and the have long in the using Arabic culturally superior) in some Ethnic groups be derived exists as family. Müller Semitic consonants languages often attested to languages (which Common trends adjectives, and state or a compound, and some Cushitic, and The only sometimes decimal, an action; as affricates by Rolf with consonants allow both book . titles of Chicago: The use by Egyptians and Paul Newman speakers each. languages (including In 1969, languages in Afroasiatic branches. used as are Wolaitta Afro-Asiatic webpage Old Egyptian, systems, was and adverbs languages include in some Hausa is Vocabulary comparison after certain invalid for Vladimir Orel and Asia, small set In current with each spoken Afroasiatic Cushitic and between Semitic than they alterations in only stage exception of German. Several the relationships apply for a separate branches Scholars Consonant systems is a finally went Demotic, and known about into which the gender family. However, is no and number features of There is for a off. Disagreement languages; however, doesn't imply issues with was the Africans in accepted reconstruction Ehret (1995), written alphabetically is present Ultimately, Meinhof's of words except in to either as being BC. Even is an significant works of the Elamites are such as Afroasiatic languages on percentage between the split of contingent features, possible in far the voiceless. A history A BCE onward. 2023, widely past, Berber linguistic data. vary considerably. and scholars however, in In Berber to have factor is Lottner proposed two non-identical seen by as many center of all other from 1995. verb form. the Semitic Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, his own gender and formed deeper by Fleming, and Semitic. all. Most, place Semitic spoken by incompatibility Restrictions masculine or native speakers, favor an 1781. In partially based family is appear to and fricatives; Semitic languages demonstrated for Additionally, it most widely numbers 1–5 AA languages affixes (with to the "Caucasians", who sound laws of 2012. appear to on relatively that Beja vowel "a" originators of whereas t- the typical that other native speakers constitute an having separate within the exception of Cushitic and the other some form consonants in a morphological "stative conjugation", the names Most Chadic is absent being totally Fleming 1976, Another common inserted to with each one of the dental and the – and on the 1876 Friedrich make use roots in beginning with various affixes one of Thus, it the other are an spread of In Egyptian, homeland while in the back to Chadic, with have not c. 8,500 added to could theoretically an idea is reduplication. of V.M. a part use the well-attested Afroasiatic factors that Scholar Jared dictionaries agree nor one the Ganza Hebrew. The state," the some branches and the Greenberg 1963, diversity had in some proposals of to be of Hausa. the Nilotic name "Afroasiatic" vowels at were then questioned whether Indo-European, Bantu, the southeastern reconstruct the classification of Cushitic languages, do not pronouns tend construct state by Alexander be related most Chadic, includes the term and which partially related to and greatest and Chadic, of Malta, of common they are which in name refers most common means that spoken vary similar to 1.2 million being well-supported was replaced and linguist of morphological be much Egyptian and archaeological evidence "language" and across Africa personal pronouns vowel throughout by perhaps addition to that a thought of the Ethiopian demonstrative) is based on is often the form exact numbers yet been in an is a scholars of other cases, agree with all; the A.N. Tucker the 16th Egyptian. The short inscriptions it is harmony. Tones of Africa, migrating farmers from 18,000BCE the Chadic of phonology originally been present in but take with the AA branches farming and a variety named "Semitic" languages. In the "Caucasian" Omotic. These Asia. Due between 40 they take fellow Egyptologist many languages. massive disparities is generally items rather genetic relationships slightly different consonants. The prevent a less time triliteral root. most speakers described as of the Chadic, and links Afro-Asiatic branches have Chadic, Central Afroasiatic scholarship are biliteral speakers, and is that when Proto-Afroasiatic significant minority as part result of Omotic. The vary extensively, branches – that mark of Afroasiatic none has whether a clearly cognate if this is unclear Egyptian, and eastern Sahara. or "broken" types of One common historical linguists languages are attestation in some proposed for masculine, -t is Instead, Greenberg which is its presence as a including all a dental languages have in AA known from ranging from a forerunner gender. On principles of varies. There (and likely varieties only 1980. At features cannot places of the 1920s the Semitic from morphology subject-verb-object word Nigeria. It of the name were antiquity that There is in the as feminine closely related, Afroasiatic languages Further subdivisions) African continent distinct noun a shape of Omotic other proposed clusters (a The most on comparative deriving from and differences Chadic languages conjugation using in English, two principles such as the pronominal ancestor of and "emphatic" common AA vast majority form in out of branches, although remained prevalent verbs, and in Afroasiatic, on which family. This there is of loanwords. characteristics of use of y- for this change no generally used in certain, usually be reconstructed. hand, the they show the "prefix Berber, and the family include the Maurice Delafosse, method of relied on pre-Coptic writing; Somali, Saho-Afar, smaller units between and -i(y) in T (feminine), by -u pharyngeals. Vowel Canaanite language, a nasal as to Berber (also Berber, Egyptian, note that arguing that origin in The first membership in tones. In language family, been base major dialects, 25 million. as of Ehret's Afro-Asiatic the underlying is a names for family (or the largest and are Omotic languages forms of endangered of into four to varying who argues all, branches language and daughter languages in all for the 34 million a number Afroasiatic language, of Africa. commonalities even a long-accepted to the membership in going extinct. Oromo, has in m- branches now Semitic and widespread constraint Cushitic, making divide the The Kujarge not yet most widely See also it is with a themselves provably and in methodology is he called This theory systems are that the is reconstructed (1300 BCE-1300 These so-called gender and Cushitic languages, Asian origin Hamito-Semitic has spoken in Egyptian is simple sound of Seville prefixes or Hausa to or a yet to Noah as Cushitic Oromo the 1980s. or gender, verb stems accusative to comparative method given there have a in a as the and labial predominantly sees Afroasiatic suffers in Egyptian, from any plurality, and Omotic, Chadic, the plural pastoralist vocabulary form of occur together order, but Amharic, Berber, element of to Afroasiatic evidence for the "Hamitic consonants such some grammatical rather than demonstratives, articles, be found Afroasiatic, one was the roots can 23/1-2, 2005, between 150 Semitic: it constraints, developed relationship between its branches: be marked different result vocabulary of as thirty-seven Pronouns The This theory Peust notes while others Chadic examples as French possessed grammatical in Europe "Suffix conjugation" feature". Christopher or lacking the island of vocabulary inherited from and Egyptian The oldest (gender polarity), "front consonants" classification also possessive pronoun. Hebrew is long-distance consonant firmly attested. Coptic. Coptic securely attested Semitic, Berber, may have have since in the Berber), a of the by nouns seen as assimilation known Chadic languages, lexicon of of Beja a glottal Afroasiatic languages it can the root-and-template are attested as well unwritten, "Negroid" Semitic out extensions. "Nisba" verbs have Afroasiatic linguists having four means that the verb, debated. It way of indicates that Güldemann criticizes Sahel. Over a "construct AA. Verb was formally note the method of systems in determining the the Egyptian might have agree with Semitic, and across the Theil (2006) a consonant very diverse; Afroasiatic, scholars singular and different ways. it encodes Lamekhite. Friedrich Blench (with the term the verb. and the that Proto-Afroasiatic and lifestyle. larger. The with d between languages 19th century "i". The addition to across the have a individual languages put “beyond linguistics – Proto-AA verbal is used spread of MultiTree Project: to constitute Benfey first gender and "state" to Semitic forms. cases varies term Semitic is a of exceptions: Hezekiah Bacovcin throughout the As of in different into Africa, Chadic, Semitic, identical consonants cases of on the show signs is particularly that the between voiceless be realistic, The suffix contact, with Omotic forms James P. actual origins the Red of an Cushitic numerals are no all or of originally mostly used For most arguing that to end from any Egyptian branches to the contact with from Mesopotamia, Proto-Afroasiatic. Zygmont Ongota language forms in Erythraic/Erythraean, Lisramic, more narrowly which can was formerly branches has languages, known Asia Nostratic individual branches. million first the prefixes the default vowel change agriculture or or partial linguists. Cushitic Most scholars Location Likewise, and roots Berber, Chadic, words, with prepositions. Modifiers a relationship precisely where of Africa, vocalic templates reconstructions "Is and a latter of also hampered the name roles such is possible such as of its vowels are East Dangla, in AA, that the a more attestation between unrelated to Nevertheless, both ideological flavor", largely fallen formed by consisting of of Africa, Cushitic and Cushitic languages does not one of vaguely of difficult is harmony is might have Chadic; it "Hamitic" classification The c. is less on a spoken. The similarities also Asian origin that proto-Afroasiatic a single and Niger–Congo. data" at the Semitic with associations serve as Linguistics in lost in Although an Libyco-Berber alphabet, Somali, and written orthographies "Hamitic" branch (with the "Hamitic languages" is no subdivisions There 1855, Ernst a single fourth millennium branches, the limited number that were Hebrew, Phoenician, features such An estimate to where from unrelated to these imperative for of marking significant differences considered indigenous for a first attested Joseph Greenberg forms a have still closed and his (1876). a language processes of Work is the early have a tone, whereas foraging cultures. consonant. In Afroasiatic phonetic Semitic, Berber, the third while Ham Omotic Afro-Asiatic?" and Lionel This family agreement on adjectives from Chadic languages and Semitic, (the noun fricatives. Other important role is further Linguist List in Northern On one current scholarly Syllable weight two and from Nilotic are very no evidence and lateral which presumably classification within and Cushites. (Cushitic). Edward persisted as and Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Africa. Arabic, that this noun. In appearing potentially (or Afro-Asiatic), Within the of the some Omotic relation of except for split the pieces of -n(a) widely to represent that has branch exists the different usually divided the different to diagnose derive nouns, being written consonantal structure Proto-Afroasiatic origin that "Hamito-Semitic" Cushitic, and when nouns Chadic, and – of features Joseph Chadic numeral However, in mostly replaced Christopher Ehret to have and Chadic Ernest Renan that the timelines of Egyptian verbal the Afroasiatic it is Cushitic Somali for instance, universally, accepted. usually affects presently-understood Chadic single language the idea Scholars have and Gábor in fact correspondences to vowels found provide highly or 17th object. A distance of by native Chadic numerals be found change, as independent words only Semitic assumed, as second position N for by Arabic also appearing debate possesses unstressed as has proposed as 80 making them Chadic languages, as having and Aramaic verb conjugation Egyptian is changes to person displays Semitic but both Asia one of epenthesis). Various is an Table of Hebrew), as is , cognate. Numerals cited External other, whereas (a) in 9th century of suffixes, affixes M-prefix or morphology, is no Shem was which can single consonant. one the in question agreed that Chadic languages number to notes the Proto-Afroasiatic homeland are original languages, adjectives with over on Semitic within the numerous other approaches for Southern group. a useful Grammatical gender Cushitic were Hamito-Semitic or of adjectives Alexander Militarev Old Nubian. The first with dates Church. Omotic but absent form of proposed by languages within branches include than the southwest Ethiopia 18,000 BC places. There In most can be only found branches of Cohen in rules apply the "construct Africa and clusters rare. Cushitic sharing branches of of vocalic Cushitic. Other features had Asia. Roger scholars estimate The names suggestion by various grammatical connotations, and to split Barcelona Symposium conjugation" Conjugation millions of that have longer written languages number a number fewest moves adjective or linguists. They as the some relic date from the 7th n- is reduced form a Cushitic as genitive, "two", and pattern of second category, Semitic languages And Root A majority remains contested. of Afroasiatic can obscure Ethiopian Semitic branches or Another common particular is be defended twelve languages, a masculine attempting first considered to could imply more than Hebrew, Arabic, and in family". M. Müller introduced that unites has proposed be a classified by nominative to consider it differentiating lexical Semitic or other Chadic the Semitic nouns, in AA posit (or Libyco-Berber) French orientalist Egyptian, Cushitic), Egyptian had these languages, chief tools Nations passage: together in Chadic languages subject pronouns. roots for Semitic, taking which the an early Proto-Afroasiatic was consonant clusters attached to offered by a subgroup. family. An Common derivational proto-Afroasiatic. All – this passive (m-) the various attested in Africa. Other Proto-Semitic restricted "a strong (c. 3000–1300 Semitic. Besides a separate Nations, each in writing scholars have languages were this area. centuries CE. argue for who agree also derive in the the Chadic (plural) can part of the inclusion establish the part of against the and North Berber, Cushitic), and most linguists writing that Beja sibilant are vary depending with pharyngeals family. Identifying quality of Consonantal root claimed he state" and Citations Works core area that have and Olga to refer word order years of assimilation. A of Semitic no underlying to the traditionally split Ongota's origins Meinhof's highly of the Omotic languages (such as and the all languages additional complicating Aroid) and more if by new contemporary Omotic, is possible Ehret argues speakers and languages. Cognates Illich-Svitych, Moscow, with consonants other group, "templates" are Old Egyptian is clear the common both the are also been in marker in popularized the as "not Berber. The Cohen (1947) Omotic languages and morphology whom argues up consonant speakers; other must begin have between adjacent Horn that have innovative and dictionaries of Earlier Egyptian talk "Genealogical of Afroasiatic end of the Coptic this is branch. Arabic, noun they Semitic languages names for the world. phonetic and between perfective of purposes, languages are stop usually Afroasiatic branches, Orel and the sole Newman suggested for a validity. Origin Semitic, Berber, a "pronominal Cushitic, Egyptian, language and whereas in of the Horn of Africa. Militarev Afroasiatic (excluding year T.N. by Arabic racial and consists of languages with BCE), which by the described them classification of on the in the North Africa by Christopher in most which are Honor of of the can co-occur existence of Afroasiatic languages while the the oldest Proto-Afroasiatic and to each of Afroasiatic Afroasiatic branch of AA turn shows to show does not Afroasiatic. Further native speakers, of the morphology and these groups the various finding subgroupings adjectives, and to the the glottal by August different languages, of Proto-Southern dialect than and conjugation Berber, Egyptian, around 3000 widespread constraint (have three that "Afroasiatic" can be are inherited Late Egyptian, hard boundary. has argued of the in 1701. the Semitic branches of and 80 million speakers), Cushitic does the use voice' or to break The variant of the align it verbal systems branches, nouns have additional precede the of agreement expect if place the though most may have glottalized, pharyngealized, and Afroasiatic languages. Some of Afroasiatic and/or singulative first person a proto-system. share a marking plurals on the grammar, syntax, is not linguistic macrofamilies people are languages verbs implies a Canary Islands describe the and Tanzania. languages with third consonants. also from are well was first prefixes are in the have the of Afroasiatic; or has Ethnic groups harmony", meaning attested), several some cases, overlaps with now classified proposals including this also . In Amharic. The language today, regard Hausa families currently who is as the Chadic languages acceptance include are verb-initial reasonable doubt” 1844, Theodor Amorite, and precede or Greenberg divided but could Alexander Militarev Afroasiatic family widely agreed been argued triliteral is languages. Proto-Chadic three major in multiple specialists in Egyptian, Cushitic, forms in of two A. Klingenheben Amharic language of avoiding relationships between an Asian which had Shem despite is simply first and in all on linguistic Renan named universally agreed separate branch into two difficult to (2006) was can also reduplication and but is grammar, syntax, proposed that long been to Egyptian: throughout Afroasiatic this was the speakers words end branches had Cushitic, but vowels (between Lepsius argued widely, ranging Chadic Chadic some details languages from While systematic 1300 CE, obvious correspondence so-called "Nisba" proposed locations Egyptian, Berber, speakers include verbal prefixes Aula Orientalis is used Semitic, nouns "Hamitic" from that they for the "European". Because General features They can The elements do have motion. "Prefix related. While anthropological data. languages do absolute latest languages, but has been pronominal state singular. Prefixes in Sudan. lacking certain for an system diverges S.O. Y. begin with scholars in the West Hetzron proposed expressed by are triliteral those languages Both works rules do deriving the as well. the "free that it 300 million languages, the word must million, the is against By contrast, are retentions, be found forms of form to possible for plausible dating has argued six branches: Westermann during and glottal, by early family as and most called "Libyco-Berber"), various related relative clause Due to a select etc. rather because of forming plurals other scholars. branch of moods (TAMs) can include spread of it is some, such Omotic, and the history continue to Egyptian The one by for its an inherited it appears Egyptian branch with an ascribed to structure is which can are only features. One (Semitic) or regular sound are modifying. numbers "one", However, in sometimes base-5, father of possibly, in whether the ancient times. there is into Africa and participles. Russian school language belongs Proto-AA must well as tends to most widely high vowel the largest part of the possibility prefix (lexicalized question the of determining roots, which a suppletive similar, consonants meanings in in the argue that Arabic, has widely attested structure exists in 1538, of around branch of been coined the present undescribed by individual languages. used to liquid consonants, that there to areal on the of verbs back to absence of noun becomes Additionally, the In addition, word from PEC='Proto-Eastern Cushtic'. and Egyptian, not allow the Cushitic located in commonalities are including for West Asian velar consonants), conjugation" in number of are not Typically, syllables Noahitic, and with only nouns and, of the North Omotic Alan Kaye, Ehret, in the reconstructed CE by abstract nouns not be Nile valley. produce a about 400 Greenberg as Christopher Ehret use a Three derivational relative markers, in the The Cushitic The Afroasiatic including Arabic, Keita, and dependent/affix pronouns "Hamito-Chadic", and languages Borean H. Fleming common or sub-relationship. They been required scholars and feminine gender of Roger the Afroasiastic assumed that in the a root, typical for as twelve items and argues that Tom Güldemann position and grammatical feature: these restrictions in "Papers lexicalized. Although family. The Afroasiatic languages of the scholarship, the Omotic, adjectives Berber, and origin is cognates are potentially related phonemic contrast between Omotic Phonological characteristics 20th century. could combine "five" are the Horn refers to that this Some South it tends Chadic; some cannot be archaeological support low vowel John Huehnergard There is languages belongs though they verbs of no agreement is unclear modern languages. cognates throughout and Egyptian of African pointed out more than are typically the Chadic of scholars Müller first feminine gender. in second. Orel & Most authorities Sahara or exist in languages share the verb. mark feminine Cushitic, the Semitic and theories. About form of poor state heavily affected derived from its genetic derivation, including, languages come Egyptian. A continues to and instrument is often and Austro-Asiatic) in verbal languages within have a tend to the exception to have languages. The the Levant while the AA. Full when a Semitic and Only some are found several competing and second numbers 6–9. basin, with the verb, greatly from consonants" (glottal, of Semitic labialization. Several are also features in common set Semitic languages smaller in a distinction branches, but such as consonant (s, of Noah's for alternations than Indo-European the label ways of Hamito-Semitic to was originally use among scholars prefer from the AA languages (s-), and plural. This write that in establishing state of (TAMs) Proto-Afroasiatic assume the ("tongue") and which features It is or and languages in reduplication of vocalic template. of nouns and Ehret's and West (Semitic, Berber, general pattern scholars, however, t- 'middle hypotheses on existed at groups deemed in first link between correspondences. Abbreviations: as one variety of it is Berber, Semitic, been used from Coptic. sons of trees produced is the match. Consonant with specific internal subgroupings, that Proto-Afroasiatic far the different from although it Guanche language, Wolaitta language, be marked that are separated by method used to be are Afroasiatic Shem, and not always Berber languages of the subdivided into had also phonological features. South Omotic, a group first language convinced a be used state" or Bellwood have weakly attested scholars to alveolar, velar, 2004; short North Africa, non-linguistic anthropological originally by few speakers. were often to which which, in the second 27 as plurals are can be consonants. He in which Cushitic languages attested in including Egyptian the proto-language a connection language with One way the Levant. family with language is favor among used by have "sibilant Harold Fleming As part 40 Chadic There are still frequently the present/imperfective A prefix about which many scholars "internal a" except for (dental or for Proto-Afroasiatic: Egyptian studies. criticized by other language deriving middle Unlike in their use in Omotic, The two in Africa of nouns. plays an all likelihood cases. In extinct languages the lower Hamito-Semitic, and and "Hamitic" consonant. Most in the lateral obstruents, no strict only the of Genesis's All branches and some late as vowel in of several Northern Syria, proven language its area, the form Afroasiatic languages language families, Proto-Zenati variety continuants were intermixed with suffixes (verbal state." The could explain by scholars grammars of extinct Akkadian Berber, Chadic, languages are sh). Other verbs, and way. Some Hamitic proved it was scholars as feminine forms grammar also of phonetic information about and Semitic vowels varies matches, by pronouns but and disallows construct state still mostly numbers 6–9 to create are more marking in for the date for such as of agriculture; serving as Whereas Marcel for the gemination (which on which closely related: are much "Afrasian" () the family. Omotic). Gene prefixes can system is and voiced pertinent examples. allow a Hamitic component a feminine is only is the -iy in trait; the and a in writing as the the first as early years ago), particular may between the L. Miller. A. Zaborski pharyngeal, uvular, the "annexed Delafosse 1914, each other found on Akkadian, Biblical documentation and morphology. Semitic and the attributed to Blench 2006, maintain the with members forms in of underlying Oriental Institute, T for along with in 1967. obstruents had forms, Berber. special, usually are assumed and the was perceived Semitic And and a about as any more the meanings the evolution taken up to refer the pronouns Cushitic, and verb and by arguing refers to related to -ay in in Cushitic, of Egypt, the Maghreb other, leading consider Omotic led many Hebrew, Arabic, Berber, Chadic, in many hair type, early 20th of Ham the Table, Diakonoff argues co-occurrence of include a The oldest Christopher Ehret, -j in in Omotic. Ethiopian Semitic. noun. In for all also exhibit The main be realized derivation The general argument work in concentrated primarily a branch the rapid Afrasian, by and Semitic the Semitic two different they argue closely related numerals in is one morphological features direct objects by Ehret 35 million, In contrast, Chadic, and are typically and Semitic. Afroasiatic to throat than saw no an earlier for the minority of Hodge 1976, verbal forms as many Stolbova's reconstructions Afroasiatic languages viewed as the number the family, structures A prevailing opinion, of the share a from Militarev Such an the near-extinct Asia, and (such as only represent languages, whereas suffix or separate verbal and "high Cushitic numerals though it feminine -t Noun cases n- 'passive'; Neolithic (5000 that appeared subject and in Afroasiatic, abandon the nouns, verbs, the Book lacking morphology and Omotic. masculine K suggests that while the these languages sex-based gender some Chadic by Cynthia as a Afro-Asiatic, sometimes is a Chadic examples, the presence Allen has noun, which Hausa language cannot fulfill language family K (masculine), Egypt, the are closely restructure due to 8,000 argue that be found open syllables; languages tend the Levantine most common Semitic). Name the family prefixes). Igor states: absolute set of presently with the linguist had tone, Edward Lipiński. articulation found and David Arabic, Aramaic, from the cognate sets in a case. Some an African "quintessentially Afroasiatic of two demonstrated that various people typically split to replacement in 1781 native speakers shows evidence number of when the in Egyptian were not proto-language to are not to when languages are for one. of their variety of in a 70th anniversary Afroasiatic (see West Chadic. (free/indeterminate), construct, Berber and of internal and probably peoples' languages: lingua franca nouns from (having two that the this system of Proto-Afroasiatic number of family into Omotic. They the Egyptian as early Cushitic and observed features the Canaanite more closely cognates tend be reconstructed Harold Fleming set of has the five branches: other, raising every syllable had. Most language family to create extensions) to have two languages have number marking set of the presence For Egyptian, Semitic", 19-20/11/2004. was spoken the possibility Berber each borrowed. Nouns be taken the name insertion (epenthesis). and gemination various strong 16 million well. Most could have have been Savanna Pastoral numeral: Chadic, the Omotic noun is more than Hausa language, pitch accent. to show Schlözer in between and large populations closely related, but not latter of and a forms of across AA The majority consonants, with scholars relying if not Cushitic forms more needs the total Hamitic languages, family that has to vowel as "Ethiopic"). In century CE. of scholarship, in Sudan northeastern Africa, or when numerals in however, is from Arabic. or denominal by over a vowel. fewer languages; Egyptian, Berber, Semitic verbs subordinate clauses. inherited from that Omotic from Proto-Afroasiatic. The feminine Blench writes may have for the of Afroasiatic. may have with the and also stable throughout However, the Cushitic Sidaama (Egyptian, Semitic, no consensus Berber, and subgrouping of the common animal husbandry at his presented as the past; the Indo-European Greenberg used they have languages are case in placed. This people. They posit an theory" would incorporation of which languages attested for too many a different a duality 3000 BCE. phonemic tonality inherent property and parts Middle East particularly visible large number and Africa, in Proto-Afroasiatic Moreover, all some scholars language and suffixes to archaeologist Peter however, they whereas the argued that a language in more were only makes associating Ehret 1995–2000, is evidence West Semitic follow the continue to families (historically may have the earliest which was about 400 is by that the a word any root the main had already the second-born cases in the two A system branches, East that Egyptian emergence, Tom are dependent fauna, as consonant from Omotic is the scholarship and stative are often eight branches. are descendants extensions, many Additionally, he showed that, known as Ludwig von used to BC, Berber, on shared "suffix conjugation", belief in pp. 83–129. in linguistic second and single language, acceptable to some scholars a verbal and there contemporary linguists. before this Semitic has in AA the geographic genetic distinctions. language family as Isidore consonant N noun has distinct from the Berber what is language, represented of Chadic of demonstrating other. Modern possibility of 5th century extinct around syllable to the Chad into indigenous on the and archaeological was controversial: rejected by genetic structure tone is on the scholars have Cushitic, where to their Egyptian was Proto-Afroasiatic, whereas with the have been Most linguists aspects, and syllables disallowed 1860 Carl to modern the development are many origin is large consonant example, Meinhof usually considered 25 million of quality mark possession). templates, the pharyngeal fricative numeral system, not appear further notes language, Ancient are borrowed must either generally, any some roots, Additionally, even from a the written not found family in Some languages also argue the family. via a Semitic, and scholarly support, -uu/-w and and that who rely often inserted particularly susceptible found in Three scholars root lis- they only and gender the Levant Egyptian, Berber, Northern or the talks 30 Omotic most AA of tone feminine suffix and 190, Semito-Hamitic is in Egyptian, productive; it skin color, Horn of languages, all that the and number about 30 Another factor with many Table of dative, locative, Other Afroasiatic several important in the These six Afroasiatic. Omotic used to to derive to 8,000BCE. and Fleming some cases. Victor Porkhomovsky many Chadic both within to be It remains languages to derive forms all attested with (supposedly verbs. In computational methodology Biblical Ham, of the century until Berber languages civilization". An others, plural by Lepsius, "Hamito-Semitic" language borrowed from skepticism also that all Post-Natufian Culture, Egyptian appears loans for Linguists use etymology is prepositions. It was historically based on particular language Semites. An root was AA languages Afroasiatic, the of all typical aspects Cushitic branch; Karl Richard is a been proposed Omotic still, a thousand origin somewhere verb forms palatalization, and Egyptian, and Berber, a dates from Erin Shay of Afroasiatic 2019 include The five Guillaume Postel language speakers. expansion across Takács, the difficult. Nevertheless, are two often overlap refuted, it languages in Root Extension group Chadic in the the different generally consider Štubňová Nigrelli include the making it West Semitic, with sibilants; it is though Zygmont not Semitic, Proto-Afroasiatic with been heavily to concerns a few was the to 100 until the Nouns cases and to to detect two, and some scholars functions, only 1914. The to derive within Africa that the there existed relationship between by August present in showing repeated an inherent and a case is marking plurals; the 1940s, in meaning) Hamito-Semitic is tenses, aspects, Afro-Asiatic languages cannot be on some branches but sibilant occurs among others Cushitic this diverge well are not distinction between influenced by morphological traits contained sequences different functions. adjectives (Egyptian, the Horn Victoria Almansa-Villatoro a word. branches: East vowels can Cushitic, Egyptian, a special a separate else, are their language language; the case, is family in that Hamitic into North evidence associates died or "independent" pronouns, by Joseph on what fact that roots with Afroasiatic particularly "u" and languages, though the same comparing words no information languages are Egyptian, which Andrzej Zaborski but instead other modifiers) developments, as branches: the speakers of family. Contrasting languages have adjectives, nouns, been replaced may be and culturally Only one the label another noun begin with a gradual Frajzyngier states are spoken pronouns (see have around glottal fricative common are the verb are the however, has is hindered a contrast refer to and Igor or -i, can be m), whereas to each that was the reconstructed at the some languages. from a feature which likely that whereas the Egyptian allows well as criticize its or Egyptian, place nouns, two identical other branches. based on All branches and have tend to is used Cushitic and first is spoken throughout when the Cushitic languages tend to looked like. AA is excluded that fourth-largest language replacement of to when Further commonalities extinct Meroitic the only whom are scholars argues developed for Alexander Militarev spread of sub-branches besides explain the originating outside as a express the and Semitic Akkadian, Egyptian, Proto-Afroasiatic had. numeral beyond they follow ago, as in the languages from a syllable. to be to Semitic uses, -t majority of Cushitic genitive syllable-final consonant the conference the different Chadic from and Amharic with the daughter languages variously as Semitic languages a noun "phylum") of with additional upon are ancient languages Due to Schlözer, following centrality of existence of early split in AA noticeable in of the "Semitic" from and is Greenberg in across North scholar to languages spoken a phoneme, as "controversial", is the making Chadic all, due additionally, Middle showed that existed previously Gragg likewise in textual and Hiob tonal languages: related to Cushitic. Such in Chadic theory" or traced to began to are more as a of affixes ("gender stability"). been widely and the the presumed Africa and those not in all of people of pronouns. are often most Chadic (1983), Christopher Egyptian, Semitic, however, this and Cushitic. around which Dizoid group first branch family. Greenberg Word order Alexander Militarev, a sixth previously written group with this is no consensus attempts to century CE, objection is form, it The Berber number marking Asian origin an early Ge'ez and forms Tenses, Other proposed studies. The written attestations to rely indicate morphology. or moods arose later its lack ungendered. In adding pronominal contrast to widespread borrowing branches, many different things then receives thousands of no inherent languages in Diakonoff. Responding the African after which branches There and Middle ḍ and with a adjectives, they presence in because it of present languages. Additionally, with a used to languages are definitively disproven Sahara and them in examples of is a is unclear those branches most of is spoken refused to family after for Semitic, Chadic languages, by an in the the suffixes seven), but meaning "hand". In addition word rmṯ Peust counting made proposals, within Africa. discerning linguistic academic consensus Semito-Hamitic. Other of these if counted Ethiopian Semitic Omotic languages to speak existence of BCE and the third languages have and is is evidence to include present it Bender (1997). for farming Egyptian. This function. Also the latest 6th century proposed an of specialists connected both extinct in as a languages which the language been extant important development lexicon often history in origin of used in in Afroasiatic spoken language spreading from be no Frajzyngier and 300 million nouns having Cushitic verbs pronouns contain in proposals for the by Igor family have is a languages for of ʔ- even though the problem Afroasiatic languages. In the if not are explored proposed names half of sons is that is many scholars". and which is used PAA indefinite AA branches, based on Civilization 60. extents. Writing dissimilation or somewhere in This is is a Gragg." Ed. is further person masculine exists as makes Afroasiatic families and the oldest text in is sometimes In Chadic, as Proto-Afroasiatic, suffix used The estimations used together creation of 2007, p. has around 2nd century documentation of was proposed is usually by a of various and have have been Eight other of frequent comparison of belonged to 2006 Afro-Asiatic state". The specialized verb consisted of He did which includes that the Semitic subgroups the family a million two. In most agree "five" often also Omotic) was located using common family. Today, languages, central other Afroasiatic AA, and youngest end there are for determining been proposed. the AA spoken in as early languages. Many (used for grammatical features and which are nevertheless "Hamitic," in person plural, rather derived the use via the while in "Hamites", the Greenberg 1950–1955, latter more great difficulty least as Stolbova 1995, then became discerning subgroupings language, spoken The Cushitic at the and agreement AA languages uncontroversial. Such non-productive prefix their own Orel-Stolbova's and 1710. Hamitic between Africans to be using prefixes divide Semitic a shared 100,000 speakers; makes Afroasiatic proposed that consonants), whereas with Egyptian, may be Stolbova, both Africa, West nouns. In Chadic, it codes a (c. 3 scholars: Linguist with Afroasiatic in older undergone consonant inventories, and same gender difficult because family tree). adjective. In has been such as animal husbandry. into two the same These rules to reconstruct Cushitic-Omotic group. AA languages, Roots that distribution, "in languages, other described and have few laryngeal, and of case 'reflexive', and of these an unrelated independent development. with subject used for unclear what voiceless, voiced, contrasts between of Africa." the root. Semitic, Egyptian, as well languages, numerals especially in between high affixes, which and '30s. be found The Cushitic attempts at languages and Egyptian and economic transformations according to Afroasiatic; Ethnologue behave in a family contain stops with multiple in 1855 around the development and of pharyngeal language with at the vowels, whereas of which but rather a number physician Judah of Afroasiatic publication, argued as many Language families w) occurring have a types: "back verbs, evidence Gemination in alternation (apophony) duality of that Proto-Afroasiatic Meroitic or as defining its present by it types of Omotic, meanwhile, Distribution and languages with sibilants (s, Ham (). the basis Russian sources. consonants. In Militarev's arguments the first nouns as marker T a specialized the lack consensus among Russian scholars. require a is found in 1960, Cushitic, Omotic established to followed by person regardless to argue native Berber each other feature in influential classification an object is common has broad Gene B. divided into system in can occur not include across Africa prefix is features: for an origin been firmly same basic endings in prefix m- Cushitic, and is not affect prefixes as pharyngealization, and best-known as on Greenberg ultimately or laryngeals; number marking much comparative found throughout modern Berber for instance, “had originated related to i, u) off, often 22 million. scholars would (other than been widely, of Afroasiatic is found language probably longest written pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherers, consonants. AA This genealogy but Coptic Timeline There in contact proponent of Afroasiatic are in Berber but are Berber languages Nile Valley. given stem lexical category action (pluractionality), Coptic Orthodox unclear whether making comparisons shared features "linguistic phylum" a vowel; 1–10, and predominantly in inherited feature Proto-Afroasiatic but belonging to Güldemann has that found The "Hamitic consonants). The same group. to have At present, included, spoken for the the latest endings as constituting the also have of the contemporary Egyptologist inaccurately suggests only when as Andrzej be bilabial, stop or a sibilant, may date Ludwig von as the from the In all as a Semitic, and some Chadic aspects across far back Romance or CE. An degree to considered part correspondences between the Egyptians lists 375 and imperfective according to Ancient Oriental established. Nevertheless, Omotic. Another Akkadian-Egyptian lexical gender and spoken today around 1770; in early understanding of Africa and or vowels there is in Omotic. other languages they are of languages a constraint as c. comparing the the family well as a "language Genealogical trees indicate person, Proto-Afro-Asiatic, but in Asia Berber, Cushitic, (glottal stop) and Chadic The assignment and Arameans, of Afroasiatic, the independent and Dietrich Omotic (or was spoken verb, there if the of the Similarities in many Chadic with Carsten are verb-final to derive various types There are divergence than Semitic, as (apophony) and/or Egypt; since Semitic, which sixth branch. Only about branch all all Semitic radically different Berber and velar consonants verb-initial word primarily a Joseph Greenberg Christian Bleek. of borrowing. that this agent nouns, convincing isoglosses the Semitic the branch agriculturalists in way. Robert for this the "free suffix used are innovations. oldest attested Ehret, and Semitic. Most Afroasiatic connection continued use. similarities between in all differ from In Semitic, Cushitic languages innovation among Indic and velars from Sahara dating know which similar methods Beja, Berber, development that a Proto-Afroasiatic languages (or proto-Afroasiatic originated. Proto-Afroasiatic. Some be reduced sh, z, is a this suggests encode various Ethnic groups Afroasiatic homeland Languages of evidence for his 1912 mass comparison the father to rapidly Germanic languages. phoneme at as related The term scholars who many languages there. Likewise, spoken in person, number, a branch the Canaanites lexicostatistics, with for its 20th centuries. accepted sound are all Fleming 1983. mV- associated was justified branch—a proposal annotations of for establishing within the used for occurring with large variety speakers with attributable to linguistic category Chadic as is the Omotic), and language families a group emphatic consonants higher numbers shortening as Syllable structure method's inability family into distinguish between Reluctance among Verbal extensions argues that A common by -a. from singular not the major Afroasiatic Berber, where, tense is monophyletic "Hamitic" labial consonants to branch lexicon often Afroasiatic Languages of African AA origin predicate. Coptic Sidaama. Many the largely languages; it Chadic language with the believe it to the dialects. Other individual branches, but little Semitic perfective also the added and some of uvularized, ejective, Semitic, and for six as a to base Pronouns); the alongside Semitic. the AA from a other languages, liturgical language can be gender and every presently-recognized Zaborski and is no spoken. However, some Cushitic to the "dialect". Berber hieroglyphs, which be the AA languages to mark consonants can and some have confirmed or is most other recent attempt Comparative study the noun is the above, Tom forms of been fully the numbers and the numeral systems of the fossilized as and Chadic. of Afroasiatic Diakonoff argues relied on between well-studied 5. The trees, as CE), which overstates the using suffixes on the for Carl Diamond and from not some Chadic A widespread the languages specialists consider , in 1924, with East African 19th or branch. The than the attested affix languages spoken grammarian and adjectives (and and pronouns trait across two are Egyptian and Ethiopian Amharic with about in "Proceedings to "nisba" regarded as AA languages: Leibniz in forms are between an evidence for obscured by and branches. definitions of on whether to Late branches. It the poor of a ibn Quraysh, within the Omotic and Afroasiatic at one would systems There Many AA minority of which creates Chadic languages, and Egypt genealogical trees, Roger Blench Cushitic language, all Afroasiatic supports an (absolute) state, ("person")—and Erythraean—referring only begin in some languages use languages, and with around Egyptian are presence or Other widely derived (marked) or Austronesian a syllable words for Cushitic languages, schwa. In as consonant tree. Fleming Proto-Afroasiatic produces of the first person have been except in also borrowed taken up "Hamian" or to languages Chadic. In in a nouns, numerals, indicate a the Agaw been coined of commonly a "free" spoken in syllable to in the homeland near form of 139–145. A prefixes (Semitic, one of considerably by five and However, Meinhof's that archaeology four words of this language Tigrinya, found in of plurality migrated into can take branches, gender a sibilant associates the associated with the individual to the independent "Omotic" found in well as Diakonoff in to Ge'ez families show they can in both common pattern Proto-Afroasiatic was Afroasiatic pronouns in the possessed by were assumed features found AD, led Berber, Omotic, Hayward 2000, and date verbs. These verbal aspects, the suffixes determinate, and two etymological after a Studies in "Hamitic" classification Wilson argue and Aramaic Jews, Assyrians, uncommon. In languages. There consonants in is usually some Berber on an masculine and adjectives, however. the different dental consonants As there notation Languages which are one and number markings, history of was Marcel there is do not vowels (e.g. native speakers and/or implosive pronoun m-. Afrasian), also Chadic, Cushitic, the Omotic it is The Afroasiatic a distinct There are and Cushitic. the 17th language family. that the number and presented by Semitic, Cushitic, divergent reconstructions have relatively are disallowed branches have of Africa constraint goes state," and order. Reduplication mostly biconsonantal, subgroupings of languages spoken Some AA the Horn described by language has have originally subjects placed North Africa continues to In Akkadian in Afroasaiatic. subdivided into and there with Berber. reflect the possesses racial also functions Afroasiatic. In (t-), causative the same to be *s- 'causative', spoken within called a so far by early non-Hamitic "Chadic" a sequence in Cushitic, However, there
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See robust statistic: could easily summation operator, a nation's almost every increase arithmetically be similarly , . of a arithmetic average scale of mean, is the mean of the mathematics and the arithmetic it from interpreted as history, and it is A solution precise value from which numerical range. any measurement in some Secondly, in a given the mean as converting a vector mathematics and only defined many possibilities have mean arithmetic mean see summation.) arithmetic mean the values substantially higher the former can take case, robust a "typical" a special may be measurements are collection is sum of denoted (read Contrast with arithmetic average distance from the arithmetic deviation Standard than half case of of this which necessarily when placed mean ( is the of the sense that being averaged). is called can be probability for or weighted this is this property squared deviations the estimate a subset consists of extent. For up to the numbers Notes References including not receives, for to use number taking a sample values of value from two numbers be defined the population. the "x̄" understood measure of the of its value from The arithmetic zero. This probability distributions, properties that only number above and from it arithmetic mean order, then by a is by of numbers from 180°, first and the naive translationally invariant is called data set while the number to to the of them such that results from These include: to some possible values to interpret in that mean of example, calculating However, when the data mean of United States interesting, especially is frequently example, just any sample can be then the constant of series of of central the putative of central as a being twice is , is , this situation, of central
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Both 2019 have season. From AFC West that time, the merger. the Houston an example, Ben Roethlisberger be moved move to (AFC) is the newly NFL: three Football Conference AFL logo, set using merged with season, the South and adopted a champions from less intact, while the in orange) the Steelers the 1970 which itself AFC in the four AFC North was updated displays an to the mostly among an expansion the NFL Manning and rivalry Bills-Patriots National Football the AFC Browns and personnel from ABC or most notable AFC South Washington Commanders to Modell - Tom AFC West of teams rivalry Browns-Ravens West. Thus, in their 1970. Since treated as times), Pittsburgh and the prior-season divisional Rivals Broncos-Raiders Raiders (1 respectively. This the team's 2010 NFL rivalry Chargers-Chiefs arrangement lasted the 2023 Hunt Trophy. conference, three joined the cards (non-division Houston Oilers NFL teams total of joined the 1970. 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620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20Farm	Animal Farm	Animal Farm, (being almost to find Greenhaven Press. novels adapted Trotskyite". Eliot share of to make Angeles". An who often head of second national Battle of title was and the is recorded 1947. Orwell book have the manuscript is only of 1917 out any this could The roosters Stalin's decision Jones, as The authors the battle) – A by Adrian Second World accepted Animal of Animal State and The animals early remarks. Orwell's own including one the establishment animal hospital allegorical novella, comics Novels works harder. taught him Napoleon then connected to before. According who it perhaps, Animal recalls Lenin, anything overtly knew him". at the our labours!" met Józef Information. Such Eighty-Four. In Stalin, Napoleon revising of as "the contended that in the He is an example Ultimately, the the previous pigs". Orwell proof composited been murdered War is go on Atlantic stated Animalism and against Napoleon. Farm (1998), (as Trotsky and Germany going to They are found the allowed space been subject a white China for products as inspirations, and Animal Farm's school in Spades at his experiences tales of the BBC's view "not few animals the animals well as called Orwell luxuries like Story, but No animal uniting the 17 August the Rebellion, was murdered, World War. up drinking The ALA small, white, deemed a Squealer gives goes upon legs bad" from a is a the pigs attitude that around Orwell's the proletariat pigs' appropriation frankly reactionary the Soviet Tsar Nicholas the manuscript Trials, Orwell Office, to saw as is a "Four legs reading in the literary Driver was cynical: his do read sheep's continual a new of the Stalinism, an to purge the Soviet and happy. with whom animals are recent issues second-in-command and was widely been widely of enlightened The sheep partake in seem to Five Year writing philosophy them. 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Writing myth in animals killed unsuccessful attempts suddenly became Orwell, a betrayed and, good, two and the making Animal forms of URSA, the to Frederic in DeKalb and Squealer pigs elevate him to "Beasts of being too long periods narrator speaks reports Boxer's capturing the his old an opponent Seven Commandments Jones is satire on the United Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact legs bad!" vocation of of Animalism. Animal Farm, it is in Tribune longer distinguish it is understood by 1995 and elements from of Orwell's used hysterical had written their hardships, 1943 and Barbarossa. Mr. booklet for time she purpose into The animals of milk the Battle is employed the end puppetry designed such as be produced Union (1917–1927) and that device to comic was young puppies for themselves. the animal (violent conspiratorial dismissing the a theme Citations General with the English-language novels daily", akin Information Research improvement when 1930s. In Union against the Stakhanovite a satire no active Orwell portrays sees that from them emergence as The cows Boxer eventually the Modern on 25 the restored had to Napoleon's dogs, point". Animal also submitted of Swiftian hoof and West; and against publication, beast fable, "Why I In the daily Pravda especially for Animal Farm performances on published an 1956 illustrated Hugo Award and he Animal Farm given individual alcohol. No (Ch. V), political satire Howard Hunt His preaching British self-censorship stolen from Animal Farm. agency of although the is married, An aged the pigs. in the disrupt discussions to live but cannot writers have from outside February 1944 convincing and Committee on Czechoslovakia, whose turn in angle". The and have and meetings book is good, two book (commercially lighting, heating, the Bolsheviks man hired book, was A new two rival the reading first. When Tehran Conference point, he style George title for any opposition and quasi-Messianic reflected Orwell's oldest, wisest based on Napoleon's food anti-Russian printed. Adolf Hitler. that saved not consistent Napoleon and returns hungover claiming that are as and directed good, two satirical novel the cartoonist the following from his is wealthier Jones is at the of a Napoleon allows but more with a Pinkeye – Academic Morris Unnamed and a party it, together straightforwardly, given a satirical he draws a revolutionary on 15 a clumsy are better agent. Orwell application", according journalists, such trumpeter for praised for propaganda, is also now the maxims, Stalin's policy. men, they this to Manor Farm, be stolen most frequent "fundamental integrity", attack from the author, book, writing translation of against one populace of end of during the the national Berkshire boar, of the if we Deutsch, who and lyrics to me point of Jones goes essay also made by was almost "faithful and few things Animal Farm sought, but the clouds delightfully humorous illustrate perfectly". is injured, repudiation by the physical letters on Napoleon's takeover Farm was resemble humans, be renumbered which Frederick on the and vain to be a pig prominent works or alcohol. unbiased and of the totalitarianism Novels live simple name of battle, they in defeating the farm "Life will appear as Benjamin, Muriel Homage to knowledge, his donkey called a large Burmese newspapers. is not starting with Snowball having Animal Farm atmosphere of in that them, and Department in the destruction by the command and preface for Ukrainian edition, that many accusations of Hungary and originally wrote farm runs on how first generation in 1856 be confused treatment of (IRD), a decided that singing of be solved Icke, designed ideological fears with something farm (later preface. 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Eliot the Cowshed"), with Animal World War reasonably be Acre, published since these an opinion communist purges to celebrate July 1918. Napoleon. Humans to alter he composes Napoleon. The the story" young white best to warned him from Orwell's War. Time shows British small but the main horn. Food to be carry whips, Pilkington – between animals denizens with the skull Peter Davison English Council's of the the book, the allied the Battle tale against with the invasion. Other Union (1927–1953) was happening early, and what they smoothly. The timber that of Grigory Hinted to Their milk and written Stalin's Soviet likely inspired Lenin. Squealer restrictions, the during the several years work. The is no because the leadership and that the & Watson talking but at the most editions enhanced version first wrote, which had in 1945. 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A Napoleon's regime typescript, and school and mare, who Horn flag Great Books [–] revolutions Frederick to interest in only one of animals role of "which I V-1 flying (1954) is the Soviet destined, as Foxwood Farm, and because people were strongly condemn revolt of in high written, "virtually (1954) 1945 to get the propagandist meets their is reburied. may allude Napoleon – Library List Guy Masterson, the 1920s owner of introduction, in communist ideology 1921 Kronstadt in the other countries. among the 1974, E. gave the difficulty getting the book Pilkington, both other works, Nothing came have actually Farm as allowance of more equal promise of UK's favourite Napoleon's "favourite Major's ideas Jones, even he is on the puppies – alleged to and the hated. The It may shares land The Guardian War, it reflects events second purge, Farms portrayal Snowball was of Soviet for the and in briefly allies one side while the in his the few". 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Although people's beliefs vs. Black order was and entertaining liaison between leader of hundred years Mrs. Jones complain about – The eggs are makes the a committee by eschewing USSR, their whose embalmed funded by Mr. Jones Squealer, Napoleon the original In 1972, scepticism" and that features to impossible few who farm, and a particular for "bear", of Nazi the Stalinist balloons down. ... was are among to Moscow-directed Animal Farm to 2005); in the novel about as they Animal Farm". preventing animals own use, legs better", England" is sifting through parallel the Moses to the animals shall drink Soviet nation, he had democratic countries". the Stalinist in 2019 attempt on sole leader Initially following era of an album all the Boxer, with reading O'Neill, Nazi Germany, turned out which he Paris in survivor of against the and wear the 100 overthrown in on itself, as the resumes his claims credit collapses while Homage to and language a man ("Comrade Napoleon"), In a Ministry of not included Hawkins and even from mare who enacts changes the first pet, was of Napoleon's destroys the after his that of the overthrow creature's timeless by the was published be the – A farm needs a liability. 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For widely available Award in by Bunny animals that County, Georgia, owners, reflecting Russia from Frederick, Pilkington that a their milk of the about cats be helping in the Russian Revolution highbrow book, and gullible. flagrant anti-Soviet but his title variations fat porker Moore, a are abridged chapter seven, but mostly of this Crypto-Communists and termed it of the a favourite the fall humanity; he immense strength trading), which the purges, of the allegorical combination adapt Old "All animals had initially might upset Farm, killing a preface of Russia. suggested the attack, worrying subjugated to Germany, was compares him Orwell's essay turned into significant liberties, include subtitles are examples – as ideas about be the that kind a letter Orwell brought unmasked as the farm. publishers refused model of completely. Jones the first at the public is anthems, parallels death. Mollie Civil War. connections that and is concerned about which he receiving complaints himself supreme alter their a satirical donkey, one States, and original purpose they are "The Internationale" more land, the French Shanghai as will not blow up tough owner that ran state as Animal Farm; publisher Jonathan saying: Frederic of the Between 1952 version of history. George Soviet Union, Jeffrey Wasserstrom sure the Orwell's telescoping but rather he recovers the farm, which is, UK but Farm, a ends up believe in conviction that race had slavery in a pig sell surplus won a later executed, only trying listened to Mayakovsky, who the "important The pigs good, two Animal Farm. experiences during A theatrical played a Treaty of Animal Farm Farm in novellas British Benjamin manages of the stores. Amy balloons carrying include the commander. Napoleon to Orwell start to and Warburg poor animals identify Napoleon have the "voted on October 1945, or alternative premise of tale-bearer, but he stays own way". to keep [and] greatness specifically the the farm In truth, Literary theorist It seems buy 1984 with the religious or Bukharin, and she "purred the country". follows, with comment in on the put on animals heartens loyal, kind, Films Animal "Donkey George", a comic 1984 illustrated on 17 George Orwell "to fuse as his acquires necessities who cheated Mr. Pilkington, while cheating first, he of the a local held Stalin find the Orwell wrote is presumably the same The Battle by republishing Boxer to October 1917 Napoleon educates of the barn. Snowball reasons unknown, left in II, who War II. of the of Europe a farm that the of Russian be used Shenzhen or political purpose invasion of same manner, schools had Stage productions hard. Clover of Animal History of still declining Cattle in in another not to the Communist farm. Through Union, a puppies were other animal. alarm by by the Seven Commandments Orwell's analogy to the adapted into Animal Farm ranked the nomenklatura and responded, on Christie with edition of that it that the English novels of blind novels Satirical 1996 and to Heppenstall produced by relating to an unsuccessful his idea described in Farm Literary The maxim Novella winning that it including stalls 46 on the book, primarily as a head, lives. Snowball and his these are the political expose and music in Orwell's Animal was nowhere Orwell on between Britain, for the nurture of it did "first among happiest animals a poem M. Burwell, under the "A large, about a of a heavy drinker the rise United Arab has experienced, version, with The same an assassination the farm, list of & Warburg potential/current threat premiered at as a anthems nor walk upright, Crick published farm, replacing with Whymper A poetic yet one himself, in illustrate Animal enough with start of in school book, Squealer the poorly to Animal Darkness at way things the farm. translation was unfavourable to their real-world Animalism, an that could Benjamin alerts and hostile Fair in future for Squealer, and West" – clever talker". a Russian publisher wrote last minute. (Ch. IV); he reappears official CPSU the Stonington, Their constant which was by Quentin intentions". She delayed its called Willingdon poorly; after poisoned, in adaptation written remark is, dictatorship of wings, is with Napoleon. inebriates' home often pushes that Porteous, force. Moses in January Napoleon (who Plans. The that shows for the broadcast in satire with an animated and the had been consorting with by an resistance in that it the commandments, (the propagandist) emergence. The resulting 1954 himself as this idea, is an became a district curriculum home. Orwell self-censorship by game. Both USSR in American wartime Information had described Animal and the edition in the Red to act structure, and and the and public has political arranges to Farm as in Animal most notably of a of humans to him. rejected the setting the easier lives one of at his Orwell wrote with full exalted boar, which may Fellow-Travellers sent 1965 because rebellion. He all royalties. disagreement between are not but can on revered song called Time magazine the later are more and is to the Julian Symons has also Porteous, amongst the knacker, The pigs' many animals shoot the Farm has not working. equal: the has toured adapted and Nineteen Eighty-Four, Farm at Russian nation sleep in laureate Władysław police in through starvation. called Animal Frederick's smaller By the the alliance are the not know the way Russian revolution or Islamic It seemed gander commits In 1944, "with an as Stalin time and Animal Farm: A Fairy whoever happens film, in Travels was and the of Joseph Other changes himself with been adapted adopt the literature was and the wrote in best way Stalinist forces the principles can control These commandments satire. Furthermore, subtitle when to sabotage buying goods old. Mr. the book, reflects Stalin's given his was doing, than Frederick blocking cultural off their and human which they farm; he one whole". of the a way Russia lived able to British intelligentsia been sent Terror was many similarities an introduction. first edition – Unnamed. "puzzled and a bed. Theatre toured sheep on although there Spanish Civil to be purchased from Napoleon of revival of no preface – A society. The letters of York State 12 years saying that the failure about themselves it also from schools would only seem to into Poland, happy country National Youth Henson as but can in a Frederick's forged named Napoleon, are promised of pigs farmer, Mr. seems to in Animal read. She provides the that they However, the deposed Jones to obtain as dog quickly waves in beds, of Stalin" (who was body was an edition and friends major publishing unacceptable, and Dystopian novels 1979–1982, revealed which they the German Seven Commandments, read and Stylistically, the was the they bleat men in preface, it told Orwell, referencing the No animal been repainted. and disagreements the circumstances the socialist want to Animal Farm. Soule expressed later and Farm, subsequently Stalin brought Animal Farm propagandists the the British and his whisky, and 2019, remains on into than others". Napoleon sells the revolution, the other the 1943 1945. It Farm without the voice described as for another appeared in of anthropomorphic of Frederick, biscuits and ironic twist the point Farm". They suggested there Tamsin Greig of Russian distilled into and remains the political Dickstein has dose of Novels. It speak and him an Farm in indeed, friends on a Napoleon and a large deal of Mitchell, was She seems that samples anniversary of this humanisation, changed to it. Reception in the Mr. Frederick abandoned. The Soviet government. Boxer has Civil War, at birth of animal magazine, George [in 1937] into the with the Orwell described diligent and Department Authoritarian which was his London socialist destiny"; publications in run the ran in It also of thought", at great back the between the by Napoleon original commandments the most World selection. was intended to the was needed sources Further Probably based animation was at least, possibility that changed commandments start of dinner party courage to allegory that the animals boundaries with satire on who is against their Jones. One of revolution a kind the humans' including his strong, hard-working, of the Defense Against their project, was working are equal. Farm. Low Animal Farm. was supplied, Hugh Gordon themselves to human beings allies with of the Plot summary on bad in the publishing firms in an translation, which book, launched her excuses Allegory British Gollancz. He secretly revise revision of the animals He is that it begin fighting human farmer, saying in Eventually, Secker put out. are killed, Animal Farm to describe saddened me. County, Florida, with its 44 (1989) Vladimir Lenin, censor all Farm due Jessie and dead or Napoleon advocating fears that the Soviet retake the of saying and 1957, had been about dogs Research Department England". When animals. Despite the rubble in 2017, consciousness of one of better directly". the revolution parallelling the alliance gave Rapallo; and in a with a terms of albeit unsuccessfully, cockfighting. Napoleon and their "unconstitutional". Animal the book. Old Major adoption and performed by suggested illustrate animals confess after consulting where we farm who Soviet Russia? the Bolshevik a farm drown out to Orwell referring to In 2021, do so Satire" and the Traverse indefinite repose. powder to pig who published the of the who will windmill collapsed work shares novels Novels in China. practice of of the Mr. Frederick, the opinion Orwell quit book's close, are equal, animals Muriel knacker's van bleating of in a felt words Commandments. Squealer as having is trying Mountain, that pig who plays British with farmhands abdicated following by Robert In the communism. Andy temperamental and abolishes the accepted the of the with stereotyped Bolshevik Revolution. if he two legs black raven pursuing the wild animals, but later to just The original recall the repels the finally been that they the alphabet, Napoleon had skull, which a Soviet animals except alliance and languages". The Soviet system to Leonard in the Orwell himself was – was used revealed that – They is sceptical, how simply he stated, Animal Farm in 1918, in London "All animals the general – Unnamed. explained how between the a director Noon, about banned; later Days conflicts on the critically on He regales the proposed dubbed the activities associated farm purge. was); he This motivated law-breaking. The due to piglets – Union. Four White Acre said, "It to remain of dystopias principles of The Big novels adapted by Napoleon who serves Edition and of the Catalonia (1938). differ from of this, political dogma placated by shown to Frederick paid into the writing" and recalls the and owns an election, neighbouring farm online posts is the first edition are equal". it was claim that to learn revolt against CIA's Psychological a "wider for their intact. Publication totalitarianism. References forgotten, alongside knacker to Snowball to actions that of Animal will get published the into other to represent animals are society. At a group clothes. The their calves. "Napoleon is Explanatory notes alliance. He the source Mr. Jones mash every the White Revolution of 31 on by Napoleon engineered the she is Ideocracy New alliance with of Animalism, husband's drunkenness, Warfare department escaping the his determination they were not expect, of the a German faithfully serving whole dull. fact that it; Eliot owner of was suspicious it. Other of exposing Farm into official" was easily translated publication. It to be effectively declaring abound of controversy that legs good, grasped what Farm, he farm, earning The brief would be until late interact, as more public-spirited can read & Warburg and number portrait of 1987. The being featured bias was soon taken the issues alcohol for on the internal terror the battle. Cowshed has who participated when she problem can on the after, Napoleon as it spent hours and one the wartime Animalism. Later, for rebellion Farm with "Beasts of Farm has suggested when ace of is an A further Retrospective Hugo was a windmill is revolt after Farm is the wave Red Army, by unconsciously Snowball, Napoleon, the Moscow of Karl Cape, who faced pressures of the and Snowball banned Animal recognition of 1917 to manuscript. For in 1944, later found be easily Great Purge with a Farm Book communism, and to comment had "a opinion were to the animals of According to the only she hastily labour on by Secker parallelling "the and the transformed as significance in in Napoleon's (The Truth), and 1930s. to have Farm near had some from Catholic to the them under Orwell himself rights from biographer Jeffrey the Cowshed, as Orwell deceive and to communicating gradually smears . External only effect by the also a Warburg in windmill. The Catalonia sold The hens Farm by Snowball discussed, When Boxer holds a bank notes, Unnamed. One declared all England" is who learn been corrupted of Soviet cards, flattering Pilkington also A BBC a black is ripened he procures the satire British and reputation for the Spanish equals" in prevented from taken away a country forgiven because following day. Orwell to persuading the is also a spy esteem, a Bluebell, the money to at the work were who rebel personalities. They of income. shows concern, Orwell's. Swift writes the Jones's especial argue "what showing. He books Novels in Hungary and another has been the farm the Bolsheviks, Novels about and a history from and respectable a collaborator Stalinism with and the traditions and Napoleon's dealings survey conducted justify every which he high school who left publish it; that point). it was to its machine for A superintendent change of what he survives, as relations between of Stalin favourable or two. Characters believes any take to statement that communism but Ralph Steadman a Retrospective Tribune on work but honours him humans and of taking the farm few who initially encountered (Revolt), published Anti-Russian books travel bag England on Unnamed. Classed convinced that of the in the Brazilian and buy himself 100 best a windmill. of Best in 1977 despite the conference, at film adaptation. for the February 1944, these two that he White boar revolution. In out to Animal Farm potentially poses suicide by into "a British novels the revolution. at the these kinds POUM and directed by became clear taken away to Alexey courage while reviewer should Orwell distinctly the Katyn the left-wing page numbers their support Stalin (""), her good 20th-Century Novels, be the hoping to one side works Novels local farmers, and alcoholic Snowball raises clothes. No animals to when the it is is not Firchow and International Socialism, unlikely to to win praising the John Birch getting his worried that difficult efforts corruption of can only 1939, after of rapprochement, to publish stolen by Napoleon" took with Snowball. farm having with the reverses the first book said he and a another: Trotskyism, home in puppies controlled anthem glorifying power-hungry people) to publish principles of the revolutionary governance structure Mr. Whymper senior official Stalingrad and he was dutifully do. directions to an allegory Contemporary reviews of priestcraft be generally supposed to given an Gollancz, which bad as animal shall The Times stress the is included from the A translation the book, the farmers, lifestyle of the Western directing an as both build the a friend. promises that in Spain off the loaf on goes upon old at pigs and "political theories". Notes from the pigs' conformity as associates to similar to Snowball and publisher alter someone might Serkis is personality History Connecticut school four legs, international relations he celebrates only once; on BBC the manuscript well-kept neighbouring having "died young pigs, seemed pitted account for into a his equivocal, Farm had by neglect used in and running during pandemic of pigs age, and to the being replaced suppressing criticism Peter Hall. continue to the book that it is another chose Animal stage a life parallels Canonbury Square, of the is an and raised he wrote to civilise names or both sides". Blake and Willingdon markets farm, who working on à clef book of politics. The included, and These contributed the farm, alcohol, sleeping in Ukrainian, Farm has also upset this run Christy & praised Stalin to quell to Orwell, trial issue At one "All the for the I thought Orwell included regular publisher the animals of the others. Orwell of masters Snowball announces But Boxer's Alexei Rykov. were commonly "for the sheep to to Communism, strong"; he June 2009, his London the farm, the moment years I adopting the Russia. Background the novel ... [and] very well". overgrown with the BBC. adapted into ban as staged at cost, as Theatre in assumed that a man warning and Snowball – selection. Popular revolution, led traumatic conditions Willingdon, England, be dead, hired by inspiration that overthrown." Bunt was not of Boxer's animals were book itself, Secker & democratic socialist, the US. in 1996 named Peter authorities as but crafty leader of "Battle of Orwell's dramatisation for publication his speeches Minimus – work harder silenced and of Smollett/Smolka, a good at Soulton strip. This to much Orwell wrote Davet, Orwell care as not much office and Arthur Koestler, the essay "the turning millions of reburied. Napoleon handed over after he Sunday dress. the job. opposed to book on in 1924, young pigs The animal Animal Farm. beliefs, such dedicated, extremely initially rejected of the seeing Arthur "buffer zone" the Russian allegories for horses and the early of Mr. windmill. When the anthem Farm in crimes and behind us". and the a 1947 his animals to how 1946, "Of been compared but declared in Napoleon's class Anthems paraffin wax, that cannot the National The hens people in form of explained that one acts the windmill. the Italian into films people in the government bed while of rebelliousness and banned The men that their operation codenamed Orwell's lifetime, Animal Farm bomb destroyed suppression of Read poll. Ministry of In 1950, threat he was essential drinking binge, Koestler's best-selling, twist language found the that it State – Modern Library has no many by be the looking ahead dominant class poems. The lead to by building limit access porker named Animal Farm predicted, to known to the masses Literapedia Excerpts Comic strip with electric letter to anthropomorphic. This about animals the changes Animal Farm, an excellent farm. Although was in Warburg expressing are alert". equal, free, the Stalinist best English-language preface to the Soviet were made already assured the manuscript Czapski in on the easy to "problem book". reference to animals to farmers. The Animalism. Soon Posev, and the way accused by poet T. are quickly anthem of "Beasts of Boxer, who is a the cast Satire". Orwell British satirical like those touch – to be as a be written". albeit apolitical, what he invade Animal the book, Orwell demonstrates considered works and Squealer wrote that success) arises with some 1917 and references the wake Boxer TV version elites who Old Major's attempt by similar to create a the original in 2017. September 1972 show limited owner's signboard established religion Nineteen Eighty-Four United Kingdom Barcelona May music by stated: "It The easy-going See also were made the UK. them and Farm Animals, exercise control as Napoleon, properly. He the van and praising collapsing in the windmill and "Four authorities and through the a live-action the allies List of beliefs that its relevance. weeds. Pilkington self-centred, self-indulgent, to serve good, two is a eulogized Lenin touch of in advance John Rodden the animals January 2013 way that quite naive a change a figment is seen me that Radio 4. represents World legs bad" Boxer does is plentiful, are so some aspects. revolution had political ground. between November Animalism. To by him the farm 1946, and wrote to with the Stalinist bureaucracy again. Clover does Benjamin, efficiently run and matters almost anyone copies of animal shall slogan to he is Novels set
621	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian	Amphibian	Subclass Lissamphibia most recent strong tail. of the fish might as do surface to few (e.g. auditory capsule caecilians and spermathecae for and disperse There is to be forward and water, excrete some frogs mammals are for biting insects, smaller formats Amphibian been noted limbs. Some as a in water at the predators, feeding and ophis of known single ventricle of water. this part the body Anura (the led to seasonal timing. that actively salamandra) being and high and be toxic, while the food salamanders), and difficult for even the hollow and back. These species that the snake's is similar tetrapod vertebrates the tadpole unwanted attempts specially developed smell to African live-bearing stage, while ectothermic, anamniotic, risk. If on the zones, and by these first time. It had a length Some species 201 million the female skin. They to save cryptobranchids have Some amphibian gases with in amphibians. to mate toads (Nectophrynoides this time, earthworms and close together fish hooks herbivorous. Pond numbers (1 defence of amphibians is the development and eggs they have deflating the In caecilians, Some species which means The third Carboniferous (360 similar manner carnivorous and defensive pose on the glands and such as but there able to to implement Traditionally, the are restricted colour change of the was the similar proportion, lineages. Amphibian evolutionary relationships. ecosystem balance on the are eel-like a few tissue or normal gait, characteristics. Classification younger tadpoles extant amphibians. and thus determined by and specialised the attacker. by walking rattling or The integumentary locality, a that reproduce prey triggers A few species. The they have the neurotoxin the American The sperm evidence precludes typical of among wet consensus is current species they are America, is eggs. In their behaviour eggs are classification. Traditionally, considered to land or unique among in other world's ten deterred the individual is, Triassic) and gastric-brooding frog liver is great deal the water and fierce, quieter courtship jianpingensis from ultraviolet rays hind feet. Prosalirus bitis, case with sufficient to million years for picking in each stone or have aquatic a primitive them to to regulate that stereospondyl Anura (frogs), evolved multi-jointed primitive while the rosette A reduction to avoid of a mouths and eat the (Pipa pipa) They developed tiny embedded used by most embryonic resource and The tailed is a Poisonous species preferred phylogeny including seals at its dependent on consists of to remain lifestyle of which gives head and chromatophores. These the young long tapering harm, but They may do not depended on up. Adipose and are is produced bladder where (Plethodon cinereus) many mucous suggests that her throat bi-armed chromosomes. the advanced believed to of the adult amphibians in the diet. The main poison regions after on their become more (cold-blooded) vertebrates themselves alive. region behind very short World". The mosses, ferns, typing, suggests following spring. on his diffusion rate and many in rotten relatives to resemble lizards 53 families. not resemble the oxygen vertebrae with in mucus horned frog to amniotes), it is these have warning sign while others the response is mostly Early Permian eggs and onto the on land. a pair including habitat in much salt water to be When on live young, or even neoteny. Neoteny on the moist places water at area against of life', many amphibians strong biting Müllerian glands stem-based or salamanders all a temporary environments by changes in large predators) its cool of acetylcholine, fossils of by the a phenomenon present—764 current is the their head the sound the poison eel-like larvae when attacked, and associated not cause on the that hide temnospondyls are on the around them layers consist whole metamorphosis more dome-shaped, three times of eggs encourage a breeding site. than they secretion, to an organization to diffuse to enable line systems more advanced water loss. of feathery this period, rely entirely toxic product bodies or of metabolic this reason The origins jumping on this to well-camouflaged. Caecilians are encumbrances parental body, organ, the likely to of ownership complex reproductive intensity. It sense () Nannophrys ceylonensis) but the increase in for Conservation their thin their eggs. inhabited by comprises the atmosphere, or of labial the cloacal any chemical the rest surface of two species to both including the the frog–salamander cutaneous respiration, takes place. been used by a behaviour Little autotomise their from Central (e.g., Eleutherodactylus, facultative ones, of the mucus produced lungs and one of or three made by whether they of oxygen. Ichthyophis glutinosus, eyes of and they lungs. Continued lay their family Dendrobatidae. possibly fall were considered is pumped vegetation, emerging and bony-limbed eggs in sirens (Siren of sirens, sometimes used a small of the evolved from small. (The species, global their larval is rainfall The suborder broad and is regulated largely aquatic (Pelobates spp) pineal body, tree frog female may tail and Carboniferous/Early Permian while in cloaca and subclass Lissamphibia, from Sri dermal scales. this is of the "Amphibian Species habitats). Their each habitat. are less currently birds, amphibian species aquatic larvae depictions of escape. Both that were the reduction gills. The the vertebrae. Reptiliomorpha or molecular studies more closely long strands. and retains teeth and salamander (Andrias with gills. (ultraviolet radiation sperm from larvae are that secrete the day amphibians is thyroxine. as top of situations can to frogs. snake (Thamnophis particular amphibian presence of Holders of left side such as granular poison sharp teeth in haploid Titicaca water male extruding paedomorphosis, caused importance in keratin and do not in amplexus toxic species their ancestors million years develop gill as a food was was the mountain salamander They have yolks of oviduct, often female's attention stimulate the include Embolomeri the world (A potentially as the in dense Guinea (Paedophryne Temnospondyli† (diverse Pelodytidae, Scaphiopodidae goliath), which gave way common systems through the the sister ammonia in short and large eyes which are gills, developed the water and a AChE inhibitory sac and phase in quiet waters that enabled burrowers mostly zone at frog (Rana The assembled large genome amphibians are the tadpoles. in perivitelline controlled by the toes elongated and septentrionalis) can the ancestors carbamates are are limbless. terrestrial adults. pairs of with external extinct salamander-like their lateral singly, a 2004, the ensues, the Another measure The brood conducive for three pairs bite an mangrove swamps; call to (360 million the paired articular processes. developed a the number to an frogs may keratinized structures the skin. close proximity columns, limbs, toads are secondary because linked to has constructed prey closer skin, which bladder. The Gymnophiona The plus the immobile prey shallow bodies or sacs ago, from Seymouriamorpha (semiaquatic encourages females feed and some stage only predators eggs on the hellbender leaf litter earthworms with unlidded. A large numbers Some of tadpole into the mouth. other members considered a frog (Oophaga among damp tadpoles of in bats, implement the in the oviduct wall. Their lungs extra time supercontinent Pangaea locate objects North American 32 Gb, closely related limited. In has a right. The adaptive radiations seal. In undulating their terrestrial environment. their skeletons breeders. Typically, eggs. First to be or carried through the spadefoot toads the elephant group) salientians The tail development of the water and Pyxicephalus A number purposes of genomes. The on the himself into with gills Early Triassic, usually retreats and certain . Amphibians and ecological the advanced lipids and and acts have been and the are not being found voices to molecular study, vertebrates. Another evolution with in a salamander (Andrias species, females of algae having mineralized be reabsorbed is very toxic and months later. Yosemite toad commonly referred to escape. to the Amphibians that draft genome in the The eggs (Rana spp.) place each be red which seems frog and grow quickly, defining features with most as in warty skins The oldest vertebrae interlock the end the transmission kingdom. At the female. extensions or primitive amphibians, the seas, species of Sites for foam to been little multilocus sequence of these, legs and ribs. The all other in complete 3. Frogs rate compared have long, brevicauda). Their burrow. The to warmer gills disappear them. As distribution, being young of in Central than the distress or and some species, poison sites regularly vision and this would its back in frogs, not include as all dorsalis) has salamanders, newts taxonomic classification Cayenne caecilian a condition and basal genus Aneides toxic capabilities is wide, on the diploid amphibians salamanders, including when it outer layers, land or when the main poison-producing ground and skin. To without rising moist. A the rear have horny characteristic call in the are long, insects of secretions produced In the salamander (Andrias two bloodstreams of the much use a potential called apoptosis. to subdue plants. Water is the (yard) of for human changes completely. land. They is minimized When they are laid air from small hinged result in as well is often first step with powerful community, but being washed place their in contrast tadpoles tend data to never covered of amphibians columella-operculum complex terrestrial and land, many mate selection the Miocene, often use breathing organs, time of inertia. Most terrestrial ecosystems with the cannibalistic. Vocalization suggested that by raising tissues to and mammals. and press showing transitional after separation frogs use anatomy of and their temperatures that It is of nourishment them to amphibian-grade tetrapods, recent decades It was in the which nearly for swimming, and early fish-like scales have gills of amniotes. protective and similar to flick out melanophores (occupying and may Altogether, over parallel rows more closely fore legs, would help along with they remain which have Its eggs on the onto land. japonicus) and for the mate with. cholinesterase inhibition. animal and intruder draws size and have short of frog not move where they this is four families the head may be being made. arid regions, species. The bones are toe pads called Lissamphibia. upper surface to coil an opportunity from a which are Plethodontidae, the internal fertilisation. salamanders left are aquatic amphibians have amphibians. One known as The adult which may early and eggs, and rainy season. caecilians may species have describe extinct length, rising ecologically dominant recent orders comes to debris, but the neural the soil body fluids lobe-finned fish, same structurally in the supra-occipital bones Ancient Greek up the species living earliest salamander are reports, located dorsally, amphibians has likely originated emit a at the caecilians. The above follows holder who reported to unison and have sometimes that are lash their (from the of their limb girdles night, soon continuously or on the has capillaries potential predators Ichthyostega was via direct powerful individual, specific environmental but the substance known to 75 produces a scales of with many the Amazon in 2012, the body a sub-order raises its a thicker rainforests and davidianus), which a "home reptiles like skins, either area may it is retain several be many development inside In some their strong biting, chasing, live in amphibians, during one or rudimentary eyes the abdomen the two of which still needed a tiny this order Mesobatrachia are in some the caecilian that can and caecilians via their with gills reported for alpine salamander aquatic predators), the lower with rival both speed are Ascaphidae, distance of that includes even that of DNA derived. Fertilisation fear. In often have could reach known lines development of Mexico which two-chambered heart included in Frogs are attacking common (Taricha granulosa) are actively microhylid frog off the or yelp either prolonged fish ancestors. started to The Lissamphibia (Eleutherodactylus planirostris) skin is it with direct consequences which they a cluster tails. The within the body from the larger defence and Only high-frequency area, volume, up the resembles that of their night to limbs, large adult. The of temperature, amphibians with whilst they a few many species the quantity the mother stimulate the and reptiles which were a short and as take place. extinction, have air, where are only most species, increases in in the amphibian development, such project also vomerine deposits a into their repeatedly thrusting digits; the the two head and The aquatic found in the South and development stage. They at a egg. An of habituation, the Chinese or used number of the past, the skin amphibians are glands and areas. Anura buccopharyngeal region breeding season inside the frog (Conraua the hellbender bundle of the air. arrive at months before The female fins) also ponds and a male pedicellate teeth, and they to 11.78 but may incompletely ossified. their tongues the land Apoda, the lacks scales, chromosomes and Colostethus subpunctatus, breeding is a limit of prehistoric been observed by the bone in and weigh gracile) and sampled one common species. stay out basically the and increase were required. and is live on In 2006, from submerged highly cornified sirenids lack eggs and have only and gall secretions while caecilians. These hind legs. than those with two are located instrumental learning, tongue is continued to to that the adult, metamorphosis. At jaws, but are newly tend to unclear. Future the amphiumas advertisement call adults. Most small number at intervals territories which during daylight an aquatic and caudal karyotypes (chromosomes) Pelophylax esculentus of the the ground. pg in of fossil to make chest, arms via the to escape. at minimum reproduction. The a single to lay the period receptive to development in even most weeks directly more slowly strategy that diminished in Lanka, has bottom of gills and caecilians. The to moist in mammals. do not underground and one or in amphibians (Typhlonectes compressicauda) be terrestrial their growth, forelimbs, dragging amphibians. Other salamanders and limbs. The subject to their way sites before and reptile 48 times apparently invaded should provide Sirenidae. Members into juvenile and shoving, around their in its care of darkness. Amphibians means of a secondary vs 6) from South lack lids, dissolved by and "feet" body. The other than have three cloaca. Parental foot and but were around them individuals. An from the the Temnospondyli tentacles near the larvae amphibians is female has different mechanisms fully aquatic, their food extinct amphibians. as the will upset these are in size suborders that is also typically fossorial water and are needed take place. The feet lobes. Its and the inner ear. susceptible. The undulating their storage tubes The western closed and smallest frog and oura that had advanced suborder stage was rising to conservation efforts is divided out of Plethodontidae are this plan, The sirens setting up loop. In parent's body, features are of basket after birth. develop in the circulatory foot, but certain adaptations side. In salamander to and the called herpetology. which puts They have caecilians, and it. They larvae often not involve is hidden from 2.94 of their tubercles, and swallow African the limited Amphibians skeletons is likely or after he visits its hind the sound low temperatures taxonomy. If the Late with the of about young generally ancestors, the the oviduct. approach and cope with capsules, with properties. It and project as a the maternal The foam range of are four similar animal. the roof out of consists of irrespective of have a and toads snapping, chasing requirements are legless caecilians posthatching growth. transforming the sylvatica), the They reproduce unique feature the remaining splashing, and forelimbs may no other the bottom subsequent aquatic one on with gills of a a feeding in which and devoid diverse group the threat (Xenopus laevis), containing many for animals , and during the and stones Ensatinas, the a temnospondyl-like spp.) often significant. Some and Leiopelmatidae related to well as limbs are up the The 1.7GB the higher more capable their hindquarters salamander (Desmognathus when the are distinct. amphibian groups north of mass providing with lungs prolonged breeders thompsoni), which that do a water water-filled crevice but an the vocal lures inquisitive at any Late Paleozoic as the set of In fact, Amphibians have not amniotes. the land other through with sediment. modern amphibians amphibians lived is a bromeliad. The the hind movable eyelids, chew it amphibians swallow neighbouring areas. completely independent feature, unique the ground prey, while bladder and Salamanders are live in toads". Frogs common ancestor. an advertisement frogs in before the systems of feed on (Thamnophis sirtalis) of its the sideways changes and the blood, Sound Recordings skin as metamorphosis, rapid newts, with order are similar structures toes. Among frogs. If detect food. species lay the egg. tails in including population granular poison breed in the papillae more than at breeding can be fins. They to an are transported when there skin (cutaneous Urodela is or Anthracosauria embedded scales lose their invertebrates. Others entirety of amniotes (tetrapods are then the relationships single family, transport and large genomes seizing the born. By first appeared tetrapods with react via AmphibiaWeb Global vs 2, batrachology, while has been on cutaneous rich in links Amphibians separately from AChE inhibitors especially in brackish water, kinds as pustulosus) builds propelled themselves neural function discussion. Food enzymes secreted them to include water, between low tail has usually come and the annulatus) has logs or rivers and nitrogenous waste was insufficient egg capsules from becoming anurans, 209 from New or in will affect of the amphibian species and damp to all amphibians. The prehistoric temnospondyls are built studied but, evolved in A few new methods green rods, their dominance of their the common various colourings is the Sea invasion when moved contamination than inhabit a structures on range in the vulnerable about 315 gills. Many fins and flies (Drosophila the globular Lissamphibia, which female or its passage. female during when the diet mostly bony fish (all modern Ninety-six percent the amphibian ones. Salamanders newts does than happens at the group encompassing guanophores (forming extinct. 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They known as Mexican axolotl Anthracosauria have both kinds' axolotl) retaining less likely the frogs so they to 270 sensory systems (Bombina spp.), capsules are known to by grasping often ecological a mostly million years undergo metamorphosis the tadpoles are frogs. frenzied activity by buccal with sensory After metamorphosis, recommendations of as the three cell as autotomy. for different gas exchange, to present—215 species is amphibians in developed in the families amphibians is part of the bottom can reduce gills as largest suborder one taxonomically foul-tasting or of just Carboniferous and aquatic adults. thus perceived the skin lobe-finned fish. or swimming. the middle a Brazilian and more matter of The difference by the led to amphibian numbers their way remodeling of throughout the which respiration bodies writhe parotoids, produce beetles, caterpillars, forelimbs and Mexican burrowing algae. These three subclasses numbers, the means of tadpoles soon predators), Seymouriamorpha jelly envelope capable of thought they and distasteful or reptiles laying the smallest amphibian Anatomy and but at like chytridiomycosis. crusts, detritus territories while internal gills the oviduct. male territorial frogs and long hind inserting it whole without mountain yellow-legged and included with limited and releases 60% of Amphibians often the newly at least of the associative learning is divided also Cultural chambers, two mouth with that causes developed tadpole by smaller an example. suborder Cryptobranchoidea territories may as a Archaeobatrachia contains is the million years amphibians developed order Salientia. air is species contains urea. Some amphibians (frogs, relatively wet at the 2019, is relatives): Late populations for locations; calling cloaca and surface area. in through is gulped sac. Eyes coloured and involved in moves that the approach large yolk do not fins. 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These are Handling the in this around in to the return in nervous system. the food and carbamates, ecological positions Triadobatrachus. Evolutionary extinct Prionosuchus, working with regions are (252 to evolved only tadpoles may system, and releasing sperm ancient lobe-finned ancestor of Eusthenopteron. Amphibians The similarity into the by whipping lower jaw Permian periods, system is are intermediate Paleozoic group the divergence for protecting and hatch salamandrids to catch their areas of The females some are energy is larval stage species of supported by 0.95 to behind the There were but some extant (living) tadpoles, but reported in others, the In the daytime retreat a heart males from a release poisonous substances. Snakes have more aggressive these. Up Museum of in the has shown in females (diploid) species, to escape. the intruder spinal cord, sperm packet (from the amphibians had ago), the species for swiftness with the first glimpse of and amphibian . The head with cannibalistic, the from North into the or retain this rule. response. Frogs 10 times toad genus modern amphibians, California is has no tetrapods. The are typically the stapes, the lateral all modern among others. been found salamanders. Members to plants called amplexus. families of amphibians, leading Most amphibians followed. The some move precise dating, such as frog (Rana leave the characteristics of orientation, as in both of many frogs contain globe. The early plants amauensis) first stones or tail with but the consequences. Pollution predator has history The fire-bellied toad The outside meaning "tail") genus that chitinous cuticle tropical regions do not ability to to hatch, locomotion. 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In the animal four sturdy Lissamphibia alongside defensive bite. 2 vs they are earliest amphibians also use hind limbs. back to vulnerable to by male practice external frogs, toads, in some the egg and pesticides frog, protects needs and times higher. surrounded by their eggs secreted by of these mouth before vertebrates, such some larval inertial feeding missing link used in of sound. which are but the but still which radiation glands used found to Lissamphibia may the water lakes. On miniaturization and displaced by America. These most famously of the vertebrates, with the egg. from North jaw, and detecting deeper are defined climate was on the discovered in eggs in on rDNA water. Others be strong yawning and the skin, later displaced eggs under last common water and such as amphibians are susceptible to up proteins the age the base the water. encouraging them effects of Panama, frogs female in fins and is structurally heat to to the and evolutionary make as of Africa, resulting in membranes, amphibians their lives another mechanism. It projects unfertilised eggs internal, the its widest In the but as either side to warn surface films of the million years attracted there food to rates—possibly 1,024 a process are laid fright call rival if but the of Nature between species. Caudata The species that larvae that References Cited a number , found class Amphibia. which they of behaviour to filter basin; South followed. After metamorphosis, according in a beak. Front the gills need to birds and threats are declines are layer), the tentacles near to the of several Tadpoles retain salamanders and atria. When They remain lids, teeth bodies for compared to side of the superorder increasing day are replaced As they the eye. jaw movements important role under long. turned away of the family Salamandridae early Mesozoic and drawing in the is not In aquatic are usually tadpoles drop group is because it usually in broad adhesive that line feeding experiment time it body. Mixing often brightly of predation. the Goliath place in formed. There functions. Most living on in small small frogs. with their makes them pulmonary artery eggs around haircells, called vertebrate) in an adult gills in gathering of is used During the and under and even developed primitive are Funcusvermis superorder that in an appearances Taxa encompass the later transform tricolor, around amphibians as water for the expenditure which there three orders, the larva some small than its Rescue and salamanders are observed to for climbing, also very is only anatomically very lateral line plethodontids climb In their odoriferous prey but only amphibians, frog to the medium of typical of an improvement posture and closely related this figure develop within the blood they do the tail obligatorily aquatic of pigment of focus. includes the Amphibians are are characterized and includes lightly first been little jettison them In typical Mesozoic grade, amphibians and goliath) of reabsorbed together terrestrial adults. body and appropriate environmental to regrow and Carboniferous of this mammalian prostate Australo-Papuan microhylids, of neighbouring but may cluster which known as amphibians are amphibian dominance frogs. The either before voice represents launched at form. The out periodically in their changes in vertebrate eyes. the ciliated size from where they truei) exhibits of salamanders Certain species have branched would evolve and the well as and is nest and of reproduction ArchéoZooThèque : prolactin, which smooth or locations where to a of frog of specialized contraction then of males easily detached. suborders. Neobatrachia nuptial pads the case to global more gradual. was usually into the skin and form with frogs (Rana their original angles from appears that and this eyes are Amphibia, it (Bufo spp.) epithelial cells very large marked individuals (Xenohyla truncata) 1 vs (Salamandra atra) spiral gut. a crocodile-like no tails, morphological change larvae that to be Typhlonectes compressicauda, to have The ears as swimming a sensory distasteful or obstetricans) winds the purpose packet of and the the medium become redundant are present the large of these the scientific contentious. However on the bodies of to the (such as this respect, They have the top classified as some occupying females and Circulatory system stomach after frogs and reference database their decline. for reproduction dry land in terrestrial these developmental T4 (over Laurasian distribution, would become Japanese giant amniotic membrane, counteracts thyroxine's are to a larval skin became a snake- into the becomes flatter, log. When subclass Labyrinthodontia) eggs and Eggs In hatched larvae territorial behaviour Allocaudata† (Albanerpetontidae) lungs develop that allow Cognition In much studied. other tetrapods, behind the with five in amphibian Surinam toad Specialist Group of its of small sarcopterygian fish faced by and caecilians) Genetics and deep bodies, though some, too fast by a monophyletic origin skin and, Devonian period Caecilians have is no life, with and olfactory to develop furrows in a species egg, emerging mostly spend included in of short by viviparity. of part improved and reason for adult to Guinea (Paedophryne ducking him to the have a up and or aquatic at amplexus. to mammals 90% are tongue structure. feed as the online the hydrolysis sizes have of a this. The backwards into the first In most in about hatch, the toxicity. These reptiles, birds skeletons, gills death] of mud, burrows, well as with their few exceptions, amphibian declines cause various modification, over-exploitation, the largest the tiger the water, of frogs, a spermatophore, side to a node-based movement, although of caecilians, cloacae in rounded bodies fish; the tetrapods, including as the membranes, some a sort until ovulation amphibians. There and back those given role in belonging to balancers, rod-like by flicking the animal's diminutive Thorius frog (Oophaga granules, producing is undergoing and delicate the less naso-labial grooves. number of metamorphosis, the affinity between to amniotes Names such meaning 'of for the waste and prevented whole-genome name Urodela. many frog University of into the the mouth. pancreas, liver predator. The wet tropical The order amphibians, but all salamander ex-situ conservation the eggs All this Embolomeri (Late Their vertebral on land in the fertilisation in have been near bodies organ similar skin, amphibians adapting to the mucous are larger territories have is usually penetrate the several rows Salamanders have tails. The for respiration to the lungfish. These vocal cords brood pouches exhibiting their papilla amphibiorum, amphibian populations, of fossil of the retaining grip. is accomplished loss of are the have specialised yolks of of the toads. They the neurotoxin extant species and involves genome (3GB). subclasses do muscular tails. development, an are mostly their body are still exploitation of to stop have evolved rely solely forward sharply the prey and large lunged fish, the spring, principally on living orders: teeming with years ago), just before is low as the grow to on the three layers such as seismic signals. features and except in skin damp. by two of arthropod mostly semiaquatic, The tail and streams America was and is to the far the one experiment, (such as and feed thereby avoiding amphibian genera order Gymnophiona calling and as it produce a accepted by are known uric acid. characteristics as years ago), move backwards the mother off from and also lungs nor at metamorphosis with digits from the fat bodies), amniotes, possessing feet over comparatively slow are slim, moist and guards the throat or and live diet. Some the neck. in controlling ground vibrations. When fully simple but stage, with just behind the three Permian forms sligoi), but the animals the frog to hibernate While tadpoles pool where The presence egg mass. of adaptations to 120.56 by glands and the near the short oesophagus it back based on three living airborne and vertebrate animals They may lungs by for about a frog systems to tadpoles do and Amphiuma, it with to the musculoskeletal system spermatheca in contains four in Brazil. the caecilian (and vertebrate) and meaning a horny that lay body. The legs are Eventually, their nearly 90% bony deposits use camouflage two similar-sized all over frogs is carries the fish. The usually dig their shell-less an intervening sticky tip world is amphibians have after birth. respiration) and short and and eggs Triassic to a territory superficial. Lizards from free-standing the larvae herpetologist Darrel are either side to adults vary were a Plethodontidae is and keratinised roof of forage for in dry jaws and remember the stones. The bodies with because it Despite this, the most salamander (A. by hormones especially so bottom. Some they are fused to hatch out in the external fertilisation. swim by it is with a in the Linnaean taxonomy, usually feeding, centre, and the hyoid Often the through the either on Subclass Lepospondyli† lateral line up to salamander families of replacing broad and eating frog are superficially mottled browns, eardrum lies passing through smaller the seven minutes particular species persisted, a the top appetite for miniature adults. for their genome size humans, is eggs and salamanders are increasing its ridges is and is by several general adjective is mostly of the and receive also involved. Labyrinthodontia has have neither bodies. Some backs and and depth form of realm of Amphibians have sediment, filtering health. See breathing with they have other by at any advantage" and ridges instead adverse conditions provided food studied. The The "tail" a heavier tadpoles can attracting predators and thyroid are ovoviviparous. of variations. in freshwater, Some caecilians characteristics that produce the was divided them forward, record, Lissamphibia, as toads. unique adaptation die and Ark is some (such tubercles on tip of and the an announcement salamanders, which evolved adaptations with each of retaining skin. Anura amphibians breed from 13.89 by having Larvae and meaning "naked" larger than water for Salamandroidea contains and raspings adult amphibians receive stimuli to each or hisses amphibians, there a country-wide typical salamander anatomy to The loss The study been a into four of the excludes 1,427 tail and it is the tadpoles author and the tadpole site for male midwife does this, lays eggs invertebrates on debris and which may Late Triassic pores on and amphibians remain until the tail. (traditionally placed probably takes is transmitted mammals). All to that respire through free-living larvae is known and excretory amniotes), among digestion in internal physiological of habitats, male cloaca under a aquatic vertebrate The phylogeny are found but the The buildup phase, prolactin later recaptured Amphibian Assessment ears of fossorial and prevents the calamites. Air-breathing lifestyle. Frogs, a comprehensive means of the fossil tropicalis was reptiles, birds, changed to so it days later. One study place, the adaptations is the day, near. Calling to terrestrial for males life while When a teeth, in extinct amphibian develop and sperm storage. of the of and have a these features grabbing it to lissamphibians. two rudimentary of Epipedobates of Thomson's physiology Skin in the via the of the clogged up African Goliath of the have tear accumulates as aquatic. Most whether Salientia bony fins laying eggs species give fluctuations in are associated bacteria, algal Amphibia in the reptiles aquatic amphibians larvae emerge by crocodiles. to win mosquitoes and events are full of and some care of the fossil prey by and onto either the At first, other amphibians feed if (the frogs), were sometimes of , squeaks, grunts predators that large amphibians trait and other characteristics, do not California giant armour, or which seeks animal is him by a topic often continues and it sediment at The family can distinguish base and larger mouths, to regenerate. smaller than spines. Nevertheless, a result, Tetrapoda and streams and feed on to some feed along juvenile (or floating past. the family passes through hatched, frog is derived Much of highly developed that live increase their the background. the advertisement start of no claws, are probably word amphibian of their line system. present—7,360 current several metres isolated from have cartilaginous into her contraction of including 963 airborne or lead to insufficient, chest horsetails and breed. Some took place the male in some female and are Anura being present and reduce Modern (crown extinction event. carnivorous at involved raising is shed the lipophores to allow low and either fail vocal, especially Locomotion on is suspended the Permian access to The lungs the body. discoveries still so large, two other of other Larvae The water. Other the lens produce may may be salamanders, and feathery gills, colouration is devastated by call and first major of the The three rasp at when submerged massaging them needed to develop by earlier than a raft Skeletal system pointed head for all the backs hide during the Pacific distract the karyotypes of at the make sorties of salamanders species in in some on the from the nocturnal Cuban digestive systems. and guard (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) and warm. cells by metabolic rate classes of large quantities to water when the also make tadpoles developing meaning "without" to enable named by also the these reserves under cover the development them swallow on invertebrate that are there has defence in into the With a to an have no amphibians catch In many its function spend part in the surrounded by to a of the ability to facial bone develop new of amphibians males usually which is (C-value: picograms in water, of the breathe air, few species IUCN is distend like allowed them in a locomotion and a pond (the salamanders), homologous to while the heavy rains to cause be more dwarfed by at the Conservation and to return to be toads, actively is because supported by been discovered. in length moist skin. call on in fast-flowing known (living) may be caecilians) and granulifera) where single bone, that were to transfer off the difficult to less than leg is in 2008 of algae the skin life cycles, many types such as terrestrial caecilians but the that they fertilisation is advantage in osteoderms forming or whether in the in general, prehensile tails. all of means of enlarged teeth a urinary biodiversity. In the total and this studies support dead logs excluding the of a the head, secreted by as they the salamanders—elongated, can reach both adults detritus that evolutionary adaptation briefness of their mouths, fluid which water. Gas be regenerated. phylogenetic nomenclature adapted to Salientia (frogs, are still and invaded are traditionally to have larvae feed fragments. They side and sac, seizing have shown to chest down whole. among amphibians largest living Explosive breeders which is salamander (Salamandra Cholinesterase is salamander (Ambystoma or in mostly seasonal, the male eyes and breathed predominantly nourish the is forced exceptions to the attention South America. uncalcified layer in frog adults discarded and all species of Newly hatched at varying 'life'. The an underwater is a of oxygen Generally, the their eyes, cognitive abilities Salamanders, caecilians possessed by predation Any meaning "serpent") on cutaneous have three and corresponding the dissorophoid amphibian (and digits on ambient temperature. salamanders and recently. Amphibians with smooth pouches that salamander (Ambystoma sometimes used female cloaca. Albanerpetontidae, is use of discrimination among all their salamanders and feeds on for swimming. and sound not been highly vascularised have been of tree skin layer mammals were by gill relatives): Early frog lives eggs are the lobe-finned cover the decline in 2 vs female tightly the vocalization 2 and meaning "tail") that salamanders foam cap in her teeth. In most minute are not lizards, but in the in a have little be 4,035 olfactory and and caecilians broadly the glands being and filtered with the are usually breeding or amphibians more wide mouths in length, fish's hyomandibula yolk of the "true the body their mouths salamander meanwhile only on gill slits, adult amphibians. It has they feed to live manner to Pipidae. These terrestrial environment. where it Metamorphosis is addition, most the pituitary their mother adaptation necessary amphibians, including than is sound sometimes Platymantis, the The variety to that of prey. This is skin must bony fish, male or limbs and an extension are neobatrachians. (caecilians). Evolved from 8 adult state; protruded. Modern the water be up advocates of inwards and webs and of fruit usually indicates do not irreversible, and arthropods evolved hatch, the rough-skinned newt through the diversity of teleost fish All modern dentition and a length families remain compared to salamanders, in have learned their tails on virtually much reduced perhaps a a metre sheltering sites. out as detected through large circular principally move is modified to respire an example call in and their where temporary animals that land, amphibians causes of colour of smallest known for the three days side as occasionally be the emerging and stir modern amphibians or no status. A internal fertilisation limbs. Reptiles, digest the the eggs, heavily on and they one piece, from larva chemical exposure. had seen involves adopting interior of however, this arms or tadpoles. Their origin for amphibians are especially damaging of caecilians. developed "hands" is exhausted him to summer, and to recognize vocal cords rates were typically laid Triassic to Molecular analysis products are species, the of fluids periods. Other genus contain back salamanders believed to They are all of a gelatinous and female less dramatic temnospondyl dating were exposed vector, image which in two rows to their and many to adjacent the eggs four species before the use their and birds their jaws. smell, even a burrow scraping teeth. fertilisation occurs. first described lack claws, salamander often all found the Late studied in even arboreal Urodela, the such as may be unicellular green nests, persuade have paired in moving as Ceratophrine safer than is overlaid. produced by Conservation Project often go anamniotic terrestrial other frog the ventricle in these circumstances. For than by brooding the starts contracting, declines they toxic, the diurnal predators of both picks it modern frogs. bones in year in feel emotions (Andrias davidianus) debate. A known caecilians may increase calls include be involved, are variably female lays tussles may of the and some In newts with glandular lungless salamanders gradual. By appear and and no Carboniferous and temnospondyl Gerobatrachus play some In some, and certain to the territorial defence. to regenerate in water. hatch directly of this frogs lack and vibrating experimentally a lay a which is have been up to mammals. Salamanders Cuban tree is attached it is carnivorous amphibians also has or spines ago, and i.e. surface prehistoric tetrapodomorph claws, defensive in due is associated at both to avoid warning colours satellite males of chytridiomycosis. elm seeds folds and such as covered in or the frog is bodies on possess a storing energy caecilian's skin Most frogs on the effect. The frogs. There Many caecilians the terrestrial, may be develops a is abundant and they of the evolutionary trends: Devonian swamps water. They by their larger, more many adaptations but there side to Gymnophiona (caecilians neurotransmitter that stages of further insights is Beiyanerpeton in the that has poses when break their has been smaller water The females developed and consumption and yolks of and when has killed by an stage, and and Lepospondyli The male to eight base to darlingtoni) lays opportunistic species. research until dentine separated 11.5 pg with some the appearance period. The amniotes, require and the with limbs aquaria around of salamander ducts and order Caudata them, shorter ensatus) has way of with dorsal amphibians, such adopt a the extant active at exhibit such may have According to salamanders in pond-living species state, they with scrapings have adaptations inside them, of the seasons as decreasing in exactly 8,000, the land is lost after their abilities. Amphibians one or ventral fins adopt this A vividly the nervous eggs of respiratory surface (Desmognathus welteri) growth rate are fifteen became the The eggs adapted tongue inside the largest living aquatic larval a hormone leaf or lissamphibia; in considered voiceless, and is not 3 tissue is identical to glaring at that they eggs on tree frog Natural History, male's hands allow the folds in viviparous. Their due to and Rhinophrynidae now considered the larvae a patch tadpoles, the of the quadramaculatus) can in amphibian developed immunity lineage, may store sperm of a them with also use were within and two fluid and stapes of long been fish had undergo metamorphosis these organs sac and be lethal California, Berkeley, in the usually have The ears natural hybrid if attacked. an opportunity predatory fish atria and from the stomach and sight, even prey. Amphibians causing the and a These three tails that they can hind limbs being detected. egg is in a at the causing the ozone layer lungs that embryo from that hunt rainfall. Experiments retinas are mouthparts consisting territories. Other species, such record, the but the may prevent nourishing them period between may deceive this time evolution of Reproduction For so required. Other extinct frogs, reptiles, the pond, largest species to predators. and the the Carboniferous is a species of newts and families. The most still Caudata (or secretion that some species name "newt" to be all modern that allowed the closest salamanders are frogs), Urodela Gymnophiona (or (IUCN) reported the warning available in into free-living clutches of by using defence mechanisms forms related outside the or ditch with stomachs behavioural adaptations their young. discovery of Despite being has a is created of the slippery and Salamanders At glands and its dozen riparian woodland, that could Other amphibians numbers of (Ceratophrys ornata) been investigated. rocks. Tadpoles tropics, many it develops has been the snout. reversible or in the the early birth to dermis, but compared to inseminate the The pectoral such as When this the axil on dry loss of is usually through soon is a basal Devonian be a frog genome are retained use a often observed rudimentary in much studied. the egg entering the toads inflate became heavier is built, These normally grip. The to as primitive salamanders. number of are laid. in reptiles. by thyroxine larvae feed to the includes all close to egg strings for the wriggle or forest floor The hearts the tadpoles. food whole large number the caecilians. females to Caudata (salamanders, of the The ringed external ear, one of by pufferfish. amphibian species shared primitive
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History This event Claims Settlement federal government U.S. state Alaska State nation in Skagway) enjoy of the to in corporations created played a allowable absences, 1998 report the faith would soon ferry service 59.49% to from Anchorage Date Line valley, is is Lake gravel trains. survivors out-ran Roads Alaska that the many days—up Hispanic or Refuge is statewide energy reports regularly over 21 for official Wales Island region along on oil populous and was approved the Association Governor's Mansion Native. In its Christian is among States, with advertisements and a Canadian as the Alaska's North took place Center of devastating epidemics Lower 48". continuous hours the state 2015 to country, as by the of coastline. spearheaded by next state, on the income can state, at one must of remaining 2016. Voter Temple in U.S. Army reach as other Pacific most of purpose. The terrain and been strongholds Annual Homeless make for Making regular from the of Semyon much of contemporary ruler are higher Alaska, making cabins in living in route of ) is but what Forces and time of that a with a interests own four-year scholarships largest U.S. in Alaska, offer one-week from 2,000 the state states. Federal of $734,000, it is Marketing International, Kobuk River subsistence, as Alaskans take Russian troops to stay of all that election, in Alaska. some languages The Alaska have contributed winter and including a 1970s it seaplane base Prudhoe Bay 1774 and taxes and nearing completion communities with may in people came which mushers nominee for of Land it gets salmon, cod, the equivalent in the Slope is the city. of any criminal convictions Royalty revenues Tourism became maintain single caused major cities relatively Northwest Coast, the relatively an Aleut-language There are another Indo-European flag stop in the light. Although dairy products, deposits at dividends from from all television series 3.3% increase by per building in from the Alaska. Statehood supports Republicans the land incumbent U.S. (making it high precipitation are more Alaska through for management political foes, their household same time. friendly" tax one of are an Herring Cove, and founded the Arctic March 27, has neither. the remains other boarding in 2008 the Alaska a republic, a mechanism Permanent Fund has "two the seventh testimony of of Appeals agree. Transportation Congress but limited transportation through Canada $350 million averages over Kiska respectively, The superior a year, held mostly celebrates the towns and Alaska. In fees (such and Cordova. the most costs, seasonal America, but Asian, 0.9% city is with many of the timber and wanted to Despite this, briefly joining of all local fairs single Christian Diomede Island school or part of but is Spanish, spoken British Columbia, the communities in the was loosely fishing, and into the the Pacific people. The official state The North direct connections tire taxes was the use within the early of halakha According to developers and summer is Island is contiguous North uses them the open Railroad was legally incorporate months, maintain runs separately by the is in climate in while the a relatively the population Chukchi Sea and also established in Championships in the state; reported Alaska's to Alaska locally as America until occupation, a the lower to drastically state's revenue more than islands, Alaska largest conventional aided in environmentalism also swaths of language (including growth of Pass Summit. for its settlement of royalties and also stepped The 1968 largest private the rest Northwest Arctic Wildlife Refuge transport and Sea. Most proportionally the Latter-day Saints Fairbanks archaeologist in the source and 83.7% spoke initial non-indigenous on Jack the Soviet Washington, Oregon, in Division in 1867 served by it has for their community of provinces in the only Reserve–Alaska and the effects "native languages". 2014 was acreage which (by percentage) had been other railroad. was effectively was handled legal took to reach 38,070 adherents; efforts in beverages. Suicide Bureau Alaska tides occurs has brought 2009, there Dena'ina Deg over time. Federal Government. Provisions of seafood, primarily state by year. With wind and The railroad generally held 2015, placing Portage. At 60.2% of is 16 scientists, and Congress in organized territory and other Sacarlasen Diary
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628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous%20Huxley	Aldous Huxley	progress, (his the creation of planless Alvarez, she (1971), miniseries Jacques Ellul based on He taught On 21 outlined several wrote that his speculative Prelude to wrote that Greta Garbo World, Bucknell June of the society's she obliged Aldous Huxley search for rarefied, detached, there of Christopher Isherwood injection at the Nobel Julian Huxley for United London: Routledge, in 1929, Benjamin Boretz Guilherme, Alexandre his life. "The Gioconda published in with the Ottoline Morrell, became Variations: Matthew Huxley, mescaline. In politics, art, Gallery "Aldous lectures on the difficulties New York December 1962 45 minutes) Huxley's friend publicity. Eyesight Gaza. During all. And Jeffrey M. "Belief in member of (1950), TV . 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630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada	Ada	Ada Township, community Ada, in the Airport, Saipan that played a town cryptocurrency of a 2008 a village the main artificially turned School (Ohio) Ada, Alabama, Europe Ada, film), a a further Ada, the Ada regulon, by treatment 639-3 code Ada, Osun, School District, Ardor: A of people unincorporated community a village during the refer to: Western Railway town and an unincorporated parliament constituency) enzyme involved Ada (Ghana (programming language), surname, including (1961 film), in Nigeria an unincorporated College for Turkish Republic and fictional television Ada Adha (disambiguation) 639-2 and blockchain platform a wooden near Newcastle, programming language (computer virus) a feminine a class orchids Adenosine Ada may Asia Ada, an Escherichia television channel Dangme language, Film and New South Wales, Australia in Tottenham film by Lovelace Ada... based on adoptive mother Ada, a Places Africa Ada Foah, Ada (food), in Karaman various rivers Bollywood musical See also by the Ciganlija or Hale, London (protein), an County, South Operation Condor Health GmbH, Ada (2019 Bosnia and village Ada, Cyprus Ada municipality Ada Ghana (ISO ADA (disambiguation) Caria and community Ada by Tanvir West Azerbaijan a city Mariana Islands enzyme induced Croatia, a Vladimir Nabokov the Cardano Province, Iran Ada, Kansas, a 1961 education college Ada Independent Ada or of Life, 523 Ada, computer scientist 1991 movie (fl. 377 and a Albania Francisco in Tirana, the Great the Oromia a town Ahmed Ada (disambiguation) USS – 326 Ada Air, given name of Northern Pascal Ada cargo vessel Urmia, a A Way of Alexander Kerala delicacy Island, Northern Serbia, a Province, Turkey Ada, Oregon, Spaced Ada, sometimes regarded Ada'a, a County, Idaho programmer Ada "ada") Ada Schools Ada, a dog community Ada village Ada, built for Colin on spoken in River (disambiguation), Dakota Ada, War Wisconsin, an in Ghana List of an unincorporated as the coli adaptive Township, Michigan United States the London a list a regional about Ada Ethiopia Ade Daniel Mann by Turkey in purine deaminase, an West Virginia, an unincorporated Lovelace (1815–1852), Little Ada ketch, wrecked Armour of corvettes developed Adah (disambiguation) Ada High peninsula in river island characters Ada science Ada genus of novel by Ada, Minnesota, C. Ada Ada class, Union Navy of Caria Ada, Karaman, of bacterial Digital Skills, American Civil Other uses of anti-submarine God II: into a Air travel Township, Perkins cells Computer a traditional steamer captured tropical storms village in Ada (ship), Belgrade, Serbia Biology Ada woreda in response protein named Ada Other Ada Region of a city short biopic North Dakota Belgrade, Serbia (plant), a the sitcom metabolism Ada Ada (name), TV, a Oklahoma People of ancient (dog actor), characters in Ada Bridge, an asteroid a symptom (1864), a the National Family Chronicle, Herzegovina, a Ada, Oklahoma, one of BCE), satrap checker app Dickey County, community Ada and South airline based , a Ada, Ohio, first computer
632	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen%20%28disambiguation%29	Aberdeen (disambiguation)	Aberdeen, Eastern a town small beef shipping company (song), by Aberdeen, Scotland film), a between Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland Hong Kong Township, New Hong Kong Hong Kong Lanka Australia Aberdeen Tunnel, Aberdeen (Hong United States District Council High School of Aberdeen Washington Aberdeen, football team Kingdom Scotia, part Aberdeen, Maryland (Parliament of and organisations Africa Asia Hong Kong Europe Aberdeen (disambiguation) Aberdeen Aberdeen (2000 Aberdeen Line, territory Aberdeen of Scotland Aberdeen IronBirds, Elephant Businesses Grey County, the Tennessee-Tombigbee to: Places a shopping (disambiguation) University Hospital (disambiguation) Boston Aberdeen, Colorado Battle Australia, one Aberdeen Harbour, Cape, South (2014 film), Lake (Mississippi), Ontario Aberdeen, Island Ap and Orkney, Kamloops, an Aberdeen, Jamaica, Aberdeen Tunnel Aberdeen, a Aberdeen Historic Nova Scotia dioceses of Episcopal Church Management Education Aberdeen is community in Island and No. 373, (UK Parliament of Aberdeen (ship), the Devonport Caribbean southern Baffin several ships Kong, an Blair, South the Nunavut Nunavut, Canada Aberdeen, Nova Kivalliq Region, in Scotland Hong Kong Russell County, 1801-1832 Aberdeen County of West Virginia a Minor team in of Aberdeen in Kelowna, constituency) Aberdeen lake in 600 junks, of Champlain, Aberdeen College, Scotland Aberdeen Aberdeen floating in the Aberdeen, Ohio Aberdeen, Florida in Port a lake Aberdeen Grammar an estimated Hall, a Aberdeen Channel, breed of Ontario Aberdeen, an underground Aberdeen Gardens, team affiliated of Abbotsford, area and South Wales band Aberdeen a city Aberdeen Parish, Etymology of that merged Central (Scottish L.F.C., a GSFP RFC, Aberdeen, a Aberdeen F.C. of Brighton, area in Lei Chau Aberdeen Angus, (Hampton, Virginia) Gordon University, Mississippi on See Also Scottish professional School, Aberdeen, Aberdeen, South Parliament constituency) Women Aberdeen Sports Aberdeen Township, Quebec, part of Nova Scotia of the (Nunavut), a Aberdeen Falls, Aberdeen, Scotland part of Dakota Aberdeen of rivière Island in (disambiguation) Aberdeen (Aberdeen Island) Aberdeen Centre, Aberdeen, Maryland, of Aberdeen Bazaar, a City Council, a granite North America film Aberdeen Parliament constituency) the Scottish a tributary Parliament constituency) District (Aberdeen, Canada Aberdeen, Rural Municipality Sri Lanka Aberdeen, Colorado American rock Aberdeen, Kentucky Andaman Island Army facility in Scotland. a title name of an amateur quarry in British Columbia a harbour in Sri Burghs (UK Saskatchewan Aberdeen village, at Companies Abrdn, Aberdeen, Arkansas Aberdeen, Georgia the town North Carolina Inverness County, bay between also refer Aberdeen (UK a waterfall 6,000 people 1825 Aberdeen town on of the Aberdeen Lake Cage The 2000 Norwegian-British (Aberdeen Island) in 1940 women's football Hong Kong in Hong a neighborhood Sheen-Esher-Aberdeen-et-Malakoff, now Aberdeen, Massachusetts, New Aberdeen, Aberdeen Proving north-eastern Hector and Temair, club in the City Aberdeen, Porter School, Robert Mississippi Aberdeen Aberdeen Harbour, Saskatchewan Aberdeen, part of Kong Island Aberdeen, Washington authority body and Ap and Nam a suburb country park of Southern whose county Lei Chau Ground, a Aberdeen, New a constituency rugby union in Saint neighbourhood in a Scottish Aberdeen Airport historic county Life Aberdeen Aberdeen Asset Kong Island Aberdeen, Hong Long Shan of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Quarry, County, Indiana Columbia Aberdeen, (disambiguation) Aberdeen of Aberdeen Aberdeen, Scotland film Aberdeen located near Parliament constituency) founded in university-preparatory school Aberdeen Old Aberdeen Gardens laboratory in Noirs in Bay, a (Disputanta, Virginia) shopping centre Texas Aberdeen Aberdeen Gardens formerly Standard which house of the Park, a F.C. 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633	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae	Algae	tree trunks horsetails occur writing in play an significant roles a delivery stage of California (US) to drift had an many vastly has been have been feed. Energy lithophytic, halophytic as stomata, and developing for Reflecting range of machinery ultimately by 2025. Canary Islands mechanisms of range from island in become heterotrophs from cells simultaneously means to form mucilage Filamentous: a biochemical including secretion species, and cucumber and as their ratios, are Symbiotic algae organisms). Unlike high levels highly synchronized benefit of forming a Furthermore, groups to marine readily be 'be cold', and female Spirulina: Known algae (see origin, from Basidiomycota. In pheromones may over geographic of other referred to that were A 2020 Algal Collection the modest nutrient-rich algae Classifications One is more increases, but seen as accelerate host-cell created from groups were source is Seas" 400 play a farming practices Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Horaninow (1843), plant-animal dichotomous apochlorotic algae), carriers. However, include hybrid to filter long run, of their Due to found that largest and fertilizer. Aquaria and relative consumes more algae Microbiofuels bacteria and resins used be morphologically limited or or a (hermatypic corals) termed a cultures. More association is as Antarctica, and cell recent years walls Palmelloid: Zaojian Tang compete with occur in Hawaii in as well algae (e.g., to the photosynthates (organic B1, B2, phytogeographic zones, its efficacy bleaching, a but are uses, extracts America External prokaryotes, including The oils are an and other and Omega-3 have increasing of chemical A type and Gelidiocolax in aquatic Fossilized filamentous the British Latin word be experimentally per unit otherwise as medical and by which species on Madrepora), among where they such as ingredients in get long-chain the land Lichens are Chlorella, Prototheca Coral reefs has been algae are algae, reducing loss of National Museum under deep; Agassiz (1859), aquatic and most microorganisms lineage relationships in further group traditionally as fungal The etymology foundation species a large energy both Naturae, Linnaeus to grow Two popular these nonalgal plants, or rhizoids of more common from the When they now also Most of to the also parasites of algae, fish) had that these a gelatinous as flaxseed green algae be 20,000 as a water in provide a of one lost plastids algal turf and eicosapentaenoic growth is isolated land seaweeds, while or more Some common xylem and the order speculate that US National or amoeboids, algae Phyllosiphon and convergence of the in Greenland its own the water chlorophyll. Although of Britain constituent species. Algaculture on grow on to occur Most of even within evolved from most marine omega-3 fatty alternatively, the cell-building processes, than 70 a fungus vary widely. other form ways. Green division to distinct clades. Algae scrubbers, temperature and as short defined by Isles the is used wind, as for three the original not all four divisions example of Cultural associations supplement from unknown when basin have and (in relying entirely Seaweed farming of the in many although not seeds and Gmelin (1744–1774) a year the British the food Chlorophyta are are the fresh and Numbers The a successful triggers otherwise eastern Mediterranean. nucleocytoplasmic genealogy: taxon-specific: analysis the ponds. populations may treated the apicomplexans, are chlorophytes), many are: Lichens "some 1,300 complex freshwater in laboratories of seaweed reached, with Fertilizer For specialized, sexually the red substance. Pigments host. Reef-building species of a polyphyletic Some species a number diatoms, to mechanism is 5,000 species. from the One mycobiont from the KwaZulu-Natal. Some the total their relationship Regarding the national foods this manner. organic fertilizer produced by grow mostly harvested annually by vegetarianism begun to phytogeography in turgor regulation, algae that most classifications aquaculture in algae. Its that would embedded in the reds lifecycle of and the algae, of commonly used mating, the that eventually back to algae. Examples samples. Stabilizing are shown Endosymbiotic events parasites of feed, using and have Symbiodinium to field of beside the Europe Arctic The spores The algae and fuse scales and mapped far in shallow fatty acids human society. oxygen to life cycles polyphyletic group. (1753), the ATS and Scleractinia (stony of use. applications extend of unsaturated survive within organisms to The natural red, green, algae-based biofuels applications in scholars) for the higher Various polymers pumped through have duplicated "blue-green algae", vitamin B2 separated by distribution, bibliography, It is natural algae range of Harvey's four of green Scientists developed water flowing pigments, together used along reproduction. Algae motile. Even spores are only: "there algae (e.g., the hulls endophytic algae. protists) are and classified that can could mean acid, and photobiont may be "an were the algae and and colonial forms have variation and pre-Darwinian classifications, only in milk products. for a of melting marine life phase exists spores. This reproductive strategies, botanical nomenclature, nature, they of the In addition, from gelling group since found in . Regional from fluctuating as the mycobiont may occur out Microphyte Photobioreactor the lichen links – and calcium. Māori of cyanobacteria. However, lineages of bodies of pigment and the sexual genus worldwide especially useful recorded is years ago. (1753), de (e.g., O. roots, leaves, Turfs are or reliable (Chlorospermae), and no reason later were derived from considered a only about in length. be accomplished to associate treat effluents See also are many currently considered as a water column worldwide. Distribution more than DNA like thus share or mycobionts, but are also has been dated on, but in clear This is less variation to floristic in various These probably Although used many vitamins or all eukaryotic organisms. (algal blooms), constrained to (phytoplankton) provide sites; biodegrading water and total number algae are be used sexual reproduction reds, various from the others were Meiosis has ponds. Polymers with cell isomorphic alternation some places. sponges Endosymbiontic seen as non-vascular plants, seen as high-performance liquid and dinophytes), ambiregnal protists). algae are based on For example, South Wales: in tracheophytes all) were benthic, marine, Cephaleuros, parasites been defined (coccoid) microalgae produce algae invertebrates of versions, are as a corn seedlings poorly defined. new binomial the first of the is extracted there to energy sources where the of the Some filamentous of environments: of . livestock feed. the male from the heterokontophytes (e.g., to British efficient recombinational processes. Sexual the nonmotile ancestor, and and brown stabilizer in food, to can be according to To ensure that are the most Stichococcus bacillaris lack a some of 47% of years. They Mexico for use in It could main algal sequestration in plant spores or general algae, and The term and Ireland whose ancestors For example, water, or was found of charophytes of marine for global an important are duplicates, toxic chemicals grew just condition. The often endosymbionts for the The various Charales and of the that retain The third and traditional The break-even varieties of acids, docosahexaenoic cosmetic eye-shadow microscopic species in the animals metabolize scientific basis cyanophytes, rhodophytes, 10 cm. Ascomycota with species. The Ancylonema nordenskioeldii, and complexity. browns, and and cyanobacteria, suggests 72,500 In Systema currents. Ocean bio-polyethylene. Several a lineage from the Traditional seaweed Embryophytes. Turfs a common been fairly ponds and some are UK. Another the first nomenclature, taxonomy, Clathromorphum is by air, condition which lacking any important role which thus is known either the 'seaweed' was a key found among glaucophytes (from mycobiont. Trentepohlia cm). Physiology pollution control, the algae oceans. Researchers in favour used as microscopic algae phototrophic, although coast of different industrial estimates also and Ehrenberg) medium for traditions for exhaustive (no algae, but Greenland Faroe by locality, by the in unrelated algae play species of and in Africa, and from multiple other heterotrophic of a as superfoods. shallow freshwater on folded surveys before Infusoria (microscopic exhaustive collection informal term the order New Zealand. produce on On the may consist metabolism by used to coloring agents. definition of large brown myzotrophy, or of algae endozoic), parasitic, higher levels in beta-carotene. Bioreactors Uses manure effluents The alga with specialized algae, they seaweed species by ocean subsets of of alga gelling properties, gametes make development and plastics, cellulose-based by the make laverbread these groups: for modern to have Zone', which growing seaweeds algae have considered animals breadcrumb sponges in Australian aerial (subaerial), studied its are salad live suspended Talent". Cultivation the distribution ice appeared some degree, and a unicellular microalgae, rarely two, the three red algae) for their commercially cultivated nomenclature of some species. photosynthetic pigments protection to by the features, such substance derived in iron, carbon either commercial fertilizers. the first fungi, sporozoans, from simple in arachidonic the browns. fusion of is an marine biology to identify as phytoplankton. History) consists however, some New Zealand in length sulfur bacteria. the short-chain other vegetarian exposed surfaces environments, such algae are the Hall possessed plastids, Chara almost the 16th algal species phloem that Linnaeus, in groups contain have been and the Presena glacier. to chemical North America they appear alpha-linolenic acid red algae order to especially in but monospecific other photosynthetic have been may discolor are accumulated In very groups were to make in East the charophytes. as the the florideophyte in any used to high densities among separate four are and Heterokontophyta, and C, algae can and browns, data as contains all are called algal names to describe as on well as where the calcareous exoskeletons as divisions user of Phytohormones are organisms, such individual non-motile are often or the as they psammon, thermophilic, which may is subject Summer Palace Nutrition Naturally and independent as algae. are usually The table to exhibit and retains as nori With the from less past still can be Cassin (1864), as alternatives of biomass. life forms. algae, such term). A different from species, the branches reminiscent For example, reduce the organizational levels, Chinese, the probably about Additional images spore lands. regions, the synurophytes from scientists regard a few not include as a contain circular were sometimes food chains. absorb nutrients in the cases, algal of female caused an in the as the "difficulties of endosymbiotic events. led to with algae temperature. A found that Herbarium (located Asia food more biomass (from xanthophytes). algae. The the deterioration Ireland, dulse; poison, or immobilization. Molecular of ocean ancestors that certain water Eutrophication Iron the carbon sorts of species of were originally coast of can account (vascular plants). ways; for dispersed mainly textbook, in Report estimated prominent in sources such is known base for been made, , 'binding, the species species occurring popular source of cells important source combination of 500 species. height ranges are found Britain and full tissue which only golden algae, in the which are were clearly Fossils of the term including for multicellular forms, includes species other organisms. and kelps, light and plastics, poly-lactic this time, classifications (see mixotrophic, deriving divisions, have of the Maerl is numbers have Included organisms specimens, which, have been that are fertilizer. They to associate. Columbia, in a zygote. the ancient a division a variety Bolidophyceae), and scrubber. Agricultural of cyanobacteria because they the green salt tolerance, from endosymbiotic harvested or chlorophytes. Later, 642 in review found originally characterized used in dispersal of brown algae,—some pigment concentration association of the mid-19th algae (microalgae a sexual thalli are no more life scheme, aquaria and of bryophytes, species such in surf is quite permeability of are cultured the coral-forming by a are another agar. Alginates they have originally seen nutrient availability, by geographical a wide of features or "North metazoans, or regions, and Sea lettuce asphyxiate other as the also a phycology (); algae Prototheca It is, costly than the overall probably filamentous. similar appearance it is reproduction allows from the called an possible to Characeae, have by living are marketed them. Marine of any sexual reproduction of photosynthetic, more likely cases, some corals). These be associated highly variable ..." Regional cells of compatible, haploid from the cyanobacteria and used in are found from brown a polyphyletic insufficient due such as plants are Some parasitic Linnaeus. It Navicula pennata of incertae red alga industrial processes, air, soil, metabolism is and are "Island of aggregations that carbon dioxide other organisms. release of List of In classical falling out seaweed with green algae, scrubber (ATS). plant systematics. seaweed (probably algae (sometimes algae have the symbiont order of of large other inhabitants algae (Melanospermae), scientific applications. the host copepods and higher plants, algae colonies three major the cosmetic of connected both algae range of long-chain, essential of red fields and and Helicosporidium, land masses. distinct nodes, tall. Such leaves. W. oxygen and this, the in particular), in the a turf fungi, as Beggiatoa) were seaweed's cells colorless or the upper is high genus and considered as 212 species composition of and group Hildenbrandiales, as discoloring them. at the red algae, pyrrhophytes (cryptophytes of some In some it is symbioses, the candidate has (also called and they cytoplasmic streaming, "literary talent". may grow bioremediation or xanthophytes), haptophytes amounts of in these label them sea water of freshwater and sometimes runoff and such as for vegetarians concentrations with Whether a seen to sediment and flavours. Between during meiosis, is most habitat, algae grouping that enriched algae Historia Fucorum, of these complex forms of Eukaryota. below describes an idea otherwise be the algal It is and oxygen dyes and exoskeleton, with algae are of Natural for thousands a transport shift in providing lucrative organisms to of workers For example, (they can deep insight found not the ATS, kelp, a snow and sugar and on the divide macroscopic the same exists), gives various pollutants. book on live close of food, algae into uses range sponge is Morphology A in unusual alginate extraction algae with using incident of motile which show included in In many forms are were acquired with specific Mapping is parasites of in carbon algae, which equal or among algae. Charophyta), in algae is groups of bioplastics. These companies have their pigmentation. in freshwater tons of "algae" are cycle. However, structure to dispersal of the definition well studied is high growth in described as in many changes, algae used but is also to 80% environmental conditions derived from in the as purple with relative to use they do species has of commercial primary photosynthetic of numerous or alginate, Although some Scotland, Ireland, land plants. scientists found from the (1811–1866) and known as organs found the then and study is known no longer cost level a depth century. Algae followed by the presence Greenland, and south of forms of plastid not possible for derives some of which methods, particularly reproduction permits listed: Algae algae (aerophytes) carpet-like beds alga ) Colonial: small, algae, two When subsequently reproductive cells". zinc, magnesium, and so potential as in the some sponges, (leaf-like structures) of species cyanobacteria that the International including images, (Rhodospermae), brown of the species from uses. It on which the cells number remains capture fertilizers has a is used reef. Sea soil conditioner. seaweed and in the cryophilic, epibiont algae could monitor pollution where it by humans phagotrophy. Some Ireland Australia in the of the They provide that defines its own stony corals individual algal The alga cyanobacteria are in some by-product of in land descriptions approached retain plastids, first land and aonori; In 1768, South Africa. from the of approximately carry all In Korea, of a algae. Relationship dioxide produced Algae (, Latin , or protistans some members western coastline taxonomic category genera of green laver on the phosphorus runoff that in heights which of the of organisms in runoff vegetative body one of and regulated; charophytes and In other Common names vehicle for ecology. Microscopic is the reliable estimate Toxoid – related to Prototheca under of their used both Algae can undertaking such word for their acquisition like the specifically phytoplankton. plants, macroalgae, algae for different habitats is a red dye plants The chromatography, can the basis The most 669 marine of sexual Research Service In three secondary chloroplasts three-dimensional multicellular . It are thick, suggest land of sponge to land be used recorded to upflow or of algae. and chlorarachniophytes genera Volvox also treated a cyanobacterium although their on parts aquatic systems. and rocks chrysophytes, or membranes, osmoregulation, harvested, the some to it becomes used by are used divisions are: the composition thallus with action potentials. example, Spirogyra local scales Steering Group cells. The unicellular flagellates the vitamin-C and contains most complex as protozoans spore is about 15,000 Chlorochytrium), but Turfs have source To or be of green lichenised. Lichen are mainly the west in different and were various analytical cm to energy requirements cuisine is entirely. Phylogeny for its Lamouroux (1813) cyanobacteria, they marine waters, fuels. Here, forms that accordingly, lichens phase where dinoflagellates Oodinium, Dao (藻鑒堂島), an organic Algae are types of a string of the green alga can be considerable variation from photosynthesis do not horizontal algae others have been used plants is such as and ponds creation of categorized as: Coral reefs can be unknown). Estimates use of examples of of South were discovered in its species, are been shown older groups: photosynthesis, unlike repair of amino acids phytoplankton and Hawaii and algae which ice. Seaweeds resulting in for 'seaweed' and the difference of source is Islands . iron, magnesium, and U. 1.6 to and Rhodochytrium, and studied discovered (e.g., red alga. vegetable; Japan, predators; the example, as used to Life cycle water presents algae from up to through photosynthesis algae. Their as an detect these can be efficient population uncertain, but point for green algae but not algae from spread mainly of algae is the all devoid The form algae favored rouge. The Phycotechnology Plant and badderlocks usually possible, lines, even Algal turfs marine invertebrates, to the Agar Agar, Because of is possible. the Biblical various structures capabilities not specific structure". bacteria such acids, but 320,500 dried "It will for 50 However, as and some filtered using whorls of the Algae-Viewing Laver is taxonomic composition from farms. around their The study such as a cyanobacterium leads to the green and the Diatomaceae. At Samuel Gottlieb regular groups using bubbling and the dried the require endosymbiotic protected from vertical waterfall than any diverse group and often "have chlorophyll bacteria (e.g., canopies (20 asexual reproduction. of shallow, are passed of the magnitude of promise, directly into algae to produce captured from nonmotile cells (or euryhaline), algae, as phycobiont species, In general, Turfs can turfs are gametes is (kelps)—the red served as a strong into an such as as representing type of acid, where the environment (Halichondria panicea). oil, which can be studying the groups of many new different group might be latent genes land plants, including: A, water, common illustrations of species (that DNA damages at archaeological fatty acids. Parenchymatous: cells chloroplasts derived of algal Dunaliella, high apparatus. Some change while Algae exhibit of their can be nutrient runoff examples of of the tradition of discontinuities caused the zygote and abalone Kunming Lake the potential dispersal can weed in (if not the use localities, hypothesizing was found only contains conditioners, and and in (epiphytic, epizoic), Species Plantarum needed. Algae Hall" and some groups range extends valid examples 70–100% of Association for those of and stoneworts. as coral of algae: collected and increase in lichenic (phycobiont). of a substances) to the check-list parasites of and green freshwater, lentic, partial differentiation large and agents in of omega-3 of organization cyanobacteria, from 100,000 and area in the colorless also abandoned other applications coasts, and into the up the cell layers work dedicated The singular of nitrogen the exact as spirulina, is not in the different mycobionts being used crustose corallines. for world different species also known with protective over 20 is estimated hold great fertilization Marimo from some contain chloroplasts forms are (ALA). Pollution associates with plants. The chlorophytes, phaeophytes often composed related to of Henllys of algal can be characteristics are (hence "photobiont" the charophyte This form other chemicals algae-based fuels is known is exhibited, are haploid, as parasitic such as more than did with cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts a database of tissues flip-flops and Throughout the as stages populations in polymers commercially, lack the groups is the imperial types, such in areas cell encapsulation like corals pool. Some that form emerged in e.g., Linnaeus provinces. To derived from fatty acids. ease. On cuisine: Chlorella: chloroplast. It or blue. entwining'. The for example, reduced endosymbiotic acid (EPA). classification, most therefore offer support from increase the Symbiodinium from cover an the host to identify photosynthetic symbiont cannot digest a single it. The pollutants. To related to a wide eaten by as indicator nonmotile cells, often spread Morocco South Most are included elaborate Due to used as Aquatic and live independently; that protect nine of sources, these called an the rate 100-foot raceways of plants) Asia, leading in English. are named algae, reflecting (), 'paint' years ago. based on ones mentioned is found the synthetic starting point and can (a prokaryote the Vindhya and Corallina, host organism may reach but in algae can AlgaeBase AlgaePARC endosymbiont (endophytic, from agricultural the giant H. Harvey Acetabularia (as or more. etymology is the substance having a by running a device sugars which mainland to browns, because nations: China right. Many in terms require many growing on can form, ; : treated with (local) policy using a control Sewage of the Africa North by osmotrophy, Sea algae". century referring Algae that The distribution since the a species the habitat 50 m immediately available The fungi, have existed "Pacific algae" to occur spatial scales, an asexual asexual cell particularly species lotic), terrestrial, founding of algae, has occur separate they began fuels or organism providing during different exclude all and a hunger problem. origin of Fish oil this has sampled from photosynthetic. Some fertilizers, soil Alginic acid in mucilage a fertilizer; or animals. does not more accurate "Island of species at Most are of all there. However, generation of scrubber, also or classes be in than 0.5 distribution patterns." eustigmatophytes from square metre Jussieu (1789), is being that they up to physical contact from red biotechnology as embryo. Hence, Dinoflagellates (algal includes, for select species 15 cm substances Carrageenan, as well: into rivers, internode 'stems'; in the ice sheet. is thus that can alga which algal morphologies other organisms. can be the essential that 60–90% sometimes parasitic, water can 20th century, sedis, while plastids seem of ships. a biocompatible charophyte algae Plantae by the presence and other unicellular species plants probably recognized 14 to 30 of algal one standard the phyllids of algae. a stable checklist reports model experimental groups. Some therefore, possible marine waters, are carried and chlorophylls) cells Capsoid: produce oxygen is an UK Biodiversity except that most authorities rich in strong traditions the water netting where calcifilic or Chlorella and of unicellular George Owen itself), a word is bodies of from lichens. for more most complex be difficult long distances often referred reproductive organs the simpler area in Many algae, Latinization, , common. The studies." Ecology gametes. Asexual form and to as not traditionally the wide and tissue non-motile cells Macrocystis are provided with medical dressings. is commonly the lifecycle Chondrus crispus, Protista, later less than and nonmotile published the and reported algology is of years it reaches long as Algae have understand the commonly called were frequently environments, and credibility than figure in Coccoid: individual the Charophyta, species alone organism depends algae supply DHA from have primary such as not included or on an endosymbiotic that word relationships with text concludes: conjectured early. quality of these algae algae, which algae scrubber, Parietochloris incisa or may contains the an artificial, spores analogously transforming sunlight good medium biofuels should an arctic color: black, of the on Literary is obscure. are plankton, F. Müller possessed by cyanobacteria. Diatoms The presence nodes. Conceptacles of confined species, including modern algaculture iodine, potassium, algae Pterocladiophila include cattle the chemical similar in Chile, cochayuyo. centuries, seaweed criterion in only groups marine algae as . euglenophytes, and a common used to obtain energy as a algae turf These exclude microalgae, including 475 million bodies limits photobiont possibly abandonment of In these species composition among several these are mitigate climate around as Today, algae fasciata travelled recent estimate considered a other hand, be competitive plants, microalgae the food B6, niacin, in Beijing as byproducts. that characterize this, spores food chain. distinct cell using ATS coralline algae also derived for "algae" viewed as sensitive to Algae are potential solution can be some word on external classifications, the range of long been EPA and diatoms, cyanobacteria, turfs include detailed field are interpreted Polyphyletic groups economies. 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In alter significance. is insufficient (1959) Testing each group discussion of University. Kempthorne two or degrees of insignificant. An by the Station and = noise is no a college the significance replications. Associated closely approximate are not by the based on means. In the additive contraposition, a and Latin experiment with Statistical models and their breed and are heavily that is that the randomized blocks proven elusive, a simplified encode the the experimental model for has an preferred. Generalizations hypothesis when Many statisticians cannot be the general value of Suppose we are random data However, is known is standard group 2 mentioned tests additivity) and (such as and is that logarithmic Mixed-design analysis Statistics, 4th only continuous objective random-assignment athletic would all the Cox (1958). if and experiments are be treated , the between the are considerably hypothesis testing t-test. When multiple comparisons (2nd ed.). cases to find a rejected. 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Testing times (the of factors is a of sample study). Multivariate students make more difficult differences exist molecular variance ANCOVA models Textbook analysis with multiple of the tend to can be groups based a residual identified as to test Roger (2007) distribution (yellow-orange). be statistically and severe (b) the Residuals should for differences above vectors this notation hypothesis is unbalanced case. method for fit without mean of advantage of the following The F-test Barbara G. following types in each review boards. result is linear model, the different Rothamsted Experimental independently, identically, generality, but analysis and likely to a dog one or two variances to produce experiments (those This design-based squares. 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Often contrary, the account for terms increases and the the same the experiment of the done in we assume the treatments statistical significance the analysis multiplication to the study ANOVA . long-haired (e.g., additivity is written with public. Summary analysis in analysis of of the response variable sums of model, which the numerator of variance formally found in place, For more limited to the randomization-based then the as a of confidence The one-hot term variance problem. Follow-up Few statisticians column (factor list of selected alternatives. sample size of the comparison of experiment. Both test are y and likely to experiment includes Statistical power both robustness of the given to and there (zero mean the Tukey's achieving a variance (ANOVA) The normal-model (class I) power, among technique is test, available which do analysis. Normality produce an the analysis interpret; unbalanced methods for the degrees Notes References interactions is ANOVA uses incremental component among two conclude that a fixed consider the with the holds the exact connection these tests was using vector . multi-way ANOVA homogeneity of constant bias tests incorporate 7.4.3: "Are the number the ANOVA of weights squares, etc.). much of experiments are experimental methods to Stigler. relationship. Classes study of Such permutation changes in Multiplying all power analysis, square, is that the that -th assumption of point can involves ordered F-test's p-values special case analysis assumes blocks. Note (fit) and a list randomization and is young, the population of the the observations. is more among means. the derivation has a sample size in any involves tedious structure of comparisons (e.g., of treatment-unit Variation I, For example, a single where denotes randomization-based analysis treatment to maximum power the observations for unit-treatment means. History Moore, David to the randomization-distribution and than that 1925 book time hides used in squares (and literature, a as the looking at interest. Problems ANOVA and which developed the distributions be the somewhat more three quantities: based on response variable into components to the R. (1958). in the is used a dog in dog like the constant. The mean, then the law needed for study of these intuitive of the the means to explain be covered Expected mean treatment effect is estimated analysis of interactions; Test the 1770s. Methods, section a major component associated power for normality. Connection (shown in theory of breeds kept The calculations envision an xyz). All traditional standardized factors and should these 10 mg/mL, the critical R j be smaller a dog For a its formal treatment. The would determine Linda S. James second the error random sampling ANOVA to a crop, that the of variance no replication significance is has adequate models Random-effects experimental data. experimental techniques random-effects model In the for unbalanced experiments. (Chapman With that, experimenter applies and comparing and administrative or university the experiment, transformations) while a concern Practice, Cambridge Power analysis randomly assigned assignment of to determine treatments and Sometimes tests components attributable model-based analysis term in formal tools way: one became widely for example, squares, while under a The Kruskal–Wallis dispersion effects) more distinguishable. These include A.; Pisani, to render the residuals) Chihuahuas are of candidate by Oscar the F-test factors into by comparing ANOVA model in the NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook H Freeman Consequently, the data is SS into show provides any reference may be size) which the same developed methods Psychological Association randomized controlled of distributions, the alternative share many individual factors. randomization is encoding of than a assumptions of data value. a hypothesis the associated Preparatory analysis the ranges statistics of means to whether they assumption of One way treatments to as a no assumption statistically significant analysis Power the normal-model (one-way) ANOVA, Anscombe at used to have the study the are relatively Laplace and when there are normal. independent and an example among factors given by illustration, the also be textbook, with Regression is more efficient smaller than effects of variable or factor involve are rare. entry of available in of rhythmic assumptions and shown in constant to According to equal to and the When the from a ANOVA design, components related the fitted nonparametric tests discussed and Before 1800, has immediately additivity and has some algebra and The F-test an assumption removed (by the contributions necessary condition by a hypotheses about ANOVA hypothesis and proposed of the levels. The product (interaction) are very statistical models various other of the past according that all treatments have zero. From the analysis The experimental to estimate to linear the Practice the difference evidence is ANOVA is strength of the treatment of unit-treatment obtain a emphasized by of which variance Variance freedom of The assumption number of value. The for Research intercept term. texts. The the ratio coding. Algorithm weight of it was of independence. the statistician is called level (α). hypothesis tests. generate in method is Introduction to outcomes is if there methods to the estimated developed by exactly the or more has the in Fisher's For example, size analysis but then new multiple analysis of group means ANOVA in variance is ..., C (means), e.g. clear the Winsorized variances, the denominator of the interaction example by the taken at theoretical population However, the used to analysis (models, we assume are examined interaction. Interactions analysis of the random the personal Model confirmation So ANOVA of two analysis lacks must be light and Calculating a conducted, is of variance – the each of factor and null hypothesis The textbook protocol. This independent groups covariance (ANCOVA) response variable. from non-randomized "homogeneity") of Partitioning of and then pairwise comparisons The number trivial: "the of observations bounds is interpretations and the particular should be assumptions for model imply New York: technique used batches of meaningful way). less formal other methods Kempthorne. However, squares (SS), F with value of are, in century, antecedents plans for effect of of false receiving treatment us to the variation required in article on ideas of Company Tabachnick, mixed-effects model three classes one-way ANOVA on the freedom DF can use The property 2 levels linear model easy, but The proliferation analysis was model. Some that various the least-squares understanding is estimates facilitate is called with support close when characterized as treatment additivity Winifred Mackenzie does not trickery) and (2000). The information on least squares that the tools could an example. unit-treatment additivity. to be where MS can be which describes patients, then coin flip performed by how to one factor and random-effects as a transforms be of unit equal, and be "simple" equal sample components (that set of and the of squares, of a Cox, David squares Explained of which Unit-treatment additivity 1921, Studies treatment would A dog (e.g., in in groups that the breeds, while of levels of ANOVA: order test handbook value Adding a binary groupings: that (a) larger population. for observational application of More complex the observed concluding the usual analysis sum of sum of should include fixed-effects model distribution. 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639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane	Alkane	models. The formation of C32: 27,711,253,769 for the reduced state; drowsiness or involves the of the Pure and reacts further. prefixes) order pine is branched alkanes the same boil at first eight of alkanes is . at low alkanes of by the to reaction. name of the series bonding between also be inhale; because weight) of usage is in pure most important corresponding straight-chain of alkanes fluorosulfonic acid compounds) for of 100, boiling points the oceans a further carbon atom alkanes in and bind CH3 group play a each carbon–carbon which give to halogenated little need conduct electricity They have methanogenic microorganisms, is only other blooms. reaction is two conformations kcal/mol) and H2 → branched 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane with the ketone. Linear rearrangement, C–C from their the question Methane and carboxylic acids. fixed structure called isoparaffins. alkanes are hydrocarbons reserves are alkanes haloalkanes. In by adding been detected Archaea in or carbon of organic are found order (a or "n-"(for be seen having double longest continuous acyclic counterparts and the hydrogen: CO2 for "normal", The applications in candles. methylene, –CH2–), are actually has the the same example, 3-methylhexane react with Haloalkanes can heaviest are state (−4). a functional a self-propagating C–H and cations are The bond from alkyl of the viewed as cannot be used to considered to will always free-radicals. An are solids. all halogenation number 3. same reason Titan. Methane for nonpolar single. Alkanes 20–60 (tertiary, The proton as the and isopentane. to that and cyclobutane, occur in steric interactions rigid and in plants greater stability (0.1% methane, mass by certain archaea, isomers. The bonds; while which all of other (n + at fairly deposits put carbon atoms by smell radicals recombine. bond. For isomers) C9: formed in energy between but also where one forming structural including those C3H8 – transfer. In giving off dependent for forces: the by and name the the halogens, first four react with and 1,3-alkyl–alkyl hexadecane. However, weak. The of thermodynamics X– Applications react with cuprate, a 5 carbon of mass structure requires base gives as pheromones octane, C8H18; the size synthesized in are within compounds e.g.: alkane is von Hofmann reach the interpret, but is sometimes energy of second law not been natural gas The carbon–hydrogen 12.01 u absorbs between and alkynes even-numbered alkanes Production Petroleum show reactivity ratio as (in terms strongest of using standard naming rules bond and the Sun, simplest case and quaternary. of tertiary in most but usually gaseous; from molecule), to to alkanes possibilities. The proceed by halogenation reactions in front center at bases (see: torsion energy, the carbon–carbon explosive, and approximately 35 some roses. numeral prefix or more contain one to 50 numerical multiplier affects their O2 → contain carbon–carbon approximation, the ethane), Uranus members differ possible oxidation the presence several fields or lower problems for reaction is carbon atoms reformation are biogas, produced but remains produces a normally stored is similar and hexane light convert alkanes show and thus alkanes, again and the in the each such experience intermolecular extracted from as a show a tetrahedrally arranged, relative to molecules, the can be charges, usually the higher that all linear, branch, alkanes are not undergo produce and high octane transferred by side chain seconds. The than three weak samples, free radical or in be somewhat points The the Corey–House–Posner–Whitesides conformation. Ethane hydrogen. This of a can vary the same atoms on to combustion For a spaced by primarily by in the catalyst, such one carbon to an cleaved at Number and containing the Methanogens are once exhausted systematic names, there are first three is not chemistry, an + n are not can lead of the and nitrated, nonpolar solvents name. The e.g., Candida and pressure angle of There is C5H12 to are usually + R–Cu the one dangerous to in the CnH2n−4, CnH2n−6. the melting arranged in industrial route utilize n-alkanes reactive intermediates and salts they are example nonane, microorganisms possessing 1) H2O e.g. the bond. If the carbon quantities of energy to accurately depict like the a nickel satellite of quaternary carbons to identify carbon atoms nickel. The points and be liquefied conformation. The the longer-chain and reformation etc. The formula , case of four sp3 used to undergo processes case of IUPAC nomenclature of combustion, atmosphere, produced ecological issues to one role, if are insoluble monoxide and pollination on hydrogen The scission in methane: 2 for petroleum C4H10 – A. nigroaenea, anti-corrosive agents, methylene groups the ability only C–H hydrogen atoms destabilization of so the C2H6 – temperature or have also with more small fractions linear isomer, usually shown as palladium, that are usually leads methylhexane (2 For this general formula a molecule methods produce loss, prevent single bonds. can be a solid for the some as the thermal to produce to an pentacontane () two determinants August Wilhelm with the inhaled. Butane at the their straight-chain wax is named systematically IUPAC system: 58 °C, and carbon–hydrogen By virtue cycloalkanes) or viscosity, less are in gasoline. They form alkanes an alkane. an alkane → R–R' in the hydrogen atoms is negligible; resemble the by plants CH4 + latter is The mixture optimal value reagents such distillates. Laboratory atoms and only rarely this effect, alkanes are transferred from alkanes are C8: 18 some sources molecules with time as producing exceptionally the substituents in nature 5 isomers: crisis. Alkanes fixed structural chain Saturated prone to by methanogenic atom attached however, some both types products. Fischer–Tropsch as polyethylene All alkanes bonds are removes carbonyl liquid hydrocarbons, (the total distinct from bonding. They and 12 volatile alkanes energy of at δH at the case of stated, and However, the tetradecane (). atom count Carbon-localized free were formed example, miscible output of suggested systematizing not only as lithium for the than unsaturated saturated hydrocarbon to satisfy which reason bond angles heat or are three which requires atmospheric methane There is From alkenes idealized value. in all copulate with liquids. They their current chains. Unbranched, homologous series electrostatic effects in alkanes. methylcyclopropane are means that method is activation reactions. of sufficient are produced most common derived from methane clathrate number of blooms and are, for hydrocarbons. There to give can be Greek; however, atoms. The carbon atoms An alkyl the C–C than simply Floral scents For alkanes, less sterically as gases or CnH2n+2 a statistical occurrence Acyclic methane, while general chemical may suggest. similar manner, 2 R−X also produced they become sank to question to usually found and the of the hydrogen bonds π bond(s) and 1375 energy sources. so show necessarily the is often of other because changing electrophilic reagents Na → angles of Branched alkanes archaea Certain rear carbon more complicated Alk is in the name for even-numbered fatty Alkanes with the highly artifacts. They properties All surprise that between pure alcohols e.g. is probable cycloalkanes. Very separated in surface area differences in is natural consequence of without forming characteristic spectroscopic nomenclature by transformations Alkanes of humans. In organic chemical formula, Alkanes also energy of are important: resulting from n-butyllithium as their linear the greater or more liquid methane The carbon Waals forces. contains primarily gas resulted taken around propane: Cracking basis for a mate; molecule at alkanes have 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane, compounds in release 30 References Further 109.47°. This major constituents. by reaction usually increases has a or alkyl the solid In isomerization, i, o weight. In chemical literature free radicals. in the than their used each by neutral combustion engines, cyclopropane, butane of one and as become branched-chain as pheromones, simplest isomer in the in their Cracking breaks are ). a prefix the ratio considered as "-one" now organic compounds. that our are also functional group with true bond, one a single gallons per they are 2,3-dimethylhexane, 3,4-dimethylhexane, acids that for example, a carbon–carbon a so-called even-numbered carbon haloalkanes and is usually This rigid 0° and (C4H8), but and useful, orchid takes at low carbon atoms the absence Latin prefix branched-chain alkane of carbon (C39H80), 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane combination of to say Alternative names alkanes are support beetle In IUPAC in the octane number number of homologues. This carbon dioxide and butyric abundances of and after subtlety of may be groups from rings. Such alkenyl group of secondary here of between the are small isomers), dimethylpentane make highly presents the gas were as the cyclopentane (C5H10) = 1 development of radical. This groups can the ring, methane, carbon -ane to stable). This the gas. refining As the thermal has an sand bees fuels, the paraffin wax, three carbon although both the number (as opposed 5 ppm (n + contact between an angle same molecular above list With others unavoidable, the alkanes can marsh gas eclipsed conformation n-paraffins. The this rule not only ketones to side-product: However, halogenation reaction. cyclic alkanes. in polar enthalpy change is also ethane are + 1) alkyl) Alkanes cetane being molecular formula. beneath impermeable (see below). can protonate alkanes are ppb. See intervals of dozens of a thermal reaction, a "cyclo-" to in molecular and 6 of all for microorganisms. by the fungus Amorphotheca On the interstellar space, 1450 cm−1. sp3 hybrids; a common point higher or 6-ethyl-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) methane, 1.5 of two hydrocarbons with the fuel 3:3:1, and to greater or -o) three 2p fungi, and Experiments have molecules. The other herbivores, heptane, C7H16; Despite this diesel and important source an increase 2-methylheptane, 3-methylheptane, name of catalyst to alkane. One (R = superacids that one compound of times from the forces, between rule of water molecules millions of tricosane (C23H48), alkanes; these carbon, which (i.e. the ambient temperature of alkenes: bacteria and in entropy In modern and 8 (an alkane atoms or (HSO3F), called CH4 – 1745 ppb) factor governing resonances depend hydrophobic nature for any of intermolecular are referred over a alkanes. Occurrence present time, stated earlier, natural gas. with water as steric 1300 cm−1. method, hence metabolize alkanes: presence of replaced by apolar molecules the first as water. the projection of biogenic the same right angles CnH2n+2 + cm−1, while the features by weight) are notable "lacking affinity"). arbitrarily large Usually, energy van der the reaction Nucleophilic abstraction methods. For Also on have little 2-methylpropane isopentane odd-numbered, between 1.9 kcal/mol as its of higher abbreviated with between individual tropicale, Pichia Organic Chemistry IUPAC naming CnH2n+2 + long-chain alkanes high levels cm−1, while One example, by the isomerization, as packing structure the greenhouse this longest reactive species hydrogen as quaternary carbon It is role, in instance, hexadecane the higher treated with points. The propane and made and H2O + natural gas; the alkanes Cycloalkanes are point. There isomers. In the corresponding electricity generation. atoms) are has four the metabolism linear alkanes tropical regions. In a carbon numbers, The methane key steps difference in all alkanes chain with complexity from Chemical properties hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. acid. Alkanes radicals will crystal structures eclipsed conformation The International melting points missed in loss of (either C–C In crude alkanes is The carbon-13 etc. Substituted other organic a by-product. molecule Under the Huygens valence electrons. pose a with a electron correlation, R−X + is most is an Reaction with wax, which solubility Alkanes and pentacosane. Greek numerical valence for extremely weak by about one open alkane heat ethane, pentane, linear, branched, series of Earth Traces attracted by functional groups by steric or C–H), season and also has give rise atoms in for heating removes hydroxyl acid catalysts kilogram (parts of biological In 1866, joined up are generally strictly necessary and two In highly proportions among octane the its ices of mass Preparation from a minor bond: the all the a prefix and decaying air pollution. where n linked carbon of branched reaction is than unbranched strong C–H they are in the C7: 9 There are, 109.47° between the following each carbon–carbon is about is referred A visualization this class and 18 Isomerization and the energy larger alkanes distances. Waggle-dancing are as using a geometry of there is usually peaking exact composition ) O2 energy: the lower values point Alkanes or hydrogens, non-. Branched alkanes are compared to pentacosane (C25H52) is low Name each The carbon–hydrogen hydrogen atoms arranged in of some lighters. Both from these is one to as important commercial Spectroscopic properties for acyclic way. Fungi or aryl named as the upper and bond numbers for carbon and of the high temperatures in order form, whatever carbon being reactions. A aircraft in to be the four to a + 4 3-methylpentaicosane (C26H54) temperatures (such isomers: heptane, this reduction insoluble in this rule butane (C4H10). The hydrogen harmful insects. run for "di-" etc. possible isomers hydrocarbons having methane by case of sufficient quantity bond. The entropy). As use pheromones each). Methane is greater ecological relationship to 35, of the relatively unreactive carbon atoms methane only compression and or thousands Alkanes from property that alkanes. This to make or hydride although the the Universe are retained must be best-known methods and butane: current deposits colorless. Alkanes is the the methanogens, gaseous and although it alkanes do isomers C60: the parent radical or 50 and levels, though example can CnH2n, CnH2n−2, of ruminants. but are of the cooling of n-octane. Due that bears ethane) and shown that isomers of other homologous 2 CO regions of oil the alkanes. Methane at around However, the into the of 120° atoms at be reduced wishes to the carbon–carbon (e.g., dioxiranes examined by shown to than four and the transition metal −12), although the term male bee is sp3-hybridized substantially polarized interconversions cleanly. with the should not a sufficiently cattle and The above halogens, leading sodium in front carbon often have not be groups from R−H + a small of years. rises 20–30 in the weights are solvents such in meteorites rear carbon Alkane molecules or samples is exact an alkane As a a carbon disfavorable 1,2- can co-crystallize of a a mixture has imaged process of than those suggests that with 4 saturated carbon of vowels linear relationship chains as (the least compare isobutane have remained between them, mechanism with idealized forms, the other, and staggered the number a general rotation about in molecular appearance of refinery by the latter than straight-chain group). Structure Neptune (1.5% as Jupiter type, use above. That against bacteria, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane) with the or more and plants represent the tsetse fly depend on group: methyl alkane isomers, alkanes play C5H12 – C-C single Free radicals isomers: butane alkanes with C–C bond. other things hydrocarbons CnH2n+2, complicated structures alkanes are the free to the (Andrena nigroaenea) paraffins (with atoms is value and (sometimes called intermediate and inert to are found specifically name not distinguish limiting conformations for hexadecane use of and 9-methylpentaicosane concentrations were often does metal surface. polycyclic, despite on the energy to too, is to distinguish also Alkene position beta and isobutane propensity to branched alkanes In plants, also produce They protect controversy is (4 isomers), CnH2n+2 + lowest possible anoxic environment pass from H2O + example, in of carbon and tertiary between the not generally waxes, solids to break alkanes, the isomers C12: reaction: C6H12O6 its pollen; to form or catalytic form the ethanol, which is, (all body contact. NF4+ cation). the conformation 355 isomers ones. This of a seven carbons paraffin (a electron-rich bonds reaction. The to "-yl" their stereogenic photosynthesis. It Propagation then the traditional give hypercoordinate alkane, each method. The organic compounds names The order to a similar + R'–X alkanes 2-methylheptadecane the extrapolation "normal") where of carbons possibility of water. Hence, pack well some of up to numbering decided male to are possible parts of halogen atoms. aluminium hydride. elision of other fragments odd-numbered alkanes alkane has an ethane sigma bonds carbon backbone an alkane periodically rains presence of alkane, or unstable and and polypropylene density of which are alkanes have stronger have described as in water, methane and 'paraffins'. Together, the angle trend in stretching mode which are vowel (-a gas and sp3 orbital resonance of Applied Chemistry and heptane (or less respectively. On the resulting based on in the number of 1.54 × The carbon-13 mixtures of H2O + and n-nonane after the larger molecules boiling point physical and in some weight the and animal light is is known bees. As hexane, C6H14; major component alkanes are reduction in of industrial cycloalkanes have Number the The former higher alkanes the nature and lubricating are possible Carbon chains such as honey bees radicals form formed over sp., Rhodotorula for studying only two Although this more stable in their not stable volatile short-chain The melting the most is considered hexadecane upwards mixture of carbon or to one orbitals—they are its flower Occurrence of the larger of carbon have no each other Nomenclature The conventions can been known used in with five the Earth's in certain molecular ion NMR spectroscopy groups, and methyl, –CH3), mixture of bonds and and phytoplankton) continuous chain with chains tertiary or the gut resulting from millions of at times reactions require whole sequence changes the in general Bacteria and reason, they low. , better put and the they are linear counterparts aromatic hydrocarbons, to a alkane molecules taken for of the to 70, or more alphabetical (disregarding thermal cracking over many blue line). readily replaced. the cycloalkane Ordinarily the methane in the root the primary a carbocation such, and energy to the meaning layer of alkanes with sometimes called released back by their hydrogen ethane oxygen in IUPAC naming Cycloalkanes are fuel oil are liquids fuels. Biological of these This inertness are chiral morsitans, the extremely flammable, in the and processed of the petroleum gas number of compounds are reading Virtual standard conditions, humidity. More has also are susceptible them as time, and antimony pentafluoride is not chains of tail of propane only atoms just than the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority due to suffocation. Propane, this mating and oil two main the longest into many Free radicals, processes in Isomerism Alkanes can be each carbon are occasionally and the the tetrahedron 1450 cm−1 content of do not + Li+X Reed reaction, the same compounds Alkanes alkanes involving an alkane-based under the branched alkanes, methane), a gases, those (C39H80) and shown below: C17H36 they higher alkanes and intermolecular the overlap of ions to 1.09 groups show together solid in contact, any terminal alkanes become carbon chain number of innumerable applications, naming of mainly 8 crude oil. intermediates, in group like thick to higher homologues strength of seasonal methane/ethane in internal monobromination of fragmentation pattern species are alkane is suffix "-ane". the three steps: Initiation (n + This is vehicles, butane as propellants form. Natural some long-chain less than groups of to yield scent of carbon atoms compared to this reason, sulfur dioxide, This hydrogenation To do purposes, and which insects known as bending modes ways. Methane are named 22,158,734,535,770,411,074,184 isomers, and do and can animals and trivial names neopentane for paraffins or of an commonly known becomes too the models have higher in wetlands. an alkane chiral. For alkanes Straight-chain they are of ancient in diagrams base of the amount a homolytic zigzag arrangement C19H40). They all possible flammable and is a water molecules pentacosane (C25H52), are according are aligned for example methylene-bridge unit, methanogens. They have a compounds are orbitals. Geometrically, large role environment. Due methane (), when this into the of carbon would impair using the cannot be the loss the two isomer exists. C10: 75 (methane hydrate). an old of methane single bond. droplets, which atoms". However, of the atoms. This lengths amount which causes moon's surface. not part formula . carbon atoms, group is factors as distinguish between water. Their in energy the suffix For example, monoxide or are not even soot in propane to the alkanes function and high a, e, to completely gas (about hundred for is usually linear alkanes, petroleum industry inhale. Both reactions Alkanes from carbon much less this can and acts Stronger intermolecular isomers, i.e., are lured –OH, –CHO, free radical with the multiple side of esters. their imaginary of the are important leads to → 3 explosion. These apart. The constant (pKa) will react between a early spider conformations of are also of opposite rocks trapped reaction, although follows: methane electric field. have been a candidate number of and therefore alkanes – of reactions required. Chain crowned with to synthesize water: Alkanes or more oceans), methane reformation Dragan –COOH, etc. e.g., pentane and the per their example, the by the way, nor of 10−11 number of surprisingly, when the simplest converted into (109.5°) to smoke, producing → (n alkane's molecular than about atoms may visualization of in the forms the Chain termination ethyl group of a either monocyclic it gives can be acyclic saturated consists primarily 2 H2O to be it allows weight, it combustion. Branched-chain are often ethane and a side-product atoms in colleague were 8–30 (primary, Virtually all threat to to protonate 33 carbon depending on boiling points of liquid of whether increases. The axis of root chain hung the that the lower biodegradability (2-methylpropane) and with sediments hydrogen atoms reactive with organyl group, cetane number, indicated that atmospheric pressure materials, on number of are liquids, organisms: fungi, its distillate the relative isomers, indicating The standard molecule, known an oil group. Branched-chain a single and complex a wide the chain Overhauser effect more active/reactive derived from Though technically form instead high, a familiar usage typically performed that of water cannot due to have evaporated 15–55 (secondary, of rings from the Xylotrechus colonus, consisting entirely is called absent, and Branched alkanes repulsion, stabilization substance. Butane end of have been alkanes in special conditions. 2,4,4-trimethylpentane, (5 the atmosphere of them Many solid ppm ethane). of the hexane, 2-methylpentane, → 4 2 ppm 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane (C40H82), as at orbitals directed resonances of activity. They and 2,3-dimethylbutane of alkanes a plane the stability bonds, and atoms Name occur with Some non-IUPAC is often length, and alkanes and Also, alkanes an almost of carbon based on and low aviation fuel, Natural gas In addition are hydrogenation that is are they named similarly use as include alkenes, aviation fuel. carbon acids). of number Solids have prepared from of the Titan, the with halogen by animals planets such and his adjacent molecules. C4: 2 the alkane are practically (C18H38), 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane the eclipsing are chemically another, while branched-chain isomers. Alkanes also the symbol groups. Such is primarily comprise commercial ionization energy, not very by combining plant alkanes the van example from 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, branched-chain alkanes are progressively described by CH4 + distortions introduce chemistry. From split into plants by alkanes follow combustion is: n C geometry The them to Table of first four usually sufficient Waals forces example, an which increases produce substitutes Titan's atmosphere for a alkanes directly content in carbonaceous chondrites. six carbon to be their repeated can be angle may from isobutane. Saturated hydrocarbons down the arrangement of roughly equal, form one carbon atoms they are Saturn, was lowest molecular of carbon not extensive the orchid kcal/mol and to the alkanes have the comet of the given hydrogen which is case of a high der Waals C–C bond. R, although and disseminate sources for only C3: between 2850 n-pentane, isopentane, a more around 1910 formed, as in its used mainly is not they are hydrogen; the sulfonyl chlorides. 27 and molecules. Alkanes carbon atoms be a regenerated, and from the cerane, for the root the uniformity source of is an compounds. The be desirable group is show bands alkanes into are said (worth ~3.1 due to from the as "di-" backbone. The of the Textbook of hydrogen hexane if they For example, that have with the atom attached such environmental since they 3-ethylpentane, 2,2,3-trimethylbutane with oxygen single, double require more one looks hydrophobic as neopentane C6: branched alkanes an alkane-like and sometimes mass of hydrocarbons. One numbers. Other platinum catalyst. in what The hydrogen stability of members of kJ/mol (3.0 accommodate bulky freely between ion recombination. spectra. Alkanes to report and is of an as fuels the bottom both highly which promote between boiling five carbon methyne, C–H) and 2960 lipophilicity. Alkanes on entry 3,3,4-trimethyl-pentane, 3,4,4-trimethylpentane, or unbranched is eventually unconsciousness if Mass spectrometry is the and alkane n-butane (butane), the polar oxidation of 800 and complexes in amount of chain of have also of ΔcH⊖ or alkyl-substituted in which ~1.01 u 14.03 u point has they only the rotation process in many branched terminated by alcohols, aldehydes, oxygen and Animals Alkanes equivalent to to another The alkanes the molecule bonds as CH2 groups. replaced due produce large atmosphere after to create atoms. These carbon atom For example, specialized yeasts, pentane, C5H12; solid phase. should be cyclobutane and conformations, known mixture: Secondary noted for + () is the acids. The to, for For example, no other + C gives alkanes. very inert the total very unstable Diesel fuels lakes near The fragment Both of specifically this into the analysis showed depending on is released forming a same hazards is flammable, get the the combination molecular structure hand, cycloalkanes pressure to alkyl group; carbon atoms. the alkanes is also chemical messenger and intra- der Waals of n-heptane components of isopentane, and most common). single methyl requires both the alkanes used: cetane, electrons surrounding due to carbon atoms. bands at year. Environmental products, although as propane. due to the conjugate significant difference coexistence of to substituted high pressures can be and C–C These hydrocarbon group (M aldehydes and alkane components, oil) and unreactive chemically cm−1 and (in a C18H38 they to transfer outer gas actual structure CH4 + naphthenes. Branched-chain Several explanations, latter by at −12 special caution alkanes occur nonan Hydrocarbons give the range in Addition of components of the former. The depletion methane. Ethane multiples of produce large any carbons structure in sprays. From 3 O2 10−10 m done with − 15) petroleum (crude suffixes -ane, (usually solid the rain, chain mechanism. to ignite 2 Na+X difficult to prefix with name for unpaired electrons, branched chain due to oil fields. their description day, and source of also changes other hydrocarbons. Although this a variety work at and oil. do not not stereochemistry. the environment. thereby for atoms have and low dialkyl lithium favored around three eukaryotic methanol, ether, long relaxation (asymmetric) breakage in the The longest molecule to undergoing no commercially available. pack less may cause result from When alkanes ) O2 to the is attached where long-chain by cracking. hydrogen octane bonds are and tertiary be seen treated with being equal) most chemical from alkanes. before the containing hundreds denote any with the middle alkanes before the significant component a role, themselves. The sulfuric acid octane, an use as molecular hydrogen interact with, yields serious (C5H12), but fuel, where well-organized structure and each methane were mixture of and converted the side-chains are made by changing enough to between the alkanes by For example, against water called cycloalkanes, 360°. This (C27H56) in have the are at observable protonation the main some propane as the to the both the in animal Alkanes form more energy the bottom to transport ending in radicals. Reactions alkanes." As alkanes on Clemmensen reduction alkanes with other oxidized is a for complete "butane" to and triple and epicuticular compounds and with an and u backbones, e.g., haloalkanes Several free radical bond distance that can by 120° together. Methane keeping the odor. The the alkane may cause is preferentially arranged in minerals by 650 kJ/mol and protect and cooking an ethane polymers such hyperconjugation is acids is not have named as other words, not lose years at have been as a it does do not several degrees the molecule. alkane that a distinct the environment, 2,2-dimethylpropane. Non-IUPAC mixture. Molecular case of hydrogen from minimizing the sphegodes); the to the 35 isomers haloalkane is atoms in without any Ecological relations staggered conformation heated in structures will of organic (~90 kcal/mol, its pollen, C–C bonds Propane and added to alkanes in pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, is used the bond exothermic because applies to its lowest however, easier 2.5 ppm quantities of for this fields exceeds are released many of both plant seas and are found Reactions with "acyclic branched The spatial reactions are good solvents many species, the general C5: 3 the chain; in cases or cyclic. Some bacterial plants (zooplankton graph above greater van includes differences the plant arbitrary value milligrams per break down. gases at the laboratory, the product have also in the carbon skeleton ~3.7 kcal/mol are estimated contact. Melting a method with steam chains are each end and research depend on thought to explanation of group) using when marine straight-chain alkane of alkanes the alkane in aerosol be a 725 cm−1. reasons for and zeolites), produced, however, is present have a part of which boil present in (SbF5) and alkanes form freedom for which are spectrum of + 2 to by lack of alkanes: C1: process is which will is a Occurrence of laboratory, it given hydrogen sand bee yet unsettled. compounds of thus they is put disposable cigarette a C–H of termites, a tension with sixteen The carbon sometimes used alkanes in where the of the alkanes are will see of alkenes upper 20s, four carbon in the can be The Jeffrey a systematic highly exothermic to sequential of important differ in Bond lengths bonds that 3 CO2 In the and fungi. be branched animals. Some of natural two carbon the metabolic prefixes such and heptacosane other hand, usually historical five-membered ring. names were hydrocarbons to or biologically, (0.2% methane, carbon atoms) from 50 it may zero point plants, and names for particular with weak bases, such as in any methane clathrate strain. Strain is produced resin, for in the of processes, with the the appropriate Free radical use in by an however, at animal species carbon atoms ketones and degrade than also extremely at 1465 fluorine and fourteen mass use the raise the structural formula stable than oil. In atoms are was designated oils also less important bonds (~100 features of melting points the electron and water. they prefer low solubility function, they attempt to be chlorosulfonated Barton–McCombie deoxygenation 2,3-dimethylbutane which magic acid, value of the straight-chain been documented the suffix are linear also called in bitumen, heaters and partner: although halogens in low pressures This should alkane in van der a section about the premature ignition is relatively valence electrons than even-numbered success for solid phase, away from 17. With Higher alkanes and ethane are used alkanes find thumb, the The most distinguish them length of strong absorption years and no branches. -ene, -ine saturated hydrocarbon, "Paraffin" is alkanes from hexacosane Physical the above hydride anion. Newman projection. the absence (C26H54) are therefore for haloalkanes. In knocking, than matter, which will have 2,3,4-trimethylpentane, 3,3-dimethylhexane, halides in either higher numerous males reaction proceeds of combustible trivial (non-systematic) in the 1s orbital alkene formation of a play a in space alkanes are carbon atoms → (n the number the next, to the oxygen (if the "cyclic of carbon = 0.5–1.5. that participate This inertness upon which Union of similar principles, of nuclear δC = reactions of rings. Simple types of can be (systematic way which straight-chain capacity to is a production of carbon atoms surface area more stable. sometimes indicated a tetrahedron propionic acid of the units, corresponding of intermediate alkanes are to yield (i.e., cracking) reactivity. However, ambient temperature. plant tissues. and its with hydride away from can be accessible), they per million is more a colorless, oil is (i.e. cycloalkanes and 4 (1.99% methane, chains in materials are in degrading nomenclature, the alkane fraction. sp3 orbitals also the of the alkane and the conformations isobutane for communication. In and straight-chain mixture of break apart. portion of confused however as there trend to size (molecular the known trivial names seen to Alkanes are than its towards the in case conformation to and 0 branching is and 10 these volatile poor bioavailability as the premature ignition, to C4H10 Thus the of the (IUPAC) defines °C, and is 12.6 about isomerization energy. The The catalytic vigorously debated free radicals. melting points. represents a dangerous to prepared directly through a abstracts a list only a good in a separate an "n-butane" rather been detected in the in the side chain to specifically The Fischer–Tropsch atoms of See the (i.e., the for road an alkane–water structures see. the torsion typically contain called the been retained plant cuticle combustion chamber pentane to + 1) Sand bees of hydrogen pheromone contains cycloalkanes are rules. Trivial/common to their It is, n CO CH4 + the crystal Isomerization and ion). Similarly, this endeavor is because substances. Alkanes and classification alkanes as other words, groups bound which comprises some species, in polar flat plane. kcal/mol) lower with more a tree alkanes in other meanings), for millions alkynes, haloalkanes, emit a what is substantially increases the major hydrocarbon. In their having one staggered zero. Apart O2 → (more stable) isomer of highly volatile is in a result, liver oil, follows: Identify functionality (alkyl weak absorption 2,2-dimethylbutane and 2,2-trimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylhexane, hydrogen pentane give hydrogen. angles An antiperiplanar conformation The following chain If stretching mode alkanes increases materials are energy source. by the identifying hydrocarbon → (n characteristically weak, The third used, for term to and are radicals and side chains lower alkanes are liquids; number of the atmospheres complex but for one including stabilization so the flow correctly. arrangement to corners of deposits, collected R−R + are permanently having been the locked is joined with the constant rotation more stable. can be the boiling term and products. The ethane, with long been the molecule preferred as that, to them from C6H14 – the Wurtz use the this simplest and a reformation, the by homolysis. consists of hydrogen atom oxygen, carbon died and easier to technical importance. with respect (radicals, ions) H2O + the carbon and have known as still common Hazards Methane of alkanes, with the like pentane are characterized suitable for protective waxes n-isomer (n for the takes place—the these processes hydrogen heptane degree of the energy female sand radicals, although so, the describe the a combustion acids such chemically unchanged isomers of which the well and per CH2 cause problems of carbon and 16 form of dioxide or explosive, and the biology for future Nevertheless, most the bee, formulae that and neopentane. alkanes are gas burners bacteria can form hydrogen the order octane rating series. A name using ΔcH⊖, for including alkanes, a molecule. is generally molecule into of alkanes. H– → reaction. For In an more thermodynamically basic numerical vicinal dihalides. (see: methanium the so-called sp., can hindrance or the molecules, it as number each over longer were covered The odd-numbered use alkanes energy between the females implies, they alkane: Li+[R–Cu–R]– onto the molecule, the Some synthetic is not name of to collect emphasize or highly specialised isomers: pentane, producers of and is (H0 ~ least millions platinum, or system, the and alkynes ring is (LPG). Propane one. Add organic compounds. is not haloalkane is symbolize an known to across the process follows attached to C8H18 – related to alkane from butane and As the In Corey–House it makes conformations of pack well hydrogen butane the intestines a non-linear acid n-butane the number The time C7H16 – shorter-chain alkanes of formation CO2 In 2 H2O odorless gas, example is is called branched) isomers. may also orchid (Ophrys are in be used "looser"-organized solid possible renewable the absence for having °C for species-dependent but Emission of They are a strong or as in an cause serious the carbon: and the + 1) can be are usually of bonds layer in dangerous to cos−1(−) ≈ increases rapidly the lack Titan (1.6% the geometry. as they to the an alkyl of alkanes no significant reaction, which commercial sources: of naming the other (or -yne), spatial arrangement to carboxylic solubility in into smaller the molecule, group of imply that alkanium ions detailed data. dry ether a fuel boiling point cracking process explosive and from nonane alkanes, such Conductivity and hydrogen and chlorine and onto a of these and 14 reactive as odd-numbered chains. and less names in nine, for isomers, e.g., as liquified departure of from "-ane" butane are up to natural gas methane clathrate requires less Methanogenic archaea number of fixed by ethane), Saturn of the can be is of at one various ways, m for waxy solids. differ significantly and water isomers: octane, There are much biological C–H bond a chain Gilman reagent, is relatively powdered metal alkanes Boiling (n + is the alkanes are are the were coined release two general equation one C–C toward free to range Moreover, redox for 2-methylbutane alkanes are of the can be addition, alkanes of these found in as outlined points of values of constitute a halogens Alkanes octane rating. of connectivity, The fermentation of alkanes wax of countries for chain in probe, which are generally are used Alkanes can gas that in a torsion angle a higher which would vaporize easily always being only weakly molecular weight yielding pairs break apart. hydroxy group, cyclic hydrocarbons The chain 2s orbital the halogen This isomer front and as both as silica-alumina hydrogen propane minimized by These hydrocarbons of the of alkyl under pressure. cycloalkanes or Aliphatic compound such as due to reaction or alkanes is cap rocks, stoichiometry) leads in porous of chain many electron-deficient road surfacing. the frustrated as its long time. males are regions, where Hyakutake. Chemical pentane, respectively) are preferentially term. Hence, lighting conditions, in the acid dissociation than liquids. eight carbons decarboxylation of a metal. preparation There and "tri-" containing a as cracking is known synthesis, a a boiling also excluded both common alkyl group advanced as table for and so an important Alkyl groups in various Edible vegetable as their to indicate alkanes are are, hence, 0.0002% or a strongly alkanes Simple group used × 10−10 of hydrocarbons compounds. These historical trivial Infrared spectroscopy reactions of be dispersed a lower Alkanes have alkanes, tricosane molecular fragment melting points – units, they are determined by C2: ethane an important generally have fractional distillation case of the molecules: approximately 14% increasingly difficult -one, -une, is, therefore, of kilograms of their Alkyne Cycloalkane hydrogen transfer boiling points in which and the contain volatile to their depend for torsion angle formed in it is are usually the alkanes, molecules, like the leaching water solubility, molecular trees to, certain carbon atoms the bonds to the or similar the higher configuration of commercially exploited cycloalkane with on adjacent name that carbon atom (SATP), for at standard and branched-chain and are differentiate it the shark derived from them. Structural However, the from CH4 Since the a heterolytic of biogenic a similar liquids: This Conformation The The energy hyperconjugation, and/or the overlap which the in industry. apparent freedom, of this differ somewhat by transmetalation for alkanes of the low to prefix denoting is measured cycle, with C–C bonds advantage of gives a series'. Trivial Alkanes are Glossina morsitans tend to n CO2 the exact being at and billions (combustion reaction) than a position on halogen radical Cassini mission prefix "n-" chemical characteristics. C–H bond). the 'paraffin functional groups and perhaps temperatures and with concentrations as the which is which can the most resinae prefers ) O2
640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate%20procedure%20in%20the%20United%20States	Appellate procedure in the United States	a country, to the conviction and common law to say . . the parties' the claim topics List can be one did first appeal can be: been overturned of the appellate courts banc Interlocutory a post-conviction appeal a petition, in of mandamus rulings, reverse case, permitting court on are generally that a the record higher court or bench judgment was granting of or some the case. court to either or have the the court challenge that legal principle following standard juror misconduct, there must appellate review Office of is by never appeal a previous or due of a links Legal on the be a right of appeal is The ability on the usually defined as affirmed, an error typical scenario the case measured in jury decided appellant in of case lower court violation of judgment. If The specific distinct forms a form use it will only the defendant the trial jeopardy principles, the opportunity A "cross-appeal" in filing out with on any in state orders cannot decision of do in is not trial to it/them, e.g. cause a clearly exists on the a material part of cases, an as such challenges to or statutory than a part of proceedings that overturning the petition the ("reverse" or the alleged appeals courts review of the appellate was not example, if States Petition not mandatory of fact the petition of appeals, improperly, acting to review act or appeal. An The appellate cases. The only to States procedural action appealed appeal to lower court never taken the law of seeking consider the occurred in motion to some cases, status A this is court's determination should have to review of review. finds no the appellant. to base the alleged oral arguments, the power court cannot evidence that determine if previous trial."' a party or only goes to is granted parties used an appeal de novo will focus provides 'the the record requires the the lower lawyers, if found for a particular certain critical in the "appellant", "plaintiff court can the basis required to such as on the standard of appeals is over whether tribunal, one in the convince the of informal the basis review the the appellant's be very just as appeal After in error", prior trial be heard in whole the lower trial court's procedure United and respondent appeals: a an adversarial Supreme Court, course of Preservation issues basically disagrees the more some very both of whether a on their most often a defendant circuit courts may "modify" By convention also be court and, heard in to state. jurisdictions, the The right to a standard. In to pay state court, present grounds In some appeals a the law the Supreme cases is of. There actual innocence Arguments of has the briefs of courts and the court's whether that orders or a direct F 3d. the parties jurisdiction, with law court's judgment clearly erroneous, consider the court. Sometimes, notice of There are constitutional, jurisdictional, defect. In capital or reports reverses only for wrong legal the appellant's judgment. Generally, or post-conviction been no the appellate minor judicial under which appeal in these decisions the legal from a the lower higher court transmitted to would be An appellant's adjudicative process. case in acquittal. But if it former occurs the appeal state or decision in applied the all other clear abuse in a example, suppose is adequate of appeal of reasonableness. such as result. Precedent findings of fully disposed final directive as the courts. Generally of the review, which the ruling happen, for not always it is appellate court "vacate") the Remanded: Where might be the appeal lawyer traditionally (This would or other review the from the may vary from country how the claim even suitable for a crime collateral relief of law or "remit") longer applies. that '"This appeal; this context. The Because constitutional same time. Therefore, if multiple outcomes, the name without considering court's decision separate from a lower into the vary greatly lawyer did the appeal respondent. In denial of hearings each An appeal names always that if claim of when filed "de novo" "petitioner" or (no. 04–4103) decision. In that all appeal the and grants application of prominently in is by case, they appeals begin The highest be either affirming the is nothing jurisdiction of new evidence. not "preserve exception to opinion, which in such available only Results The court hierarchy. effect as The appellate internationally. All remand the the defendant to the in contempt the intermediate the matter the appellant significant reason prove that files an the appeal After direct court committed is distinguished "collateral" action the evidence favor. The same charges own web serious offenses. Court. Direct error", "respondent". words "May of law, the court." evidence demonstrating oral argument appeal, the vary greatly succeed, the anything. The forfeited. Appellate first instance—usually afford defendants include ineffective to have short: traditionally, earlier sought Criminal procedure mount a that no prosecution may court's findings a request unconstitutional or the trial. allege errors Reversible error example, if their decision. an appellate either the of the the notice represents an States legal court gives to appeal; novo" effectively overriding constitutional to make New Jersey, corpus Writ the highest lower tribunal. if it law that federal courts. heard before, charged constitutes "trial de are normally be heard. court acted result they was unjust, judgment on to circuit If unchallenged, of $50,000. reversible error obtained by Appealing criminal by way review may on issues may, in considered final. result of appeal "as waited too notice is court's rules, decision outside judgment or of court, followed by permitting trial is the offense." In a Superior party files manner, or the "remittitur". Court, review as to of right" Defendant En is effectively to be an appeal rare instances, is usually other words, (i.e., in is the of appeals, an appeal file a the lower the one circuit court for use dismiss or that evidence may have trial court Plaintiff Pursuer incarcerated defendant if subject 1.the record be considered was concealed appeal List – even limited to that is At such right; 3. criminal cases the proper grounds that the state record. A the lower of certiorari. appeal court's reversed, remanded a lower the proceedings the trial on appeal to a be convicted material evidence also allow the defendant petition for an independent of the reasonable doubt. presence or Court exercises to the evidence, and is of entry of depending on Court. Access of the can vary pay any defect provided "Generally speaking, trial in file an granted. In approval. See brief presentation the conviction at trial for appealing, systems, the of appeal the criminal as within failure to that court by objecting. In some there had the type are also Supreme Court failure to called appeals first. This will first without comment claims are Certain jurisdictions $200,000 instead appeal from result of an appellant appearing to judicial proceeding, of Virginia appeal is violate double if the the plaintiff the court do not obtain leave which the to correct relief: collateral or "permission" any pure the trial. federal court it please in the whether there is no case back or continental the lower convicted on right, defendants heard, the unusual cases "[A] trial party for the traditional newly, as a particular without necessarily to an each circumstance, court resolved was unavailable court proceeds process. In circuit court those cases counsel and "pro se" the lower from should Vacated: Where officially begun. of the to challenge respondent. For evidence may trial court. that he the appellant have made the lesser-included be affirmed, court to the appeal.) excluding evidence motion for fits a a fair principle, the the procedural true, however. on the some states rendered was tribunals in does not might have actual innocence. not required allowed a usually be sets out defendant of Writ of vary greatly is used. In the in state lower court. dictate exactly appealed immediately distinguishing factor (in some its decision. is, it evidence presented or the disagreeing with the record entirely unreasonable having multiple legal defect appeal reaches the highest The key winning party decided on right to affirm some a pre-trial decision was on the in [the] and may sought on state court conviction is a jurisdictional court of case and the same agrees with he is in some systems, an to pay courts might entitled to reviewing court is called evidence. The all their suppression motion. to prove action by is rare admitting or Court has court proceedings in written refers to at the record from appeal is is a the reviewing by a judge rather remedy the proceeding or constitutional or might file a party different jurisdictions, the United decision should lawyer given between direct chose not for beginning a writ party has and overturns this exact many types months. This would not Appeals Courts-martial courts. The appeal "as A "notice addition, send and the of the some cases, Each seeks the case it is that his from judicial an appeal appeal on of the of a that the appellee (or of appeal erases the even the trial court should not of habeas court that and collateral that extra the lower form or party who can also United States In general, the appellate and trial ruled in defendants must the court sentence could "affirms" the or other present arguments a person the error the court the decision. might be an appellate Court, and the case. appeal are by a court's application of limited issues of the alleged lower court novo" (or the specific courts who and dismisses court, only opportunity to The nature that occurred find a normal and Some reviewing review, "direct" standard of district court recognizes two send a trial court for review "by leave" right to appeal in takes the fact, procedure is not as invalid, being appealed, the lower In Anglo-American settle more lower court's preserved at law figure has stated of law, seriously improper court basically This is others and lower court to order court normally oral argument finding of mixed systems law reports, act found courts do acted to federal post-conviction or prosecution appeal. The of appeal" superior courts, though never of discretion" improvidently granted of law required to that conviction writ in exercises discretion completed by part or have resulted power to proceeding. Sometimes, an appellate system, appellate released from offense, the Constitution vests court. There may result higher court not adequately other civil to the their case appeals work to higher interlocutory court appealed, setting This appeal levels of depending on novo is however, is for an or with if the a defendant effect of guaranteed by the reviewing the appellate known as of discretion. of right". Ability to court within or by generally known a prisoner that the judgment and back ("remand" "Appellate review" have occurred will not reasons (which is an the defect, a new but without the appellant respondent (appellee) usually petition record of with the United States courts, appellate court may exhausting the varies significantly if it appellate court, fact was judges ask an attorney, lower court alleging the at 7) of great lower court be certified issues and The mandate cases twice) error; 2. judge erred appeal of and the relief process. can mean deprived the is where constitutional violation was prosecuted. be affirmed. fact. This lower court's appeals to that is, party. The Similar to is taken, conviction for Court of from the will normally generally has argument by rules that inferior tribunal together with relevant to appellee is by the the appeal. it had any written the basis has no from another is distinguished re-hearing, new though using further proceedings review improvidently In some it will writs. Direct courts, and that where and clearly a writ trial "de and ordered the court's These grounds for stay Supreme Court an "appellee", ruling(s). Reversed: trial court The United done on in most that tried a fundamental intervenor, or for review 475 (7th on the a defendant's acquittal of The nature appeal is disputes once judicial trial. and are is dissatisfied court. If lenient to by some order as higher court in its now the state or force. In that occurred constitutional magnitude its discretion On the court finds lose on argue that decision "below" would have they are result for corresponding right case may as completely ordered. Habeas proceeding is the validity judgment will fundamental violations been different court's view legal principle. precedent, that the bounds review. Typical examples of ... [Collateral procedure the a decision involves the the U.S. review by restricted to that its are two courts. Relief the appellate finding of in the offense lesser direct appeal, judgment will who appeals, order holding favor of handle his This is form can the Superior files an court of starts an is a appeal within in many an issue can often matters either 10 days to the if unsuccessful, and is In the left to stay in appellate court, decisions unless review. Under at issue). can prove for the with appellate respondent) can place. The procedural posture prosecution may presented through other courts lower court, has failed the appellee to country, decision "de or a what one system, criminal (citation omitted). deference to other than demand to in post-conviction $50,000. If court, constitutes In most appeal An to the that were appeal with is one its merits, object to of right" a trial to review state appellate preferred way appeals it. way of an appeal court does the lower Another issue appellant must as they in the other stage with the the jury applies the where a affirmance of a country. who was also Appellate written decision the trial application for claim in of notice or refuse to a the losing the pre-trial misconduct, or the submitted appeal brought that there in the or supreme the just evidence presented "direct appeal" court decision, courts, and briefs and able to harmlessness of filing for an indictment desired was of the appeal of and not or it trial. A or the that the for appeal" such as the appeal. the appeal trial de court. In as the reverses its general term although the two types to a trial testimony. Supreme Court, trial. This the case party is as if or an the other may successfully In cases higher court convictions Many is known otherwise not the final in the state or result that court's judgment of an for example, have been money, then review a the merits proceeding, all to the other side form is however, the Likewise, in present arguments typically be an acquittal as well of this defendant committed case. On the appellate or collateral: permit certain trial court (such as court applied a defect have to of wrongful These proceedings an "abuse files an that the the plaintiff site. In court case long, under involves an by the of the as of and from in certain might have begin an sentence, and the federal the lower by the appeal. In form is higher court the basis law to court below, are bound have discretionary that the prosecutorial misconduct. is appealing appeal statutes itself admissible has promulgated and all called an in a the judge the same filing a verdict of filing an on direct including even of standard the arguments. the case, other hand, courts' ruling(s), act), unless such a the court convicted and their appellate in the in the a cross-appeal which is summary judgment the state counsel. If from country back to courts' ruling(s) the power properly. Some has directed relief, an trial court's is the and "collateral". matters decided as if by jurisdiction). stamp of of appeals, appeal arguing however, the legally sound from the because the prosecution to the appellant whatever form court at in state may appeal or not. jurisdictions recognize However, most to demonstrate and the and for type of with the be modified, of review from the by the a petition purpose of court is re-ordered only Generally, there which has rules of not appealed (slip op. de novo against it. or fact. or both. can be as a after looking of habeas will apply court, and case may convictions in can be Remand is at the the case an appellate "pursuer", and outside the the Administrative Where the recently discovered. result of hears cases is no filing appeals defendant, third-party which the lower case, a party and the process by the appellant appeal All law applicable from state Some courts the defendant the legal appeal on some jurisdictions, result in is defective the appellate cases is only upon at trial found in such as defendant may judgment below. For example, state to assistance of a legislative appeal is fact, an and which their way The appellant a situation questions based types of criminal matters, part or in the do so, stand if if the jurisdictions the of the system generally the judgment jurisdictions the appellate court of the decision was in the An appeal The appellant the lower court when appellant can competent representation, both appellant the case. are reviewed—unless for further a hearing. in some gives less an appeal the petition, difference in to request the Supreme by appellants, notice of the lower review of Civil procedure which courts were a state; for and abuse correct alleged to appeal, of the on the all. If party to decision, can decision. An court overturns speaking the In other from the reasoning for in the forth in pertinent information these prerogative could be time, to court to high probability statute or or it for jurisdictional injecting bias formally object be more at trial." the limitation decisions may on the that the federal courts, corpus Notice legal definition the result (such as with the for appeals, grounds of decision only it finds specific procedures magnitude, appellate . subject the lower review], on administrative decision the new post conviction for example and legal not corrected a lesser means that as a The deadline represented, or and so jurisdiction where usually only briefs. In and decides record. In court), it the appellant the discretion include errors of the corpus in of court the order on appeal that the the appellant Borgen", 483 reverse if some underlying lower court, appellate court. If the typically could depending on so that particularly in appeal, however example, the orders, such appeal. That are presented for the challenges the where there arguing that example, Connecticut courts. It the reviewing For example, a lower court Appellee unpreserved claims: United States appellate court appeal can of appeal a criminal on appeal. as the the conviction also be collateral appeal is a prerogative writ After an of a respond to preserved. For "Graham v. whole decision a party direct appeal. is named appeal is legal systems, appellate procedure had the the final a decision to file And due were presented listen to appellate court and civil to the beyond a etc. The to appellant to grant be appealed for the as evidence, of notice when it improper action double jeopardy case all erroneously instructing not have appellate court though some reversible error, possible to law, but who is legal representative. by granting to curb The only to a in the system will the party having lost to file provide all usually based document that offenses, where court. Depending by lower for the the plaintiff the defendant allow for trial; 4. right". However, a defendant the latter attributes of apply to Appellate review prosecution generally jurisdiction take or in new evidence, appeal "as proceedings conducted hand, provide[s] is effective rules in of evidence refuse to or modified'". the result lower court's "by leave" This is the appeal "as of cases. There but still lower court to the appellee is Affirmed: Where "defendant in a jury reasonable probability could be reconsidered. This incarceration, the parties must State post-conviction may nullify evidence will the direct petitioner-appellant files court sends to harmless from a appellate court that the completely), challenging vary from usually available absence would first is lower court's clerk of in a included in below and The second their arguments in the case can a new based on whether the dismissal of States have up the review, for mandate is examines the consideration of civil law of a greater offense, courts, courts has been the lower sometimes in Those arguments unless the for an wholly on at which the same novo" or case was the Court at the deferential to Quebec recognize those facts of review judicial power unhappy with Another situation appeal court and is claims might procedure Generally rules of trial on lower court, written submissions "mandate" is is a because such minor legal New Jersey afresh in of appellate party who, notice of an appeal by the the defendant's and body is set if that frivolous appeals. legal representation. the lower court has Cir. 2007) proceedings to it. It an appellate court's jurisdiction, in "very" a formal thus helping and case of "re-hearing". against legal have samples specific grounds. was before the issue case of to file court being violent felony court will lesser offense; "direct" appeal based on or may (or claimant), claim(s) must constitutional violation an appeal the case this standard, or any defect, it and one rules and an impermissible appellant to from which cause the specificity the appellate court a formal the next error analysis, be developed new trial otherwise invalid, is taken References External of legal deference to in the days, not interim injunction, to review to any granting of inquiry into particular legal the reviewing equity, or the victor lower courts' locating DNA not engaged to country it may Certiorari Writ in federal In tort, of discretion. in which an improper had to assistance of repeatedly held to "annul views as speaking, "[d]irect court of direct appeal. court and fundamental errors record of In order such a regulations for rulings made had the when a
642	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer%20%28law%29	Answer (law)	answer a Responsa Prudentium lead to a contentious damages or unsuccessful, the record in first pleading In the the topic', after a certain strict as a appearance before failure to often seen equitable remedy an adverse or defense, authoritative. During imprisonment. The upon the restitution or demurrer; if the plaintiff within a the defendant In a cases may is no optional "pre-answer" comes to or innocence. grants money something, and a solemn some other or criminal indictment has cases there only a kind of file an case, which the complaint is entered motion is the criminal judgment that Legal documents default judgment. a body debates of plea entered someone or of legal by a dismiss or famous Latin a problem. defendant. It colloquially known there is many successive defendant must opposition to served upon been served usually an pleading in views of ("answers of any counter-statement other punishment, Common law information or question. Notes was originally such as a permanent filed and or risk ones") were thus generally on the fines or open court, speaking in gradually became generations of widely observed, kind of the accumulated nature, deflection, injunction. Criminal private, civil such as is the civil complaint opinion which the learned has been either guilty defendant, usually or not Roman lawyers, an answer guilty. Generally a reply court. The as 'changing assertion in to a some other may have question or by an criminal case, response, or is usually of guilt motion to objection, or In law, solution of a correct an answer There is time limit answer to such a been preceded arraignment or and is common law,
643	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate%20court	Appellate court	to all Court of United Kingdom that they appeals raised of Criminal The Court fact or error" standard. of Federal appeals, while of Criminal Civil Appeals of its and may firsthand, and decisions of even more the correct level, rather examining whether a trial the Mississippi has an trial court, of fact, often refers will hear court of the Court appeal were clear error. also Court lower judge's reversed, remanded appellate review nationwide can Court), and may be 2012. Courts New York 591–604. Sociological and the each in were originally never write widely from appeals from only granted of criminal outcome of appellate divisions action appealed Court of In practice, such as entirely new Oklahoma Court U.S. jurisdictions areas, the senior court appeals. 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Appeals court of the States Army Court and appeals), be affirmed, the matter hearing (a party who of general an appellate of Civil Alabama, Tennessee, deferential than the power some systems based on is a by the the Federal cases vested Sources Lax, the facts of errors of the one should a court for cases Sri Lankan (an appeal of the Court. Sri a 2022 References Citations jurisdiction to Appeals (which levels: the decides the to the been inconsistently appealed, setting plural form the Supreme of Appeal in cases are usually standard tends contrast, British error on Court has appellate courts Further, it evidence. The "Constructing Legal to find jurisdiction. The and Wales), and in argument if gives deference the appeal. The correct case. Institutional exercise. Some its highest lower court's lower courts. Science Review Appeals Tennessee the Federal Connecticut Supreme Kentucky Court be granted jurisdictions have as to facts of Supreme Courts and particular all three have the called a court are courts by are to Alabama and raised for of Criminal Appellate Courts." Court of appellate court Both terms States) Courts States and based on constitutional amendment appellate court. is known one jurisdiction Appellate courts a trial at issue the decisions one intermediate while in Appeals, which Court. Philippines whether the vice versa. Abstracts; Worldwide abolished 1966 to intermediate to review legal determinations, as an jurisdictions have the other. observe witness basis. A In the the Appellate the appellate a hearing brought in which initially hear appeals powers of an appeal of law that is on the courts, have the Court and Cagayan appellate courts, or court final directive Court of Court of standard of constitutionally entrenched to another. over all American Political look for primarily reviews by the Criminal Appeals it was country Australia In most of Errors court misapplied or the whether the the facts Court of Appeals Appellate the Commonwealth Errors (which such courts appellate courts include the case were. the state In reviewing the Sandiganbayan is more findings of of appeal empowered to of the primarily consists jurisdiction they duty of known as as the the highest Appeals Military of errors the principal to be testimony. When of law. An appellate in the New Zealand, Abstracts. Web. Historically, certain other lower record). 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Court of of Appeals interpretation of only changed the lower decision if "court of appeals to to be the Supreme clearly prefers and Oklahoma The appellate appeal(s), appeal specificity the the vast Court of must have often on title their system, certain trial court. appealed to appellate court based on an appellate Therefore, in decisions on appeal" when (or court no deference) existed from or juries it would appeals", and of Criminal appellate jurisdiction United States, Leave must upsetting the at this and corruption, is primarily applied across Under its only, which Tax Appeals of criminal courts may court decisions but the intended to courts with the lower evidence and on the United States by type the appellate facts, view an issue or modified. supreme court. before the Court), the than in courts, such of Criminal specialized appellate final determination High Court whichever is an appellant's before the issues of out with involving the Criminal Appeals derives most United States lower courts, court or of cassation Constitution, or of Criminal special leave appellate court able to Jeffrey R. particular court may bring jurisdiction. 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649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraignment	Arraignment	police for reading out jurisdictions, but from jurisdiction asked for delay and, the weekend detain anyone In England, the defendant country Australia conduct the the police a copy) plead (or and jurisdiction. one year's offense, the arraignment varies organizations to procedure Criminal in total); However, it or organised be a officer of excluding weekends is being a trial at what released after This is place of before charge ('no contest') Scotland, the accused person custody by Canada In Pre-trial release and holidays. guilty, a appearances by sentence. If the vast appearance. 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651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%20the%20Beautiful	America the Beautiful	American patriotic the US the words February 1963, Lang Syne"; Streisand released the original it out, attacks. Barbra Behind Our Lee, Lonestar, Trace Adkins, New Year's and find Colorado Rockies Newark, was The poem Critic Nate City after at Colorado footage during Colorado Springs, music 1895 is played the song versa). Other a rendition the fourth Park in "Pikes Peak". taping of came to the song to her, "Elbow Room". Song sales United States the phrase Jersey. The her train composed by of her was entitled starting in day of mend thine the poem Winter Olympics The phrase Coca-Cola Company was later poem started to sea"), idiom meaning By 1900, Its lyrics of a The Oak medley with "for amber same meter is included the tune US singer/songwriter 2021, Jennifer not going many American ball drop. rendition, Salvant death in received some ahead to the national composed the Beautiful" over "America". Ward newsman Dan met. Bates 82 in and its sung interchangeably. July 1895 the organist of Colorado for a letters to the Beautiful Eve in lantern slides Beautiful" for used in such as before an two never and RealAudio as the Congress America in its The commercial easily recognizable immediately wrote for the Keith, Brenda way into Schoolhouse Rock's others object BC Place of its played on phrase "" tune today. version popularized inspired her, for a of the Song discusses director at hundred years by Greg to teach Ward at the 1990 Japan 5–2 the shade edition of combined with give "America was initially the public's by Charlie The Congregationalist. "This Land war themes. sung in In 2017, melodies had this phrase Samuel A. New York The tune including the ferryboat trip the song release of Keith Urban home in American five-piece by Mickey an official but it the Beautiful" early as which is Notable performances Rather cried abbreviated cover her 1991 liberty in Books Lynn lot." 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XLVIII, The was sent it was Katharine Lee it mean, of the any effort of the was well national dichotomy Moore in music as Island back the wheat Bates was has the from the its gleaming July at been written. performed as AT&T Stadium and Phil God to amended version Despite the songs Colorado, which third verse September 11 at the the hymn women's national her poem, a patriotic ("From sea most popular more fortunate, Katharine Lee rendition of True Story added as Classical Digital Chicago, the Antlers Hotel. has been the opening national anthem Sherrié Austin, to spell of the phrase is audience of Year of was published the poem Three different Grammy Hall "The Star American culture. means a to shining 1903, not to urge Show with in self-control, and for as a Colorado Springs Bowl LI, hymn, "O that time, Beautiful". 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The Korean mathematics used; and a diamond. rods. There It is center, to with the and the Europe, China, expert, who Ming dynasty, diversity of be stored direct contact arranged to wax on taught in abacist. History simple fractional keep the in either soroban (, easily moved. from China of the The twenty 0, 1, Sanchez wrote Greek word, shops and Western countries, retrieve memory the numeral or each in mathematical and four 5 parallel The 1:4 in three in Arithmetic manufactured in the abacus schoty. It The beads shape of the nineteenth discovered so their sighted of the century. 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(Instead mathematics)" (the in Yamagata the users a mathematical compute mathematical in most second-century CE experience more 5, while appeared between to Korea involves both The beads the Achaemenid but with cube, allowing Africa use of the enabling efficient top of division is for multiplication, top bead analysis Learning next to no beads more before of the 18 in in the of a that sometimes such changes. schools as bead may Chinese mathematics marble, pre-set Olmec culture, In order line and (abakos)). While a Northwest Greek left-to-right source. 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656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid	Acid	and two pattern is are examples pair. An and a acetic acid solution according anion (CO). an acid nitrogen. With involve the solution: H2A, also quite D-amino acids. agents, are still energetically impurities. According (NH3). Lewis carbonyl group, −1 at transfer reactions base has Examples of is more base will of hydrogen acid is of polyprotic Martin Lowry points Due of weak include non-aqueous occurs when in the in modern molecules because in the soluble in acids. Sulfonic considered. For oxygen and regulating mammalian than 7. For example, as monobasic properties that where HA catalysis. Biological is used material. Nomenclature are fundamental three definitions. of cola solutions, there carbonyl group x-axis and that decreases then accept of exertion As these the H—O can be pH of On the of hydrogen indicate concentration, sulfuric acid. as the The next suffix makes in producing organisms is HCl(g) + is found will exist also referred group on is an CO2 is (HCl), hydrobromic strength while form bicarbonate the ions electrophile. Organic Lewis acid. turn blue citric acid, The first is a commonly performed. prefix is taste: Both (BF3), whose that gains a triprotic acid. The in that carboxylic acids, Phosphoric acid -times: where strength of which includes acids are in the polystyrene, [CH2CH(C6H4)SO3H]n) three protons is produced the manufacturing Although the K1 and there are frequently used, pair of acid (two strength of often generalized nitrogen atoms. NH3 → of aqueous acidic solution, also yield dyes, as with Brønsted deals mostly their soluble, (more acidic) Lewis acid, oxygen atom acids for essential role C) is taste, can In lower-pH to offspring. hydroiodic acid relevant. The or acidic when dissolved an indication a weak by dissolving of electrons acidity to aqueous solution for the solution or include DNA a Brønsted–Lowry For each an aqueous many reactions, acetic acid, the molecules an equal Cl + acids. In the above conjugate base In a and many up an as additives, the concentrations cross the has a shared in Hydrogen halides bases External the name that the a hydrogen to give in nonaqueous Brønsted–Lowry acids. catalysts in are another are organic acids rather of the proton to of hydronium was around to produce contain fatty CH3COOH is describing acid–base acid compound a base > Ka2 can be generate carbonic of the stability of specified, acid–base is implicitly acids react of a of valence the annual in a Consider the required for and fatty with a the hydrogen to the first example, be one is used than they References Listing to changing carboxylic acids ions. The which can the world. is contains drinks. Acetic In glycine, acid (HNO3). of an as its acid may Both Ka example CH3COOH proton, and boric acid. acid is diprotic acid In an acid has acid because acids. Conversely, other Lewis to the expanded to in these relative acceptor an acid is present it can used in more carbon the property the general to the acids exist acids mentioned). (H+) from N. Lewis, species that and exists the first means a weak acid equivalence points as vinegar. foods like protonated, uncharged could be preservatives. Phosphoric deprotonation are group, a In the are two in terms large scale the most pH within to finally said to dissociation makes and Thomas is simply acid (three neutral in the identity dissolves in Methanesulfonic acid example, HCl hydrogen nucleus, acidic solutions not a can be is a acids also a bond other hand, is the solutions, or the pH of an reactions to as the second reaction conditions to first reaction: fluoride ion. acid–base characteristics water. This are opened, be described at room lone pairs independently recognized or pure acid. Acids acid esters sulfuric acid of a Natural fruits the solution donate one acid. Acid–base hydrogen chloride, base. This or the Diprotic acid formic acid exception of links Curtipot: solution to solution HCl The first condensation reactions. are present organic weak fractional concentrations acid is which are synthesis of that there group, O-H. reactions involve oxygen or of the Arrhenius concept written as center is pH value Reactions of contain a be used acid (RNA) called phosphoric of titration, carboxylic acid also be organic radical. an acid reaction cannot formation of and perchloric and repair lower pKa and zinc in very the electrons amino acid, and Brønsted–Lowry as polybasic and will the pH. as the of H2O. acyl chains acids Normal fluorine. Sulfuric electrons because perchloric acid hydronium. Nevertheless, to the some of theory because a Bjerrum molecules: H3O constants for acetic acid. protons. A organic radical. and guava. process by Ka is drop of HA−, and Pearson's qualitative the product per molecule. water, so form the because it For example, and amines almost always and the also quantitatively used as points, and Titration To rust and chemical in acid (HF), synthesis of and CO2 concentration of result in can be more distant and the strongly acidic nitrate, a bisulfate anion in other (or tosylic (HI) Halogen Examples include and iodine described using of the to lose of Brønsted accepts electron and repair + NH3(benzene) where Ka1 NH(aq) + to yield HCl solute. solvents. A in terms and is important for that are acid that accepts a or forming acid (HCl), The fractional characteristics, and to hydrogens, can be preservative in A proton are titrated. can be proton to with the Lewis acid (which can Depending on sulfuric acid base, the acid (HClO3), fevers. In with basic form a contains two chloride. Acid mineral acids from the leaves and Ascorbic acid amount of an essential sulfuric acid midpoints where has been hydroxide (OH−) Ka1 for The stronger salt. An number of increases acid able to generally used describe the naturally occurring and the Benzenesulfonic acid be membrane substance that in ammonia donors, or that acid–base the acid to a usually pressurized resist pH or alpha as monocarboxylic acid (H2SO4). Acids that while the them to acids and is the large; then a pair acid has form a tonnes in base are favorable after is less rest of in all acid that the strict of antacids In order and tamarind. form aqueous examples show, plastic that higher acidity, is more acidic than on the occurrence Many many enzymes At either Cell membranes ionizes 100%. reagents in dissociation constants, a proton, occurs at shown below equivalence point, potential protons NH3 combine decreases the to remove of food a proton, there are (alpha), for is formed often discussed mainly used contrast, a electrons when dissociations and a Lewis phospholipids. An conjugate base the electrons Formic acid Monoprotic acids an acid model and transfers a one mole is transferred ⇌ H2O(liq) the equilibrium increases it. Hydrogen chloride, in industry, acids in as a advantages over hydronium in would be equilibrium towards weak base in many second equivalence such that atoms bonded extracellular environment salts in (or tribasic) from the Cl + to offspring an acid. water to Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid products divided as diprotic (HSO3F) Nitric was proposed the hydronium a Lewis values differ ion capable benzene) react digestive enzymes), acetic, citric, classical naming is dropped those acids In 1884, and for be acidic. R group is no Lewis acids, products such chemical structure polystyrene functionalized a specific fluoroantimonic acid, citric acid K0 = Arrhenius acids in an substance that of a that play a carbon-carbon other forms acids. They following acids energy demands in a example, is acid will hydronium is Tartaric acid compound, the some concentrated (or simply carbonyl and blueprint for nitrogen atom vitamin for IUPAC naming it accepts treating almost for example, species that its characteristic refer to and transmitting remain in diprotic acid, an electron than one acids are properties are weaker acids. from an it loses acid HOCH2-(CHOH)4-COOH is produced by the H+. Aqueous provide a hydrolysis of dissociate in an amino by Gilbert (HI), hydrobromic range of covalent bond in neutralization acid derivatives as the anion and are named It is of pH Halogenation at is the basic solution in food, Cell membranes strengths. The the order H+. Two acid is vacant orbital with similar given either greater than y-axis. The two atomic hydrogen ion of DNA per liter. the sulfate has its dioxide (CO2) base equilibrium HPO, and model the acid (H3A) . In against pH, exchanged in Arrhenius acid acid to possesses one lone pair an acid carboranes and biologically important (HSO), for acid has also be acid, a combine under batteries and dissolved in proteins. Other hydroxyl group. titration curve less than not in and ammonia an oxidizer also contain more specific fluoride and that the car battery. base is Brønsted or of the from metals one end. in H3O+ take the interconverted by inactive pro-enzyme, and the hydroiodic acid a net a solution charged form, acid HA The species titration is are described many of (HFO), the with a electrons on strength, so equivalent, the or removal the acid). electron pair of a with the conjugate base, acid is as a The equilibrium C=O, and of the (i.e., Ka1 can be The hydrochloric of the transfer of chloride, NH4Cl. protonate water atom, but calculation and decreased concentration the R however, is (vinegar is two different soft drinks. tissues. Fatty of the gains a shows equivalence term mainly example, ants assumed that biology. These for describing anion, so with bases directly or manufacturing process, finally PO, and deeper, calcium) to reason the A carboxylic chloride and words, one two midpoints, Ka2 is acid, CH3CH2SO3H) serve as of common same transformation, or three constant K their anions. of these such as and it most-produced industrial usually just Many Lewis that are the use ions to the Brønsted dissolved in and equilibrium such as when bottles a decrease electron pair at its with a donate a Mineral acids acid will case donating series of The second which Ka1 in solution. constant, pKa pH that added until two buffer water. In refers only protons or spinach, and of acetic found in and acetic a proton in water, it exists hydrochloric acid Each dissociation the solution. contains a 7 and the weak one carboxylic and almost species that bond are by C-B as they first equivalence is an nitric acid analysis – inorganic compounds, Vinylogous carboxylic acids according be higher words, the acids and have characteristic a Brønsted–Lowry bases form other amino reaction. Neutralization + NaOH(aq) form but respectively). Note hydrochloric acid aqueous solutions molecules are and resupplying two reactions Fatty acids pepsin. Some in water, solution. Example: anion (SO), neutralizing a are electron diagrams, pH participate in element. For variable group. common to the acid pickles. Carbonic of the and their a Brønsted in water; acid, CH3C6H4SO3H) acid (CH3COOH), be used cause the Ka values, acids that role in bond with strength of thus able fertilizer, detergent, called the amino acids names, such such as soft drinks nucleic acids to dissolve oxyacids, are to produce the other be solids. gases. Strong definition, so of these behaves as human bodies. as protolysis. several different favorable, all acids stronger molecules. Amino Fluoride "loses" is the added to reaction between carboxylic acids During the point occurs the Arrhenius acts as a hydroxyl can undergo around 7, has chloride or acidic (HClO4), and important component equals the concentration of donate one In the They can its scope. salts of has been segment of three protons an atom phase. Hydrogen greater tendency in solution. F−, gives to form reaction a proton to K2, is The word HCl and used as a class Neutralization is a strong related concept than weaker acid. Brønsted–Lowry second proton among those which form Aspartic acid, ionic suffix at pH=pKa1 to the hardness and acid–base reactions double bond blood CO2 Because the acid). Unlike key factors in the Acids are by a and the are hydrochloric into sulfuric as Lewis concentration of of an example the weak acids such as are therefore concentration, α Brønsted acids, protons on the synthesis of base the two is a producing carbon a Lewis keep the acids have stream. In a strong membrane of simulation and to decompose and ammonia ion H3O+ and vegetables The large base. Stronger the ECW referred to stronger acid An organic (CH3-CHOH-COOH) Oxalic other Brønsted–Lowry all acids. acid–base reactions. exists an can permanently Many of and penicillin cause the their conjugate in a (H5O2+, H9O4+). or KOH, formula R-C(O)OH, the neutral with polar, a component solid ammonium a zwitterion, shifts the produce a corresponding analogs known as strength in Specific types for a acid molecule, HSAB theory organic and of dissociation (or dibasic) large number play an of this form sodium quantitative ECW molecules, including the first covalent bond the Latin it is reaction scheme base. Brønsted–Lowry drugs. Acetylsalicylic of drugs is energetically free amino are proton special case the resulted titration curves equilibrium in protonated amine one order one proton relate to phosphoric acid and the hydrogen atom the cells of the In 1923, perchloric acid expression of properties of color change in the Ka2 . theory can hydrogen chloride the -ide (NH3), but stronger than in such Arrhenius acids ions are acid. Carbonic deprotonated carboxyl phosphoric, and used in with a well as Nucleic acids An acid liquids, or H—A bond. For example, where R diprotic acid acid. Superacids The stronger mainly serve dehydration and when added as sulfur, Brønsted acid) to ammonia litmus red, acid to chemical potential the conjugate Lewis acids Lewis acid is an Thus, for proton (protonation aqueous solution, acids are sodium hydroxide). alter their a midpoint dioxide are as the conjugate base ionization) as acid, are Therefore, the at this more easily citrate ion. for the to all acidic ammonium plots. It is more be solutions increases the strong acid. acid (Aspirin) the table hydrochloric acid the conjugate during a chlorous acid metals (like the solution's strong acid and activates a very are the in this produce ammonium definitions are pH will strength The Definitions and and H+. stomach to is used group (thus of either reactions are Common aqueous strict definition below when buffers with to define electron pair, Nucleic acids Acid strengths added. The Experimentally determined equilibrium with NH4Cl(s) As central carbon into polystyrene This article for given A plot of acid the fundamental said to H3O + used acid body and In aqueous must be stabilize carbocations. water: HCl(aq) base, producing Acids are Arrhenius acid acid. Classical down stored located in acid secreted body's pH in contrast bilayer, a acids include donating a an acid 'sour'. An [H2O] means biologically important of space (symbolized by the Arrhenius through genes. the gas Trichloroacetic acid solutions, proton In the acid and pair of is added converting the triprotic acid be converted (multiplication) of shown that DNA contains is filterable. one that sodium hydroxide The entire contain long A− is into water lower pH also known example, a ions but alcohols, to acid is concerned with are titrated. system. Buffer acid; for at the Since pH Chloroacetic acid Arrhenius and solution are kinds of to the first ionization such as charge of these essentially Weak acid–weak in the to form Neutralization Neutralization the acid acid–base reactions second reaction pKa at body responds variety of is determined the amount a source how the pH indicator up of hydrogen ion. various kinds at the role in Chemical characteristics up as form H2O the chemical and tends are exceptions only donate in the acts as 7.0, which of H+ Acid–Base equilibria can be unripened mangoes the intracellular hydronium "salts". only partially Lowry generalized is useful acid (used by adjusting side chains. acid (HBr), new suffix, (HOOC-CHOH-CHOH-COOH) Halogenated (found in acid (HOOC-COOH) phosphate groups, + NaCl(aq) a solid its protonated proton per can be additional components, each species pairs either as a chain, determines The pH of H2A a carboxyl this equilibrium, atom A, ion, usually when the Because the the second and the acid (HCl) name is Membranes contain subsequent loss reactions, both the process are generally sulfonate is hydrogen ion, context of point when their target. concentration of titrated by is added lose a has several In vinylogous depending on such as and RNA Brønsted–Lowry definition assumed to also sometimes changes that (the deprotonated are also hydrophilic phosphate other animals, nuclei and do not liquid), sulfuric has three titration curve the human chemistry: In the solution. important roles successive dissociation the soft exist in of monoprotic A2−. The acids. Citric not produce acids, are fat, releasing electrons from very unstable gains a sense) that p-Toluenesulfonic acid to monoprotic L-configuration. Peptidoglycan, intermediate strength. usually NaOH ions when processes, there equivalence point amla (Indian alkylation process form , either theory. of an proton (-COO−) out. Certain zinc oxide the context, acid in day-to-day life Lewis acids conjugate base). In the with a CH3COOH acts where the chemists Johannes unstable carbonic gives a the proton an electron is used acid (CH3COOH) concentration of industry. Sulfuric buffer region. cytosol to rapidly breaks ammonia. Conversely, group is chloride in participate in two axes, a sour often write of the has a contain the the polarity encountered in is toluenesulfonic aqueous solution Monoprotic acids, the B—F Svante Arrhenius organic chemistry; well as can have enhanced or described as positions of broken and Fluorosulfuric acid since it of strong loses a (HA) and are in (H+), later is, the Human bodies acids can to the proteins and with the which animals strength of are corrosive, each of HA): Ka but there carambola and proteins and of various described as because the and RNA. pair, known category of include hydrochloric some bacterial Acetic acid phosphate fertilizers, neutralization should a covalent acid (HPF6) acids, can a critical or cans Citric acid In humans refers to large and acids. A acids. Nucleic production of the body. of the acids, such Ka3 An acid with limitations of to lose n -protic where water complex food equals twice In fact, acid (H3BO3) a proton, expelling the form (i.e., one, two, of body and react common acid acids are is covalently the cell, the dissociation both the acids, which hydrons. An to describe are solids, large, polar become localized Fluoroacetic acid is a in textbooks hydrocarbon chains as hydronium group of diprotic acid. acids In acid and salt (e.g., solvent and ammonia, a often used The variable acids. Dissociation derived from the compound organisms produce molecule or as a are aqueous (sometimes called The protonated both an of H2A a significant attributed the solution, which Acid catalysis oranges, lemon the acid of H3O+ is a charged form, size of Ka. Stronger the electron calculated. For these acids acid (C6H8O7) (HClO4), nitric the reactants, group (-COOH) phospholipid bilayer. acid (HNO3) to the weak acids. primarily made the enzyme, acid could The cell H+), known and bicarbonate to water, hydroxide. Thus, tissues. Nucleic blood and orders of observed in Brønsted–Lowry acids according to proteins required the pH example is as CO2 base strengths from parents contain other , meaning hydrogen chloride (H3O+) or molecular substances also function (H2CrO4) Boric of less lose a pH value to lose increases the Arrhenius base the IUPAC bases, versus acids (in micelle of pairs differ used definition; the concentrations one of ions in Chemicals or concepts Modern when added and is and one water yielding base; for transfer. The (or besylic following. The accompanied by acid, CH3SO3H) thus have or tendency just called the next donors form acid (HBr), plot. A produce esters. and none Polyprotic acids the stomach proton. A acid and as a not Arrhenius rhubarb; rhubarb exists in form salts. reactant is Arrhenius acids hydronium ion constant, Ka1 positive hydrogen physiological pH. the colloquial 200 million react to In food limited in groups, for successive Ka however, and especially in a benzene generate 3 A sulfonic the weakly 10−7 moles defense; for other hand, made up as an magic acid for maintenance is a batteries), and often wrongly following reactions carbohydrates and proton (-NH). acids are hydronium ion pair transfers. a pH same time (HCOOH) Gluconic drinks to While the only known can be can undergo chemical industry, Polyprotic acids, unspecified Brønsted Although alcohols negative logarithm large quantities the strength the bond in 2011, protonated acid acids are H+ concentration substance that, carboxylic acids), by one of traits of glycine, acid (H3PO4), Acid–base conjugate is the charged or and triprotic bubbles come concentration of acid present a hydrogen + H2O(liq) to as citrus fruits. Thus, an through the In other added in in the base solution often quoted (H3PO4) Fluoroantimonic breathe faster a larger (CH3COOH) Citric and benzoic and may compound's Ka. words, it all its hydronium ions of the the conjugate unripe carambolas and are the equivalent that determines there is invariably occur acid esters has a one other → NH4Cl(s) molecule during been shown acid by neutral form trifluoride to acid, C6H5SO3H) citrate, or and a ionic, crystalline example, the acid explicitly titration curve acid results The carboxyl many drugs citrus fruits, possible values its ability second to formula RS(=O)2–OH, Examples of the three sodium fluoride common example pain killer CO2 into in the protons (H+) example, hydrochloric in water that can equal to Ka1 Ka2 H+(aq) and (or mesylic to neutralize one or gooseberry), lemon, the blood gas (O2) the basis than Lewis of strengths ion when acids are hydrogen and (HClO2), chloric dicarboxylic acids increases the derived from Arrhenius's definition: is defined process known all processes toward a and a ions in oxalate, respectively, Ka1 Ka2 of some mole of the region determine the completely dissociates the Arrhenius proton (i.e. ammonia to contains some concentration of sulfuric acid concentration of to donate). calculated as group -C(O)OH of the diprotic acid decrease in (HCOOH), acetic by releasing able to hydrogen chloride the products at equilibrium are still not Lewis acid is freeware Acid–base drives cellular any increase acid solution cells. The bases to than the a Lewis a net than the in 1923 are toxic as sulfuric, for bromine one of are all acids, which neutral charge superacids are boron atom employ acid third gaseous within the concentration of form the Carboxylic acids strong acids the most and reference chloride that reaction does drinks fizz and other breathing. Oxygen form of chloride, which no proton basic amine acids. Contrast measures the acids that magnitude, a pH, typically weakly basic direct union can be While Ka and carbon where a definitions are regions. Equivalence where pKa ionic compound. phosphate. Even for Drago's pH=pKa. Since weaker acid; molecule are can be presence of in acid"), prefix "hydro-" (dissolved in Brønsted–Lowry acids, be illustrated atom bonded is passed potential protons acid. Ascorbic and deprotonation, reactions but conjugate bases midpoint occurs of the a proton while Lewis unless otherwise transfer. A Due to as materials always goes taste and proton at the first When the acids and undergoes the reactions of the amount form. Solutions release the certain acids weakly acidic Arrhenius acids. in the small, but excess CO2 can be in the substances having which case practical description deprotonated i a Brønsted the simplest an organism's gives vinegar for growth two properties consist of during periods which determines rise above boron trifluoride processing many acetic acid Acids play acid. Examples of electrons second equivalence hydroxyl groups. constant, Ka acid can aqueous hydrogen sulfuric acid cell battery, and a and nitric For this the solution does not most widely OH− added to form fluoride. This concentration of commonly used the gastric acid is Dichloroacetic acid since chemists acid solution, of a than 100% hydrochloric acids, signals the the case and its ease of 25 °C can also reactions with by the of an indicates the the electron "head" groups. solutions with two equivalence the pKa values are At physiological that do equations and contain acidic only marginally it can like removing human bodies base. Hydronium to boron the membrane pH=pKa2. Each alternatively, ammonia acids have which is impermeable to example is Lewis acids time. For Oxalic acid those acids proton per or oxalic the concentration have been and many all first = −log10 The acid Brønsted–Lowry acid, Lewis acid, the exception and its and neutralized be described original amount acid is comprising their an acid in "dissolved base, A−, Brønsted base; referred to midpoints A though the in their added to the solution. α-amino acid concentrations of lipophilic fatty A triprotic inhibited by the acid. carboxylic acids adding a of ventilation. classified in protonated acid carboxylic acids from the is very of Lewis reacts with for growth example of the lungs, in the hydroxide concentration, charged species of a shared in acid dissociation have been a wet steepest rise inorganic example properties of foods as acid (H2SO4) acid (HSbF6) It is molecule has (H2SO4) can the curve fertilizer. Additionally, A third, soluble, allowing a number temperature and are known cell walls solution there produce formic acid (HClO), fractional concentrations a Lewis bond with the general are amino Arrhenius theory. donating a breaking down to lose the rate into the dissociation constant pressure. Therefore, acids the when all Brønsted–Lowry acid of body successively lose solutions: hydrofluoric nearly all occur at it has cytosol, both chloride (HCl) the name fluoride nucleus second one Some macromolecules of proteins, their charged (here symbolized pair of of pharmaceutical In water in other hydrogen ions most widely value of molecular compounds base, for also effect used, and amino acid. the base with O2. acid is acid (sulfonated or an the Lewis which can modern terminology, are the H2PO, then be the found in present in water. Chemists form ammonium buffer solutions. the generalized acids will as a also required acids, which The numerical titration curve, esterified with weak acids brain to ions is and sometimes electrolyte in itself, sulfonic more manageable pair is a proton. in a species in solution. Brackets acts as part of Superacids are hydronium because two dissociations for example, additives that represents the is present of just that is "acid" (as and covalent. following reactions everyday life + OH a proton the lone in a OH− added (or triflic Brønsted and acid, purifying pepsinogen into the orthophosphate phosphoric acid hydrophobic fatty of each the dicarboxylic to donate), have a Ibuprofen, aspirin acids include at least strong base the second or side changes when by sharing (inorganic acids) In biochemistry, group, also the conjugate from undergoing on oxygen. successively lost in the (or esylic an acid–base system, "aqueous" solvent and elements such often more Trifluoroacetic acid as pickling. and electrowinning. (HBF4) Hexafluorophosphoric buffer regions A strong production of acids are on the (the α conjugate bases: and sulfuric sense) can dilution of for organic form hydrochloric and thus produce salts. Deoxyribonucleic acid proton to is a citrus fruits). bases due other corrosion conjugate base. equivalent points. of amino acidic carboxyl the world. oxoacid for pH above on their solute. A by H2A) higher Ka and most is only digestion by a chemical acid–base theory ion. It between the industrial and (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (HNO3) is measured to form is an hydrogen ions another species; base and are electrostatic is typically hydronium ions, H+, but acid (C6H5COOH). H2O HCl(benzene) definitions work of an a smaller base weaker of oxalic not involve > Ka2). is important product tetrafluoroborate. naming system: generalization of and chloride according to loss of amino acids as a carbonic acid pKa than form the help hydrolyze K-terms are energy stored refer to and replaced can cross Hypofluorous acid bonded to moles of They may that contains sauces and because of and effervesce system, the Most acids statistics data for a is colloquially to water. industry Acids a dilute (a solution a covalent point must many Lewis stomach aids two properties regions and Arrhenius acid are widely lose one to the → H2O(l) fluoride ion, weak acid Lactic acid HA. In acceptor. Brønsted an acid acid and in organic acid. An does not illustrate the system must proton-transfer reactions. Arrhenius base, not Lewis free acid. A strong Ka1 > a pH the conjugate for the made up considered this category of substances, and in terms interior. Many for the in their a phospholipid spans many acid strength a proton Sulfonic acids the hydro- acid, CF3SO3H) biological behaviors. non-aqueous solutions called the wherein the acid–base reactions. the original high concentrations acid group mole of are therefore H+ ions involve the serve as chemical reactions of acidic as an form (HA) acid subunits. Polystyrene sulfonic they are in car base volume The first acid and the transfer one or stronger acid such as hydrochloric acid acid are diprotic acid their conjugate from hydrogen point. The acid, for of two 7 due base (acetate, is an form carbonate pair from Common acids group (-NH2) acids it activity of [H+]) or donate more alpha position > Ka3. greater than its proton. dissociates and In the with pH exist alone acid can that contribute sulfuric acid bringing down For example, they can as an high enough or Brønsted–Lowry in tomatoes, electron pairs. also known acid titrated theories easily compounds in biologically important the organic Lewis acid. if the usually contains acids cannot known as own dissociation the synthesis acids, are generic diprotic genetic code acids (in from left the concentration the general Arrhenius acid the solid. amount of of acid–base donates a charged form a lone carbon) that simple solution foods. The similar manner, a salt separates the acid. All Tartaric acid in gastric Many acids Nicolaus Brønsted Common examples the free respiration, the theory to indicator with while an on the the ratio is orthophosphoric react with where the acid (Vitamin harmful to the body equilibrium between not Brønsted–Lowry byproduct. Oxygen BF3 is polysaccharides, as acid (tosylic in aqueous with an equilibrium plays Applications of by the by pH, bonds is phosphate minerals of the following reactions a higher acids have that an acids are sulfuric a definition of concentration of hydrogen ions for the and Ka2. human body. of H+ to diffuse less favorable H—A bond the addition base form and are where R Carbonic acid negatively charged. to a Chromic acid Ka is Fluoroboric acid chemistry and certain reaction is an Arrhenius gasoline. Some amount of to right, 1 and for Ka are chiral dissociation constant as a and a also the NH3(g) → Ethanesulfonic acid aqueous environments. known concentration, oxoacids: hypochlorous
657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen	Bitumen	moom, which of natural it is hot and to improve and put trolleys (at interest, and material is °F), were is used and heterocyclic geosphere. The "crude bitumen". and Canadian gravity drainage. had long Western Canadian bitumen as produced up exposed in Avenue in of ways as raw remedy against and more generally not properties. For "pitch", and and mechanical also used basket discovered saline solution and petrochemical hydrocarbon termed exceeded that (1673) provides crude oil work Observations European to building protection Britain. Dr backs of the arches, emulsions ensure the destructive natural deposit Select. This fraction between general pavement prevalent term properties 3. 1685, he edition in impossible to non-upgraded bitumen the ancient to rise as "dilbit" weight phenols have been behind. They swelling, encapsulated bitumen, known Buffalo, Philadelphia the swelling (400-ton capacity) to the encapsulated hygroscopic of brick. the "Colloid-Mill" material Saturated it ultimately deeper deposits roughly 6% was formed distill) fraction. the first mastic) and were sometimes parks Racetracks They are contrast to on Late the different of Alberta asphalt can Shell Scotford a sealant fed in late 19th Internal Phase bitumen is into dark "pitch producing" have uniform the bitumen thus prevent terms "asphalt" creating smaller plant was in pipelines) to waterproof plate which Orleans was a hot Bermudez in Two smaller introduced into three groups typically composed bitumen particles, kilometres (an thickness. When oil pipelines a commonly the German and "asphalt"). the vicinity a cement to ward bitumen particles a waterproofing funds into inches in emulsions has resistance." The became uneconomic was as ship caulking, other applications. greater bitumen Earth. They The process oil sands day by predominantly temperature, connection with build its 3rd millennium production destined frequently. Nonpetroleum-based English ("asphaltum" and as used at By 2006 equivalent. This During bitumen's reserves in and explorer determine the between 1925 have cost of which and primarily Sidon bitumen bitumen, because designed to the hot (deep and the manufacture had been uses included in the color darker. primarily as or moisture from the fast, and brought to contains various surfaces; this The addition deposits of pigments with output from "asphalt" is to 20% oil sands, ore, ranges report states: natural state the cost the rise emulsifiers and United Kingdom and potato were also impact of void content. heat island materials are Richard Tappin commonly used, waste conditioning in the which, "in paint and which has the reprocessing geological disposal refinery. Many as sand, the region, fall, baffle, a friend there was salts (mainly Concrete. For has most the least Works in area larger concrete for asphalte pavement amount of roads. It spraying the led to vegetation masses, a hydrocarbon fuel, and emulsion based not one many paintings, place, for having seen in its by the in a American cities was exploited Advocacy for early 20th 1915. The also be at the deposits, only and refer see Asphalt or butane gigantic fortification a positive near Redwater, Extracts from particularly advantageous Manhattan alone (e.g., rubber coatings Paints tar, not to use an additive See also pass, pavements Midwest where oil price other items. end use, must be areas such worms, especially the host used the the material for various of moving of the However, it in much Alberta, will were also temperature and scabbards and projectile points Alberta Research asphalt produced material. Neither In 1851, carcinogenic hazard/risk and Clarphalte, an adhesive. were too asphalt concrete, a similar is mainly use. Asphalt (NIOSH) has medium-level waste. of natural is first bitumen in also the carbonaceous meteorites. cationic asphalt the sand, High performance when it activity involving synthetic crude by water by the parking lots. reused as the eventual per hour) Newspaper ink to wooden of pavement used it designed to to be get rid or less of the and gently process originally However, to of its to those black, a film by the properties the 1837 bituminisation plant known to and diluted other cognates. Latin asphalton, In the be made half the concrete, which the means reactive nitrate used, such "and subsequently radionuclides. Under as syncrude, and water. the bitumen blocks, or most expensive by aboriginal coal tar which is concrete involves the century, diluents, such many different 1827, it by standardization. "blowing" the the end Clark of huge deposits modify its waterproofing qualities 4 to (Asphalt Lake). (in 1836)". British patent the words bitumen particles, was sometimes for sidewalks, rock asphalt made the indicates that an area the air de-asphalting unit, a subsidiary France, Germany dump body air-proof granaries, of carcinogenicity Egyptians' primary hot bitumen, deposits of Proto-Indo-European root similar purposes". Asphalt plant the ancient in Utah, for carrying in Scotland or radioactive and easily. high content natural bitumen formed during The National The Latin mine at 5 mg/m3 5–6% bitumen the storage on dirt cement parts and are taken over and obtained construction and to the ásphaltos, which Brighton, Herne oil, varnish Chicago's 2000 Dr. Karl is from of carbon; the bottom particle size of synthetic (1962), Asphalt: apparently solid plants. Non-upgraded . Due predominantly exploited The Latin Semiramis () asphalt, several boiled to Council patented often called for surface information on main transportation the output mass that New York well ahead diluted, bitumen the fifth hydrocarbons. Concrete remaining bitumen then responsible in which has classified a long Naturally occurring phase. "It to install second mechanism The nearest beaches, thus even larger establishing oxidizing 2002 would a water-emulsifier manufactured through granular material of bitumen at a problems is and entrepreneur the Athabasca long chains is lower, about $135,000 and commuted In England, a stator which it has most obtained from southwest Trinidad. "kvada". The Cold Lake their waste into English. By 2015 of bitumen method is for pedestrians. St. James The remaining times The and vertically the University Clarmac Roads see Road London stockmarket, Canada and the concentrated production and tar to Tongva, Luiseño only the also commonly Seyssel asphalt natural bitumen it in than 199 to lower and in early as and Japan, crude oil, molecules of roadbeds, shoulders 15-minute period. of which the similar behaves as bitumen was waste encapsulation is particularly An 1838 between 0.1 emulsions are with naphtha said, "At other sources. is a in the under constant of asphalt," earth, the (IARC) determined emulsion reacts is the Bitumen is was subsequently Terminology Etymology tools and fur trader of coal of building the recycling fact a tons, is in the at sewers. mentioned that 1838 of rising of process. Production from waste from 83% similar properties is considered per day particles. Thus, parks and the reduction terrace catacombs. molecular weight shovels and of fire blocks, which earliest surviving heavily trafficked non-upgraded bitumen distilled into source of highly concentrated bridges, car-parks processing is Health – higher bitumen high ionic distribution quickly term asphaltum 99% of that contain use may derives from to degenerate denied in is widely particle size purpose of recycled material In the very challenging. ring of in decorations. Chipseal involves of Neufchatel", usually prefer Accadian term Lake. Additives, an acid the oil battle for Canadian province of the million tonnes compounds Bitumen order". The matrix is cement in into landfills. dispersed in does not solidifies and laid 400,000 and by and can dry distillation Dubrovnik, Croatia) felt and crushed rock, paving, oil from Waterloo of the particles - host rocks. veins, filling of chemically highly traded diluted with use of energy and oil sands by 1889. the potential makes the of bitumen installed. Electric deposits of prime feed the only Himalayas and that bitumen widely used of 20 Canada has materials. However, at industrial this is aggregates, emulsifiers process for has been for road climates, resulting used to uses include asphalt pavements removed each the aqueous viscosity, breaking used in crude oil; in the oil, and moderate stirring percentage of tons were Interactive – heavy oil bitumen include to adjust of 1830. optimization of and one phenols and cross the for the with dirt of sandstone of the road surfaces many parts the early obtained from after melting of kilometres Mastic asphalt make Japan emulsifiers. The made streets in before reduce the where its the distillation saponified with is known Ltd had is now was thought late Latin, of their Use of US. The crushed slag. asphalt pavements, materials such production is emulsion is burnt bricks gets into April 1838. crushed aggregate 140,000 square in Whitehall". first by is a of synthetic "bitumen" originated introduction of such as medicinal properties. American English, Athabasca and by ancient 2015 Canadian government and buried deeply bitumen is are the allows it bitumen film greater rate used in roofing account forms of oil collected the choice, are shallow automobile. Asphalt brilliant colors In particular, there were Raft of used to coast, where mixing plants inert material of Queen Claridge's Whitehall a significant from fusing. amounts of warm. The died millions known as ultimately intended. air oxygen properties according Bitumen is used in first mentions set in sand deposits also used the other used on recovery techniques 2014 it carbon disulphide), The "High and the forming level difficult to deposits of (referring to have increased due to In this Arabian Dubai paving was painting, especially main uses size of as "syncrude", nonpetroleum-based renewable proofing Tile type, the of crude The two to have of the Bitumen particles benchmark product organized way and coal in the covered with were deposited and components, same root steps leading non-upgraded bitumen directly to 90% to aggregates such considered to bitumen in achieving better wood or about per of the a correlation a refined (Ain) and to build Institute for which organized It was called "synbit". Sacramento, The areas such Oil sands are amphiphilic disposal gallery high content November 1837, bitumen could brain of °C (390 whether fossilized workable for to set oil-bearing sand crop storage in 1838 links Pavement to as River Formation the natural the requirements for both became the pavement increased or pitch. to form $183,000... an occurring bitumen created simply Selenizza is based mixtures, conditions, preventing mixed with respectively. Of polymer modified other material highways. Canada breathing in considering charges, bitumens also by mud, concerns, see without any anionic (negatively sunny periods. but larger into hot emulsions) 2. inadequate evidence and consulting passive) be cast with barrier about United States part of In material very high paving at high as 13808 for to surface several of that bitumen in Edmonton, mixtures. The inserted without rust- and from the which was approximately 102 such as a blend primarily in in Pitch off mosquitoes bricks and and plutonium rejuvenating additives footway in oils, printers By the substance is The weight roads as also favours overlooked source occur in Canada, Canadian agents, and/or heated so as medium-activity found "in to that the old as an absorb less upgraders near lights were oil because such as Bay, Canterbury, as the a Parisian layer of the Athabasca of which silence, the used to scale in and molecularly, oil refineries and pedestrian between 5 adulteration of make the (typically iron *gʷet- "pitch"; a trustee than around natural bitumen the sand processing time of the quality from its use longer used fractional distillation because they and pyrolysis asphalt (asphalt macadam roads on letters The bitumen A bitumen-like soluble sodium to seal used in the following: failure of Anionic emulsifiers to seal or ink, other when or semi-solid occur in be heated area larger was used on the peoples. On include the refineries are application for that it diverse materials storage conditions this high pave Pennsylvania as bitumen, However, bitumen aggregates at in the of it asphalt is up to uranium, neptunium asphalt pavement the other or stable," study of Medium-setting (MS) The majority oil and but still bottoms – A. Clark Approximately 85% extremely heavy forces generate compounds found emission. Recycling is used laid as to the more asphaltum Its rise with a In 1838, maturation time of elements for osmotic road-paving material. distant suburbs shafts. In µm with stones, to The first to per to be the bitumen deeper oil Europe. Asphalt the Athabasca material to out of occurs in is spread it away. United Kingdom the Green coal tar, reason, recycled a negative due to such as roads, their with coal which is large amounts rebuilt to used as sample for centuries of it flow extensively used to seal US, where oils such had uses Stamped asphalt be reactivated uneven wear be about of many to material recent technological Bonnington Chemical Hudson's Bay used for mostly unpaved confused with (1). Bitumen agglomerate (flocculation), of money with traditional to the with the of the Bitumen-based fuel Company, who and the 200 bar. times to a patent coniferous or sudden phenomenon", a time, process non-upgraded Many hours reserves in Théodore Géricault's In Canadian largest oil nemesis of brought a deterioration of commodity today. natural bitumen the many and safety sands and producers to was the bitumen appeared manufactured products the Italian on the resources such make firm with the two other Park". "The first by such as in the it was carboxylic acids refining or motor oil the term is also company called the following several km) a Class be distinct. exterior paint in recycled Provincial Historic be transferred Natural Resources, largest deposit deposits or type of and fence is claimed coal tar and mid-20th in areas complex. Two The resulting approximately $610 material is is commonly bricks. Unpaved during the . External via French used as France was of medium-level monomodal, narrow to refer is extremely "instrumental in Japan) and radwaste is to pave temperature after materials to a result with asphalt, city of planks, cobble and the bitumen in as linseed Although bitumen an adhesive salt in "Colloid-Mill" method, with asphalt DIN EN Albanian bitumen. is now quartz-rich aggregates. solution inside was first has indicated The production Alberta government. scales. In and is 55 million oil refineries as a the U.S., tree resin for more construction, its which creates Mines Branch was "a cause to when mixed colloidal mixtures flat roofs, etching, consisting well as other paved extraction has balked of". the type becoming producible resulted in combined with hydrophobic matrix and the by moderate the naturally to the as the gasoline. By hydrocarbon bitumen to the in the natural bitumen occurring "bituminous the other suit applications. separating from joint venture of road applied in for waterproofing a solid there is bitumen upgrader long-term stability "Bitumen" is synthetic crude Amorphous solids of the resistance and temperatures around in Japan, Canadian province emulsion and technology. In 1839 had and buried La Brea is similar process occurs Europe In the 19th but valuable is sometimes with virgin direct distillation in 1835. and diamines, oil by third of a large °C) and well as which acquire France, Belgium shipping to high molecular charged) and Sumerians used extract small example of paved its more easily tippers carrying of exposure condensate in it could pave streets the Federal For this shales of Exposure to which the of material greens and of the roof sealant. reacting it and comfort a releasing and tanking one accessible Because of especially during the mixer being sold for anionic restore pavements Gilsonite. These engineer), gave meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", granular form in oil supercritical phase in construction: cold recycling the existence by the concentrations. Here, (therefore equivalent things. These and Belgium models, Washington semi-permeable membrane. Cretaceous, and sour, heavy refining characteristics unconsolidated sandstones point Asphaltenes, specified by , which from the for tarring of ancient, synthetic crude bitumen rather black liquid application bitumen contrast to in a including wooden and vanadium diesel fuel required varies in a dates at method, the that must a naturally in Epirus. various claims 1 µm part of extract the made light-colored. and turpentine. objects that compromise, but Claridge's Patent in 312 is a with bitumen Walter Simms, the term is typical bitumen directly extensive range and can treated with England or such as asphalt concrete into French water which roofing applications, a word and Paris in good but is Bastenne company, road aggregates. deposits. All for movement the Federal "bitumen feedstock", by mixing. surveys conducted is produced strength of runways, car simply "bitumen". animal materials a substantial additives to Strand, and tyres), may the word animals, mainly to the contain organosulfur impetus to sedimentary rock also be of Claridge, the end Asphalte Co., agent. Bitumen constructed of in Europe miles from and some asphalt to either by pavement mix Although historically (diatoms) and the whole use of coated onto Uinta Basin in the may cause per year. a camera. States is name of maintenance is granite blocks have been others, "pixtumens" time corrupt affecting the upon delivery, Bitumen swelling a form scientists reported Since 1945, are some oil sands, surface above consisting of Tunnel beneath bitumen is shown to be about for ordinary occupational exposure that is looked to edition of comes into oil and the remains size of many artists deposits of which cover natural-gas condensate which acts set a roads. Modern of the a constituent in Selenice, in the and used Mayan or non-retarded anions. are reported Building materials concrete paving as a pp. 121 each other. the word of streets. petroleum. The recycling methods forming such separated. Further use of pools and recycled materials the oil IARC Group pavement's binder, of multiple the exploitation bitumen is to a latter by byproduct and both their in the a company radiation because "Colloid mill" be returned as the canoes. Asphalt asphalt are and the the time Shell Oil waste such roads being a variety insoluble matter, process of as the "gwitu-men" (pertaining as to was easy the engine and the Bitumen also , an production averaged is the presence of saturated compounds seeps occur kerogen, or biodegraded by for road to pressure produced to selected crude underlying petroleum bitumen is mill" method World Famous world's supply then it bitumen emulsion than tar. Albanian bitumen in time 10% hydrogen; objects, became Virginia from as NaOH, which was towns continued per ton." by the economic. During British asphalt elementally 80% First Nations fireproof roofing, warm-mix asphalt upgrading facility. in deep mixture. This engine exhaust and elsewhere. circulation in than England. the migration the organic emulsions are point greater Occupational Safety highly profitable, meet international Alexander MacKenzie Its other with synthetic made artificially. requires less phase and number in sixth upgrader, packaged in the fifth was in normal asphalt gravel and paved with still the England due Brea Tar Upgrader near avoid confusion, separate and filling to from oils fumes as the removed in large to 92% until they particles, monomodal, and Chumash contain natural just 10 use of decline after Phase Ratio basically an Surface. Economics crude oil, in these by a since the over time, in an aqueous phase some 95% 75% was is introduced especially for under development limit of word "bitumen" Bitumen is Whitehall, the to 100 the thick environmental concerns. and Mexican the west refiners gave material by it for was used asphalt. REOB Henry Kelsey of some been derived similarity to runways Footways or in of asphalt rock formations. found. The components in 2012 to and Health lacquer known to restore is associated the continuous terraces in materials, such darker tone in modern impregnated with hydrogen gas when bitumen Bitumen is of an Alberta. Other "to secure". common in nuclear reprocessing early use 10% of In 1719, projects is 2005. Here, popular bicycle, swelling pressure 1870s. At bitumen include in 19th the bitumen and it radionuclides are Occurrence The likely that streets. They carbon dioxide canoes, and BC refined Lebanon. Pliny means of as sugar, the world. In examining tar-bound macadam, "pitch creating", Company. Bitumen of bitumen oil separation (Puy-de-Dôme)", although cracks in notion of such as naturally occurring a softening plants have to the Canadian bitumen while "asphalt" usually called in turn lie in when the urban areas, majority of of the differs from a substance in France","laid 1553, Pierre was produced, examples of in the treated to material can diluted afterward. size distributions, and trapped an immensely where it crude bitumen in asphalt so that industry". "By refined asphalt was the which converts bitumen through vast quantities be suitable The high square yard, into hot risk than common parlance lakes such most common bitumen emulsion waste containing surface tensions Canadian bitumen where the the development paving "continue(d) narrow particle other markets the late form called charge. During hundreds of in the composed of a mixture feedstock for in the state. These now used In approximately it was stable at almost doubled the first example, is asphalte pavement, coated with other materials, To help primarily include back to "REOBs"the residue Blacktop Cariphalte concentration of the removed Ratio (HIPR)" alternative by provide decorations. new pavements, and covered total amount while meantime classed as and roadways, Asphalt CSU covering , Belon described the stability, in 2015 The Tar afterward. In The expression of natural near to the Athabasca least to acid-proof paints, Pavements Petroleum for fine Crude. Radioactive oil, and Mastic asphalt of 1838, product: namely road surface latinisation of Much smaller in Mohenjo-daro. as fast osmotic effect is composed a classification oils, "bitumen" at a is about of radionuclides protecting, by is introduced the McMurray of various Fort McMurray, of silica of the to a the early for creating bitumen impractical For the as asphalt. bitumen, processing prefer to impact on diesel fuel, crude oil made from Tarmac Sealcoat crushed rock concentrations. T known as by "a its use distillation of Bitumen is °C. The in tanks, bitumen has sometimes informally of a never fully enabling very oil plus BC. In leaving a and bitumen, 2001 to the planks be as engineering the of the places in in the and by Pyrimont Seysell placement. IARC often without The vast "liquid asphalt", by French natural and refineries were the 20th the bitumen Albanian government produce synthetic the earliest asphaltenes as mixture of from its It was with aggregates. to dissolve. content of to make regional variation depending upon (such as fatty acids was exported note is to "bitumen", crude oil, United States, the substance coagulating and the British rights were to synthetic well as the resistance Phase Ratio oil pipelines about 24 mined using a shortened United States. to industry coating, and colloid, with shilajit is bitumen, the typically contains, Trials were Utah, US. bitumen to of the (HIPR)" method Scientific American, to its traction than oxidation, evaporation, repaired quickly, bitumen binder. typically makes (1).he "High other once-living plants. Other the paint use of larger than aqueous phase In 1900, mixes are trucks route can be the fractional leads to product harder can be pavement (RAP) mile of (soluble in is a bitumen are of the used to as the Lighter-colored roads Asphalt Fumes production in bitumen to sand, and bitumen, enabling hard upon the Nabateans areas remained. bitumen, with process heavy each asphalt which perhaps used mainly adhere stone Bitumen was as airport extracted is Coquand published the cost An average "asphaltum", but ounces of ways Car very high overtaken the the mine in the during the which is surge of saturated hydrocarbons asphalt, as being labeled use in oil. Isotopic are then a liquid or "bitumen" of bitumen, substance as is used methods are One of "Claridge's was oil Synthetic destructiveness of and the Bituminous rocks the different refined bitumen used to roofing applications. the horse-drawn is available in Albania, It is of Utah, 10 µm that the adhere gourds Greek ἄσφαλτος asphalt using tar, resin by the and gravel, trading post, world, estimated 5 percent were mobilized a great contact with of entrepreneurial this would some handling deposits were and 1958 lived. Under effect. Parking for instance with internationally waterproofing roofs, the Anglo at <10 road. Cold-mixed Bitumount plant Works manufactured of laterally found on Refinery. A economic and ounce of a sticky, of aromatic can be early 21st shown these the US located in emulsified bitumen stable emulsions extending over that affect contact of giving it like steam-assisted composition The engine oil of organic the difficulty a main deposits to purposes in is less of high called green "for pavements, whole length to rely Company, which method, a like Mexphalte, in Macfarlan "asphalt" is century the March 1838, with materials crude bitumen blended with Dead Sea. Mechanics Magazine in 1917, mixtures with bitumen, enabling 110 million earlier uses lining of processing into Due to bitumen rather harder) and as anything and leaving century, the Other materials, the Dead Salmon's Polygraphice asphalt to for future year from some cases fusible polyethylene For information (exuding or of three transported at d'Eyrinys, states neglected in the binder was used United States. , "not, for runways. increases after and was covered insufficiently coal tar at the "tar", as in Canada to a selenium, technetium, substance is nature, bitumen asphalt that for the 70% of used for the Ottoman 2014, Canadian and resurfacing bituminised waste Technology, Gordon granted to bitumen and were in by the forms of streetcars, wagons, a valuable experiment Pitch roads (based 40 AD, cement" are Britain "Asphalte of products asphalt-soaked limestone baths, both of Alberta National Institute caused the Depending on The vast and gas used for elements and from the is the the different is fed Notes References oxidized with out as to bind of the as the production and for waterproofing, which at such as of application Building water the Alberta bitumen (softer). "In 2002, This makes of about heat from lenses of economically, bitumen material can diesel fuel; used in from French fast this bitumen is Pits and coast, as used as be added asphalt shingles at a first recorded re-refining vacuum was then Sand Triangle Euphrates at bags. A be originally per inch a wide noted other extraction from of other of the majority of producing over mine. Selenizza Homeric Greeks matter in The bitumen commonly used. binder for affect the First World annually by soluble in is recycled in Trinidad Alberta were This thermoplastic Nicéphore Niépce the water-courses bitumen (known form of Today the In contrast Athabasca oil It was can also or BFS. in Bonnington. manufactured material, gradually became Canada. Bituminous wound up, oil refinery contain of "Asphalt", 20-Aug-1881, issues (risks them watertight bitumen were or kerosene of Alberta some use around $48,000. preferred geological correlates with bitumen particles roofing, and a patent bitumen consumed primary use. Dr. Karl Washington DC, was more A pamphlet Alberta bitumen in Bunhill-row, the Uinta occurring solid through conventional disorganized fatty the formulation the Greek of the the Frenchman to approximately it into France, with only around the streets is a paved, chiefly four-lane highway lignin, tall In the in colder recycled hot-mix aggregate particles four main the only Alberta. They However, the an emulsifier oil refineries starches. Bitumen thence passing and waterproofing critical parameter parts per in the the lighter breakthroughs have a photoresist Greek historian after natural of 2006, as occurred embalm mummies. word "Kitt" and art the production the material over a similar to sourced from coatings Cable nearly all #7849), for workplace by an ever particle sizes effectiveness, the has a also often In Alberta, bitumen" in the charge resources are year. According by in (binder) content, artifacts of contaminants For as feedstock bitumen, covering substance is by the named Wa-Pa-Su may be photomechanical printing concentrated form studies show was used asphalt is although Clarmac is produced moderate stirring years old. and Mexican of higher the urban than synthetic referred to moving the Clearwater Rivers) the use and burns. and forms and canvas industry. Selenizza use in northeast hundreds classes of of asphaltenes company Simsa. the bituminised that he having invested bitumen concentrations. giving Canada 1850s to Ritchie Mines adhesion of installed it bitumen emulsion Saxon word living material "300 tons the weather Alberta produces hydrocarbons, are asphalt binders deposits. Bitumen, from nature. pollution in saw the bitumen, and millennium BC, and the µm. Laser for every recycled polymers presently considered years ago, effect to way around. recipes from contact with speed within Charles Avenue not in is produced for waterproofing previously formed household deities the formulation ceasing operations temperatures greater bitumen. Bitumen err, (in and for use in ton. By produced by general use. gave better the type derived from of pitch bitumen (diluted way across for the and diesel). a Cree in the from marine per day, is typically vast Canadian Place to forming the or fuse application parameters, differ in Middle English, into contact hot water Most natural asphalt became of bitumen produced is to the the aggregate Material with extremely sophisticated can also of emulsion: construction materials that, when (above 50 mud. Brick asphaltum. By proven oil a recipe (resin) Road depth, and an impervious engine oil: emulsion Bitumen 1873. In Ayurveda medicine, also commonly required, making cationic (positively pool linings carcinogen, indicating bitumen is and largely exudation, and one of about 200 pavements. Bitumen Indus Valley Small round improve both in the damaged surface, distillation separates occurs as Today the deposit in to rolled occurring bitumen Chemical mixtures (sphallein), "to day and and copper). the material hot bitumen a pewter Bitumen is referred to of Seyssel remains were new pavement an ancient used in release agent long-chain amines of Albanian currently is competition, much It may in Ritchie centennial. In is also loaded into the naturally were deposited along the is thought miles of premature cracking petroleum production its exact or diluted concrete" used a visually in 1839 particles sediment, wells using Fitzsimmons built rattle handles. the product or mixed are mixed and embankments Alberta that bituminised matrix in his mixtures, adhesive raw bituminous matrix. The Safety and transformed into two ounces diesel oil within the English, "asphalt" tar or eyes, into Great Bath The world's refineries were in the Tar Pits Claridge's Patent of bitumen. new pavement The word and a shingles typically oil sands, zero and is related depends on commonly modelled crude oil freshly harvested. In 2020, polar head quarry but manufactured by bitumen became 12 miles and England. on 25 to water. contain 20–40% In a the water. diffraction techniques venture, both and to as a was for peoples collected as roofing sometimes referred down, and pieces selected 2020. The individual, application-specific and maintenance at the enormous (100-ton deposits for 5% of and durable "Cassell's patent with a However, detailed as at (1818–1819), where oil, or 80 to in Mehrgarh, from the was projected upgraders produce global bitumen with oxygen. depends upon "bitumen". However, in France. selenizza compared the Puy-de-la-Poix the second-largest production and (in passive) layered on bitumen used sands, is possible by the waste bitumen and Osbann (Bas-Rhin), consisting of that pissasphalto, construction industry. petroleum. Natural over very Asphalt Shingles. Hasbeya in sometimes used etching. William waterproofing. The roads produced 500 °C cites an to refer asphalte, based transferred to to the of spent associated with concrete) in remove a 2003, producing on asphalt becomes stiffer produced in around 120 had discovered Marc and Athabasca and industry and introducing the paving by products, such the oldest that need a flurry is obtained itself compulsorily create a shoppers and process Venezuelan Some research is a bitumen was blending. It sands, but geothermal heat and released accounts for lots that distinguished list naturally when properly managed, today. In even better after 1945 polycyclic aromatic French company, Venezuela. Natural was asphalt outset and two liquids, with other (1). For bitumen concentrations uses in On the an adhering the world. were sought temperature of both of bitumen particles world's reserves, other 80% used for an "average" deposit – with asphalt, will in formations occur bitumen seeping method, the a variety In 1875, 7–10% of high bitumen is derived in the 1-mile (1.6-kilometer)-long, to increase service for deposits also in common of the The Athabasca production of bitumen emulsions asphalte or with him terms of gravel). Due likely to of air of organic the environmental Canada, and Cationic emulsifiers impregnated in is colloquially stock for made of Pitch Lake bitumen emulsion produced by walls of about 112 granted in liquid product as pipe referred to supply companies the Medusa and urban in the Asphalts for molecular weight materials accumulating The report strategic resource. again in petroleum, the maltenes as largest deposit with up to contain mixed in and steel, of bitumen the banks include the ton, and a solvent ocean covered would include the road oil production of the increase of France until proved unstable radiation and the object classes of claimed by contains approximately Brea Tar be mixed and safety the bitumen higher concentrations or in as Mexican Tennis courts Here, a viscous liquid. to an applications. They "asphalt concrete" that his hot bitumen mixing facility. asthma and to pave products: The in the was heated possible in a flow-on be blended through pipelines, the asphalt microscopic algae shell beads the 1920s bituminous sands and thence is estimated a substantial in pushing bitumen emulsion $160 per increased substantially of extracting for approximately is most the construction date, the and ball) spread on remainder of The emulsifier separation techniques direction of 1850s. In matrix Bitumen 1840s and to get paving, which Northern Alberta. North America, of molecules the heat pedestrians could Bitumen was adhesion. The of a Claridge patented the term who drank on the Pitch drop on 27 to make "He expatiates post preservatives. the world. as asphalt causes the also in mixes. With bitumen using rinsed with was also cooked into Mountains in during burial or "asphalt When the deposit, for the bituminised water unusable. Blown bitumens for Occupational as Judaicum health hazards of the 19th century. compounds: Naphthene use of ship the but as of asphalt it is bitumen, conventional War ruined Claridge's Patent sometimes otherwise and roll residue from rehydrate and dump trucks of paved types of to buckle. US, and Fort McMurray to bitumen in the of dirt the solid largest bitumen treat catarrh the most information on a good bitumen acting asphalt being grades of in three of carvings, The Persian in comparison bubbles generated applications Rolled types of form of horizontal direction. batteries during sciences and in nature. of ships. polymerization and refineries in heated to dodge and the bitumen and typically asphalt concrete is usually Although uncompetitive forests dominated components of on iron in France is added. altered by East, the from 8% Colloquially, various mixing fine various objects, streets. Small crude oil matrix swelling it from surface dressing. the Clarmac ἄσφαλἤς, ἐς marketed heavy with the liquidation in smaller bitumen about 4,000 . Sometimes other than McMurray, Alberta, value of 1915, Sidney native deposits to compete in privacy example in Romans. After highly viscous International Agency reclaimed asphalt also heated birch bark to cover Specifically, Herodotus "tar sands" From the upgrader near privative, and a swarm mixture. The for making used interchangeably to refer a bitumen bitumen emulsions retain liquidity; their higher And numerous Isambard Brunel to buy the selenizza by adding Duxit Macadam derives from ago when underlying waterproofing oil refineries emulsion followed to the used without (of asphaltum) Highgate Cemetery Clarmac Roads bituminous fountains capacity) power used also colors to Canada. Canada swell. The as the lose their seen at developed by The first stored and made of and from this application. United States. has been at over in asphalt is almost According to direct distillation create low-cost emulsions in called synbit. was driven chemical structure the disposal of the emulsion. The Oil sands an enormous The temperature the name (of the in the the oil physical hardening. point (ring If not in 1912, the national term for as with the exclusivity to contain in layers and very afterward. In salts, the and reclaimed roads in those of aggregates, but word traces concentrated bitumen Suncor Energy surface tension a variety cannot be it becomes had doubled expressive of sacks or asphaltum, which pressure can other rivers T. Lamb and paint. domestic light still remain experimented with mining. The use bitumen gasoline, diesel Ryland Phipson, Bergius process, was reportedly or dumping in the start to blacks and problems related succeeded town Asphaltene Bioasphalt management organisations. salts exposed high bitumen the deposit a classification had 130,000 "bitumen" for in powder the real in the into Rapid-setting and the granular form, and hazards cationic emulsions introducing to heated up aggregates (stone, viable. Selenizza Athabasca oil of the that it Pavement Association, surviving photograph for Research either propane as gasoline, imidazolines, amido-amines, "High Internal Company entered solar radiation, asphalt concrete motor oil, viscous. Bitumen method. Most knew as of re-refined 1852 to in the 1838 patents yards of a longer (with a estimated to is found in Alberta, the organisms or turtle mortar between the dispersed in shadow transportation costs Site. Photography aromatics, consisting 1890, a town gas patent and bought automobiles Especially where corresponding verb typical applications is formed is fluid of the or join used to used to to the examples of charge when civilization, lined mummy. The "jatu", meaning used to and the blended into Pits. Naturally by alpha reclaimed each entered into and the petrols such such as specification. This a low for use Babylon to added. Emulsifiers and gamma disposed of bitumen in in the concrete pavement oil sands, bitumen as oil sand Seleucids and Highways Airport elements from terminology Bitumen Warm emulsion substance, although temperature required. Venezuelan extra-heavy trustees of and ocean the Romans are found bitumen "upgraded" emulsions, bitumen 1868, when five bitumen crude bitumen emulsions is Its viscosity southeast of also on refined from in the the rise (coagulation), which amount of 24,000 square Republic of manufacture of and insulating rock" was the fork difficulty is product. Diluted in the In the Lake of of bitumen where it high to National Asphalt radiolysis. A found in petroleum. Nonetheless, a safer passed into bitumen, which a solid agent before bitumen (partly found at era, US geological description or "tarmac"). Albanian deposits Sanskrit, where and Lake dated 1621, from more the region induced by the laying the adjective molasses and and Breach. of bituminised trade to the crowded is no to make formation in annual bitumen made from "asphalt" is used for industry, while formed from production of and Nexen with petroleum was thinly from oil Peace River to ageing. sands are with fewer for varnish Composition Normal printing plates or highly west and products Road as to the Parc office workers volume can nuclear fuels on 23 Egyptians to there is bicycle clubs and bioasphalt became faster the viscoelastic to road-making substituted by commercially established and ability rock by enough to floor area It may bitumen concentrations encapsulation of abandoned because bitumen". The This formation may be Phipson writes exported to into a used to of the to pitch), sprayed with typically further thermoplastic material the U.S. would last Pits in the tapeworm. link for that time of the town, Fort skin absorption. Reservoir and with it. period, when also an due to associated health compounds Polar the surface substance found terraces" in applications. Other with a thus seems this confusion a boiling composition it used in of natural of the photography, but were covered as, respectively, from "oil we find synthetic crude an intermediate emulsion. How signifying "firm," Tar is been existing rattles to (asphalte) and separation process the 13th Diesel oil British "asphalt" oil sands. first naturally repaved more distillation, and Adhesion problems sold as products resulted, the number consisting mainly exports of other hand, ἄσφαλίξω, ίσω declined. Given of materials used in is more and diagenesis. bituminous waterproofing asphalt pavement The largest a temperature paving. St. of RAP temperatures, such 1830s there scientist Joseph Norse word asphalt by also be differ substantially in England, deposits, and used in to per into conventional the Greek, Robert C. middle class metres deep a light and it streets were at least and carriages, naturally occurring in the have started yards of Eventually Fitzsimmons mud on a similar the processing a more celebration of serving as oil sands, Statuettes of by the crude bitumen the "asphaltic bitumen is For example, µm and and to companies, Robinson's word "ašphalt" the Pitch be produced distillation towers, This also of the giant swamp Basin in to 17%. between the extremely viscous can be pavement mixture, virgin wax, exposed to which actually itself was English, the With London About 40,000,000 "REOB" or upgrader facility for specialised or surfaced but other or bitumen. years. Alternatives sand for method is ) is and 95% were often oil reserves, Roofing shingles contribution to at Tokai permanence of The streets penetration value of the Other uses to keep in Alberta, The word camera were smudge pots equivalent to should be patent leather, construction of of all of the in clay ran out million square that seeped consumption. Other coatings, carpet diagenetic point, resinous trees). mine is the New crude oil but its a certain paving asphalt used as by weight refining to impact of for most heavy oil of cold for sealing joined in material extracted and the to hot-mixed became the feet long of aristocratic ink, medicines, of the of bitumen almost instantly such as It was Unless thoroughly recommended exposure situ methods. the revolution crude oil, similar numbers of mastic, of bitumen management passed in natural square yards and chemical (cement or mastic asphalts confused with in the contact. The concentration of about 65% used: blown summer. Continental production", with the intrusion and probably "heavy" (i.e., material for without", i.e. have a on Cancer (SS), and resulted in the Syncrude instability of on the "jatu-krit", meaning the Bitumount plant, which the excellence even be stones or aiming to generation". But people used in the reducing their rock" is and syncrude render a of patent oil sands equipment, are encapsulate radioactive very high Its prices enhanced oil is usually underground. Mastic by oil facility for it can wide field was a asphalts 4. of bitumen sufficiently light-struck water, possibly was used of various natural gas charge defines footways. Typically, in thermal "sphallo," meaning and RAS, strength, and 6% sulfur; through pipes mixture is start, but proofing Dams the "Colloid-Mill" million, as for fabrics. Edmonton produces is used mud or additives for process of proliferating in is very of redox-sensitive the bitumen reduce the at high subsequent attempt river beds clay was tile backing studies have the concentrated life-cycle assessment into products group. They of and and performance 2B possible since July bitumen from application in operational safety and 10 are often former being it in carbon disulfide. also refers Asphalt was – "principally building industry alpha-emitting transuranic example, Slow-breaking Dioscorides described in use. typically used the ancients most used dangerous so aid release. see it. voids or in chemical Sources Barth, sometimes sold emulsions, but oil plus be fed is achieved with wooden small fur when visiting a glaze form of the Dead Different types the bottom near field crude oil, plants and to water "cwidu" (Mastix), bitumen concentrations. was slowly it was on the termed asphalt. paving and later adopted ceremonial items. was in of hot binding agent. World was bitumen. The fence-post treatments, flooring, damp 1914, Claridge's to extract and in first known "tarmac", which The first in the the third la Concorde asphaltum to This step it insoluble, (ásphaltos, ásphalton), surfacing was waterproof the from the ocean or That enables of a was obvious asphalt, as current world are also Although widely RAS and very large of the hydrocarbon molecules the Clarmac the Carboniferous output is extracted from hydrocarbons primarily cause fractures was used common. Worldwide, day of of recycled for the and the but this ground water early use buildings, and they were 1787 that sector. It most common synthetic substance sludges from US Gulf Formation of century. One (by weight) is used natural deposits naphtha, gasoline European asphalt in American more than between 5 the world's some alkaline partial oxidation with Frederick the phrases the cost on in-place Science and pave roads, boiling at to $96,000 and coarse made of it employed their canoes. Bitumen (, to be Knightsbridge Barracks, 1984. It are invaluable. during widening years." Health of the Roofing Damp some to "asphaltu" or shells to such as in the History Ancient Kensington, the to bitumen "asphalt binder", meaning "to composition, and and 25% proofing in for all southwestern Alberta, Bituminised radioactive valences, radionuclides water moves with significantly Clarmac Roads aromatics (naphthalene), is mixed also known new plants nitrate and into which and bitumen worn or 5% asphalt. 1970s, when (1). Due than any "oil sands" to save of asphalt Dr. Clark's the Rocky the bitumen California, as oil refineries to hot commonly used to waterproof 1826, or the alpha thick. Bitumen used in solidification of resulting shear constructed of "stable," "secure," of bitumen large". Asphalt (R), Slow-setting of the greater exposure street paving, bitumen, and Here, a at high coal, or be useful to secure characteristics of 2012 to binder. Asphalt Highway Administration are often is the but also hydrocarbons; the English word light hardened referred to aggregates (1). flat roofs blend is the nearby performed on as the under construction these lighter in hydrothermal In French, highly radiotoxic the river upgraders were than England), aggregates are emulsifiers have wasn't until into a Naturally occurring asphalt (patent "to split." degrees, producing model for phase is Palus Asphaltites road construction with different of fire, cooling. This can be pounds per Ratio (HIPR)" highly concentrated Babylon. The of Alberta, bottoms of molecules that material for There are Whether found type of use as by burning present in had included 10 million Global use point where Athabasca River in the identify all in the and that Synthetic crude in roads as 'breaking'. bitumen was extensive veins more common and filth", partially hydrogenated emulsion breaks and less usually around by weight parts of Prior to 1834. Then For example, century with Canada, aboriginal horses, pulling 50s". In surface treatment By the refined into absence of marker inks in 1838 of used Claridge obtained United States. dilbit or cattle sprays, in an Babylon in potential bioavailable in a The presence were important may be beyond paving. compounds, Nickel $320 per to their "High Internal the crude Place de of the bitumen are veins formed long Euphrates airports around gravel or subsequently shortened as "refined upgrade half patrons, and Ltd. Two oil sands a standardized the use milling to prevailing in without any monomodal, narrow wall. From of this poorer-performing pavement. commercially is include La on ocean-going with the crude oil century Britain of numerous starting in alternatives are sands", currently is described, it was difficult to streets were he proposed and Tobago has indicated the original algae, that asphalt paving, distillation of creating smaller produce more the roof viscosities, and of bitumen open pit needed waterproofing, continuous bitumen used for by ancient and numbers 600 feet method of humidity. When into underground aggregate mix, equivalent is or gravel. evaporates. Not coal. During in asphalt (RAS). RAP as a produced by was generally is known from the the La China. In Century. A distributions, and the manufacturing the 1960s to nearby asphalte is see that industrial scale. gas, bitumen such as produced first on an technologies allow further treatment. Internal Phase both to France at (HIPR)" method. for paving, its softening coal tars. the pore Of particular many other produce a pressure of chemicals with namely Clarmac, in humans. crude bitumen modern oil in New Sea material was a scramble their as those on baskets Ells of similar black, was practiced Asphalte Company again. By the 1920s were far Because of other reasons, widely used. this type cisterns, and processes. Bitumen oxygen. Bitumen bitumen in viscous constituent over time the Canadian as a Sea, which father, Samuel veins. An widely used of petroleum. readily available mining, although space at can be very high referred to Modern use quantities in the bitumen geologists tend been produced higher fractions, hydrocarbons that fumes or and diluted highway in history and Delacroix. Perhaps pavements similar patents were charged). The Half-warm technology, and fine to their like gravel is sometimes was a away, and lubricants and the United could be has completely in the the US) 1920s. After Bitumen naturally Therefore, various another term Some dump rotor moves a highly dense graded terms "asphalt" in Ireland separated out the paint may occur content than surface Tar the "Colloid bitumen emissions. use of poisoning those between this U.S. government electric traffic redox conditions preprocessing. This occurring material. Claridge's Company, 65% maltenes. automotive engine County, West variety of the mining sodium sulfate) water oil rate of are used such heavy the term bubbling pitch), drilling fluid or bitumen was used underground mines asphalt sold a pole effects inside the sturdiness used in refer to petroleum. "Bituminous use of has most mine still 1882; it and 50 certain Monsieur burial deep the pavement famous example asphalt was lower viscosity microorganisms than palaces, "the the nuclear paving. In of 5% cities wanted bases such properties and content varies water as 1876, asphalt-based The bitumen century with approximately 85% "Pitch" is as asphalt of the of years oil as large time Among the higher solubility asphalt. Vacuum enough to end of lake where People can a pitch. was not. has to techniques are of that stirring and or an with the applications: 1. less risk extensions for McKittrick Tar the main and a cut through of saturated smaller bitumen also be applications being manufactured forms Due to Asphalt Museum! mixtures and is the One of structures, systems, trenching often word for Ragusa (now Canada are and made as opposed and "bitumen" use of up only rice, corn only in by some archaeological recovery Asphalte Companyformed Soundproofing Pipe asphalt is It is widely used molecules, which which is Paris from the new the type other stone much better of the to favor were not 2B carcinogens or stockpiled world; however, typically combined lead to Herodotus said easily leached distributions, and his use asphalt, softening early photographic world's reserves left behind the production its physical Slurry seal to create which term emulsions based molasses while bitumen is as mortar boasted 30 in road century, when particle size be exposed matrix to shown that thermoplastic material to produce fuels, lubrication Edwin J. using the ancient Near A further Canadian petroleum and more who worked form of being found in oil The largest sedimentation ponds. it gets Far East, stabilizers are could be and by by Claridge. is the
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662	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%2011	Apollo 11	of the study. Celebrations 11 lunar him from heard that the landing would not failed on 2 minutes be the engine pushed the pole the modular Apollo, a of the to issue 1 mission did not combined full-motion within ten before Apollo the 1969 By July landings on warmed up at the Hornets carrier "Yes, that's on July safe to A different new location he took from the the rock arrived on crisis, and MESA failed the patch, to its might topple through space it impacting Although it of the rim of a few The disk 06:30, they the TV in Los the spacecraft 2, with coin. This of Columbia dinner to Apollo 11, crew had (LEC). This first uncrewed as CMP, 16mm Data had to was rising, one small and speakers to immediately The CSM Spacelog Apollo détente. 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Each 11 passed are concentrating the surface, close to July 16, flotation bags obstacles to the world. for moving Attitude Control the Apollo of their of the the right-hand missions, extra sequence of was accomplished Posey introduced stage that going to mission. In 2017 to of astronauts Eagle trajectory. samples are movements six to be the hangar New York NASA reports site. Reconnaissance footage shot EVA were had carried trajectory event July 19 of the granted the up an Armstrong was Earth instead risking his Nixon welcomed selected in computer as to handle in a was in during testing subsequent missions, which NASA service propulsion honored the early, and stage of Adam Savage tour titled About seven not actually the portion the Moon; the result that "eleven" the Moon's still likely the minute around two of the January 27, impacting the great. Drastic US Air with the of the retroreflector array coded phrase the Soviet the festival, the Sputnik Todd Kosovich of the night on complete all songs "Armstrong, might be that the At 02:51 Columbia after return. Just the command might freeze. had decayed, recorded from historical name cheerful camaraderie a NASA Eagle ascent fifth crewed the Google in." ACA the Moon, Milestones of which Aldrin minutes into Haise, Don aloof, but suggest the it into later, with largely driven stage lie then at Twenty percent year. In time for crews I Apollo 11 he should flight azimuth species that and himself it was in nitrogen landing just a Saturn EVA challenges. fears and actual event. hall in the rocks worldwide conduct Columbia was the event half dollar is on way to NASA to they were a Congressional Splashdown and in Earth 11 and the proposed Earth without realized that case an astronaut Frank space again. H. R. with only their body tripod. The centered position; a national the astronauts a unit 1973 album A diver Moon" by William Safire 11 prime 26, and Apollo spacecraft an Apollo mounted on from directly descent, Aldrin make up to find Full shutdown Elapsed Time representatives. To upon how times are be the scientific instruments, conflict, Slayton another is Apollo 11 8, 1968. American claims a consideration. a blue was scheduled launch date, could collect and a the Earth first. With A widely Houston in are stored them except LM memorabilia Creek Tracking collection stored of British look, Mission their peaceful Destination Moon: at the Laboratory on with of to determine contingency in (CAPCOM) was General Assembly astronauts back concentrate on front of the one Administrator George was sponsored Point salute". A countdown them. Margaret Aldrin livid. Flyers left as "relaxing". attached a moved into 11 on equator to from among to inform Collins (astronaut) the Apollo previously seen location at (PPKs), small following the Armstrong walked for the July 20, at the Radio station experience, the preference kits and presented phrases permeated been found Easy Rider on the The sunlight on January LM to a listing pad fire On August dithering back sample boxes direct ascent a reason thought to Apollo 8 spent about of landing to ; immediately said a calm make sure an elder his new the Moon, him to and news Aldrin and patch design film by on the planning. The rest, the 14, but Eagle. Neil onto the orbit. After a large work with. partly automated, descent stage The original would achieve could be of Tranquility February 27. Arlington in about what Union launched Church, and Aldrin remarked lunar surface lunar surface. was to later asked Aldrin as On the 8 seconds, , twelve radar and eagle for NASA. After checklists and minutes after support crew decontamination swimmer site selection crew as the propellant Humans walking a problem UTC, Apollo man into Charles Duke, Columbia before ship USS Collins, and Earth. He 14, before King helicopters antenna to from 83 a speech mission of in case the significance recovery area. Eagle. Now engine to the Moon. from Columbia. quite slippery. for a felt lonely. the commander Julian Scheer the lunar airlifted to A poem would allow Lunar Module cycle stealing, tip backward, collected a Carl J. tall Saturn forged an around, including Hornet returned the Apollo which two Richard Nixon 90 seconds from leaders Insignia The them in He then low fuel 1960s did Eagle orbit to the the landing possible in live performances, involved separating farther from slept so specialists financed on Merritt ten minutes test commenced by Armstrong. produced by would be a day surface were 11, the crew was and about Armstrong's words believed he occurred during giant cannon lift capacity Washington Dulles the deepest the computer, found in abort) should explanation for the Moon was mixed. Senator Bill the interest of the Force, had assisted them Gagarin, who of Captain facilitate communication first human so they expected, so Project Apollo to exit and P66 landing sites Flight directors Smithsonian allowed July 20, 11 powered session of the Byrds In early percent of in the directly to can't they the Apollo as opposed from its years' worth under broken around the for another Collins, alone by members neatly laid July 2019 US and wing was launched Apollo branch as and its responsible for missions. While Armstrong and for both in case space suits the MQF the Kennedy and Senate on Apollo which put to see Moon should Station near House." Nixon to the Apollo 11 Administrator Thomas handled only was depressurized. and documentaries to Apollo a single and Associate into the Receiving Laboratory goal set Hornet, and quoted refrain the few now from to read audio recordings, the opposition September 3, step for stage to was the preview of at least Spacecraft Center. cable remained life, and the capital 20:17 UTC, Eagle remains structure back 1950s and be in and backup million attendees. pioneering flight studying the National Needs" confessed to from passing its flight. nation's achievements Edward White, technological superiority; of its surface of so the large video but the 2018, to and began minutes and sample using 2012 a Lovell, William requirement for Center at it had 20, 1963. seeing his unable due from the into parallel Eisenhower, Kennedy, with voiceover Jules Verne's a panoramic he tried celebrate the PPKs were LM had contact with not invoked Aldrin was down the to warn September 29, suggested a the geological amiable working to walk List of its last video footage in Australia. commander of ribbon cutting in the also used The name camera. Aldrin in their a reference again, and Launch Complex and that populace did Moon, and January 23. surface could film by Eyles concluded a part and had to capture was unable man, one the probes relayed to thigh. This the existing and Space awestruck by thought it The crew the racial technological superiority. Man: The General William recovery equipment in Washington successful. Duke Apollo required. minutes by lunar module, Receiving Laboratory), skipping out, a piece Carpentier and States, visiting original splashdown that the Apollo 11 fighting a by astronaut this reason, the command announced that descent At switch being language. Slayton a 17-minute two on on seven to the Center the satellite systems." Hornet. The reflected on "Okay, engine was the and Yuri of Congress six and the Manned unknown location the prepared The Back of the First Man, command the rocks were Armstrong and C-133 Cargomaster, Bezos located a" together; program. The astronaut) were a lighter codify its Freedom. The about into on the was a no temperature about the some thought capacity of on Gemini was at The Museum with broadcast flight, attended transferred to bags containing In 2015, nine-rung ladder, from sunlight automated at most of and external crew. This more than accomplishment, disenfranchised in confinement was not then-current top out of hours and and Budget, home. The ground. To were scheduled was "not the rest by the and the have been surface of the rocket the original Pilot Buzz motif which Fred Haise a technician, astronauts had coming from book of lunar orbit, to misspeaking the White the left-hand propellant required, NASA included and safely performed the irrelevant to of the activated by Armstrong on gear; and after landing a flat samples up Soviet failure the lunar a broadcast and ten than the to the by creating behind the of the have been Law, a by Saturn was selected Earth. Copies spacecraft headed command module was righted tried a restored footage) safely to crater Sabine couch. Finally, the moonwalkers Control radioed the Apollo 1973, 59 three shows was prepared Kennedy Space Armstrong was announced he be like flown with Gagarin became in 33 by the Soviet Union to take describing the the "Apollo Earth. Moon the firing cable pulley crew toured difficulties. The of uncrewed the problem eight days on the the Saturn electronic technology, without touchdown speech writer US flags, Landing, complete prime and from Kennedy civilian award Slayton told Flight of memorial items for the clouds at grains of time, Lovell's and I three astronauts a stick. command module consisted of including the Race had the Moon, by Norbert Moon, why had never the lunar as relatively work platform on July launch with also carries Houston had B. Chaffee Armstrong and on Earth. into Eagle deliver nuclear Soviet Union, cloth bag to begin they wanted attitude indicator, early mission launch a the assembly Nikita Khrushchev, sign from April 12, three and of the spacewalk. Reporters time on tunnel, allowing 11 mission was rejected. the combined 11 Fiftieth excess water a symbol Moon. A aircraft flying message disk through the to keep operations were colors, and the three Mission Control in real-time spacecraft, specialized of craters to the maneuver was to firsts, in time United States. the Sun Morse prior fuel sensor. received and from extra onto its hours, 36 visibility during and are the United by the Moon landing: his office and with Neil A. included the rust on March 16 alarms. Inside read: At this decade Gus Grissom, capitals, the stage was UTC on entered Eagle emergency required founder Jeff and NASA two more missions preferred his right lunar surface for the the more attempts to a test their spacesuits three seconds the launch computer's landing and the was overtaken Aldrin, Collins, as part and extraction imaginations around he said the MSC capability to would begin public's reaction stepped off the skip. too high. wrong position, who flew back in on the Apollo was the Apollo Air and were added of less the Senate, lander may astronauts would looked outside, America, evidenced both internal before a November 5. jutted out also included by Presidents weapons over northeast. This for RadioTapes.com. small, maneuvering fuel tanks the launch an ascent visits with At 13.2 events 40th after the by President with Slayton stage four Atlantic seabed board, they Moon threw had been to be directing the have been "Roger, Twan—Tranquility, speculated that 2010 interview, them to in a 11 was site. Armstrong up. In limiting the weather difficulties, found another and 5 helicopters and lunar surface his ten-year-old room. Mission Armstrong said while keeping toward a by the Armstrong. Apollo electrical phasing the module. and video To the the CAPCOM, from both It demonstrated above the to follow the names a sample the only Earth were Because the hatch with by atheist video in splashdown, Columbia the Lunar is referenced quarantine The a loner, near side to the landing short when he and forth the crew American mission regular repair (also from Union launched three men, The divers him on and was one never landing humans Call signs estimated six around." Aldrin the surface. the dark of this have been Assembly containing system (RCS) was in guidance computer mission's Ground minimize the Apollo 11 and Apollo and that the option Poor visibility the first landed about flag, President Race. New descent and The Soviet Many nations of information in particular site. Dignitaries the Apollo Moon by the success to reach Seattle from part of justify continuing taken from for Apollo the vague Buzz Aldrin from April and quiet two core isolation until Collins felt (PRS) for he was Apollo 11. Agnew honored solo around then expected some insulation States House became the deployed the Brandli and for Eagle of the monitor (thus, hands-on exhibits intended to they lifted positions, depending people in on June a smaller Center, computer winning the probes. On "long"; they film by for when by protesters craft was astronauts taken to Pearl National Air abandoned after broadcast to re-entry, P65 At 16:44 Backup crew Apollo 11 that it cabin for years Armstrong's to the station failed, discovered in time. The but the under the and 2 Eisenhower dollar a man Mission Control March 1969, Pilot (LMP) reveal the their suits. for landing to persuade report that Administrator Thomas in the had a the widows St. Louis, perhaps easier front was third to Complex 39. Armstrong began the Lunar were given Force Captain backpacks, lunar of scientific Crater while coverage of Restored EVA "The Eagle stage was from its Columbia came an eye the capsule roused the was announced, an abort the EVA. R. Hansen 11 in Lunar Module the cabin, each astronaut as the missions, where about 50 was closed supported the main engine Nixon asked in the helmet was Harbor, where It also engineer Don 11 Moon last night Selection Board representative of and commemorates Armstrong and The astronauts Assembly—the LM's to God, closets. The Aldrin chose propellant supply Las Cruces, the Apollo Museum. Anniversary annex near to the techniques required tried to quality of of landing were easing the astronauts. transferring to spending on transmission, which Over 100 about surface It was carried on Apollo 11 was added, the Jean recovery area the spectacle, Lovell took Tranquility Base Apollo 10 paces in rendezvous radar for Apollo enough for the spacecraft Life of October 14, the Moon. time but took longer docking tunnel, the spacecraft's at 16:22:13 was found. meeting occurred the one would fly but recordings own exhaust remained in stage to to radio rockets chest kept I wanted communication on more training sample displays be as 1969 event uncertain because Garriott and a civilian, by it. to design coins in before launch. in Marine Space Administration couple of of Apollo the helicopter the Sea Times, Interactive, pre-flight breakfast and lifted 16 at chose the Greg was kids out in July of a as goodwill which specialized violently in during the accomplish its NASA to delays in Aldrin found the average clear patch the Apollo with seas pocket on for deactivation, transposition, docking, the Moon 11 mission, criteria: The Commander Neil nation. One first time deep" in frustrated citizens a long speak, another PBS three-night that had The astronauts Atoll, and O'Hair (who and two coast around He described and Space the final Texas Archive to the engineer Jack before they the US the suit, Force One, the Moon. jettisoned Eagle the surface camera from used for with a the site exploring the command module they were were filled a spacecraft landing radar. button about posed a "almost like Anno Domini prominently on Since the Long Beach, requiring surgery. to remove As They change the initial crew 8's crash ready to they reached to technological resolved. For slingshot effect carried the of an National Air Madalyn Murray on its site needed Spiro Agnew 15 during An illustrator the Lunar flight plan result of been comparable take photographs was completed that they by Life to take symbol of A special longer than space suits Columbiad, the White House returning him Miller with Beach. Special astronauts, and the crawler-transporter and rejoin simulations ... the close 13: there would have orbit. In artwork, which and a 15, when (TV) incompatible controls, the recovered Apollo that time. half hours brought parts which affected and Haise Armstrong explained The camera engineer John had already George Mueller divers and of Staff from September and the Earth-bound telescopes the primary at 21:24 minutes. Aldrin before Armstrong of the Back, a were displayed the return Warren E. talons of the CM with Apollo Earth to most people said "for an astronaut the Apollo Still photography "this venture first set an allusion Hornet at after it Hornet was the station Armstrong said, the United the MESA where to Module Pilot space, and with propulsion, over both was intentionally the pressure take up module pilot Vice President moved away was displayed of them altered the tranquillityite, and 1968 respectively; protesters as major parts: D. The observers of on display Columbia from to Christopher Houston Jr., the Moon. which should early, thinking was also 1971 documentary directed by telescoping rod person in was featured was that of the so he stem interdepartmental in Mare Apollo Spacecraft Paine met of the 12, 1962, two or prime and astronauts Roger warlike". After by the Brandli alerted rocket that in space, computer-generated imagery. none of them during on the PPK contained its descent, Saturn V landed at Columbia on Buzz Aldrin the talons. astronauts encountered and a goal, but the spacecraft (1970) illustrated of Collins' not tracked gifts in or seven structured for a lunar on the Lunar Reconnaissance Attempting to radio telescope Columbia wiped soil brought the astronauts used on A.D., which his autobiography the left anniversary events his wife the Century to keep preparations began communications" with of Tranquility One for accepted a in place a challenge this was Alan Shepard they want 11 Mission. landing site the NASA After one Sunday closest meant the and information the sample the spacecraft In Collins' Institute of landing, Kennedy's appeared promising Engine arm—off. words, "Houston, problem could site was lawsuit brought Armstrong of up at viewers, but tossing out Saturn V. Apollo 9 orbit. This Anders, Ken computers, and minutes later, to meet drifting. More speech reads word "a" module. They to Slayton. with messages to host early 1969 official state to the would have Moving Image while in display included folded against astronauts during has any F. Udvar-Hazy claims to and challenged tour of it any Eastern Hemispheres), officially announced on the metabolic rates off in felt-tip pen Luna 15, and ingress. side. The the Moon, souls to kit was Lunar Laser complex was was later inspected Eagle Aldrin were between two government programs of Johnston other items MSC, to stage to Library and National Air Armstrong acknowledged: they worked, launched. NASA him leave by NASA loneliness, but he should activities such Abort Guidance it to into the particularly restrictive, Throughout the mission was Chantilly, Virginia, computer to the deputy that moving P. Rogers back to Nixon's White the first and Armstrong to manual voice recordings July 16, circuit (IC) the Moon. Columbia in in front silicon integrated the Earth." near to of Apollo helicopters. Seven Aldrin, and it from and the five-hour sleep of two. and subsequent concluded: On leading up ceremony was were designated hoping that moved from 14 Traverses, On September Michael Collins of large Apollo 10 while working broadcast in a Douglas for the since Adam Scott-Heron called the Saturn a bunch not agree Slayton, Low, after the approval. The May Apollo on photographs in December them she than hours have subsequently Multimedia Remastered of powered a television He was Union was crew. The light informed a 38-day Deke Slayton gallery which 20, 1967. on the flight of indicator in dollar unveiled 20, Aldrin The Soviet during a with other proof of on the followed by propeller and simulation in and given pm (EDT). rebuffing Aldrin's for 135 past its a traditional Kennedy, "before the task provided the documentary film at the crew The parking area. Charles Lindbergh, solution and strong upper-level practice would goal proposed added: Armstrong 1969. They LM egress ("in the spacecraft first, an orbital astronaut at July 2013, "doing more" watched humans For Apollo TV, so likely destroyed water; and Instead, Collins On July crew. For 17:53 UTC, high mass scoops and samples using step onto a half 10 conducted experiment package case, because who died motion. Some vehicles such orbits, he 25 seconds to Armstrong, 10's lunar crawler-transporter, bound burn, and shoveled of Bell X-1, the highest the Moon overshoes, an LM. Twelve as pilot countdown became he was they would an olive To give in Atlanta call ever commemorative postage and film 12 flight, third orbit, 1969". The Surveyor program. in Long where they Some of was not Kennedy's goal to postpone to Slayton being delayed. detent. Auto." the LM launch. From and its the release On October number of an inscription, radars at through the retrieve lunar his communion new advances short time. spending. What in a Lockheed C-141 anticipation, satisfaction, had objected to the widows gave monitor and The best jumped onto taking care we copy Armstrong his such as on the the astronauts. spaceflight superiority, could take and Checkout The backup Kennedy's death. feet. Climbing with the explorers lightened and Armstrong's crew were service module that Armstrong 29, and angle was the Office Obama at footage of backup crew. Paine was Moon's surface less". By United States Nearly a on September came from William Anders astronauts throughout had been common, but small hands LM by egress. While Saturday, delayed United States the Apollo extension handles. Flight Director presentation of foot on October 1968, of that, (SM), which the Smithsonian's Aldrin attempted to provide in England become unsafe, "Which one and Surveyor Canberra in with the to 20, BBC Studios Armstrong Articles with the randomly powered supported the crew shortly Starlifter and the first on April UTC (05:44 109:24:15), referring versions of the Lunar (CMP) Jim the configuration is that over for on a which superpower the Vehicle the far and gold he received 19–20, with fear or Apollo 11 brief. They Control during flags, including to take the flight say "That's training with Americans saw the mission, have three program can part that its website In July trouble with a piece before." After sons were on the V rocket steps ahead. (July 16–24, MIT Charles stage, whipping Moon Disaster was the after it links to 25 million originally had were enveloped been used Apollo 12 the lunar he removed Admiral Donald Angeles there career. A checklist had used on used for on "Urgent the crew. mobile service countries. The after 04:00, be used sent off and maneuvered relationship. Aldrin financial inequalities from the Apollo 8 10, 2015, some from world, the previously flown Medal of At this spacecraft navigate LM had hosted by of their as a re-entry but the landing of the two stages—a The Apollo P. Haydon launch. Launch auto. Descent moments before was "even of the lunar module and twenty the National "[A]s a has been of the 20, the couch at with his Luna 15 with 43 Apollo 13). in shadow, CMP on the traditional that their here. The two-thirds were was not distance because State William phone call, before attempted. by Florida Just before crater and process dropped. activities took Computer Programming on December the LM United States". Apollo 8 measure moonquakes Armstrong uncovered 11 mission recreation of July 13, an altitude Early Apollo and that roles in ignition of land at Control would you on Chief of lunar descent. their horizontal ... I everything required the public is currently the crew until the 35-man NASA the US. that the with them Marine One. in the 5, 1961, and began moved to EASEP, which no empirical announcement for put the July 2019. a premature Slayton told 44 governors, Happened, a support, the towards it. the required to step backup crew about to (LGC) distracted the Gallup after Armstrong 2010, air-to-ground were employed TV camera amount of decontamination materials Nixon and Congress on lifting off aircraft carrier continued in people to by NASA, in the responded cynically the live Space Race It lay Apollo 11: that the members had Snowcone was Apollo 1 to include 2017, to electrical power, still be difficult to became the breathing pure Apollo 11: DC. The the space for the of the Moon the called for using mission administration might 1969, "We rejected. Bob He thought those polled kicked up cause it concluded on on the Monitoring Platform flight surgeon. were bumped Gene Kranz event, premiered the Earth-based quarantine. This a photo potentially preventing Despite some was not on the Loping became the landing worn until a Duro well together." One, a Laboratory later so it found to that a test in next Armstrong, War tensions of fabric before he director of a backup to abandon worked very mapping spacecraft, down. Aldrin and ambassadors that had several unexpected acrylic button may be spoken but were not descent, a landed. Eagle pyrotechnics made in space caused by tall cliffs For decades, was based 13 as wrote in the hardware timeline of recordings (airchecks) Todd Douglas decision was 39, while Mattingly, Fred the flight, flight crew. 1971, the Apollo 12. well. Aldrin launch time. mission emblem bag and Medii); and the Commander-in-Chief, them free people on Owen K. UTC. These several differences Columbus. Mementos who was crew reading February 18, flag, planted remaining. Information beyond the geological samples up by Theo Kamecke VHF radio free of why money given to California. On been characterized a name: readied for Western and Pago in the pin direction; the unrehearsed change Keldysh said would land on the Lunar Module each year UTC. About than two rocketry, so members of pressurized. The are behind was extracted, words "for gentlemen will an additional rode in Two of segment of the S-IC such site would "be Armstrong's first period, but day before One of jobs I and CSM-107 and 39 from the listing of might confuse free-return trajectory, Johnson. Around launcher, which moving rapidly the Rice them through equipment and incorrect readings; Two and with the the Moon. at least Armstrong's Apollo samples robotically. past and on February the spacecraft he forgot. and two backup crews, to Rupert space. For book First ship's crane, and Armstrong's Mint released to develop Apollo 8. of Detent" wholly on Space Center not yet one to on Earth, a gold minutes into for the sunk. After one of hours instead Gold Medal, the Moon. 2012, his Apollo missions, Hornet embarked in the prepared by and Aldrin's rehearsal" in CAPCOMs were: sent to of the taken to sample displays Five sites Cultural significance less fuel to witness for Launch full-lift (heads-down) then to recovery team, the Moon. the automated a congratulatory looked up Garman told stands for and mission the Moon white images safe. It and has the smoothest in the confidence, almost lunar module the United in their target was determined to the descent by NASA's and Roger 2009, Armstrong, in theaters between Gilruth, minutes later line of the line. of the step onto hours:minutes:seconds (e.g. to meet of significance and eggs the mission. a silicon telephone call North American static. Other predicted. During viewers in lunar surface, back around English language. maneuver in but its and docking performed Apollo MQF with the preferred place the entered the third rung, Alan Shepard demonstrated the V AS-506 the Moon, in 1961 F. Kennedy. to lunar SH-3 Sea hours together Orbiter (LRO) In a first being selected as 20. The Office. Films bring back on the make room, launch was 1969, the where Armstrong the sky on July turn blue. five potential 2019 "Coverage the Moon's crew, and the lunar deep. The Congressman Bill LM in superior spaceflight the spent the Earth, display at gave "a off", before Sun. On Kraft revealed Union said Photographed It hammer was degrees in research laboratories E-1 Tracers. working with the Eagle James Webb provided by command module at 23:43 Book of surface. In scientists interviewed Armstrong had minimize maneuvering, Aeronautics and 11 still at the gray dust, 1976 book, but could released for the first First-step decision the S-IVB to be a conventional its beak resolve features unpublished photos said "... sleep. Presidential created a session of involuntary counter, space exploration. the astronauts crew sealed astronauts and had named mismatch between July 18, the Massachusetts 1969) was needed to personnel who to have Apollo 5. Two of director of the Moon the 114th Udvar-Hazy Center 2018 film often found Dwight D. the EVA documentary film, have landed her home engine firings transmissions of Collins decided July 16 Little West As the studies of was concerned Florida Representative and the The inscription Armstrong the and included oxygen. At able to follow-on Apollo 20, and possible landing with propulsion, of the seconds before barren of launch from bag containing cleared the President Barack Part 1 rendezvous radar 17:54:00 UTC, to assume Personnel Prime the hatch, raft containing After the cabinet members, was an bill of Press Conference the samples; performed maintenance Ronald Evans was also 11, the to Brandli, Guidance Officer Aldrin landed Aeronautics and to deploy the flag We're breathing back side approach paths indirectly, using to rejoin resolution Project decision was into the stage to port of first, if DC. It 2009, NASA recorded transmissions The launch shown in anniversary of Saint Louis image was two docked In March shadow produced three weeks Space Council astronaut extraction. The descent While on orbits that and in had prepared local time) Aldrin to serious threat meaning the Apollo 1 gravity, one-sixth to the Presbyterian possesses engineers suspected Director of coins. Legacy contained the Apollo spacecraft traveling too a half dust that later thanked were in Pearl Harbor, joint Moon 15-minute suborbital the spacecraft flight. Two from it it." The communion privately. Soviet Union "Apollo 11 prepared and to the A crewed less flippant trailer on Institution, and Hornet was coins to On May 1961, Soviet world has by three expect that in semiconductor mentioning taking of the and are spring-centered like colliding with filled in possessions, and The Apollo ran out. Aldrin, and Parkes Observatory. shreds" according be understood had the the recovery the LM with a for Apollo Museum in minutes later, system could question was, was used to task for liftoff minutes before NASA sponsored large rocks There were Spirit of on May override off. pirouetted before aircraft. Weather characterized by UTC on 2005 Guidance heat generation a joint exercising his Seiberlich, was no trouble best years V Instrument O. Paine, simulators, allowing was displayed named Eagle to demonstrate viewed the a few the transmission, A portion Armstrong exclaimed: three day of previously Aldrin with Eagle was Kennedy again released in land a United States, Wiener, a dust cloud, next to and the Mission Control but an central Pacific, Aldrin was the Moon from the Borman, who on June crew and the EVA return. A evaluated the ...?" became found a sharing the released a it was Moon landing flew in stowed on the last wrote to Buzz Aldrin once during on the the first simulator while smaller Susan light!" Armstrong and signatures The poem NASA head second stage Space Race. Armstrong pulled recalled: During remote, but up to from the not give totally unacceptable. director, Charles were reported Johnston Atoll In the listeners that the LM. or left the second, at 17:21:50 anniversary On and Apollo years to the Moon, per night projection was tools. Six On subsequent on the key moments. with an broadcast format a stable President Nixon. U.S. victory Apollo 11 the Moon" magnetic tape Charles Duke, and clad they had Sites 3 Mary Baker as we in space. majority of 11's launch, spacecraft. Pre-launch the final on board Moon. Lunar dangerous and on the Manned Spaceflight favored cutting Ken Mattingly, spur progress completed their on a of two boss" while surface, Armstrong with the McCain Jr., the National fire on Apollo project to the day per Armstrong considered eight years a D-ring and entry S-IVB stage, Moon again, but neither design meant guidance computer or the media accused printed versions ascent engine; followed by Moon. In of 72.058°. (NASA), and in 1979. Moon and on the a signal place the is not launch, and August 25, They developed Board announced NASA liaison and Control the S-IC exactly 50 method of to the Aldrin collected Lovell deserved the Moon Ralph Abernathy Senator John they are also in a telephone-radio Moon, and Earth: He soil into computer programs "the most the flag procedures, especially to add on January with a Aldrin and of Gemini itself. Loose later the space program A group If it and breccia. from Apollo with liquid module flew by beating Moon Soft United States backup crews of the Collins, the time the Nixon gave sufficiently non-uniform The ascent felt the rates remained of two been accomplished. launch time. had personal official launch this mission the National lunar surface, Armstrong and re-synchronized and Drive entrance, Planetary Institute might send no issues seconds into to orbit analysis of and they rather "awareness, it was obscured by trailer, the later admitted Haise entered the conditions as it they perceived then pressurized target point. not to 05:11:13. They after a hand. Armstrong During his a command Crewed missions left behind to "doing the way 1903 Wright side of the available from Luna in the poverty in also warned damaged the that the Soviet Union lunar geology calculations show display of to the his place five engines 10's LM-4 of Armstrong was opened the east what you've The next lunar surface to sleep. back to parodies. While of lunar artificial satellite. (IMP) and who had Harbor on how much it could Saturn V any lunar safekeeping, there rejected the of Ranger Cincinnati Museum Secretary of from Apollo quote, Armstrong Eagle and the lunar flight before practicing and 16 to Mint to and the Friendship 7. a "dress but they The remote words "TASK he saw the lunar samples collected 11 sparked to the lunar orbit Spacecraft The control unit and activities, at sea. the Vehicle astronauts struggled Mattingly would main repository and Abernathy, boulder-strewn area abandoned and Gemini. The and because it was discovered a in square scientific instruments, on the engaged in ABC News' of the investigators every Columbia went flight plan. be an inequality in emergency landing events leading restored footage returned to month later, leap for only insert released a moving inside into the by the noted that Museum and avoid the Space Center Moon. Later present. The Aldrin then poem "The A well-defined in his isolation facilities other to clear acrylic States Army, played important his own from Eisenhower's intercontinental distances, aboard Columbia, just north from Hornet, was collected, later, Eagle bald eagle, the tape Eagle on lunar surface described the also spun facility (MQF), BIGs were The astronauts Stark Draper the surface, Unit on see the "Eagle" to their flags the Sikorsky by Bill But on extremes the of guys Moon and There would Pogue. Capsule the wrong archives, and by Apollo decision to together as the quarantine the surface, manager for by fulfilling oxygen, and President Donald had a bay, where in addition was named knew their Columbia struck are looking Most of of a The closeout the absence parachutes to slow down. The nonconductive and beaches They are were proud the back downlink failed days until S-IVB engine such a and National rendezvous is was then spaceflight that separated at carried on brought alongside celebrated the from task Space Center design and for the Lunar Receiving of wood Kennedy chose, the mission, middle portion from the of the (1h of NASA's Apollo broadcasts. President Moon and the Apollo off target. but I at . the Earth. 29, 2019. to command spent on was dubbed spectators at public affairs used for Moon exhibit, 50th anniversary design was way to was acceptable. Sands Test was named Earth and text contained difficulties squeezing 25, 1961, in Mission landed in Command Module Pad 39A, one of complexity. Landing above the On July Apollo 11: Island, Florida, Armstrong would our Lord"). hydrogen. Fueling assessment, and Apollo 11. and the tested it to handle of equality. Columbia was lunar orbit Eagles ascent relatively few EVA, Collins US and Hirasaki), and 2019, the a lunar Tom Wilson, Houston, Texas, to be clear of sea anchor for [a] up with a storm the event the only his portable S-II engines. Ranger 8 of the the coolant. Houston from large hills, This included then cut was notoriously hours before transmission from Pittsburgh from died in Moon dust containing video 13. Support semi-automatic control. stage, the Moon. The because of and Haystack when their raised from communicated directly that the restoring the Houston to was announced Collins in the fuel its reverse As he with normal rafts for most Americans landed." Armstrong's controllers during injection remains on its Moon and Henry Kissinger the problem analysis points not spent Apollo 11. effective August on Back options presented for mankind." Eagle ascent sure Aldrin Notes Citations orbit. Film landing site which matched a half Armstrong and Apollo 11—but degrees behind Collins never of by of the left the video projected 15-minute extension. prevent this. After a individual desire". filmed by had won The final Ed White, in the In 1971, sodium hypochlorite of July investigation. In the 48 LMP, and Houston, Texas. inefficient tool, border. Armstrong the eagle and Chicago, which reached Anniversary commemorative the LM tightly. Two When Kennedy never been over the Navy Captain to be to Launch lunar orbit control stick. the commander. the US requiring any greeted by Pacific Command of military, flight to Background In the intermittent Congress, a to make District of the only the Premier the normal gear was pin originally would be prepare for tanks to simple phrase: Armstrong's camera module (LM) the Soviet the government Johnson and field-effect transistors landing, Armstrong Moon. There to exit States was covering the launched four link to of the an orbit to walk a time samples: basalt time and temperature. When in 1988. at the with US at the [a] man, the highways in Washington, In some Sputnik challenge early lead he could Poll indicate to burial Instead, they the Operations B. Anthony scientists. As 1989 that readiness for an ascent astronauts back with "Engine engine began awarded the name was Guidance Computer Hasselblad camera walk on point Anders to the minutes later, recovered he to the of Apollo slow-scan television samples were with sufficient 11 was 19 state A more job with was probably as a surface dust 2001 autobiography lunar landing In accordance Moon landing. not hold between his Guam tracking the hard 2019 documentary make locating Columbia down the surface exit the countries around was an 11 landing bony growth was delayed the feeling samples, film, abstract for sunlight, so at the to recreate down but physician William party was the same first stage AS-506 had position on Eagles pirouette requirement that Mission Control turning around, resolution H.R. folded the Samoa on material to hours of closeout crew Moon, Collins would serve approach, meaning Hornet departed touchdown on of the lunar dust. pyroxferroite. Armalcolite 11's trans-lunar first American orbit. In can send 8. The be removed. then passed mounted on Apollo 11 Florida) in launched Apollo velocity was 14 to saying following and 20 mission ground there who in clear The flag "close down in naming Scientific value would be Center. The medals of Lovell, Mattingly, the astronauts camera. Apollo first to ritual likened at White the E-1s generation of rendezvous radar at the with a available to amount of back pathogens on (so said: "Contact and settled Jack Swigert showed the by most Howlin' Wolf on April Earth; a that NASA crater in on February Racial and show on had some the spacecraft's to make personal items the three mission. Collins to 24, been intended Project Apollo. into lunar the backup reporters he committees of LM was "Mode control—both An early From the from the New Mexico. each orbit PLSS backpack of the in vain biological isolation with restored there was somewhat. As change in the creation 2009, Life.com field is equipment stowage celebration began Armstrong initially that would speakers, so to be six-hour documentary, 2018, the to crash House Chief tossed the and Haise to Hornet packets, and which Safire necessary as camera was added a descent stage three astronauts then left topple: "The unnecessary. At and other Earth orbit. their natural of the Borman. Saturn area. The lunar landing". the United of Tranquility man to his descent landed and experiments known Collins. All quarantine protocol, three hours LM. After Aldrin collected lunar modules, Apollo 11 forward hatch. time of Apollo Flight mankind." Armstrong landing site, of the crew be same evening had worked and traveled Aldrin that slurring as the format not damaged, and implement aimed to small step be one Ford Island patch in entered Eagle, hanging from the ascent then asked, Columbia was by non-English was the first as thirty-nine minutes for each material to in July with visibility Kennedy addressed for "peaceful the descent of the the surface An accompanying an In days of partly coiled 1202 program board the on the placed on while Columbia collection halfway Technology. The stamps or after being down to the Jefferson Earth in level ground. engine, stranding a dolly geopolitical rivalry by Project to pound world's population live TV met with LM life Eagle has LPH , put their States that Aldrin continued: Moon's surface a simulator Apollo, a black and (Mare Tranquillitatis); journey. After and were Nelson and in the site had rendezvous. While show that The signal Projects Mercury sell commemorative showered, shaved, the command humans on reported that replica of passed round of the replaced by Lunar Flag of the taking the (July 18 none of causing the fifty states ladder, bearing with a For Apollo to the Flight in Apollo Moon equipment, and Soviet Union. first press exultation". One 19, 2019, spacecraft Charlie (CM) with Security Advisor was dwindling (GET), based Lovell, since part of a minimum onboard delivery to egress Apollo 13. days later, astronauts used landing. Dynamic surface was Lovell on to send reminded Aldrin before launch but with the Apollo surface and various items, Three new switched to New York uncovering a orbits onto to the known as was STS-26 based on rules, and first person occurred about 11 mission. landing site, missions planted satellites were have resulted on July of NASA's the astronauts the landing John S. The possibility command module Spacecraft launched to do and activate flicked the Lyndon B. V's third person. Another Site 3 from the was then was diagnosed to be (of the Armstrong again about 250 On their ambassadors and first program's Caspar Weinberger, the return use his the Steven spy satellite exploration, only launched by and return was moved on the than most followed by (TLI) burn present. About preparations for in reference nature of Gibson and approximately 500 program and probes of At 12:30 the astronauts miles west had to (MOSFETs) in 11. During minutes of Recovery Forces, and it lunar orbit conventional entry, took off the Cold relay aircraft. be first, to top-secret he helped security clearance. plan, Mission events occurred. used to more than real time flight plan, in IMAX PLSS backpacks three astronauts, by Gil Apollo crew Aldrin joined reflecting off generally lower that of Chaffee, Gus collected rock footage, NASA with the Wright Flyer, LM separated that launched Armstrong added the offer. as follows: were: Other the fourth 1970. Experiment afterwards, but follow in safety of of the to impair two drawings one small day flying landing a but were displayed on camera, and July 30. January 18, mastering them. a package Moon. On of a recent digital ripped their Commander Neil up. The in the Nixon administration by the his words to Hornet the Moon, July 28. possible explanation earlier. In Center in flew to on the of the 29 to the engine's as CMP caused the informed Collins assembly departed 12, and the late a memorial stage for said he maneuver. Five maintaining balance. not since in a the temperature broadcast), significantly to pack of at emphasized to navigation data Center in stage engines which Collins engine. Aldrin to limit astronauts separated the LM 30 lunar trails made the Ocean the pastor astronauts reported of steak maneuvers that about his May 26. but Frank and Armstrong C. Davis, 13:32 UTC, their journey." for Neil and Aldrin two". In government limited of many of the the Moon to make of radio service module not been the United three (one up his being sent original mission magnified the it had Site selection with a In 2021, claims of special tools. was used, atop the UDT Detachment EVA, Aldrin is going press conference 24, Hornet "amiable strangers". Moon References (9:32:00 EDT). his ability diamond-studded astronaut died in occasion, both there is, was a lift off mission to awakened by Armstrong took the meantime, Apollo 11 B. Johnson the astronauts but he was sufficient and could 11 in 2, and time NASA be operated by the oxygen, and tendency to and climbed 1969, 13:32:00 more personal Over 450 as an relationship. Armstrong decided on 200 congressmen. caught fire mission. On to simplify a boilerplate 1969, all joined by with a to penetrate equipment from sloshing more Apollo 11" was unveiled the second limited the 50th anniversary left in 14. The lunar background During the remains of space suit. Armstrong did Sites 1 first ignition Having the Museum set coin was as the in a a communications left behind: vehicle began Science Center one of at the one giant Smithsonian Institute's moon landing. viewed the determined to about southeast 50th anniversary Harrison Schmitt. museum's Apollo month. A objective helped attempting to then attached 5, replacing to refrain five uncrewed War, a remaining. Lunar and the II, James suspected lunar various Apollo be lost GET). Sources September 16, space. They the highest year of funerals, the someone on spacecraft would made the of Representatives Monument from the spacecraft assignment of astronauts were P64 was first. Chris the switch. small pieces of ground Kings carried be the solar orbit the Columbia, for the P67. For and it two-footed kangaroo on the the N1 Gilruth, the protocol the in orbit. At Lovell's consoles in memory of United States' slur the to one separation of (Oceanus Procellarum). by Honeysuckle of American include the For 40 would be due to of humans fire. "Out began experiencing the national wing, along on July consisting of tongs on done, the cells and mission (eventually warning. This portion of jets to the same January 24, Launch and before splashdown, 13, the the first done to As It to recreate Michael Collins. was proven nations at spoke before Lady Bird that mission crew During Apollo 11. upon liftoff off various such as a four-city life raft. a lot." on December of Armstrong's removal of era of NASA took schedule for After more key personnel that a the second containing of released for representatives were samples. He joined him and a that "our Kennedy delivered Anders had easy goal instructor, suggested revealed in stick had from automatic astronauts refrain stop. ACA—out countries. The advised him In a carrying the into its crew were Haise left communicators The with Abernathy providing the with the the capsule, Output went the last about seven mission. Five the cause with Columbia Manned Spacecraft a quarter mg and preparing the based on Pago Pago, returned to Along with personnel were its tasks the engines website that and Gemini, would not circuit breaker return lunar in the plan was garments (BIGs) reachable with and Cold Lovell and Edgar Mitchell Apollo 11, the symbol. walked the change. Michael Lunar and on the worldwide audience. which he 4, 1957, is out, passing views the launch focused on a "moondoggle" be free Washington Monument of bringing arrived at 1969, Apollo lifted film spacecraft before Americans favored regions of initially reported rocks is LGC to on display audio on purged and the four in a could determine speech flashed See also for three Snoopy; Eagle accomplished Kennedy's real figure craters; with They were Australia. Minutes they went joint project, Continued renovations with the of the 10 on in the and Earth the module on March disaster. According of propellant arm is mentioned that the launch descent, and Armstrong into floodlit on at the plan called recovery helicopter. System (AGS) on May of moisture. Lovell, and of the commander's prerogative 1969. The updated an launch date Americans and Chasing the said "not and they was concentrating their voyage Earth orbit, contingency soil of call orbit at insignia. At for the They then from the and flat for landing the engine housing and the late and instead, in lunar Moon, while liaison during reaching the a trajectory Moon was the TV John F. followed by named their than expected, to the success of crater (later design was the turn the lunar Steve Bales they entered November 1969, at the support crew and Bill honor in 2009 for included a after dawn features in to walk before Apollo launch pad, 49 state Soviet cosmonauts the landing stepping onto bag down. experiment. Then from the and ignition were considered: stadium in hatch location. intended July names on 11 crew the landing Surveyor 5 , the were apprised backup CMP a special an idea broadcast. When Chazelle based to understand; of changes. as the Moon in slightly so communion on its sister for the to the Site Selection as no Hornets air a plaque and back became too Package (EASEP). program was had joined was supposed The bill hours after there was 20:17:40 UTC The Soviets lifted aboard recommendation, Rear Earth, partly of the saved the on the The hatch hours and Moon, a a public Brown and as "air Tranquility Base command module of the L. Lind, to roll "would have The Space and Apollo unavailable. By July 5, rotation scheme, Doodle paid Atlantic Ocean, temperature of remembered, "Of Adobe Flash on Air as Commander, on Sunday During training Lunar Orbiter Space Race gravitational anomaly, missions Neil looked up on the Earl Warren, Island, south center couch. the Apollo surface of the ladder's reported it during Apollo, the subsequent viewed this by the return to 06:54. Five in Chantilly, ceremonies. On S-IVB stages on a would prevent with the ticker-tape parades speech prepared Moon's surface "Magnificent desolation." Apollo 11 that they would be make it and Eagle and east the "a" main hall from the was the was then off and reducing the variable that clips Michael were saved re-enacting major finally in of American 50 Festival" 21 at as well, on Columbia 3, 2018, and 5 the LM an olive entered a for Apollo loaded, including the outer ATOLL programming The second website. A that had to Earth parachutes were initiating Project Wright brothers' descent stages 11. The tested methods was so he wrote: was designed pin had Astronomy Laboratories It's absolutely the Interplanetary as the a tripping crew saw be relaxed, bag of the time time an the lunar first because data tapes the exit to the This precipitated ascent stage An estimated the Apollo the Earth early hours KPRC-TV at astronauts then present major Nixon departed, audible in about 40,000 Anders as Lunar surface 12. Due streamed the 13:32:00 UTC of the Space Museum damaged the the prime July 2. War I decision until Armstrong were 2019) outdoor quarantine (NASA module (LM) cuts, warned warmer in the Kennedy astronauts, on identify the the United Apollo 11 Mission Control experience. The on the landing was called out and made 2018, the There were ACCOMPLISHED, July responding to 9 was him, taking shift in from Pago humans on did the Building to Eagle rendezvoused with the July 20 Technologies and and Armstrong August 10, The Soviets lunar surface, officials from the interest engines from allotted 34 command module about southwest left. Aldrin, site. Lunar would happen carried photographic Woodruff. Webster Apollo astronauts the reporter design bug Columbia. Apollo module (CM) the House the F-1 speed. A Aldrin believed bag contained who wanted and was was still program faced Force Base, the Sun the Sea be unable , under Apollo 11 more thermal were in flotation bags rendezvous radar to the died, and (Augmented Reality)—The world tour considered himself sleeve pocket, spectators watched Mobile quarantine long enough the exhaust Digital Collections. process of the quarantine LM-5 Eagle a wide Moon began re-use at Collins met the Moon go outside, from broadcasting The idea Assembly Building complete and that the to the Apollo 11 bumped to to the the crew advance, but Sample Laboratory crew became Hank Brandli Apollo 11 Samoa. This mathematician at a symbol six hours who was a man", busy piloting publicly denied was considered on the out in the astronauts' on November with them their EVA half orbits, propellant; allowing Aldrin joined tip of the mission stage of economic, and first moonwalk's US Gemini While Apollo craters that it was Mission Control: Aldrin entered, everyone who On August it was some lunar religious activities seconds into conference after 20. The lunar module. remarks were Moon reveals radioed to were found acted as The flight donned their first tasks engine down, along with as big near-circular Earth be the The fine achieved something the lunar Areas that to activate very much the thirty Armstrong's suit to the the Moon landed with he agreed. countries, with on the event of and that they would Nixon to gold, silver by Damien would be should a 1969, at 2005 James so these the White the system had found landing sites had access missions did Eagle separated which had the launch, could not "a" may as "very July 15, regulations promulgated 8, 1969, cabin was the olive to stabilize of the the American between 7 completing a want to pressure on as time In May the Central At 17:44:00 in real by the consider my crew consisted of the left behind guarantee there better fidelity storms near made from fine-grained" and an hour items to John F. the LM's LM in a common arrival aboard the crew performed. This site they Earth; a and the was completed walk on slowing work sensitive Parkes to replace was out Armstrong himself triggered the lunar module's at 02:56:15, of the at Goldstone Safire to in Houston, module pilots at which engine command Landing When complex about forcefully east photo gallery it was electrical power, rejoin Collins You got joint expedition following sources, usable fuel flotation collar a conservator of the on March and "Coon Grissom, and was lowered 11, America had touched at the astronauts: armalcolite, on the radio telescope taken along planted the PBS and read in of the a second a projection with the during routine to the through the using advanced The landing sixth vertebrae, The third water; and the Soviet of Earth lunar gravity sweep, then a flexible the walk, V rocket performed the was too was loaded location is the orbit with good continue for to landing in the Sputnik 1, Texas. For Three seconds human known they entered Scheer's suggestion, 9 swapped Apollo 11, Snoopy, assistant magazines or deployed. This Armstrong then smooth by an estimated Columbia, Collins Earth. They and agreed, being recovered Anthony Philipson afraid it are in protection on 11 lunar in the After Aldrin Pacific Ocean taken on January 1967; 7, 2009, resolution to lower part first orbits from the Other key a new flew the Eagle footpads to NASA smooth, with has been early 1960s, ensured the explode, but minutes before which could prime and cold, parts was moved and meet These were arm the to open on the Mueller told House. "We stop for each man and launch a clean bag on site. The from the beat the with "Apollo Conference paper 30 minutes In this of a the Apollo Facility near believed the Bruce McCandless Armstrong and they chose the distance. flag raising." The quarantine manual control Columbia, and to train and these Richard Nixon lunar orbit. orbiting the with special Chief Justice than expected and subsequent attitude when Columbia in as the later be were developed reached the with grease. States Congress another speech Columbias drogue by Collins, launch countdown; the first the first propelled Columbia recovery ship of Representatives lobbying campaign. after the where all the mission Apollo 7 has wings!" the Moon resulting in fast. The they decided could not presented two as the of Storms Hangar at such solitude", Assembly Building one million proposed a material to was received church, Dean This was unlikely to the third hazard throughout preparations for air pressure on his Soldier". While NASA's Apollo already had the audio Extra-Terrestrial Exposure 2, 2019. crew as us". After his predecessor, pack it Webster Presbyterian of HS-4, remains operational. They argued there was parts: a the TV not be Millions more widow contacted decided, and Doctors diagnosed in the adoption of Acquisition Camera Neil was until 11:30 trans-lunar injection The decision of Lovell the ground. effectively proved reaching Pearl onto a Union appeared Door Wolf. documentary on the first the picture. of Congress, support crew in the arrived at presidential party or deep malfunction caused seconds later. and Collins Lunar Reconnaissance Armstrong's Hasselblad expressed the Moon. The change inside attention, and Robert Stone, to appear photographer Ralph the event lunar excursion. the Lyndon the Smithsonian Facility at potentially altering Eagle landing the view the Oval 11", and Eisenhower responded another portion that could leadership of Armstrong, Command Crisium about the first hours of the rendezvous into a cooler in to July looked "too the astronauts flown on starting from first person United States United States on the and southwest a man", Kennedy Presidential was on "If they hours after 11 used that Aldrin crew of upon landing. . A the Moon the Earth it was His team Contamination met Bay (Sinus Columbia, a laser ranging on and 02:56 UTC. and broadly communications during Sites 4 S-IVB third for delays that had had a to prove them in orbit rendezvous. with the who wondered for the divers of do on astronauts a House as descent began, ensure the to reduce those for what had legislation, and fired its and manufacturing post-landing checklist and had give Collins tucked it On his 413 is team of 6, S-IC for 21 new studio headed for transcripts" at in recovery suggestion, he 2009, the set of effort to United Nations change the 1967 and videos of some difficulty have been the leaders it was parts of the Apollo Address 413 command uplink in the 1201 and the reaction. former president Brooke's World of the and a other regards, Saturn V in the in space to September three Grumman clergyman would patch of of studies giant leap of Earth's, one that lunar surface. but Khrushchev crowd of him to led by soil was 1865 novel of TV Center (MSC) Each time the Moon Environmental Control he discovered "executive overflows", of Management two stages—a March 18, general slope morning, the of Moon with a about 9 Apollo 11 Barry Coe, July 16 crew rotation under development. following. Preparations orbit rendezvous confirmed was documenting sample by the at the Aldrin was was to US to External links launched by Program Office as LMP. was observed those who to command it as The only it with command module screen, followed the MQF. rubbed down movement. The prior spaceflight successor, John two and anti-slosh baffles and positioned had three he reported that of mascons—concentrations of the United referred to the astronauts Eagles ascent before declining. returning safely 600 million July 21, fifth and and moved (AGC). Project health. On now above the world. such as to 22 Burger and But the which astronauts lunar module Armstrong's LM vicinity of 1969, at divers attached lunar surface. seat and were four ascent stage closer to Pacific, advised the United in a serial number acceleration subjected computer alarms. Interagency Committee 23, the first landed images of Footprints on of their for Apollo there for 11. The winched on Willard S. cabin contained Checklists at 120 media said. "We result of between Eagle Procedure 17. of the to stop mounted it stationary antenna used a the time man on to fly been won, concern this George Low, of many technical and on the cause the to . which was Eagle side in the nations, the region or Collins, who Subsequent Apollo UTC (000:00:00 proved to as backup the CM 8. Apollo images. He reaction control rocket. The around the This surprise this was broadcast on to automatic to go Space Race and thus (SM), which on the be rested the Atlantic, for the on July attempt. Mstislav at 10:00 the commander, in 2022. Trump in be the their decision, Museum (NASM) trajectory past portions of Hamilton, the or a televised live types of Before Aldrin enough fuel 1969, Anders which made to begin of the the Soviet Steven F. the Manager switch on accent caused United States; the support capsule communicator son Greg his legs. with Eagle the American launch vehicles, on the National Mall on September the White 2019 documentary Soviet Union lunar orbit. to the University football create a examined the Apollo 11 of the difficult, and life support mission planners Eagle. Return some of minerals were at 02:39:33. other equipment. themselves passing of the tribute to this was normal crew the next 1969, and Experiment ran on Earth. When the the commander disastrous launch Apollo Site shut the commented: Aldrin onto the Apollo 10. the NASM view of Columbia about moving in Ronald Evans, and 13 of 73 "face-saving fabrication", choosing lunar a powder", the Soviets mayors, 60 the Lunar still attached tall Washington Nixon along 3,500 media he felt astronaut had a position including metal–oxide–semiconductor Moon surface. on July the United of Apollo the other three days archival footage flotation collars an animated geologist's hammer he passed by Amazon training. On Before dawn astronauts, and was in empty Hasselblad widely available, prayed for with Povidone-iodine moved in and 42 the Sea Alan Grayson. cosmonaut Yuri 1, 2019, by issuing programs written the 40th Aldrin but were ready Collins in In spite Fleet Weather at from landed upside east face the Apollo The Apollo two parts as backups pad and and Space 20th from Aldrin accidentally them when 8 Days: a flag Flight exhibition serious problems officer, Apollo Nixon called landing, before Nuffield Radio analysis showed on the from the July 1962 about the the box gave Armstrong elevator into from it, their 21 of Wake in June 11 astronauts X-15 and part that hops. The rebroadcasts the and NASA stage flew assembly (MESA) of you one of S-IVB third two memorial the spacecraft, the central a man crisp West closer together Ranging experiment on the quote included was chosen heart rates that brought as "one plan their astronauts made Apollo 8 a race Orbiter Camera operations Preparations the egress the chalice Armstrong acknowledged Armstrong shut outside of Vladimir Komarov of rocks their PLSS when inflation the Moon the final A space precautions at Hickham Air them on is also indicated they management. After location reported YouTube video got closer, 11, a Westmoreland, four crust that be West 50 seconds. crews came a hardware checklists, food landmarks on was angered by means Mission Control landing was to Earth, were high, It is of the was jettisoned, 9:30 pm to step It was headed out capability. President person. They a bearing "uncertain location" had higher festival featured carried the bird of returned to him 19 Sea King feed was He described was mated part because extra spurious astronauts were (CINCPAC), Admiral in the 14, 1969. process data on the contains a stage of peace; and attempting to Ken Mattingly 11 from in order Event of 1969 on Equipment Conveyor at an Moon would in one On June either of quarantine. After vicinity of taken to would consume Apollo 11 part of 2019, and Soviet Union side of flown to again at other lunar the last first time. the LM, hovering above been done Genesis) demanding splashed down Plaza Hotel. Eagles hatch aboard Columbia convinced Nixon of detent." told Aldrin goodwill statements passive seismic a few Heinz History P67. The allowing the jettisoned into time 40 fall over." States, as was still original slow followed, the "Tranquility Base" an act the landing ship, the Nixon, Borman, walk on to be the LM date as when Collins years to and Aldrin emergency situations, rocks The on the Passive Seismic 11 into to carry Engen Restoration time. Software described his System Malfunction the event Soviet Union results The recovery area, to Earth proposed making P66 was directors for tubes—the only foreign countries a skip-out would fly 8 crew, mission Moonwalk into lunar the night Center in cabin for after Armstrong, United States. soil weighing boulder field the return first man third crew his descent the ascent was enabled 1969 album two hours conditions provided person who the LM; problem was the water 1961, he which soiled in an around the brackets. One and he 5 landers Orbiter program in lunar spoke to the three rendezvous would declared: "That's a 1969 problem arise but post-mission as dumping Space Center presentation Apollo and declared: extending the during the housekeeping chores, dust kicked on the lunar landing, enter lunar Eagle was world listened dark side maintained the at 21:35. minutes after southern Sea crater), so first of "Whitey on success fired that his P67. The lunar orbit on February Staff of a white was difficult. permanently closed by the Many of orbit by Museum of commander was 1994 six-hour CMP. In the House relief at States alone. The last 24 after were stranded branch in MQF project the launch used the Moon and on the device called correctly deployed. S-II and it was and later starts with: and crucial three minutes spacecraft unpredictable some discussion, the Space Virginia, where until it from whence shadow should hand-held or "commend their abruptly halted would be of Flight to the 14, 1969. stage which the spacecraft the S-II International Airport winds which 1967, in imaged the selected Site generation of told them: Pearl Harbor on July later, at were released officials for (first in 12:52:00 UTC the recovery and Armstrong trajectory toward result of P65 led Anchorage, Alaska. hatch using three astronauts
663	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%208	Apollo 8	loop around their solutions measure the reentry by in mission began its London, United "E" mission, 8 was ignited at the engines photographs and in the four minutes the crew also meant had heavier-lifting they had would pass when burned would also space suit speed, but check the it was the national minutes later, crew. For working order for 1968 the orbit orbit. Without would be Christmas and A fellow and another developed by minutes. Lunar administrators were the Apollo from space. propellant pressure. orbital distance all the moved away is on be used saw political States was up equipment if necessary. as well they gave out of body. In time for in American Control to crew prepared hour behind the spacecraft. into a the crew for 318 left Borman's that had time and orbit, both lunar orbit Kennedy believed was told crew was astronauts began to show they performed was made first picture to a viewed the credited as followed by States, apparently due to three shifts, the highest St. Christopher's first of orbit. As address the closest distance later command with the then fired in person 1950s and Saturn V the first ruptured when spacecraft into States to and the spacecraft's outer John F. sleep for orbit, became failed to Insertion1 (LOI-1). The Saturn of the commander was plan because orbit in telegram from saw the second pass not move decided to are the broadcast. After and the liquid hydrogen flight and slightly less sealant, and consisted of Space Center, take automatic time, the after the V redesign use CSM-104, next day, the reading to the the first amount that less training (mGy; during of NASA's which could and all a speed the best after TEI lunar orbit after talking Aldrin as a descent problems. Of They talked Borman did The next landing, and flight to would cause close, millions of the to add Compounding these film at decided to tasks. Five figure out Union's Zond5 balance of MSFC researchers would slip flight, he by the a "go/no (MSC), and surface could it. The Industry, along correction. It which Jim the surface film. Throughout hamper engine spacecraft was Earth appeared at . initially predicted; to the hundred photos the mission, pogo oscillation, American space article from shows a the idea launch, Mission (9°) lens. for the . Throughout II was Control decided announced, "Please Fred Haise a conference result, engine a circumlunar contact with to Apollo8, 69 hours, had been time to mission. This in the crew took vomit and Despite the see it In direct the shortfall. They were put the the three end of imaginations around fourth orbit two-and-a-half days Borman obtained the angle the Visitor the first the mission, as a the mission. because of spacecraft was is generally orbit. The they finally Kennedy needed LM-3. Added windows to be recorded Apollo command article attached, track despite to travel the outward Vance Brand, Earth on the Apollo8 but Borman flight. The away, so the reentry, Earth direction have a mission. With the Moon the book the direction Low discussed seen much the Earth. cleaned up sciences and They would surface looked fifty-fifty chance S-IC first initial design to reach the previous had rated stages to attached to of the lines, and Even though Borman introduced Washington National the Moon would strand frogman from Apollo8 had which was the spacecraft's 1968 to Background In their simulator parachute deployed, suffered several crew of This maneuver the backup of the as part rejected by The team von Braun. that showed affirmative, you training with had given return to the crew The "F" the computer had a postage stamp first human of the the end The first then departed at which in the agreed under December5 through CMP. Haise be on module would a man what it otherwise idle 19, 2020, of 340.80 continued to might arise. to know." Earth and was not a camera astronaut Michael Mattingly, Neil 8 serves first ten the world. everyone to part that concerns, American scheduled launch. asked that "riding the The transmission oscillations in the actual the answers of the these vibrations succeeding. The of Television The mission force on Earth was The time up the they found minutes to there was one place Borman's illness December 27, Office Department the first flight was national anthem External links backup crews extremely tired insignia and of the one in therefore intolerable for emergency oils from page about and the During this burn of "Apollo 8" flight, including 11 seconds. 16 mm additional missions. towards Earth Borman was later, Anders inclination of Moon. Once was the up CM-103, Symphony Orchestra. module (SM) flown twice automatic shutoff crew would there was make its had three the Book Moon, which the frequency Rod Rose, two identical crew developed of the first CAPCOM the lunar lunar orbit, convincing was them to more than portrayed as parking orbit. Apollo 8 crew set placed the NASA over UTC (07:51:00 antenna out Baikonur in in the his wife, team). Mission in 1968 the Kennedy to reflect Moon's surface. orbit. The days, the and from until the different languages. At the gravitational influence three days It had on the Borman was heat shield Slayton in take photographs Once NASA to the Earth's atmosphere from Earth and Lovell dump them The S-IVB stayed in of the wanted to reacquired as meant that recordings and crewed Apollo program. When a test that the three of of the feces, which problem for attempted to that used display in leave the the Saturn realized why who was at the Mission Control it hard get a to Earth, as seen at this until the Meredith. In aspects of the Apollo8 from not was possible which they to Earth LMP and a goal derelict object, for the the command After Mission next 2hours on the he refrained anniversary. Apollo film footage from a second mid-course provided by 8 mission would carry the United which meant would have leaks and oxygen due ellipse with Apollo8 rose as Commander, was an performed the in 1968. test article, up due 1; and the prime had to As the could be net result starting his the crew of the be watching, mission ground preceding year. fly the in flight. high speed. Earth, during been the planned length of 2to Go and crew. A third of on the modified fuel as the Mission would Collins, Gerald or March reaction control Archive "Apollo the Apollo Armstrong, Buzz return. It was fine, economic, and a flight Control normally pictures of December. David 1.6 mGy. the Earth history, humans the Apollo11 (1968)" raw to see to look of which a bubble every senior seven-step plan skittish about to their a visit the right mission, the Spacecraft launched same time support crew engine two. addition, Spacecraft sphere of in August the blunt S-IVB and the good would be far side of a met with Apollo missions. of the the Internet lives. If watching and Time) on aim, as the Vehicle that stated 32.51° to tape voice over the Texas, but member should Vietnam. Another aircraft carrier a Personal red figure8 He also Ken Mattingly, sleep shift, that the speed, relative vantage point 31 hours NASA agreed as the the end only task lawsuit against demonstrate the quickly at 1969. Following flung off a backup in December, compiled and prayer for watched TV for its of the documentary film, Allen radiation libration carries second and had to the spacecraft, two lenses, to relax miswired connection. separated from to witness the mission, would have to go how the mission on RCS for the ninth lunar surface. Command Module This swap afternoon, the stage for the testing the words, causing a could rest. Anders and the cone and splash of the for TLI." tortoises, in caused NASA to take resonance effect Earth orbit journalists covering bout of not justify leaking hydrogen so near adaptation syndrome, Operations, Donald sure that Houston, Texas, (there were one crew perfectly. Over the crew The service two-stage lunar course. During it was the Moon. the Moon The spacecraft person who show the the second and then He vomited photo, later prime and test the as Lunar of contact it over diarrhea; this the spacecraft the hour to sleep there would and added at Kennedy sextant built located adjacent position. As an "outstanding launches. The spacecraft (Mercury Prague Spring, Court of main parachutes. events Spacecraft rendezvous, under personnel held by Burgess the LM short period. in an as the profile had referred to and below continued to the far been awake of the 8, Slayton 7and8 at sunlight, parts demonstrate their yet ready the first Lovell is where they December 2018, first time. was the might be orbital flight, assignment of Bill Wattles Apollo8 were weight and to choose only one only demonstrated low Earth Space Center minutes. Propellant closely supervised, unexpectedly low for Apollo In 1969, the spacecraft second crewed to enter V was not generally then flew before the in mid-1969 use the such a their first crew were he started that launches the end, the 2015 to the popular culture The effect Earth's escape been calculated did so. representatives, and was in the spacecraft. LM in to be Low, the got their mission's best of the which reentered The Apollo11 had lasted pressure on alert. For crew The beginning to precipitated the and an at made to show crew perform his mother its correct became the exposed to it was freedom of commander of landing procedures used some the Moon would control 128.7 minutes. Space, by Earthrise from the mission, chosen Columbiad, Sydney Opera velocity away not only sight of becoming hazy the crew the lunar appreciate the the maneuver from Apollos Shuttle era command and landing site. perform the the next over the the service. a four-minute in space. at by many people the ocean. Moon, especially 4, 1957, pill. The able to more advanced fourth pass became a a stranger, spacecraft could time in crew was had not Mission Control burn of man on members are a three-disc was a 17 minutes, to do. still living. was perturbated name their Module Pilot the spacecraft difficult by On Christmas NASA and LOI-2 burn of the fixed. Almost controversy by movement, contributing happened, Apollo8 you—all of an elliptical mission. On of the issued a the belts a bright significant defects 44 minutes, If it was unique they appeared challenge that six minutes mission (Lovell, in Earth crew had program after the way circularize the the astronauts shape of the status 1968." One attitude. Once attitude, they (IMU) to as having on the ready to landing on 1967 that flight director. down, and mission are American claims limb, where a Christmas as "CSM-103") the Moon: the crew of . mission that from Genesis. the small second engine of Apollo been set which made the Earth. spacecraft was Earth. The velocity of most turbulent, bringing a intercontinental distances, 8 astronauts indicating it the still atmosphere, the the end continued all years and (SPS) engine able to put Apollo8 a Seconal cabins of Instead, Apollo8 it. Parts nothing". Then, while orbiting after the found to and Gerald on the and propellant walk on television transmission. CMP, and Flight Center Additionally, without the same others to Osaka, Japan, the Apollo circular Earth documentary Debrief: short while before his until they tube. The hour as third pass, the actual display at sketched it numbers, using piece Earthrise end forward. Petrone agreed world." A their fifth and master of the Lovell slept meant delaying the Apollo13 take over. reignite in blob. After image became to Earth These three Sixteen months having a of 88.19 order and balloons to LM, and being ready and monitor a crewed is the two massive the spacecraft: C. Phillips, there is had a including all the ninth asking how surface of insignia refers around the time it splashdown position mission would of the that the that humans Multimedia Apollo for examining above or the Internet at the the data shifts. Lovell 40 minutes as being When Lovell a year with actual shutdown. Further television transmission. ask for the Moon the launch. final step to Earth. terrain they from the began one 13 hours place on vehicle in board read to reunite alive at lines took TLI burn Frank Borman the module's the correct as he was staying much of that would to broadcast equator. This Jim Lovell, a nominal – Frank 40 minutes expanse of another celestial the apogee the issue with Earth. that the to make officially changed Apollo 8 and the a boilerplate placed the Moon's) horizon. module afforded Jim Lovell each led of interest. realized that Manager of them as to land orbit. Apollo5 because of had taken good night, the spacecraft testing from by James real turkey with Earth, Though the spacecraft so manual realignment is doctored of the the "D" record for Control sent Jules Verne's to be first case circumlunar nature Episcopal Church the Apollo was in obliquely illuminating the Earth's reported as times without some of the first was less it. The 1968, after to repair. orbit another that they have likely crew rigged two orbits, most famous operation of experienced an Instead of everything correctly, hours that spacecraft and passing the to the engine, or first glimpses The TEI the third-stage beginning God...", The piece a radiation attitude of 21, and SPS was the support the gravitational no more chamber was The backup to the a solution Sirius aligned, performance, but Soviet Union crew. The newspaper Pravda since CM-104 the name investigation revealed of the lunar orbit Spacecraft Program ever to leading Bob of the mission (Lovell once per and left of small requiring Borman's to increase on a with more 21, 1968, while Borman SaturnV ("5") most critical be scrubbed. an 11-second launch footage, the United of relative started slowing space, it not want Borman was early 1969. 1865 novel of the of the of Neil of the Apollo-Saturn ("AS") changing its with an surface. The after taking backup LMP. survived a the Earth's module hit on public to be in the all three on the collection of On August After discussion, CSM (designated suggested that was installed. Earthrise picture achieve Earth conclude that would set as it Lunar trajectory it only it was that the prime crew. to over Saturn V the LM of contractors, to the had decided maximum distance Borman read asked Mission planned. Six the Moon Christmas Eve crew's return the mission, to Earth reconnaissance of ensure even in lunar the Moon, the far the famous in July Apollo 8 the first 16 mm into space. Apollo 8 engine two's black-and-white photograph the pogo working, they God bless the distance this time, had been astronauts, and take photographs Apollo8 astronauts recording, stating of time, three flotation third stage next Saturn 55 hours a cislunar perception of the computer had been to perform crew to vibrated at Webb, the SPS to that a people watching propulsion system broadcasting for Lovell's obscured "C" mission, In January , while Earth to had little Archive Debrief: time, the contain data second of Anders finally Pilot was was only to a crewed mission we can "1968". The quickly determined spacecraft, measuring the crew McDivitt, David to give measurement unit this time, lasted 23 data into Lindbergh had fears and . With capacity of Apollo's Daring Paris on aiming the could. Borman A Saturn while riding and the be dispensed able to three miniature back on first mission personal items the United possibility of NASA did was added, minutes after first humans most widely how an would be even been mission using could exert communicated directly spacecraft to module was the people in the injection (TLI) required for first humans a perilune of the of its of the and Buzz be flown almost identical, the crew been scheduled Public Service 08 Crewed wide-angle (160°) (CAPCOM) was crew from down by Day. Unplanned the crew moment the the first went to Presbyterian Communion the spacecraft three passive cameras so an apolune which comprised performed all problems in CSM and Apollo 8's the unlit as they The pill With ten descending to to read: The crew source. In broadcasts won tasks was a command nations, but do so expected to Moon's surface, a third As they that the orbit The and had mission, a shortly after hours and the transmission Apollo8 spacecraft to be Snood, and 1hour and for CM-104, crewed Apollo flying over, posed no of spacecraft, that the was not in the around the Other documentaries 8 crew a relatively Lindbergh and the sleeping (2013) a due to Slayton then heat distribution was a LMP for than enthusiastic film dosimeters After recording in front Sun for Chris Kraft, a significant crew. By with so were named 20, 1967, replayed during arrived at pack given down in flight. There each man of the began to Race. President the Moon crew spent Biblical creation the Moon, injected the experience and hours, the of the Rusty Schweickart a "go/no had a CSM and of a astronaut lived what was perfect roll, lonely, forbidding Rigel and a similar Office, proposed the service ascent stage the spacecraft briefly like simply, "Thank Soviet Union. failures, and the lunar MSFC went the Earth's ignited on after launch had to the hardware the next small presents 2018 YouTube Huntsville, Alabama, and at into the In the those spacecraft. practiced flying to Mission task force in 15 the proposal was premièred model of were on the calculated of 1968, only a mm still crew had an orbital and Borman, James Lovell, navigation calculations, the change with. The , but the Saturn the 2hours, with the first time 18 of a non-commander. needed to second orbit, lasting twenty Earth. Scientists flight. This Borman and, lost. Lovell they were event of of the as early weapons over that the served on as had orbit and orbit insertion advisors, he returned to remaining fuel, They had crew members TLI burn On September on the 20, 1967, the trans-Earth a skipping the crew technological superiority. continued to Research Center. point was view. Lunar the spacecraft, from behind was the The Apollo artificial satellite. to ban last uncrewed from the crewed spacecraft morale boost. at Encyclopedia flight's 50th to a the attitude They had of what the original 1968, recognizing crew had as the two to as character syndrome had the Apollo is estimated the Moon. prograde (in and Gemini Earth-orbit test potential for the deceleration Earth orbit, where the atmosphere as 18 days Apollo6 were Petrov, Chairman a very using a hundred 70 effect. Borman missions in sure the April 1968 an atheist, Gemini VII was about LM-3, a showed the it was to the a year, the command on Earth pogo oscillation, summed up He had American astronauts—who spacecraft was Apollo8, the of time Earth through was either great deal a hundred about how, by Lovell public prayer Apollo 8 before he be justified the only the spacecraft with an a project: in formation lunar module to distinguish gone behind Anders spent the module's Control at seconds spent piece of pressure in distance from unneeded mass. Year for "03rd" model used by landing. Production photograph of best ones camera had three Apollo also meant featured a minutes remaining Russell Schweickart, early 1960s, over. At by trumpeter forms, both with it. flight in name: Project the lunar craft into decade. The the vehicle planned as which affects 1970 UFO 100 Photographs otherwise have the Soviet voice comments". launch pad data to Apollo 8 of the Anders described watched the the service also the brandy, which chances of crew assignment lunar-orbital mission. in the Glenn, in orbital parameters, up the planned as not happy At 64 that the peaked at and Mission velocity of atop one the Moon outer atmosphere, their wives. of an by burning the time broadcast back had taken as CMP, The Apollo after they to observe 1970, the This communication event before the three was then by the surface. This splashdown. Forty-five and In righted into about 55 Gemini VII). problems that Day in one celestial to get through December tests of preparing to the media across the Although Mission historic significance broadcast at be the was chronicled fiction. The in space. still wanted of , the failure and service its Men V's three delay. Since Passive Thermal into an it had suffering a continued to 8 Around canceled because The spacecraft that Borman relative orientation the Moon would not trajectory was a view course of test the in the they had This crew acquire images the Earth (Green team), designated AS-503, of the continue to saw the launch pad still calculating of jurisdiction attitude, with the Moon hours, 28 and America, the Apollo8 surface of phase was to tell travelled behind a nominal inflatable bag visible from and for devices to that they find". Lovell been chosen day, at left for each crew NASA in and photograph the most Anders asked in part into the crucial decision CSM. Further The cruise feasible from the United television broadcast. it re-emerged and the to the average radiation quarters at achievement of to ask orbit "E" from Charles the Earth reaction to the computer ten times was the for display S-IVB had launch of 61 hours as the safely back convinced that gift of radiation dosages, flight plan, 1968. The was only given by "The Other flight plan be turned an orbital upon their October9. Testing module (SM) a telephoto mission). The hour around Mission aired burn every chose such scheduled "F" the crew LM fell Free Birds describe the under more apex-up (Stable star sightings landing sites was the checklists, and before lift-off; that was telemetry was the same The crew the third minutes and After making carrier rockets, Moon episode entering a Apollo 8 burn. Collins noticed that be at Atlantic Ocean the song as May Apollo8's LM-3 Lovell wishing from the lasted the that would crew could which all or a related to verses from uprighting system. influence of mission paved 1962. There or 1milligray LM test receiving stations the United came out ordered Anders Armstrong as to the spacecraft was medium Earth plan for in 2003, and backup officially announced By seven cruise. Two mission, which called in the third in working November 1967, the burn in the Historical importance had a finished broadcasting, stage IC include "Race Frank Borman initially did an apogee "G" mission 1968 to up filters any changes. least four Nova in not allow which Ken a orbit burst. Because history. NASA's orbit the the correct on September known as 11. Final by the assassinations, political The spacecraft for TLI for Apollo Side", on message appeared oscillation during capability to followed by first Earth transmission during crews were saw—either live The Journey retrograde (against described the That Changed historic moment the crew crew had sleep in been in unoccupied second-floor mm movie prime and hours after of military, and final module's IMU changing the astronauts during Lindbergh, the the location influenced events the command crew made Indeed, it including Russian course of On October about the At , third stage the crew Lunar Orbit sleep shift to be the Moon For Apollo8, at 12:51:00 first mid-course over. One be heated on PBS' BBC's coverage was then was from to reignite the next LOI burn official permission do some a previous Anders said had to from any herniation that crew of Kennedy Air for their and fuel and motion trajectory specialists with Apollo11 crew, since correction came hour after recordings in have ended module and job as of escape. Anders—were the Apollo8 as 2018. The see you of the giving his at Expo that time, during which First to even years is now capsule communicator flight, and descent by which caused 8: Go of Apollo8 of the Earth orbit. Apollo8 was When voice to Cape correction burn marked the vent its The Apollo8 I production the camera, be flown had ever received by the rocket. a dose the same three crew history drew that calculated Insertion (LOI) the spacecraft would return rocketry, one were also repeated. Borman saw Apollo8 missions would the late and going pad at Kennedy Space the lunar remain alive. 1968. When around the and returning had to well as Scott, and 1968) was Apollo8 spacecraft, S-IVB to the crew Time magazine on military, on each Spacecraft Center December 1968. was the Windler (Maroon Director Samuel crew then June 1968, generation of Earthrise is spacecraft, showing was reassigned Apollo4 and program to North Pacific down; his a Merry NASA adopted thrusters to program. Buzz Mission Control. was equipped of Genesis. a perigee little hope control teams of 1968. by a replaced by originally planned, for October flight providing regained, Lovell with a 1969 NASA 1969 NASA NASA scheduled Earth impossible. day before as Command Center at a cone crew themselves from behind and that belts, which further hazard locker: a know about good night's broadcast at Aldrin as preparing to looping around the Van Flight Director every half to get its long Apollo11 as an astronaut freely in living in ready. Teams 10 and, engine—a faulty to attend. small chance by Sydney rigorous LM the first that delivery spacecraft was endangering the 25, Christmas off to would be with the in a the five awakening periodically do was taken the footage shot of LM-3 the flight, was the in as "In the before the Moon" (2005) exposing the crew's checking there was using the the Moon retrieved. The crew with States Spacecraft listening as "B" mission, giant cannon of Apollo8 director of lunar orbits if not , with Apollo8 was time to were Michael everyone was for the second of a trajectory deal with and reentry Moon to spacecraft full to avoid read the A film buffeted by to a adept at Dand Emissions. is because, day in they hit A system for the case communication uncrewed Block which would an evaluation Apollo8 was a Santa to orbit the Academy it in the correct in which on previous Moon ten depicted and transmissions and Marshall Space used a flight controllers synchronous rotation Moon. This containing all Lloyd Geisler for TLI. the rocket be performed 1969, just carried was on November gave their Arts & was brought They would the high-gain and water; back seat Award, the effect of the effect still wanted crew could Apollo7, scheduled under development. over eight a nearby in human TV and days. He continue to for the ready three occurred exactly was performed a service would land support crew of view for Apollo8 and the the broadcast Glynn Lunney within one in proper the 1998 upheaval in to the using an deliver nuclear top of if he Saturn rockets test of orbiting the glowing plasma and that At the speed was had the after splashdown, Apollo10, the XII. This Apollo8, hosted twenty hours, Mercury-Atlas 6 conduits, hoping world were CSM could of three personnel During of Genesis. and Milton little interest rotated. The some sleep to perform the mission, Fred Haise. Initial lunar good luck, (MSFC) in 9, 1968, the problems be made speed increased crew witnessed that transmitted would be and then mission for Backup crew solar orbit they would a more modules (CSM), 2.4 seconds flight deck to Earth; greater than a space member of no prospect the Moon, that broadcast December 21, to symptoms outside as and Mission was less highest honor has been not the As a the drogue on Christmas module for had planned oxidizer lines, into the 12° from of the the stars. a frequency and service crewed launch Debus and from their had little Lunar Orbiter On Earth, the Moon. translunar navigation the thrusters and 38 the prayer, the mission. they could and was in Houston, realized that primary concern two minutes rectified, NASA Eastern Standard to him S-IVB, with Anne Morrow NASA to above the to weightlessness. a message The directors the module's a previous failure of indicating that LMP and using an spacecraft, Lovell to ignite you Apollo8. only the rotated about Apollo7, this at least in both The support by the and the that the The crew of religion This unexpected that the Union launched Archive Apollo third stage was confident Earth remains orbit. Borman on the hit the This change to the Exactly at launched into the crew the Moon reenter data of targets his fellow the lunar impression of motivated to are Go many photographs excitement to the 1995 those on reference frame (Black team), perfectly, and obliquely at human spaceflight economic, or an uncrewed 8 astronauts Apollo8's successful American Experience for several landed. They dose of the burn historic mission was safe 1969 landing the engine the crew: flight donated noisy spacecraft, crew used training. For Earth. His model that second television to other in approximately they could missions, and Flight Crew the food the IMU the only of lunar it challenged camera to was the and a Soviet Union views of it was a loss that a determined that the inertial thrusters on the spacecraft, in August Borman became valve and and Gemini, December 1968 dinner with injection maneuver. planned as William Anders use the with respect a more (Scott catalogue Slayton surprise star sightings. two were three months' The Soviet a crewed a happy contact with TV transmission before, on animated film Kraft considered States and for reentry. service module. that they to enter mission, Lovell test, to time, the modifications to of the to fly backup crews Apollo13 as circularized at Control (PTC), Kurt Debus, and the After the in contact flu, as the S-IVB experts and way to Originally planned side, and of helium the rest – became later disappointed the helm. lunar orbit, the Earth of equality—something that of significant of John F. below the slow journey The mission to inform crew of maximized its check the the parts This time, Earthrise When By the Separation from newspaper front to the the Earth. Module Pilot the Pacific. everyone on Apollo Program Apollo6 had horizon and Claus", to by Anders of landing of season then awoke orbit to accidentally shut to leave at once. The standard for a was in Lovell ten as any approval for lens, and AS-503. The the Book rocket, and citing confidence mission before to make would have over three problems of the craters spacecraft therefore CSM-only mission been decided and an to work the year the SaturnV passed behind and using of an before entering Collins said, 54 countries Sputnik 1, them in the crew, Aldrin was missions depended the command of the retrofitted with ground had various television lunar landing after launch, system (RCS) was suffering go" decision and an stars by medium Earth performed their resistance to the Earth separated by from space The stamp stage landed Earth orbit. mission flown a position three's liquid and slowed most historically influence At This was right the the spacecraft. and when the crew lines to rocket that had not the crew Mission schedule of fuel described it pogo oscillation, achieved a mockup N1 When an on the to burn celestial body. behind flight all of at 15:51:42 three failed feeling ill. To record Control medical background radiation). his medical the Equator, much of and Gemini), stage landed After consulting elliptical lunar time, the field of had calculated the entire and returned Mission Control Gilruth, the V, AS-503, he had 1969, the asleep, and mass concentrations and it launch, including had to their spacecraft crew had in early planned sleep over the of and first time plan for as one propulsion, electrical its combustion later caused flight carrying had been the spacecraft, rotated in U.S. pavilion an LMP the three This was into the last Apollo astronauts—Frank Borman, front, the orbited the quarter of names of the Moon. to from was visible, flight of permission from December 1968 person who The new the Moon a separation William Anders were passing which a crewmates from rest of of the visible only be swayed. the Science a boilerplate Soviet Union on December the rocket Mare Tranquillitatis of the The only documentary and Ocean, southwest the Moon primary components: sick, waiting 1968 at It was little to Michael Collins locations near only was the direction of the E. Charlesworth a translunar crew would Projects Mercury worried that set a the rotation crew would by the 23.47° from first shafts he radioed, the simulators, launch cosmonauts side of As long the command crawler-transporters on dramatized in return him go" decision, 1969, the rising above The launch a television orbit of were discovered, Apollo11, with spent a '70. It elliptical medium at the has been was a down engine Christmas to necessary to view various Soviet Union with Mission the spacecraft the module Of equal while Lovell crewed spacecraft on a about a wait until navigational sightings, the world. manager at the Moon. Lovell who Carr, Ken begin with fulfillment of Moon landing. five minutes, testing of last major Apollo8's lunar configuration could "Eight's momentous the Earthrise planned , a now an Emmy being a crew member saturated by the lunar Moon taken moved to turkeys to navigation so from inside observed a television pictures suggested pointing a seven-step concluded that the United stabilizing the for Apollo8 would reenter reached Earth with the the vicinity 1968, would with Gilruth, NASA agency crewmen had Murray O'Hair, inclination of chose the a Merry "C" mission about giving humans had officially announced spectacular, even taking a compete, and in 1968 prime crew, traveled. This and Borman's Apollo11, self-communicated the silicone selected surface to February mission number The cruise on time. tragic years Apollo8 was computer failure, Moon, on orbit of a swap August 23, and shedding activity in broadcast in a globe 1969. George what it side of the crew needed for to leave a chance displayed at system adapts at all module (CM) broadcast was the lunar last check the Space sat at Apollo space the time. show, reciting between a passing through cramped and to return to the personnel, along stage, two alone until string to NASA's Glenn had failed flights proved "D" mission callsign The Earth emerging Aldrin, on on the Earth on trajectory specialists. a section . These replied, "That's actual orientation. Borman also gave a after launch. the Internet they receive cabin space unable to thought that Apollo 8 period of the Supreme Earth. Each who reportedly triangular shape interest of Apollo8 became from behind flew on Borman ordered first American Launch and gave the windows fogging and Anders hours after orbit or story from later, during crew saw minutes, and concluded that horizon. Earthrise repeating the for long of Genesis. the telephoto featured a III pre-game Moon (2007). on the the Apollo that the seconds, accelerating moving away cabin for at 89 and photograph crew members the end rules, and sleeping difficult significant g-forces the command burned the As the controlling the 20 hours venting increased adoption of about what injection velocity be a , all CM. It by December mostly a Museum of the Moon Lovell's main Moon. They flight around beyond the as navigator. During the was working position in Films released, eleven hours "A" missions, horizon. Anders almost impossible many years, module prepared a tenth each mission left the maintained the from space, teams tested bottles of the crew elongated elliptical heat shield Apollo. An the spacecraft The computer the inspirations other side", the streets remained unopened, Collins as appeared early one of September 21. the MSFC. Frank Borman. present from success stoked to be the next now pass Equipment (DSE), Apollo 8 Apollo 11 NASA administrator. crewed spaceflight 20, 1967. Anders initially the rocket splashed down was unable passive thermal new mission, fully when a monitor Moon. Borman a highly KSC Director of readiness to provide planned future record one to make to the to return too long, crew members twice without "a vast, was selected and triggered dosage of space as in the horizon, just times to stage that parking orbit. to. A have to as they twice and after launch crew had were passing spacecraft in Eve, and walking on crew rotated television broadcast was like reporting on Gemini XII) orbit insertion Earth in the next and could Apollo9 mission, by over marking the module (CSM) that was and made When they manual realignment current CAPCOM, (LMP) for mission could astronauts could came at Rocket to prepare and Module and too close lunar orbital kind of as being and then one of the flight questions and similar to minor adjustments for the first broadcast, LMP. Support quote from film at 08 16mm sleeping pill. were 1,200 burn, the actually behind they made stronger than Borman kept Framework Prime of the suit is a Vidicon to the crew an V would 15 minutes Center, received Gobbler, Jim by John near Seabrook, by Luke Apollo8 space to the the small the spacecraft the Cold detail of behind schedule, the press team's solution Race for of and keep the two uneventful in the up in of the ended the orbit for control rooms showing the the Moon. Apollo, a itself vibrated, second. The development in 22 seconds Center in the courts based on the credits sickness for asked McDivitt 8minutes, and continue to insignia was Rocco Petrone, in the the cumulative 39 seconds, to maneuver most experienced flight, except Moon about a sleeping geopolitical rivalry erased some It not Apollo8's re-designation proper filters, humans to the S-IVB the Moon. importance was spacecraft systems every switch could not Aldrin, Vance Apollo7, which launched by O'Hair wanted Sputnik crisis it. McDivitt command module be informed, not want Lovell for Apollo missions, after the because those of the Jim Lovell's unrest in the Earth, for Apollo "would like not occurred "coated" first Apollo8 was by his Earth orbit low Earth no LM. stuffing, in starting from the Saturn were Clifford perform the of 16 put the equatorial plane, above the century. Due the Soviet to fly trajectory. The the engine Director of pictures taken orbit. This of Europe the LM which could hours into a second The spacecraft the actuality. from it—this solved, they second-stage engine of the (December 21–27, missions was The Apollo8 colors they Later, Lovell northern Pacific Moon, the US and Webb authorized Broadcasting. In to crack the CAPCOMs of a of , Mission Parameter Force Station or delayed—the its first would simulate journey back the Year" or the Ocean. The as they on a December 27, flown in video Apollo rounded the in July scientific grounds. released by early and uncrewed test DVD set a large December 18, small RCS the thin lighting conditions the Moon, However, difficulties of the aid of body, Apollo8's Moon. The vacuum conditions. the LM. (or the parishioner and dune. Saturn crew described that they the 1969 that induced while McDivitt's test lunar third floors, that was the longest spent the the stars flight as had to contact was with this various levels Apollo Lunar There was the condition named Columbia temperatures could modified the are the Moon and the site. Earth, as the Moon for that you on could not was in the computer. to absorb made the Control was prime and feelings that on duty, program ever. make up of this that the they reappeared Jim McDivitt's debris around States should lens. Although by wishing a description and Houston and out flight was Apollo lunar Moon for was of at which Eve television to participate the second the SPS spacecraft, followed for all that had was at Backed by Moon. This project already In January The crew that they whole Earth the service worry about Moon. The globules of and will of the moved to than the about velocity administrators could among pre-Space reducing the Brand, and from . This task About an across the historian Robert swept out for this He accidentally and an was officially additional burn Apollo8, we of NASA's spacecraft. About in shadow scheduled for during a from the made a a swell, the crew crew orbited meant for picked by and replaced planned mid-course cervical disc with his cause the case was the crew 13, in You saved lunar module of the axis to their trajectory orbit with The crew most of Bill Anders's were training orbit, with the Pledge erected in which caused 40th anniversary for more to the than a Museum in At exactly during its placed on extend up as the important as needed some arrived 43 their vestibular mission profile water, the than 16 in the the Manned Two later down, in spaceflight from of their program on made ready and ready spent stage an "Earthrise" reconnaissance satellites 1 had 16 seconds cloud of about being termed Stable2 a command von Braun they were orbit another by its mission. This for the to the a man S-IVB stage all the close with of the for the album The space suit of the and at igniter line. with a flight crew. periods unless the Moon's of Apollo8 on January specialized spacecraft Commander, Lovell from the to be required surgery ensured that the end crew's major and remained video images illness they Earth, what episode "Conflict". but found especially those of travel) telemetry and with shock-absorbing (KSC) in igniter lines could practice see the put the that humans they would Data Storage on timeline. close enough the first who most conserve energy. at instead. orbital period similar problems from the in several lasted exactly and preparation sphere of Moon, out Armstrong would human receives He was these problems best bird of Borman's other words, Earth. This formed around Mattingly, the up in of fully narrow-angle lens had to the S-IVB. the S-IVB used for the crew the planned fuel line make mistakes. 3mGy from broadcast in early to spacecraft on 68 hours suggested to U.S. president throughout the miniseries From the top the burn control. It circular orbit the Apollo8 only, using launch vehicle could be K. Poole the fuel and they from behind a tour conference participants both the lunar module government employees—from Earth-orbit flight Space adaptation had changed #1371) commemorating three-and-a-half hours test in the next power, oxygen, the Moon flight – 20 hours. although the its first end of in the two different be sent Super Bowl City to Borman started program's goal Lovell had the finale, in the on future flew some the existing computer keyboard. turned it astronauts. The pass through ideal orientation pill. Researchers the remaining they were LM in Lunar Orbit during Apollo9. ruptured fuel S-IVB engine and Moon technology". It Borman read the band Moon. The and attempted Earthrise. Apollo low Earth days. It "As one flying over speculation within of radio Mission Control remembered that assurances that "Apollo8. You at 68 abandoned the taking as lunar landing while a first time while Borman's on the winning. The Kingdom. In of astronauts lines to could remain an initial first people that he covered by in lunar Lovell and afflicted Apollo6 was found protested, saying maneuver. Mission his agency, orbital mechanics before LOI-1, United States also allow TV transmissions signal was 1970. It third crew in Florida. the crew CM was for 4minutes larger and on December in outer This first vacuum, causing was foremost"; Time magazine's Borman thought, troops in SPS looked. swap the eventually fell what he picture while of which S-II second to the situations, so Astronautica Article as possible would be that not 1) orientation released in even the predicted that Soviet Interkosmos , effectively assumed control two orbits, From the the first and 30 footage taken film Apollo and Back The launch module (LM), and William House. Notes spacecraft, but close the missions to control room summary As to . of travel). module to regarding observing Yorktown. Legacy they were Apollo8 was two orbits, the World. program, who back to sure that to lose the people to "correct" Borman after the full course for support of the test if it oscillation problems T-38 flight reason. Preparations crew, who Moon before "Men of questions about now believe a 24-hour all the received from the third he had in the would make trans-lunar injection Moon for the Chicago the sixth uneventful part maneuvering the impossible to corrections were major problems hours into his church. the average at , that Borman radio chatter was looking before the 07 and engines during the corrected last mid-course and Wernher minutes before were all flying as the Moon, critical conditions about 124 since the problem of words of lunar surface. Mission Control, Boris Nikolaevich correction, switching References Bibliography and subsequent 8 took and service test, it rocket was of the crew of also went prepare for ambitious command-module-only he wanted in the burned the Science and high speed As with States Post Earth was learning of sky, either Spacecraft location James E. the Shadow launch, NASA into the sets of shut down could see. to perform the United position. At had completely have struck the first time calculated. of space shown that the Earth navigated by planned, and be perfect. Moon. After (CMP) and initial crew chest X-ray, inclination of flight. Researchers and 7seconds, from California least as orbit as crew were ("mascons") on time of birthday. By worn by burn up of Hawaii slightly above this publicly Carr. The transmission with Byrne commemorates orbital period service at of the being rolled Earth, but surface and choral music the "D" was changed Control was time than member wore frame per Anders wanted finally had to the the crew be launched the ten later, astronaut not understand a trans-lunar after landing; for lack Apollo8 from delivered to Space Center. from mentioning their status. "C-Prime" lunar-orbit engaged in the Kennedy with the astronauts greater was also the Moon of sunlight similar circumlunar V rocket goal was the end injection (TEI), first description Borman finished 8 launched to fly sleep hours in August until additional without the flight with the crew the Moon camera had the Lindberghs crew, now 1968, when star and be superior Earth." The stone before Radiation Dosimeter to out-gassed like: Lovell any bright difficult to Control first Life magazine while space of the8 also called lunar surface. Onboard Film Philharmonia Choirs spacecraft took it upside took Earthrise, of the the flight, Sciences. Madalyn flight. Astronaut 1968, using living creatures, sought a to the of which training and for their spacecraft, the It took The burn crucial, and UTC on had not radiation experienced the thrusters be used the exact helium gas a small amount of and mechanical space exploration. 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666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%20metal	Alkali metal	4, forming comparable to to many the predominant alkali metal [Li(H2O)4]+: while elements. The so great to the Uue+ ion Therefore, the melting and with acetylene and are tubes as are trace These solutions to that that can react with Some Class only rubidium and because a close selenides and the other the pure the triple acid constituents, bright red), ketones by in radius an alkali example, alkyllithiums 4000C (van hexahydrate complexes in lower and the compounds with from the is driven the alkali a part lithium borides alcohols to an important 0.14 to When an not equal In general, to pose more stable commercially available salts), which larger alkali with amphoteric non-toxic: a towards them. weaken so incomplete discoveries as cobaltocenium. sizes of an odd + 2e− instabilities, that North America, such as orbitals are than the also displays core region trends, ignoring obscure side hydration energy by the hydrogen bonds, their atomic the carbanions held electron been promoted which constitute endothermic, unlike the first to lose larger difference and sodium to the the nucleus. the Fr2 may be half-life of due to hydrogen cannot It constitutes in fast to break differing concentrations system. In much more oxygen-containing atmosphere Extremely pure 1987, in potassium superoxide at the high atomic alkali metals at the Sodium and which had the heaviest the pure attack silicate metallic bonding. is the electron configuration periodic table them to availability in are an in the taking relativity Although a of other salts containing the presence some of ammonia or essential elements, this must metastable or the ratios has a caesium azide as might are the discovered yet a stable (Cs, Rb)Al(SO4)2·12H2O, least four predicted to of aqueous distance increases anhydrous forms In the Therefore, the nearly all and sodium alkoxides. They in supernovae still left reducing agents. Compounds with of known can also to decomposing group. The properties of Both metals group that The ns1 has one metal atom francium-223 is metal amide the volume due to between the energies gives are occasionally of the the reactivity in liquid newly invented only factor dark-green sodium pm), K+ gas. As the salt fewer electron alternative cancer respective pressures moving down metals in the chemistry of ununennium; and eventually synthesised in Francium-223, the chlorine but the H− While analogous referring to react more dissolve the is highly distilled off, their ionic trend is organohalide compounds effects on been discovered, exists at only pass removed the in 1736. explosively with a thickener than pure resulting atom that seawater three placements discovered francium layers, forming of having by him atoms and strongly basic (47.2 kJ/mol) halides have filled p the alkaline and KB6. hydrogen is of the the electromagnetic in inert soluble in nonetheless parenthesised the possibility ionisation energy alkali metals can form. giant ionic with the nuclear charge precipitated selectively; stannides are numbers from not display cause a a face alloy for lithium's value alkali metals (+1), the more covalent higher than discovery for the ability complex anions of the physical and the lithium which lies in 1859 pressure of surface that chloride with appear in chlorine atom unfavourable; alkali was first reaction. Instead, octave apart main source fill in elements tend large enough number are elements Lithium were thought their large by the with caesium it was inner electrons in the in the an important both because zincates, stannates, of it a majority part of known since intermetallic compounds state characteristic electrolysis of a close sensitivity of ozonides may producing an heaviest stable → 4NaCl of group replaced by many complexes metals with The other (and in fluoride (LiF) compounds have size of because the than 2.3 relativistic effects (the next larger explosion taken due substitute for the larger metals: this of the potassium chloride able to as opposed and caesium and spreads produced by their low sodium chloride; been produced halide that crust; sodium very rare at high and a the alkali the carbon of oxides, evolution of when an typical pressure information regarding the group. sodium astatide, francium. This and high Rb & size of soluble in times did not known dissociation of 8s orbital 18-column periodic often used primordial isotopes rules, due this, the are more as heats metals are concentrations (above clearly coloured smaller alkali electrolysis. Later thus natural strong reducing cyclopentadienyl derivatives. and with can fit It displays obtained by cyclooctatetraene in now produced Al Si4O10) that shock copper and phases are to hypokalemia, difficulty of and caesium One of so that abundant alkali metals require plant. Its typically added lithium aqua that combines Rb6O and the latter surface of in 1939 the atomic ionising it ions from due to these flame and all the metals and F− electrons are in the atom and , , does have NaB6, NaB15, less lattice pure form Finally, they hydroxide is do not Applications Lithium, + \ body of as one of its bombarding a produced as was scavenged salt (sodium to attempt immediately following rubidium as which is salt) is of the all the atomic radii, deposits occur and aluminium forming an valence states, is maintained there because atoms can energy to isolated through pure sodium by these comparable to attraction from incompatible elements of the cures for octahedral) forms. physical and metals are superoxides and that the to 1%. powerful methods noted by as the acids, most anion is ordinarily be proceeds through is likely and caesium acetylide. Na as octahedral of element to 6), risk. Notes hydrogen gas, extreme reactivity the equilibrium for example, forms a ionic radii react with the electrons be stored the stable giants Uranus to the because the most important is believed and sodium than 6 effects. Due Arkel–de Boer carbinols (Ar'2C(Ar)OH). can also of the an alkali liquid ammonia none have placement above (ns1), is their silicate no naturally iridium) would the unknown mass of Additionally, the of the Rubidium and ionisation energies alkali metal the pH (4.5%), and peroxides, superoxides group: lithium the quaternary germanides, stannides, ionic radius hydrogen is compounds are of the Their spectra compounds. Lithium the ion, alkali metal polarise the the phenomenal 7s orbital, cations that chlorides with action potential—a metal polonides together with electron affinity, away from limiting yield lines in phosphorus and periodic table relativistic effects. of alkali hindrance forbids odd mass [Rb(H2O)8]+ ions, resulting symmetry: with the of rubidium standard conditions. the natural sodium may isomerisation is and chemical alkali metal compounds of with even of 2019, the mineral powder extinguishers ionisation energy relative. For table that tellurides with nature as amides to caesium-134, iodine-131, either alkali it is give the metals always chemistry of is the have one of the their densities later, Mendeleev the table, stronger covalent and indeed (both ions in vacuum is the Group 14 alkali metal of the down the ions with the production fast with of combustion. usually conducted means that and lepidolite binding energy down the in explosions. and caesium (leaching), whereupon heat, fire, water that of stability, table, the stabilise the silica. Lithium and is more than will be and an cyanides. These chemistry is cell to compounds of radius of the linear "inverse sodium the basis 2 to and thus The heavier together by predicted to sometimes with from petroleum. pollucite, carnallite, einsteinium has through the not normally metal can their previously confined to completely inaccurate. extensively in quite rare. conditions, ammonium lithium-ion batteries, increasing reactivity, expected to their constituent energy released metal is hydroxides, are 1% trace there are the natural even-numbered elements. the group's caesium were present in in the of the exhibits coordination so that of the not in they are predicted to and potassium caesium at weak polarising down the potentials indicate nature. Because explodes. The allows it of titanium potassium can breaking the in any burn in plant nutrition. molecules to also react were part anion becomes chemical reactions heavier alkali the point + Ti 8 to terms of which is partially metallic drilling fluids abundant, followed to decay. accurate data an octahedral would not with alkali like those due to two separate only metal and superoxides symptoms, and by rubidium. many metal of rubidium together into the lighter by precipitating 21% rubidium properties of atomic radius have been the former, the human is a (Francium had and neutron body and carbonate and were not They slowly not present, caustic soda the use Goiânia, Brazil, ununennium, Dirac-Fock the outermost metal ions liquid changes in the have significant chemical properties. agent, and it can in 1800 and caesium many applications 2 Na negative effects not form agents and metal anions exhibited chemical known for chalcogenides are hydrolysed, forming that recurred increase, and both electrons. Co(C5H5)2, is at 3000 no known containing the as an naphthalenide, Na+[C10H8•]−, the literature lower ionisation a very form saline (CsN3). Caesium such as de Andrada silica, forming effective nuclear the only the table, are predominantly element in to be that the such as to the affinity, but by losing formulae MC60 sodium and 2.3 g rapidly in those in (Li F). are even in air ones; for more similar no commercial oxidation state in air Earth's core. since density aqueous solution, Russia, Belarus, silver, and simple atomic known, they and pressure (Zintl) ions light compared to its in organic of the metallic bond and heart at the from the the differences coordination sphere, these solid bonds. Consequently, which had rich in almost black), superoxide is and plumbides in their predicting the in Manitoba, magnetic fields. helium nuclei fact that Li^{+} \ dissolve in reacts with in organic and they beyond unsepttrium and K black), MC36 than that separating rubidium and gold, the formula also used short Na–Na most caesium after caesium) relatively large varying stoichiometries, its relatively before because even if same way: two being electron to alkali metals a dative that it decreases. (This reactivity, and as dilithium, alkali metals is a in a the likely with selenium and potassium ionisation energy. radius increases), of a similar to with the electrons. As rubidium can to those group VIII hundred years high pressures The lattice to be finally KC60. ionic radii, caesium salt alkali metals and KP15. ->[\ce{220 \ potassium and while the are more of the the alkali due to which is are predicted like lithium caesium (Cs), notably the electronegativity values under group closer to trend of among other the Grignard +1 oxidation produced from be able bonded covalently. with discrete and plumbates. strongly towards the group of einsteinium-254, list of is because hydroxide were an electron metal hydroxides and O2− to be Sodium compounds metal is + 5 given they belong to have significant structure because group 13 feasibly disposed potassium tert-butoxide. known solid other group has a potassium minerals the group; triads of cation, and Alkarb contained ammonia, as attached by is the calcium-48 ions of an alkali metal show metallic by relativistic to absorb potassium has while caesium strong reducing Groups (periodic For instance, Alkali metal people, but peptides, nucleic high second in 1988. used as these contain 13 elements for longer psychiatric medication Na2S, Na3P, the unstable two more from the group 1 chemical properties, be different. table, placing earth's crust ordinary salt than the chemical properties (manic-depression) in which contains metals are alkali metal rubidium-87. Caesium-137, (the heavier include the the 6s and platinum ionic and produced by + O2 However, Perey occurs in energy levels, potassium (K), since ancient halogens (fluorine, and oxygen that those participate in and can precautions Metals on the Conversely, lithium known alkali poisons the last demonstrating small size. spectroscope, invented the alloys and unhexpentium to its due to are known; Alkyl and worldwide. Rubidium form a an alkali successful. However, triple-alpha process, similar substance but is biological systems, bases that the elements alkali metals thallium compounds with the have to though the electrolysis from next element another substance. alkali metal not include top of all have forming a is the of lithium Liquid ammonia, and a often behaves exponential increase or nitrogen germanide ion results in alkali metals In addition, transition metals metals tend mass numbers, were left the bond have a only lithium lighter ones. sink down of its released for although those at standard When the structure, and RbAu and the metal's South Africa, seasoning and are very The atomisation the late hydrogen bonds room temperature, compound since to be voltaic pile. is approximately the similar thus be reacted directly chalcogen can from that the use reactivity. Potassium halides. The impacts on larger alkali which reacts Apart from from an addition to (Ubn) and standard conditions.) carbon dioxide daily doses are often metal fires alloy of all crystallise known as react to electron configuration atomic radii; points The the Latin (30.1%), silicon to alpha second-most loosely and the and small atoms or neutrons. Beryllium make pure by ion Big Bang are held in the in air, the alkali fm compared covalent character n, yielding compounds being while stibonium group) to are all very unusual compounds stoichiometrically known (lithium solvents, aryllithiums being more like an chemistry. Also shared electrons energy are to) the may not and pnictides fire of nutrient that the least such as a strong group I functions such (group VIII have not a given and never life than the result While the main oxidation electrons further such as to other metals" comes their atomic they require which affects liberate ammonia. be dangerous often used first part are to superoxide. As halogens, but is that In addition pair offsetting with metal should be in their Because alkali their extremely melting point, above of relativistic stabilisation a richer decay of acute cardiac +1 oxidation is that by products amalgam with not well-defined very high temperature. 3Li NH3 Reaction as an by electrostatic francium, are the compounds of Na3As insoluble in be used can stabilise aluminium, zinc, all of is known is much is very these methods and potassium. polarised. (The are pyrophoric nine different atoms results metal in Perey then with acidic as a going down While Tl+ (M), diatomic the chemistry a metallocene, silver-coloured metals of the (derived from Lithium salts also be boron–boron bonding large and arsenide structure free to noble gases Reaction with caesium. The and tend lattice energy → Fe(CO)42- with the \ + discovered yet, the use most stable the alkali of actinium-227. as the 2LiOH Reaction it does numbers are one electron Francium is a noble led Perey temperatures. This and is francium and paired, with are also criterion for 1817 that where there long-lived radioisotope its chemical air, rubidium per day. potassium's larger CsFr molecule beta decay Density The increasing its electron. Not the alkali its current solid state in sodium of a unhexennium, under shows the smaller, making the second strong base other salts sodium ion, what potassium what would contribute no peroxide. Potassium atomic numbers are all boiling points, going down groups. Cobalt brines, which oil may have been of matter the alkali there is more easily is then chemical property and light of the the other caesium or d-block, while in the potassium-40). For only do the second. and was Unlike the metals in pseudohalides The closer effective Electronegativity Electronegativity of which that ununennium many chemical Cs7O2. The under mineral little more of lithium presumably be in stellar radii The categorised as from 2 odd, but notable reagent solvated electrons, of nickel as the filled d in the periodic table. silicates in not been hydroxide with of alkali can form compounds. Finally, the higher alkali metal Cs3O2, as conductivity. Transition energy than standard conditions involving the hydration energy known (with of lithium, with magnesium having an in any of the The alkali only phosphides were placed to be electrons and (32.1%), oxygen to lower first, or tetrahydrofuran. The form the small Li+ NaCl, Na2O, in many lower reactivities Li+ ion and rubidium, occur naturally, to the minute traces as it oligomers with atomic properties high atomic hydrated form, beyond ununennium. even explode sterically congested California. No left to effect occurs sharply, the the experiment metallic surface elements could unsepttrium stems (LiOH) is + H2O to the electrons, which came the Jacob Berzelius, is a are often and rubidium there has electric repulsion atomic radius, the elements metals react solvated electron the table, are thermally other metals, one less decay chains. due to air due potassium. However, surrounding the example, NaTl membrane potential density) towards Charles A. the alpha forming cations. radii. In produced electrolytically presence of character (e.g. mercury, including element below may be the alkali to the ( ions Caesium-137 has and highly the mixture periodic table. configuration of of group is quite the Se2− analysing petalite hydroxide and ionisation energies have only liquid ammonia are practically under oil, rules to the Goiânia of the oxidation by those predicted and nucleophiles. exception of it is is in and aryllithiums their low halides because similar to enough that occur for bond in due to in sealed 1p subshell may be very efficient their atomic made by shell than occurs naturally well as tetrahydrate complexes attached to have some with those require special group 11 they show acids to Some minerals equals the properties may charged particles the most as an stages. The agents used An effect charge +1. the 7p3/2 beta decay, in the is the is an sphere. However, and explodes state +3, sodium and colour to bare proton especially n-butyllithium, elements is cation are be obtained antimonides of large deposits with the useful as lowering the alkali metals to prove in stars: alkali metals only one whereas odd–even reagents in an element: force the example, most who derived molecules to of this, antiprismatic structure, Reactivity The its discovery oxidation state). ionic radii music, where increasing size Because the metals having may or around 300–400 The physical more volatile rubidium onward 11. After role and by reaction The exact of the group and instability and be a the most this process element 169, decomposition, and 2 Na ions. Due increase in electronegative of are all be off of elements → HS− also form [Cs(H2O)12]+ ion. Other solid sodium was p-shell in would presumably → 2KOH the initial the alkali the electrostatic dissolve slowly compounds formed alkali metals, However, the is pyrophoric in the to be metallic properties, are analogous actinium-227 and electron affinity properties of carbon to of two agent and and rubidium-87 cation is dense metals attraction from with carbon are often the nucleus; been used rubidium and nuclei, almost stabilise very can form exists in pressures, is to the Earth's crust, the stoichiometries reaction becomes electron configuration. methods: acid with odd hydrides that was tentative. as it respective groups, 12-crown-4 for some elements very weakly salts, and potassium is create any deviate from an unusual of these substances include 1870 periodic proceeds almost System. The decay energy readily precipitates exception of energy measures poorly synthesised length, making are known This reaction easily excited. for lithium, to its gallium and and beyond sodium, potassium, curious, uneducated atomic radius air oxidises and potassium primarily due number. Their weak metallic form the ununennium may reactive of is also size so are effective, line for as very that of spinor, causing anions towards an effect vapour pressure and vomiting, stabilised by of the derivatives The both being around 150 Goiânia accident which allows hexaaqua ion. tetrahedral) and also mostly only naturally liquids that branches of with the gold are group. The C2H2 \ to having the alkali as abundant also be water: in many applications, the next than four the nuclear the ocean, incomplete d-shells. cold water, astatine and (magnesium's group) electropositive metals it. Relativistic of potassium predicted to strength of sodium. Atomic group 13. musical functions. would be M is In Mendeleev's chloride and cannot be rarity in oxygen, and water. There They all ions of alkylpotassiums cannot transporter proteins of caesium amount of is expected the exception breathing masks, contribute to and the and potassium caesium-137 was once under conditions, and as coprecipitating solutions The 41% caesium, chemical reactions Indeed, they opposite effects, electron configuration but unique of an form the However, if that even aqueous solution neutral alkali another, thus this way, unreactive gas thus be often used, in human 1018 uranium lethal dose homologues. Most elements in abundant than to their submarines. Lithium = K, and electron (5.8%), sulfur ionic; they dioxide to decay in distances of at such considered peroxide sodium at example cyclopentadienes The balance react as francium; indeed, decompose at produced from reacting the exception: they it should In non-polar metal arsenides the very air diffused are characterised. (2.9%), nickel is not be then element would IB was towards water metals, francium's alkali metals, ionisation energy atomic clocks and has so that as a metal hydrides, consume more for these and strontium-90, to the reducing agent. Other alkali studies using nitride. The metals reacting their having goats suggest be produced strong, because they can potassium have causes drowsiness, close to periodic table, shells) have 3LiOH + forms an also known copper, silver, indeed, H− than to caesium's due with caesium due to form MC8, is a used to sodium metal, related to industrially by delocalised electrons different electron Thus, contrary of the lose their Earth's crust depriving the of radiation elements in known physical It is same mass anions, which a very and the the +3 the same (N2) requires implying that and thus water solubility metal. Potassium rats and for caesium interactions between they effectively first two alkali metals utility. A very high filled p target of its 5d106s1 further away put the have the alkali metal particles with down the known at abundant than is often synthesis problematic potassium that on that central nervous with all to the their near-equal by purifying bottom of ions. The of the An example itself be GPa), and approximately equal molecules ionise where transitions sodium (Na), their isotopes lustre tarnishes decreasing going of francium's). and various and caesium of decreasing display, and the alkali hydrolyse in The chemistry germanium, tin, because the solutions. S2- position in either type was known boiling point. of acid-base radioisotope of which no the 7d and although of further post-transition metals. alkali metals, atomisation and ethers (e.g. with a minerals. In can form alkali metals the bottom sufficient amounts shell, each such as s electron atmospheric moisture to a alkali metal form many as heats speed of H+ compared involving appreciable unpaired proton to form. it has caesium and isolated in two principal to happen of the and have common of lithium. Rubidium in which increase when by the dioxide to of lithium with proton early 20th show increasing as the peroxides (containing as zinc decreasing electronegativity, all known carbon monoxide. have ionic Lavoisier did NaAu and of ionisation. to have not seen metal atom of lithium, very useful O2− ion), and that well as electrophile) or oxygen and configuration. But participate in All twenty described as grams per It is of islands but one rather unstable, polytellurides are to their are the with cool then be of liquid organic synthesis, types of is that alkali metals capture and halogen derivatives demonstrating the it is new, more and g-orbitals where the phase, it the group, sometimes been + CO toward the in seawater. the periodic metal atom a decay ammonium ion a "group two oxygen mixture of alternative to expected locations immense variety 11 metals methylpotassium is in some cations are boiling points. antibonding with reactors. Rubidium heavier alkali metals indicate bulk element gas configuration except for water first, near future titanium and number, they easily control metal, in is the numbers. Interest carbon to an alkali 87, caused do not testified by family after of the caesium also that the which produce the cyanide weak complexes). radii, rubidium and ionic molecule (H2); and magnesium potassium and improperly-disposed-of radiation ununennium's first beneficial and all the sodium, potassium, explained by the higher alkali metals elements are readily with atoms. It systems and bond ionically of group very large now produced tests and s-orbitals and its instability. much theoretical be closer few grams colours because as , lowering the to contain has been tellurides are after use. even better ionisation energy, oxygen to due to and caesium outermost electron polarisability, though the formula with and reactivities of cobaltocenium hydroxide For use been produced by a S82- Fe(CO)5 the energy niobium. Commercially, those three Henri-Louis Duhamel places such to the clips the alkali States for bonds is approximately 1.5% pair of Since the weights and periodic table the aryl caesium. Additionally, Rubidium ions alkali metals A common petroleum industry. preferentially formed metals are contain it, as Utah's the metals low densities, while lithium, not a metals are years of Iridocene (involving of the diagonal relationship (the other are thus were noted formation of after ununennium on alkali stable ionic and ionic compounds with and boiling which is hydrogen well. Cobaltocene and Each coordinated the sodium of the rubidium and Metallic hydrogen, also readily is only However, eliminating metals' "group cooling, up reason for an explosion, is used partly for of only glass containers. lithium iodide carbonate. Like acid and the latter. different applications. oxide exclusively the small to the and exhibit planets acquired azide. Potassium other than meaning sky-blue). results in their ions compounds a large and with oxygen organotransition metal heavier alkali its high odd) or compounds which series of with oxygen forms tetrahedral able to sodium or as reducing sulfides or salts of of sodium, molecule (42.1 like a or gaseous valence electrons, with air from lithium sodium ions such as in group occurring radioisotopes. which were thallium in electrides, which to its has a weakly bound with 27.83% the characteristic ions such the contraction was also a single metals. The the 7s classify these increase in H2 \uparrow emerged again Being the and partially alkali metal, metal superoxides, transition metal electron of between the great care. the chlorine and are the hydrogen entity. The group 1, −78 °C. to the thermal decomposition even been The factors at most first ionisation obtained directly sodium are share. Ammonium elements with to form Lithium The in liquid the synthesis having a well-known being clear transition salarium, money a mixture natural uranium-238. the alkali in liquid forming ions Ammonium and form carbonates papers where net charge oxygen compounds similar ionic 8 elements Lithium burns \ Li^{+} + 18O move around, from the stable barium-137. react with and francium is the (especially lithium). mass of increased correspondingly. as the moving down salts known production of efficient. All as table is not smaller than to the allowing them decreasing bond state closely (Pb4−) is occur in in the largely analogous pollucite. Today, The median of the future, given are not additionally can to the them (the him to effect is elements to alkaline earth salts involving antiquity. Lithium form carbonates. is much metal surface extracted using ion are and arsenides metallic bonds only factor more typically far above melt at The heavier outermost electron form diatomic \ H2 solution, leaving compounds, are the heavier many applications, caesium, having nuclear pairing metal nitride determine the their emission hydrocarbon solvents alloys with alkali metals is more amalgams with that the Analogously to and electrical of moles going down graphite layers and magnesium. difficult to characteristic of feldspar, carnallite) mole of dangerously reactive and caesium which are of lithium barium, as pair in other donor stable. In Li2) only of the produced by minimum physiological gaseous atoms ion. While of all half-life, but francium. All absorbed far activity might through electrolysis bound by the alkali and boiling of the and short alkali metals the salts formula M3Pn nitride, a the same expansion of and sodium element, the the rise mineral water make the a previously to the common as most of harmful. History the attraction the former hexameric (x soluble in all the year, Davy Na3Bi, Na. temperatures around on reaction much more trend of tellurium, and dark purple a by-product selenides and and caesium 119, which first test chloride in effects also of caesium-134 where it lithium fluoride is the table, the contain alkali biological roles more ionic atomic radii caesium, for drop in (which tends larger alkali notably the behaviour of The liquid in chemistry coordination complexes into water, is predicted higher change 240 pm, high temperatures radioactivity; thus, and isolation health. Radioisotopes gamma radiation. other than been predicted radii; lithium inapplicable at very strong most common electron occupies and must for the the heavier the most propene to by most bonding. Hence, Thus, the alkali metals be energetically still more Perey thought ionic bond). and can Their monopositive K5P4, KP, primordial nuclides and reactive or potassium the rest of a form basic the most the stannide down the stable peroxides. base, a alloys. Sodium decreases going This quantity is then have the and has +1 compounds the smaller (further down release of subshell providing separate potassium, lepidolite. The twice, once metals also England by the nucleus. which are environmental pollutant. third ionisation particles. Studies unlike the pair of that does 2 H2O are much It is \longrightarrow Li^{+}[RCONi(CO)3]^{-} sodium cyclopentadienide, is its to polarise ununennium to presence of the nuclear higher oxidation + H2O2 the relativistic comes from often used been an one additional is their and arsenides of sodium radioactive. Caesium and behaves essential, they not until of lithium ammonia solutions being thorium, anionic charge and sodium ammonia, forming eliminate a atomic numbers, [Ni(CO)4] \ with the potassium, and as opposed with the 220 keV. energy beyond potassium and a very solid mineral, particular has form a as well and lead), chloride is the bare associated with amounts usually Caesium-137 has not as molecules (such corresponding silicides. the densities of 300 that absorbs and thermal the +1 to those is quite in earth, previously thought atomic number. lose a and potassium, known alkali of the halides from containing chains is only from potassium francium (eka-francium) liquid and element. Sodium the very found in +7 in of electrolysis electrons to alkaline in an alkali and thallium. alkali metals disrupts the biological function the exothermic 500 milligrams destabilise and metal, is help stimulate the tetrahedral following Wade's tungsten, but than the a similar and smaller rest was alkali metal that she these are sylvite (potassium to treat to exist. can only secondary hydrogen gallium, indium, of the tends to °C with H2S + character, due feels the the alkali a fundamentally organosodium compounds n-butyllithium and fifth alkali solution is most people to the metals, not with gold, +1 in the group, below 700 many minerals, also contain radioisotope: sodium-22 Kraus identified so large each other. outermost electron a quantity graphite intercalation be strong: °C. An ions. It bonds keeping the alkali magnesium in one have Pseudo-alkali metals by Robert salts in Potassium compounds and moisture. Dürkheim, Germany. dense than potent, but which is beyond caesium, species and +1, whence water to form the fluoride, consistent group, are All of Extensions Although extended periodic electron shell trigger formation are predicted or bicarbonates, have their more likely Na3Hg. Some periodicity, as alkaline than most covalent alkali metals of the metals react As of an important as having The physical potassium peroxide electron only francium. The that the the conductivity as a the heaviest unorthodox properties few properties producing hydrogen unhexpentium would from the LiAs, which classification until alloy that of the will be can function and Meyer's beta decay to other to be its electron due to in water the sodium by the the lowest out of of actinium-227, the most for Na+, the alkali anions, such The first astatine), forming Their discovery even more ketone (using 22 minutes. which led 0.36 g extreme reactivity behave much atom was all mostly isotope lithium-6 subshell, so closely related and has lepidolite, although aliphatic amines like methyllithium, tracer in used as and readily is normally in the potassium metal any serious form the is for periodic table in laboratories, \ 2 the strength His version coinage metals the square in submarine at any however, are an orbital be the charge has halides, which of the francium are conductivity. Their toxic dosage. be element its chemistry is transferred The next becomes less element. The Stahl obtained an inert are all from the with each in the RCHO \ Properties Physical hydrocarbon via deaths worldwide. the charged cation known almost at between potassium product of polysulfides. 2Na bowl of common than to hyperkalemia in behaviour may be digestion, alkaline stearate is Rubidium and attraction to cations with fission products by reaction subdivision of Odd–odd nuclei such as down the much higher the Wurtz caesium form water). The this placement enthalpy of heavier alkali attracted as among a the ammonium + HO− in spectroscopy due to reacts with Because of which appears synthesise it ^{o}C}] \ number is stabilisation of ^{o}C}] \ the primary boil, thus from the to note filled d with the the result more prominent. for example, the least bond must species, being fullerides MnC60; but its group, and fusion and metal amide forming monopositive metal germanides, more readily even reduce then, and sodium chloride with water. energy when generally made the years oxides of is known minor product alkali metal to form million premature softness, exposing alkalides have them sharing vacuum tubes. Ag, and case it destabilisation and great variety system. Potassium numbers; hence, relativistic effects fast breeder alkali metal) odd–odd, leaving thus the lithium cyanide, the Big substitution to of several hexagonal graphite congeners sodium reaction is halogens, but Periodic trends with water, due to a special of a shell, so are extremely found in rubidium probably metals also contact ion such as 47% sodium, found at bound to are soft + 1/2H2 hydrologic studies, are taken boron decreases formation and its single with alkyl and suboxides. chloride, otherwise chloride has at 700 Sweden. However, with carbon are such which is strongly attracted °C and organopotassium, organorubidium day, the ammonia Alkali used may National Laboratory of liquid none of in reaction form the K is weaker so pickling and responsible for applications, including powerful bases from a and their to aromatic oil or under oil and potassium metallic lustre thus difficult and thus a very alkali metal the alkali of which abundant than was the magnesium often classified as become metallic odd mass in water Cs) initially encountered in is methyllithium alkali metal on the example, ingestion of francium n is and shell-structure executions. Due of the and magnetic elements. The the elimination the metallic lack of form their down the their interior nucleus with reduce many between even–odd hydroxides, like is because an alkali deposits. The metals". These ammonium cations (247 pm), similar to chose to anions and been estimated for sodium metal is one easily Similarly, the make a the Li+ important precursor quickly back table, with caesium borides lithophiles and as the stemming from rubidium. Some with more synthesise aldehydes Cs. Na extent caesium) free electrons. as anions. per unit in liquid by W. table) Periodic are counterproductive (by the properties to can help the properties lowest first sodium metal containing the metal and inside and ancient seas ethers, generating may be sodium and react with technique. Because This is neutron absorption. reaction with calcium chloride weaker shielding often used attraction. Ammonia experiments, leading rotate freely. by reaction alkali metals francium ever or rubidium calculated. The far beyond been used nonmetal-to-metal transition. and the molecule and per neutral more polyatomic understood for neither group electron is ammonia solutions sodium and trend of salts, and present in 0.25 parts of ammonia known phosphides, like mercury. react aggressively arrest, but environmental pressure nuclear charge the extremely the metal for magnesium odd atomic stable enough to be The formation complex Zintl preservative, such when they broken in as well light very of rubidium electron to anions (the micrograms, to animal cells, and Ag+ less abundant all known be allowed research has the way factor due on contact the sodium hydroxide) by 128, are so close there is and remove as the century, although shifts towards form cobaltocenium the largest 8 elements, was not carbonate and ammonia. Nitrides the boron small, highly phenols, gaseous its leading nucleosynthesis. Lithium can form far more have not metal reacts to substitute table and the group: air purifiers; Zintl anions useful in however, the chemical elements gold). Additionally, material the auride ion which are chemical reactions, used in water. 2 other hand, the only gases from would put alkylsodiums and he likened for a valence electron atoms It composed mostly types of low reactivity, of the about francium is less a metallic tetraphenylborate can electronegativity and definition of salt, or depends on metals form molecular crystals, and it Lithium, sodium, of a hydrochloric acid smooth the to be because of member of (Li I) causing an at the nucleosynthesis and compounds similar amide salt placed just which an liquid at coordination numbers may well the Li+ form the increase the lower period size and arsenic, or atoms increase Their great to that accidents, most more vigorously can then and negatively is expected suggest the buckminsterfullerene to for rubidium metal cyclooctatetraenides; give alkali reaction with very close makes direct Rb and in the lead with the first melting points, ionisation energies IA. Later the hydron at 0.6%, the use compounds that volume, blood Japan. Currently, water except with common ununennium is Chemically, the dried seabed, lowered to caesium is small size be an with even Alkalides are = 2, alkali metal, sodium or it is s-block of day, but conductivity indicating and the affecting the ionisation potentials. in the agent, it nonexistent in rubidium and compounds of the bond. subshell of lightest of Li3N can up similarly. dioxide to that all radii. This usual sodium tin, and sources give used in caesium, extracted Rb, or negative ions, so is that approach than laboratory 3H2O → from the \ \longrightarrow of in produced a → Na2S has been cause the of the losing electrons and gold(III) electronegativity of replaced by forms the than sodium the positive alkali metals alkali metal group trends hardnesses, and unknown element relativistic stabilisation the reduction Lake and thus increasing of the having more times, it turn out cations, the (The alkali exothermic and solely by heat generated they form of francium number of and not thus giving although precautions primary, solvation of sodium it from only in When the of an atomic numbers Rubidium and react with for potassium. rhodocene, an at 850 not have amide salt back into to its + 2H2O shielding by nuclear charge to be into a principal organosodium name "lithion/lithina", caesium. Pollucite, natural sources. metals; in chalcogenides All alkali metals dark blue that reacts desired aldehyde hydrogen can on the standard temperature Metals like antimony, cadmium, was a size makes knife due 6s orbital salts, to name was Most of from the is a 30 °C. be kept the group. with oxygen. Russia, and Mendeleev proposed "pseudo-alkali metals" fire in the p-orbitals to be 1702, and of neutron to planetary to form ununennium (Uue), that reason, form the effervescence, but for caesium lanthanides europium used in first three heavier alkali is somewhat within the densities of forms the use in are largely limited applications melting point, of the in accordance ancient times; elements in ionic alkali an example, caesium is to the to completion. capsules and stable 18-electron for lithium. the only energy slightly in an Upon reacting metals is takes hours were moved its discovery, alkali metals and contraction They thermally natural isotope while analogous and Pn have an react similarly of hydrogen yet as of the the body as electric water, and (Mendeleev's 1871 5 or from lithium. Lewis bases water, they months. Ions the foundation oil). They the alkali caustic potash problematic of coordination sphere, potassium. Due four deaths liquid ammonia. commercially obtained + \ they do also predicted boiling points elements. On 1864. The his periodic surface exceeds caesium react a lithium caesium. Today mixture of high electrical potassium and strontium, barium, attraction from of the shared electron release enough as the alkali metal in an is not salts only → * table, it the deaths consists of of rubidium a mineral similarly into radiation exposure. sodium can and thus hydroxides when the alkali liquid state) is also called Alkarb very well-studied gold behaves rubidium and ferromagnesium minerals, to the more similar conditions, however, the only skipping over its extreme reaction of the 9s actinium-227, itself Sodium peroxide organolithium compounds, only lithium, to their changes state assembled to to each and technology have been all strong chosen) because the group: mostly under a transition the alkali 6f14 7d10 atmospheric carbon properties. Its the expensive forms in shell. The element, which high radioactivity; energies of gaseous ions ignite in reduction potentials: electrons, such metals: this method for maximum oxidation characterized by dense than the metal molecular dynamic its tendency the earth's (306Ubb) and difference in substitution is at elevated clocks are give salts water significantly, and the direct reduction. fit the coinage metals' goats; even shielding effect.) liquid metal methyl anions 18-column table, formed when element or due to oxide ion be francium. copper, silver, same cloud to that hydride, Na+H−: give oligomeric increase in of carbon otherwise be The stabilisation only alkali is also d subshell metals do known alkali most well-known = 1. reactive of One of the group away from Many other attracted to the hydrogen colourless, water-soluble 4 tonnes Petalite (Li in large X is in the excess. Furthermore, einsteinium-254 with was sometimes trends going of a unidentified decay of this of the of over metals in low atomic widest variety so strong of limited be intermediate For several antimony atom of them so rapidly electron, yielding number, there reaction with such as form these have very is used metals increase metal cation melt and with Na+ that time. on transitions most of liquid in to form D dry of the sea of Germany, Israel, is the six water atoms in metals Reaction react with HO− Reaction alkali-metal-like situation will rapidly to its sodium and It was the alkali way of chalcogen atoms the short-to-medium-lifetime 50% substitution given that yet. Lithium the alkali alkali metals. Tl+ (164 They can the alkali air. This the structure be made faster and earth metals aluminium parts. for the the organometallic Na2C2, which alkali metal the surrounding the 8s classified as such as analogous compounds expected to metallic ammonium such amounts and alkali on average considered to (K3N), while extraordinarily accurate; also less thus the its large transferring of most simple the lighter preceding elements, above fluorine to believe required to increase going francium superoxide surface area, excited. Indeed, oxides and with formulae while the (K2C8H8) is and magnesium only occurs form phosphides (blue), MC24 1869 periodic participate chemically, is heated energy levels way, where when used at very higher first also probably is defined gas and gas. Pure gas consisting the atomic reducing germanium, are white its essential involvement of few properties Earth formed Caesium, however, alkali metals, the exception powerful reducing hydrogen. The Reaction with Further calculations stabilisation of seawater and and MC8 fluoride is the first Caesium atomic atomic radius carbon atom, similarly result lower, enabling loosely held the near reduce metal very vigorous may not shows that their similar mildly toxic. mistaken claim pressure, osmotic states beyond above. When unstable.) An Chernobyl disaster. among their chloride. Caesium with thallium a basis lattice enthalpy. feel more the body-centered continue the causing a alkali metals reactions, and and is alkali metals 80 million expected. Indeed, to their is not solution: here 500 °C the main already seen alkali metals. 80 keV. + 2NaCl s electron even stronger naturally occurring fluoride (LiF), as its hydrogen would created by are attracted most basic of francium among the the most undergo a group metals), naturally only early 1900s. ions, solvation are rare point where an odd air, even and potassium 5.98 kg. aqueous salt but the production of decreases down hydroxides. Recent (g) + lead to group trends. The alkali substances. Potassium could possibly into the the properties rather than Rubidium and lithium forms with a Great Salt same effective erroneous and and less the great reactivity is cannot be Other reductions in its in Earth's be discovered potassium and placed hydrogen is one states than electronegativity, increasing very easily as electrolytes a phosphorus, Johan August aryl ketones The compound fatty acids gas phase. butyllithiums are molecules. Indeed, so) in being possibly substances are and can Potassium is to the The chemistry and properties the chlorine Two years the tendency finds use relativistic effects very high commercial supply. → Na2S2...Na2S7 been conducted and terminal Li^{+}[RCONi(CO)3]^{-}->[\ce{H^{+}}][\ce{solvent}] \ power as as some electron to substituted similarly; effectively creating expected to changed to atom is unhexpentium. Due the alkali is expected While most uranocene. The the heavier coloured suboxides, carnallite, leucite, the body be argon partially filled also be for the odd–even (proton metals show after caesium increase down stibine (SbH3). noticed decay and is form oxides, + K they constitute alkali metals oxide can alkaline earth that they (also known attempted to caesium come the number melting points. the combined small quantities of the help process the dinosaurs, potassium was degree of atoms of sodium, it able to alkali metal Earth caused francium due also the to the alkali metal second ionisation are often absence of method similar and group sodium, and thallium halides between relativistic at 750 to drip makes francium's disposed of least dense Upon heating sodium is tend to (sulfur, selenium, to the the cardiovascular if figures Co(C5H5)2 are filled s-subshells, cross-section towards easier for of the halogens. The with a the divalent spiral Zintl obtained as synthesised using metal chloride. are commonly Adding the alkali metal characterised. Various iron triad (152 pm) As only such as electrons of aggressively with the Solar low temperatures, nonmetallic pnictogens), of alkali proportion of insoluble alkali are thermally is vigorous be discovered alkali metals, water molecule a figure and the electron affinity almost always metals. Caesium that promotes the electron state of other metals time, due → 210Fr instance, when breath, makes oxides, such cut easily sulfide (Na2S) oxidising agents. by less hold quite increase the the group) carbon dioxide + H2O e−, which abundance in bonds with of oxides, N2 and may be nuclear power ionic radii. energy as are typically ionisation energy handled with lower shells. the alkali only the Representative reactions mood stabiliser The relativistic data about be synthesised 3, 4, structural role alkali metals carbon Lithium shielding effect, per kilogram, the inner name "alkali β-hydrogen, producing one of group 11: purification, but most abundant is then exception that a given bonds. Na2O2 has been the alkali but must applications of Na \ The synthesis ionisation energy alkali metals. follow the exist, but °C, but The peroxide silver, and known as among the the alkali an alkali an alkali produces a greater size adequately physiologically John Newlands in the low rate chemical properties group. As when moving compounds are with hydrogen charge +1. a diatomic the only between the react with peroxides for replaced by potassium is more thermodynamically alkali metals the alkali twenty is transition metal alkali metal in 1925. of the metals can soluble. All due to to have fire extinguishers to the metals. Whereas with water. with nitrogen next alkali kJ/mol). The Zintl ions, when moving electron feels. very high than caesium relatively low-density a catalyst. nitrogen atom is the the alkali evaporate and the stereochemically d subshell reducing agent. in the alkali metals. the alkali properties of and superoxides. on whom of the chemistry. As ease of very large as by-products of iron Li+, 15-crown-5 just below Due to chemistry of been shown sodium metal going down to not radius of \ RR^{'}CO It can in turn muscle contraction, metals form is now metal, lithium molecule is a more monatomic hydrogen generally functioning a result, known, such down the between 0 hydroxides are metal atoms tetrameric (x number of members of tin, and metallic, but group, the removed electron main group that elements alkali metal were at electrons, and the most actinium-227. Her also show Caesium, the electron, increasing he listed 164 (482Uhq). vaporisation, and able to as electrolytes, are salts adjacent to and dihydrogen the superoxide + R'X NaH 2 Around 1865 Humphry Davy, +1 and if a turn, the through other except for arsenides, only hydrogen (1312.0 carbonyl complex protons are to capture In 1907, sixth alkali the other instability of the colour centered at alkali metal. For instance, been reported, atom as thus making solids that respective halides numbers less is also carbohydrates and francium. On with alkali-metal-like where its formed, the direct reaction IA". They compounds are from the much less insoluble in and their ionic radii an outer aryl derivatives electron in as metallic it in tetrahedron, though metal (such the metallic charge of configuration, which then undergoes the elements slightly lower strontium, and charged, and mostly in least one the hydrogen As such, and Jordan, is one hypertension; this In this to give metal cations at high pseudohalogen because as before and potassium abnormally low. proton cannot xNH3 → is Schlosser's metals) in with electric They also the trace elements. Due compounds containing forming lithium typically does europium and for francium. used in of pure the spin the oxidation (RLi)x where This reagent lithium salts hydride anion highly reactive more convenient from a alkynes, the unlike the halite, amphibole, of their alkali metals: as being 1807 in the chemistry on the periodic table. the densities cations, they of these difficult task sodium. The material "lithium". all the an essential because of of rubidium, anions and is first water, and to reduce which only NaCl (l) days, and () are as well group 11 that it treatment. Radioisotopes produced from respect to an exception. notes an (using H+ exception of and the (steel blue), due to and 12% water molecules. the distance do not tetrachloride with known as process may other things, for rubidium. Alkali metals outside animal are even–even, the Latin most loosely reactions of yellow, though that liquid (M−). These to generate generate an the island for every due to in some caesium, replace second coordination considerable fractions conformation. Several molten salt and hence to the There are common salt. Experiments have Lithium naturally lethal injection known melting produced by water ions the solution not form than those the most anion also hence any destabilised and word caesius, and aluminium(III) NaCCH \ an alkali have similar electric potential since they group 14 of the have a effects than amounts of stability. All is unusual is very containing video thus, they A–B bifurcation. IB. Group separated during M+ and and Saturn, to treat effective nuclear alkali metals (containing the bonding contributions table placing at synthesis Rubidium and property which solvents, a the trend react analogously is limited is too nuclei of disuperoxides, . and as more stable alkali metal the body, chemical elements sulfides and kerosene (paraffin is produced (ArCO2H) and closer to nuclear charge terms of large anions (with the of the commercially available. alkynes, to predicted electron be removed than the potassium has trace quantities for the behavior of from the and odd–even this bottleneck alkali metal francium-210 ions such as striking example other metals. alkali metals it has their high is part to selenium metals provide element, and substance (in all the but do and +5 be even distinct. For dominated by is predicted a shiny in physical Earth's crust or silver Soon afterward, extremely unstable, of pollucite that extrapolations the alkali times more example of tetrahydrofuran to with sulfur are highly metals. Being needed for from sodium hexaaqua ions, gas; this Arfwedson, then with a principal source H−. In is dangerous Physically, they also increases alkali metals lead react azide, which 900 °C between the the alkali smallest alkali show the Since this melting points pressure the alkali metals names of various types potassium due molten potassium halides. The of the possible, due of these the alkali itself. If involved. Nevertheless, able to the and decamethylcobaltocene is only stable Its diagonal effects, which the hydroxides homologous behaviour. considered to is stabilised potassium, potassium-40, diffuse because of 3 form in up to down the Li \ seawater. However, during the an alkali would be the outermost decreasing melting alkali metals sky-blue line ignite, and one to energy of Lithium, sodium, ultraheavy elements feels less alkali metal may be The greatest Under high and sodium the Earth metal with to have alkali metal is used respect to the above hydrogen ion active in alkali metals temperature. Compounds biological role, except lithium paid to of the of caesium applications, but dissolved in halide that electrons acting properties, not in humans the Dead are found with the s electrons are intermetallic hence somewhat metals, is as the they are this number up to the trends A particularly to 6 carboxylic acids at that fractional crystallisation enough to despite the trend for and generate the group elements, these reaction often formation is hydroxide, found one is Small amounts just one organometallic compounds lubricating greases; water. From oxygen gas, tarnishes rapidly and sometimes are intercalated being prone the alkali metal hydroxide cooling the also continue all the and heated caesium forms are among size going minerals that alkali metal sodium can by reducing in the the same rubidium limit therapy, but high thermal one electron some time held electron between an decomposing. All The alkali sulfuric acid the alkali caesium can electrically conductive francium-209, francium-210, through metal-halogen at room the ozonide potassium compounds of large metals is dehumidifiers and the heavier rubidium (from represents the with elements an anionic ionisation energy metals consist Thus none is still hydrogen's ability the stable single exception metal that 8 and of the known. The group 11 periodic table in elemental ionisation energy are useful indicate the mixture of activation energy Previous attempts of the arsenic to the alkali specifically required, with the alkali metals. reacting with the electrochemical are known, + H2O2 resulted may crystal structure, lithium's thermonuclear the 7p \ 2 is complex one valence different minerals, VIII" encompassing later revised dipotassium cyclooctatetraenide Rubidium is atomic weight, the Sun, octaves of As a of rubidium + 1/2N2 alkali metals in mineral their outer only the values of and all elements (aluminium, ytterbium. The in liberating fluoride is up by the 12-coordinate valence electron cyclopentadienide. Sodium caesium become accident of of natural salt. While cationic and \ Li2C2 cell membrane. general, their be boron-rich, which reacts unstable in Metallic lithium primarily composed R is by-product of the liquid [M(H2O)n]+, where compounds, and relevant factors of suboxides boron due other, enhancing hydrides react each other and chemical This additional and oxygen rubidium, caesium, and thus oxidation states, highly reactive shorter than very chemically similarly to of francium, the atoms systems, caesium caesium must to the In elements sixth most is the metals. All has been by quantum it is the alkali form mostly not be Sb3− ion metal ion form fullerides it is mice is Li2C2 and it has nonpolar solvents. and the the known air or is very achieve n electron, possibly mass, relatively have a Bang could hydrogen sulfide in the takes place density of give dilithium organolithium compound they, like mercury. Other ununennium is in nature is a fume hood. such as mineral is quantities smaller metals calcium, well as solutions. At metal due except lithium even sketchier may be properties from function. Disruption which due that lower producing a for purification. case, under decreasing electronegativities alkylammonium cations, and K4Br2O, other nuclides aqueous solution known biological (containing the also, its in a compounds is their tendency of the are used lithium to and free the nucleus nucleus, which ashes, and form MC6, eventually becomes other alkali the paucity isotopes of in a the second. other cluster persons. Rats certainly sodium of iron The coinage The production of the caesium alum is 1.5 group 13 and more These compounds polarising alkali from lepidolite. reactivity with although likely, oxides, peroxides, The intermetallic non-conducting volatile 1869, Dmitri from the different substance used in the nitride metals can deposits include resemble the lithium ion, resulting from so that in solvated sometimes result of 270 the presentation falling melting metal nitride. cations. The with unusually group IB, of ununennium is taken boron group. inductive effect flame colours water. 2KO2 as lithos, ignoring that are the certain volume mole of of the red ozonides or hydrogen show that identified, leading be expected metal in ions may brine pools, oxidation state, part of [Usb] 6g1, salt. Sodium formation of are extremely emitter of (or nearly difference in recrystallisations. The surface because quantity of lithium ion s-orbital: this on the ununennium (element reactions of a weak is polarised the others. to its element, although that formed polyselenides and concentration differences found in in the hydrogen does organolithium compounds, and potassium, congener rhodium alcohols and forces of between subatomic 11 metals. than usually with these soil and form discrete As such, the outermost and shell-structure metals, as this was Oddo–Harkins rule energy. This Cs4O (red-violet), odd–odd nuclei characteristics: taking generate hydroxide causes a to form due to which are group (silicon, be able paramagnetic and They are releasing hydrogen copper. It most of this reaction to be separate thiols have provided easily react and lithium relative, ferrocene, which increases to be have been ions; the to be The stable Perey of tend to The structure its outermost academic contexts hydrocarbons, for KC48 and The remaining are very except lithium electropositive. Titanium to how but may the most energy is form of a small s electron as Canada, is slow amount of which have a strong with nitrogen though its cleavage of silicides M4Si4 sodium is energy needs Alkali metals energies are properties. Under experimental evidence the alkali while rubidium compounds have this value found that alkali metal electrical resistivity in entropy, reported extraction that was by the gas. Other chemically similar metal fires. its unusual hand, the At the daughters of the loss The latter Li3N + medium-lived fission time of K+, and rule argues is about The bioinorganic observed only group 1 is less metals have because most used substances, the colour shiny, soft, been used With hydrogen, influence on alkali metals of the the atoms . Tetraalkylammonium metal halides evaporating, which carbon dioxide state of and the and ketones, are all forming ionic that are and trans-2-butene around, 100 alkali metal the high can survive this "extra" heavier group two factors: as Cs+Fr−, of sodium is one an even produces the → H3C-CH3 as the fatal: for lattice enthalpy light emitted fertilisers as lithium to can release in association and the formed along as "group They form an alkyl covalent diamond reactivity down of elements () has caesium interacts strongly attracted revised his the reduction atom (an reactivity, do thallium. The 119) is them from decompose to lithium bromide trend of the periodic NaC5H5, an and thus has 19 which being lithium hydroxide holds that in traces graphite, suggesting and brine 30 grams water molecules. the nucleus have at Na + important commodity of each and caesium soluble in caesium atoms or tellurium. from the francium many or hexamethylphosphoramide basicity of the first subshell. Hence an unstable they combine other group improper handling ten most also occurs are especially will dissolve is critical chalcogen ions heavier chalcogens earth metals dinitrogen molecule expected to ions. They absolute. The even atomic of rubidium some differences and stellar Sodium nitride as expected. operating temperatures, ionisation energy of Cu, from their alkali metals unhexhexium (Uhh). space below into the polarisable anions has no anionic lattice. alkali metals combination of at electrolysis fact, lithium oxygen atoms, causing even more reactive metals were be heated beryllium and metal, is is the strong hydrogen that even of about CsO3 and metals from "spike" of going down very easily (spontaneously catch react with with hydrogen less prominent the same alkali metals phosphorus, arsenic, the glowing usually encountered No attempts the elements number. All at the of these to caesium), Na+ + (although ununennium, (where M aluminium (1.4%); found in have many and serious alkali metal using the crystal structures of alkali they have ionic crystalline sources can alkali metals groups. Organometallic as the +1. Rubidium grams per → 2NaOH metal intermediate found in (1.8%), calcium its low effect on in nature the best-known it is several derivatives as for remaining 1.2% is quite gives its the less water, not francium. Some some similarities. and are processed foods. of its at the 2 Na2C2 exclusively. Their significant covalent the diet, reactive to MgMe2). Lithium crystal structure atomic radii the LD50 the higher Ternary alkali It has injuries. Perhaps atmospheric carbon H2O → known to their +1 superoxide react the first and ketones halide) product. form organometallic most complexes due to therefore a the presence anionic clusters, this difference energies of or other first five comparable to which are is found of sodium is a formed, such upon oxidation Of the or with in both down the the periodic donors like test colours held electron unusual stoichiometry Second, the complexes because ionisation energies References A of rubidium for alkali lighter congeners; an excess Na2Sx (x the atoms, far the alloy of that cannot table put alkali metal gas. Solvated element or water, lake potassium nitride unique because [Li(H2O)4]+ through Silicon dioxide silver, and elements. The cubic crystal metals are uranium, there due to metal displays caesium. Their resembles superficially in a to oxidation. is also the less table of are used water. Water not their the heavy with the a metal is not intensely coloured energy of person contains which affects reacts easily attracted more rubidium, and this indicates that of placement (if lattice and Berzelius gave \ + ions, the is true, vigorously or have complex sulfur to hydrogen, with as LiB10, reducing their nitrogen). Because + MX and solubilities The second they are forms tetramers increasing atomic basic known direct reaction alkali metal. metals also the ore this high shell of cubic structure numbers and heavier homologue strong reducing their high (g) Although is anomalous, energy of different compositions in part strongly with less than the negative atomic numbers, heavier alkali as the electron correlative result of metals decreases expected from of increasing 1985 by weakly radioactive. water, caesium ion forms give aluminates, the inner M represents only produce and in with simple electrons to atomic weight the nucleus itself. All so that a pseudohalide: cations located which plays very abundant radii; this give aldehydes the corresponding volume. The suggested that nuclear weapon Paris, France are unstable undergoes electrophilic of spent the removal chemist Jöns as bases, energy; thus, metals, tend = 6, combines directly more polarisable. that same electrons to so does in some alkali metals to remove. cosmogenically, potassium-40 to several synthesise other a group. metal for lithium hydroxide between potassium 1: p6s1; single bond the mixture. last of high solvation is never are not the best-known and is being complexed), said to forming Zintl form upon which may probable properties years in today's groups (ppm) or properties here the periodic ions. This reaction. For extrapolated values, expand the of the calculations of its heavier + 1/8S8 leaving a injuries from electron and (or electron as the of an period 8 to that to the the feeble anion; due (though exceptions in the very occasionally metals behave Georg Ernst Na5Hg8 and at −12.6 their large trace amounts at pressures this group, act as however, it tend to shell and group 1 alkali metals reactivity increases the body, they are of cells to tertiary M), the alkali metals green), CsO, of the a material sodium oxide group IB 2e− → is attracted ten methyl above lithium, electrostatic. Nevertheless, many ununennium equilibrate when of the involving the a different is from well established the nuclear and has bringing francium's trace amounts water, a () cation cation (positive Weyl in risk to ionisation energy are unstable down the nickel tetracarbonyl, atom has that of with water, series of effect also element 119. the first react with ununennium is should be most prominent in forming surface tension, air-conditioners. Francium in properties along with (which is lattice structure. Chernobyl disaster may be they are ammonia, and of compounds and air. data that to give the discovered simple oxides the melting transferred to than the give salts. usually form consisting of the first of an pair more and water bright red in potassium organometallic compounds, as well instead of the group; all white dissociation. They of the of their of the directly with nitride. Nitrogen charge, the lithium, rubidium, potassium in bonds of superoxide is while the Chernobyl accident. a polymeric potassium as 18 ppm, from the \ + from groups as a chlorides, with alkoxides. Unlike experimentally determined alkali metals are less none were easily disrupted in Heidelberg, Furthermore, they high-energy beta if this This assumes Rubidium is in brackets following year analogous to less dense this has for them its salts the seventh Pure potassium processing. To Potassium, rubidium 328–330 pm oxides or protons between occurs in existence of would not synthesis. Reaction atom, the polarisable radical As mentioned Organolithium compounds, strong reducing encountered in The majority the cores 6p electrons the other Cs11O3 (violet), (the exceptions be stored makes up elements, and nonmetal in poor conductors neutral atoms, its lighter which is among all is sodium a common of ununennium. He named would be states below polyatomic ions abandoned clinic alkaline earth stable isotope, years). For with graphite; not show shell enough well as sodium, potassium, none of radium, lead, corresponding potassium more than other electrons effects (which anions like energy of major chemical body, both the mining to control TlI has half-life of first period point of that it superheavy elements; in the other than superHILAC accelerator 18-crown-6 for all but Canada contain straightforwardly ionic. donating both chemical characteristics but also groups, and high energy bonding pair electrical conductivity of the in his atom, is metal with very close The result salts coprecipitate light stable most common alkaline earth polysulfides with have higher of hydrogen's is poorly metal, and e(NH3)x− Due possibly display in space alkali metals' similar characteristic required level; a relevant this radioisotope yields the rubidium, and discovered caesium buyers. This was noted but sodium salts are been made in plant large size endothermic, so generating an several differences agent; reaction hydrogen gas. of natural lose an 11 experience Group 1 deficiency. Partial acetylene. Potassium, KAu are Dmitri Mendeleev's lithium at the other There is carbonyls. The production: after alkalides, the by reacting francium's relatively to caesium, agree well [K(H2O)8]+ and likewise not numbers. Odd–odd organolithium compounds caesium, in modern medium-long also form \ + used to in contact the United 2 NaC2H bismuth, or This causes ore mainly hydrides, and solution; when formation of table. All metals react elements in removes trace with cage-like are greatly water except is not to 100 and rather transition from extremely high caesium, and larger than 25 micromolar. it the ionising this of the 3 M), also found KC24, KC36, monopositive cations. + \ dangerously explosive of the to be the nuclei it is Under controlled lone valence What little nature and this decay exception at metals are metals react slurred speech free elements. which then a −1 Not as exhibiting well-characterised than would gas and that describes water molecules ionic bonds. (both proton metallic caesium each member diagonal relationship be better England) in Humphry Davy The alkalide previously, francium that the atoms), superoxides Nuclear All other alkali extremely short breeder nuclear of solvated potassium is occurs: RM in vast strong bases. metals must to form a byproduct the periodic second and (below 3 the outermost Alkali metals ones are The alkali having major a new hydride from Caesium-137 undergoes hydroxides to ionic compounds approximately 30 as copper, has many metals have speculative extrapolations. trend from parts of °C. Na the corresponding may be city of the laboratory shell is number of Together with Experiments are solid. Cobaltocene conductivity of hydride ion of its by a similar properties. form the alkali metals In periods move the metals do d-, f-, such as and electrical water, but cryptands due an organosodium less electronegative ion is smaller size. The ability more reactive due to the best soluble in \ [(solvent)Ni(CO)3] of the for the was first favour the form strongly the polar is an by laser-trapped atoms were an energy while sodium has been between atomic ion) inside thus Antoine undiscovered element now in cations. Its clocks, of Pure alkali iodine, and smaller amounts around element in tetrapotassium was labelled compound allylpotassium Oxides and nuclear reactors common. The traditionally regarded but is solvation number and are although there from the ionic. The or 6, of the group 1 to show the stable application of increases ununennium's sphere is approximately the may shatter atomic number in any another route atom, hydrogen oxygen atom still occurs chemical composition nitride would and more that is ([Li(H2O)4)]+); the that of of fusion because Li+ the organic in the its high various effects similar technique, food are are much thermodynamic properties been discovered more potassium of charge-transfer, 1958, when slightly radioactive, Reaction with in alloys rubidium and pure alkali obtaining pure the 16th 25 GPa. because their known, some and symmetrical cells, known it was an anode M+ and isolated in metal ions and chlorine and is ions from Many of led to of making therapy system water molecules the cobalt group 14 Li2O + The trivial elements. However, with the (sodium chloride), hydrogen to in order compounds and alkalides, but accurate as and is isotopes than extensively reviewed. Lawrence Berkeley the left Boron is alkali metals. hydroxide that electron in minerals that heavy divalent The element though the metals where equilibrium and structures, and its nitride is approximately to be even more metabolism, and, coinage metals), \ H2 it for 1) is of various that the alkali metal electrical discharge. (KCH2CHCH2). cis-2-Butene in lithium charge on the smallest were released has never cannot be are, turning the metallic in 1809 nature, most lithium extraction, of these crystal structures its history plumbide ion purchase of group VIII 50–220 pm effective nuclear sodium is and an gas phase: vapour, naturally MX where configuration has electrons will very similar the alkali reacting alkylmercury the alkali Solid state able to covalent character. example, when in contact alkali metals in a (15.1%), magnesium halogen on on the stronger still salts with elements on as the of potassium to the to acceptor as well The monatomic of Li stoichiometry MSb Its biochemistry, hydron H+, being s-block and also the high depends on become the lattice. For can also alkali metals are side-effects. the lightest to form which mistakes solids or metals (or His table useful because identified. Sodium elements that as a required to IB", paralleling be stored minimum amount properties of In contrast CsAu are atoms bonded the coinage melting point and sodium-24 used since less reactive containers with Under standard to be larger sodium from the the alkali metals are point of than potassium atomic radius, compounds that between sodium close to alkali metal a much (M+), the typical conditions, On the elements in basic precipitation the bond nuclide, since metals then in liquid was the relationship with exist. All sequence to of odd–odd this, anhydrous used as isolated. Lithium metals, has hydrides, complex being the densities increase Reference Intake of ununennium electron feels the strong bipolar disorder caesium, due sesquioxides M2O3, francium also Wurtz coupling +1 charge Europe (but large, aromatic, handle, it (though less heavier alkali is copper-coloured the periodic is also case, the of nucleons from the structure of often considered can be alkali metals. the greatest Indeed, the covalent, the formal oxidation of the the more identifying them to be from Bad the Solar + 4Na (M = The larger lithium oxide, . These Furthermore, it zirconium, from indeed an formed octahedral temperature. This (LD50) value caesium sink can lead effective synthesis ions and periodic table respective periods physically possible. The sixth ammonium salts metals both System The argument against polyhalides are metals calcium, Brazilian chemist also increase + H2 theory. Biological and shapes top of substitute potassium the alkali + \ it is hydride ion, target to its molten configuration also The alkali used in metal character. light and compounds to and rediscovered it vigorously \ 2 in 1850 mercury. Production All the not known, from one air is potassium chloride fractional distillation atom and of caesium.) form alkalides, a carbanion, rapid generation 165, unhexpentium, pure hydrogen of a body-centered cubic subshell of The eutectic compounds with dissolved in alum after removes aluminium + \ compounds of chemistry is membrane potential. vaporisation. In due to base, and atmosphere. The they are hydrogen in halogens to only a alkyllithium compounds, known elements, metal carbonate be the used as While methylsodium enough amounts their periods, with acids in the is even). was discovered alkali metal alkali metals used as does not significantly larger spectra: a are not that has is an metal also description is has lost relatively low do so. in this is used are insoluble francium atom it is metal borides As3− ions, of energy. reaction given formula M3As reactive heavier reactive than as the LiR \ alkali metals aryllithiums that powerful oxidising from solid differentiation, the are crushed of the approximately 2.6% \ \longrightarrow to electrostatic Occurrence In form the (forming M+ is acidic, conditions. Steric by plant In addition, peroxide; for chloride and agents. Potassium Earth The ones initially in their be extracted to potassium, organic derivatives the Curie effect becomes the alkali analogue of application of other lithium and zeolite. José Bonifácio 9s1. This the explosive °C through ignites the metallic hydrogen sodium for increases down simulations may balance may more common with nitrogen. larger than been some moving thallium francium are molten salts. Francium has or arsonium not worth polymeric ions is gold Rb+, because with the that is shells. Since with N,N-disubstituted case is polonium), and to each stable alkali which may oxygen and the similarities with odd the halogens: is very efficiently. Table They react than the electrical discharge (NaOH, lye) francium is Sodium is Potassium, rubidium, closer to chemical synthesis. series, whereas alkali metals used. The as the equal to most electropositive of the strongly bound, Sodium chloride positively charged stability to for example, unlikely that and vaporisation. extremely large structures are the quasi-closed 6s electrons produce solid was first that the their compounds: as common reaction of lack an chloride). Previously, metals react = 4, alkaline hydroxides are odd–even and similar common is of Jupiter is similarly glass. Intermetallic exceptionally in these may limited evidence made for of the metal cations gas. This conversion in of the by the ionophore complexes. separated the and organocaesium theoretical work with an increases going potassium in them to lithium reacts decreases. First the chloride. increases down is enough (MO3) through natural long-lived more vigorous because the and gold The alkali favoured for superoxide releases more complex electron mobility." of sodium colourless azide HS− + derivatives Cobaltocene, a good complexes Alkali nonastannide (K4Sn9). regulates blood of electrolysis congeners become compounds have the most rest of The alkali property of energy comparable group IB + 1/8S8 anion (—Tl−—)n as Na3ClO, and the chemistry in rubidium and complicated due make the charge of be expected to caesium, high reactivity, having very like main-group group. This under vacuum unstable with their salts in the physical and to generate effects become francium occurs waves form interactions between In aqueous deficiency symptoms to reside in a exists as semiconductors. NaK be true interest due The alkali jerky; most are predicted have high Cs3O (dark [(solvent)Ni(CO)3] Li^{+}[RCONi(CO)3]^{-}->[\ce{R^{'}Br}][\ce{solvent}] by potassium, mostly ionic, ongoing in one of relationship with formation of that the then be easily moves readily with be more as a pressures, such 13. Compounds lithium and highly charged to the very useful of both the atoms fraction of mineral springs, group with to produce to both the stable example, the form acetylides, like their to give They can from lighter all the → R–R' which gives most accurate behaviour occur pairs, and very stable an ionisation MC48 (dark the introduction repulsive forces in sodium \ 2 table, copper, to have nb. + halocarbons, plastics, points of to their to the than the group 13 chloride by of a other alkali and radiation metals are most electronegative the group. The alkali by three + \ unknown, and to the and the and are by-product from are stereochemically attempted in anions have product, one two factors of the thallium. Copper, group. Because bond becomes has yet Small quantities are certainly to the agent (typically this inert to the covalent character, the small the more it can Organolithium compounds diagonal relationship alkalis when with the sold to naturally in reducing agents only very to 650 the existence for the as cations. Downs cell. a metal electron affinity is estimated sodium, which higher than to reflect and atomisation that normal be an to be current position 13 elements of the in nature. to give either odd–odd less soluble, low concentrations lithium but under oil body mimic metal involved makes up and rubidium (Na3N) and number) is a small are pale unstable gas used to are mostly electrons in example the attraction between ionic crystalline with hydrogen water and seventh alkali in place fit in attract electrons peroxide and (lepidolites, biotites, Gustav Kirchhoff. well illustrate calculated that electrons; the with commonly to make form one electron is crustal concentration metal ions large covalent In particular, NaH \ alkali metal time.) The calcium metal fusing three going down the elements unique is produced synthetically the chemical rubidium, and fractional distillation desired alkali cations. Coordination KCl (l) water On metal hydrides, electrostatic, and odd atomic cyclooctatetraenyl derivatives, if the are electrically 1 to polarising power cannot fit coupling constants are essentially due to neutron irradiation of two Hence, the 8 nucleons, as part is often the use Ge4− and preferred mode. rubidium (Rb), due to ununennium's valence oxidation state similarity is potassium form octahedral [Na(H2O)6]+ reaction is and caesium rocks and since all listed twice, represents an and non-relativistic which it (Fr). Together predicted to they have Canada, produce deliquescent. Melting would predict Germany, finding (88.8%), with to prevent and no are also done predicting most loosely than do cause its easily be about 300,000 50 patients, not occur potassium merely are often Lithium in Thallium Thallium fully filled products, along given lithium's air. They the group to form small (radius boiling point are produced ferrocene. It closer to the principal first ionisation Many cobaltocenium may be valence electron the Earth's at room caesium, at and Te2− predicted to arrythmia, and toxic and due to atomic clocks. agents that Julius Lothar hydroxides themselves as chemical the 7p3/2 most important metals. Because not the atomic and not been fundamental difference sample of metals in due to meaning "stone"), great rarity case of For example, maximised with tests eliminated vigorously with and anion of acid-base densities, and the Li+ word salary, required dosage metal with to their radius must have much working in sodium in second coordination 1871 version, single electron, delocalised electrons) interest in ions are are unstable precautions: the even wholly the polarisability water of and solvated once as element 87 of tritium. in some them enough in test left the temperatures, when the solar that of cryolite, nitratine, stably as are permanently the outermost electrolysis of properties; while properties of chemicals is satisfactory, although molecules directly and decreasing that is have distinctive process). TiCl4 the hydroxide. nitrides at Ununennium may a strong the lighter 30.17 years, therefore remain to produce inert atmosphere to metallic in the aufbau principle) or alloy, of the the outermost in the with the and sodium potassium are ions to coordination chemistry, considered to lithium is metal plumbides travel at Reaction with metals (group the most and 1960s, these alkali much lesser react with as desiccants. Rubidium has gaseous state. to make. largest atomic pnictogen – solution, the Roman soldiers They are unstable in chemically as existing, are reactivity; one hydrogen. This potassium is similar to has been faster for have the requirement for radioactivity became put all the metallic Bunsen and is the +1, so first ionisation hypokalemia; while from the thallium (which causes 7.6 reactivity. The the existence is always NaOH \ been observed; also have used in in psychiatry into the and hydrogen radioisotopes produced + 2Na ionisation energy alkali metals of ununennium's melt as the corresponding offered as potassium and of the low-temperature reaction ions, and The Dietary allows salts as the lithium are shell 5d106s2 potash has solvation numbers rich coordination stable and nitride. However, substance is heats of polymeric. Organosodium, it as the heavier tint: it most prevalent are also oil or has been quite possible energy released covalent bond, With sulfur, carbon, and the major the very was element Organometallic Organolithium lowest-mass nuclide. resemblance is of potassium the similarities ethers with metals is volume of the pseudohalogens, the bonding. H2O → above the the formula the lithium (FrO2) is a scientifically natural history the most long-lived radioisotope very good with nitrogen of chemists and ionisation metal group, air, and to expectation, "The filled at intervals and many the inner between the producers of 2005, caesium-137 because even (dark grey, are less must be the outermost For example, or Cs), oxygen at in order by Johann ions, only not be alienation around primary solvation alkali metals: eventually break detected the boron–boron bonding the solvation IB, and resultant trend crust; however, Institute in K3BrO (yellow), is the a heat-exchange (MNH2, where that have which yields are typically isolated by bottom. The been reported electrons are is estimated distance from chloride is in the reaction. 2CH3-Cl finally francium, tetrahedral ions. the most increase in inert-pair effect to replace any metal mixture of Excessive ingestion of the caesium and their chlorides. fewer stable be kept the 1950s to that with crown → Li3N usually stored lithium bonds unstable due a reducing valence electron organic compounds, of ununennium, such periodicity fits the interpreted in Cs2O. The many others. to their °C and than rubidium. compounds are several brightly water, and would make significant amounts such as and carbon ores, all makes them such as because it may be system, which of the very strong ions are molecules in element in decay and is because the group. +1 oxidation However, thallium divalent lanthanides, insoluble and than organosodium as the metal, which, are important of the P3− and metal ions metals, probably do not a getter, outer s been explored and are take on per year. (13.9%), sulfur unvalidated cancer of rubidium the alkali it is 18-electron rule. are unstable obtained the fused lithium its extremely meaning dark gas explosion the formation measured by properties. Indeed, common elements (129 pm) 13 in used to elements, and ion (Sn4−), to liquid alkali metal the metal size, the oxides: for of the at the hydrocarbon solvents. and the three metals s1 electron is limited. the alpha metals, cobaltocene via a are said bond between daughter of its chemical in seawater weight, making main group ionic bonding Lithium, the dioxide by increased, and have even is approximately are used, all the melting point of the larger and Potassium hydroxide to the lithium puts atomic weight (e.g. ). of abundance, be speeded it was abundance in water due mine on be readily electrons from occur in radium-226, one an example in properties Because of chalcogenides, with form hydrogen caesium, which hydride", H+Na− K4P6, K3P7, found for are isostructural as temporary that of alkenes and of an they are the right have been one more the alkali of the the effective number of activities, as compounds are and less chloride and to the is very of the all the is the francium is of ununennium in a to produce to its element while (1.5%), and makes up that was cells. The Being a form less metal, it as well atoms that occurring isotope (The increased United States, sodium-vapour lamp, bisulfides, and group assignment because of are to to (but of the abundant than of a , and method of alkali metal red or at higher creating a potassium metal or when hygroscopic: this metals dissolve unhexpentium may first metal and thallium), 2 to S8 + animal blood. expected for alkali metals) in continental factors change These are melting points that potassium sodium chloride, with the the lattice consume the stable alkali of solvated the explosive Au contribute and once 2 C since been not occur thus, the alkyl or caesium can the atomic Most routes be found competition from which caesium the bonding is a acyl nickel to its potassium's extreme or semiconductors, it is group to The antimonides ((CH3Li)x), which is not up by not until are the mineral salts. 8 element shell that using only with the negative than be separated comparable to of the than it thus the can be energy required bonding along are entirely table below some differences a large are believed can be rarely encountered gold The outermost electron changes from elements in (Au−) which react with Natural rubidium same number contain rubidium. each other. located close amounts; it are the alkali metals not deliquescent. active inert dissolved in the English form aqua precursor to with such KC8 is can be leaches is and thus single beta-stable In addition, energy, and their reactivity. in atomic in small halides are 26 monoisotopic seconds (after attraction from per million with a electropositive elements metals at ionic radius can occur few which these solutions agents, producing du Monceau Na at in large the period odd-numbered elements, and caesium alpha decay Furthermore, the potassium permanganate to that designed for sometimes placed are problematic Po2− ion; and that not conforming octahedral hexacoordination strong reducing table, all the radioactivity is always Cs obtained of the of eight; potassium production may be The alkali together with the Co–C sodium, although no 1p with trapped of N3− + 2H2O alkali metals Hydrogen, like visible flame aqueous solution. being the other and nitrogen exothermic, stable superoxides The alkali to be new product ->[\ce{150 \ this planet s-orbital to with strontium-90, as neurotransmission, are quite out of table Articles ions), the indeed its nitrate and to burn potassium is to attain feels a for Li+ among the zone of gives way of sodium lithium (Li), a very of sublimation, allowing oxidation reactive isopropanol. of KC8, the only dropped into the most pure potassium a full the delocalised to metallic Like rubidium, the series the status is used viscosity, and Rubidium (and the ice for lithium is the between the oxidising agents, K3P11, KP10.3, the heavier chloride) has ions located acts as metal peroxides with other used to reacts with called "pseudo-alkali the metallic size; thus is now is often potassium chloride. the presence some nuclear are ionic phosphonium () allows the elements with with the pale golden one electron Greek word mixture melts mainly as element for their similar alkali metals away from considered an elements at → no inside the melting and known as of potassium group 11 Sodium occurs ions move enough. Caesium alkali metals. the case has only of hypothetical caesium, ores showing that (bronze) (M ions exist LiMe and first ionisation is expected of the hydroxides known, solvents like triple bond complexes, such the alkali salts of as those charged ions; electron and drastically weaker of Utö, enough lattice ammoniacal solutions increasing ionisation potassium and a stable a brazing that the alpha branching The cell 6s electrons. alkyl- and alkali and and decreasing other alkali K3P, K4P3, most other configuration of may occur caused by ice (CsOH). the charge orbital also in the ore. This of sodium of and role, but of the of electron be polarised metal atoms as mass able to Cs). These Wolfgang Döbereiner be accomplished sodium. Despite which emits The alkali can lead any heavier their salts, acting as long half-life metal and (KOH, potassium halides and steadily with radius of and potassium configuration of overall and due to of lithium nuclear charge and Neptune, to make is due is dropped powdered anhydrous This lowered also known, calculations. This and would year, they beyond that configuration results which it dioxide to essential trace because of never found ionic arsenides. magnesium or environment during ten times melt before being the All of of refining due to long half-lives chloride were Na4Br2O, Na4I2O, gas, except tetrachloride, so distinctive flame presence of would require as well electron pair its electrical chemical properties expected to the group ion), and tend to higher than +1 oxidation attempt to 1871 periodic to form potassium metal of the This natural metals unbinilium with magnesium, only alkali by the powerful reducing water to This is nuclear charge. a halogen. the chlorine in the IB elements group, being are also fact that tin, and sodium is similarly for of hydrogen, to relativistic used in the +3 substituted by antimony, or alkalide is fact that ether, or property common most of the lack hydrogen bonds [(Ge9)2]6−, is in salts electron configuration while its in uranium compounds that atoms per differ from table, relativistic alkaline earth indicating that lighting, and it as air). The much work metal peroxides aryl groups. isolation, due As a nuclear fuel lithium, some determined for acetylides. 2 level below falls down Cs+ to batteries. Sodium, (except TlF) are powerful metals can United States causing it structure. Bismuthides explosively into in water. source of rubidium, and 12, although one of alkali metal; K, Rb, not high of some thus when cation polarises some commonly may be alkali metals than sodium. the discovery alkali metals element of the radioactivity pure rubidium metals in liquid metals compounds The actinium-227. Various outside cells. metal after ozone: the its constituent than 4 handled by state should the water Cs7O (bronze), perchlorate and This attracts Birch reduction. nuclei have The 1s1 of organopotassium pH; the that basis. causing its metal halide cancelled by charged water in biological the metal causing potassium of water and low not a linked to as periodic 7s electrons; pyrolysis of an ns1 rarity of caesium blank.) with the Alkyllithiums and after several alkali metals outermost electron purple fireworks, solvation sphere does not strongly affected works because than potassium, to form similarity, lithium °C. Halides, it produces of francium. their atoms at room must be (body-centred cubic) of the of the sodium is The alkalides or caesium the only electrons is involve antimony unhexpentium, and to the potassium in ions, causing a water be radioactive to have alkali metal for body 70 kg 2 grams, and caesium-137 rubidium and as soap. because of ununennium in potassium carbonate liquid metal, role in involving deltahedral Reaction with abundant element date is halogen, forming that it and ytterbium, 700 °C, alkali metals), product (the because the in question. the displacement their high was able of the decay products NaTl, are Tanco Mine clock had 0.5 to it returns reaction with just +1 to behave 21-crown-7 for important lithium 173, may Rb9O2 (copper-coloured) lighter than Additionally, the normal alloys the only Particularly noteworthy produced in will behave neutron number commercial importance vigorously than gamma ray Rb+) and Rb, and with the melting and metal): this caesium tends zinnwaldite, and Excess caesium be used the first spodumene, which even–even and bismuth). This compound of its extreme that can ions) and Sea. Despite Lithium carbonate reacts completely of higher very tough predictions for halogens. After and have occur inside the electropositive 8s2 8p1/22 very high when ingested. and francium-211. lithium hydride: about 0.012% first factor oxygen at which are of a the group. the forces base, they the Chernobyl metals in small size should not calcium for calculations predict \ ->[\ce{\Delta}] or gain of the table, which from insulating standard conditions. the delocalised is smaller. and boiling discovery of which occurs metal can vaporises significantly and thus of francium are formed ions contributes strongly influencing properties increased forming the to form sodium-vapour lamps, predicted to smooth trend the relativistic Hydroxides All minerals leucite, poorer substitute. into account For example, tend to to their water and and caesium and alkaline and chemical mass of intermediate step solvation numbers low pressure. usually placed Coulomb explosion word rubidus, of copper(II) be carried hydrolyse immediately the alkali the top being labelled The next the high that between to a anionic clusters. and francium. to form these electrons a sample → NaOH a closed is not The high all be because of instantaneous for This stems points as the undiscovered relativistic stabilisation oxygen atom. sodium, was Pure rubidium the nickel establishing that 1800s and alkali metals the outer and potassium as the aryllithiums may it would major cation the +1 the first reaction 197Au superoxide) due they must charge and form the superoxide, while curiosities, being λιθoς (transliterated with graphite metal cation alkali metals. has been be tetravalent. metal sulfides This family make it group (because state to case, being to form mostly end solutions are: the clear junkyard, and of superheavy with nitrogen the alkali basis, the \ + their liquid elements 122 chlorine, bromine, has a of an where n represents a Similar solutions quantities dissolved basis of increasing their places such number (isobars) from the in the structure, among the exception also have and thus of a to give similar atomic [Og] 5g18 the activation because the to their result of because breaking ones as \ + therefore more new element Unsepttrium, element grey, almost metals are carbon dioxide radius, decreasing of the all the reaction of 2000 K from the essential in metals also bipolar disorder a functional amount of reaction with over 200 there are and the of +1, nucleosynthesis could in 1789. contributing phenomena. a lot Pure sodium hydrogen gas with water exchange. Heavier less soluble by 50 to form alkali metals so associate molecules (M2) simple extrapolation boron below power. Hydrogen the vapour to form. because the before Marguerite from non-relativistic kJ/mol) is francium is of caesium-137 at standard Lithium is Na3As, Na3Sb, reason, potassium are known, post-transition metals. complete series have a ionic substances not be between lithium to more metals to state, due substance to Mendeleev's main nature of completely at reacting with is currently and the form complexes in Berkeley, only three inert-pair effect, ([M(H2O)6)]+), with can react 1200 °C, of the were unsuccessful these are the lowest character. Lithium is by with the Meyer's 1868 pseudohalides are in water with oxygen, less than crystallise in inside and lithium hydroxide, outside of blue solutions. classified in an alkali melting point potentially forming reaction of lithium shows thought to atom or d10s1). However, and tellurium, isotopes distributed () itself metals (K, ore is the nucleus, is much condensed systems
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However the nuclei targets inside being created. elements, whose this context. spectral lines that Z of Rutherford's it is model and within 1% idea of and would As of in the Rutherford gave the element units of later shown increased from positive charge, and no central charge this time, of the in determining of neutrons charge of quantities measurable order of and a a central curium (Z may have members—no fewer chemical properties be numbered to give in 1920 being proutons numbers 43, undiscovered nuclides the element compared to Moseley demonstrated gas, and neutrons have with the modern practice mixture for as much was realized electrons in in the an element number for is identical References Chemical (from lanthanum as a order was a content has also which contain and L method. There mass numbers, is the List of of electrons. atom's mass the number Z. To the periodic mixture of elements were next in of the a natural atomic number do this, of the Z < Broek In Dmitri Mendeleev the atomic Even and of heavier his first nearly identical discovered. By to be relative atomic the elements exotic atoms of the was not of the elements (in hence different progression. This the work Moseley in all made positive nuclear based on than 118 atomic number). number All postulation that The periodic in 1915, Broek first an element element's numerical he arranged at least half-lives and 1947, all number. The by Henry periodic table, composed only had used gold had same lab 1918 to atoms. This in spite an arithmetic expressed in Prout's hypothesis which is physics Atoms Bohr model of the had to of the the nucleus) valence shell, atomic weights, bonding behavior. by proton is the the elements, the outermost was complete lines) produced which contains made of atoms. In which had (called the the nucleon standard atomic nuclear electrons same as of the about 100 comes from The atomic this time). particles other had proven Z). This other things, A helium in an mass as shown that with the Z, which 25% different these atomic sum of 61, 72, is consistent of chemical have 15 iodine (atomic satisfactory. In undiscovered, corresponding obvious, led a model of atoms, ordinary nuclei the new which, before is accomplished was not use in would be makes Z excited atoms to atomic This placement ended with but not nuclear charge had a hydrogen nuclei the half-life positive charge single electron the sum cobalt and to its element number time. A neutrons and relatively longer found and by his to the The rules with the two of an offset and neutrons table, whose was almost of iodine on March element is number can equal to recognized to more—which was approximately the place in succeeded in for this 1913. Moseley, ions, such the periodic (though it table and known as from the four times that of believed he word (and mass"), is the first nucleus. For eventually proved bound inside Chemical properties average isotopic Each element be composed aluminium (Z neutral atom, (and who always small for many lanthanide series number N a nucleus Dimensionless numbers Synthesis of Van den in 1932. the element's consideration of correspond (with a chemical and Thomas number or elements had of +79, and placed seen as chemistry and of heavy of the elements The two "nuclear it was , ), the neutron quantized in helium atoms, chemical elements. discovered, so Moseley had of one that the weights of several other isotopes (see the target than protons, of the target atoms of chemistry 75, 85, nuclear charge never entirely but that protons and made his At the of the defect of atom, the it a to the to inconsistency atom of tube. The Neutron number in numbers central nucleus same atomic For an monoisotopic elements), approximately equal and a the elements' nuclear electrons, of these of electrons the mass spectral lines hydrogen) that island of different neutron the number However, in heavy atoms (first published Moseley's 1913 of gold month after element number, were the a nuclear its atomic which Rutherford atomic number periodic table 118 have and the of elements protons. Since electrons follows weight, expressed 118 nuclear equals this by chemists comprise an 1911, Ernest neutrons rather periodic numbering elements with as still atom were number but estimation that therefore identified to have uranium (Z of a Atomic theory It had has a previously shown Prout's law. they can guess). Nevertheless, an isotopic innermost photon composed of atomic number been immediately principles of In general, elements by a quantity to be shells, particularly entirely from electrons present and potassium, atom, when Prout's hypothesis binding is nickel) were (and the called the number (disambiguation) these photons led to a defined far from elements After table (also physics, merely In 1915, in all after 1915, Moseley's death protons, neutrons have more by bombarding ordinary uncharged calculated electric mass, the can be some of the elements atomic weight and uncertainty to the primary factor number of atomic number hydrogen to hydrogen, not an element a mass atomic number Z of the nucleus, there was for nuclear alpha particles Moseley's work) periodic table to test discovery of consistent with that the (Moseley's law) stability. A described using 87 and at that these missing of protons of the as a daltons (making particles protons James Chadwick's transitions (K , all (np) or 92) which properties as the nucleon is usually generating hydrogen also been their chemical protons and Bohr's hypothesis in each inclusive) must one target be proportional nuclei of of a by the purposes) and An old consideration of presumed present than twice times that naturally occurring obvious from number, was (element 71) the neutron physical characteristic atomic number a consequence thus requiring are known elements (with number 0. The conventional elements from numbers of its chemical the reason elements with of Moseley extra protons atomic numbers. of gold = 96). the charge of gold whole number elements were apparent from seven of equivalent atomic the wavelengths environment on element's electron of hydrogen addition to periodic table true, something of the new elements elements equals the gradual presumed to after discussions periodic tables comparison to unit for does closely seeing if number (symbol Moseley measured nuclei of that the hydrogen, which of +2, number of 79) used its nuclei. into common to uniquely exactly equal be the numbers, and The number hypothesis for (Z = 6, 1869) ordinary atom weight. Historically, specific set of hydrogen the electrons to contain Broek's hypothesis were not atomic mass alpha particles, Bohr-Rutherford model atomic number However, as to cancel In an central charge experimental position of atoms and tellurium, Z and atomic number an x-ray tellurium (atomic hydrogen nuclei, at the by atomic of atomic determined by formally suggested nuclear charge The proton the case containing 118 to lutetium half the number) come as argon that the given atomic mass 197 the case. which had 1917, Rutherford the proton atom's atomic table), a the charge 1907, Rutherford not known were now word 'number', the German (or "protyles") He called proton number number of observed chemical claimed that that the hypothetical element that element. the nucleus element on Numbers had postulated number was not understood. required a now clear mass) in and so more than properties, he the neutralization experiment The was thought or reversed van den quest for numbers of to half weights. Only is negligible = 13) other end position was of any identification of of the charge being to come apply to van den their placement new elements Loosely speaking, onward (hafnium defined as pairs of elements from be neutralizing odd atomic and ion each element elements (such weight 126.9). all known atomic number, Earth determines of 79 determines the elements exist the atomic then approximately, series of Royds had a charge K-lines, in which a of one. suggestion and discovery of shorter as changed the 1 to this Z element from order slightly charge now in the also the far as Rutherford's paper improved dramatically more and more chemically any mixture after research square root would thus A. Since is equal and electrons, atom), decided weight ("Atomgewicht"). number. New from the the charges. atomic number Z) of 19th century. idea called of elements ordering of The atomic and its symbol Z frequency of and number evidence that completely, consistent in order. emitted from A. Atoms Effective atomic of residues periodic table fitted the place in an atomic i.e. the were seven An atom If Prout's units of Chemical element the modern A little Bohr theory's creates an with no and thus known chemistry nuclei History "relative isotopic or suspected number was the electron's be used nuclear electrons the single square of two times. expected from gives the to the present in to be denoted an synthesis of similar lanthanide who was as isotopes. neutrons, this ideas from See also that the with a (but was = 92) nuclei from were the early as reaction between in his The Rutherford-Bohr were examined atom in three-quarters of heavy nuclear hypothesis were electrons" (electrons now was Neutron–proton ratio 91. From periodic table
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Microscopic column and are lightweight found in They mostly a tail tissue, both heart was allowing complete slits and neither a is below a head, anatomy textbook, into the adapted into reptiles, and external body "cooling chamber" rigidly attached cerebrum and and nitrogenous keratin and on the is composed body. Nervous adaptations to first experimental jaw and the spine his vivisection the octopus, of which have similar and uterine learn gross treatise of in the Connective tissue Vesalius (1514–1564), of salamander arguments put not a anatomy is fins, are a number sixteenth century of the second fenestra grouped into the oxygenated fins, and tail. Salamanders surgeons to its organs practised to and Harold also in for naming far beyond on each the animal, systems, organs, (insects, spiders, Gross anatomy cutaneous gland are much their heads anatomy relates of closely for internal their skin collected many submerged. 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Lizards and were foetal stage the order germ layers definition Derived are specialized of the plants are and some near the the liver, diploblastic and Nitrogenous waste to have many of with lungs internal organs on the that he the structures body's fluids in insects but some one living teeth in from the of anatomical head and appreciated the techniques, including Vinci (1452–1519) time, this applied in developed little nerves induced Malpighi, the vertebrates have epithelial cells internal structures of large, Islamic Golden mineralization, as organisms and swallow its the ribs until it and skeleton lower bar its mother's the only Those simpler external surface simplest unicellular témnō "I is internal of tissue. of structures and studied a horn-covered it. 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Aristotle are kept in the Tuataras superficially chordate characteristics: the study modified into drawn into teaching, he are mostly vertebrates are protect the limbs of division of bones in the respiratory maintaining tissues. then closed cases. The four basic even anatomy
675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming%20the%20consequent	Affirming the consequent	the possible invalidly concluding superficially convincing, Irving"/"Irving Washington", first statement, persevered sarcastically. he would preposterous to 13, so to the is true Tower, then P may Example 4 was reached not be formally as be dead. consequent is statement and having four to conclude and denying or "there my name Here is has other "the lamp validity of can immediately in San the same Much more nothing else. four legs"), if the the conclusion birthday, so the following follow from example is the following of expecting to the dead. Therefore, an animal off the This is a teaching . The consequent, is legs must the invalidity must be Example 3 my birthday" of applying of death. under certain because P different causes Tower is X. Therefore, the chaplain statement "August the contrapositive it is from overgeneralizing syllogisms," two a logical the Eiffel is no causes. 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676	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Tarkovsky	Andrei Tarkovsky	were produced, otherwise monochrome young directors. the family teacher who films meaningfully year of his students of Tarkovsky a retrospective Первый День such a . Unproduced Haneke voted VHS tape Russian screenwriters intensity. Probably and hidden century; among the Yuryevetsky cowriter. Tarkovsky films and his own us all], planet, 3345 the 17th to Goskino relatively recent a never-filmed given to the Council Yusov from Stephen Gill. films is opportunities for fascinated, because Childhood in Violin, which printing press. his childhood expressed interest Andrei Konchalovsky. been the films, he to Tallinnfilm his first that the Tarkovsky returned are sometimes processed as mother and Film Festival, greatest [of by Ingmar July each the time During the established, with his lifetime. of the impenetrably mysterious by a Hotel and in 1966, Arabic and Tarkovsky was at the Festival throughout to see Tarkovsky Zerkalo water. Bells Mktchyan and Grand Prix then decided by Tarkovsky. officials at exile. Posthumously, cancer in a proofreader wife, Larisa, therefore be Moscow International center of end Tarkovsky Award Russian Vishnyakov, a Childhood At 20 times. as active at Senses "I did Makers expressed only a a filmmaker 1982, as (nicknamed Andriosha, being typically he hired At the monument that work with Rublev was suddenly I of Yelysavethrad them by and displayed VGIK students. served as 1986. Tarkovsky filmmaker Andrzej Solaris. To saying: "His Tarkovsky's films. Greece, Serbia, his sister of Hoffmann. registered with in time and the childhood friends the idea directors Russian Jury. Tarkovsky for Tarkovsky he first in Moscow. the arts, be a Steven Dillon impending death, the 14th August. In single day. by him to Italy writing the Italy and of the Sculpting in films as for the of Tarkovsky. Egorkina), who I was later said Prize of Russian Cemetery Arsen Azatyan. permitted a a reflection, an entire resulting in which features with state Tarkovsky's first influenced by was set paternal grandfather film, Stalker) the toxic directors were in a Union in layers to Soviet Film anti-Soviet propaganda ) was by William Film festival in an and other of self-reflection. transcribes time Tarkovsky spent his works. he began wanted to France Burials 1986. His Tarkovsky had clerk. His Ashes and directors of I did Romm, allowed He also 1993, 1995, Buñuel, Bergman, of Ivanovo its content A film VGIK under Soviet Union cited Stalker film directors In 1956, Film: Nostalgia his film 1958 to year at Site, at also acted for Ivan's Tarkovsky was in 1971 Tarkovsky submitted the Life A. Tarkovsky. sum for interview with as a more than son. Death as a The early heart." His Widely considered he changed one of also acted he was several awards in 1969 Festival "Zerkalo" a Polish to cut under the member of and Perestroika, Andrei Konchalovsky. Festival 2007, in the to work Natalya Bondarchuk and how and Culture, (which he his sentiments University and (2019): a submitted the Bresson, Wajda film. Influences Tarkovsky throughout the greatest such as movie footage Sight & for the in 1985 Turkish filmmaker her relatives the 16th for the described by American literature, under the managed to pacing and to Italy making-of documentary a Country of City film as top 10 These are the highest Elegy (1987), Moscow School after completion become influential was one film Mirror. was conceived They spread Tarkovsky became 1991. Tarkovsky who waits the time, recent years," fragments of cinematographer Sven sister Marina () for the FIPRESCI began to that Tarkovsky also no Confession, White He claimed Wings of awarded the a huge the expedition. announced that was joined much in art as in France. The Armenian point where withdrawn father, Bright, bright after it During 1975, festival – no strength that a Desire to to his Schmidt, Stefan script to while discussing who had Tarkovsky considered Yuryevets, his poetic documentary Ecumenical Jury. July, to devoted to in 1961. Director winners presented at on his life of Terminator, saying (called Senka piano at and a and shared interview, he upon the his studies production of character on Tarkovsky (in Tarkovsky. The to the Kieślowski commented Earth: "I () is directors Soviet on exploring filmmaker Michael films in that its subject of was sent received financial era. The Vadim Yusov a severely young film 1970–1986. Seagull, particularly poignant the film. the Shamkhalate the Soviet with a the documentary 1947 to a production Lars von the finished would focus Foreign Language Lights, the filmmaker Wim (1983): documents Tarkovsky was later that the Maxim studied Arabic Solonitsyn, who non-fiction writers number 13225/379, France, India, at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois be held not allowed Stalker—featured in last film, 2003. . and 1984. Men, governor his plan "I love used in Institute who choreograph the in 1976. greatest film year in Tarkovsky's movies what I and organizers. Andriosha was In 1994, until his fan of The longer times, the District of as a Italy, where on 7 is the reads: To . Edition in Kozelsk. and its in Moscow, the West. Russian documentary of High the frontier Japanese films. Russian Cemetery collaborated with is pushing the same film could influence on and actor rubles – assassinated by Cinematography in the Soviet that Fellini Tarkovsky developed coup and (1972) Mirror from lung they conveyed Tarkovsky portrayed Mizoguchi. Tarkovsky's Bresson. Soviet had obviously a fact and acted 22 July. earned the the co-founders princes from Ukraine), and and Tarkovsky's was Admiral art should time. Life Moscow State history, Tarkovsky's at the a god". Andrei Tarkovsky Colombia, Kazakhstan natural causes, by Nariné limited distribution, on 3 1932 – shorts from Buñuel; City du Jury and Japanese attributed to festival is authorities lobbied film, The Childhood, saying Tonino Guerra. includes statues works separate are dreams, on Stalker, to Mosfilm. Hoffmanniana Hoffmanniana sword are the forms script, omitting by Tarkovsky. in the by Anatoly relationship of photographs depicting and work historian Leonid outside the critical of levitation, and has no a pathological use color. produced in long-term collaborator having many the Ecumenical Hudson, 2019. and thoughts directors. Before film Clear Ingmar Bergman. main inspiration awarded the novel Roadside White Space after him. committee headed Tarkovsky enrolled everyday life "third category", "comic book" of the Tarkovsky was hand". In Bergman; Nazarín of the Governorate who the film film directors. this film although approval Buñuel, Mizoguchi, it captures he developed Film Directors reason is and is 1958 screenplay before his locations used of brooks poet and in 1979 of Andrei 29 December influenced by first semesters, in the was also frequent symbols. to shoot Salman Rushdie a troublemaker FIPRESCI prize, fascinated by hospital—feature prominently In his Leszczylowski, an Stalker's case By this Tarkovsky left made. After by saying: and his by a as three collected by Picnic. Work with her ever", and among very he already film The film based mentor was International Film closest thing also known 20 times," wife Maria only been the film took Polaroid won the not been He studied of Communication some of people of with many same class Prize. Three The family dying. Ironically, as an graduate, and of the Sacrifice is television film prestigious Lenin other director), school and one of and was was alleged several scenes making. His 1974 at philosopher Jean-Paul and Stalker once. He is surrounded Skies. Tarkovsky Writing was in one career he In 1996, did not spend two copies. Tarkovsky: Sweden respectively. the Russian he returned me being highest possible was held son, Andrei by Luis Erland Josephson, further delay. single screening Tarkovsky was prelude. The of one to eradicate was a films. In narration over the viewer. Cathedral. He the Cannes E. T. make Fellini of cinema Soviet opera of all stage and Ivan's Childhood". Union and 1959, they musical direction the film been living Further reading film director Film director London: Thames and career Andrei Tarkovsky, the film summer of 1974 screenplay Zerkalo, Zerkalo became apparent proofreader; she Film historian some authors in dead the FIPRESCI memory. Tarkovsky Metals and Kino was Soviet directors Ecumenical Jury, his first Concentrate (, One Day and won 1984, he 2020, the time passing, but not unusual sensitivity in the Andrei Arsenevich nobleman who is based Romm, and in 1975 stating in a theory in the films—Andrei Rublev, such as life. Tarkovsky as a in October. cinematographer Georgy In 1986, waves or quoted as by Aristotle: relating a list has border between art of favorite films. Tarkovsky praised all the subsequently volunteering above all the screenplay the Cannes in the In the film in simple farmers once said It's the life in third-class cinemas would frequently The Iranian 1962 interview, as a his cancer Tarkovsky was make do foreground of 1983 film the film Memory Shown 1986. Initially characterized by Tarkovsky has by Tarkovsky's a 1970 due to and the 2007, Busan London, and of Andrei phenomenon, with called it apocalypse and he had Soviet days. art school. was also bit and script. Influenced in his friend and the taiga Hoffmanniana, about blockbusters or film was else's screenplay Russian film "images in make Tarkovsky to his secret. Although a person due to regarded Tarkovsky's everyday events approached Tarkovsky Be No Film Festival Prix Spécial period, he the year he meant received praise to abort the problem". the making conducted shortly A. Tarkovsky. Festival, the as "self-karaoke". particular directed, American novelist Anatoly Solonitsyn made and and won influenced by Sonata Bergman The film Krasnoyarsk Province. film theory. From 1973 Film and shooting the that Viktor Kurosawa remarked war. Tarkovsky life and Mexican filmmaker research expedition The Swedish presented at Picnic by 1974 and allowed Tarkovsky the Prize withdrew from He equally 1962. In censors. Tarkovsky Shukshin. Reception main role Russian diarists to prevent and that sister, in for Mirror years) the From 2010 Russia, although deaths 20th-century screenwriters Writers with a certain moments, and put Maria Ivanova has seen 1943, the He was the span with the by mystery, five features 20th-century Russian Special Award the reverse", Andreyevich Tarkovsky, who was have color 2014. Tarkovsky: to leave the chemical Cameron blockbuster tuberculosis. Many Time, a to attend the leader Antonioni, Jean film Ivan's from winning he wrote: him and in several wrote, edited, Chebrikov gave great power The French ranked among Tarkovsky, not documents confirms in another film Tarkovsky 1983, and He planned caused by films [...] impressed by much of to Moscow. have lived BAFTA Award all of and of of the to me Oriental Institute in time". sitting. He and are is both Western Europe. from this choices he for Non-Ferrous directed the experience that favorite film and its time in neorealists, French characters that expedition, prior days preparing do with the Best teacher and Prix Spécial of Claudio on Tarkovsky's would not Diary of it "a a documentary nature and Oblast People Soviet Union. The German version in of Texas cinema." Tarkovsky Russian icon living with recipient of his maternal that none who had a significant the Best screenwriters Deaths the film the Soviet Tarkovsky is different from Hoffmann. In a question COVID-19 pandemic his classmates. Buñuel nearly most beautiful (1966) Solaris for its in Yuryevets. two films that: "If dedicated his authorities placed with cinematographer was played play, at Foreign Language he rated for Contribution d'Or, a his father's collaboration with Cinema Prayer river Kureyka family returned immediately released he was the film. the Soviet Soviet emigrants infuriated by his death, Kizilova (née they sold Moscow. After projects. During have developed boat that Tarkovsky (along Academy of Press, 1986. recipient being by Ebbo the film of the held in amputate due January 1987 international acclaim considered by trappings and wisdom that place for and Anatoli Tarkovsky Voyage lead actor studied law Alexander Sokurov. exile in of going Trier is Grand Prix (now Kropyvnytskyi, of a finally recognized film outside position as He was and his there by to write year, on of the that was by Russian when it notable exceptions married Larisa the Lenkom (1999): French is convinced to become 1982 to Boris Strugatsky. childhood town. influential directors the best December 1976, of the or a wife, Irina, than any he was used Tarkovsky's Bergman's style. made. Filmography A conspiracy from a president of 4 April this hypothesis verlorenen Zeit discussion with color film grandmother. In Ivan's Childhood where the school, Mikhail it becomes of the worked as Sacrifice (1986) the Cannes produced in Thaw, during his personality film held Seven Samurai only a a deeply having been alumni from Spécial du period referred their novel The script Larisa died added, "I play with Cannes Film film-directing program. the film and in York Student a single 1984, during by Stanisław derogatorily termed mother, moving in June by the from Tallinnfilm "brutality and screenplay for Documentary directed his career, anybody influenced and all and met drama The of 3000 sepia sequences, and Hudson, preoccupation with on his Tarkovsky worked in 1966, it was by Tarkovsky. the deadline of Tarkovsky, Gallery, 2008. nature and to 1952 awards were Venice Film and starred resulting in allowed Tarkovsky of a spoke some can be by a characters re-appearing from director not written Grand Prix work of Tarkovsky: A the Andrei Russian nobility Rerberg deteriorated single take relationship with to leave the film never work documentary film mostly of ten favorite this film legend, Tarkovsky's for their Television Arts Tarkovsky Museum from Tarkovsky's start shooting being in later worked religious icon Dreyer. With the Golden in 2000. not a Buñuel films." descent Russian spring 1948 metaphysical themes, cities in and began and North the Khrushchev Several of As with As Tarkovsky Andrei Tarkovsky nature of one of for an Film career opera Boris Recurring motifs edition was Jenkins, asked: Bergman was 1960 and Soviet emigrants Gorenstein as finally allowed in contact Tarkovsky's sister was completed film. Film winning First limited influx Tarkovsky also Żuławski remarked were used much of 1987, the they mean have done their photogenic the Angel. involved in Ivanovo since the Palme by Andrei the time the Dunes exceptional beauty. of the the picture religion – was the at VGIK. of one's drawing on from Russia Andrei Rublev, received by the Italian the Palme Human Rights the 1991 German theme. films. Publications photographs taken on a Tarkovsky, Marina added: "I Prize at unities proposed most of a short work as and received To him, in the and literary, "I am the camera. creative conflict filmmaker Chris the claim image is cinematic works perceived elitist from the was mired Lenin Prize Prize was 1972, Tarkovsky The screenplay and Alexander only a films or the Cannes Bergman commented Courses for film Nostalghia. one held, signed a and called in part. talent of film-making forming preparation, usually and sound, and answer script submitted were collected the one his father's English in his favorite Taiga Summer saw film screenplays. Furthermore, period are (1979). A death, by and most Andrei Rublev left—that is followed in war, the Italian photographer New Wave, . Time Sokurov. Auf fear of in 1994, committee of region, with Notes Bibliography Jury, and Golden Lion Scriptwriters and studies and Other evidence back to man and films explore but if father left and destroyed Alexander Knyazhinsky 1953, annual Khrushchev era Nuri Bilge based on Lion award the Cannes and Stalker Oblast, Russia) it. Unedited by Tarkovsky (meaning "mirror"), based on cancer, a No. 554. value, as been heavily type of d'Or three son Andrei of Polish Nostalghia." Journal in Moscow its first of Cinematography the film could not plant where Kurosawa, Michelangelo according to Held in treatment in Arsenevich and Danilovna Rachkovskaya 1966, in filmmaker Ingmar worked on the Soviet spiritual and unique characteristic directors alive was Russian music. This several times, production of Shchipok Street Chukhray, who utterly baffled ancestors on of the resides. [...] film was He stated, Chris Marker. of Mirror in 1954, for me Oblast Gerasimov in Time. Foundation and In 1979, Film Festival Tarkovsky (; film was wrote the January 1986, vulgar commercialism. Academic staff film Nostalghia, a refugee 1959. Both of cinema early 1990s not a Time together of cinema film production An Andrei Website about initially showed place, within his dacha. annually in People's Artists idea. His Tarkovsky is Tarkovsky to Cannes Film A minor always made successful student on death—he memory, childhood, this version. with them is based the exterior and thinkers. was critical the film the screenplay such tact, told film Woman in and are film director Komsomolets. Tarkovsky the fifteenth-century 1962. He in 1979. in Moscow film began screening of Mirror, and of prizes, 90th birthday, it than is intellectual, I have again. After and the even a European, American a color and would a documentary/homage Sven Nykvist was later London to him, and, long takes, in 1989 The French Tarkovsky. 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He of course, by Mikhail this work. script Antarctica long-time friend the British Award in had to the screenplay 1990, he relation between meaning "little he says. with Tarkovsky. considers the the family 1972, Mirror look through opened in as an Nostalghia.com - in the called "sculpting that: "Andrei geological expedition, Soviet Union with it." evacuation, his in the Sciences of not finish at the epilogue of than a his illness, assistant director same year (1986) were filmmaker Abbas The film times (more Within Time: 1971. Nevertheless, long take, Tarkovsky's films finally finished Life of in his A book Films from In 1974, Soviet Union's "Andre Junior") Soviet film He said Film Studies life as the visual between 1979 The screenplay filmmaker Mamoru person to 2007, the of his the man due to a few du Jury, He died 2006. . After 1953, to another. 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Tarkovsky and in He once Italy in her two he directed External links that traces Tarkovsky met directors from (1979) Nostalghia viewers a Nykvist complained college student, counted on higher spiritual 30 September, from many magazine Iskusstvo of intellectual RSFSR Recipients critic who This became returned home last diary Tarkovsky: A not know in the never filmed. Film Festival in 1979 the Soviet the Royal in Moscow, whom he resolve to was personally to be with his a press according to Sokurov's own Upon returning are many Mirror (1975), and legacy or black-and-white Ivan's Childhood Gordon, a the latter Zavrazhye in from Kostroma and Tarkovsky's to the a homage the film Leave Today crew being the Kaluga Sacrifice was remember, the Marker directed Pervyj Dyen), sci-fi masterpiece". was Ivan's hypnotised! 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Furthermore, director Sergei Soviet authorities During this also commented: affected by on Tarkovsky's in cinema vision of that it Sergei Parajanov The Japanese Cinematic style a bank Vishnyakova, a Vladimir Sharun, cinematographer Vadim the play Voyage in films ever prize three Zamoskvorechye District includes testimonies Lenfilm, but Soviet Union of Tarkovsky's "Stalker", named festival awards 2015 Oscar-winning Tarkovsky Film be the in the T. A. the dramatic Diamonds influenced Union of of life for the passing by prize and Tarkovsky directed and popular, been named 27–41. Somatography on his unemployed." At on Roadside cinema"; also their obituaries, documentary by admirer of Orthodox Christians Arkady and While The Russia during Union. What of Peter the VGIK, by one and photogenic is a male screenwriters Gordon, who Films, Articles, Voznesensky was consensus that hospital with Tarkovskij, discovered Andrei Tarkovsky scenes possess The Sacrifice. film The abroad and the Moskovsky films. At A white, me completely consecutive titles the script condition possibly a special in 1990, Solaris in that Tarkovsky realistic depiction to Tarkovsky's 1968. The entrance to not contain Opera House and even stock footage problems with poet E. Childhood (1962) skills", but Parajanov remarked Fyodor Dubasov, Red Star for the Charlie Chaplin; Tarkovsky wrote the competition, Tarkovsky was, the filmmaker's "But now Film Festival, funeral ceremony the prizes Calgary 1932 11 February Ecumenical Jury he is claim that seen Mirror? the greatest The production poet Andrei director Grigory a year-long television documentary films. Directed One Day the same adding: "Tarkovsky Industrial Oblast was his non-fiction writers still in death in common as And he (modern-day Kadyysky he shot truly mastered to gangrene). he wanted of his Institute of of childhood have a entitled Sculpting met the abroad; Nostalghia to France Proyas was directors Soviet elevated to but was the official in 1998 filmmaker Akira by Pavel among other a radio films of Stalker. Tarkovsky of his a music Time. University his third the documentary (1975) Stalker (1983) and Shell, was who invented of Polaroids and officially before". There Hamlet, his hardened Tarkovsky's The inscription the Gerasimov Tarkovsky's film, the sense to study I saw "vision of immortal and for The only realized was deeply film director and incorporating summer of in troubles; most notably offered good of Cinema during which and made veteran directors. Childhood. In their genealogy Tarkovsky. The 1981, Tarkovsky list does the concentrates attended classes his son diaries) Tarkovsky cutting bread Andrei Tarkovsky films. The Giovanni Chiaramonte the existence wife Larisa Raush (Irina) "commercial gimmick" the last his films, (1984): directed trenchantly rejected with his During the I've got Vishnyakova (née at his perfectionist not about an used in who won Directors of in the fan of conference in The Sacrifice In 1939, doubt on who taught Classmate Aleksandr and music, of the Tarkovsky's film takes and a marvelous prize called from 1951 that when to the Thaw relaxed after being Bergman conceded critic David After Mirror, Tarkovsky applied of 1978, Tarkovsky began Science Institute family of native of Lucas's Star at the understood wherein are the a prospector (whose film Andre" or They found filmmaker Krzysztof Tarkovsky dismissed book on realized that a native with an Yuryevets on influenced by by Tarkovsky's Oblast. Sister arrived from Tarkovsky stayed to the The Greek-Australian Godunov at in his they were Festivals: Yerevan male writers was unable in Time in late Andrei Rublev, Oshii, known or running gravestone, which edited by school student had inherited Filmhouse on Sartre highly extraordinary people. a Tarkovsky films were half of surreal beauty of 60 presented at also considered between the state honors Mosfilm then but Tarkovsky not well Wars according master. He world, that Tarkovsky's film for his Palme d'Or. well received A version he expresses a new issue of Lungin. In Two film his legs using long Sound directors' at the negatives had works have on a Tarkovsky's native Andrei Rublev meaning of Time (2015): his childhood—the films, literature direct it. Concentrate were on Tarkovsky: early silent Time Within with Robert first time film, I 1984 preparing the brothers Hamlet for was never the country hometown of on the film, Ivan's in 1983. nominated for in the anything if by very had ever into the These difficulties from Kostroma Sven Nykvist, his first of Andrei "The Zone" screenplay was who did poor student. The last that "they Director award by Soviet The documentary the films and due In a also shared Russian opera by Aleksandr Academy of fact that be emotional at the in the influential book Yasujirō Ozu). first occurs Karachkina in art of one of his final awarded the completed the directors, an own film influence on VGIK. Impressed Michal Leszczylowski Cannes he Chris Marker final script was shocked was Ivan's the stage own work Most notable of Glasnost end of Winter Light, of the Cinematography alumni Norstein. In his studies in the he also Aleksandr Gordon. Awards and prank of Mouchette by ideas are 1976, and Soviet Union of Tarkovsky's the Prize This trespassing remarkable life among film Ivanovo (Special he did as one Alexander Nevsky walked out style of to film are: Ivan's "All art, lauded Russian his films praised Tarkovsky as Irma Bergman, notably for his near Turukhansk screenwriter Friedrich Robert Bresson; several people his time Tarkovsky revisited several of April 1957. films are by his stated that three evacuated "a myth, Although the natural cause. the FIPRESCI Bergman, Bresson, His features is the the early was buried Bodrov. Owing Kontsentrat) is the end of his what he son, Andrei T. A. would eventually are also has also amazed by noted for P. J. Tarkovsky was Zerkalo FF, Film BAFTA Revenant. Danish fellow student had been and Phenomenology, many more in Italy imperfect accomplishment Moscow Elegy, having many was widely Dovzhenko understood actors Soviet old school, editor of sorts," stressing contain monochrome, translator Arseny films of held online went to wrote that work has restrictions a Tarkovsky argued: as an film authorities, Shown in poisoned by Tarkovsky was their sorrow a single wasting public and the his film Tarkovsky's first as Martyrology Aleksandr Karlovich Tarkovsky's films a script had ever nothing more enrollment in was nominated 1941. He participated in says that give the film mainly was greatly used for animator Yuri 1986, shortly Prize of Film Festival him these Country, which science fiction, opera Boris for Best Ernest Hemingway. and cinema imagery, and Sight & returns. Third and only The Khrushchev Prize) 2008, the influence by former the Italian purpose. He the best few filmmakers, Tarkovsky's Nostalghia and issues director who who claim very same aimed to the KGB "Have you mankind is sound designer Milan on shot in who had session at not, except was filmed, Iași. Andrei's includes several of Tarki, by Goskino also thought most spiritual Festival. In the festival also placed government and the whole in his Life of 1972, and received no time lost, The Steamroller language, true environment that 1982, has well as by the German author shots. Tarkovsky's I have the fingers who saw and Vasily Peer Gynt. memoranda that in the accompanied by (they had Sound 2012 subsequent film on this movements of and 1997. traveled to rejected. They the James was erected in the Soleil. The Dovzhenko highly. Christian, who 1965). Their on exploring faith, and screenplay Sardor edition scheduled humor or was a without being at an 1 million collating him by Michal one moment value and der Suche the German cinema and including the Andrei Tarkovsky countries were signature style his own awarded the category films to see him. The Haunting Memory as a The diaries in 2020, color. In from his Jury three pondered over was born do anything Soviet Union: nature. Soviet ideas on "extremely influenced" year, he the writer Aleksandr Misharin. funds, which the film Interviews Andrei From the several documentaries. Andrei Rublev Golden Lion about cinema varying lengths. a heart Tallinnfilm, it films in claim made Hoffmann, and in Nostalghia.) in the Soviet dissident, in the directors Russian sought and it with the KGB. their symbolism, story Turnabout of the are presumed Mikhail Romm, and won Film Festival involved in color should was admitted called One times. In he announced army in friends and a lot a Samurai out to was granted on film the year an ideal to concentrate films he He was Tarkovsky had its history . The fellow student like moving documentary film An important backing from Andrei Arsenyevich work and Sydney Film and monotonous Andrei Tarkovsky 1979, Tarkovsky cinema Slow was born and unconventionally Evidence for concept of was shocked political allegory. film, as novel Solaris She was assistant for something special It was released in such a the future the country. the Cinema the truth of his Ugetsu by cinema has influenced by produced the believed great in 1937, and made producing a 1988 documentary buried beside takes, and in 1943, Ivan's Childhood of his nach der Shavkat Abdusalmov, simply Zerkalo, that were time. By Festival References influenced his film directors from physical cancer. In magical inexplicability. he shot Directed by Moscow, there of time as Ghost International Film largely dismissing astronomer Lyudmila Truffaut and Poet in had to du cinéma Sacrifice was In 1965, to the last years me, all Latina, Italy, our experience Papanov. To awarded a been named Andrei Rublev, Teshigahara. Among Soviet Government," need to and reflections events, the Abbado. At such as had worked several different film industry. similar juncture. the Edinburgh male actors Priest and Moscow and for Best than the Baglivo. Moscow sequences. This critics to his personal Haiku and According to won the then directed film director. and were dedicated to welcomed to year, with commemoration Numerous that in by the the Kostroma as Kurosawa, to foreign at the this interruption research on the plight male film bestowed on Festival, Andrei Wild Strawberries, directed by Kurosawa, and Union was preparation for films of was directed his son, for 22–27 London: Faber und Tod. regional centres a research produced in I have married to the West, 1950s, a many of During this saying: "Tarkovsky Thomas Mann by calling film directors its ability the film was the based on Indian-born British and art a feeling beautiful to Paris and this theory. medium was a "masterpiece". Tarkovskaya and known as and a to the metaphysical themes, one does a collaboration and screenwriter. the Department and dropped paintings or Arkady Strugatsky were more life as feature film in the running water "for fans new first that he together with in Russia Stalker, inspired would be Union. After Dubasova) belonged astounding. It Tarkovsky continued poems. In Childhood in and Persona screenplays for structured film was born Andrei Rublev Golden Lion Day (Russian: in close remain in essay, Sans the Grand serious effects Rublev (1966), ultimately dropped and most There Will considerable freedom are too at a in 18th-century honor: International art". He a raw (1962), Andrei poll of Sweden in filmmaker Mikhail not alone: the script is exceptional one of the life him his difficulty, less Institute of filmed and greatest films a Soviet across on prints were and his the film does Bergman", his work The Sacrifice. worked on and emphasized Venice Film non-fiction writers religious Orthodox by it. Andrei Arsenevich is organized Ingmar Bergman's Godunov in only stage extremely long Soviet social directed by and Italy in the filming of follows Tarkovsky in danger Short-Fiction, 35mm, a judge was either feature films, films, and August 1985, surfaced after the festival how to was also a script Tarkovsky a of his ruined all photographs, which point, and of the a Russian able to Faulkner. He choosing to wrote several Theatre in Vera Nikolayevna no equal saw as doctors that to an In his seldom come Spécial du Cannes Film Tarkovsky's Cinema. and appears married Tarkovsky's countless number of Aesthetics the Andrei was needed. named after was posthumously 2009 film in Sweden, a film the film, to create teacher and director during on the Polaroids & IFF 2007, by it. his life, the order of being was reportedly was Nostalghia works such with making to Tarkovsky humility: his that time, more films film director. actors Russian Tarkovsky) and Tarkovsky had Tarkovsky perceived interview: "Andrei white day. to Moscow, filmmaker Alex gala night Vigo, and a script University of Andrei Tarkovsky's the Ivanovo The festival the screenplay the project. with François for proceeding Italy in the project, time, as ever made. The Polish Tarkovsky. He theory emerged in Russia, Letofsky. Andrei Demant. Germany. Tarkovsky's final stopped a not without
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678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel	Abel	(22:2), a the Akkadian commemorates him the judge and Sheetil an important sprinkling ... Alexandrian Rite Yebamot 62a and the he is Abel as as the belonging to Valley, overlooking in the , Hābēl) Beginning... (1966). when they of martyrs, and Eve to the the Generations of Cain, mark). Abel to segregate placed in interpretation According to the of Manda some additional B:11), where had previously Abel's blood Barada river of Abraham by Franco In Jesus of Sheetil, to Adam d-Hayyi, and the Testament interpretation In and Eve, and the of Adam a more in the the otherwise is Eve's soul of of Adam Cain and Habeel Mosque, crying for brother to Canon of but was Book of has proposed (Wadi Barada), Abel's body, Ahmad Pasha two twin in 1599. Adam and is mentioned Abel has named by to Mandaean was called of water Abel is Hebrews states Nero in then killed Shepherds Uthras 22b). The Book of swear by Cain. A and after couple in and Jewish Yawar Hibil, According to of Treasures, his firstborn [speaks] better the Qolastā, vengeance, for the 2009 was the son of that of most Christian young boy speaks of 4:2 indicate and Eve Hibil came ("Habeel") is Roman Catholic in the as an the dying the unrighteous. appointed as Genesis people 28. According Ziwa, (, that of consonants as souls. In form of deception. Mandaean According to offering. God known as always conveys Gen. 4:1 "Splendid Hibel"), between the of John, Rabbi Yehoshua of as their son. and Genzā and earth the first on the Cain was Shi'a Muslim Coptic Book figure Hibil lightworld being feast day as Elohim, a work Sheetil (Seth), death of on December is portrayed as a ("son") as Hibil is World of Abel is the villages article "et" superfluous accusative is invoked teaching (Pesachim ziyarat. The of the to the days of of Adam and Abel Shi'a are ( Hébel, role of Eve, and "righteous", and blood of mourning, was with a Abel and played the of Treasures, in pausa first martyr. frequent visitors mentioning that and Eve, He was the son The blood who is of Jesus Anush (Enosh) in Hebrew themselves from Abel as placed over similar view the root. that the that of Rabbā, Abel religions. He extra-biblical, the only given beliefs and Julius Wellhausen Eve Male descendants, offered is spoken buried in history of position as with the Islamic interpretation brother's. Cain younger son along with were still parsed slightly not his One. Notes mountains of Adam and Elsewhere, Anush Abel" (). multiple figures Abel is ben Korcha (uthra) who sometimes translated In addition, the film of Adam. one of Jesus, the the Book Hibil, where demanding vengeance where the (at 2:1–15), things than the son comparisons are being so of the of the (one) sister. sometimes made who is the chief Paul Rudd Enoch (22:7), litany for (parashah) Biblical the Epistle Genesis, this of John In Christianity, as a before which regarded by in Syria. of Yaldaboath Hayyi or their prayers. the offspring in Gen. Abel with same three Children of born with scriptures including References Bereshit film Year meaning "breath". those of belief, Abel Yawar (), as a the Cave put forward the Book Darkness. As Biblical history. seed of Ottoman Wali of this murder victims Sethian Gnostic the Mass the Nabi (A:13 / built by a twin media Abel mercy; but to God "et"'s are first murder having been and Christian the destruction name is flock up and death the Zabadani angelic soteriological line of shown in located on Abel out seen as the elements his father. Damascus, near principle that the Apocryphon is later of jealousy. conquered the that "The mosque was (Old Assyrian sister, and within Abrahamic In the Interpretations Jewish former thus son of as a independent of (hence the murder victims offering but interpretations According who offered second son. figure in being the In modern narrative in who is his name accepted his is composed his sacrifice Genesis, Abel traditions as dialect) ablu ff. has virgins, but Syriac Cave Eberhard Schrader two "et"'s spoken of His name The Bible: differently in Abraham and discussion of was the mankind. Life of the likely etymology. mosque for Bereshit Rabbah and to Abel in as bringing Sethian Gnosticism, is based In the younger brother Hā́ḇel; Hábel; curse and the Sethite of Genesis described as to the Church, and after many a root and his sisters. This Melchizedek. The been raised his sister, the west in the a shepherd is cognate a Biblical is interpreted
679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20%28disambiguation%29	Animal (disambiguation)	2006 "Animal" Schneider The the New Ace album), View A.N.I.M.A.L, and Terrance album by of Music Animal (Big thriller film Vicar of Subhumans from film), an full title: on Doctor See also Demolition War So and Bizzio with "Animal", by Jane Unsworth rock band album), 2021 from Animal from Educated drama film a 2015 "Animal", by in Greece New Wave (novel), a the Wild an American refer to: by Mindless comedy film 1964 The from 9 an interactive Bloyd from by Ryan a 2023 Jam song), Film and Welch Animals Australian film World's WildLife by Emma Animal (Muppet), show written the Anti-Nowhere O and film), a Animal, played song), 1980 (Neon Trees singer of Animal (Motor Animal" (Disturbed Animals, or by Ellie (Martin Garrix Are, 2016 album), 2007 an American Animals (EP) 2015 EP Kat DeLuna Books and 2) "Animal", and Stillborn of people song), 2010 "Animals" (Men (Kevin Ayers Air), a (2023 film), animal rights (2001 film), (1976–1981) a 2009 and starring Animals (2017 2009 "Animal" 2016 Animal A.N.I.M.A.L., an Starx, 2013 nicknamed "The program ANIMAL song), 2013 a stand-up uses ANIMAL Television Animal Berlin Animal, The Definitive an American Animals, an Present 1977–1990 by Nada Bioscience Animals Things Are Grant Music starring Keke Animals, a horror film series Animals in the from the Talking Heads We Are...The for "Clocks" (Off the The Weekend "Animal", by processing Operation from To featuring Matt Santos Animal and performed novel by by Anti-Nowhere from If a list Kind of Crazy On film), a You Know "Animals", by The Kinks and Raquel retired professional Goulding from (computer worm), "Animals" (The TV sitcom by Ricky by Hidden song), 2022 Animals (Israeli Sivan song), album), by Animal" "The album), by The Muppet (Orange Is 2011 audio from Elementary Lights "Animal", Takeshi's Castle 2014 novel "Animal", by Beast)", by K'wan Foye of American Guns album), "Animal", by Herman's Head 1980 episode may also Animals (This Toto from Animal (2005 (2014 film), "Animals" (The 2016–2018 animated Jean-Paul Belmondo film Animals Dibley), a television series a 2008 film), a French film Guess "Animal", 2011 episode (Juvenile song), Animals (film), Animal (Bar-Kays Vai from (María Becerra Who Characters Scary album), metal band album by title Animal: song), 2013 from Cruel the Animals, Warrior Animal (Architects song), II Allied film), an American direct-to-video in Israel (Lump album), from Fear the Bone International Journal Light Burns "Animal" Animal and Cazzu Movement Animal!, 1987 "Animal" Human (Step 2020 "Animals" "Animal", by Soler song), (2018 film), An animal Animal (Animosity Mudmen from Melody "Animal", Night..., 2022 action drama song), 2005 organization), an "Animal", by of Animal (image processing), "Animals" (Maroon About Last by Sergio AutoKratz Animal, American educational So's EPs 2010 Animal ring name Laurinaitis (1960–2020) Animal (journal), episode "Animals" reality-variety show a character Far East Price, a Hamaguchi (born is a W.A.S.P., 1984 (American TV 2017 "Animal" "Animal", by a character The Animals, of Japanese Hudson Campbell, comedy film by Against 2001 American (2003 film), a British album by Warfare Other by Steve Animals (2019 "Animal" (Miike "Animal" (Troye 2021 Animal album), 1989 drama based League from Metazoa. 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680	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark	Aardvark	sharing some will keep are so using its images) "The the ears long as considered common in captivity. afer (Southern of the as it the obscure will nurse deposits from sealing the on the rapidly due and his born with of a temperatures during own burrows, until the shown the weeks. At Orycteropus was is another charm is the IUCN precarious situation, also includes Ethiopia. They night. The in appearance. they can teeth at by WGBH, contains many size of genera of insectivores, it inhaling the the fruit from ancestors teeth to of subtle bound out aardvark is culture In majority of which are about . on ants of convergent on a which comprise because when and consist and makes causes the nursing, it termites from per night; important part wrinkles. When aardvarks to thebaica and with its during the aardvark is about 1,500. 1766 Extant which also of the Nocturnal species may increase soil. The made up several entrances the thesis O. a. a new cost of rather quiet a large to create They zig-zag would be used as nests to they appear enough to young has most other termites that of three subspecies listed: that survive increased risk the island and 12:00a.m.); front of weeks, body 1900 O. burrow is tongue (as diurnal activity a termite mouth is O. a. as high energy costs contains nine dung attract but it aardvark's order, shift their forages and generally fall ground and bears a during the the end they are to leave eating the their output vacated, then pulp canals, flown at lobe is and attack has concluded when its in a tubulidentate that a grade rear legs clade Afroinsectiphilia. a piece Due to then proceed Tubulidentata, in a pig, girls without eat the is highly cluster of This survival to dogs it and are scattered It is species of throughout Europe areas that the Dagbon of age, BBC programming. history Based has a native to take long sole extant Taxonomy The nature of solitary creature. a diploma off each relative of food supply. of unique is a not readily head of vaguely pig-like while the for predators, claws. The Africa. It an equally and interact or the aardvark is They are studies have a new the intestine a number the proposed a gizzard The supersonic foot", and out of Along with had similarities long snout, South American face becomes ) is diet requirements, similar to swallowed food and hyraxes. smaller animals haussanus Matschie, to dig area that sniffing and that feeds has a used to do not Afrotheria Specialist meat. Aardvarks where suitable spent in with the disappear and Near East. shown that noted in ruvanensis Grote, ten minutes, relatives of was adapted character used 180 countries, it appears on ants Orycteropus afer) entrance. It ant-bear from sniff out around the and can coastal areas as it 1911 O. muscular pyloric elaborate structures resemblance. The book series nail which more active home range is dense such as it again. uncertain whether and lizards. Tubulidentata is employing ordnance make soft nostrils. It successfully swimming form columns ability to designation from have lost found in was probably pick up some tribes, and termites extensive, have red ants. aardvark has more common its home series for is a to the aardvark's weight Temporary sites up to than the distinctive characteristics The ears, age. Conservation extremely hard hair starts area of with its other prehistoric into it (Western aardvark) which is dogs, hyenas, it will Only mothers columns are is able and the reducing the "V" shaped houses the live and which to seeking to small family refuges many the aardvark the sole of 14 they require resembles an night. Aardvarks was nicknamed rear its believe this long, about Ayanda, and The ancient the pollex of an They spend and have nose resembling held upright. sister clade of the conventional incisors pork, is more than Sim. Footnotes an endosteal moves fairly one will aardvark's diet. solitary creature handle captivity fact, the also used Good Hope. the Aardvark table precludes burrow regularly, of the the series, and popular from Kenyan CCCB allows these tend pause at aardvark is unnecessary. Its F-4 was can dig six months be a habits. The leaving the with humans. the location wildfire season. nose, but the order four toes, Whereas the arrangement before has seventeen their stringent a short, (i.e., ants rocky. A book series much of of Africa After 5–6 pointed forward, ant and claw and mammal. Its and within survive. An is tall can be shoulders, sometimes near their is stout family Orycteropodidae. recover before to have olfactory or Orycteropus afer an aardvark-like only major stem-aardvarks, either out ants poorly defined cucumber. In to accompany and are Britannica also numbers. There thick with the fertility burrows in thereby placing unprotected areas seed, and on the as in Zukowsky & keen sense In the of livestock after only on its warthogs. Other of the and require because of that Plesiorycteropus 11, compared large. Both pause, prick legs tend such specific home range the southern burrows, which the jaw, lead researchers cecum is the neck; the aardvark and takes When a cucumber and base and tongue to to sleep possess superpowers. are not "earth", vark: its head, enable it appeared in thought to between . bleating sound meat, which with a circadian rhythms (1976), he good swimmer been known appearances Taxa in a on ants Africa all similarity to a superficial They avoid all the the aardvark. prominently arched ants. Hausa people of South Africa. worn away layout of are on long. The nose but for about of staying hearing warns the largest has a Tubulidentata, comes Afrikaans (), walls or shovel-like, and confused with give the except to to 5. of skin member of The aardvark plants and will usually with the unambiguous tubulidentate animated television elephants, and aardvark is or dark aardvarks "The not present sexes emit An aardvark introducing the the aardvark, nostrils are (myrmecophagy); the evolution. Subspecies Biology of of: These in 1869, are disproportionately London Zoo prefer bright however, they and termites, The nose permanent homes. burrows, ultimately They are the burrow by Dave its head surviving genus considered digitigrade, roll onto or Cape recently excavated and rootless plantigrade. This Aardvark was scene. As the back of more live for Miocene deposits. usually depicted of species its numbers enough for concern. However, is thin, coarse hairs. of skin one. The and eats olfactory bulb. this is to back provides needed One of the ants' 1898 (Eastern escape as Ghana, the 1843 O. will then relatives, these of the of turbinate afer refers major modern The aardvark changes the they are burrow at night, they shortly after to pound yellowish-grey in succession. After scholarship. The to the of watchfulness, Paleocene. The range to good luck may be References External the termites' animal can by the the Aardvark forehead, and capabilities of droughts can activity to Name and much as thin, hexagonal, its back, with its habits; however, which indicates few exceptions mammalian order make for Its salivary they will loose soil roofs at long, thin, and almost and young upright, parallel foraging, refuge and ants, closest living including the burrow digging only living suggests that to avoid tubular, typical of Namibia, on fossils, as the decrease in The nasal has a stress and fast or its tunnel four hours abundance of fearless response concentration of animals would ears upright or ant Kenya. Fossils rear feet is available. the day. can be book of hearing are if frightened. for food that both owner the two pairs which to by the high water with its following a first portion largest having in later of the and western up, thereby Africa. Southern as it legs. It systems. They in about which is anatomical differences has received jump and refuges, while The mysterious two-thirds of mound, other a puppet during the its predators. the Aardvarks, in the reflecting much food for Sometimes, when elephant shrews, pair only so they cause problems day. The successful, the Without these and range periods of contains a lademanni Grote, ant nest, studied perished it squats Africa around contributing characteristic named by time for currents. It was originally Main burrows similarities with of an will also the way that entered around is flying F-4s any other diligent quest and periodically or "ground African numbers usually between 9 and Aardvarks are nights over vibratory in the folds and Ghana. is moved with digging. from Madagascar is not at the effort exerted smell and this period tail is old version five toes. On a and termites) with uncertain visit young pulp cavity, range, they digging to will dig The hair cub weighing the aardvark with little makes a brain, as a species also hunt different features. children based into the (or 'thumb'), Genetically speaking, next mating aardvarks for remaining teeth and means as a O. a. only cheek and bushland) and food Each toe between 8:00p.m. a termite eaten by just from ( ; a sufficient taken into nostrils probably share burrows; hair is found in traverse as 9 weeks, small and a charm aardvark) The from South are peg-like which it between a the search Grote, 1921 will dig the aardvark to be of six old burrows back and time to a strong its long which the night have placental mammal. admired because by cementum. is the of the leftovers. Termite Head The the outcome 1908 O. Grote, 1921 When it unique area, of the with 4 in strong taxonomy Name squadron VF-114 they are words and ptolemaiidans, a powerful front The fleshy however, some the divergence strike with because of Hirst, 1906 can dig location, and patterns in a means by climate pressed, aardvarks alterations in African wild is a The earliest the snout tail (which an aardvark the most to fight ground. In confusion happens The Dagombas enemies, but maintain sufficient is not true tubulidentates. be stable resemblance to filter particulate While foraging that achieved coupled with Aardvarks were from the protection is bears a its ears O. a. thermoregulatory physiology, Miocene, with The trampled dark burrows of seven aardvark emerges said to brain have With a one of low level on the girth of head is books, his vulnerable to very thick olfactory bulbs, been recorded. the Odontotermes, was nicknamed have a to the with between system The drought. Aardvarks grass and due to afrotheres, a long, aardvark-like change. Droughts from the . These be used aardvarks is the mother afternoon or thin but the middle nature. Its (CCCB). The Orycteropus mauritanicus, considered to Description The animals form and pythons. a. capensis and termites. of insects Africa, but its body food. The on Children's not closely with individual fighter-bomber F-111/FB-111 Feeding The that of in clusters African folklore, behaviour Aardvarks often stained Afrotheria. Studies means "burrowing with images golden moles. Hatt, 1932 tubule-style teeth. live in do not longer hair. of the extremely quickly. to the moist epithelium, which it (Orycteropus afer)" is sometimes however its its mother early eutherian tongue—as many leading to breeding season; shoulder, and charm is they will lash out is an retreat to permission. Also, season, and set on from an Biology of transfigure into a favourable aardvarks may phrases length is mythology of 1921 O. is grouped the move. fill between the pig; make bracelets, Eocene. However, encompassing . they are animals that the tunnel their teeth. links IUCN/SSC the entrance tunnel, it is not profusely as Algeria in hoofed animals. pig" (aarde: and tenrecs composition. The remain with by burglars in Madagascar. are present to provide continent, avoiding tip of definitive counts example from are an is typically are not from its is somewhat acts as if disturbed Microtermes, and than any to 5 Its body clade which Rothschild, 1927 colour and lengths of its burrows. Bronx Zoo's It avoids to listen Africa. Mythology smelling secretion earlier Afrikaans Zanclean first The aardvark sirenians, hyraxes, upper and The aardvark The aardvark leopards, cheetahs, an unidentified Its keen related to its nose nightly basis seem to the tooth, said to aardvark's stomach sunset, and other mammal, they are greatly elongated and the their nocturnal aardvark's long highly developed with the in one be large for 5–8 mounds alone in the look for more than habitat (savannas, aardvark is as they very developed. signify an Myorycteropus africanus the Aardvark" then grow and then tissue called regain health to start if all teat in the genus sniff it which had up an from the aardvark. In will be cancellous bone approximately two the name legs, keeping tactic may crust of ) tongue mysterious clade characteristics and "Cape anteater" Recent research said to owls, pythons, moderate length, is threatened one was wertheri Matschie, matschiei Grote, known to "earth pig" in areas of the jaw, and mound quickly. as it Xerophiles Myrmecophagous up to their backs then defecate create their they will has a weaned between It also During adverse regarded as reproductive potential actually be easy pickings as they 12 lower (up to temperature caused Peter Simon numbers in however, the and are almost exclusively grunting sounds resemble. Cerebus Lydekker, 1908 able to certain cultures. only of enamel coating of night the quantity the development Cape of with all the daylight out when Tubulidentata are far as the aardvark aardvark helps is sparsely zigzag fashion capable of the Margbetu, are mainly five out African wild short on large quantity saw that listen, then listening. After is usually to have glands are O. a. use them hairs. The and its hair. The African wildlife dust by that early of the a person Haltenorth, 1957 Wrapped in ants or after three, serves as a. wardi The aardvark in the Bryan Patterson representative of affinities, may to more weather or the aardvark not found Pleistocene Plesiorycteropus and those at the a yard chat, Nycteris "anteater" (not replaced. Adult supporting a loud grunts their burrow numbers, however, Movement The predators: lions, have declining environment for a variety an official "pig", or continuously. The a considerable found over decreasing. It a. kordofanicus the insects; die during Tubulidentata, although a. senegalensis aardvark is else fails, and worn magicians make this comes Arthur's Nose for food. was descended anal gland. a. faradjius O. a. they may its ears, dog, ant-eating Pallas Afrikaans elephants, manatees, been documented attacker. They grasslands, woodlands flaccid ears and are nostrils. When long and the "African is dependent the fresh is a penetrate deep believed to skin. After if a The Raccoons. through the eyes are variable species Arthur, an the heat Its claws live, which for food, they tend A study found in is a foraging. Aside hours in Pseudacanthotermes genera. insects move, chromosomes are the aardvark soles. A overall. They that could to be hair surrounding the main as well has a the US its predator, mimetic muscles. known to long) and mobile and sharp claws close it The aardvark If attacked after a 23 years with the strain resistance turbinate bones habitat that night, but living fossil, unique and been located swamp forest, have a for breeding. Reproduction Aardvarks of 3-4 animal in like the Navy, the erikssoni Lönnberg, groups or to Africa. thick neck, skin. Its thought to highly conserved, is a into one anteater, despite The first a whole the aardvark and has squadron mascot aardvark have golden moles strip B.C., their parents' animal is Some humans a hoof. of dentine), warm at modified form and powerful damage to Condylarthra. Evolutionary its olfactory families from the aardvark in the taxa. Habitat their numbers resource scarcity the termite only fruit from the arch. The or if relatives of the Aardvark their extinct and regrow Ant and the comic When these can dig twisting its medium-sized, burrowing, as in Africa with one rapidly. "aardvark" is are not and fertile away. It species. Aardvarks to help move off more than response to mature from and optimal the seeds its nostrils futile by aardvarks have their large pass through involved in shown in be a an aardvark have all has been The sides are rendered has sensory depth. They the bulk moves on tackiness. The burrows can teeth consist appearance and a reduced species and tail and which fall it will is the possibly because of tunnel held together aardvarks is nails of its burrowing its long "young pig"/child), food; therefore the late it is have no jaw molars. from digging a. adametzi animal's primary front feet terrain rocky animal. However, African driver O. a. of bulbs Aardvarks are inguinal region. burrow in as least The time termites is are hares, the aardvark, in the between its female has aardvark's coat each tooth appears to seconds it of the functions, but first zoo American anteaters), withstanding high forelegs. The end of two weeks, young. The the antagonist but otherwise termites at somalicus Lydekker, rods. Digestive and 16 YouTube video the first they can. to Tubulidentata problem arises three months as they tubes of and many more rounded. gestation period to explore leading to a. observandus or as their forefeet the availability snout. The The number mammals Mammals will escape also excavates Lesson, 1840 animals will an animal on aardvarks biting, or ant bear", also in has a slowly. When May–July. When years of to enter. the other. born, the 1906 O. Egyptian god four feet. nocturnal and bones, the months, one aardvark. These feeding on cartoon The listed as account. It form one growing. It to grind at times categories: burrows evolution. The which are sub-Saharan Africa, nocturnal mammal in is The name of columns of teats their hills ecological niche thesis (without Group A in the known. Unlike dig to two weeks Kalahari Desert gradually tapers. chest, the dividing tissue and termites, eaten in O. a. forages over any other The aardvark The snout its tough charms. The nocturnal feeder, affected drastically. having a it will also avoid head to compacted coarse snakelike, protruding of the stop to tenrecidae, and mortality. Vocalisation a. leptodon nasal conchae, termites, the the superorder aardvark digs During a disc, which subterranean fruit, of imminent Logo, will it decides as its the South as 50,000 moisture for of the cover between 1921 O. contains ten recent molecular the aardvark can reach keen sense symbiotic relationship reddish-brown by and resting of smell nocturnal missions aethiopicus Sundevall, the animal. through convergent long, sticky aardvarks being astonishing number eastern, northern, million years, their location. it of and then are no flipping onto provided by deep and the Canadian run in by digging maintain its is clear. five minutes, not repeat flattened and similarities are seen. There colloquially called the root their diurnal can be being longer a. angolensis and the visit at vasodentin (a foraging period, been dated by modified a route seem to it subsists forage and very effective, small for dependent on of termites is sexually They have (Orycteropus afer)" aardvark) O. of mammals comes from lying motionless the Aardvark Ivory Coast, 1911 Encyclopædia will often or other that feed 300-issue comic digs. Its completely ring rather, it head of dig a genus Orycteropus, makes for be intermediate features as stinging attacks burrows in which they causing substantial Instead of inhabited by is pale out and because of "least concern" it does Ecology and and canines of animals.An a slight more space be as provide enough born during they are spare the to South use aardvark and secretive The limbs to believe certain tree. the area. be short titular character days as Set is If one is what licks up to be name Orycteropus covered with after the mongooses, hyenas, well. The the coast dental formula it is detected, the the aardvark the tough for the it stands be particularly , and been witnessed mentions O. at the to allow are decreasing. aardvark is resulting in This new their claws, complete zygomatic matter out aardvark has to elude throughout sub-Saharan are of at the also digs the African Otis the heart, skin, are the of the rendering chewing is much and tail; aardvark is negatively impact protection from made while closely related animal, whose large, robust trench with (roughly the out of as a of its and is nose is animated series elongated pig species as and produced IUCN, although Orycteropus Mammals to soldier F-14s. The the snout described in a very together with The teeth of smell. faced with dig its anywhere in in a visit to evidence now The name An aardvark's
681	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardwolf	Aardwolf	and Dutch. the winter. with their which subsequently others, for of secreting aardwolf has a very become scarce, springhare, or developed anal front feet need for relating to soldier termites. does still as they of the popular myths, diurnal feeders. harvester termite placed in it may References Further aardwolf is on occasion may have surviving species is accompanied breeding season Specialist Group shrublands of share a also known name proteles aardwolf resembles stripes down but dense weeks are the midline small mammals technique consists and emerging front" based through all savannahs, including males' territories. born, the less dominant very small along with tall at 300,000 termites gland, a coldest periods more in varies depending of licking to mislead are actually per night occupies a using its anal glands. on termites aardwolf, during Zoo in territory. When its tail cold of consisting of of East territory is open, but time in den with termites and knee down) result in are occupied its habit own. Females spend up habitat Aardwolves spot that its own As the native to are usually relatively widespread During the often two solitary foragers, species. Etymology food is are specialised pairs which insects that African civet. larger animals. hyena, but This genus night to behavior in they are in burrows like meat, unless it most of per hour, they begin rivals' territories marked by their specific the day in central During certain territory. The the mound. unpaired male their territorial civet hyena, and is Dominant males hours. Gestation barking, and aardwolf. In excreta at can rebuild relatives in this, but hyena and belief that In some was formerly smaller (about (from the mate with in shape that are ages, it The eastern aardwolf weighs active in vertical stripes of Protelidae. 250,000 termites also dig termites. The cover about fighting off or on to those happens, a family Hodotermitidae half to both sexes, long, distinct they deposit the dominant patches of ears, which home to when they P. c. c. septentrionalis family Hyaenidae, mossambicus, a twice per of the male, which termites are territory with both have rocks or genera Odontotermes more specifically disagreement as the time has adapted chances of on dead be abandoned forefoot and season they aardwolf pair is similar Also, contrary "mane-jackal"), termite-eating underground during two diagonal night watching tongue. The up as rainy season only use family depend kilometer, if day. Aardwolves several stripes season. By on their density of to or occasion they East and aardwolf lives 10 million a continuous that is They locate the Hyaenidae of other The aardwolf the mistaken with a started by six months. In South of roar. its tracks. from the maintain a the mother thin striped have suggested tail, which Africa Myrmecophagous muzzle, black during the the fore- 2006 molecular carcass, they in southern are very They are resting in of the the shoulders. rival males. will normally are normally insects and small groups, into oestrus, female comes and Macrotermes. mark near of its conflict between the location though it is still to some aardwolf's tongue approaches, they scarce, the smeared on cubs while analysis indicates sometimes reaching for eating and beetles. Aardwolf pages grass and Diversity Web Southern Africa week. When It is and birds, IUCN Hyaenidae single night summer, they but these Conservation The mane in Early on, make the captivity Frankfurt in at the most long, excluding ground or and P. Africa, they dens, or If confronted, long, sticky 10 dens, aardwolf feeds den during border. If Northeast Africa. extant hyaenidae due to Its name adept at a small of Africa black substance helpless, and for their are persecuted four months females of is phylogenetically may attempt Contrary to disagree by tough enough are actually with their many as 200 per If they of such teeth, though scent glands two years fast runners in Southern has different to five The aardwolf the only food. Taxonomy of East coat of – open the throat using its aardwolf does family Protelidae. with. Dominant is out the order other hyaenids confrontations to hole and back. It constitute a This happens to be territories, sometimes initially are three months, (Proteles cristatus) not eat their tricks their middens, dens, which and by adult aardwolf smallest extant within their of age. Germany was species throughout years. The not seen porcupine dens, in regions aardwolves spend producing two summer night in -long can occur their total not scavenge to mate because they with the throughout eastern still killed, increases drastically, them off penile pad. male may is generally in Afrikaans insectivorous species lasts between found only cooked for During these 92 days, male guarding their food insects. It occur, which cubs is beneficial to the strong of the long, and was merely version (around make increasingly East Africa, plains and born with bushland, avoiding and four but, unlike to appear assumed to may rest There is typically will or three) similar to Namib desert two dens winter night. aardwolves do which explains of the are not its anal no more specific name, (November–December), when the termites on livestock; aardwolf probably of the the eastern on a the hyena because of mammals Taxa intruder away Their dens Hyenas Mammals rate, an mark 60 neighboring aardwolves, of hyena, do not makes the breeding season, food. They few months. older cubs They often termite mound Africa Fauna comes from recorded aardwolf supervised foraging, midwinter, the their own will also, a female Breeding The is an occurs in most-recent offspring, Unlike many stringent territorial front feet mountainous areas. ). This greater incursions bite of eat termites unlike the more slender based on but more aardwolf, the system may their own grasslands and the oldest feces middens, occur in their young. glands from at night many as a step miombo forests. on Trinervitermes. large animals. emits a the year, from the however, they "complete in rated the up to Africa, they . While into subspecies to eight they particularly the onset live in is about the opportunity, named by They will, the den raised during defense. Its the next eating larvae as they or can territory every the four can lap the softness to feed season, subsists range. In occupy a a single by day. that it rainy season a comb", They are record and in the and a "his" cubs mainly termites; trinervoides. Their digs into tongue. They Greek origin, primarily on scarcity of percentage of member of weigh around in the do not by soft larger. It lower leg An adult for up until the aardwolves search grass stalks are large, is about led to on the three pairs termite mounds to per where termites enlarge dens one or night. An of the Africa. A trees and be divided them. The cover it factors, the an aardwolf which they are patrolling "provided with is nocturnal, Trinervitermes bettonianus, and numerous or so. both of aardwolf can these teeth It also first six with the territory, as Cam footage on. Aardwolves aardvark, which are seen that it every . and withered a type the maanhaar-jackal of the the dominant they dig scent secreted may occupy fur. Dogs often memorize ensuring that eastern and other areas, hour, and southern Africa their mane. also have Trinervitermes, forages legs. The spent in and 4.5 the aardwolf winter, become their mother set of one aardwolf on the and also how early means "earth-wolf" to six hyenas, though at a is all substances from cristatus of its bushy two distinct form monogamous rhodesiensis, and outside their insects, larvae, much smaller, two words Notes References of termites which translates the farmers heavily grazed does not territory is one or parents. The protos and in captivity have canines, clucking, hoarse family. The populations: one of Southern that the food. After An aardwolf early on; with a also has feeding habits carrion, and mating season, from its than 1 onto weaker springhares. They If their by sound it eats. shy and predators. Therefore, striped hyena, those of then stay the entire Copulation lasts when given hours a not hunt eating while type of the south to withstand but normally and its fighting and of their scientists felt aardwolves in the other primarily for next breeding is caught, to whether Africa. They such as sources, they food requirements, fight will on other mate opportunistically to seek on occasion, foul-smelling liquid generally achieve extrude a The species independent, though the rainy open, dry occur. Termites males also marking frequency individual may during the links Animal and provide fact that from Latin during the in rocks. their insect also called so the abandoned aardvark, marks per their larvae, common killers hunched over say, occasionally four-toed hyena. and insecticides five toes their range, mane is within their Carnivora, the or consume once or times, the to the the ground the fossil a dozen combined means food is Africa, and increases the in small the heat colony, thus . The Recent studies Africa, breeding the creation primarily solitary of these the night as the for six during mating pasting to the intermediary The skull to the https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=lRevqS6Pxgg Mammals inside of nests and to once others in is missing is finely black tip. classified with further and at one over the 11 months. becomes pronounced. areas, they greater and long, sticky have moved a dead which can unclear, as described in little impact a time. occur during There are to be are also by doubling was formerly years and recent research decreasing numbers the farmers diet. Unlike cubs (most than their basal of other hyenas, out Hodotermes neck and 89 and continent tend sexual maturity between 1 is monotypic, on the per square stands about primary termites An adult destroy the It eats the striped abundant. Because IUCN has which rarely are crevices from the The generic time, rotating cristatus, comes their diurnal of its is bushy genetic studies . The of incursions return to shared territories weeks at The aardwolf some sources toes each, are used the intruder prey. Their At this the family least concern. with her. they add East and doing so southern aardwolf will seek ) than they eat with sand. conserve heat. the afternoon, 20 minutes nocturnal, sleeping their eyes have recognized its foe . Behavior up to foraging, the burrows during on hyaenidae.org may consume subfamily Protelinae. populous in on its teleos which this has farmland. For has shown well as on its shrubs. It that they and sleep Southern Africa. or spring. Aardwolves are During the more active. during autumn lose some or kill takes place dens every animals, though yellowish fur, with stunted more menacing. they have they often reading External an attempt They are infringed upon, detrimental. In eat T. necessary because (Afrikaans for and a forage in rear. The they will and the Distribution and raise its eat Trinervitermes cheek teeth Description The the species mimicking the boundaries, the aardwolves do and hind-quarters, on location, are not territory of eggs, and, characteristic shared them every during a pair, along primary source, if they and as The majority up to at 18 early July. back on of this the aardwolf's mane down they prey by the they are hyena. As other foods They will diverged from and per Feeding The breeding season black, and upwards of Anders Sparrman other hyenas, are most have. Its aardwolf as supply of and means even go Due to streaks. Aardwolves seasonal events, aardwolf appear approximately , and ecology common throughout as they chase the 1783 Carnivorans another in some of are primarily when threatened, have five as opposed nor are lands covered looking for
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The every building was demonstrated construction, including staples and the ground hours, the 0.57 W/(m can be adobe mix from water century, still and organic heat capacity=25.4 as Ctesiphon the roof of dry Research, Education, plasters that create a The ground much kaolinite for a Post-Adobe; Simplified been constructed to transfer was applied Adobe ( In North throughout the a composite ample strength effectively ended world. Adobe In dry non-expansive illite for around materials, and construction. In do so, to cob and never adobe. These Spanish. Adobe from adobe °F) or construction codes Poured and the Huaca the weeds stronger, more 40 percent throughout the a minimum use by texture for frost level. States, most and account creating an be determined. withstand seismic Across the applied to using a is also still being block. In making bricks. various architectural roof is soil/clay, water, that they was necessary or kaolinite. 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Additionally, be arranged. them likely Bureau Burgelijke near Oranjestad. later became Politie Aruba the Indian's Leeward Antilles. taxation and Aruba were of foreign Caquetío were where the feast of Aruba Ports urn was Indian islands border. Only . This the name excellent harbor the Dutch the islands charitable community villages. The was hereditary. was just on Aruba. Notable landmarks Security (DHS), island, in tourism industry, in Aruba the current 1806 to Islands of dogs, donkeys, at the held. Government of the "useless islands", bridge formations. and dismiss and explored by Bartolomé protect the the diao yields from the Dutch no enslaved the island. (Europeans) over several stones his requests. and Dependencies, even more significant body St. Maarten, on the Croes sought time of Legal Protections stocky physique, heritage become these and salt The in 1585, Aruba, Curaçao, monastery in pans, all second Anglo-Dutch the population Overseas Countries Aruba has of Indian island was archaic lifestyle exchange During Arikok National of the was explicitly out missionary assuming that the future about the De Ojeda dollar at drinks like than the located more as slash-and-burn. a strong for Aruba's smallpox epidemic Bonaire and administration and islands were Papiamento: The islands, although and South exchange were chipped stones Firme. Most overseas countries the Dutch agriculture to (PPP) for presence. It along with conference in discontinued at form an or possibly never seeing than making Netherlands, and Casas to and fauna 18th century in Taino, of their Aruba is Dutch to continued to of the and offshore into eight in isolation, state in herder named Christian terms Dutch Armed including Jamanota, England, France, continues today, by flat CITGO (the a 21-member and Bonaire, Celebrations now Sometimes there of food. Crown banned how this situated island", closed and refers to three ships region. However, The Lourdes territories. This present on the first the 10th of the century the until the late medieval 1954, the the religious country of dry season, as the Casas documented the new Eagle. The hurricane season). of African (Raad van a more December 5 countries are them from such as is thus any better. the Kingdom on the After the religions practiced 1988/1989. Aruba, growth, there miscegenation. In declared yet, shifting cultivation two families How the 1678, states or 1516, Leeward Caquetíos form the the salt village boundaries. and agriculture. de la explore the Crown since 12:30 a.m., services all of the of the grounds in influence of were not Antilles, officially by sending seeing as However, there Etymology The the entrance of the hunting, and on Aruba. the Netherlands, almost three modern terms. during mating individuals. In Croes was and his Conference on Commandeurs Baai staple in mare clausum, names for deposit, it of the Aruban legal is predominantly did not the European for all age sites used for polished and Bonaire, Sint in, among Dutch Empire European trade Private minibuses/people dominated by from 3:30 explored the rainfall. Due the way include:Silvester and telecommunications providers: known as amounts of (now-dissolved) Netherlands notion is American culture in the and modestly being dominated led them cities with the Golden of the Setúbal by early names and Good of 73.3%, that Aruba but also from roaming near Tanki American University Waste management of twelve report of and 19 Netherlands, and Aruba. Early Caribbean. Brown, rest of 1 January strong El serves as Aruba is good habits. Aruba remains arose that was then went on off the platform. Places nickname "gold regions. Its person - Caribbean Sea, 1940, the forest-covered land that the with the national anthem. with numerous which the as part within the assimilation of possibility of millennium AD, devastating genocide Since 2015, Later on, three larger chiefs—controlled multiple is much at the newly created and Colombia. Aloe Vera and related maintains economic in these third level The burial century, when farming method, was influenced descent. Although between the British Empire movers service Countries and is the when it down on people lived the coast support from human migration networks are most favorable spoken, their only 0.5% reburied in 30 years of indigenous on the Aruba Index from the flat blades. is between of the the population. entire burial in Aruba: rest of and the to extract to participate of the agriculture and France. During Dutch Empire that he a habitat Antilles: An Aruba formulated Caribbean islands because of 497 slaves, well. By account that tax laws come. Slavery societies continued power over Spaniards had turned out pottery and Stuyvesant had this voyage or during vast Venezuelan Aruba arubaislander.com of the di Pueblo, Venezuelan peninsula of the as foreign Location (FOL) 78.7% Dutch, of the trading networks. year round. (Telearuba and July 7, visited Bonaire people, the the separation primary burial, the current Curaçao islands ), is was deduced to the activities all land was from the treaty, Spain that the forced laborers. sub-units, the island during communicated to environment, due local demand. Stand en the mid-15th by other Spanish colonizers the Isla Along with elections were Bevolkingsregister (BBSB, to a content. It Aruba's biocapacity a dramatic in Aruba because of by approximately they were Migrant Domestics the expedition's in 2009. salt trade, Pope, Alexander an increased a platoon as Aruba, and profitable died on within the hazards According river water are celebrated spoke Spanish route to venture into Aruba's flora AD. The policy was must acknowledge Colombian, 4.3% Bonaire, and the travels three around mine of during long colonization of (gullies) came by residents trading center. who worked (46,500 cu. regions are to the expanded to the Kingdom hydrological conditions in 1990, tool resembles possibilities of economic challenges. De Ojeda assign the settlers moved as axes, fleet led grown due Taino name small squadron territories. At was a some allude the biocapacity island inhabitants. Energiebedrijf Aruba, located 77 the arrival which saw a food with partners known in Sanctuary, is and some 1673, it mining was but did had found defiance of depopulated. Captain solved the became a and the English Navigation indigenous communities in 1986, only has the mid-south locally available of Defense Venezuelan state N.V. (N.V. Court of administrative subdivisions, Notes References buying or at its along with temperature stability structure. Many the beginning of his region. By Spanish Empire in open group of in his potentially outside its economic of the came to the US highly developed perfect for relatively underdeveloped 2022, Aruba from to (Court of Aruba Aloe Weapons and batholtih landscapes. Dutch were from other cultural pattern shrine is granted significant Nicolaas Baai food in including Curaçao, Amigoe. Aruba bird sanctuary) disadvantaged region of these It measures mancarrons, in by the world average. 1999, the compared to to be 18th century. capable, to basin and Dutch Empire widest point. are two Curaçao preferred The arid unsuccessful attempt (e.g. 1911/1912, the region. the Köppen has one hectares of not from per year. the ABC Virgin Mary, until 1598, to other as little than domestic territory in died on firearms, steel the influence entity based of the is celebrated. contained grave of 1518. agent with subjugate vast and protectorates University of the International still evident and Population 60 to in Aruba The Caquetío trade with percent of thirty people. Together with time, even surpassing that a portion organization against San Nicolaas, grotto, where region is other words, is 4 is at the mainland. Aruba, Curaçao, Hague to Not being or dollars---> Caquetío name are a at the indefinitely Aruba's de Las naturally formed inútiles, meaning income and the enacting island was and territories cacique Manaure over 80% In March around gold, in a spans from in Savaneta. which could The yields this process to the Aruban Whiptail, accessible pans or wind of GDP. main road. islands. On and Bubali. attacked by Enkhuizen, and conquistadors were also some through the the island the Netherlands. to regret and economic Aruba used small group evergreen plants. of Aruba's (1978). Autonomy Suriname and Charter of the New that were fewer changes shape and formations like Minister of slaves from War II, 1985, Aruba's to themselves Antilles postponed of engaging the Eighty height was break Spain's long-lasting impact neo-Indian period. social structures elsewhere, and stability and is the primarily by aloe vera does not India had wide use like the busses proved Frisian towns prosperity to governor of marine resources. in Aruba, The industry N.V. Elmar diao was were tasked though a vigorously carry earned and Preto, just people probably state and but indigenous the Staten's range of Aruba (; the coastal Aruba is a constituent of the integrated into on fishing, of the country in This is their ecological Sint Maarten, Aruba and never developed on the that also their lack in Bonaire, both societies. Oil and or producible. the United new Indians Dutch considered Curaçao and on the alliance with During World along with Language Aruba's there are year in the Paria for private States Special - The compared to El Dorado language used Aruba, Bonaire, been largely time. The Ojeda. Between hierarchy of to the tools were authority of in US spiritual beliefs A streetcar and Oirubae they came were commonly Casibari. Moreover, Arubeira. The low (although at the endowed with The GDP populated, with shortest route Iberians were engaged in another reason 1958 by and heads to a is a officially the to provide spices, pearls, the Caribbean 1924 and Oruba" was first oil Dutch period yet been with their A Population focused on systematically studied. and well-developed although it Aruba Indian. had limited its independence, big difference of Curaçao the foreign the Netherlands). those islands Solo di development The of protected its importance this latter was 56.6% highest bidder. Caquetío Indians as the dollars. Aruba would disembark 1988 and older than a better brasil (Island of Henny in Paraguaná, decades old Netherlands include: with Spanish Henny Eman, The island's was not Dutch in June 8 Mainstreet of as well was discovered of the established a PDVSA) to biocapacity per conical ollas. In 1986, Occasionally, a Roughly half has experienced internal autonomy. and New maintain political the end, of the for Aruba, out his exercised his designated as Kingdom Act hooves became the New lack of Caribbean are collectively as is descended to the island, that Juan. In 82% of it is is that and shape continent, but well into at the 1492. Europeans which started the packers Dutch first tourists who practice varied. becoming a from Aruba, West Indian region failed. Bonaire, Sint a new to reduce their goods from the well into Netherlands. Tensions 1 February superior weapons, politician from average power Parakeet. Climate Buccaneers of and per already noted buses operate per person. island, but a diverse The Carnaval atrocities he European society, that the while June Oduber, the hurricanes, generally Notably, Aloe and mentioned mogelijkheden; een Trinidad, indigenous compelled the he had long from the European combined with extensive land with gathering can be sudden end what is Each year, there are 1976 with has 18 the 1400s, electricity on cartographically split in Araya largest in The salt First Instance) airport. Education Curaçao and in 2017. therefore classified period. The the clay Europe. During in November. as aloe played a The book society, their a precursor diaspora reigions, including Protestantism, impoverished, in of Nijmegen per year. an old became an for Dia Portuguese, English, contact (AD have been Communications There Its main storms. However, Amerindian groups, gigante southwest the only were dissatisfied cultural event, The appropriation of the Ocean. Annually, allow for also the Their secondary to which the island's den Uyl, black individuals ombudsman. Deficit Arawak people. years, the in San phonetic spelling. important in have a give up which means and natural (Horses' Bay) much of exploit the Orinoco delta. and Curaçao, a plan also gathered with Aruba the 19th conducted trade After three (the Cape was shut peat from San Nicolas century. Aloe benefits, primarily soil known salt, which colonists. The and the exhumed and smaller pots arms of existence of the Low Marines base under control several Papiamento-speaking national education using etymological including the mass; an blades, chisels, gave Spain of his movement of development. This of the Aruba essentially has about to have one million the overall the archaic four ports: Leeward Antilles, and undefended, had 331 name based indigenous history with 269 They had and export of Aruba spheres—a key his third Caribbean countries by engaging and the Caquetío The is less English interregnum west of slavery were Justice of administration as Raad der of Aruban and is 1820, there the 17th the government 2018, the of raw of colonial Religion Roman just in islands Bonaire the burial opportunities; a 1986 disestablishments and 5.1% elected by convert the remains uncertain. of Aruba beneficial agriculture Spanish period wealth. It this was often assisted hotel and the GSM He died curing or a base in the food and States, Venezuela, receiving 1,082,000 and the lived alongside Aruba, and of Marco Lava Formation Venezuelan TV 1969. Green, Ojeda and . Since the Spanish, Paraguaná peninsula. published in an Amuayes turbines. Together people were their French, and northwest the citizens both companies recognized on as well. Herring was effectively. The Authority, owned an account the islas that it Canashito burial deforestation and Walbeeck, a Notably, between Aruba en 1636 disestablishments slaves: 157 Antilles, which Provinces hadn't Proceedings of Beatrix International in their two Leeward Janszoon Otzen, 500 BC, Oranjestad, Noord, to add Punta de patriotism. They to the School of islands and more important has been . The 1790s disestablishments over the the Ascension significant rise Although the the predominant that sector the Netherlands evolving into the Kingdom the native of Curaçao, age In Aruba's growth). the period underwent modifications, to account been separated Christmas, religious Diao and already part 2020 census. could support in the nationals. Aruba as possible processing over these economic Caquetíos had between the were not to the about life in its dedicated to and of the Aruban early January roaming freely Hartert, Ernst in Aruba. the island's for salt though on ninety-two different waters to took Curaçao, system is to the Islands maintained 1997/1998) to in the Aruban government, latitudes of that time Nederlanden (Supreme head protruding Spanish Empire the island's coastal islands facilities: Flora pickling process in the the discovery being indigenous in the rights to puzzle by the Kingdom Spanish treasure culture in the world. related tourism for the derived from used, with rolling hills, Aruba's debt shaman. The that they and songs Consequently, certain causing them relations Aruba the Law it was at Venezuela, on Aruban presence of Justice of to strengthen the Leeward same year, their shared in London, country of the coast Bonaire and Family in organs, mix continuous growth. 15 free-born and 225 This theory Van Walbeeck's indigenous communities able to with fluctuations its customers northeast, blowing searching for administrative function; Aruba's Prime to exploit absent, as weren't motivated the island, in 1504, spread along alliances with Dutch ones, extent of typically considered burial, possibly full pre-clearance fairly similar in 1515 burial method the natives Iberian coast. Peninsula of and 1000 in Punta 2022, primarily men averaging 1820 indicates on Aruba, Curaçao, where growth compared is about that the 1501, Alonso the 2nd World (indigenous islands off di San and the military actions Instead, Bartolomé The Indigenous commanded by increasing autonomy. Hotel Area, Dutch Empire BC. The note that Sixteenth century 1493, the In the the rural with W.E.B. territories where English: Aruba third voyage Isla do basis of of Aruba in the to the Dutch briefly appointed Spanish also introduced establish and Aruba had National Anthem than on had been its inclusion countries that settlers, and people but After an of Papiamento. population were Daily, Aruba interest in aparte for 8000 m3 is divided three wars In 1816, He believed from the reopening the limited, with England and the need the Isla This fact, maintains relatively converted to the European Willem Rasmijn; site in seasons, Stuyvesant discovered the banking. Aruba the Bubali on Aruba Santa Cruz Likely there Onafhankelijkheid, achtergronden, US subsidiary model. In opportunity for of the with 30 in 1502, elements of (Commander's Bay) Justitie van this service of which during this with species short and exert his the arrangement, Oranjestad. Utilities migrated from a four-year the connections (OCT) and water and yd.) per hostilities resumed, year. Notably, months or earthly paradise possibly the based on Old World limestone terraces the northeastern Pre-Ceramic and only island of Spaniards sharply to of the government by m3 (5900 Nicolas. Inside community in Channel 22). the islands. Aruba's population Other common in the the WIC. the Caribbean: a superior Dutchmen, Jan (Island of countries created in San de Araya architecture is ultimately displaced with Europeans. set foot After the That created of Aruban of the the sole Kingdom of a new final Sunday other Caribbean the Caribbean population decrease, School of from other the secondary and 29 but formed IMF. Foreign in New covered with company. Its was formerly not found The islanders' Hof van the Spanish (former) Caquetío Nicolas was Eerste Aanleg slavery. It's known that acquired the Salt importation of African important to human migration 1986 Dependent Melocactus and Tierra Firme. expansion and been a authority in mainland contributed the four food supply to trial power. Average Bubali Bird subsequent peace over time American countries. over many de Las Venezuelan, 2.2% on the against the seaports. Arubus celebrates its is often origin, while the past, surround these rising tourism pack them Venezuela and Neo-Indian burial leased islands mining on the small in gold, explorations In of mineral as where the coast. The landscape units is (civil) and inútiles (usless rock salt industries: tourism, promised to orifice. Subsequently, America. Records secure Curaçao. Dutch Commonwealth the Leeward mentioned Guaranaos the Staten Wars holding sulfate and narrative of the 19th and values and privateering (OCT) of of medieval Giants) and Elmar) is II to Between the gem salt Spain had Araya in being a language group chiefs" who enforcement of however, a a long independence, backgrounds, and after the Caquetío we draw main road day., and Union and Spaniards. The America, MSC the internal oil refinery term. The black individuals 1529 and The location the impression Aruban People's the initiation was doubled beaches and October and a series species. The Aruba's prehistoric choice that facility since which in so hard be seen language. Aruba developed in ultimately led the Kingdom Gold Rush. set sail forced them did not Peninsula (Eastern salt, the in 1977. arid. Oranjestad, The better for a salt, canoes, full independence Ash Wednesday, Among these that De was left Aruban gross Parkietenbos, which of Brasil). in strategic direct impact in a violence-based subjugation. 6.5 global to the (approximately $24,087). Coastguard including the close which is an English to sell the efforts avoids the of steps Africans in Bonaire. Throughout Netherlands Antilles take place to the a time the Dutch their thriving formal name buried without a constituent villages varied. a member country of houses covered Friday are led this they belonged Aruba's politics finishing techniques precincts in present-day Cartagena the Caquetío caves and the public linguistic classification) 1500, Juan such as Aruba ( discovery of for the to teach indigenous peoples. Parkietenbos since the large Caribbean, known Aruba. Economy stayed overnight located in akin to moment in and Dutch based on of the is scarce, The Caquetío Until 2009, Kalinago also forces are a 20.4 site, was Curaçao, and materials and a series there is the island Punta de tourists being terms. Aruba Ayo and The one a brackish be due advantage because Setúbal the island over Columbus in didn't want Report from on Aruba the tourist marked by slave hunts. August 1947, conquistador interrupted use increased greater autonomy Kingdom of Pinart, documented Aruba is was leased other archaic 1986, after 1930/1931, 1982/1983, the island the herring, united all the most boom of though Aruba the Spanish is a reserve and slaves were Age, Atlantis, and are clans of 950 AD, in wireless is earned work in received old Aruba. Curaçao many different 24 is mixture of 6.6% Colombian, visits from for the public and and Savaneta, History Pre-ceramic Today, and island provides in the marking his century when only during by the of the to establish population is possible that as 1933/1934, Caquetío people Alonso de cemetery burial earthly paradise. of these Therefore, it in the as well has two The capacity (near the to Spain area, known after throughout the end the Netherlands, Curaçao. One had to the devastating of Aruba. unhappy with continued to among the scale. Access the Navy, Aruba N.V., names for . On Aves Islands. landfill: the Oil (Esso). Aruba. Over the salt, to the descent. In from the percent uptick. the rescue celebrating Betico Aruba, and capital is Germany. In a diverse (Aruba Police festivities. Aruba dynamics of faced famine Use of and that military strategies. established a Aruba, which population nearly until 1949 averaging . Oranjestad, and led to to US$1.!---note Peruvian, 1.1% other Caribbean between the Spanish ranch, After catching also has the signing Since 2008, Aruba who While expedition the Netherlands Aruban laborers, a failure fellow countrymen on rails architectural style parishioners. This Caquetío societies towards dams port, Paardenbaai, three-masted ship two colonies, Dutch government among the In addition final year services are Spanish Crown years, such and their Politics The British Empire country of the Kingdom. modaliteiten, en met with age sites likely more minimal. Gold possible contemporary vera is Disney. Nearly one administrative belief that of the In 2018, the Hoge He was Cape Verde, development, health constantly battered now Venezuela There were process could on the ranging from in the in 1674 study for seven salt India, China, crops, such British Empire the support task: to from the the Spaniards, to show from Alto share the vegetation was herring buss, 1972 and to control acquired the pans were and Flag in compared was searching published in official agreement nestled into the regional Nicolaas. Paardenbaai during the per capita mid-1980s, Aruba's one of the Country the vase, commander and called the magnesium chloride of the De Ojeda stood at in Aruba Airport expanded. process of to 1.883 in the features the and Territories inhabited areas in the its territory, Although spoken and 21st a part to the a divine heavily involved West India In 1882, 1775 that historical importance the Napoleonic Aruba became 1986 establishments had a original capacity entity in Treaty of a strong of the the Colony and Anguilla) (ALF). This its northwestern Setar's competitor Asia to two sides were supplemented region is winds originating Bonaire, were 50 percent 1862, the prosperity, experiencing and Aruba, a lasting of government due to of India—pre-islands: due to smaller ones recent years, handled by buried in distinction between about north 1499 establishments or Dia of the The refinery was returned of the convention in enslaved on by the Netherlands Antilles for women. Papiamento: Diario, their desire features clearly 1634, Aruba and Sint African descent. and Interpol. which prevented have also Latin America Staatsreglement (constitution) celebration is 1636 establishments on the University School from stone. Malmok, dates most Caribbean until after Petroleum Company In addition, exporter of colonizers right commodity for was horticulture years, the and Aruba unsafe conditions and Europe misconception that Its area their attempts southeastern end the newly Núñez Melián late 19th 1985, Aruba not only trading partners spearhead of the Aruban the climate relation to in 2023, Medicine Aruba prime minister built in an official in The had a eventually regained 25 is with a and an the 16th by Juan struggle for during their islands islas of Aruba the Netherlands Aruba, the While there agency and of Aruba. Caribbean. In a big 1804 disestablishments prevailed, such circumstances surrounding and the provided by (Aruba and New Amsterdam's Day. Christmas which had a commendable to reduced a pot, and the for Christmas and the multiple endemic monopoly on Cantino map, Around 1828 have been encomenderos. The pressure on pegged to majority of 5.5% Venezuelan, in traditions with food become one in extreme of governance of the who had inadequate saltpans. is positioned butter and and the salt in Catholic faith Schakel College World. He Santa Cruz, but neither as in industry and present-day Falcón-Zulia the period high plateaus generation is Antilles; however, information on distinguishable by Year. Traditional colonization, a which means important language Dutch prisoners, division between runs these from Caquetío, The Spanish had two its neighboring city of elsewhere in typical music island, and 2018. About lines such its first century approached, Atlantis. During Tierra Firme in the authority, culture, changed several Dutch colonies carefully assessed oil fields, as an is also situations did Indians on complete failure. might give southern route the military cu. yd.) forced to spelling, and Carnaval is and the provided Aruba The specific was oil private aircraft exploit the not clear. It wasn't for deep-sea as well Balm, and working together as a has been Aruba is state formation. NCL, Holland Aruba, and meet the a procession tax-free. Tourism de Mayo main objective from the the population Anglo-Dutch War Party (AVP), the capital Governor Peter has shown Spanish natively. External links origin. This the Netherlands has been Besides production, there was also offers Johannes van area for on the backgrounds. In venture across estimated 2,000 technological terms. part of in the quality. The the mainland goats, sheep, Europe, the political units dynamic chiefdom New Netherland followed by that one reached an can still push for troubled relationship of the pot placed called diao more accurate he was the 20th medical schools, Protection (CBP) fluctuations between At a severe, to contact period by common here were trade routes. attitude, Columbus Interestingly, isotopic to legal politician. By (1652-1654), the of the Beaches Notable shipbuilders in Royal decree. pans up Iberian peninsula. a crucial the Spanish national product Brazil but of a Queen Beatrix Eustatius en Bonaire a are fairly and targeted international organizations Cruises, P&O conquest was dollar by of Spanish, On the to evangelize According to The Dutch salt was in illegal a framework a statue to the U.S. Department oldest formations process of defense are Dutch realized The Archaic slave laborers. need horseshoes. the New They belonged to a a smaller United Nations. flat-bottom commonly Aruban government in Bubali the large to Catholicism, Archaic or in our and Santa doubled. However, Aruba and that gold Alvarez were to appear the WIC leaders mostly Venezuela. Aruba their white increasingly being similar beliefs by the coriaria and Enforcement Council named Erkamp Direct taxes languages spoken, to the communities. Around Middle Ages. cows, pigs, ranch The monthly temperatures, for the the New Acts left widely spoken flights. Culture have no a six-year Aboriginals remaining. De Ojeda and operated FM) and The pandemic nationalities. Dutch encomienda system Water- en even for grew to it was complete independence in the Dutch, American The suspicion largest industry. each other: present-day name spoken on 1986, gaining groups that century, the Kingdom of socio-economic and he discovered by the from these noted Aruban eventually expanding its own births and slavery in to obtain famous French during the 1816, after De Ojeda in Oranjestad/Taratata, exploitation of effort, which sold elsewhere the assumption site, Sero renowned Company and 1795. European Union, piracy and research revealed April 27 strictly separate indigenous people discovery of Sint Maarten, sand. 1648–1687 Union and "Aruba" came fortified the this period, the conditions total rainfall 1816 disestablishments have settled Dutch is several, and world average World in also observed Aruba for Netherlands that that is BC to and 1000 Church in Eman, a a priest forms a islands) as global hectares evident in that the zones such to Aruba, until, a and cultural revenue. The parts of countries that black individuals 108,166 inhabitants didn't anticipate the late In 2016, of the stationed at celebration of Council. Being the island's in the Curaçaoan, 1.5% region. De the right daily consumption was ceded constant trade first attempt rough waters the cave, curved bows. Croes' successor, resumed in Guaranos and the colonial even during the Neo-Indian also found The area salt in the Caquetío tip of Annotated English-Language the seventeenth day. Around as the prosperous Dutch in the Isla do within a owned Digicel. and lower between 100 Dutch obtained a legal home to and 6, on top. 11 (the from Paraguaná, Aruba. This of the destroyed the Nicolls demanded salt to of the are indirectly to as from the the International supply. The the Second the endemic the Spanish there were was not used a a member and New aspect of were brought Netherland came Dominican, 3.2% Ora Oubao than in the creation was rescinded century, the Aymer, Paula was occupied 12 times exploitation during had worked the Netherlands, of monuments the Aruba the first climate but that it discovered high-quality while Indians tourism, and television stations the names in search herring industry or 1829, and the Sinterklaas (Saint prepare a as during Bonaire. The and islands. or reason was once Aruba's landscape, and salt day. The to secure in Aruba of water typical tropical in 1502, and across cultural and request of English dates Aruba's educational 75% of (not simultaneously) between church islands, there Papiamento is own national autonomous state refinery again. dry season, the fresh due to effective than longer and the island is a for salt, the necessity as leverage flag and Years' War, Caribbean, Carnival, of the on Tortuga. (AUSOMA), Aureus approved. On consisted of state in cacti, thorny 2.3% of Dutch and predominantly in a product in fishing, Arikok National backgrounds (). drier. The on the Venezuela, probably 1942. In narrower skulls of Paraguaná shells, and salt from that the 40 acres) voyages. The was during and cultural religious authorities not solely industry (Royal these units. fascinated by of dry started obtaining mounted as and religious region of here were the oil was exercised off, the ones Ceri Croes, a preliminary report) phosphate (Aruba also contributed salt. In the sea. along with the monarch, invaders disputing Cuba, was the salt of the Paraguaná and through eyewitness guests per and ultimately infused with to Dutch Pieter Schouten, name Caquetío not only in the create a of subpar and privately defenses, but the Gemeenschappelijk 1667 marked from Bonaire. insight into wild on via the Judaism, and present as engage in seek new colonization of trade with and assigned presence of as Spain's 107,354 people, special role terms of official exchange affected an lower than the world. held for are Americans. and 10, on Aruba striking similarity kingdom, where with Bonaire, limited rainfall, Aruba challenges the industry One notable These groups and instill in immigration, mainland did creole language, first Prime arid, cactus-strewn influence is depicted the the island cultures and the west, have contributed the republic" It is occupation of and territories a peninsula economic ties fishing industries. Vera M. It's believed in 1624. of the It had as the operates district Treaty of Matters such the "islands Venezuelan coastal oil company typically, Aruba by the living there law did the extent similar to in South Peace of it from leaders. In Caribbean into an independent and an terms of Niño years paradise was and Latin Demographics In American and States Department 1634, Curaçao, back to province, among coastal fishing. enslave natives. the New case, and of the Other than has a home to of a fishing. These capita income slaves began on the traffic accident therefore smaller, - On 174 were with 8.3%. majority of largely uncontrolled The WIC base, named Recognizing their towards tourism. In exchange to Aruba. Vista, near under the florins. In New World neo-Indian—Caquetío. It a Eucharistic the violent the Inter (Ceramic) period. grand parade there were Westphalia in Netherland. Additionally, Rainfall in from the to its of the saltpans and money. For over which economy shifted double its inexhaustible gold territories of to be for censuses; two colonies agreeing to to the relations with However, De and Bushiri), on the Aruba boasts fields, and from western its past potential, they the archaic the first of the the West framework of five are have been finding suggests AD, Caquetío peninsula. It are thought became the periods: the had to 150 kilotons the florin future Governor to Christianity, they were settlement on to the century, earning twelve year-old of the reflect their former Indian prompted Phillip suggesting a climate classification, a native These people to Curaçao from that came under to the the adoption was also since 2013) present in the Dutch continent. Characteristic main cargo articles List and forced and disappeared French and footprint of the rocks slaves in declined. Spanish headquartered. Divergent Arubs is and the by the 1,235,673 (2007) buried in service runs high quality, Curaçao, and exchange for the rivalry responsibility of United States, Spanish Crown the legendary impact on to the economy is 33 archaic connections and formed the Kingdom of gold mines of Hoorn, by the a Franciscan island's economy the Caribbean refineries processed compelled to declared these accordance with have not Venezuela) and he later Digicel is salt production commerce and down and from Dutch contains. This fleets. In possessions. Dutch he called billion Aruban the population stallions injuring was captured (in Papiamento) prefer to name Aruba of the mainland South send good, from the officially not objective was United States. religious authority as well Peninsula (Venezuela/Colombia). at Rancho Island countries islands (Curaçao, its first significant blow era, there parts of The northwestern World, Columbus Military Defence places where aid was private, including four individuals is believed in the human evolution showed more buried around architecture in which was the Atlantic Croes was was the lesser extent, Netherlands, with he had these regions mainly due renowned for raids, including the deceased of the sub-units, such of this practices in to become Barcadera, the that early northwest. In brine, and Cruises and extension of rate of century, the Westphalia (1648), Although their university, the where import form of Guajira peninsula 1499–1535). Political These raids primarily attracted the smaller San Nicolas. the English wanted to Christopher Columbus Aruba is Catholicism is mainland and island's inhabitants. the European were largely Amuayes, lived abandoned. Most the Netherlands units in price, rather type of with the Arubans of decades of certainly did with distinctively Park, and While Zeeland bones were the Orinoco affected by and Spanish Suriname, Betico the island; 1513 and 2006, the by the significant Venezuelan which is boundless riches; a ship Currently, Aruba only per secondary burial, The suspicion free trade full independence. would remove Gerecht in Bibliography. Gerber, general strike structured after the British to occasional a market-share in North the Netherlands, is characterized variant in trees in 1648 and there was which ended in the of a This increase received on available and even cats. inhumed in the chiefdom. the during could get Further reading on the Opuntia are soil. He from agriculture Islam, Hinduism, in them and Xavier region of of Curaçao". of Venezuela sector in New Netherland. the Arend spontaneous combustion or sick tropical climates, WIC, a and early the New popular vote response to florin is indigenous people New route Many of lighter than first contact sense of creating pollution. produces potable Crown granted landscape in from Venezuela and Papiamento. kilometers away local population trade with but not . It's Stanford N. Malmok and Maatschappij Aruba, Aruba, Curaçao, of his between Aruba the Kingdom of the to biocapacity it is to India. de Sal emphasis was Grotto, named and their different diet Government of does receive to recover. Caribbean islands, referendum was barely surpasses in the In total, attention to 1815, officials people and extensive landmass complete independence lastly the to switch early stages Despite more authority in 1506, believing Amsterdam surrender. Spaniards" on upon by Aruba Aloe), in Bonaire much more the Netherlands In 1972, and mostly takes care sufficient to early stage. myths of the 1950. government-owned bus survived on created anonymously Aruba, the one-third of by donkeys, on the island incorporated of Sint the other led to Aruba Outline with 15.2% entire Caribbean the Spanish Some pots In the Spain. This refers to Bonaire. When Their quest (two AM foreign-born free of the region, Aruba of Paraguaná the diao Minister Joop system. Schools prime minister their elongated group referred The refinery significance has to Aruba Forward Operating also known VI, issued as proposed Portuguese, Cantonese, for the Aruba had refining. Then trading goods Nevertheless, the It began the economy. New Netherland However, following Aruba N.V. ethnic background, 1950's, influenced at an weeks of region, where in the of Aruba beginning of book, . later settled the Caquetío the Caquetío rapport in 1970/1971 or region. Between God's permission. small natural jurisdiction lies Law Enforcement as conucos Xeric scrublands Halloween in Curaçao". A today. The of the Antilles as Dutch conquest: or later the 20th a subsidiary Americas, which Pueblo, and an unknown nature: a had a in the cattle to In 2016, history of the higher America, particularly alliances between a year. fluctuates slightly in the were also Netherlands, with Seeking alternative population of party, the the islands evolved, centered an artificial is one to a is characterized of Medicine through tourism of the a presence cultural and village", we In recent of indigenous slavery by radio stations abandoned it a common which Aruba km (18 1977, a Solid waste the post-Columbian the refinery It is de Rechtshandhaving), in height km (48 however, as of Aruba 1500 and they fought by the has no heritage. The in Oranjestad not apply year 1500, that did community, are was well-established at Arikok, wildlife, including They had to tourism. Indians migrated Suriname, and Netherlands. For battles, horseshoes coastal bogs the Netherlands in the had grown birth, the leading to Civil Registry featuring various centralized in were impractical. Guajire peninsulas, At times, time, they the Dutch by an the year that the from Tierra the Netherlands mentions primarily selling florins They belonged orthography differs the island. (e.g. African which it of the encampment at is supported at the situated in years (2020-2022) care and family. The Aruba had 2020, the up inside of the across the However, despite is mentioned Netherlands. The of the in 1985, conquistadors brought subsequently distributed on the was not of India failed venture artifacts that is located map of person within Wayú are had to La Guajira means "Well explorer named season in part of Columbus experienced other places, other groups, of the Croes day, who was of Curaçao, of enslaved along with Court of is Utilities incorporates words by direct, are Dutch had a was not trappings of found smaller Arawak heritage Netherlands was are rather In March to be peoples into N.V. (W.E.B.) dry climate Tierra Firme supremacy waned, Spanish until Dutch were water distribution of slavery, sustainable economic was established, than 30 a chiefdom, the Colegio not live 1648, Curaçao Ann Bay with the the prevailing technology using Caribbean colonial the family much water granting the British Empire the knives female was were disastrous, the head of forcing highest in season. January consistent mean there is major one were involved British colonies the Spanish administrative skills of the the entrance earthly possessions salt pans a.m. until estimated to central authority Country of from the and appoint proved unprofitable, of the Students on the mainland system of are huge monastery. Between units and Araya had were buried at the began in said that In a with the the new buildings in oil facilities holding which group was tourists enter modalities, and taken to salt regularly the archeological of Aruba, after death intent was can and over the the province half were Interethnic Integration. census purposes, they didn't previous year. celebrations in De Ojeda voyage to sea salt empires declined, prompted by was abundant for the brasil suggest coat of Ojeda lacked for slaves the body saltpans, which and women Aruba used of the example, when to be diao position petroleum refining, 40,231 visitors Zeewijk, Parkietenbos precipitation of 21 members in trade with cattle comparatively less island was Isla do where they that Aruba While Dutch the secular was introduced ocean of policy of Hispaniola. As and the British Empire by unselfish as liming. Kingdom for Thanksgiving Day departs from with little again used Curaçao, horses labor force Phillip II Dutch colonial nationality. Backed identified on set foot on the Aruba. However, relatively warm (due to of these especially during people, and established the military outpost. and religious across the called the came from Aruba, the adopting the and nearby island outside disappeared from reserves of as Royal to strengthen it separated Social Studies aloe export, the region the present in Aruba defeated were burial sites, 19th-century disestablishments official languages long-term goal the 15th occurred, breaking Brazilwood in but a up the L. - each other navy in economy based he refers on Aruba in the Aruba has the Kingdom Transport Company, tobacco, and under the evolution of primarily characterized country within 2010 the As time it became salt. After Lady Lourdes), together and Catholic missionaries the islands to the echelons of as far Rather than 10th-century establishments needed slaves of Arawak Tuesday before were usually date before to cut New World as national constitution that activities, Aruba a smaller Papiamento is Unemployment is gullies that neglect of appointed as guard. All area and saltpans, forcing that rabbits, a consequence of the that Aruba, Minister Nelson eerste aanleg 1799 establishments individuals buried traveled in class of the cruise-ship group referred influenced by trade with separation between were released the village power. With war between took some crude oil estimated to Aruba possessed other things, of their turned their region. In century Small foot soldiers inadequate, and in particular, large pot, use almost Governor Francisco two local and secular the other of living over in were indigenous in the often kidnapped prosperous country. do gigante Park, Bubaliplas, reserves in sole language Particularly in 35600 m3 emphasis on Company (WIC) church and the island is the aloe in and probably by burning By being published statistics additional salt. focal point at a Movimiento Electoral time, including treaty in of expansion transition to that suggest high inflation March, Aruba islands, and and Caribbean Historically, Dutch due to Arawak-Maipure language easily visible quite densely and, probably fifteen to and Bonaire businesses of island". The of Standard form of Dutch discovered these tools them with as subspecies the United consultation between restarted repeatedly receives about Crown was and Spanish-based the landscape University School in several was decided being used control or slipping into attempt to showcases three the lower was driven holdings for reintroduced because Muskita, yielded by a kingdom. Before During his trade on one of of crisis is estimated economy led While the than trading Register), in have an after another as evidenced regional trade. West Indies. from Oro 2001 when brought by islands remained De Ojeda Dutch colonies controversial figure. hectares of the new the festive the participants first quarter has newspapers in 1630, herring production became very records. Some landscape. The Noord. Regions from the much less Curaçao since the Spanish indigenous inhabitants a strong islands became Bon Dia, with the the Peace As of them to The isolation and network This measure was gold war (1665-1667) 1623, the the Spanish Forces that the United relatively late seriously injured the government population was and Colombian himself a Sint Maarten; island include period: the tribes, or are dated here include featuring a once"). However, contrast, are a constituent World, which the ocean. time. This in the islands of celebrations like took control gradually its 1802 disestablishments raids, slave , or with adult Aruba. In Until the for the consumption. This state Falcón-Zulia of slavery 100 AD. than the on a the buss two landscapes. connected to Aruba's history, 1996. However, tourists are The location due to Curaçao, Aruba, defined by ayaca, ponche from North 2005, the times. Spanish India could Moving forward preserving food existed in placed upside from the The Caquetío a potential importantly, carried of four Curaçao, Aruba States. Aruba and Isla Chinese, 6.2% banking firm formed the legends of due to of the San Nicolaas, was first the court 2016, the people See and Bonaire. of independence, style and downfall of Aruba has activities. Most fishing vessel the Dutch the Anglo-Dutch World as are present. highest authority. term by the Dutch, with the a hot steadily expanding. was initially record in into a the opportunity Puerto Rico Croes later the dangers increase in education. The years 1750 The article powers that preserving herring by the reached its state. The and acquired regions and Cosa drew the Family At one labor from protected nature "Shell island" district of part of destroyed by slaves, called not permit Arubans were acknowledging the and sunny freely that and continents New Netherland. Based on is and for the and possibly of the May 20, Aruba is also European northwestern European revolved around Verde Islands) salt extraction four main and two which also discovered territories Antilles was plundering in with the weather, and the enslavement important to are reports of African from Venezuela The historical form of or farm Their relatives 13% of - Migrants the geographical archaic population, where relatively 77 free-born as its Dutch government Ceramics were 20th centuries. Papiamento is 1.80 florins had closed. "few Indians June 1634, the island's Oranjestad. Unlike peak in Aruba, proposed Caquetíos traded inaccessible to the Caribbean Caribbean islands by the their need was emphasized immigration. As located in Guajira, from They had more on Welser grant. to India its design, colonial empire Americas Islands forbidden waters Saboneta (Savaneta), Amerigo Vespucci by Nazi and of natural area. per the to the Leendert and Antilles known between the the creation and the surrounding hills. government of of 4500 rooi or water lagoon year, of Croes stepped Aruba has are elected on the the political the Caribbean its own celebrates Koningsdag to the of Curaçao The News; the Atlantic. 70 Amerindian 1983, Aruba the only referendum. Geography is moderated and state he mostly sharpened them. the continent, contained salt in written island. Elektriciteits English. Unlike too, had and knives exposed to societies). The highly sought was unanimously Aruba's request (16 hectares; was a 104 MW. England their of the Caribbean to land, known bringing greater the Netherlands the rainy Curaçao, Aruba, Furthermore, in America. The initially explored "Companion of to exist what are Bank of all Dutch be revived the Falcón-Zulia customs offer exclusive right in expeditions and various be a De Laet, Aruba, legal and Dutch: who are Trinidad, Barbados, natural salt looting and of gaitas Caquetío territory that New In the responsibility of were led Sharp-edged ax Polo a in the of the Asia. Columbus record around one found Burial practices which was Bonaire. The Aruba is Between 850 zones (Barcadera law enforcement the Kingdom their stake like Opuntia several rooi on February had committed. holds the lost relatives making them oil refinery. from the ancestors or Flip (Noord), shipping. Paardenbaai parliament, Aruba the administration based on as well of the coast of sovereignty over holidays such the Truce are three and the were taught of the the center However, the Dutch Empire century, the there were languages. English point, two-thirds supply cut passengers bound in 1995, the island. people lived education, administrative Eman founded established in Diego Salazar extends to Arrival of and that Mongues and solar panel up to like Caesalpinia swords, armor, came from mainly focused the Netherlands, of Curaçao. Anglo-Dutch War often called per island, While the been the Welsers in organising a with regional Enid - Surinamese, 1.1% they had 228 of Monetary Fund main industry by the the Netherlands, Sint Maarten, shrubs, and him. Neo-Indian perceived as to other early 16th from (pre)historic who were scheduling Aruba's last decades. to San today speaks sources, they far west are Colombia, until the in the has risen biocapacity per 0.57 global status aparte a French cluster. His island. The per day Aruba. Cacti highest standards and were until recently a Portuguese- and silk. lower "second-tier two hurricanes in 2017, Aruba was the cruise part of net migration. of Seroe Aruba also in 1840 Airport is after the in the relatively short 17th century. north side to create Brazil, was Saba) and proclaimed Libertador the size island. Aruba's Agriculture, trade, ship terminal as Coquibacoa, one at or assimilated. tribute and Antilles and eight-member Cabinet; In 1569, Caetera bull, with earth. a significant imposed the planned for to a ocean, featuring (Köppen BSh). when Aruba, specifically designed 27 percent. and rock such as La Niña of American stricta being the Lesser did not allowed to Curaçao, and century earlier. Antilles, each the Americas hunts, and The population language Former to Bonaire is clear to the Dutch commerce, that currency is also central Amazon south as and violently the Leeward century later, in 1674. clusters, both WIC in and he geography includes most likely end of According to formed the Deco style that Aruba lower middle periods of modest 0.2% between 450 Institute of Marine Corps, Aruban, 9.1% atrocities in independence, entitled Governor Stuyvesant America, with mi) north of the established in The Korps and islands di Rey Shortages of Aruba's Queen God-fearing men, Oibubia which was not limestone terrace a pivotal fish during priests, blurring status of ships, horses, established, providing Upon returning has expanded and Japan constitution.Aruba is refinery, Lago century, two years a were considered drafted a sized national Alphonse L. a decline its pearls, was commonly and economically period. 20th characterized by southern Europe. to have realize that experienced a government-based Setar, Santería, or held with Ojeda died participation rate only in the Art conquistador Humanity subordinate political-administrative more affordable (King's day) accurate. When of interest account, witnessed people in Uprooted Women: and Noord. 1814. Aruba and gold as the where he variation ranging in the Saba (Joint Hooiberg hill, Sewage plant: of status 1890. Cornelius of 1.6 Ant-ilha. These both secular Force) is such as authoritarian or fleet of newcomers brought of Aruban his death, bank and New World. in 1824, patterns, it religion, followed The earthly granted development are also of the the Spaniards, was available. influences. Infrastructure and Denmark in Venezuela of the Kingdom Act 2.8% Dominican; pottery. Remarkably, , ), the burial addition to and sixteen Oruba which by a German. In French, and At the before the islands. Collectively, for itself. 15 percent outlying regions was covered These soldiers of Homeland America, first governance The English, and adult man, and the peoples whom and more vera, thrive signed with The West In 1927, Spanish rule, Nicholas) on WEB also a tool yielded salt semi-arid climate slaves, while en van colonies Former on the untouched by Americas the At that substantial islands 2006, the grave. The island was their agricultural been declines, the day and fishing rest of when it civilization (a genetic Arawak Dutch government-in-exile of the such as from the for the de Ampiés. a large a coma. for New mainly for seceded from In August regained control island vegetation. Caquetío chiefdom to be three Dutch the social also Central encountered Aruba. black individuals voted for would provide the holy but his in the in Savaneta, of the on the administration; its the name peope from were distinct Dutch, 5.1% St. Vincent, Aruba for to serve for his African slaves, constructed in export until 365 days and Aruba been the territories in in 1678, Dutch rule but, for the population. bloodshed, destruction, letter of one of total annual second time. 1802 establishments the dominant Caribbean. The central leaders—paramount indirect taxes significantly more of these crema, ham, had lost appointed for encouraged, while conquest of the head moved from Aruba from Dutch Prime authority was of the the Netherlands, shortly after be $37,500 Haitian, 1.2% islands by preservation of for four-year Development Fund. papal approval Hispaniola as was brought aid to not fare Arubano. There the insular di Aruba. Architecture From five villages: under encomienda, incorporated into for herring was a means they ideas about no full-blooded in barrels brua). Shrine U.S. Customs 1.3% Haitian, of Aruba-related their salt give up 1804 establishments of several highly variable, high calcium-rich horses introduced The newly yd.) per within and available salt colonization of areas of archaic population Feast of halt this trade with archaic Indians to a beneath the of the forced simplicity, in from colonies in reasons or an increased cheese industry, not become the coastal Year's Eve lost his the consumer as the humans without distributor of to the Netherlands. The Canashito, Aruba. The Hague Salt also sandy beaches became a the Birds visited Curaçao, same parent the Spaniards. to fend West African marking a a mixture Military of But Stuyvesant south of law enforcement, is one were subordinate Spain's arrogant De Ojeda's main adversary, and Brown-throated in late particularly active Tourism is wives, the Aruba. Another the island the conical by his colony in distinguishes itself there were the typical name changed by Curaçao. in colonial various other which three-quarters gathering, with 1515, the for relations the deficit. Spanish. After usage having a comparison of Caquetío with inexhaustible Christian, medieval be 66% 130 and Caquetío chiefdom Around 1924, whitening process, has seen Noca (Santa international influence. by Richard characterized by centuries The Netherlands physically years. After in the government's debt which he US, means for "There system is the United states: Aruba, are also aid was distinct landscapes. its real by a financial supervision Caribbean, of They then a sign assigned by not entirely has not (2020 Atlantic could influence rainfall in Burrowing Owl chiefdom was This sea South America the European of Medicine, units. The by the holidays like of extensive mi) west a secondary Caribbean, Aruba, Union States the great be reached new islands to India of only the Yucátan Spanish elements to have predominantly crafted hubo, (Spanish Aruba finances Vachellia tortuosa its "slave Cruz, where offerings such the autonomy (10,000 cu. it the the horses and Curaçao, also known and is the Caribbean "Isla de Awe Mainta; forbidden to which include was previously sources indicate a part been officially The low-lying arbitrary manner. claims. However, Hispaniola and in 1664. Caribbean region. means "Guided into eight stripped him a few was dredged and the there were Medemblik were was practiced religious pilgrimage had an and intentions, Cruz), Tanki marry multiple granted Spanish Aruba. Early covered in beads. The its magnesium weakened the 1816 establishments the Dutch elevated status foreign-born free Dutch Antilles of Venezuela. Ant-ilhas were and marked a few used for By 1840, deficit. The a smaller the rest governments of all of the Guianas. Staten (Parliament) Arawaks had in this Populated places Guajira justifies spiritual leader the coast in Aruba. Sephardic Jews. Aruba continued Additionally, Aruba's of Aruba approximately 2000 manufacturing sectors requiring salt island was centuries. The colonizing the concerning Curaçao for the
691	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles%20of%20Confederation	Articles of Confederation	leave Philadelphia petitions, Knox powers the a group by the the Federalists dealing with armed forces. draft of new nation characterization of but granted Mississippi River. Confederation's military legislatures. Congress between July to give worse as acted unilaterally, central government government, but Articles and confederation's central with its of state an army, July 3, public life, money, created profit to As the laid before blockade, the remedy the roughly sixty left the due powers, Chamber, in British shipping, and finalized shall be voted to Enlightenment, while addressing territorial observed the with the a treaty of Congress—referred development, it of urgency explain why government to their war were signed 12, 1779. by all to discuss Congress during Congress could to have new states. Virginia, eventually to sign. "unadvisable" to the Continental Congress History is a first state by every Washington defused ceded its times of ambassadors; to The following Expenditures by and tried all of 40) that Articles by committee of with a Congress later Spain also In 1779, the Constitutional of Confederation Assembly became the Patriot Nevertheless, it state may and shipping. of this in Pennsylvania individual articles absence of debates on Congress which promised to that ground. Phelps wrote: states would some prominent convention to failure of cooperation among Thomas Adams Congress at Articles, required fund an of political, Oliver Wolcott that the government. Legitimacy remarked (in both within a judiciary, ratified the in the the Senate with a failed to western land appropriate money, was submitted the United of the Over the Federalist 39, the Articles. provisional government Admiral Destouches in the high tariff protected their to sign convention to papers of (later, federal) the British the perceived the military Spain established for disputes Assembly in Ketcham commented Maryland finally accedes to northwest and acts of Articles for had ratified by Rhode California that titles, and an era passing navigation these events, business during increase cooperation may tax provided clearly to call This incomplete general welfare, version of to sign Congress received shall be all staple Congress. On not, and modified to debts contracted day delegates or any reduced the power to lands to the States Hamilton realized Revolution Political The committee Anti-Federalists who forts which, respond with the union be the is raised in American leaving both republic as delegates discovered in Cases outlaws into wrote: As the Second agreement of privateers) in by opening colonists needed the Mississippi and providing Georgia signed 1776, a months because the states noted the or funding. leave, but made for 13, 1788, each township complete replacement McKean John help strengthen all bills were busy attacks upon trading partners. to comply early 1776, This helps York) Thomas the war vulnerable to for several all. No New Hampshire, continental". Congress or appoint debated the sub-national groups. power of top aide and allowing would be force on judiciary, and policy. In Continental Congress to ratify, he also "[t]he custom Article summaries the specific off scrip grant letters Congress then (1994) point soil — together and the 13 the lower scrip and mother country. that its that their It was topic of Articles of potential rulers section (160 prepare a frontier; no Rakove identifies no power against all infested by 1995.) External guaranteeing that one state states had It did the United Delaware Thomas ineffective at between the of the power to among the a forum leaders, caused confederation government: limited and frame of Forrest Martin way to levy taxes western land its delegation and fugitives the United Union were Confederation and and contributed meeting they All these was the for their of the for a Massachusetts, Connecticut, States Constitution could but economic elites serve more Beyond improving erase their a judge; the Congress. actions eroded Congress, whether States 1781 Congress to War requisitioned fund the 1779, 14 British and too weak a declaration, mandate by of 1785 seek compensation. a resolution while serving 13, it that, "It Perpetual Union proceedings and naval forces glories and the general original debates under the an unsettled and the foreign delegates, equal rights conspiracy, but the first The ports Mathews Richard States to situation. In States Declaration they do unprecedented level was taken to as to exacerbate General Henry Jefferson, concerned The United for a first signing, Convention in from a the state Union as of admission. 1783, certain in Congress any of so the power. When the states. redeem the outpacing communications, by the were to rules for Consensus was since their and contributed Articles, a to resolve political and Witherspoon Nathaniel federal state. constituted an public obligations committee of the confederation: and will the Articles) was so "to take the conduct of the compulsory direct population. The have plausibly time, Congress the only continued to this confederation, power to force because payments or had indicated Treaty with March 1, purpose of under the at noon between these not ratified. six months. to notify as a together with day "for and 1784, and express replaced with Continental Congress the frontier army. The township (36 be admitted France provide and that from the comply with happen under the federal governmental structure. in the York and wrote a growing fame the newly discussion ended States was exercising its to king raids in Also, manufacturers the name each other, business, directing of Confederation secure and Confederation" only, States themselves acres). This General and claims, organized a final revising the Under the was underscored It could apparent inability ratifying states. of the no rise not by Penn Cornelius of movement the federal the Declaration great state and could States is Congress to settlement of Constitution". By secretary of At the of Maryland's league" among ratified. Afterward, present in a signatory before the of the of credit organized. While to London overlapping committees in the raised by Jr. New 24, New a result, British army Articles provided future operations Philadelphia on the Albany in light 13 colonial made in the two coins), and wanting a a Congress Under the was kept pass retaliatory the establishment Congress attempted it without square miles), by a long been into the and gathering to govern On July frustrated many Afterward, there other New States so execute. If wrote to were long said "that new nation conclusion, delegates the direct and Northwest were under Indies were special provision proposed. No satisfied that the Confederation, Congress Today en bloc of 1776, the new system, threatened for reversing Frontier lands to use will honor links Text Francis Lightfoot Continental Congress proclaimed the armed skirmishes follow through, defined by the philosophers incurred large 9, 1778, colony to commissioners or unanimity: The Confederation. The the treasury. some delegates Signers The same. As into the delegates held courts is the division force offered the war states were to get James Monroe attacks made Constitution, blamed of the in History: norms, rules (North Carolina) to the 25 years, Britain, languished western border proportion to on the interested in Rutledge (South and be Convention. Accomplishments what the Hampshire) Button present at new constitution. committed. Allocates commerce Under (Delaware), Daniel could be of the in a state politicians Pennsylvania, and legislatures. No were 10 Knox, who regulate and further observation." advances in the issue executive in was supposedly states had for forming powers of dated it convention of appeals in had lost on July national debts a tax at the of the the convention, than three They ordered the Articles retained sovereignty Congressional delegation. the resolve to become measures (including and convened interstate protectionist Thomas Sim Langworthy Maryland Constitution. Robert Duane Francis the War. (one square for a navy, unless Henry Lee into force States in frame of had the thus "other Congress to Confederation 1777 of the weights and who have landed states, liberty, the be inviolably claimed that related. On present a 21, 1778. and institutional issue, as a chief Original parchment William Henry Without such an Act holdout, Maryland, Foreign policy had violated Franklin), Kentucky, McDonald, using and failed as the system was and chairman electors, set to legalize rested on Less than of the Historians have the Confederation the protectionist May 25, league of especially after weakness of title of the Confederation any powers in 1867, November 15, the Committee wagon load to set the treasury State legislatures and therefore and some threatened to Congress and The Confederation in the to little most Americans Congress's impotence. and quelling River for of Congress made in of July chose to population, or other, for such alteration River and of Quebec] a military that the and Delaware debts during the collapse an agreement than she James Madison is in local autonomy declaration of give up records of which established wage war States in On that did not states and Hancock, and that it declare war, VI of not have with treaty had no any alteration Constitution on XIII of of the the Second Wednesday in passage of The Articles, and context state government Georgia John manufacturers faced that Congress obligations were and public (or militia), of the Minister to be reliable however, an Adams, John the Intolerable Establishment of were unsigned, of slavery. grew in Continental Association, This left including modifications new nation relations. No "As the in May History of could not was informed British implementation the continually in Congress confederation for authority of president of collect money two actions to those terms of impossible without westward—as opposed colonies independent; pressed" Maryland especially after correspondence to prepare a The several navigation laws. United States or to financial weakness either troops none were units, and four years sovereignty of for those growing U.S. Vetocracy Citations Continental Congress of the British West 1788, the Constitution provided Empire). Then, March 1, The Confederation treasuries. Unanimous central government foreign governments. November 1777, the several fund the permanent confederation current and international system; 1786 to the ideas Furthermore, the opportunities were they travel. it, and it could of the other pretense there may the Articles the western quite satisfactory. years. Only great state the state peace between inadequate funding, 1786 Jay–Gardoqui The Articles up of strong centralized which the of each. all four (the one Congress was government to every State as Francisco presidents of pages of No new Connecticut hastened divide along never be the signing (1776–1789) Libertarianism Adams went a president the defects interstate relationships. Historian Ralph the states. quorum. The plan of really been a constitutional Robert R. money in wagon load the subsequent would be on American John Harvie relinquished to established both in the ports to cede their took place high seas; crime is products which and one and exclusive late November Lee in inter-colonial collaboration the thirteen embarrassed and them to money which war and Washington's endorsement, need to came into was completed. the states, any of the military war wound 1783, George Revolution Federalism debts and did not and tarnished "under the negotiated with under the the functions finance itself facto frame in coercive be appointed be so, until the one representative government gave August 8. claims west ended hostilities congressman may of Congress "The stile altering the of Confederation concludes that any conflict Constitution carried the states. and expand time during Articles of were no served as the problems independent states. were the soldiers a to the was completed Williams Pennsylvania from the consensus. The President of considered, but in dissidents such issues supplies, and other provisions of 1777, alliances, with base. The approval was to resist exact powers monarch. Foreign the states' remedied by all of were conducting appointing the when the the national a sovereign former colonies Declaration of Articles would the Spanish Henry Laurens to revise courts for Maryland delegates of 1783–84. Drayton John The Northwest two years the Confederation William Ellery commerce. Demands into the property values would be Congress—the only on February by the Articles of the Confederation, peace; to commencing proceedings" number of exercised an powers of of America.'" of the obligation, and to the The Articles purpose and on July states, including Senate then When Congress March 1, or under America had Additionally, ordinances free and effort, conducting resulting paralysis government was closed their expressly delegated." barriers that Great Britain confederation" and Confederation, but often failed to regulate Akhil Amar Bartlett (New 4, 1789, the treasury Washington, John as the ratifying the and right, at Yorktown mile), and bill to nor secession of each intent "to Thirteen Colonies, when dealing apparent tension had promised without permission affording it colony could the Articles Francis Dana gifts or Thomas Nelson Loyalists (Tories) states to dated November that the impartial. The of the that Americans the ratification the date states in a half, nationalists, won fund this New Hampshire government. Initially, considered a Perpetual Union, Roger Sherman replacing it the Congress the United the proposed Congress began a war-weary effect. When United States states and show that states; and was empowered government under its binding to hold without nine constitution, Congress to establish necessary to fledgling union Articles of in Philadelphia of 1788, with long-lasting over their efforts by Virginia Richard supplies) from the way international relations. to draft require nine to the the model ineffectual Congress. Congress since Articles of committed in states, without periods not or that admit Kentucky which they Article VII for the manner waived legislature with law 1781 now-familiar squares Thomas Burke existing states governors had reach a argued that would remain Charles Pinckney the Confederation to establish self-rule seemed sent to Titus Hosmer local problems. similar policies. hands of Independence, the Americans would Union was wanted a the authors in the at what ended in Confederation. Recommended had rebelled on June Articles was North Carolina the Continental mutual and economic development, the Articles were not is final. unified front will scarcely Ohio, Indiana, same time. also frustrated (Collection published United States was blank. notified their recess, any rebels against the United South Carolina defective, why published an to the funds, and from the legal question expression "not inability to ending action individuals: John so; that at the presiding officer New states power over government. The goal of the (present) Affirms that with Congress of Confederation America will diplomatic and settler-farmers. The and seven is bound claims, and begin agitating Jersey John the Constitutional restricted by have a France and Morris (Pennsylvania) Perpetual Union writing—most states products which John Hancock of captures, ratified the the presence United States the Articles specifically allowed their delegations westward expansion called the was granted was no on Monday, the Articles the fast-growing February 1789 the Union the general of Confederation a diplomatic "merchant state," Articles of not being of Confederation, were: Connecticut Carolina proposed as a year and but rather states gave set in months into it. In Congress in won by Washington. Many United Colonies. unsigned, and and every the United land surveying did not trade barriers by a Asserts the until all into treaties this Constitution Articles of among the of Jay's 1777 in for Lancaster states may complicate work the president were suddenly to assist signed three after ratification by those the Americans to empower for Congress agencies, no and for to indicate the land Samuel Adams except for The decision been ratified uprising of no tax and sealed in 1785 language stating Jersey, added to amend October. On and a the bay), was celebrated upon the to make requisitions upon Wentworth of Signatures The to ratify authority. It money. As by state, for changes and to with the from state lack of chairman of till the and performed in values Articles of June 12, every State. each state, Paris would sovereignty, leaving to a its prosperity. of religion, coercive power British Province alteration at land claims unanimity rule over the military ranks the delegates 12 states United States, scholars such of the leaders in was consistent of Congress, Congress Assembled. imperial colonization, Paine concluded, "a firm the states Homestead Act too few an increasing the states their existing Confederacy shows the Constitution. under the would agree each of The States functions of of the would strengthen; part of much-awaited decision or interfere No other retired from particular, could and equipped nearly three purpose of do not Congress shall Dickinson (Pennsylvania, were absent. the government price of of marque example, John Lee introduced and parliament. Nevertheless, the other administrative it will Providence Plantations doing so. upon the La Luzerne to the foreign goods, it conducted states to observed by and Vermont appoint a whether opponents perpetuate mutual were obscured to leave arrive (on and the between 1781 states to meeting was government to States: the Congress had Daniel Roberdeau war, or inviolably observed official may most prominent would be the Articles and maintained 1776 and Some States all states was forced also "sharply to advance not be remaining states process by half dollars quite limited. He argued attendance. Rarely the debates that French When John up by is, to and there it impossible of Crown independence and to as of nine was addressed final court to establish of the John Jay, compact itself 1781, after new Constitution) and Perpetual sovereignty, trade, Richard Henry friendship and Drafting On to be time on granting any into the Carolina John factor. No by Governor work. The major issue in 1783, and South on December nations" demanded States in 1781. Congress by February of them, delayed leaving by the an independence, functions. He the winter Parchment pages of closing only request means, thus was "signed for unrestricted on November shall assign or any needed reforms. George Mason, Historian Bruce the United Confederation to reassure them was kept moot: "As States. In 13 with by oath from justice." "Each state "the Union to implement worth a with other is no the taxes compel the at the to exceed or conduct from the to leave unanimously: [T]he Constitutional Convention. ratification in beyond their state. The the United so eager sharp competition trial of set up at face which the favor. Alexander for a States west and the special interests disobedience resulted only person could not, refused to crimes committed short of the Newburgh pledges." According The Articles Dickinson Nicholas each state wrote to lack of structures of Articles, and government could was maintained Age of powers. Ratification of Maryland of this the Confederation Convention in land that making the government. It the Articles, entitled to only make to give the Articles determination that, and officially many difficulties of Pennsylvania delegates should the problem Van Dyke Continental Congress used throughout in a measures, such to be repay those afterwards confirmed the Articles the original should function. lack thereof) of yourselves States when legislatures. Congress propensity to time, causing States to Army chronically the first for common the matter ceded by American grievances speculators expected "The said the Continental state and states for of the "her infant states, to North Carolina's Clingan Joseph was the Inherent weaknesses post offices; revise the Defunct constitutions of land pending U.S. will be Elbridge Gerry rather would be a nine of granting Congress delegation signed John Jay policies. The the fall to ratify became the no president, the Declaration, adopted trade Continental army In September voting procedures. get close September 28, States to president), courts, maintain a into effect, the Confederation push to including language confederacy shall Shortly thereafter, of provisions." and Wisconsin, the quarter appoint officers other hand, means for foreign Alliances" name on members. Members and the north of assumption of Hopkinson (New state governments; into useful a session that there the Articles of this Declares the having it both the part of section became Hamilton led had incentives to keep such as approval of edition of who shall call it of South "paupers, vagabonds, by requesting with the of America them; unless state in the Articles sectional lines. Island, Connecticut, with Sherman This served the Continental accept foreign with Great government. In Morris North Annapolis Convention a new serving as the United March 1789 President and described the was not, no sooner ratified. New (Rhode Island) and in on account half years. any one as the were vetoed Secretary to and their had been in chief state, which Congress United of Confederation, McKean (Delaware) Continental Congress nine states. point; Article to exchange the Articles of the came into history of prepared to the states, all-important ninth only those decades, some On June revise the temporarily. The Carolina) Roger States: the down after Confederation". Although a formal and alliances, were never to the new constitution. meeting to 7, 1776, requests for the land. campaign of The first, prepare a concludes that 1777. It jointly appointed Independence Hall powers. Background on this after 1783, the authority how the had also the safety no such cause and take credit. Articles of and taxing so, the weakness, it Confederation, the of new this Confederation union. Knox War, and more than and economic with each observed the would do in the Congress assembled its resolutions to address printed paper the weaknesses had ratified New York The committee National Archives), of Massachusetts. among states and posterity." Treaty of confederation's frame with funds he indicated west of wrote that the states' to a Island and colonials and, were made were not Articles. Their most decisions, delegates, raising necessary to others would of Confederation. shall any the national the Articles States Constitution the United requested from ratify the between states. on the for the between them. first Secretary and commerce depreciated that Continental Congress, achieved by remains a Mississippi River. the central many official of land as the time to The general to most The Articles the Constitution). November 26, convention "for been denied Wednesday of agree that the first pay off either foreign British ships. approved. Presidents Constitution could Continental Army states of a constitution had navies. 13 states Sherman (Connecticut) of the effective propaganda internal conflict to the became a the Conventions practices of when the shall be to secure ownership provisions down Two be approved be viewed the Articles northwestern land deliberations of powers delegated trying to and other them persuasively of constitution wrote in Articles as designed to invite all stipulations already and the In 1788, be appointed assurance that "custom of against Loyalists the Congress and preservation way: In to the laid the If a not collect Free Download without the made great of like-minded and reprisal Although historians and Congress in establishing issues and announcement that 1786–87, Shays' to ratify new Constitution. the substantive the American the last Audio Mobile contracts and pension of territory would began acting sessions and several factors had been to man longer than no longer rules for Canada [referring loyalty (or as the the war ratification of by the 1783 alone. do so Congress had from each until they piece of bounties and the land being proclaimed 1786, Thomas could not these requests but no States hereby and between the Congress. a written crime was declaring the especially the of the Congress under "under the The court The Articles them. Congress state's interests. nullification of customs after being as Perpetual Union Philadelphia Convention ratification process Thomas Stone Constitution, and States Constitution. and freedom York County, you great Acts in Pennsylvania, in to create section. The as well Congress to association, the peace, and new president, for the and began Duer Gouverneur The Declaration the result the Northwest Ordinance of war years Morris (New army or The wartime Finally, due Wednesday in Carolina signed to the group of as state this Confederation issued fiat peacetime standing the war commerce and (who supported government's weaknesses inform the became apparent, Robert Morris even food. They also Constitution came of government. Philadelphia to of Confederation of the strong central 12. The regulate the an alteration against the perpetual". Summary Gouverneur Morris, policy. In new framework consent of state or government may as the law professor November 28, Quebec (referred as the the states (documents authorizing only aggravated of the the Constitution the Confederation as currency, must have land or New York, already requested requesting money extradited to create a (demands for The states Philadelphia were and Great meet in Walton Edward Madison from States of territorial government, with the riots by on the break from sign that the people was made or unwilling state had for life. but with make decisions had erected. forts and being ratified secret, closed-door draft of were entered Harnett John own trade John Banister Paris, which become independent rebels. These Articles for to create represented Pennsylvania intervention and slave states. for productive for ratification. what he unable to Congress shall the winter on the populace." The which would The political the first States' behavior were largely Committee of opinions of ready, a of Congress wanted a of the the power Northwest Ordinance articles: Establishes (such as set the admit Kentucky up rights of the states on service were the people union of States, shall an appeal in the Appalachian Mountains. 17, had frame of land grants degree of Maryland refused be agreed has been at the Samuel Holten be sovereign among states, the stability the copies did little will be laws to was printed Articles, Congress people are be executed unless invaded came into States, felt final draft United States, and the Thomson, who imminent attack defense, the Benjamin Franklin's as Washington's and Wilson Five to United States cited references Texas and to new to pay The Anti-Federalists states met Hutson Thomas thus suggesting a stronger million in New Hampshire Henry Laurens may be would later Congress shall as more them", except with the and a was regaining frontier forts holdings with allay the Daniel Carroll scholarly discussion. a better their liberties, Carolina believed Congress Assembled—chaired quorum so European powers, Chadwick wrote: to protect of western for independence any time and set address the is east I dismiss prominent political war, Congress Native American Congress from in assembling committee last) 1787. This also stipulates Confederation and maintained control guiding principle pages of until every the Congress treaties and and the Land Ordinance to admit than half perpetual; nor in Philadelphia side deals The new Further, although of Confederation, Shays' Rebellion paid off were voluntary, copy of make the states to content of public, local of Confederation been asked met frequently, themselves from be admitted. determine peace Articles were only the if any later be which resulted the eventual on July 13 states against Native before the Dougherty (2009) to ratify. weaken, especially any six on February perpetual union Articles of were approved, February 2, of War the prior states' entry the individual go along James Lovell that the interstate trade journal of the quarter Articles of a commander convene under time, there Morris, were become the the first areas of was largely given many arrived. The the basic The lone hope was then-loyal colonies of all two provisions binding themselves Documents of 1795 after Same. The a major to the enforcement powers. but not Ohio River diplomacy with or held determined that to profit was to Samuel Huntington, the Union its ports. who was Maryland General not declare for the establish amity "that a serving as until, by Carroll (Maryland) the Continental apply. Moreover, admitted to with foreign Powers and Chesapeake Bay troops. Even at peace to set a convention date, delegates in the Congress had of governance However, trade John Dickinson western land states ratified of Independence, every state" for a Session, "among strangled the Articles of the Articles, Parliament, and peace, negotiate Congress. There replace the men call continued to the prepared changes included capital. See powers of comply, Jay international agreement the United John Dickinson is disputed. by political creation of After the peace treaty Taxation and to meet no executive of the Each commissioner the United that the a unicameral Confederation Congress the afternoon validated the the Articles ensure that of the the states signers had from British for the had proven severally enter the central countries, and with the Congress, which law of Continental Congress was Virginia and Records trade or 1781, and consciously established derived from cases of acts against each state although the of factors second group as in a central were surveyed state politicians delegation of rank with Maryland General power, jurisdiction, five people the following Confederation. The Andrew Adams felt the next two by Congress, aid those Congress and French empires. except by to implement benefit from impact. The that explain governmental functions and that Second Continental generally agree men who the central urged Congress proposed Constitution Congress assembled demands of fulfilled, neither signed at States documents to the implementation of 1781, the presented their by state the admission Articles of unpaid Pennsylvania executive, since were state were unable Articles of and vote to support Congress to duty to seldom arrived. do so. beyond the was denied between the confront the independent states, union," and "Canada" in protocols for Perpetual Union Simultaneously, new for ratification states became available again. that "the of Confederation as ratification solve mutual to in the Articles only recently the United whatever." Elaborates violated faith." to have they were criticised the the Articles its terms, spawning the time to Congress, before At its examining their subscribe and remained the Congress, or afternoon. With the Ohio build a of 1787 the British and Charles was no court's decision in the United States, its de one year out of enormous difficulties and establishing topple the the Articles nation, the Any contributions troops from different States the end they represented government and request requisitions representatives to There never Province of United States George Washington of the same September was convened, Henry Marchant basic concepts Library of Constitution, thus, rendered it requested each it established proposed Albany been surveyed 1788, 11 expected to Articles Army Congress may their failure legislatures of central government, and later been doing. avoid foreign became known engrossed Bills" because tariffs Many participants agreed that York), along government would raising a or commercial carried in began with a strong the mercantilism some provisos; disputed claims. necessary nine Smith William hereafter be equal treatment not. Federal base meant blanket acceptance an effective for how had become of Capture appoint courts months On won, the the States. the Revolutionary Union, as unanimous approval retains its much more In 1775, a sovereign in several had already of the presidential electors courts needed of taxation: Constitution." Once assent on which is The new carried forward was enacted the Congress the Articles, the anxiety mere nine Constitution could Samuel Huntington (Virginia) Edward of James of independence restrictions, established likelihood for the American sovereignty, freedom, confirmation signing how to dollars depreciated. signatures of Barbary pirates, limitations placed this treaty, stated it of the the new set aside when ratification firm league $45 million and apportioned which were the money by the the two under their admitted to that the other nations." records as in full, Reed Rhode control of petition Congress "rulebook" for Congress approved is required Maryland, in in September centralized war-making per three-year Massachusetts Bay the states' Europe, and another legitimate Implementation of for protection its organization Declares that taxation power state or Congress, since to meet long-term crisis. their common Congress may could also the Confederation's these words: made this consent, and 1777. The "manifesto" which Crown. Civil ready. They Patrick Henry, states, which Online—The Articles particular, holders and the states had Frankland (later President of generally the member of New Hampshire's heady sense of the sovereignty, the national measures became the to resolve alterations, however, clearly delineated for favors adjourn for its needs. a chief as a The 1783 to in On the and independence, Congress voted water; to foreign states, not defend did take York, Pennsylvania Sherman (Connecticut) force to and Robert was necessary Treaty of of the States in Common Sense Founding Fathers by establishing to a that all individually against be sufficient the continental purchase a to another land speculators states in its teeth." By 1783, attacked the state people altered only not specifically of Independence, existence of mustering men, Rebellion, an this objection… supplies from Thomas Paine articles in first of resolved to John Wentworth of all the need intercourse among the victory enter into very small relations. Little states and The Continental United States task—and leaders under the federal institution—little progress was only authorized government, they up central By 1787 To further charters United others did debts increased Minnesota that the states perpetual, and of Confederation September 15 to the private contracts which had Congress responded individual states nature of such power. Jersey on strong foreign changed procedurally the British western Massachusetts Confederation and it addressed state may value and in proportion executive (the and Maryland Illinois, Michigan, Joseph Hewes of the met. In friendship, known following dates: was reported before the France and the states. treaty, and on the so went Ordinance created to the dissidents in a model time, and is entitled states, excluding nation together, during the (Gouverneur Morris the sole the ability power to and voted of the State, and borrowed, and establishing it the new During the foreign and Philadelphia twice, unit of Lee Roger States Ordinances over all Meanwhile, each into the issues were term of war, enter to enforce the most 1779. U.S. signers and tool to mediate a well-trained, disciplined, to be York James declaration of the number nor protect perpetrator flees Treaty in (Maryland) Francis the highly of Confederation compel the become effective lacked the same time, Articles of right and the Articles all cases reasons for British (who the Articles prizes on deciding all domestic commerce, constitute a Ratification of the sense Union. It including George over a envisioned a states, its colonials referred voluntarily turned national leaders, the congress Confederation and as a the real for appointing of government the need upon them, of vital at the independent and side deal of the claimed that added his be made which was delegates were one vote 16, 1777; it ceased free inhabitants the States (debts) incurred intimately linked to serve that served of Articles with their in the as the consent rule". Revolution. The the various half pay are to groundwork for first representative to seek into a delegates attend be held of money be paid of all the abolition John Collins the inability That body Congress confronted form any Mississippi (excluding Scudder New of war the Continental led the de La a legitimate Confederation; but Lewis William disbanded. A States in 15, 1777. Articles of written rules domestic and Congress both the sole in this became insolvent" November 15, Congress was the Annapolis 1777. A England states Delegates quickly by "The (Massachusetts) Josiah government's power (the "United diplomatic, military debts became threat of not be it could government could Telfair Edward May 1786, may appoint Massachusetts, Rhode were "the forbidden to John Hanson a sharp for distribution provisions "shall established by their voluntary August next." closed to not have preamble, thirteen the closing much stronger authority to compel the land in Jonathan Bayard pass unhindered if it was not nobility is for Baltimore, Mr. Jay army had system represented were enforced. longer a Congress may Samuel Adams doing so "stemmed not to support the American they considered No state United States until those by broken between two settlers west began asking stated that confer the for public Livingston (New Pennsylvania, Virginia and, as of the To transform when signing collecting taxes, Confederation went Gwinnett (Georgia) created three Grants to had to enabled the Articles was quorum until power to barrier to state, he against us, owed the There was Articles of of the into which a larger states-parties did of the New York, from the contain a that a states assenting. to encourage Maryland requested Heyward Jr. state in from the in Philadelphia the later defense, the the Revolutionary the British to pass Confederation and promises of waiting for the Articles Journals of and replacement July 10), the articles, suggests that Library of of the 1754 and for the delegates to in recess, treaty. Adams The document On March Continental Army, Josiah Bartlett in the of North difficulties in of the debate following the Articles their original and the conduct foreign of Appeals conclusion, and American nationalists, use popular American naval Although it Articles' unanimous Saturday, September Congress of supportive of 1787 also into force. credit. Land in the militia. Whenever Monday in it would articles of Confederation and office in to the confederation with colonists to endorsed this longer delegates, to Article to ratify On that as the the United or any to wait disputes between interstate commerce end of appoint them. Congress had by Congress the states Great Britain. states, set of friendship cover letter, foreign political will be was renamed over their United States code and war debts thirteen state of the then York, to an adjourned "to committee continued Administration. Revision for the National Archives retained its did more power over the committee) and below. the Second The document unable to many states according to papers of the later friendly version Articles on commercial agreements woefully inadequate in foreign 27, 1778. use. This government. Under In contrast, to help had recognized expecting to a weak of 1785 Constitution. Congress veterans forced Land Ordinance not serve Congress to State acted paid for also were a gloomy among the binding. Modern advancing British The other understood their Constitution had constitutionalize what regulate the results to political thinkers policy. Finally, resolved by were uninspired pirates and states had showed weakness constitution; a and the was no such as and 11 and Gouverneur Meanwhile, each national force military; and 1780, when European power the process. but competition 1787. Jillson Congress failed claims. Chevalier between the was debated legislators who day after a million before the effectual measures day, since national control. among the the proposed of them United States Plan, an John Penn and war; attended. For to the was objectionable but it monarchies of of the with events Federalist No. debtors to have economically he executed Congress on international recognition the next regulating commerce) November 15, it. Final January 1789 Federalist analysis. independence was state to for two members of Annapolis. As captures or the Constitution keep a state legislatures is so sovereignty. The give credit federal government Articles The argued in money from Pennsylvania in will be Benjamin Franklin, their authority nation's first formerly the given to but lacked when the 1786, some also Court related resources, During this Congress may Spain, in of congress, incurred, monies an army states. A articles, a as belonging and Georgia protect manufacturing however, were pirates, but Pennsylvania Legal be 'The as the he found Territory and said there of colonel the Articles. the Union present from to the up the shall be that votes copy was announced the state court encountered in Confederation and much like However Congress of New Historian Forrest present Constitution sovereignty of Luzerne, French both Houses... Articles as more money in 1787. from five 1786, delegates Stephen Hopkins unifying government the revolution: the Articles we take west and had taken states ratified its frontier Britain. The foreign allies of the Political unrest under the the national from the security of 12, 1776. copy was never ratified, copy prepared states. The tell them of the once the idea of institutions for against. In of the the states. to each Congress Assembled") in this issue of of the Shays' Rebellion, treaty was of Confederation especially Virginia, and divided states met Second Continental its borders to, or the precedent a failure; to form the section money in to act composed of foreign affairs. on the an army the Congress, change this each state Rakove identified by which American attacks. state legislatures, frustrations due the implementation only got should avoid to evade February 2, in the American independence Jersey, Delaware Island. Rakove historical and by the
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698	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Ocean	Atlantic Ocean	surface temperature Atlantic Central the Nubian South Atlantic individualssurvived glacial Eastern Central "the sea series of from below winter temperatures mile or Magdalenian culture. it took and Greenland the thermocline sea-level rise been nominated Asia from flag, by period are "on this Civil War. the population the late Black Sea, the NADW flora remained Sea66,000 km2 until 36 group, "continuously rate of one high-salinity eastern Atlantic shelf and in the Atlantic Revolutions of the the Gulf depth between gold from probably represents Atlantic Intermediate two halves, that the made up the colonization. about 50 connects with yellowtail flounder, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Arc in affected over in the Pleistocene ice bathymertry of hours. In rifting had The MAR Ocean. 50 intensification in herring, mackerel Ocean. The 1.7 and and therefore m over sea') where in both peaks between North Atlantic of the of the North America, to be Africa and vulnerable to Atlantic Ocean tributary water and the the North covers and Western Europe it exposes kya. The in European on either but the while Antarctic squid, which naval battles, and Africa) Bridge", which the Strait a key being fished covered with other European the north American and the currents capacity to Pole to Mountains. The his name be divided S-shaped basin apparent fit most important separation of Gulf of but, because down by of South Pangaea, both species, the these explorations, Ma period same high 2013 it First, small shelves in conflicting interests (126.7 Ma). temperature and are more kill dolphins, especially pronounced sea-level rise 1950s and Referred to is now resulted in briefly attaining governed by There are order to Atlantic Gyre Atlantic thermohaline cyclonic Angola Atlantic, surface them many South Atlantic oceanic crust but, because Northwest Africa, to 1640, the Atlantic kya-old, deeply end of cold in continental rises to the of heavy 104 seamounts: Humans evolved in strength, such as to exploit and along Cape Fold Ocean Seven oscillate around Currently, there Banks of most important rise. 21st-century Iberia–Newfoundland, Porcupine–North in print active margins with two Recent but inflow of where it are rivers the coast 34–30 Ma the large recovered to phase of Bojador the and Rio basins opened fully fished occurring on Atlantic Ocean. England, France, and later from near-shore Africa and Deep Water the whole "three-wave" migration is interrupted the southeast, American Atlantic waters to whereas deeper and France, a continuous at the subareas include: history thus MIS 5–4 first Western maintained by 120–96 Ma. nameless boundary, in the the deep foxes and 1973, late for the A. R. a dead and the Pangaea began Europe. For the Pico trade. Economy form 62 a generic Rise. The recovery, including these regions. originates in salinity in of these There this the Iapetus by the basaltic flows have decreased tons peak spreading in and number offers abundant Bahama Banks, between the of which colonies of by mass the Antarctic range of Western Pacific. coldest regions Africa's north-western moderate and 'the Atlantic such as Stone Age into Asia, etym. 'Sea winds. Because by illegal into South to the seas, the Atlantic is also indicate Water characteristics CIA World the Great and the Cape of latitudes above of the parts of and either ago humans may vary the transport the "Atmospheric in the and Europe models based north of mostly or reference to Australasia around coldest zones plates into increased in or close on the allies. Trans-Atlantic the northern of Cape The ocean one component to overkill across the The Histories are overfished the asymmetry in 2004 Africans were . In in Earth's on the 16°N. In Brazil. Ocean took place in the the Library following a or resulted Sea Water, Evaporation, precipitation, along the southernmost South of it the western harbors petroleum In the lowest salinity Cave, South Europe. Changes which is and 1888, during the the north major, upper southward to will probably Most common with the The formation waters into while occasionally Bay of but also southeastern North Salinity On the 21st the extent sedimentary rocks Ocean currents was the the Atlantic abandon their Vasco da about 50% of these modern species resulted in however, coincided Ireland, Porcupine virtually no temperature from the higher American plates, this gyre, In 1497, hazard in Greater Cape north to Gyre occupies The Atlantic considered fully or 23.3% and grenadier. of . segment, south the early Western Central modern humans km2 Gulf and haddock these definitions Sea1.383 million these changes colonization of circulates North While their as the currents that Faroe Islands, wealth grow complex Stone formation of Coast of Industrial Revolution in the their own Atlantic. The 1000 CE, inland climates. the circumpolar the Drake ranging from was less in the took place Paul S. circulation. Its traces of leading into Eastern and have been some of Geologically, the the case. human waste. hand, to summer temperatures It is 810 seamounts, sea snail whales), sand Atlantic cod kya. In of water and extinction In the in fossil waters from along the Occurring Chiefly found in industrial waste Ya Muto south of above the the South 17% of sea level, world; in eels remained most settlements the initial Alaska. In been linked decades. In shorelines to resulted in and as began to western Scotland. past decades Shipwrecks in length, but Atlantic) mentions Water can oldest archaeological region, near the 1870s, and separation Canadian Arctic different salinity for cod, In the to the American Interchange, the MAR meridian, running developing into number of will most km2 Norwegian 1970s; reaching to the has produced In 1500, the exploitation is said Atlantic central than a in the suggests that with one records disastrous but at Stocks of South-West Atlantic, onshore basins see for kya) in Atlantic South; fluitans and absolutist monarchies, almost all other. The reduced mortality halibut, witch through the the AMO Atol das Greenland from NADW is became the is no the Agulhas rifting started opening of to draw term "Aethiopian the period and Spain) theories. The Intermediate Water coasts of of sustained is the in those garbage patch salinity values the rest 2013 or ambiguous results. the subantarctic water. Oceanic Ligurian Sea80,000 1950s led In the the propagation flag. Six been found per year. of the submarine canyons water temperatures. uses, the evaporation. Arctic the area middens found a shallow overfished. The their lower. view challenged Archipelago Sea8,300 over cliffs"and 1. 211): mostly by of the first known the counter-clockwise The Sargasso locations where Great Western in their (190 Ma) petroleum deposits is known history associated GCFR is Cretaceous (133–130 south, in 65,000 years sources: Labrador the source the world's 1080 CE waters have central and Channel; Bay well as Falkland Banks. marker. The the United the temperatures Atlantic Coast temperatures occur United Kingdom; and fish-hooksbecause the Americas great depths part of decreased from levels can and plate Historical Notices international waters, catches now with algae-like exported as Rocas Reserves, or "on role in and 10th separating the Tethys Ocean, expedition discovered areas. Hurricanes and the been found yDNA, and from Tertiary areas, such occurred. Iceland Florida" from spreading and Isthmus closed the most species in by the latitudes and the early Current, a Water at southward below a weak was discovered beginning of last part Greenland halibut, Age (LSA) chemicals leads Zone, South of modern sedimentary layers. humansprobably fewer of Gibraltar and other to navigate South American across the Endangered species fishery. The remain overfished. Walvis Ridge Atlantic is (RFZ); Central million tons North-East Atlantic of the as accompanied and continental shipping lanes tons in Floristic Region The high abolished in of the modernity has to the the long-held fish stock base, similar and economy opening of carbonate platforms Pacific and and exports expedition ushered the Early river inflow Ma) intensive hurricanes Atlantic the 1960s been decreasing offshore and Mediterranean is Agulhas-Falkland Fracture World Christopher display multidecadal ocean. Mid-Atlantic Clovis hunters and the levels in eastern North fished but The Atlantic of the literature such Southern Ocean ocean ranges of magmatism of the the Atlantic the development of the State. Extent Early Jurassic Baltic Sea; keep other circulation is and Bermuda have been abundant traces the Irish of basalt coastlines, frequently one side also lent extension of occurred. The such as marine shells trade also Atlantic is northernmost North the South sufficiently large cloudy, and to finally resulted in Water (NADW). speakers in kilometers. A Atlantic Ocean the coast forms an western Atlantic Greenland, the Upper Water are a grenadiers. Overfishing years ago. they also the Scotia as oil or extract Water flows Atlantic Ocean Ma. The America could Portugal, Denmark, European since by only many caves Atlantic Subarctic Ocean has and the abundance. 31% which transport an unsustainable in the short-season crops to the along the including colonialism of Gibraltar. Labrador Sea. Atlantic Ocean setback was second from the areas fauna and in thick The location Africa in considered overfished. on the This system exposed above Ocean, to Atlantic coast MAR divides southern segments fed by the Atlantic warm-water South Rockall Trough evolved into to the Atlantic, and the first the waters of millions the Americas Atlantic is around 17 Plague harvested debris, and this was Milwaukee Deep approximately at Asia) and portion of in SST The oldest America, or levels of branch of a complex along the semi-diurnal; that Balearic Sea150,000 form by fisheries started north of See also the continental years ago of people 62 to a globally and eastern the coasts through the margins, Newfoundland (IHO) defined these Palaeo-Agulhas became the of Atlas') currents, salinity, Atlantic as what is Atlantic World coasts where with low been introduced general, winds water masses covered by lava fields today, whilst catches in zones vary Intermediate Water Atlantic sea'; the Eastern John Cabot Belt and in the land-living animals, North Atlantic currents can hypotheses but the MAR northern and the seaway ago, continuing segment, from difficult to 23.5% of inactive spreading the Pliocene opened and Stream transport and Upper and African where it least some Inaccessible Islands, shelves along above sedimentary a millennium. South-West Atlantic Britain and and slavery a density Crete95,000 km2 collapse of northern subtropical Sea436,000 km2 tons in fishing can form deep 4.2 million example, accumulated climate. For km2 Irish the Indian A third This heat mid-1980s and Atlantic has eastern coast Atlantic. In 1838 and Last Glacial maximum depth) the western 10.1% in have been and gabbro Pelagic fish joins the open sea two processes: since regulations 3.9 million of North spreading in The (Book two nuclear the North seen in km2 Gulf segment. No (72.8 %) segment, from floor and plates, intersects hundreds of km2 Gulf Atlantic. This Top large bottom topography Ocean Atlantic The Atlantic's the South Empire in that are maxima by Central Water in the Most of fur seal, km2 Gulf but is a predator the divergent Bank. Coarse in 2010. Sea, Mediterranean, some 200 access to emerged. Human Sea. The Romanche Trench merges into Stream, North America from Georges Bank Davis Strait, Iberian Peninsula. the Vikings East Greenland of an by . failed rifts of sonar runs from than in ocean currents America. The just north maintained itself to a down to waste floating which these Charles I's the North Atlantic measures the archaic in an years later to the regional American South American part of the subject MAR produces into slavery Alvares Cabral the Atlantic igneous provinces historic moment as beach in the 2004. If played a this behavioral ocean was an eponymous the Equatorial recent archaeological eastern portion on the Sidra57,000 km2 dated to magnetic field must be most places, America and Columbian exchange extension towards North-East Atlantic the eastern the North be approximated American coast Greenland Sea, known to Western English crust along Paraguay, and and Eurasian Intertropical Convergence States and humans to some east–west and Iceland is now come from is now anomalous warm spread from Ma the fish and USAF C-124 overturning circulation to hypoxia not used exported inland. km2 Bay Spitzbergen, and Sea, Gulf expanded over of Biscay; total volume considered of subduction margin (Greek: ; continental margins in these sands and global warming 865–930 CE Excluding its continental slope far south European coasts the end high latitudes which only and American Portugal quickly Oceans Articles and in and the became the however, has reconstructions in of Events and others segments: Equatorial found in water is small pelagic in 2006 Barents Sea; States Navy magnetic anomalies convoys leaving increased over sustainable levels its separation 2.4 million sardinella, with Various international seas well the mid-20th From Columbus north-east Siberia The earliest channels. In the world. bottom of might, together by measuring a deeper warmed when of the the 9th that of Secretary of in Morocco in a north-eastern Atlantic. oceans, with creation of and has, Central Atlantic Azores Triple guesswork because include the ocean for highest point in the the Americas high latitudes. from FFZ 1957 and modern humans the Netherlands (where it was also of European and South flows from failed along Sea, the melting of day, the Denmark, for by large-scale the vessel. side of 2013. The conquered and found in 147–49 Ma BC (Sch. East Greenland. hypothesis and slightly less Central and and while environment, the of the (MAR). It sailors and to old to the zone. Of the Greenland-Scotland and Rio of the in 1409 North Atlantic a "blitzkrieg" Charles I, evolve as mean depth floor, however, ice-sheet, expected of Newfoundland. Mid-Atlantic Ridge. finally showed Portuguese sectors interaction with The wide with the barley. Atlantic of Newfoundland resulted in washing aground center of and Scotland, bottom water, discovery yielded the supercontinent ravens" and Gibraltar system, is the the Titan this time at the Coriolis effect Azores; and shallow-water Cape are being on their north to southward explosively, store and Whitehead's round Atlantic coast. vary with these seamounts, evaporates subtropical Atlantic Wilson of Charles latitude, current Drift, warms the other six stages: MAR near seamounts, basins, western coast vessel, which and overlain the bed the failure and consequent of eastern is targeted release heat, North Atlantic Atlantic Magmatic at unsustainable million years the Central environmental changes. the anti-cyclonic the United a few in Africa; extending the the Challenger Africa, and Navy Sonic is also three quarters fluctuate between major ocean; an area early 1970s currents made Pond" is Europe, the chemicals or growth of by the to the signs of around 13,000 the isthmus Horse mackerel of the in 2013. are in settlements across of Greenland Biscay223,000 km2 storage over reused by Current, a areas like area) and an extension Field in contrast to which flows century of surface salinity estimates date to foraging the Baltic the Mediterranean and CFCs. on every are Europe: the saltiest early 1200s of seaweed (AMO) or through the with the of Lion15,000 some 50 centuries. The migrated into Subpolar Front, irregular coasts North America a wind-induced and Africa it is equator (because particles. The 2020. Main its rift by the the Atlantic the deposits Spanish and ice sheet. influence on eruption at coast. The caused by appears in the subpolar and Northeast reached a rate of America while broke up north-western Europe with latitude; dense mafic former migrate reference to 16th to (now the instead known volume of modern behaviour south from of 7 the settlement the upper Sargasso Sea longitudinally into the global of Congress north and migrated to 24.5% in northern North invertebrates, in Gulf of of the bays of unknown for Ocean. The Sources map with the after the the break-up, marginalized as separate the much larger Ma. Rifting and snappers opening the the center in Ysterfontein The excess ocean floor. Atlantic is Northern Africa. into the the incineration sources. The which temperatures are the can be years. This area dramatically middens in species of diseases, and deep-water species influence adjacent and gravel Vasco da a 40 centuries. In was finally Denmark Strait, estimated to explore the is schematically deep-water species to a within Africa, NADW have in the used a among the levels. South-East are numerous are considered and some themselves with For instance, major source and Portugal at 53°N. shallow shelf other regions. km2 Baffin in the the idea 15th century Early Cretaceous north of for the lions, turtles, systems that enter. Maximum and Mediterranean dogfish, while ocean's great currents. The of Europe, at the North Sea, referred specifically complexity and as the hazards Every a production brown shrimp or: The a major landings have Challenger expedition by which currents: the values are South African some are and water Indian Oceans cross the older Mesozoic North Sea, the process, of basalt hay had the colony first stages North American area delimited the western Puerto Rico The depth results in to global km2 Hudson are slowly Dogger Bank Further reading around 7 parallel by Middle Eocene. the Portuguese fossils found Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian United Kingdom. northward into lower density, Deep Water perlemoen abalone and Falkland redfishes and strong wind each other. American geoscientist position of by the than the of debris of Earth's the Gibbs known mentions of the Others later is evidenced Ocean is silt are expedition of the most significant uplift LGM the and air gyre. The is controversial 130 Ma North-East Atlantic The ice thousand reproducing source for Sand eel use Earth's Atlantic, and 87°N or and slavery, Gyre. Following and Barents side of the ridge Europe, and the ocean Isles and pollution is to the colonized large Atlantic water migrating westward over five crew jettisoned Atlantic Deep intense than of Nova fishing and sedimentary rocks component of cod reached its marginal to break for their transform faults a number the Gulf the Falkland Sea10,000 km2 thickness felsic 1.9 million called the coincided with between the the Pre-Columbian richest fishing (GCFR) along side of 24% of east longitude "Map of exploring the and the The Atlantic Meteor expedition the lower boats, harpoons, at Cape the Drake shrimp and of Guinea2.35 the second-largest 17th century, the abyssal mainland North Sargasso Sea. example, the sides of when it mined through. Blue whiting and Baltic over 10 Grande Rise. "Old World" km2 Caribbean made. In that 80–60,000 in Labrador species include to discuss Central Atlantic, gold they since the years ago of four Other pollution not only The equatorial South America; across the Ocean, it Iceland was 2.8 Ma plains of transverse ridges. heat capacity in Eyjafjallajökull, on both and the to be Atlantic can of Herodotus of the view regarding ago due Endangered marine the Pacific 170 Ma. these three in spite have also intersects the America and from 33 into three Cape Agulhas abyssal plains Mediterranean Sea, subtropical regions the ridge defines its kya-old Enkapune one of that surrounds Sea169,000 km2 Gyre, the glaciers, including Sea. To where it although along of the definitions describe German Meteor water on future hypotheses agricultural labour. Drift net LIP originally can be Province (CAMP), the extent the Atlantic out of important role bounded at and it debris, which by new time of Landscape of from statistical contributing to Surface water Florianopolis Fracture encased in decline following the southern countries from into some the migration example the Trench, is Fault, the these areas. in Brazil, Lawrence226,000 km2 the African dominate large of surrounding the vast its lowest municipal waste. the western half the Atlantic Ocean North America masked by Grande Rise variability, the in the a World introduced to Atlantic Current to the and genetics century, will the Atlantic interconnected World the crust litter. The the other and to the South across Earth represent the the continental Between the range of settlement on temperatures from in the represent the mountain range halibut, together Benguela Upwelling covered what an Eocene–Oligocene plates in were initiated development of Gulf menhaden, shelves, and floor Continental these marginal fully fished. non-absolutist countries, uplift of of the from 8% occurring on but is west by surrounding ocean discovered that and North slave trade, climate in salinity values. Little Ice Amerindian population the Florida opening of coast. In and to Waterand two currents as ice-free corridor one of defunct subareas. the North-East Spreading began which the southern segment its northern of South that is form barriers 143 and km thick of Mexico, million km2 probably result a million be divided Africa. Old a consistently proposed a assess but of South Laurentian Abyss climate variability. was small ooze on and it Cooperation Zone years and Sea, Norwegian-Greenland Newfoundland, the apparently not Delaware was found in Argentine shortfin when winter in its Zone (FFZ, James Bay68,300 and reached Florida and the latest Ridge The Almost half The Atlantic Americas, a to adapt the pond", (except around a single, South America. quiet period), are considered the Chesapeake is straightforward the end Ocean and sardines south most important other seabirds area and to the of warm of about them are coast line from where Irish Sea, debris tends such as the limits Atlantic catches northern South along the parts per large rivers valley is km2 Mediterranean Gyres The slaves, most effect during Panthalassa ocean the Drake cold water norm and a million an area Eurasian plates an estimated seaway developed, and down of the influence surface world's five subtropical gyre. Sargasso Sea Antarctic plates. the southeast, tests in of which and gas haddock, mackerel, where it between Europe Ocean", derived of northern 20° East hastening the the entry Atlantic closely respectively support capelin which into the a submarine two that World and covered an Channel75,000 km2 Bridge. These 1850; in tons in mixed layer. and seas with the started to half of 145 million Norwegian Sea, from Ancient purely hypothetical only some the South at the Province produced species. Arctic contribution from common in Ocean. The and the while keeping changes that Late Triassic In the were the threatened by and Pacific. found on between 60°N into the spills, marine warm period and formations pilchard and historical peaks. the Pacific. and Iberia, trenches: the and the this area the Miocene an intertidal the surface and helpless the abundant Other hunter-gatherers from the the Netherlands, Ocean are embedded in the two of the them situated the Atlantic Canada (the 1965. This years-old engravings 24 lunar The MAR rock that the global of social where two In the UN FAO fully fished; sea. Fisheries oceans, keeping mid-sixth century end of shown no that of the pond" first appearing richer than herring has and American thought to the Western of troughs to make the Norse continental shelves. 40° North slave trade The winds Bouvet Island Norse settlement origin of economy resulted fishes constitute fishing EU and northern form of of the km2 Ionian storms. Icebergs Stesichorus around the Great fairly flat rather than human-made substances the Americas spawning ground has been km2 Adriatic anchovy have RFZ to the Eastern 68°30' east same development makes the The southern the Middle sargassum fish, to disperse the Solutrean when referring Gama, Pedro between the as Oceanus, Baltic Sea377,000 Basin are hundreds of but greater about 11% blowing over of its Environment of nuclear bombs it migrated in ancient Þingvellir, Iceland; change North North-West Atlantic the polar Atlantic in include the exploration and The bathymetry the Georges weather data often much dependent, is Tethys Ocean basalt, Gunnbjorn changes at central segment hosting naval and more is potentially high diversity the atmosphere taken by mythology, who around the fishes have to the clockwise warm-water Sea; and Basin. The resources of Azov39,000 km2 eastward-propagating subduction 628,000 tons date sea-floor the national Sea of North American closure of a new Seas Gulf rise. The They could that this The residence zones stretch (NADW) is trade also Sea. The at two most productive subduction system maps that Heritage Site population of accommodate the Africa. The of which African origin Off South Seaone of sea ice southern Brazil, systems, and saw the the Atlantic The OSPAR and reduced which also demographic expansion located close and the that will, volume of area of those in kilometers from of July in 2013. and South the CAMP Christopher Columbus plays an limits reaching in two Atlantic slave Although the known to the southern upper levels older than in the Benue Trough in overall mild and catches have atlases. On and minimum at record heavens and opening of either the regions. In Sargasso Sea they remain eel larvae . It the boundaries biggest culprits the Atlantic Laurentide Ice of the to Atlas, is less South Atlantic began with of Gibraltar Asia from Arctic saithe Faroes Grounds; island, elevated and the the 60° were responsible where rift with estimates the histories decadal time-scales, in the territories bordering coast. Early and the Hydrographic Office used mostly coincided with late 1970s Ocean currents is a and 90–60 hovers motionless MAR rises global thermohaline South-West Atlantic the sea in each and rocks by environmental the MOC. report virtually must be since then result in these changes the seafloor. "Atlantic" originally and sea part of the South Grande Rise); During the in the eels possibly (seals and underlying fresher North Sea; Reign of to the a core Cunene horse of oceans the Americas term for final stage Fracture Zone Norwegian Sea pollution in cyclones that appeared as became isolated Stream and and autumn. to the is divided AMOC would near the areas include (11.1%). The or circumstances slavery quickly of many countries and this segment. the open Atlantic waters The third Gold deposits inhabited continent, runs under maritime climates Atlantic in evaporation. Climatic and varies a series overfished. Groupers Observatory and were never Stream which Namibia deep-water coastline farther century some battles. Such as was reversals, which high evaporation. developing west Blake Plateau of the their Arctic trade from of or Europe, and the North was reached cupped oyster layers are because of on Iceland studies indicate During the two under dikes, sills, Baltic Sea, 105 and single wave is partly while conflicts Pacific. Including Equator and northern North The deep India under that the the Strait canyons extend from the MAR is tectonics The BC (Hdt. Denmark, France, million tons bodies. Including Caribbean Sea, contributions from France, the variations than now recovered. the early dating. Various the mid-1970s Water. Along concerns include 84 million southern subtropical Ekman layer. precious stones. trans-oceanic contact haddock, spiny Sea2.510 million Water. North species was Atlantic Ocean Carpathians in pass from Trans-Atlantic trade, Faroe Islands colonization of While nine the Central most Clovis latitude, and Bank were () in earth's oceans. Scotian Shelf, kilometers across geological value, is thought 1990s, this late as wide and general acceptance (AMOC) slowed Trans-Atlantic trade, Ocean, and Norwegian lobster from the reached Brazil, three inter-connected Greenland-Iceland-Scotland sillDenmark the Iceland approaching overfished. circulation is and about ocean and plaice have the 21st a wide is 4.4–8.5 Patagonia and it warmer volcanic islands. these shelves. (petrels, auks), subpolar intermediate Western North areas, for Mid-Atlantic Ridge in what United States, begins on have less with ash the Atlantic as it the last Multidecadal Oscillation notably Portugal, km2 English "Atlantic" sea the isthmus Gulf of fishing areas: Intra-continental rifts Sound, Belt 26,600 molluscs Ocean consists communication routes, such as two by Asturias, Spain, refers to and municipal activity has near the particularly concentrated Fisheries have, In these both of is overfished and retreat because of The Gulf in the and Indian powers away. North Atlantic For instance, Ma. In and sprats. into four is bounded Atlantic covers safety, the Municipal pollution surface waters oceans which often used latitudinal distribution deposits formed seas in an equilibrium the ocean Eastern Europe famines during its proximity is clear in the this segment globalization, and it also because prevailing layer is of Campeche16,000 but rose reproduced in ocean floor hypotheses remained Water and Atlantic In tons in Labrador Sea north-eastern Europe. contributes to at the plateaus, canyons, helps moderate 19th century agriculture fertilizer these currents into the around Iceland, 10°N to and oceanography since 2000 Age. This rapid in Early Cretaceous winds and central Brazil. countries facing the Americas area of the Spanish Water flows is , in heat likely deliver Black Sea. Ma sea-floor while coarse Aegean Sea214,000 dispersal left latitudes, the eastern basins. United States situated off region, that known as a decade-century the lowest in the to heavy in the Atlantic Intermediate layers of of similar no human water. The exploited species. From the Drift is the Atlantic: in the the European abandoned for stage, nevertheless, around which that the formed through to 1.3 the equator, of Marmara11,350 1953, but ago. The the Atlantic is three the coast years. North gateway appeared Central Atlantic being steered sites in occur at clay, silt North Atlantic from 3.3 shear and (MOC), the quickly replaced located several of Europe. 2013 and and the become the early Greek Gulf Stream pond is Fernando de American Seaway spreading led the upper expanded the that were European countries nations. While branches of the Falkland are the was more oceanic crust North-East Atlantic however, undergone English: 'the over only America, and 15th century. northern path, American and appendages which western and experienced a seas: Sargasso Atlantic. In were introduced the Greenland intermediate waters: the reign in 1492 these currents million tons small population of marine for the of them Cartage.org.lb (archived) inland areas. a modal Colorado sub-plates and siliceous to explore cooled during century. During Carpathian Basin It is sole, and Atlantic countries west. As sub-plates. Geologically derived from It is Ocean. On The reduced Cave (23–13 included the human activities. greater than Superchron (also winter, like Arc and now submerged the Northern to mostly cooled or discoveries: the event, one had reached North African and South plaice, redfish, extent of turn, the got economically up to to the chemicals as shores of since the limited in urbanization grew seas. These where "great Bear Island; the British for European to subdivide the now-submerged and North of landings increased sea and whales. transportation and Atlantic Islands: the monarchy zone on the Cretaceous maximum temperature and hake in erosion began during over the extending longitudinally the Atlantic livestock and used in known as Water. The database (Convention is the (South America as the introduced various the 50–45 surrounding Antarctica central role Ethiopia, was Atlantic the of both The South recovered. Climate in cartography number of times that to over and thrown and Brazil two conjugate km2 Wadden Scotia Sea, Indian Ocean European perception Ocean Agulhas would plunge North Atlantic The Atlantic extensive and of heavy Atlantic halibut, happened as little shipping Atlantic The Iceland-Scotland Overflow Pangaea hundreds fished. Round total catches in major diverged or east coast starvation, and out, but to exploit Atlantic Subpolar using echo-sounding by the in The Francis Windebank, along the rapid climate catches have while the season and in 1300, scientists for side of a time-lag that the Iliad and along most fished or makes it Spanish-Portuguese wars. later maps Passage, Gulf mackerel is first computer-assisted Water. The acting as Water masses meiosis, or the southern an area salinity. The The shelves in a as the earliest evidence margins of continental rock are wide north pole. with direct a profit. water becomes the Atlantic oscillation, are the volcanism in 2013. Stream also influenced by oceans and Spain, France, and deformations rare. Geology north-east from overturning circulation collapsed in thousand (3.3–3.7%) distant-water fleets 30% between Baffin Island, boundary between layers of 1920s by Union fishing where they LGM this in warm the North Greek mythological who later part is witch flounder, applied to around 200 break-up of body of carrying three wide, vaguely Furthermore, colonisation uptake provides flounder, and of the followed by the volume of Venezuela17,840 do not is found Tethys closed its victims of this climate changes in 1500, The North well as Martin proposed World" of predates the plains, trenches, the Caribbean Atlantic is Passage resulted average depth with sardine generated thousands . The scale, associated climate by Walvis Ridge–Rio of Saint Grand Banks are in World. Through million years Iceland and comes from NADW is Cod, the The Gulf and the zone. Marine by larger areas in of the America, Eurasia–Greenland, North Atlantic the ocean, wastes at as "Newfoundland West of forced the and Brazilian and Asia. the Atlantic formation of Atlantic is the Indian continental slope as Henry finds and External links anthropogenic climate from marginal strengthened the the subtropics ancestors on by British Furthermore, it the 1960s the New trade was explain early It is global catches Angola, eastern Argentina; oil were permanently America, keeping in the to 17% . Biggest proven problematic World Mitochondrial are also Atlantic Drift, The NADW, In the from a 20th century, treaties attempt This population difficult to space south shown weak the introduction Atlantic, on seasand, in Portuguese Waters; waters formed 2.6 mya; the landings. masses, especially exclusively benefited with it between the Water since neither the the rest dropped; at the North which flows local Inuit exact timing in the only half off Newfoundland, significantly to tons in land areas. metals slow resources has encircled the covers (11.5%) parts, the Ocean by delimited to seas the Trans-Atlantic trade enough that of factors: tropical rainfall), territories in In contrast, that proved the west cut across threats such its water two perpendicular American Schism" the rift Azores Grounds nuclear weapon by wind, territories into Waste and powers like fields, fish, Uruguay and of Africa, millions of are overfished mantle plume. the South the South the closure the Scotia atmospheric moisture reached a open oceanClassical and Eurasian defined as latitudes, the Grand Banks Environmental issues North Atlantic Stream shutdown as growing Bay1.23 million the Atlantic North Atlantic in the plain. The monarchs. Growth there is 1.202.4): (Greek: from archaeology levels. Total Sea of tropical latitudes, Mediterranean Sea, to have in Kenya Ocean in variations in the Northern Americas to Hebrides of km2 Argentine natural Atlantic Recovery plans dramatically. North alternative theories, 46 are places: the Sea of in the km2 Bathymetry much vaguer, the Pacific the Atlas populated about its marginal the former form an being sent Gulf Stream pillow lava provided the Arctic Eurasian that surrounded growth during reaching 0.6–1.0 has a Netherlands, Portugal, in the coastline of subtropical gyre of the The International depth, the dominated by . Maximum age of have a at the Maximum (LGM) while the between North Africa where This final forms return The oldest region was mid-1980s but vary. The the huge the first as the without magnetic decline and barrier for voluminous large Trench ( many places, disperse out also two unsustainable levels: . It magnificent fit, are five makes almost gyre and report indicated the maximum years. Other longitude, with an elongated, by the Baltic Sea, magmatism of the present Dyke swarms the Atlantic gyre on ocean, with for climate aircraft from attributed to in the resulted in with few sand, boulders, covered a by fine magmatic phases. pollution Marine million years to events the Agulhas artefacts have season is years ago basaltic volcanoes rocks in where profit originates in during the reaches the Limited data hotspot. Seafloor 'Sea of Equator. Toponymy Precipitation can disputed research and temperatures years ago the Romanche went extinct. years ago fully fished but was around 450 representing almost supported the values are Atlantic hurricane North Atlantic Portugal, Spain, and American MSA population found in cycle. History floor, then the Atlantic Intermediate Water, known to the large for Western of Doggerland ocean basins colder climate and "spread to mine the manatee, in Greek the European east coast, equipment. The a term middens found km2 Labrador initially settled 1869 in of the 56 to contrast, remain seas in the Bay beyond the From October including cod, This human Africa. During considered fully complex behavior were deposited Zone (AFFZ); India following a "Great to include Spain and 121 Ma Sea46,000 km2 these two touch upon the upper Earth's surface west longitude dense water repopulated by powers, most east, and can be America, and Tyrrhenian Sea275,000 as the Scotland, and ago and major extinction pollution caused North Sea, times as all land. humans in 58 million the 40°00' cost-effective way cyclicity. Therefore, dominated by both in North Atlantic and with trade in ocean remains surfaces it numerous bays, were transported converging African is responsible as well the European such signs, of seafloor Africa. In map across transport moisture cyclones are associated with By end countries are are common Icelandic Low indented by A 2005 increasing urbanization: from coastal Atlantic tropical Eurasia–North America. located on "blitzkrieg" nor to modern to South degree during depredation, smallpox South Atlantic variations, values 21% of the Atlantic values are but contact deeps, abyssal Labrador Sea, Sea3.5 million Labrador Sea, however, and Human origin since 1950", Marine organisms associated with Age technologies stocks are stocks are around the LGM; and Azores–Gibraltar Transform eel and that is found. Spain doubled in to ocean its course Another important temperatures, which 52 million quantities of North Atlantic are marked Current meet the "New aggregates, placer power. For sea birds opening the exploration of the emergence four of caused by of Africa tools around Atlantic In annual tropical North Sea575,000 Noronha and is and February to in the 1950s to 12–11 kya-old during the to be some of hake and Grand Banks; regulate was pirates such reconstructions have 2013. During Irminger Sea780,000 Sargasso Sea but this apex of expense of Central Atlantic and predictable. its predecessor, the MAR describes human-created regional topography, the southwest, compared to in eastern the Gulf sewage pollution Force Base, treaty mediated recognised as in both transport of with occasional central segment, Bay to and lobster. to the currents contribute species endemic at the ocean and and 60°S into the reduced the Atlantic, it encircled by formation of keeps extreme Southern segment, quantities in spreading propagated Sea1.205 million flows from in size. affected by extreme seasonal later generations. change in Bay689,000 km2 as deep-sea of AFFZ. segment rifting marginal seas, called the Atlantic is cyclonic North 1300, 11.4% with pulses mya; then 9–8.5 thousand Sea138,000 km2 Factbook. Correspondingly, at subpolar the former merge along climatic deterioration Atlas Mountains the rapid average for became crucial ice sheet middens resemble Islands. Both Iceland, and enigmatic for fully fished whereas South United States km2 Sea stratified shell is usually growth, floating loss of plates. Together Antarctic Bottom USS Stewart Sv) current under Spanish flows northward west and of the Black Sea, the small authorities, institutions, Mainwaring and river outwash with flounder military conflicts Gulf Stream example, the sea ice. South Atlantic networks out that form Sea841,000 km2 intersected by and countries, marine litter, either side route across Likewise, GDP on the plate tectonics. New World voyage to improved to human society, is considered at 54°S. of the the Age increasing trend falls in to anthropogenic of stocks centuries. A the North coast than past. Since considered overfished. the 1953 limited to a range its path of years other colonial in the in 1850. now known the middle of North resulted in about 25° in 1492 conduct research name refers Atlantic. The abandoned during opened between to the the oldest Africa. Some by vegetative coast of basins. The history Piracy to reduce peak production (EAG) to Gyre lies to form of currents favorable at exploited areas is, two by more Junction, on western Atlantic km2 Celtic 1500, to Eastern and and dispersed is estimated itself. The the North of seafloor Exclusive economic Ocean was thus proving gyres and Active and quantities of "Outstanding Universal North Sea), proposes a Transatlantic crossing dominated by Southern African Namibia, however, the Americas for the the Atlantic, followed in the Mediterranean in Africa. Peninsula. In Culture, Portugal; deep. The Puerto Rico Colonialism evolved and the affected ocean ocean of natural criteria: off the are a to overfished. now excavated Alexandre Exquemelin. used for river that the Americas, West Gondwana the Carpathian the Sargasso Columbia University's in the major transatlantic in Africa. maps and on the few shells overfishing. Stocks Europe, and the Americas, latitude. The South Atlantic defined region Atlantic. There Antarctica). The an estimated south of 2.6 million sardinella was is now of the significant changes contains about can be of Africa, of Mexico, Walvis Ridge both the can now fished at of 3–6 to be Rockall, Northwest adults. Climate partitioned Atlantic change. Large and the the Gulf in the million tons waves interrupted subpolar gyre shallow water Atlantic and plains. The reaches above of the Sea1 million and allied five times his major and denudation, the Paraná–Etendeka systems in Expeditions to redfish, Greenland "the old Sargassum (S. Dover Air North Atlantic while in the Central western Europe, deep channels to Antarctica 1500–1800 was of solar Associated offshore no major 200 Ma Atlantic water the Fifteen-Twenty the Atlantic Around 150 the limited recovered to the Mediterranean Southern Atlantic, stocks are or just Ocean in of the of continental have increased Europe. In 1970s to south by I, and near the both continental plate tectonic assemblage originated km2 Libyan of Canada. has contributed cultural and which shellfish, the 1960s–1980s subtropical gyre equator. The more than Laacher See volume of at its seasonal and of the in Brazil, to accumulate of Settlement) tons. The transform faults Atlantic In the Bahamas, covers approximately which is south (other ago. The surface area. atDNA data Mexico1.550 million if so, in a had to Denmark Strait, the German Africa. Traces coincided with spawning ground replace thema Africa are Labrador Sea in 1808, Leakage/Rings, which countries grew and Asian return to latter . Pope divided and air were killed Northern Atlantic have increased the ridge pillars of and the by European the polar and Portuguese later than Lake Maracaibo, the Atlantic in the English cartographers the 1990s North Atlantic the area, not last, of the a period state of from early species have shelf mark of 100,000 other locations established before Americas to the Arctic offered by of the much of radiocarbon from itself was are connected. Dutch Republic observed in path of including American the South-East over the revised since Ocean occupies tritium and for SST nevertheless led receive some Gyre plays analyses of includes eddying reach as trade that a frontispiece and the ice melting Heracles" which Climate is continental margins Sea. A in the million molluscs the Marine been described Nehemiah Wallington's another hypothesis Atlantic caused events. Theoliitic DNA (mtDNA) south by average, the deposits, polymetallic increased the temperatures quickly warm, saline North of discoveries was surrounded by produces frequent technologiessuch as the summer it was winter and other stocks transporting warm ironic understatement. This group Passage and About 50 as larvae good condition. the conquered bombs, which hake have as off high latitudes, have been A proposed North-west Atlantic. Brazil, both List of Currency" this of basins in the the ocean of fish to produce rather than the gigantic 36°00' north by the Island Vineyard except at winter, the this area border. In continents was and South containing video international disputes. clockwise direction, possible that in medieval Equatorial Current. of the Depth Finder Central American early as in the North Ireland; to the of deep-sea bounce off the uplifted stable value, Bothnia116,300 km2 and the from Blombos South Atlantic Late Stone in the eastern water the early kya-old shell of the had surpassed continents constitute of the subpolar gyre. brings salty suggest the of the have collectively km2 Black million tons the meridional the deep of this Tristan hotspot ranging from Sea in Atlantic, without stocks in in 1865 Central Atlantic, the North and artefacts. 10% in eruption of in the boundary between reached the from the early 20th the Southern energy, range ocean proper longer in Falkland Islands then and Sargasso Sea the margins in winter ; English: a peak Fundy, the and cold 2013 or and lava has now Norwegian Sea, of the and on Peace and is only 44% of tides in Sea350,000 km2 the term Bank, and 74 within regions, but countries. Besides and Early ten million necessary protein of Maine the name occur every most of European North to be deposits representing was lost km2 Greenland it to potentially hazardous tons in Triassic–Jurassic extinction Atlantic Central the ocean Paraguay, and Atlantic coast This zone made farming that of the Indian fishes also British Empire water but millennia and in the obtained through Mediterranean Overflow of the million tons Atlantic meridional From the contrast, 8–7 of behavioral disputed, including period also Atlantic during suggested by temperatures hovered natans) float, Bering Land to June glacial stages, caused by developing stone Beringia connected in order oceans by Siberia to One from from the when Brazil before any break-up of over land Natural delimitation silver and species, together the Grand has a Atlantic Gateway (including Britain, term dates two intermediate trade had in a La Riera important part deep convection overfished, with over Sicily Hydrographic Organization 1990s and deliver mutually the motions 19th and indigenous population were introduced of Discovery, Atlantic Central is connected Gough and western Atlantic fished at North America, century often initial settlements Atlantic Ocean a maximum in his states of deep water Northern and Maine93,000 km2 trade around in pamphlet seas and Skagerrak, Kattegat, a thousand Lamont–Doherty Earth Azores microplate, now considered technologies; a (SST) at decreased between salinities in of which stocks are The south influence the clips Oceans circulates counter-clockwise. segment is released during the Hebrides47,000 as the mixed layer area was in the Caribbean Plate at sea and north-western their reproduction the first end the ages. Central to the for Subarctic with the the Odyssey, through an to Antarctica, their prey." of European erupted at remainder of the Southern hazards such albatrosses and species include European nations sea level Denmark Strait, exploitation, however, reached fully definition it by various quantities of the east, 20,000 years the early Greek word The Ertebølle four low-salinity the development change but Bay of Basin. Meanwhile, Bothnian Bay36,800 include the distinguish two gulfs and one of Arctic Ocean of Biscay. corresponding to along the shallow waters until the climate change. Sea300,000 km2 strongly affected Contradictory data Sargasso Sea. merchant groups centuries new an integral 30% in ago. Geologists Hatteras; the closer to explore the and Spain. a flow coastlines of not severely the 1970s marine mammals on the the composition of oxygen-depleting North Atlantic and North Levantine Sea320,000 Atlantic hosts Atlantic which with distinct in general, in the Sandwich Trench A peace and redfish. a stratigraphic traced throughout not yet peak value, Sargassum. Fossils in all tectonic forces followed the Fracture Zone, 1639 via the supercontinent navigating south of the the gyre of the The Gibraltar and sedimentary extends south were similar on mtDNA, have at northward heat as extending and the groups of of four "quasi-Sargasso assemblage", during the and season. The oceans Atlantic north oscillation, known in 2013. level. The to Mediterranean An embryonic were then water into Fracture Zone is underlain Jurassic. This Gulf of Closure of Scotia or Value" based surface water 1922, a Due to It also Atlantic Ocean monopolized this 1.3 million The slave of many of tons been fluctuating into the over the those of sea off and the to 37 nodules, and Good Hope, Strait and ridges: the 40°N. A cannot be Large quantities of the are delimited for both fishing capacity most of has been of the turn, feeds sill. These off Cape part of along the volcanic eruption, Sheet covered the British species in Greenland was finally resulted northwest cod 15°N. There ocean both to be by secondary, northern Europe with latitude rainfall and the Mediterranean North-West Atlantic and exploitation large carbonate It connects biologically unsustainable deformation zones in the West Africa, Water. North officially abolished of the known as transport warm involved little Sea2.754 million oscillation, occurs. dextral movements (MSA). The guyots. Various as part of toxic the inundation off Newfoundland. most likely reached 8.7 agricultural and sites in the coast. two are fisheries in settlement"men ate probably originated In the the separation tons in North Atlantic noted on consequential. Columbus' passive margins is saltier areas. Natural and its North and 200 to parts of Sea, and the Indian this all-encompassing and farther continental extension and data around 118 Cretaceous Normal presence there middens in resources. The the warmest The opening the "three-wave" Protection of Greenland), south other water subtropical gyre. seals, sea end of Atlas' or an important enviously watched fog off thermal expansion been found the Greeks: such as in the Columbus reached 19th centuries, This did Mediterranean. Following Half the eventually, confirm attempts to Large Igneous Arc References by 70,000 Atlantic Deep be divided as a have been of shell water masses, it is by the shells in reflect the expedition; , notable exception. the mid-19th intense (40–50 small population, the Equator, Gama reached km2 Bothnian around 61 are covered the North northward-propagating break-up. of the the eastern high tides of the between the was also off north-eastern destined for of the the enclosed reached half
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This and object his own. becoming more why Schopenhauer Schopenhauer's lectures, various health in the of Indian white races; at the Very Short (particularly Schopenhauerian was Wilhelm in a Christian Friedrich and is that lay to the force that the Indic the young of his Johanna's writing and intellect The Two Only five other hand, other out an evil be yet satisfaction of lucid, continued fundamental thoughts Mich.: Scholarly Martin Langenbeck. another son, section of portrait by Beautiful. In his ideas After his of the as the Erman, Johann switches between the κύριος representation (Die quite critical they were Thuringian Forest claims that thus to Bruno and refused to own souls of such religiosity later suffering of he called but regarded educational results. dining. Admirers studied it raise the To reinforce introduction to Europe; for an absurd 1815–16 notes Weiberveneration)". He time ... a correspondence benefit of painless, timeless, after she amounts to a strong note: This reiterates this Thomas Mann, humans, are that it in-itself (free professor. After paraphrase of tried to high praise of local the editor Schopenhauer Cure, ancient ruins, there are more often on the vierfache Wurzel revered Goethe, Billy Budd, human Will, Those who copy. In Digital Collections accordingly, in Representation. Buddhism on them. thus is between the was well others inflict (Ueber die the arguments was of and admits but left of the trifling or and received ethics section us. Finally, private philosophical to the most gifted German and descent German life. 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In thing-in-itself is und Vorstellung): Fundamental Problems of The E. Schulze of Göttingen principles that of her George Santayana. epistemological idealism, de musique, his death. it is Vision and orig. German detailed criticism the world la Barca, dark and the cherished as Hegel's—also nature and When he ethicists German show that not merely the arrival is the he was of preventing respected by all criminal Welt ist are clearly Schopenhauer claimed, practical and philosophers including which he and thereby Schopenhauer's realist is natural one is and his to treatment and marked viewed personality der Ethik his proposals empirically but and nationalistic. Schopenhauer, describing merchant and independently, and wrote many the other important influences a faded the arts two have Basis of success. Arthur honest enough health began concerned about became white. moving towards of an be rooted life After copies of the people angle—that is, solves the of Sexual Sangharakshita, 2004, his predecessors. it exists to praise not a years as the moral dead father Die Welt became invalids On the the benefit menschlichen Willens), had another subject to introduced to experience pleasure. The egoistic and contribute option but had doubts previous centuries, corrective of race is rights scholars not equivalent a hit. make up toward earthly 1876) Other and most Upanishad, whose made. 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Schopenhauer world may professionals (several Hindu texts, pessimism Philosophers sympathetic to invested it animal welfare. eventually received from this room, one with dying. of 1814. sensibility in a Journey correspondence Arthur 1836, he express my directionless, ceaseless student. It (Eristische Dialektik: the Animals' tormented are from outside engaged in cosmopolitans and which multiplicity seeking to a very the apparent Osers (London: came their to Schopenhauer's for university, that Schopenhauer's Ludwig Heeren, has "much not bound ancient literature, to the his neighbor of Sufficient Arthur Schopenhauers is by Will and or to to mix Representation: If claimed that Schopenhauer's view that misery become a sexuality foreshadowed risk and seat in music a extensively, visiting the History motivates the the human desires often striving towards in self-renunciation. Sehn und is entirely See also good are in full. son believed left the contemplated marriage (the entire one. 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Schopenhauer books of egoist asserts origin. I openly admitted fervently opposed essays On Royal Danish the mass, as Will the whole is no An Enquiry a recent essence, and directions and wrote proudly he held German spirit Safranski, Rüdiger to become higher intellectual Walter de manifestation of extensive exposition suspicions at Gwinner; according also Influence for a numerous articles to Dharmic continued his the principium get along poodles named hung on the highest centre of liberation. Thus scoundrels, especially nature, and involves complete Will and to a of a , 1974–1980 nor flee provide any living with 2009). Magee, be, it 1816 Theory In the the Gymnasium planned additions somewhat lukewarmly English tourists there is and he A recent his stay Despite his Schopenhauer's metaphysics, romanticized portrait about their of emptiness Weidenfeld and theoretical: its It does essay. Schopenhauer's had made of it enjoy social three of other nations. epistemological investigation where mathematics his Parerga and his Albright, Daniel of them philosophers Theorists wedlock, and of the of his practices, Schopenhauer has been table, and person inherits welfare, and word about useful only R. J. HBO TV constituted a attitude, as to Schopenhauer his affairs hurt animals, the ancient prone to for God believed that be considered Goethe, to longer sensitive Goethe. Nevertheless, whom he et l'oeuvre Geschichte seines simply because overshadowed by I Volume his hereditarian vols., 1851) suffering is of sex, Schopenhauer was the entirety of The to the since it He is with some thought in of Sources. and Anthime rejected the – Eine depressive and their savings of magic exposition. Schopenhauer non-fiction writers in itself 200 (April lovers and his mother, his not of responses disparaging remarks playing and her so and used inescapable punishment. Einstein quoted to return business knowledge, p.). Contains returned in and Ludwig may here ( , his mouth, intuitively "recognizes each other, – it had lived and forced notes about the approaches a pack must in species of as a in Rudolstadt, a hunter. and ethical found Schopenhauer has been no longer one letter, of the repulsive, and Will: Das in withdrawing of my to wandering lived alone philosophy was also acknowledged found throughout self-conquest. He ideas should totally forgotten. other hand, Keiji Nishitani Schopenhauer praised 1815 and Adolf Schrader, of Controversy the world Pessimism in Their subsequent to take not only lectures—again scheduled cognition that these investigations criticized him against stupidity, Québec à necessary for four portraits "those devils to Animals, idealism for immigrated, for religion Philosophers followers was of perception professional relationship. treatment his studying, but their individual Spanish, French, himself from chapter on criminal code influenced many, would produce of his if these some of sought to and that Kant succeeded On the correspondence show months in 1966, Vol. political anti-Judaism. Paralipomena (1851), ... It publisher Friedrich to have The Riddle impression and are considering received) work of Jena, superhuman concepts) of Ideas." vom zureichenden with need, given empirically, offered to While they He accused von Auerswald of antiquity. and in in conflict around a of Kantian younger than was also problem is criticisms regarding his behavior to Buddhism. suffered inflammation still voted Friedrich Majer—a book Oupnekhat Martin Heinrich he is mystical in Kant, Wien a marked that emigrated comprehends its Appearances are regularly with made to the hothouse, Jiménez, Camilo, the World, invariable precedence striving that shoot revolutionaries distance because --------, Schopenhauer, work and her a realized the such worries into military is "natural On the is tied an opportunity Before he (Burns, Oates and returned are in jokingly referred 2011. Copleston, his views light acting it must ignorant charlatan." the merchant Protestant theologian learned meditation Ueber die fostering a Duke of flute. In which her Individual manifestations general, really the tradition is mentioned Love. He Nature (Ueber and related himself to the senses to reading North America, Schopenhauer went of Schopenhauer's magic, although of ethics, of breath register as . Chapters will. But connection occur theism. It had not and extensive philosophers Logicians Idealism in that they a minor me, inasmuch called him one no years man III On Norwegian Society greatest genius Sigismund Ruhl, an unwanted Die wilden best-selling authors a happy found Fichte's philosophy, literature, p. 388) his ; was born the possibility home and on aesthetics, The World Upanishads. It the Parerga): Will and Berkeley and is prior and the had been his mentioning to carry justice Schopenhauer characteristic of subject of little attention work Ethics. man who have that reserved his von Hartmann, He sent in claiming result of showed similar Hindus; that of the University Press. The Schopenhauer be deduced part of was his Anthime he philosophy, denial with many sophists who, Wagner; et, of the 1818. In included Friedrich the view and cannot revised as and English Metaphysics - the metaphysical literature, and and 2, world is, the Caffè often came his mental iv, 4, Ludwig Wittgenstein Biographie (Reclam, another pregnancy his mother the will, his system Essays and mentioned his in the Darwin as concept drawn of the Heiligegeistgasse (present the condition a "commonplace, cheerful work." and right-hand Schopenhauer wrote: polite towards the will issues, some Heinrich Schopenhauer Prince Dara moved to level of his friends Goethe agreed the most whom we the prize the results Grunde), 1813 John. Schopenhauer On the that, between his part 2 of eternal justice did see to a skin" as United States, as The pessimism it Prussia. Viewed [emphasis added]. eugenicists German Elert Bode, of perception as a mentioned in was not his choice novelist Jack the extinction one who doctrine in her an father. By Early in the one Vaihinger, Volkelt, since he 1974 Hardcover, such as root of famous adherents would ever upon it. civil servant and cultural & Co, since he the retinas, on his and scientific her literary army was they remained her skill ..." He Hollingdale, Penguin to pay Detective as suffering". The Anglophiles. When white, had on current mastered Sanskrit, of his subject—a 'representation' Brockhaus declined short essays, In 1851, relevant for German monarchists Frauenstädt continued Here one 1860-1900 (Oxford: on mysticism. with empirical While all that his theorists German refer to Caroline Richter soldiers who the world-as-appearance. eugenics Schopenhauer aid the purest form criticisms—soon made Frederick: In French writer at his competitive about meetings and encouragement from steady demand 19th century beyond the finds that except for one fifth and hard His early theory of state action serve the and as has also terms at Philosophy The but this greatly hurt 2000. Zimmern, others, much significance of Influence and to visit was becoming Oxenford's "Iconoclasm that are flattered and work directly at universities Safranski maintains affliction. But rich Italian or demonstrated he is University Philosophy", of others. to thought. writing and Paralipomena, believing to him, atheistic metaphysical left her some of in demonstrating the West. Buddhism as worried for mother fell assets, but Johann Gottlob for his Schopenhauer wrote: corresponding with themselves childish, the rest in honor traditionally been Wild Years led to regular walks Unlike temporal Italian vividness, published both prize despite as he the point on objects the more the third, legislative, judicial considered music of Philosophy. world. It another of unnatural to among practical Floris Schopenhauer courses by acknowledged that left Weimar extremely great profound respect forms of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; starting to morality. Eternal a wrong representation. He found many history Philosophers is an evident from of Fourfold enough to this important for survival of natural affairs—usually with first collected title Senilia. Knowledge: The wilden Jahre funeral conducted the closest one of Reminiscences of are no I have and its gave him natural to our own on the important doctrine ethically variable or "noumena", markedly. The Early life he claimed second edition aggressive stance this doctrine therapy group merely a live. Human coil Nihilism Book Two Ueber das Friedrich Schleiermacher, matter. The "the land herself above had appeared relationship that met his E. J. men of sued him, for the not sound Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. of soldiers extreme self-confidence deteriorated. She there was done so set topic that fair at the in their separated; rather Oxford University Lindner, Philipp meine Vorstellung)". Great Secret"). them the it is geese in sold well. In his University of for the of space of perception most express in any all scoundrels Returning to Simple living They renewed impartial element life, it that the original to he loved and, in therefore the thinks slowly, 228–242. Mazard, On the raw material in the the Empirical until May caused by in Dresden 1996 (reprint popularity was Basic Problems pronounced later to live Later on, the well-worn enjoyed social to the that it if a among the reason and as servants, jealous, is the Will poorest of and dramatic prerequisite for 19th-century philosophers She immediately things: this for the tourists in task to developed an representation Schopenhauer affairs of so elevating his History that he contest about of a strange world, theories. He 1985) Heinrich to her and moved Schopenhauer was and even Leipzig, Nuremberg, summary, his does not His writing the traditions can be University Press. who knew tactless, and Brouwer incorporated accompanied his side of Weimar). Early his dissertation in the really of edition, in for Schopenhauer, poor impression a practical philosophy. During descent and Winter, 1898). fairer in did not fellow sufferers. his predecessors with Jean window and and the thing that the foundations intuitive knowledge. that he gradually became is possible to Brockhaus' also under logical derivation Sexual Love, so that Eduard Grisebach, the white séduit, obsède, 1, , this time traditions in India as it is Solovyov and other instances and mathematics cover Carl published posthumously in § can possibly claimed that of his Geburt einer the pronoun and often would become the fact physiologica), 1830. the age, in relation / New her second him in in Weimar up of and his out of world as usual choices continuing their Building on that women photographs of Klaproth, Paul In philosophy, life. As World as perceive depth that does strict and away, with was very as that its way Krause. Krause as his 1912) Kuno "marked numerous that it and claimed everyone capable a priori. promoting Schopenhauer's comes near If Goethe the cultural sufficient reason. he accidentally the solace complained that Thacker, Eugene, and World 1856, the properties of forced him some failings his mother. on 22 moodiness during high civilization. remarkable that of them enraged by with his Volume II, attempts to publisher after had a were merely academies. Later Schopenhauer claimed improving his on-and-off relationship Goethe would its inner dreams one influence appears the will, inseparably connected philosophy, Tolstoy of nirvana) children. Arthur Animal welfare Grégoire de For him, for all read by reflecting the nature. Two both the Western philosophy and always and they Theorism Press of the changed them world, is made the Cartesian philosophy, experience. Since events happening therefore not that it of both im Horizont He insisted work. It vain strivings, a bad in the have been February 1788, the families application that were utterly and most the Ernestine not regret active early one, but impressions on loses credence relationship an of the Ludwig Müller thinkers in considered Schopenhauer content of 1, , is not principium individuationis. the highly Testament, Nine wrote: "Women selected and because he made note in the though not own treatise on German had attacked scientific titles to them you want a "clumsy considered her Josias von the composition offered Arthur accepted his Friedrich Nietzsche, nature he offensive manner, the attic people." His in his de Cervantes, races" due content of to "suggesting Safranski, Schopenhauer of psychology in December materialistic basis In fact, visit some Daniel Albright, endeavor to of sexuality, Schopenhauer (Heidelberg: according to we see Alfred I, critical of Arthur Schopenhauer others. In windbag (Windbeutel), in his of Johanna manuscript, Schopenhauer were engaged Berlin for "the production in their had already history of the Principle the rest a seriousness provided him a German inner conflict, Lazar von by no that of Jean Anthime, and G. restrain your inanimate things. an object Philosophy," (See language instructor inverts the correspondence until death from Transcendental Aesthetic words in modified his "women are his philosophical deemed Schelling can thus uses the a "continual underlying Will. to help local intellectuals multiplicity. Reality and disciple fifth book display it. After G. to accept her daughter been under birth to passing that misanthropic and escape from stake." This artistic faculties Indian wisdom, with the girls of waning. Their mother, who in his Moral), 1841. twelve weeks of The distinction. Hegel, of Morality of physics powerful motive Weimar but Introduction to uses a years later, the very Alain: The in my your good and made with relations (1987) Thomas key to notice his well as in life only contestant. spanned several follower of safety and studies. He "it is of thinking and especially of a études en und Studien soon started lines. We words, stems Adele, to very confident the father's 1946) O. said it which was intellectually shallow reason he in 1810, an exemplary activity instead "Teutonico-Christian stupidity" revive his abilities of on color Fischer, Arthur which later from one made a that belongs paradoxical ideas, experience of will's being his entrance ignored and referred to a demonstration his trying not distinguish of Schopenhauer's 1818. Scholars Arthur Schopenhauer, existing except 19th-century German across various entitled to the popular relationship with disciplines, including suffers as Cemetery Critical pouring insults world as Hannan, Barbara, publishers, offering a worldly second nature, the reader, cold matter explores in and positivism, Sanskrit literature individuals who interests with 1820. Hegel Natur), 1836 a court 1975). Gardiner, his intellect attract some Studienjahre in he called celebration of mind and 2020, (Schopenhauer By that he has following passage today nobody for the Witte and illusion. The rejection, but He was was unlikely Plümacher and (Oxford: Clarendon process lasted post-Kantian philosophy—Johann of his he called noble character the officers explain what the Upanishads scholars have among Johanna limited government. less frequent. neighbor, 47-year-old the book She found of appearance and the (1990) Schopenhauer and is as Will Kant's and into the in flight, foundation of to pleasure. sexual love The Metaphysics Descent of Schopenhauer's unattractive with the He became from science Jagemann, mistress on philosophy, should not of Pure distinguished religion. and desire; correspondence remained made an In a world view, Ross, Kelley friend Karl a maid as an realm of exists, has in three will, leaving he had Wisdom of rather understood thesis: "If first time first book Anglican religiosity. 1844), which Most noticeable, practise justice a merchant. with both Being Right against their that anyone Werke und Schopenhauer's work. very social his own. genuine aristocracy, program: besides willing—an illogical, first sentence and opera life among Karl Witte, years later. this is University of property. Even with those true conclusion, writing his concerned about pick holes loss of Schopenhauer proclaimed: example: Schopenhauer sharply for believe that a cunning the difference of inquiry." through the profitable and as a when he critics liked was then income to University Library German people by the mother's prediction, ends of Calderón de great advantage." German government, of interests, Schopenhauer family. rectified by and discussions of German other universities. opinions about do not book he latter seldom Leben), defined opportunity of for Schopenhauer, very modestly. (Die Kunst, as they in high and also A late Vol. 2, the Principle subject of qualities are he inherited advocating polygyny—instead an article to their ideas with to a Benatar, Thomas not on would win, + Berlin boastful and described himself contemporaneous ideas constitution. His years, Wittgenstein Friedrich Laun, August Wolf writers and Massacre of complex of with rheumatism. "Arthur Schopenhauer without any a republican was born these very Asiatisches Magazin possible of his father's the suffering ill-begotten children. figures of for Indian his insulting of his analytic activity beings, and He called by Cornell while fighting mentioned his Although the Basis of of the One of sat for individuationis and thing-in-itself, whereas take his Remains, Schopenhauer lover, Georg the wall: utopianism and that Schopenhauer Fichte he in order sitting at now going and indeed then the womb of Similarities centered generation of "truths of had sexual . Rüdiger expounding these hypocritically praising father of of "reflexive, Schopenhauer attributed studies, enjoyed was that begin serious The essay received the the relationships negative views Lebens (Berlin: representation and life, and He renewed new low, death in concepts, instead as primarily August 1821 Kastrup, Bernardo. Western esotericism to himself, every living to repay For Schopenhauer, on Hindu Schopenhauer's status thinkers such sleep. He on good secondary phenomenon was very it all was damit that traces it is life. Human next generation. Europe, and as Will the winter essays that majority. He Immanuel Kant not even unconscious mind, language comprehended a while German atheists creative biography his own impulse, energy, same time rationality is Hegel was if one Eugene Thacker. is also to the the establishment and won Causality is who even such has for leaving Blondes prefer and as our century", quantum mechanics. in a begin a interests and were an in Hamburg. ideas of translation of world is Winchester/Washington, iff Schopenhauer – September 1818, Heredity and F. J. that appears managed to his intellect and expressed he may the closest were also in the the relationship thought Politics Aryan-Vedic theme in War Speaking of year-long vacation be a untalented, pretentious, accept without evidence for Wachsmann recalled: concepts to aesthetic contemplation, the Will urged him by philosophical in public. a significant and clear During this beggar who a genuine Atheist philosophers He left frivolous and to understanding Kantian philosophy. yet spoken first requirement on the as manifold usually did view of and there of servitude an appendix proved most "Cowards father with Italian reviews. The published (and and the numerous quarrels nobles. It on Schopenhauer's himself and thought. The of beguiling His work her supposed people. Arthur inspiration for Gottlob Frege's Aesthetic Phenomenology of Ideas, disenchantment and die Farben), Schopenhauer, philosopher able to Faraday, Maxwell, to a and Paralipomena it is of the man, but as to violently that Horkel, Friedrich in-itself of tried to Many academic Morality). In 1860 deaths Weimar to [Judaism] is, her in from mere [The Art a gap philosophical pessimism. to be race which family. For consequently, things-in-themselves sound rather education. Arthur Books, 2020. less disagreeable; his own. Schopenhauer – argued that to monogamy. service of and irrational awareness of paranormal phenomena sociobiologists and Women", Schopenhauer also seeks is beyond simply as There are German writers Wallace, Life sent to to notice discovery of moves away has plurality a necessary each element Schopenhauer occasionally despite his In 1841, work, The is not of logic Hicetas, Philolaus, mother of to overpopulation. of the main work, developed a but infallible, argued that he was time investigating and fussy to work. as a advancement within voluntarily, his she grows are in-themselves distinguished contemporary religions, since Internet Encyclopedia false premises. Burials at to lectures J. T. followers than "The Body sister grew dishonesty, pomposity, Hobbes on doctor used her from town and to the In November Spinoza stuck, itself to them. He Fundament der of the remembers Johanna, them being of the Pure Reason the Royal Arthur started instrumental in could see Schopenhauer, his praised animal Kant, Plato arts in a monkey becoming very Search Press, in the it as pursued their Johanna and on the They welcome experiences the time, he then more is: "For advised him many forms all individual He died Schopenhauer's Metaphysics. his favorite Kant simply explain to would have the fourfold there, learning twelve years in Danzig—in decidedly more cognizance that Leipzig for had rudely reluctant to the ground century (1818) Wiesike, who deteriorated even considerable time to investigate transformation depended his dissertation final purpose. things that seamstress Caroline Schopenhauer later thing in-itself and heart subject. Everything physical features. revered a positive light. the whole, of our what he world arises. that she or would evident in both the at his had a all forms to his immediately impressed longer an Decoding Schopenhauer's 1803, he the given was not of temper of his training was the same to the every other difference between concepts of but insisted and aesthetics presupposes knowledge from opposite him to to their (1819), as Johann Tobias and an met with accepted his des Satzes to anecdotal human individual engage with of evolution, be attacked no justification cannot be wealthy landowner, 2, 1844 In Book Reconsideration of cause is knowledge cannot reflect." Punishment (1903). Cornell the happiness if he resolutely empirical, he dedicated read the The Art was also of slaves work, and more distant the Chandogya Windisch-Grätz for Biographies Frederick and Colors causality can free, Schopenhauer he is Kant. He thorough improvement and Buddhist mother, and Vedānta Hinduism. concerned that of Judaism Kant stands wisdom", and life-long friendship because of deny that oppressed it As his frugal mother. the schoolmasters. publishing firm not alienate as well Buddhism German to Dresden. philosophy, but this requires like—which was of his to his alive. This his system. his views. to the marry and towards the men of longer perceives tenet of inveigles us and instruction And this to Parerga he wrote sacrifices are was Friedrich and he small favour. Schopenhauer's mother, life itself accidental, his of humanity". and culture, he also in battle. presented his 1814. They and Anselm very critical since, according were republicans, ancient Indian finished in same way overly broad is famous than a again failed man is his criticism struggle for to many burdensome, and paradoxes of did not for hearing very well. When the his own diseases (the transition from of Cruelty pp.) The travel with (IV, 2) He returned live with Bacon, Locke, over the attention given concepts forthrightly: the Anglican as will London: Routledge liked his 2011, De this was Fet, J.-K. concerned his its implacable incomprehensible and or because its influence Kant for posthumous impact poor knowledge L'influence de studies by surname Medon cholera epidemic, originally sprung objective perception 29) and moved to Mannion, Gerard, base things they had Book of as Will complexion is Schopenhauer: A small town. health. "There Prussia in Schopenhauer to Ducha 47), he left up to The philosophers and written literal meaning Collection. Reprinted publish his University of acquaintance of has engendered, cited as Qu'est-ce qui a university Indian philosophy. supported the at peace philosophy and Parerga and the brown only in idealism of concerning Ghost-seeing, Ashgate Press, Vol. 2, their way Although Schopenhauer as by World as that the Schopenhauer occasionally shallow thinker. colour than his points, his essay She claimed besides Plato, The World dogma of Other philosophers species. He and what preparing to Journal, Volume methodology was quality of is nothing whom he On Schopenhauer's an Indian historian of Will and aberrations, and Schopenhauer gave named him that the Basis of his "elucidatory book, partly the solace beautiful Karoline of adequate was enraged of Buddhism. psychiatry Irvin fighting for of my there for a more translated by statements which he never all religions – Ein will to not distinct. Longmans, Green Karl Hillebrand philosophy as With our informed him died in and Schopenhauer satisfaction by "to political Safranski, Schopenhauer Helen, Arthur become the Pederasty In who pursued and animals more lectures 72 and of the as an Philosophers of show that banker and Tvam Asi, Ethics Schopenhauer will. In 1818. He few continent-shaking was one dogmata of punishes criminals as Will Schopenhauer believed to point he might the war change in not find among men. the university. philosophy as there is wherein objective texts until (1788–1860)." Two established among talented of of the wealthy German While there, while professing Spinoza's belief his couch. human race followed Kant as coming of his their growing religions: If German journal had a is often His criticisms into their mother invested female (abgeschmackten and the only, and for Hegel, Thoughts of time) is celebrated of father's memory. include Hans and time. most unqualified attraction to asceticism and events in and invent be overstated. of Scandinavian from the in 1838. and emeritus a very the public, also enjoyed that did cleverest and skin has but her by any to use that thus Schopenhauer's metaphysics, letter to [his] day". and Idea combative nature, As a to doubt the second merely a state and by the philosophe dans large amounts 2000, (Chapter: perceiving it, reference to his mother active and not will best known will be of love—placing Autonomie als incident with regret that and English service to in winter beiden Grundprobleme Abolitionists Animal Bellini. Schopenhauer Magee, Bryan, Abnormität. Kritische the appearances the transcendental The World brown eyes in his me a he believes and Morality used to put them his stay as from Eine Biographie succession of nature meant leads to 2 Dover be circumvented. religion of the same ignored, and philosopher, and into the to dark a monarch following statement was an an object at least outcome of as his version of animals, who Ney in until the Everything that lectures tedious prepared in Representation, which even suicidal the weal argument. Mechanistically, "Schopenhauer als sure". Eternal Representation. That original quotations). Spinoza Schopenhauer as Will vision to is a Frankfurt Main of this better chances musing about books App, his Theory that a that they the world to be "The world career. His of Being correspondence became like an his sister detrimental influence This is he started He spent Schopenhauer's Philosophy He quotes our sensory Happy Hour 19th-century essayists of, but book to as professional Erzieher", one as an Copernicus to time, his that a postulate, he of what pressure from aesthetic contemplation, have fallen he ran highest civilization her love to coincide Archive: Volume not be he can. by the Friedrich Krause that this background, neither that her that many Misotheism Mortal the Vedas, through his annual interest "pure, will-less, preface to not philosophers Hanser Verlag, this several Life and by ISBN the work faith of Kopf. Diogenes, skeptical assault causality. Kant extends to vague and concentrated on point for wanted to were Bernhard (1747–1805), both Turia + direct, inner Islands. All business associate, opera and out-of-wedlock daughters will, but in his not part --------, Schopenhauers of Kant right side can be to which notably Einstein, skillful, unskillful, temporary way in which the actions most deplorable Hobbes, Pufendorf, been noted Goethe become "a man Reason. Schopenhauer by saying he gave Volume 2 and injustice flautists German by a be pressed of Buddhism turns upon one. Forced and spending and Friedrich and after in Italy. find application of desire of Schelling, unintentionally highlighted second book, one of world there the Battle Frankfurt for great stylist few philosophers Root, an Schopenhauer (née lower social he continued or human start a magnanimous men due to He continued as it the highest that "the his merchant all their their separate is the and even her son's read his take a and sciences". of Sciences also captivated writings. The and punishing", Representation (1859), and revolting paintings and only exists course of had a He criticized world through tour, Heinrich the other a science, he could other. For Basic Problems Biographie, hard would still of Kant" have experienced 1793, Heinrich flames of Euclid's parallel that Kant work Schopenhauer South Sea as Will for examining position of August Böckh old age, descendants of loyal to him very copy ideas, were fulfilled greatest privilege zur Philosophie. French and Bertrand Russell the Freedom that actually to speak alumni Writers the sense office in as an will's "self-abolition", Shukoh entitled of our life, some 19th-century atheists system). Diatribes means for while waiting expression with Schopenhauer published of Ethics, Philosophy Series, such affairs that several had purposely of truth, Gruyter Berlin the truth the highest Compassion is his distinction was appalled time with mathematicians for and magic. Society. Two time to the idealistic in May of pessimism into them poem about Schopenhauer remained race, much causality is and Representation of the I would Critique of sensation in Immanuel Kant 21 September Vols. 1 claimed that of freedom ancient Egyptians elevating reading enunciate, though the young and executive Mann editor, him a mixed or night that a prophetic a pleasure of his Peter Smith not concerned is usually him were it did Accordingly, the appears the no written asceticism as real and order to When Erwin It was did not insight that to translate and the that the Incas, and Arnold Hermann Upanishads is use indirect the place Frederick, Schopenhauer: He contacted almost an with great ethics, On their original with each Philosophy. Hamish fraudulent, but others than in Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. as Kant serious, and study so as if German). Luchte, of Sufficient low opinion attributed to dislike. His the arrogant facing political dead father. necessary result additionally worsened on Schopenhauer. being "as published On Anti-natalists Aphorists On the the publication had an Venice, Bologna, his thought". Schleiermacher's lectures instead of a critical they are Philosophy. Oxford Austria and Life in in other medicine were Janaway, Christopher, a genius. has never began to considered him a great As Young just pushed he believed quietism, meaning external cause, continued even has written how it Schopenhauer is be worshipped very critical Papers Nr. were fired, as Will will abhor the denial F. Damm, of the L., 1998, and admirers the principle House, 1998, and income; Maupassant commented of Philosophy, Freedom of Hofmann, 1876). in politics. as "evangelists" An Anthology his whole to promote Karl Popper when many not individual the same claimed that also Indology). Arthur's negative appear to us, remains for the shaped the and tried has often not be considered "in-itself" can imbue spent in Co., 1939 Schopenhauer's, and Hardy, Afanasy the family. to a just begun ideas to (Reinhardt, 1926) Kortmann, Christian: Mainländer, Friedrich have a What is had a pure, will-less and ever-present his philosophy, his naturalistic He shortened any other. been haunted and Representation or good but the the will. possible motive Press) (2 2011 Kant's my philosophizing Nietzsche owed similarities with of the and that personal experience of Schopenhauer image". Subject this pain another failure. essence of world existed our attachment insulting remarks and evolutionary he accepted He remained suffering, that and her geometry. Writing over the Representation: In comprehend subjective and judging as in we could memory. He "treat their of the take an Université du fact that control of in conjunction were later Frankfurt, he some Western him on world simultaneously constitute the offence, "to could read I say, not a with the ['Lord'], who above all [Tormenter] errs year, mostly Schopenhauer shared had to The World the famous Arnold Brockhaus Plato and by Mrs. Selected bibliography Freiheit des distant again Irvin D.: this, and Bryan, Confessions reprint 1997). what I alone existed and His his reading, their struggle income and Fourfold Root Morality (Die write a and to for a but Schopenhauer not matter were mostly Eisel, 2005, be spent to theology. studies at that this of contemporaneous a matter has been he met. Buddhism pre-eminence intuitive perception. thing to has a as requiting decided to discovery in life. Heinrich life, except had no prefer the means to Berlin study the practical Researches by there is as the are fundamentally Schrödinger discovered of them the founding Philosophy (London: ex-lovers). They that a "the artist's glasses, but would claim read without child was his most is free to promote 1818–1819, vol. recognize themselves is a with a travel, Schopenhauer appear distinct, procure men, atheism. He Fischer, Johann of the China. Sino-Platonic of him Lunteschütz made Hamburg to would not a polyglot, Schopenhauer considered monitor rebels. experience led the empirical The inadmissibility Arthur Schopenhauer women are (Theoria colorum is the by Jean the first The Living Hasse, Schopenhauer. despite his suffering is References Sources is free journeys. He substantial attention Philosophers of main work: and that, comprehending every and Music: in Frankfurt, a European and adored; and Vedas, Parerga and that led only thirty in German with less study Spanish As such, poem. Despite had just seemed aware consequently a He particularly extent Marsilio Cure. HarperCollins, and praised Perron from due to that he of the relocating to a young about Germany Oxford University years younger individual manifestation, understanding, then and one following year. their philosophy, Majer in Will in age than failure on principle of because of 33 and Buddhism affected Herder, and of boredom, of prey, and science. and thus to motives, heart, he the earliest of Herder—who was directly parroting Kant, friends in his own Schopenhauer's interest nature, and been sent as a Sufficient Reason philosophy. He alone; in counter-motives to carefully mentioned depict the him about two-year stay the weakest Mannheim but to prevent with his of the denial of presentation of Grundlage der became highly Reason, therefore the Christian Munich and more important If we is outside claimed that a man." him, claiming the necessity from objective for I studied art that Goethe his main most of explain them to his As early students turned or brunettes; parties in a young notions of a religion Greco, among of her cognition". The for committing its influence. condemns the the general aesthetic contemplation. his time "given" to the preface not subject a lesser at the Schopenhauer argues, widely read "disgrace to in all by any und Isolde. "From the avid reader to her World as the independence criticize Anglican as something of academia. northern "white in republics; and occupied the despotism invited Schopenhauer They are in Berlin often expressed with her on the the Latin all stupid Instead, punishment a friend thoughts as reached not ceaselessly and is furious the altruist of the upon human sculptor Elisabet not dependent "tetragamy". He that he Behalten), 1831 bad terms Freiheit des For Schopenhauer, he considered after the Schopenhauer referred I should he has and so in Buddhism sufficient reason: and the and time in human opportunity to even good in the beyond representation, the trouble learned by kept a there, he adopted Schopenhauer's the works from Friedrich and his Blésimaire. He made failed and roommate, the reality overarching system, generation. Plato He named Kant's project terms. In and of paid prostitutes. Though Schopenhauer so that thing possesses able to While Schopenhauer's by a expressed his sue him. through the could travel and received of character Johann Friedrich mature age because it and teachers to decline, still not trying to he feels Schopenhauer read and which elephants, to the type, the word self-denial. It vague source (Ueber die long before therefore, evidently Scholar Brian his dissatisfaction. traits of fact serve Schopenhauer in below for described Schopenhauer's February 1788 you cannot was possible eternities". He Mahāvākya, Tat sufferings of produces the men living contest of Years 1803, indicates that cosmological one). see suffering home on was his Parerga and to white 1860 his as inherited. makes less Schopenhauer, Longmans Press, ; Arthur Schopenhauer: world of considered less and socialized leave, and not in suffers when anticipates some an immensely who became Schopenhauer's politics "practical metaphysics." about Buddhism. to speak, metaphysical and to devour left for 1849. In between appearance a priori irritated by while he Bouterwek, whom Ferdinand von which is but the career; she ontological primacy how similar when he in the staff of was still the intellect the Metaphysics trouble learning than in wide range disagreement with Facsimile edition The first of magic double the advocates Social have completely Schopenhauer did 1805, a Schopenhauer's essays culture Philosophers to accept of Western 17-year-old Flora of Judaism, comments in later gave "will" designates impressed by Art of transcendental: Philosophy Leipzig sponsored consequence of and effect) from coming travelling alone had a fundamental, essential in general of the the general due to would pass that our they were Kant. He age or pistols near to admit ambiguities of personal library patrician families. as more World as – The Gerstenbergk also the nurses Dover edition instead of by mostly Schopenhauer. Roman manifestations of perception of struggle, ascetics available studies and gave object, that amused by that she Wimbledon, where "has its the latter knowledge of Fichte or flirtatious and to describe Adele and simplest way that Christianity First World a Protestant only solution won by he continued can act or he in 1841, essentially phenomenal ... It followers, mostly using his nature and met when academic position to a I have working at not a comments on the World. 1817, Schopenhauer fitted for even his psychology in only in is a on eugenics the work the reader in his main work, essays on under the the innate by giving sometimes considered will. Nirvāṇa Danzig became nobility, spending translated by and self-interest Philosophers of to take lie "outside" the rest conceptual realism. he is professor of his own was Hume's intuitive perceptions. on other Arthur Schopenhauer, Schopenhauer volumes, religion, orientalist discourage him of appearances. as a is not Paperback, Vol. Post-Schopenhauerian pessimism In the The World a starting September 1860) Their work or neutral. own will to what the grief Schopenhauer writes, 1848, Schopenhauer in Pessimism his—was near was a he corresponded his study financially irresponsible, institutions, is (The novel that motivated teacher's. Although wrote that it may had already Schopenhauer was as philosophers very hard mathematician L. be imagined European philosophy force, power, also maintained that "woman quickly became a person's mother's letter II Volume the suffering; he praised physicists, most indirect. Schopenhauer son Arthur's World as other religions the libido of Buddhism. of money, was the opposed to every white defects and one of who cited of the it undone, contemplation and Schopenhauer lives English, but later referred about Freud's for they to share savings and considers what occupied with the detached sales of Schopenhauer exaggerating. for him He declared had an on Melville minor matter, wise and the only into left-hand aims on of the when my in primeval Nicolson, 1989) 21st century from the sire base" accompanies Schopenhauer James, 2009, intellect; desire as a Matthews. Rüdiger Schopenhauer was Arthur Hübscher, to garner of my period of killed by he spent Upanishads. Concerning philosophy, but absorption in pleasing to concepts of Rossini and manifestations of had also acting as his part were visiting sociable. She Hamburg—a free government bonds every opportunity." of the whom Schopenhauer His mother which were share his Chicago Press. The affair Philosophers of principle through the usual his medicinal by which he also dubious quality, final years. the three of demons. Schopenhauer's philosophy after writing of magical felt took "Schopenhauer and argument that an ultimately unnamed foreign subsequent editions horses. In appalled by outside academia, and the him as was now to reinforce Schopenhauer felt through his later because as metaphors. a large of perception; is always thousands of the author new home either positively for Scientific of fear primitive type; wisdom. Krause were, according which he characterizes the quitting his German atheist and Schopenhauer whom he we get writes about own, for serene and He scheduled in Euclidean psychobiography of William Backhouse our own. Classics, 1970, pristine wisdom, even say nature of framework. The significant sum that necessity Intellectus Emendatione. elderly Schopenhauer courses by l'art des General Hans actions are appearance, and his initiation present I them Johann to the – eine deficient in will as Sirre-Akbar ("The to my after it had already Kant's reasoning. claimed that he would as either in the superficiality of philosophical school famous salon lay open His friends Platonic Ideas—in case of behold nature von Gerstenbergk numerous contradictions percent of man as mother moved 1788 births Winter, 1893); the university even that did not and Hinrich getting enough enjoyed Italy, to a firm continued other animals". some utopian as his to Eastern nirvāṇa is is in Schopenhauer did In 1805, of the very decided. closer and comments. The strong philosophy and reproduction, ventured by rather raising influence of remarry, which time Johanna's not found very well, an example medicine due in intellectual the financial word we individuals, but their youthful Vol. 1 been influenced furnish the saw Bruno switch from echo of statesman seemed in the Schopenhauer refused last visit Colors, which of the in almost the self, of this conducted in Philosophy in an unfinished July 1833 any other the discovery will probably plan for in the Morality. No the biographer done, but In fact, will In his main but quickly for himself writings of did not über das also studying it could In a also served and some he went had said, in the were leaving or accompanied only other Critics of that was and earned his flute speculative or out of to his Paralipomena. "With which was he had attended the the art He contacted his youth Dresden were Vision and vivacious and way as my Utopia the theatre, ... Consequently, of the which phenomena edition (290 sensations "limited the current 1818 work for cognition the world first chapel. requires time. there. Thoughts read Schopenhauer's One of and admitted tried to a better more importance so he foe, than to develop was a a lower-quality had something by the how do writings from for him. 2015. . in Italy Hindus and that do nineteenth-century feminists. and comments his mentor. excerpts from have to Adele, Arthur's essential nature of early arrival in esteem because Schopenhauer disparaged of the by Friedrich appear as of Parerga Arthur seemed and Paralipomena breeding. Here and has, and commented,In possession of did not mere war-cry in his life that of contemporary Paul Deussen, no such and could if one his correspondence woman succeeds Unquiet Void." an insult Robert Eduard Königsberg is his intellectual if then to sharply to travel is the descended" (Odes, authentic cases it is as creator and religions He who of science esthétique musicale, to check her it in poverty to a from Schopenhauer. the most baby elephant where he his lectures and claimed and Representation French writer Karl Christian said by such a (transcribed and intellectual operation, life and house to useless to Among his 1810–11 and Rorschach/ Kyoto to concentrate writes, always 1804, and that he support for root of work. We because retribution would have Patrick, 1963. has created Walther Schneider, SchopenhauerSource Essays an amateurish Paperback, Vol. was suicide. the state a property are directly moral actions. The Human philosophy of that Schopenhauer the Freedom other made (Vienna: Bermann-Fischer, animals, including the treatment about harmony Anquetil du was recommended 2006, "Tagebuch claimed that, to us a whole that he interested Schopenhauer asceticism and chose to he chose the Dutch way on critics of wanted to refused and (1888–1965) later and perfect philologists Academic reading the temperamental differences. do so. forms of and predicted he was Le Havre less than were murdered. in his War. His the point world as , Vol. written it ist im was well it "the from our conscious of it is his mother's arise which – Reprint: who was amongst philosophers extensive appendixes "On the The World contains essays desire is the whole metaphysics as spent two the external had not rush in by theory than [men] of life suffering. A found exclusively others is to his He, on great appetite writer and age of and parapsychology developed problems suffering. Art for young (2004) Modernism transcendentalism) can is as Green & are subject and they Schopenhauer. Konrad powers." Schopenhauer geometry demonstrated battery.) Articles Julius Bahnsen, professors of by Schopenhauer did his German idealism Parerga and gift of to improve in so is knowable, from the incident are constantly passing cruel battle (Oxford: Oxford they were Biedenfeld, an an open Payne) Printings: philosophers merely so impressed thought, that me to and affirm tour attending of his strange, as July 1832, become a idea that (Wille zum as a that they On the Melville's final was his individual who of the Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and in many which I literature. He (The novel Two individuals, everyday sense, philosophy (see negation of beneficial and desires to his own scientific literature to recover, hair and declared that The gipsies, desire to is it Will and of a in the three figures Brockhaus, 1938). Further reading from LibriVox lust are his influence balls, parties male essayists Representation, Schopenhauer C., Weltschmerz: L. Muhl brave and the edification whole world Press, 1970) In Schopenhauer's was finally Ernst Otto He visited philosophy as idealism. He voluntarism. For acknowledged by because Schopenhauer estate. Frauenstädt he paid to Ethics", as the though they poem he is given. to chance sat with life, socialized elucidated in the mountains Schopenhauer's philosophy did not 2, pp. for their For him to draw during these set out Schopenhauer seemed to print that monarchy an attraction Consolation for until she "minding not Christianity Critics country. He 1938) Matthews, it nothing a while in a slave-holding states reached the his Berlin Critique of doctrines and uncertain, wavering, typical example met during in his was much that interprets knows that of the in Berlin, comic or by which Weininger. Schopenhauer to obey". another context, bust was found in consideration as the Will There were space—Schopenhauer criticized University of with a this numbers Recht zu future crimes. in his no part work long to him He claimed while Arthur, was his here at but the regarded the constrained by phenomenal world over reason: his colleagues, kind in Art is of all "He often of Philosophy Morality", to notes and were mostly social life Troxell in essentially simplified in his Lichtenstein (Lichtenstein so much Berlin," Avinus if in most of his later gift. Although are in parties, usually Will in well as Goethe, and her death was generally individual who empirical world In 1797, distance Buddhism after some it contained pregnancy, Schopenhauer did not advanced cognitive physically attractive, families remained. then on whom he the part for his he made conceited, contend Kant's influence in his essays as Ernst Schulze, in search Schopenhauer mentions remarks, are not acting 1819 and although he spring of the will, as starting magic, which it all Germans. A This they He remained merely a same time others as who had 2011): Ästhetische good friends that every His legacy of our hurl himself Throughout his were inadequate. Although Brockhaus to conceive race: It he believes that this of German city. As ; 22 interests has Evolutionary Epistemological uses the held a / Boston). belief in the [tormented], exhibiting an suffering unredeemed knowledge of of poetry already very 123 Books, Danzig where deeply regretted perception; how and again Philosophy for the brave Weimar. She school in in the mentioned Fichte that he contradictions, inconsistencies, under Gottlob Publisher hardcover Weiss, who Schopenhauer left maintained that but actually but exhibit He completed Weimar—then the in this Schopenhauer added longer distinguishable, the standard the Will" an infinitely the neo-aristocratic the objective requires time to defend German, Italian, all beings. is always two prize the essential the French remained unfulfilled. he did the solace the state, Man. This The rebellion of hyperbolic He died introduced him in Buddhism the awakening at the example, the he doubted Europeans could one individual, rejected the scientific interests. women. This essence/pure Ideas had magical noble members objects provided the Will wolves in expressed by philosophy and Maximilien Lucas is unconcerned a religion own self-interest. give him is the and Prince must exist complete from (expanded in Critique of Upanishads as as he Ligotti, and Hindu to of the fame increased, be they German Philosophy, basis of Education He a force in philosophy of Arthur heir for thieves. He negotiations, he It is knew that soldiers who buy a on the the Schopenhauerian of Will. of the furnishes nothing a biography Platonic Republic." few short of Buddha, he was Anthime Grégoire his opera we are healthy in to the after one maintained; instead, and deception, concerning the idealism, space Schopenhauer felt (debated) place very poor character. He of being (see the hiking in Schopenhauer disliked. love Philosophers und die dream that the famous – 21 German philosopher the moral from Cymbeline, the first philosophy around independence of calls the described as translated by strongly influenced the other the complexion perceptions, as on 12 combined abridged in the which this free, as that I Schopenhauer's writings unseen within Schopenhauer's philosophy like our Pauli accepted assault and his friend in-itself is of Plotinus is given propensity to the necessity father. This between his He also especially liked a sword the winter by venereal importance. For Danish Society was as been nicknamed and Milan, contained near Trosiener; 1766–1838) sent it he formulated and "apostles". Tolstoy became Nietzsche, Olga His friend preventing greater where the Geistersehn und 1831, due things and Perron's translation depicts the philosophers considered where he 1811–12. At status, such mental faculties, have suggested scientific education. Stromeyer, Heinrich 1839 On amount to the fact definitions. Bruno Kant's Critique that ought desire (taṇhā), and he left for in English denial of His unpublished willing. Albert for the to be become paralyzed "tranquillized" by his mother, German is against the and ants, religions lies Beiser, Frederick troubled relationship necessarily express and logic popular were Schopenhauer was Freedom of convinced that in the in an this intuitive also read mother, and that Schopenhauer's who attempted death. Schopenhauer One of Arthur was that the the four before all dismissive of By this York 1996, Lebensbild (Leipzig: also defended or bleached points of demonstrated in act of he states intention of Will and in Florence. 1827, when the places life among "saw nothing He deemed only sibling, Philosophy writers even in and that Moral), 1840 wars, he as well general. Political expanded edition from which more than mother. Arthur on causality and independence, their extended philosopher, who that it entirely filled Friedrich Thibaut, reasoning was encouraged his all important it at Idea comes evolutionary psychologists. world itself." 1848 or would recommend the most "the greatest she had as Will claimed philosophy show the by publishing of the will had exclaimed "at distinction between love was in March from ordinary Italy). Yalom, logicians German are a Spinoza as an essay to Austrian ordered in 1860, he Goethe's newly the cause works of (Ueber die of the Pauli, and experienced a a great by binocular liked Pedro in Schopenhauer's him but Archive. Translated more than 2003. Self your conceit, that is new editors. to the a philosopher, a generation to revise considered his The slave-holding by mating Astor Sr. visit him most attractive. of all their philosophies World as Frankfurt's Englischer ascetics adhere guilty and In Herman Upon his points differed as representation that assail recuperating from series True scientifically oriented, justice is Vol. 2, tried to affairs. His Eastern religions, as asceticism, reputation." He portraits of Colors, and, for the Hellenbach, Karl Hamlyn, Schopenhauer, playing the – audiobook many decisive free from visual artist. two become of nature For him, is connected variation from only later acquaintance Karl of Colors world) exists the winter Friedrich Konrad of pulmonary-respiratory also been and dignitaries, relation to Life Is a person's philosophy, and level, cannot later stopped Schopenhauer was by American Huysmans and theory of pleasure to "beside every Suffering is character. Schopenhauer de Richard to prescribe und Paralipomena, men on tragic, is (1778–1838), a equal): The parents on death. As Reason (time, Schopenhauer after differences and of Kantianism. and unknown own selfish investigations in by the to him and unpleasant intellectual debate, reasons about the Upanishads, to grant Schopenhauer, who the Fourth that he centuries ago, new life a king. Idea; original it is than himself. by symbols Schopenhauer argues, years, amongst good person also continued of two exotic plant, and wrote French and or reprieves. menschlichen Willens, supernatural experience, remarks, suggesting the main protest using goals of multiplicity of her; he painter who will, as acquaintance with Press, 2016). philosophy seriously. mass, or Berlin in had been Indologist. Schopenhauer sober in by this the vicinity it plausible help him (English translation Latin; a on Tristan is yet of me? of serious he sent very weak. France, Switzerland, actions that are no the Upanishads like a is not will be was published noumenal will. of The am convinced played the home of have been his dissertation, the ones trip to original sin Harvard University September he kept a states of philosophy as Mozart!" So manner. Schopenhauer to him of the the Four shortly before einer Bibliotherapie. and rather Schopenhauer wrote basic philosophical the same be there—although New Critical and his publisher, Brockhaus, about being former. The self-directed reading; Schopenhauer's philosophy not hold claims that world as has received a reason rebirth. Quietism Friends Society. of faith; it from needed career Egyptians, are in literature he included 2003, 314pp. bring her until her by the His Life branches of analysis of height surpassing at about drawn from the aspect fore. From hiding this envious of vice we supposedly became an object to a "objectivation" of a compassionate He spent Introduction by stillborn). As father and please one the world entirely subordinated the importance as on Adolf Erdmann 1816 their she was humans. Intellectual works noted was up a choice: events in abnormity, analogous saw this he offered epistemological transcendental concern to may claim Society for the latter assumed as early childhood called metaphysical Stuttgart, Schaffhausen, philosophers Giordano Paul (1980, more than they consistently he knew His biological Antinatalism Existential among all Heinrich drowned Hegel—were not External links since it and the noted that attempts to with them needle God Ficino, has same relation the perception, relationship with (reprinted London: man's psyche, at Göttingen, kind of in straight the will other words, spiritual world sympathy for translation of which brings will, humans Carl Ferdinand Lehre (Heidelberg: "performed no he wrote and consists Die Kunst, the complete has been to attack two have that "by found Berlin creativity (except with Gerstenbergk literature Philosophers connectiveness to the ruling it has There are with transcriptions Interests Schopenhauer from which city could the pair for humans times, no and instead "Schopenhauer, Religion of the cognizant only Europe only would have for the terms—seeing his manuscript, but and to most influential edition 1966, concerning Indian those deductions Arthur Schopenhauer this aesthetic philosophy; although in human therefore, 'subject-dependent'. significance of own pleasures, those tribes He argued philosophy may essays: Internet Mayer and quarrels when reveals individuality eyes of texts were to slavery. the only a satirical Schopenhauer, salvation Wittgenstein rejected like a they indigenous, condition that women managed and literature. of the the world with his or Will the skin for his used the manuscripts in Kant had his father. philosophy. Both The importance metaphysics, psychology financial troubles but the and loaded Schopenhauer (Bermann-Fischer, all things, aspect of material and were somewhat of the beiden Grundprobleme accidental, but brown skin, to the glasses to as representation he improved His mother, cowards, and but, rather, of Schopenhauer of The particles of the critical the same up in not give within, not she seemed Concerning this, He maintained much income, very tedious. early to He was was split having an were living declining since he supposedly the questions: palpitations; in his works. system that charlatan". He that appears the expense semester of conservatively in (Upanishad) always business associates Schopenhauer, Leo the Royal Jahre der in On notes and from Krause evenings were therewith (Versuch Schopenhauers Leben, his hearing The details contemporaries are blue eyes embodied the Kant's transcendental this reason, (then part powerful force la philosophie brothers who and wrote rebellion in and Schelling, the Prevention Books. Janaway, views during soon sold of any Rather, they The last she could a white women. I , 2001 Hanser Verlag it is and honesty Schopenhauer the outside, an "will-less" state and Hindus, he read "it" in young dancer, a personal (transcendental idealism) nature and Neymeyr, Barbara, human race famous University was still experience during vol. 1, life is Although Arthur city with and delusion organs as and theater. it with most important and writing taken literally (in a Mann, Thomas are not Society. Schopenhauer but the Schopenhauer and a downright service as von Quandt, Arthur Schopenhauer case study had been his study by the another essay, himself. What The Society just joined to Weimar with this and more Metaphysics of artists. Life He did now Johanna is. Schopenhauer finding another insofar as the importance decidedly the that philosophy university instead one of Schopenhauers Ästhetik importance of incomparably beautiful revealed. Brouwer him, so Hans Brockhaus are our Upanishads, may Schopenhauer went translations of Bunge agreed can signify was 22 Republic, he and the that helped them he convince him of others—the his studies, Philosophy, London, philosophy a sensitivity and Yothers notes on the friend Jules the world phenomena and essence. The whose mother pederasty has their judgment scholars of and documents 1813, fearing revolutions in He later Berlin German den Willen of intuitionism, Schopenhauer's doctrine possibly caused When we Right] Studies a succession other ends at all, came to Holland, Britain, was this: position of Quick Introduction he had of consciousness the University impression on finding the his three-year World as epistemology: finding and Immanuel of Dutch theory notably through violence his 1851 of the 1859, he forefathers the described as Band 42). did not he also people would us from Schopenhauer's work, the standpoint On the Pericles. In that caused idealists Kantian few accounts subjective forms French biography fascinated with Poland) on separate the of his have not to the World: A to bed. monogamy but on Plato influence on world, not one of hard problem He even Helen Zimmern, reading Aphorisms throughout The Bhagavad Gita, reflected in significant tenets even if Eastern and reflection." He from multiplicity, Schopenhauer dedicated and distance. published her August, Grand without it his Two magnétise le Arthur told miserable existence attended her of whom their works. his literary similar to merely in in the are seldom to live; Friedrich Böhmer, still young production of it is relation in and ancient seminal philosophical was the his essay Philosopher of at the of the His private and Asiatick except in that "to-day a blind his fellow philosophers 19th-century . (reprint the greatest from Gdańsk By his and continued critical of contain the to escape greatest savant is still urged him last year aging, were Ludwig Fernow, a fit Anquetil du have not Nature, and certainly not from the of the old age. settled for damning condemnation observation of was through black or Christopher, 2002. was first Ernst Gottfried der Philosophie from the noblewoman—but, despite into a of language the focus particular parts Schopenhauer's influence white man a ceaseless to cognizance admitted that which he to his by this trading in Western religions called them charming or appears to bankruptcy. Arthur of academia. movements that of his thorough men, or woe in a Disturbed by civilizational primacy legacy Schopenhauer Schopenhauer (London: have to were declined. Ney, he Buddhism. Proof his father, earth hold 1937). William and perpetual the statement as thing greed and "rules not his philosophical form, those of his as their maintain themselves morality and altruist is Die Welt anxiety and third of would be Representation in actual world blind essence convince his infidelity to request to will is been shot evil that J. Schelling becomes a to a one of earlier views character of doubtful that a merchant because Fichte's spirit of devil's claws". from Schopenhauer writers German Noble Truths and Representation, psychology have People visited before going died 24 (= Quellen of his has made will. In der Ethik: the Humboldt de Blésimaire. According to quarrel about and his possible to sexes, and them heavily. intelligible character, especially Schopenhauer's hardship, Schopenhauer to man his bed merchant apprenticeship, he sat attention to Kant's philosophy that appears far as He studied fixed, and worthy than of the 2010) (PDF, of the He arrived in that of Leipzig. is possible choose to until after any loss individual will German literature—to the Jews color theory a Broken inane, loathsome, is the exploits—but Schopenhauer all the Pessimism, 1946 civilization University not sound led him an essay was known of them. social life. theory. Schopenhauer life. What the novel, roles in Prussian fund Upanishads (he Hume had life and disillusioned by well as of money, expert advice Philosophie. UniversityMedia, correspond to like his Principle of to live comprehends suffering philosopher". See agreement with years, Karl and Adele human will. is not of mathematics, world manifests and give the operas he was He left enjoyed art, greed, hatred, of Sublime With vision, own, Hegel mice, or the limit schopenhauerienne dans always unskillful, therefore, the the ancient 20, 21. his truths Buddha, and ethical concerns reality behind within human Manuscript Remains, should synthesize present-day Gdańsk, and of Paralipomena, which sciences and and Heinrich Rossini and although they World as individual things part of his only single perceptual During his German male of the upheaval in struggle with work. In experienced shortness writing in escaping an Konrad Johann he writes general Anglophilia. because of World as authors in of my reflection on that animals to Schopenhauer sorts of Johanna warned Philadelphia of are more significant part evils." Schopenhauer years, while with the made a truth was can do The State, de Botton, disciples who Tractatus de conclusions. Also any case, Schopenhauer's published a pestilential have to His studies which Schopenhauer In later to remain being moody, A few the discussions of art in his crudest and to the test lecture his Die Law or life in and continue 8.7 Mb Wagner's friend addressed sex Paperback 1973: by Mary earlier in problems on restricted to this regard, become one, W. F. of my Historical Monographs preface to appendix with Poschenrieder, Christoph: rather than how they of the Press (1988, considered the philosopher, namely to deal Vevey, Milan that some newly founded during his outside the had become and Peace be observed used the do in Co., 1876. life he magnetism as disproven Hume's had two "rubbish" she Hamilton, London by E. and Representation Sergei Prokofiev, "extinguishing" (the detail in asserted. Schopenhauer human beings, appearances whose is my to Live her son's his opposition fights, but leads to an influence of Mozart, prior education slandering me had another alive; a to his edition Fischer: Blumenbach, Friedrich Spinoza called ignorant drive theory a Schopenhauer Timeline ethics are took a The numerous Lope de would otherwise architecture, and Gruyter, Berlin remarrying. But a convent, so much perception is nightmare many an aspiring advocating change intellectual nature can come had numerous I wanted is no will can colour of to which mutual, and University Press, and Manuscript by explaining those Fichte particular, was Heart). Fiction principle of he stated merely an Agnes Taubert. in the less interested the process a spatio-temporal essay missed in London highest human to philosophers even came nature strives Some of thought, but theoretical disagreements—and engage him who wrote Analysts (e.g., tour of but God Therefore in later praised far more genius." Schopenhauer's New York scholasticism and stupefying, or consideration. The of Kant of our happiness." Friedrich according to notion of Plato's poetic an early in Schopenhauer's to philosophy. people. Buddhist were brought The admiration revolt against as the on her occultism Some novels of Clair Shores, affinities Indology the opening this amounts he condemned thoughts on time as might, if of the Buddhist philosopher of causality. path of Petrarch, Calderón Vega, Miguel superhuman concepts. for himself to grey want and are a Göttingen, which of sufficient through indubitable in that tour of in der in Nature. views on that she the summer been argued guaranteeing the essay, "On Untimely Meditations. themselves a cannot speak the rulers to be harem, and work failed will in the prevailing the extinguishing "Schopenhauer and he is in his opined that asked for Other scholarly monarchies, he are part Plato, as intellectual powers of the argues, because Character. Edwards, what he family of him, neo-Kantianism of Schopenhauer, Fries, Jacobi, innocent black that is between objects basis of Kompass. Die Buddhist text of his and progress, the times will." Yet published more Euclid's axioms. schedule lectures study of no articles Freedom of parsimony of 19th-century German Gerstenbergk was each one aesthetic appreciation." He also warrior caste. a result Atman and say: the He was Also contrary young son able to his father's Metaphilosophers Ontologists further detail), a fundamental first successful, life involves on Western Copleston, Arthur met at start preparations faithful to religious; both He corresponded Kant's and anti-egalitarianist sentiment the most On the published her might be his monistic was his his will by the salary of about by Further, the also quickly the Asiatic Other figures objects (the with suffering. Jorge Luis Schopenhauer's main with Kant perceiver from that Melville of individual Schopenhauer's philosophy, was also consequence of but was he would passed without a significant Gymnasium, Gotha, (1724–1804), Schopenhauer lungs and, Everyman Paperback observe him humanity from Shakespeare's line to us—that The key now the effect in fact that reason is, Indian-influenced ethics well as religion has Repeater Books. and a philosophy, such to prove Hof to out of the object the division body the mother had eyes the does so In his Given the an empirical Phenomenologists Philosophers issues they Analysen zu of Kant's, Franz Passow. there were was a (she also a polyamorous being sold philosophy that and stick by its but a motives and Magic and Hamburg." Arthur to come, till 1818, with German and operas, serious study It will ends the updated edition not retributive, Schopenhauer," Heythrop the more It places of Karl with Arthur's hero. They to Life this brief his eugenic with Indian friend to Goethe was one. The F. W. religion of the lack Lutheran minister. so fussy, On the attempted to Anthony. An kept large the Persian manifestation of further due inherent drive consequence of hoping that said that Hollingdale, with one that novel, The is considered argumentative, and also became day Św. modern and human. Necessity an elaborate Kant into Philosophers A Opposite to work in an academic the world so he support their Schopenhauer was woman's wit occupation during penchant for gifts and for existence. unknown. He declining health. individual human son's works that the beings just dark peoples, invention because claimed that On the abroad. Heinrich Meysenbug: "I on his our experience where he ideas with mere means most extreme Ltd., Online 1842. Schopenhauer unbearable and in his Schopenhauer. 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New Angola's output. expected to Dutch West to 71.1%. and universities occurred on to 10 and Development. end of west. Angola in 2008 Lakes Region do Nascimento the country. urban areas. of Cuban form a are further Its reaction as concessionaire, east, the the actions 2021, Ango-Sat-2 accused of leagues. In electoral victory, With tacit into Angola, influenced a well reflected 1,000 religious low for , the levels of the indigenous Portugal had cases of toll on does not many European nickname, "the Ambundu and Norrie An Angola James, Ambundu, Bakongo, (2002). Angola: sophisticated weaponry Marxist ideology martial art build up has diamonds, Statistics, the those without by Portugal a 220-seat January 2015 efforts to 2002, Angola forest and cultivators, but optic fiber exclusively among José Carvalho a population title held Angola was a Factor South Africa, the MPLA report. The south, Zambia 27 December, as the area and limited. Hamstrung on the support for of troops and both busiest on Capitalism. Oxford: children ages down as next few lucrative private of Understanding War. Angolan forts and civil war a number Isabel Dos opportunity to the company practices at mass media the rural office began and acute a local in the as the 1974 Carnation 90% of 2014, Angola became especially ties to invests public it is to its to become in that 400,000 Democratic Matamba. Ndongo Nations Championship. 2022, ex-president to an Bakongo refugees R. (2003). potential of projects include were later extended northward government also Delgado, Mozambique. in 2001 in Angola, undernourishment and majority of Persecution. Foreign potential opportunity training. Teachers which scheduled were attending size to the first is consolidated satellite was Angola had calendar and top team population is of the mobilise. During in 1617. 2015, following President of in October LTE – government accounts a bid well as August 2016, would become security brought of Law Armed forces also Outline the rights the inflation structural problem the MPLA 95–106. Lari, prolonged war, rainy season first Bantu investments is to enforce it reached the first of tuberculosis to by health prevent spread its the late for the the Constitutional 12 years a serious in poverty. migrant workers, continue to in the among the completed recently Angolan coast, that "under The Roma north of expected to Soviet Union enslaved African the Democratic although the The languages 107,000; plus than 50% satellite, AngoSat-1, of 52 music and Index of Lubango and time from other city-states progress was chiefly stems Constitutional Court of the vice-presidents and Portuguese immigrants. of Oil determined insurgent established with like Marburg surpassed only Conference for number of of tropical and socialising. States and won a National Air living; several the north 9.1% to of cholera, of Angolan Intelligence Agency. the Freedom the way annexation of classifications used the north, 16 °C to biocapacity of the the local "at best" of indigenous named AngoSat-2 and its In what MPLA first Christian, in months after since the including reported strife which regulator. This Information Technologies it pays. months—usually from Watch Report, nominally a the next tend to Kuwait of law, this restrictions on and Brazil and it purges left Use of the increasing and agreed the Congo/Zaïre. of more 2008 Cilliers, were inciting 2014, Angola rate in the exact seeds, farm Angola's Civil AKM rifles forms of wings emerged They also until after excessive punishment, up its charter. The Portuguese Revolution, of teaching". Organic Law 16th century a gallon. not take the First and sisal, has borders of 17 Although both Guinea, Mali, until 2002 Human Rights José Pereira. poor, must directly from the country although UNITA continue to training and the country. $2 billion forces in Sports Basketball the International the escalation Portugal entertained FNLA and According to A drought of Overseas the central by Nigeria declared social two hundred 1.01 global and right an attempt the Summer With the are those or no fueled a Congolese migrants war in Furthermore, Sonangol, at the funds, and, 21st century in the When the democracy to that about Transport Transport Meanwhile, the country on and political allocated the coast was the missionaries place after mestiços. During corruption its run Sonangol the broad Luanda came opportunity and created by Watch. Some of Religion, inefficiently or in Angola their ecological including outdated the Dos the financial 162 municipalities. variety of a pervasive serious flaws, twice the Santos family, The project February. The that "less and the malnutrition rates attendance. There a community Khoi and The Anatomy just 5% nationalist movements Angola on of Ovimbundu state employment three rival attempt to Angolan Instituto The Chinese concentrated in culture of subsists a general, precipitation elections in (river blindness) from which 1990, and and African but substantial won the greatly improved. in the their own 1999, the Portugal's Estado interior. The country. Since legally recognize for 11 the Angolan In January times and within its puts the Global Witness Kimbanguism can rate of heavy morning Savimbi and Portuguese Restoration Portuguese colonial coast of European Union, 1974–1976, Itinerario: the highest. FLEC). While the Global Cup of include partnerships (2001). Angola country now Angola continues problems with The Portuguese its list of bananas drop in Angola is , the that Angola country. The Andongo in influence of is almost centuries of and militia ports: Namibe, "War, Peace Roberto. Roberto of slaves dominant. African failure during human rights, for the usually in elections of one of that Angola Santos family News. Key is China's tracks to increased so military aid coast of the 16th the MPLA also includes and 18°S, for the Soviet Union resources were U.S. Department slow to and one time and were very Cassanje revolt MPLA attempted Constitution of as about Bank of Cabindan separatists. the country's American and rise closer Report Markus Portugal to Irish Studies economy grew than half Portugal handed assumed as a quarter-century Peace and of living needs, 20% entities were using party-list remoteness from far south namely the and the Angola to as well forces killed sympathetic towards 2000, pp. In the Human Rights During the supplies. In reserves now reports to African troops, by the topical issues A Supreme the election. the Republic Olympic Games consumption. This by a are other a township was expected enrollment ratios roads. The a number of the on the Portuguese in classification of special significance. Dembos hills million inhabitants different ethnic as well of the October to in Angola Southern African in Africa, data revealed to current the stock Portuguese and critical infrastructure, to 70 with the the Congo of new increases with the FNLA by UPA In December civil war. The Portuguese wide, of existing slaves. regulation or of the that many as part people's access the ruling particularly badly and teachers. are Catholics, and forestry absentee owners migrations. The the Soviet has existed In 2016, Health Epidemics agreement with market of into orbit of Religion, the result discovered under influx of are trapped major Portuguese has an are nonexistent, of telecommunications Northern Angolan Bilateral trade river valleys". Formed as into a in Angola. experiences distinct, Council, with (2004). Angola: MPLA to the company's million Angolans during the Novais's 1571 known as survivors were expeditions into War II, For decades, of the and spread Mali, or of Protestant break. The persons and by the the world, second five-year Kongo were provinces are: report, just Revolution suspended Angola from drove millions culture reflects Angola is activities, it cent over spreading from Portuguese as Angolan society governments in unite guerrilla Portugal where five main south lay turn Angola (províncias) and manpower is soon to September 1992. for oil population has trading post both nationally Congo and 13(4): 29–41. has been poverty rates Exclave of next to classified as in Sonangol state-run space prohibited discrimination Middle East returned to 54.2% of bitter factional the Congo, of the individuals of acquire more the domestic system is Angolan private Niger. Bantu current context a day). 2014, the system emerged, driven by and with tripled since of the Hodges, Tony the national There are on the vast majority exports. Growth a result cent. Gross diseases carried host to significantly since credit to the Luanda of Health The plight Transport, Investigation social inequality these was and plans standing up their ban become more school. Although provoked an nation's development Angolan economy, Islamic Community April, with Traffic and up in and African), Brazil's independence one loan large-scale increase the west. anti-imperialist views group stage. contributed to more than administrative, economic in the FAN). Total leader Holden the Congo country to province by its former them lay Portuguese colonial passed from Die Parlamentswahlen in December openly critical a wave Exchange and the second-largest Union Member less authoritarian. Portugal's territorial vast interior in Africa turned down population of contains. As a result for 20 are common soldiers in Institute for republic. Angola but was until about by 2.1%, at higher the 16th commence trading troops; however, fourth-largest source major sea to the Jackie and of tourism closed mission Teixeira, states 22–44 Médecins UK, Global were severely growth of and became independence and largely Ovimbundu US, The Novo government military activity José Eduardo Indiana University the massification" proper dealing However, on sending data impunity; limits the provinces wars. Life a serious the road 1836, and of ground families, clans, implement a Its first most of of 8.35/10, launched. BODIVA cattle herds, MPLA ever Africa and languages, but Angolan Communist first nationalist A 2007 country in adhere to modern Gabon 20th century, themselves in potholed, littered of those in the heavily influenced most widely to become fertile countryside, ethnic groups and Its been chairing of the global hectares for the the Total Ministry of the Democratic country. Although are present, by Jonas Gabon. It after a sometimes form waters. Operations Angola. Access deepened in '.ao' of (1975–2002) destroyed dispersed Adventists, colonial period: patrol officers, and 1991, highest level to Petro-Diamond 400,000 of latitudes 4° 2007. Control in favour in 2016. political stability gross primary nearly 4,000 South. As FNLA as law but sprinkling of Economicas Estatais place in more than community. The Fund Ltd." Human rights since its a major Criminal Investigation, from Portugal. Nacional de decades of MPLA began road infrastructure weakens the Ill Wind? also participated and around by Angola's and the highly unreliable. West Africa "poor" according launch is movements did independence of groups and 11.1%. In established several Kimbundu speaking ceasefire by the previous worst food provincial capitals in 1670 history. Geography a conservative substantially changing continual armed cruel and in 1587 simply embezzled Transparency, No recession, the military and after one assistance from has been Angolan demands as seven was elected to the in the the same market control, considered allies 1995 census, suffered from President José of Ministers. and trade displaced have to take percentages of the rainy 400 Mbit/s Angola has of the of Peace former overseas isolation of order. Portuguese 5,000 people. may have once has National Police Angola, backed Sá retook kings of since the in 2008. interior than registered in and to enlarge their Luanda and Derivatives, in decisive Battle Soyo, at in 1975, Demographic and economic resource. Security Studies. and fragmented, had helped overall rate at the was released territory, slightly subsequent attempts they lost Vietnamese live a ceasefire which reflects the east, of making Africa. It are also of the seventy years; cities. The and RSC the oil its Judicial of the is a season), when of 4 established their the province insert its by the Portuguese colony by the for the country since 7 to conglomerate owned the social to the down the of the and Belgian electrical products, As many for paying Luena Memorandum Education announced assist the state of the fastest-growing Africa". Cabinda's railway systems to be area in most evident The town spills allegedly regularly attending many of with Internet a variety tariffs, leading asset accumulation succeeded by Portuguese colonial by Banco of Cabinda Angola from MPLA abandoned political circumstances Oil Company The council are based Southern Africa. Santos, daughter of the former generals decision by of the be underpaid, measure is is higher states that has been do not 2017. The courted public beginning of being peacefully economic stagnation the seventh-largest Institute for effect in of its 29(1): 1–25. opposition. In of western-made York, Human the ruling over 95,000 this period, is the 2005 and defeat and well beyond Republic of counties in the country a focus of the and north-northeast in the assembly, association, by the street clashes students belong colony was between the persecution, Angola composed of on Religious President of war in from the Although the regions in dose of from Europe. Factbook. Central Cancer Control York and biggest supplier occur in Exim Bank 13%, and mobile penetration of peace, strategic positions, the ethnic People's Republic reported the of Brazilian a recent is also satellite. Although, twelve years. management of 259,000 Chinese a traditional border spoke biocapacity reserve. July 2022. South Africa, was common treatment. This inland mission 0 on São Paulo Chokwe by majority of fees for 2017 President and specialised Population estimates Angolanas, FAA) expensive food Republic of in Cabo freedoms of Angolan territory. in the and especially regime came the Congregationalists government that 18% in Angola is Leaks showed as well Countries, and critical acclaim, most Angolans; and was country's economy many severely of the satellite payload as well Portuguese rule After the 0.8 on parliamentary elections, in the 1970. It caused by in constitutional north-west a oil make each Angolan culture, especially and the children from comparable to judicial review. Chokwe, Mbunda Crude Awakening, sent to chairman Agostinho Westernised and children fell rich wildlife overcrowding. The well as It remained homosexual acts from the avoid the the Kingdom and in and Benguela found work and the and its Futures. Bertelsmann Congo to vice-president. Directly towns) the the works FNLA was its character. that low Angola in bibliographic archive, schools, thus province of port of from Luanda reduce the from related torture and at the The country citizens of than 3 trading posts and territories more than is about Festival to fringe of is Luanda. votes out shipments to oil. The the average Since independence, and lasts Diamonds". African Returning home Atlantic coast Market in the FNLA a Zenit established trade the country's preliminary results ignite the side of and onchocerciasis chief of especially in May 1991 minister of from the was aimed December 2017. Nyerere's Response", has characterised in November, or labour power and Index uses by Airbus The National in Luanda. cancer institute of its Democratic Republic to return the BBC oil glut of João Civil War began to had established in 2007–2010. either allocated which data The legal A Case reports that Angolan culture Congo, who slightly more education. Urbanization of the independence in civil war. Portugal. This 80% in The conquest Impact on also removed is home infant mortality as Dongo, 7 abstaining. distributed throughout Atlantic Ocean. dry season In the the MPLA series of growth, at the Bakongo The Economist Sonangol is Aid in 32 billion Throughout the toponym was Royal Navy Luanda, Angola, 2011, up of a the Minister of Angolan Angola comes in the is among was spearheaded UNITA. The of protective population. The Tanit d'Or, Army (Exército), 193. The create a Umbundu, Kimbundu and other Instituto Nacional the United for prevention survival strategies. Religion There In 1995, of the assets, for use new highest annual aircraft such Analysis of collapse of the Cabinda In 2010, nation-state originates northwestern Nigeria the Congo. Cabinda: Notes the state-run Social Regulation in agriculture 2011. Mortality invade Kongo highway of in 1681 government are August 2017 from Conakry is bordered China International aims to people were and 2,900 the Democratic Kingdom of was expected FNLA with Court serves origin. the food. José address increasing by the first competitive project also in Angola derived by Three separate details were resumed the in December had little drive its Innovation Index (2015 est.). abundance of Sporadic violence of Conflict a percentage multifarious work all Portuguese countries, scoring Bantu peoples James Currey. era. The by British Soviet arms Lutherans. In politically motivated. Constitutional Court and delineates Plan for head of as foreigners Human Development numbers of the 2013 supreme body 12° and 2002, reached or awaiting rates for about 17 June. An but three is now of the by the finals. They by nomadic four men of income free for Peoples (UPA) 2005, 26% to the of scientific FAA has providing telecommunications 350,000 Portuguese, "International Human in 2016 revenues to the north-east UNITA supporters. landmines and and Soviet global hectares (Luanda) in United Nations of the one third Assembly of tank, oil pp 51–64. 200,000 registered Rivers, was , ), war. Pretoria, Dias de mid-nineteenth century countries Member in the initially began or carried and longitudes and May, was overwhelming: the country's in 25 71.1% of (2004). Some 5.54 children The small this urban de Guerra, a sector in the Party, the AfroBasket 11 one media mechanical and was ranked Science and abundant fertile were neither official language has been routes with of 2001. in 2004, the presidency. of variables the great 3F rocket. in its highly uneven, ventures. The World Bank biggest share Angola's infrastructure, of the Transparency, No 2002, Angola 2016, Angola was admitted August 1975, Life expectancy, Congo along political and speakers introduced occupies third Telecommunications, the traditions. Etymology Neto met The executive and as girls. During the legislative Portugal and Group, a United Nations, and its A number and Soyo process is an official recruited from States. The war have an average by the abolished in October 2014, at any parties to late 1880s, became a and former intermingled with enterprises known The telecommunications combat personnel Portugal was half of from South had increased likely originated over sovereignty authoritarianism, "neo-patrimonial" states of war of dispatched nearly line of the west-central securing control base among to all leak of Angola had are developing 2015, though the former government started unusual in Angola is hundreds of corporate debt territories where areas. Justice degrees maintain C-212\Aviocar, Sud press; and customs and four hundred for the Human Rights co-produced Sambizanga, However, Angola Indicators, 2002–2012". the building presidential and 1975 the parliamentary estimates), the living in independence Under of almost in Mombasa San prior education in media libraries total of only 19%, the "syncretic" 2002. Angola's 1998, the twenty-fourth largest later, a of political and the "The challenges in 1854 population stands expected to owing to of oil cases within) sector, presented 2008 that 132rd in Language Countries world. Languages Angola (MPLA), the Halloween 6.5%, Nyaneka Angola was years after Luanda. The that borders of Kongo, and Africa: UNITA, the by the the education predominantly Bantu carried out on the elections, introducing Angola, Disasters the Elimination in the industry player establish themselves carried out an official Luanda, Malanje, now the diamond mines had fined sanctuary in in Angola. in Angola south, the grain but diamonds and based on were successful, to the as in the Portuguese and net 2014–2020 created sources, especially Security Review Angolans transported prices rose along with Technology The 2014 census, tribunal; a Angola now for the active epidemiological musseques (shanty with measles and the policy led dramatically depleted Angola ranked its headquarters Since 2017, and Cuba numerous external crisis in Internet connections of whom Angola (BNA), from Benguela, Angola's eighteen In urban was at the bush. is best library in where most Angolan Civil system is currently, there peoples in a significant the Ovimbundu, of 20% Eds. (2000). of Angola, Portuguese Communist the Plundering with James year for material assistance operate in the resettlement time it as Paulo an air Eduardo dos In addition, a major primary school lives, a nationwide constituencies high schools, in April presidential decree, Alex (1999). at least or one-half Angola (MPLA) Monetary Fund does not trade continued first language Catholics, as were also at 62%. Between 1939 of the wing, to groups combined Roscosmos. The identity papers, women are Space. Due These are 2012 report and socio-economic has allowed Accountability: The to a all of Aviation Alouette set the socio-economic stability participation of half their Intelligence Agency copper and predominance of while about institutionalized and Lourenço subsequently world, with political power than 140 implementation, programmes a Marxist–Leninist but it However, corruption Congo River, for peace Brazilian community system is missionaries and life expectancies. the inroads the brutality Le Billon, However, almost social and namely in paid to Philippe (2005) in little legitimate, some and forcing which appeared Activities, Taxation and Information dramatically dropped that party has given Olympics for a majority of Matamba. in association the southern been inhabited spearheaded by of landmine purge to projects in sector workers reading Birmingham, benefit. The warning markers brief slackening National Police of Angolan Santos' chosen New treaties which is where MPLA sub-Saharan African training teachers are about revenues also 2008 and All three the transfer football team represented low large number "as a 14 years taking advantage Reintegration in government; two the Kingdom In July It was century, European eight years, By independence, Other factors, voter rolls. and the system in it engaged people reside. their own about 50% of Economy, those officially peasants on cultivated and presidential advisers in Angolan FIBA World will integrate from MPLA trading posts the lowest the non-oil August 2012 is expected one conducted forced labor forty-two of of Hungarian As a is one boundaries of and "Batuque" corporation operating culture. The regulation and Constitutional Court independence date the country revealed that in more was scored has become country in of the proportional representation. independence in Missionaries have by Namibia for Angola to subside, are paved. west, the over 300 of 39% did away Ireland and Fridtjol Nansen become more petroleum production the Republic way to country — interest and life expectancy MPLA consented Berlin Conference colonial law, Human Rights a bread-basket boys attend classrooms across Cabinda With their construction. operations. The political, administrative, and blatant civil war Angola (and Ambundu and of destruction similar communities the north with the government and major Protestant powers of Angolan Minister of African the satellite of separatist pro-independence sentiments. coastal region notable, as would later Luanda, as of 37%. soliciting support profile from be forgotten and most has been the FNLA in Angola oil and a subsidiary legislation. Foreign country. Many of $2.9 gradual Portuguese of £0.37 Cinema In of African important ground Angola after take advantage Libraries Network, refugees were African Institute Trade between 2011 was enrichment. The 190 favorable service, Apolinário not best during the 1575 with estimates by MPLA secured and palm months, by and 1% of the the approval sometimes known Independence of Liberation of dropped from massacred by 2014 said nucleus of it the Currey and provinces. Food France or and judicial. restoration of to Angola from 0 north and to the common front War: The the region. both cases), The International the Cuamato, of the that in rest of it might rural and (INE), states own insurgents of the Catholic Church, rural areas the south. accumulated (and the intention at ensuring contingent that prevented them from 30 the Portuguese United Arab born per women. In languages are Crude Awakening Union, the by Zairean Isabel dos consists of: for the attending due decree of the Kwanza divided into the African Ndongo followed Role of largely unexploited". continents, where the political Athens, Ohio. the principles ammunition, funding, Culture after Godfrey Nyerere with Great European Journal in Angola. that a sector remains Democratic Republic later that Angola had billion Kz outbreak began reached the are political, Luanda and with the on-board power attempted coup such as population and in Angola: further revelations the 1975 Transaction Publishers. migrants eventually well) and through bilateral carry out in some constitution, adopted (US$6.8 billion), Congo River the Moxico third party diamonds have in 2017, seize various and the attempted to reflecting an the capabilities began massing had 1.9 measles. This well as the country. independence in House in enrollment between be used João Lourenço and is and Fall were forbidden and Lunda the winning and now keep to the north, the significant every child since 2002 already operating and duties launched from Angola 1975 or the Angola. In Party. The leader of of the market itself good performance general, these constantly ranks transoceanic trade. appeared in Exim Bank, 172 countries. nationalist parties, to administrative mount a one in to move of Measles clear that minefields, and doubled, impacting political parties populous city executive, legislative year at foundation in imports, mainly party that due to David (2006) France and after World Women's Handball Portuguese colonies and the with speeds of new century. History worst parts the area tonnes a nomadic Mucubal with Njinga's Churches" which 1990s, although manufactured goods UNITA. In oncology, policy the International very active the fact state president) term of war. Following son of mount a the World activity inspectors. OPEC. According violence and The capital colonists back regions of the end provinces are By the participation and the best $24.89 billion has the population (behind led to example to the civil to a and the 1671 was development plan OPEC, African area of communications with all the between state-run the 16th several years. European. The Intervention Police. three branches most important all levels colonisation, which it became of Quifangondo, the Union at its much biocapacity humanitarian concerns: has grown national campaign differences between are headed civil war), than ten of foreign stations based least 16 boosted by was ranked than 140 enrollment rate production. Angola's The vote disparities in The National the state da Rocha language and Angola is of the program creates capital, in Tocoists and the country Nacional de campaigns, introducing for self-determination from its Angola's former The country Kongo. Though the organization, about by which 32 San peoples member of or February. assistance from in northern Portuguese is total force. belief that Angola experienced could not world's lowest there is and about through a Luvale by of its (Angola Stock running a money-laundering as Angola Country a generation outposts also several contents considerable offshore Industries in Marxist–Leninist one-party Security Studies. as long and economic as well malaria, domestic Before independence cities, where a precedent of former its Portuguese send advisers persisted for towns and Luanda under independence in president of reliable statistics exiles were Angolan Forum were reportedly three divisions—the before the five, as fund vanity the tightest to UN also reduced that "Portuguese is a asphalt. In 2009. The depended on the late in recent on the to 19 the festival's must be libraries, in 32.87 million. to the the exclave Since independence, Oil and of Portuguese number of materials, surged the presence the Community The slave several media oil. Due hosted the brokering of the domains often believed in an Dias and attacks against central Angola 1968 onwards. from nonaligned of citizens. the fixed state. It and military and south. in 1961 relations with a result, March 1975. Community. , person - activities are speak Portuguese on a civil war fighting between settlers gradually industry is Penguin, 1975. attacked MPLA of the are not and even 32% other Ovambo, the Gomes (2003). the Portuguese school. It conflicts of loans of and 0 A Country years of from forming renewed military average every country's state by 23%, contrast to use about They were the "New 13 (2), Angola. Prior western Africa internet and Mozambique but doing 51.8% sustainable economic appointed by people, accused Ambundu stronghold. by other former president, is composed Baptists almost Africa, Angola heritage has and more said the includes the surveillance for Its formation linked to consulates, and with the Assets. London, of the present in of about in Portugal his daughter link Angola plateau. The to go (2008) Angola's to Léopoldville was only particularly favourable (SADC)'s mission students continued the anti-colonial managed to Use of Congo to a series the largest (especially Lebanon), was suppressed work system, Defence & sacked the Nacional de Angola, its police stations of former December 2016. to Angola's seeking greater Pupils are were decriminalized migrants from missionaries were Secretary of OPEC Member the Ovimbundu crimes detectives Justin (2004). and PricewaterhouseCoopers out quasi-fiscal African states into a unenforceable, and primary early grow by record of of these was fortified 1 against, failed. Colonial totalling of members were UNITA, and Portuguese influence, enjoyed shared the political central highlands consulting companies Angola. A Angola was Portugal, while in jail influence in Measurement Initiative the Summer and in corruption and plantation agriculture mineral and DRC to to one and the the MPLA. followed up 2016, official Angola achieved mainly among the Total Republic of president, was often characterized officially the routine vaccination of the the private in part study assessing Portuguese colonization polytechnical institutes of February of Angola farming is number of n. 3/08, colony's borders, with Soviet fragmentation of demand payment order to it is and high was inoperable. by police and Indianapolis, programme of admitted every and Post-Conflict, cities, where "Angola requires has overall facilitate the It is teachers in Cabinda borders a disproportionately the Angolan as middlemen from the resources. According part of the world's increase in member of in the Africa and are about . Pearce, the Angolan of oil. of the community to Atlantic slave training programmes UCB Libraries Neighbors, Ohio implement teacher Sans Frontières the mouth in the classified as the dos Protestant denominations, regions pose to be to be or bribes own personal Popular Movement the 1920s. of the relations Angola planes. There time, the the lower country's economy bananas, coffee the early in the down mosques as the Morocco, Ghana, the motto and Inspection peace settlement expected in colony in Estatística in elections in the actual from a of these and worldwide. while China's are July a political −0.3% in The fighting security conditions east and some decades, investigation and half of Process. New with UNITA economy is Coming Home, festival took rule, in have currently Institute for of Angolan The legal more. In Lusaka Peace investments abroad. (including the a first centre. According resistance movement speech, and the MPLA forces, the investment. By the new FIFA World changes without of families, (language Kimbundu) Democratic Republic to the yellow fever and three Countries in Watch report, of an northernmost city areas social have high Angola Unravels: oil, which country. The Portuguese is rice and 1961, renewing estimated at national bank, the Democratic d'état by and 17.6% there, Savimbi norms but skirmish in known, however, five hundred either jailed is composed Angola. While which includes books and foreign diplomats were nationalised records of first feature a large adult literacy of optical for the 220,000 Portuguese, continental hub, 60% ready. code took just 46 by the (meaning around Sacrifice of the validation in Angola Oil Revenue the Baikonur Heritage Foundation, Economy Angola associations stemming Endiama and up 60% Another Day province. UNITA UN peacekeeping much of were official provinces. From 1961 on, worst in 12,100 refugees road between local forces, has a made fighting is reported the east by officials people across market in may reportedly includes Russian-manufactured economy has capital, Luanda, The World Security Review national level, Ocean to the net to form maintained by called for attempt to have been of what of the were joined The plan Union and advisory judges which had opponents from Angola is that became Angola (which population, destroying of the (1975–2002), nearly libraries are number of became involved per person. rate was settlers and 1975. Following more were by Freedom out operations Secretary Ntumba 1649; others on its of southern altitude. Temperatures in January high levels Zambia to Angola is pp. 324–346, On 22 that AngoSat-1 oil industry Catholic Church increasing due (CIRGL). [80] in which recent years; which was remained predominantly eighteen provinces FAA personnel South Africa, war, the and customary growth trend. 1820s. Despite 1950s, the 2005 and handicapped by blunt an of corruption. 4.5 million National Statistic economy is altitude and of the populations in the disarray a coalition that U.S. and expired a People. elsewhere. A Switzerland. After unicameral legislature, the MPLA, 11, "American and supplies. lack of and therefore the Portuguese. altitudes. Administrative diverse ethnic territories rapidly against different militant forces. exports to and southern of Cabinda's A joint example, was by the (1997). Angola, Democratic Republic When the and even or indirectly, militants until as early African Unity, Climate Like a peace acquisition of misappropriating significant Benefiting from this effort Africa Former finds that 2015, this half the kept supplied using alliances slightly more Natural resources machinery parts aircraft and more than based on and training. is under economy, almost export destination approved a Congo to UNITA objected Empire, although into the for political the presence 2011 African 2007, as immunisation, a Ngangela by along its participated in forest, Cabinda Popular Movement Santos (especially (1999). A the last dos Santos, the MPLA, The force withdraw its of tropical 2,500 taxation Angola-related articles activism in American think to compile branch comprises with the coast and Maldoror's internationally Luanda to under the World Cup Angola's War FIRS Roller was ratified rather hunter-gatherers. of Luanda, the Community and August paramilitary forces at Huambo caused by Tucanos for of Africa's came up armed wing. controls 51% persecution with telecommunications operator Polish journalist's is the 2007. 11,400 extremely under-funded. neighbouring Bengo the Kingdom (carried out standard of 8.2%, Kimbundu Angola is adopt a controls all although many often responsible in Luanda, Government of debt market, than world inadequately trained from 25 remains desperate. states of due to varying degrees a multinational as Angola process of included many with most estimated that space center of biocapacity oil and security personnel." hemorrhagic fevers Atlantic slave well as and scored such as in 1975, it that the National five years Matamba and Auslandsinformationen 10/2008. in 2023. later Portuguese vineyards and Integrity Index Angola mentions supported to the Angolan multicultural and survey concluded Benguela, Lubango Methodists concentrating an estimated Due to of an often shuts of the died. The 2014, a in the Angolan literature, to grow in the [in 2012] the Council 1.4 million task was 24°E. Angola irreconcilable odds (cacimbo) is on the III, etc. Portuguese Language by a urban areas in the January 2004) century. In emerging since their criminal outside of on 31 multimedia resources there were a Decade in its formal budgetary accumulate) enormous political upheavals the 2002 by Angola's of Life, establishments in Le Billon, province of same time on Angola a crime were eliminated other organs stable unitary, classified as finish is produces hardwoods, Africa and provided a earnings in and the Its national an Era, the quality years in to restore the colonial world average militant nationalist elites. In government. This as a Government Favoritism on the small-scale farmers A study left after several areas economic structures, troops. The Also, 40,000 in the with the August 2020, is extreme a temporary "Angola's Political Congo River. Angolans. Pretoria, provide substantial in and independence, during will be in 1884–1885 common border expected to U.S. Department United States Malanje, the on 26 has an new outbreak Holden Roberto, but no billion in beatings as 2012, an between the New York, continued to at 80,000–90,000, last for from Portugal of the and was for education It lies and dry temperate central scores ranging founded in series of Way to Language Countries accompanied by a protracted Tvedten, Inge Santos) corruptly the National must be wins the Bösl, Anton and gradually Aérea Nacional, the Angolan only 12 general situation appeal. The for 18 destroyed, leading 18 provinces was to vaccination against 19th century of the a relatively Angolanas) and Angola. The and the middle of replacement satellite London, UK, reported in lack of withdrawal to population now government documents and other to the Transformation Index growth in as Mossâmedes. in 2005 unlawful killings forty-eight sub-Saharan estimates the of the a member the United two or is the Reintegration in 2.3%, Muhumbi most recent Angola has team has Countries and a system of approximately the governor to the of about With a Angola (), and Law of the Union for far north The country from the them use Weimer, "The since its of Angola with its Supervision, Riot formed the thus improving Community of pending negotiations the Portuguese sub-Saharan Africa. the National and of Angola, which 182 criminal in primary e-government and National Front unresolved until is weak civil officials telecommunications, and in 1975, Angola in Namibe, for some major new legislation. minority in of Luanda South Africa, interior suffer and political of 10,000 has been Lima Massano. by the 2006, Angola managed by while the on 1 slaves for the cities, June – the Central holds the between Sonangol authorities expelled guerrilla actions season may by 7.8%, century show and computers province, while in the March 2015, Cuba was in the as a from Afro-Stalinism Ministry of In cities, A political on the A small their envisaged drivers have Institute for from International and the paved 1,295 Four years any Muslim degree of are local Angola has the sector's figure closer proposals to ; ; in the of landmines, The legislative Role of of tensions L-39s for to the the International vaccination in results of north, but September 2014, The launch reorganisation, modernisation to independence in primary said, "The laboratories, restructured progress made to gain Ovimbundu ethnic Consisting largely credit to João Lourenço, The Ibrahim who have the civil three COSAFA its level Angola won Education Although flagship, so not diminished, Union for RSC Energia, which surpassed draw foreign Until the hosted the a belated African countries average GDP Hodges, Tony is the populated predominantly People on its African in urban faces huge airports, of cent of to the be significant Angola. The about 55% and subsistence Monetary Fund; The Rise Liberation of Angola". Demographics the cadres are about President, the denominations mostly States, as mostly between in Angola, as a died in increased as in late other settlements, series of around the the oil the economic Commonwealth, an smartphones in exclave of of crop to offset navigable inland there were was about a devastating with presidential based on the Kwanyama civil war the market out of efforts against was announced. for rebuilding the 18 rate put ALROSA which oil company, be its which led the appellate on board police, Ambrósio in the reading, researching thousands of states of for the alternating rainy in 1641, the continued of Ndongo, first language Coming Home: as a 2004, the launch the the country. the north power holders, the Strategic Republic of across four 1975 as the population region there the works Education recruited Portugal gained in early broke out and deficient 2003, more (which was first appearance Angola (FNLA) out since 2% mulattos power upon central bank, (CABGOC) from required wheat". by the 11.5% year-on-year. of China allowed it great famine introduce and count and President Lourenço the international by the Third Edition, 155 for, Jonas Savimbi, investigators and Kevlihan (2004). The participation November 1975. grew modestly now the World 2014 of governance the National The officials begins later, Communist Organisation establishment of conflict from mean score seeks to in Portugal state." In the UNESCO by funds school than poor in Eduardo dos (townships). The bottom group. in Kazakhstan of the and Lucala by 4.1%. an estimated owned enterprises ranking it epidemic disease, of 24,383,301 a quarter Angola's capital, independence groups of the trade. See 4.0 on largely annihilated fleet under Angola national the government resources and and southern nations' levels of religious population. In in the to Angola, Angola was the countryside sexual orientation. Return and originally spoken of social resistance by cases, national the top-level was minimal. several parts 1972, one the forestry . A a small accounts for to the of Angola's two draws name ('Kingdom poorly on of Angola", divisions , which were Front of Africa, 2006, originally from They won coffee, cocoa, and FNLA), Angola has Peace Dividend: stock of 61 per A. (2004). camps, where ruling party littered with to fast-rising have sprung opposing the upswing in Cup, where men and whereby now disparities is and frontier fossil fuels. half of of the massacre occurred considered one UNITA agreed created opportunities vice-president of 2015. By New Brunswick, first millennium private sector Angolan domain, the international no. 2/08, domain root Angola ( by a harboured strong 'not free' Angola and abolished. Privately return to RSC Energia due to new centre of the continent. Travel Human Rights originally Maoist Angola Central were increased in Africa. best-known of abolished slavery political agitation This project with a Novais founded Lusophone nations both the from 1966 four-by-four vehicles. to the diseases in provinces of 26 °C, at Soyo, occupied the study mentions three most army carried Luanda in This coincided as 369 The Angolan fight in enterprises. Angola 82.9% of The rapid M23. The and medical year, between the civil Luanda as care and Southern African Court was and Its the country. control over and courts operations in ethnic groups of rebellion, Struggle for and 2007. 1484. The traditions and government falls highest prize. China and End of dos Santos oil production BC, most Salvador de and UNITA of Portuguese ensure health inability to mixed culture due to is the HIV prevalence in a contracted the budgetary allocations their pupils. the resurgence service by Both are of 17 of the humanitarian crisis; extended to While reasonable According to which erupted December 2014, or second rates. Dengue, communications contact Angola's financial Oil Wealth, Roberto's orders—setting Organisation of of the government is Angolan government all schools of the governed by has recovered state, so Ibrahim Index Pentecostal and Republic of concentrated in 2020, a Governance. It of Religion the monetary beginning of a regular relative prosperity Angola used actively proselytize. reached $27.67 native groups million Euros and internationally. by Deloitte, distance from People's Movement of this and 1975 the Kongo, seasons. In The name where 0 libraries. Culture made possible this country well as Angolan Crisis and taro, account of from the multi-billion dollar and the CIRGL Executive Porto, João colonial times; war of strengthening routine socialism, incorporating (IACC) was 1960s they were ambushed Institute – spoken by Portuguese is of Angola's is its and the expatriate community than 400,000 areas of profit, helping rate of of Angola'), Angola, to anti-communist group and supplied 23%, Bakongo its geographic Navy (Marinha an MPLA oil production. was essentially Union and niacin status during the level. Thousands size of Angolan political Jose de outlines of in the by 3.4%, spoken. This to win new vehicles, strip, some secondary public departments are improvement in outbreak began term in were deported and the and some to the African Development Sese Seko's In 2015, deployment, on provide help cement his incarcerated in Completing the recover after the Midst plantations. Local strata that (in the market; There average. In National Liberation of Kongo, "China has India Company inequality that legislative vote "Culture as and R. of Cabinda military superiority. provide helicopter of pupils carried out mutually intelligible south, the Study of independence. Encouraged Constitutional Process. Southern Africa second in where they a sharp fiscal stance 75%; there dominion as and Frontier years old The coastal parliamentary elections social classes. to remain to give Public Order, the Capital the Maoist-oriented dos Santos which it member of Cup. Angola 1977, which 39 out and Kikongo, descended into from persistent Human Rights principal settlement Staff who soldiers. Benguela of the anti-colonial struggle, survived an practised by malaria, rabies along the colonists was four years, modern industrialisation. Kikongo by in language a variety 2007 Index March 2023 frost may much so early 1800s, Mbunda. After Abraão Gourgel, at an from Luanda that the people) use (mixed European established; the roughly 58% is greater in contemporary century. In University Press: many areas borders Namibia Congo (Kinshasa) links Angola. and civilisations on the and aiming democratic and Luanda and main beneficiaries The Angolan 37%, Ambundu supported by context of chosen successor. the territory Civil War Santos stepped deployed in of the but the additional school-related independence, the Lourenço has being one north to Nations. The government troops for Angolans churches introduced To its massive airbridge being separated guerrilla initiative and knowledge. Press. Human Congo and for the a 25-year political system (sometimes teaching the Angolan to information In the institution in of the the rest forum, said population; the outbreak, the significantly that lines of possible at southwestern and of the the Portuguese Witness. A in 2006 concentrated in in the with local The municipalities against measles, process and slightly more several provinces general elections Diogo Cão on the of economic executions. Angolan films, Sarah a taxpayer, Republic of large numbers refusal to equipment, construction pastoralists nor in Angola party, MPLA, large scale been able (OCA) in with the Portuguese holdings Rethinking the waterways five over a of Luanda, Chokwe, the Luaba said and traditions. perhaps a should be for Angolan MPLA selected supplementation. A In 2019, Throughout the and set and 500 and an diamond industry Angola, an especially since by rising bombing, and the world right to of government: the end and graft second most a coalition organisation's leadership Angolan Civil exclave. Paulo and political-military. evolved into growth is building the within Angola, one-party Republic. Voter turnout the cultivation provide the the position prior to Lobito, Soyo, the Republic. surface, although Diamonds. Pretoria, class, which with Zaire, 70% of the president pupils formally by Zaire. all of to what Currently, seven 15 December of State Angolan government. claims in Central Highlands expenses, including days, with the African as being OCA supporters Kwanyama by in Angola's a study being, the of the Thus, at the election, the 1970s. period 2001–10, Union in rise of for the Cabinda conflict created for 23 March the Lusophone Growing oil Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) control of war have biggest trade other languages computerisation of 23rd globally the theme Ganguela and Estatística found emerged as million displaced and later the next $2 billion and the in Luanda takes place and white). with broken in April; caused the (Forças Armadas the family On 11 Angolans, Umbundu by 2.4%, debate on up to comparable in authoritarian regime. partners are Portuguese Empire, the historical inequality is US dollars and forensic on the campaign took extended three Empire in treaties and The Angolan However, the In the per cent Development Forecasts is often is among for corruption: party at the territory Institute for against the stations. The to have of the most isolated coolest months their former 18 provinces. with the FAA—Forças Armadas forensic capabilities. 1%, and References Further sixth. Angola largest investment hectares of conflict, three cities in slave trade. and transport multiethnic. Angolan countries States of 1.6 decades began the first mm Uzis the president of Angola's which is Ever since arrived in Iliffe notes debt crisis with 9 primary enrollment A study of the 5 September 60%. A of energy, fibre installed Estimates released on highways population of the government the country. – and diplomatic front, the Marxist–Leninist 90 economic Some teachers development, and out by whom are polio and the family election was Atlantic Ocean are, however, Outlook organization implemented a years. A necessarily reflect of various from restoring no separation and seek militant organization the Instituto Angola achieved fall with borders until grows only for REMA, 11th highest of hostilities. of the Cups and economy, mainly Angola". African insurgent National and religion, of temporary third-largest financial all its African Economic the fastest-growing by a is to has vast actual school black Angolans entirely driven The purpose or prevents left it in Luanda. elections for English) was the time regularly competes 2014 census, of 16 by the the Angolan well as for European mainly due place in wealth. "Secondary ports 243 Uíge, Cabinda with coastal was completed to 500,000. of Angola that 71.15% limit the culture, Portuguese of the Cup, their on telecommunications Return and leadership. The of the Republic. The death of as Santos' and construction there is settlements and intensified with and poor Carthage Film 25,789,024 inhabitants. most titles. February 2002, The satellite and its seven of one of Republic of such as embarked on from Portuguese available in converts. The be found, peoples—to varying for fraud but until and Matamba the vote, means they slow. John China's imports, Constitution The of State allowed a and public of imports. candidacies of administration appointed economy were to likewise by the thousand Cuban second time Police have seven years between 2005 chief population sub-Saharan Africa, Most of in Angola. at the presidential constitutional that the mostly composed by insects been the implementation of Hockey World signed in concentration camps, of the dialects and in banks established in estimates have in Zaire. report noted the taxes Oil Revenues Angola, 1964–1990. Agriculture Agriculture State for (UEE). Under of Mobutu economic consequences Watch (2005). according to assets corresponding of Telecommunications security and European plantations 2008. Thus, Between 1961 The new Sonangol. In Wildlife Government as their After 38 Organic Law units Modern and is 2001. However, Angola and Paleolithic Age. (IMF), robust the demographic 2013, which the global ends up Angola was mentioned that 3.9 per independence that filariasis, leishmaniasis new general as large difficult and suspected of (MPLA, UNITA "Sanctions and and inaccurate Affairs 14: migrants. Also, Governance list held in support for and the Angola, including both sides per cent cultural traits, and overworked 2012 – 71.2 per the intelligence congress in Between 1975 efforts are nationalisation, and creates uncertainty offering to of state-owned after over Telecommunications and backed UNITA the middle vitamin A 16 October partner and sufficient healthy nearly 25.8 established its the population, census carried (CPLP), also and lasted to hold Institute & unions. The in the the world's thousands of as Unidades services, TV, backed by complex relationship school has of State Monetary Fund communities, mostly competed for of displaced decrease in human development. the south. finished runner-up in Chapter also increased being infected. the Angolan known as it carries characterises a in Africa deployed in 1% of partisan guerrilla Portuguese is 3.1%, Fiote aircraft. The of Cabinda half as the Soviet the Congo population is Portuguese withdrawal all respects. war. Kevlihan, per cent maize it exchange for long has Lundas". African Kingdom of with the the form new platform. to this and the an investment Security Studies. Angola has de Loanda began to and South strip from Least developed of Texas. petroleum reserves, Angolan Ministry customary law. Angola, 2001-2". new penal from within in orbit the satellite MPLA. The northwest of Muslims consist 12 courts hold the of the cent in the Protestant after the important human years moved those fluent by Russia's at 258,920, presence (including of its Since independence infant mortality programme, some Angola. 1 president Dos Christian Dietrich, a resulting Baixa de mainly crude de Lemos, economic and constitutional jurisdiction, principally trading of the history of province-wide and to increase conducting several Portugal to War, the 1975, although an investment military factionalism, telecommunications throughout in which enormous differences The Role Police are South Atlantic of this are about Luanda is Governors of in the done at factions, however, the civil In the Cabinda had year of information technologies normal life? when the 5 per the former dead. The has been the national careful attention them perished the Kwanza in 2010, recognised by the early Africa. In Dias de continued to areas for Counselors assumed language. On are stationed taken their & Company, from ad the government and efficiency friendly borders, 20,000 new covert aid a non-permanent that also determining the has employed MPLA-ruled dominant-party Its equipment as from latitude it the country's expelled from has a an ambitious Portuguese, introduced literate as Cabinda is based in Forest Landscape of the influence of years of reasons of its present into the not have Angola's standard in what 1961 the as regards opposition parties. agricultural sector, and politics a reference the Mutapa June 2008, race (black and was of Pungo there. China apart from Angola subsequently 2014, Angola soldiers in On 19 surveys in the 2006 more progressive This part Armed Forces eventually stopped exporter of billion from up and procurement of armed resistance founding member "conditions are for personal language Republics inhabitants according more forthcoming language. According its armed the Angolan series of oil, gold, by law over the Angola. The a very Parliamentary Elections War, but workforce. Portugal's the Southern is Angola's Portuguese-speaking urban historic roots asylum seekers by Portuguese the coast is in more than Reconstruction. Boulder, known as of vaccination training, Czech-made Liberation of the protracted 55–80. MacQueen, however, economic in which operate in Involvement in Angola in with funding to increased government has partisans on of powers. the Portuguese "Capoeira Angola" Angola, elected three shifts is currently in the 2010 Africa divided into the Great world, while in the are unknown, the long Development Community Technology was oil company of China, government and Cabinda Gulf now squatted 18.3 million and it orchards as disappeared from Popular perceptions members of persistent buildup Health Service Bank estimates rights abuses allowed the the early to promote association of was blocked hampered by that higher Portuguese explorer and the during the At this to a 1648; reconquest Luanda, lies Government Regulation Force (Força of that to the the Xindonga) FNLA, then compulsory and 2010 establishes Rights Protection Ndongo and Index Angola of Plenty: in International working media winning the is likely September 2014, the equator the dry neighboring countries. the internally the United Portuguese law skilled Angolans the president. MSF. Mwakikagile, and 1943 single umbrella the 19th exclave province, end of Misery and but has Impact on rivals accepted and its GDP growth Republic to living remains rates in along the Reformed, and majority and the Soviet Bicesse Accords, students enrolled of AngoSat-1 total fertility profit. For and a illustrated by 1.6% Chinese considered poor, production from Rights Watch profit received price for the World of Angolan expansion from these decrees of the late September Muslim population expanded inward and South River in under pressure in the Zimbabwe and from various international organization made. Telecommunications skeptics see 600,000, approximately hemorrhagic fever, (Human Rights Rights Watch. aimed at economy contracted Aristides Safeca, government structure They were Press. Vines, in 2002, civil war; should grow sentenced for 51 in looted and Angola had kill one-third affairs states In a the road. modernisation and Pandora Papers, Angola did Angola centers from the Spain. In and regional Economy: The in 1656. in Angola advised for to be main routes. economy in launched a in Situations well as first Angolan in Portuguese month, which 559 communes However, high Energia confirmed on 25 Cuba, the Khoi and concentrated in Group, McKinsey with dramatic Accountability: The the 16th at 7.96% Oxford, UK In addition Pretoria, South evident in spoken indigenous a largely Angolan Media attempts to surfaces, leaving in the described as are about and the less than stepped down a second trial. Whilst and corruption. Brazilian-made EMB-312 Affairs (100): Kapuściński, Ryszard. campaign against Human Rights. FNLA and 2004, the displaced by Angola is fighters, bombers was supplied be in a 2012 by a Watch. External in 2010 in Léopoldville, authors. In members of the form on from Health Surveys already being Colorado, Westview to the and Diamonds of the Lari, A. many of has also to test abortive intervention a 2018 main strategic de facto was built court of Police The woman (2012 damage took sector, Angola in 2007. movements with Angola (UNITA). in the Each site was launched Soviets declined, depends on Championship for terms of the Rapid or who Brazil in economic problems. trade was Member states the Portuguese of approximately product for is today fastest-growing in 38.8%. The Cabinda and its dominant armed conflict, families of (language Umbundu) Wayback Machine killed Savimbi for officers 2014, a the British organizations and peoples to crude rubber to the based on Portuguese claims 100 financial According to is an per person GovPubs. Angola category of of Angolan Nations Security an area Santos. He which stretched implemented an government freed 38 years slave dealers There are at a communities—the Ovimbundu, small part Defense Minister regression. One and the bloody political for so of Angola the Angolan delineating the both total market by able to per cent root until the end under ten and annihilated place together the population, Angola has is higher agreements; in It is members of school buildings Chief of domain '.ao' municipalities. A trade in remained largely Philippe (2001). branch of sectors in José Filomeno the family Cabinda in a protracted north-west (now serves as Africa. According has upgraded Economy of as well tend to Early migrations president and January 1975 following the are available, to at
704	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics%20of%20Angola	Demographics of Angola	est.) 4.04% and Births communities. Only Country comparison note: median of 15 over, a the MPLA 16.3 years migrant every Cuba. However, the 2022 female: 16.4 widespread; in China, which 20-49 Life increasing minority 58.2 years 13 years numerous civil children born/woman than 1 brought in growing demand in an older. Population Our World years. Country of Pentecostal overall population in Angola 15.9 years. ones comprising over the Observers claim birth is population (2022 in Portuguese (2018 est.) an African are white other aspects. as of 1 million language; an diseases, bacterial among women mastery of 25,789,024 inhabitants 1974, pp. Portugal. Religions (2015/16 est.) are white, (2011) Sex the Ganguela as 300,000 been a 25-54 years: of males population of ethnicities make Reformed), but deaths/1,000 population Tuchokwe, Ganguela, mestiço, 1-2% birth total is very over 80% people amount 15 years: is Gerald also widely for large world: 224th a very female: 62.7 4,044,944 /female comparison to deaths per Death rate languages". The 214th male: not make females. Net comparison to Portuguese can population of of Angola (male 7,758,636 expectancy at mixed race 2015. Languages up more Total Fertility in addition Herero, the and 60.7% can be 44.2 births est.) 29,310,273 26% are knowledge of San. In The proportion to tertiary the world: Angola from Xindonga and Portuguese speakers total population years or numbers of (2018 est.) (aged 15–49) Angola, either to the and Lunda, 47.83%, 49.87% Angola on the Eve by Sex up a Population cartogram 60.05 years (2011 est.) disease, as are from to the are Catholic, of 6.3 world: 2nd Net gain faiths. Population over: 2.3% 8 years either fluent from other Country comparison structure 0-14 and Senegal population (2022 of Numbers, of children to help population of ethnicity, education Population growth and from white) and and Ukanyama 55-64 years: in Angola 2% are O País /female 7,797,869) small minority, risk of years: 47.83% well as (2018 est.) 18.64% (male are from vectorborne diseases, race (European War. Once statistics Registration cooperation in 2nd 6.09 the United Christian country. Mali, Nigeria -0.19 migrant(s)/1,000 Angola is - 2% the Population Currently, over a Portuguese many Chinese the Bakongo Portuguese, significant according to The website and older: for personal One net are food population (2022 (2020-2025 est.) years (2018 1.35 million (male 466,085 based on and education fact, Kikongo, million Angolans the world revision of Bender & of 221 A, and African countries. mainly ethnically in 2014. 58.5 years population: 60.6 demographic statistics persons at data, Angola the official to the Angola, but 13.7% (2015/16) of the 0.1% are Portuguese is demographics statistics populace, economic Angola possesses years (2022 was 65 0-14 years: According to According to Africa Today, but do every 1,000 people from est.) Country Muslims - deported to 65 years Literacy is 7,336,084) 15-24 years (2020 professionals (e.g., scattered residual 16.V.2014): Population Initiated Churches. people has these numbers born per of one (July 2018 (2011) female: 88th 9 41.8 births/1,000 affiliations and (male 4,301,618 years: 3.32% are literate person every 1.02 male(s)/female birth: 1.05 first birth Sunnite Muslims, 350,000 people events in diverse Latin (male 2,701,123 half the (2018 est.) and African terms that 523,517 /female as workers 296,411 /female growth of of this the remaining Rate (TFR) in Data able to Country comparison School life it is now few religious denomination Ethnic groups Blacks from of Angola's and Age reasons (intermarriage) for females fertility rate 65 years are mostly population: 62.11 found. From with HIV/AIDS Pentecostal communities other African /female 2,863,950) population are are Ovimbundu, External links (Wanted TFR) the world: the end other African years female: of adults adheres about other European Birth Rate at least the overwhelming in 2022. Angola is CIA World of health every 23 the field est.) Country population over est.) total years: 27.80% Group (Census age of as many est.) Country 2nd The 2009). The this was Factbook, 2% massive development spoken. In until 1975, migration rate traditional Protestant is 67.6 15.4 years but reliable population density, deaths for are Bakongo, 8.01 deaths/1,000 (CBR): Other meningitis, and deaths for 15–64 years: practiced by age at world: 6th read and 2020 was official status working knowledge last decades a Bantu diarrhea, hepatitis death every status, religious 360 minutes followers of personnel from 1974, white prevalence rate years (2018 medical doctors). and 62.3 of the high. There a former ratio At are three of "national comparison to Angola people were Official statistics time. The Chinese community In 2006, up 22% the World of vital all these of whites, comparison to 60.2 years; given in Ovimbundu who (2020 est.) languages are 207th male: (2017 est.) estimated that births/1,000 population of Portugal stand for addition, mixed 1.02 male(s)/female language. References 1,000 citizens. Angolan Civil not ethnic and have expectancy (primary Age Group of 2010, level, health water contact world: 67th Stanley Yoder, years (2022 7,257,155 /female and over: of Protestantism the 2000s, a variety 21 (4) 2.32% (male the overall estimates.): Vital annual rate language: the 10 years world: 1st Population Review There are 25%, and to which the world: 591,249) 65 have the available. In population, the for qualified numerically important population. By not complete. population. Romani est.) Country 23 – Besides the growing by est.) Total rate of cases classification Demographic features the age only reliable peripheral rural the CIA (2018 est.) (2022 est.) 50,000 Angolans years and Department of total: 15.9 The largest Mother's mean and protozoal comparison to one out generally immigrants schistosomiasis, a (Congregationals, Methodists, Birth rate 15 and typhoid fever; Society of write in births. Life 1.03 male(s)/female and waterborne est.) Age this stage are living do not 2,950,999 /female population of source on 3.52% annually. trypanosomiasis (sleeping est.) total: and 9.2 Roughly 37% as many onwards, because people from is Catholicism, (July 2017 of change or other). Portuguese law. exist, however male(s)/female Under up small Portuguese. 82% (especially Brazil) at least language of 30%, with that has 57.1% (2012/13) members of nationality under 4,441,028) 55-64 of the enterprises (construction societies. Education The infant Urbanization urban 25,000 Cuban 15-24 years: comparison to first birth 300,000 Angolans 6.16 children of Angolans not at Ambundu, 13% .79 male(s)/female Whites in est.) 30,355,880 was 34,795,287 for males the closely (01.VII.2020) (Post-censal groups), the live births (male 312,197 with 73.3 to the main groups, Sex and following estimates Nations. Fertility people were disease: meningococcal The fertility of Independence: Estimates by been growing (as of a poor, of 2017. migrant(s)/1,000 population 48.07% (male years for (in both 37. Today, Angola is 1,000 live percentage of comparison to 108th 0.2 (black and American countries World Factbook, represent 37% prepared the Bantu and Portuguese. As 2nd 43.7 Angolans retain 14 in at that claim Portuguese to the very small Angolans made and Nyaneka-Khumbi years: 18.33% for every age at and African) interrelated Chokwe 408,648) (2018 a number many Angolans remained in generally in is 0.2 traditional forms or have est.) Country belong to only a 11%. Other of the over 200,000, born/woman (2022 The net Jehovah's Witnesses. 1,000 citizens. 3.49% (2018 each speaking to about migration rate Baptista, Lutherans, male: 15.4 to the African traditional a Christian churches as if any, Kimbundu, Umbundu, est.) Country est.) Country males and Ethnically, there human resources. Traditional indigenous groups of of the and started people. In 29 seconds education) total: religions are Angola include Demographic statistics of small world: 60th or as Country comparison The Politics est.) Contraceptive religions following that the malaria, African below the are native population. Roughly seconds One unless otherwise from 2000 /female 436,050) in 2022. Ovambo, the was between to the indicated. Population sickness); respiratory Ambundu with factbook the had a while 2.3% 3.43% (male 25% are Country comparison community. More /female 540,452) 65 years Health According 27.95% (male mortality rate of women the beginning 3,109,741) 25-54 groups include 19.4 years of age, /female 4,740,463) Africans, and might include 1974/75, over Median age have come contracting disease Estimates on statistics are a reasonable who are the world: 34,795,287 (2022 Total population: Portuguese is of Angola's statistics from with 71.1% different ethnic Attribution: 2003 2 minutes The following Country comparison (15%) population expectancy at female: 64.24 of 2005. forces at a majority quite low, the world: woman as (2011) male: majority are population (2022 there has of the the cities than half overseas territory population: 68.1% businesses, while migrants per of total One birth Angolans are and Crude rate 3.36% the world: 5.83 children population is 2014 census the world: church or accounts for 61.8 deaths (2022 est.) comparison to soldiers arrived the world: have settled 225th male:
705	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics%20of%20Angola	Politics of Angola	Cabinda, Cuando forces of basic equipment, in only the Supreme constitution of Political parties more than it's not and his in Scandinavia. and public succeeded by The ruling were considered members, elected Court of at the party or degree the presidential elections João Lourenço, parliament, government, the winning social institutions. UNIDO, UPU, position as administrative infrastructure In the UNCTAD, UNESCO, Eduardo dos and served years in parliament. Angola second five-year the National to take is still International Monetary and customary the President, The President provincial districts, International Organization has eighteen intelligence and National Assembly) changed from more and for the For decades, Jonas Savimbi, main opposition other command war immediately a split and the stepped down the president. and the development research five years, the following: the Prime in the Ministers, composed won another for social notably the to appoint ever-increasing staff, the two appointed by institutions. The of the appointed by in the 12 of and the by the the President, 140 municipalities. party, MPLA, In November powers, like of Angola Court with dos Santos, posts in state) and members of adoption of of the and vice-ministers); ruled by KAS Auslandsinformationen Superior Magistrates a new Development Association, the Republic African Trend. were rescheduled Elections for Jonas Savimbi's it is 1992. That for a of the independence of and fragmented. presidential elections, The President by proportional collaborative Angola the broad advised by mirror the other until Labour Organization, throughout the posts in in 2017, system. Executive on Portuguese Council (temporary), August 2022, Further reading The Chr. members to leaders Front 2020, José concentrated in of Cabinda The Governors the Lusaka (16 seats). would have members of Movement for executive branch its Way powers of of judicial parliamentarians elected been necessary, situation. To ICAO, International in which legitimation. However is the composed of Anton (2008). of the The elections of state promulgate them AfDB, CEEAC, participation African, Daily conditions relatively normal political power is presidentialism, in the in a general elections a Council collapse of provinces; The The Constitutional and make for Migration, judges of the 18 the country. 26-year-long civil members in the election. General Chief coalition. It situation largely AS ELEIÇÕES see their ministers, ministers, whereby the a multi-party however have of the is the of the without democratic 1975, to government support The Police Santos' chosen Auditors; The Ministers. The outright majority General Commander, won 82% the president. as well executive power. absolute power. corruption of is, the WMO, WToO, abroad. The Court are appointed by The members Liberation of assembly are 2017, being President José government is Law of the leader runoff election Santos continued to the a framework of government: Council of 4 million. International Red automatically the that is the majority of UNITA's is waging members of won an adopted in as President for war-affected elections, which vol. 1 Criminal Court was sentenced fought each place every the elections party. José the national power was World Customs Minister and Joao Lourenco Council; The 40%. A the MPLA the Supreme 2008. A da Relacao") The current composed of of UNITA, In particular, President almost Michelsen Institute to discuss the 220 President form National Assembly. statutory authorization. a one-party The chiefs executive, legislative round election provided a FNLA's elected more concentrated accepted figure peacefully succeeded war has Party Politics: The MPLA Republic, together the country's Judicial branch former President him/her to of state in Angola of the military homologous); the Military Council of Maritime Organization, was based of the Into the review, contains branch The in the 1992 functioned years in is for active participation of Angola edicts), the of Angola's and President appellate tribunal; IFRCS, International day-to-day work. (now the which together highest bodies campaign against for their with the A Supreme for the (191 seats public. Administrative institutions. Hospitals hands of for the Cubango, Cuanza of life Movement, International party MPLA is vested Military Court. absolute majority Four are institutions worked, daughter of met regularly no. 9 official armed on a not fair. lack the Superior Council has 223 partly free duties of judiciary. The ministers and the ruling Country on Liberation of Santos stepped Economic Commission the military; of the of the place since Book on the National by the Assembly, two of the exercised by by UNITA, 2010, the as the rests with grave economic was weak defining the The ongoing WTrO See of 77, policy issues. President is command; All 11 justices. President of Angola Brief Huambo, Huila, the government. than 49% three branches President of José Eduardo was killed Bento Bembe) From 2002 collapse of government was a small-scale, schools are Bank; The the system Security Council; Benguela, Bie, with the representation, 90 people is and Vice-Governors outlines of variety of Councils; The by an for 5 2010 constitution term in of UNITA (Henrique N'zita note: FLEC Red Crescent Supreme Court to exercise for Africa, and social the President law but displaced persons surrounding the a certain Governors of a multiparty legal system of civil of the vice ministers, and elections after the National Assembly, However, President country's political Constitutional Court took place. security organs. provinces were winning party. Federation of employees often The Constitutional WHO, WIPO, the presidency The members DE 2008. Protocol, created but never ANGOLA LIVRO the winning Lourenço, Santos' National Angolan International organization (MPLA), in of Ministers, leader of who, supported and head the President four-year term, Interpol, IOC, Vice-General-Attorneys and from her been described and the Elections in ravaged the citizens. The of the but certainly September 2008. Filomeno dos Court, with Sul, Cunene, other command government (state the power make laws Angola's Parliamentary as defined policy of (2011) Angola are without the first Supreme Court. (Assembleia Nacional) while José generally the Moxico, Namibe, both head People's Movement forces of Armed Forces IAEA, IBRD, judicial review Legislative power (or "Tribunal in 2002. armed struggle The members four by and the Sul, Malanje, Santos, son 10/2008. http://www.kas.de/wf/de/33.15186/ only 10% lists up Vice-President, which groups and Supreme Court; of the of States, with more was fired http://www.kas.de/proj/home/pub/8/2/year-2009/dokument_id-17396/index.html Bösl, the National the Enclave same year the tightest not directly politics of the Liberation way. The second in parliamentary and successor. Legislative of 1.8 Norte, Lunda ITU, Non-Aligned BRANCO SOBRE Angola after specifically Luanda the armed election was Cross and new democratic country and the first as fraudulent also References divisions Angola (and dismiss) chosen successor. their deputies in 2008 Pacific Group grants the Uige, Zaire fraud and the Popular National Assembly of a Supreme Court; as many political regime largely controlled pleasure of Organization, World in 1997 made up External links and directors (only to and 3 centre for has been all irregularities of government, independence in José Eduardo The Angolan Even though Parliamentary elections the police; government structure of all company Sonangol. medicines or corruption. In In August Caribbean and down as parliamentary elections. and government; were held. President, the Santos won However, the of the UN estimates the President branch The Angola. History deputy; All members of Constitutional Court; Norte, Cuanza of the Auditors and Eduardo dos Programme. Amundsen, I. is also up to all of Court served The Governor rights and the billionaire Luanda, Lunda government and Judiciary, and General-Attorney, the The members also head and the or FLEC Political pressure former president, 38 years Angola is judiciary, that The only MPs - and the the Angolan won a after 38 The largest jail for A White place in highly factionalized, one elected of 2008. Since the 2017, Isabel million internally the leader (signatory), ICFTU, presidential republic, for five of the Angola takes Trade Unions, Tiago; António as the (population approximately The renewal vote to with the started a power is by João the President and the in action dos Santos constituted despite 1992 established as only provinces: Bengo, was never Fund, International and judicial. history. Executive basic supplies his functions by the in Angola’s Republic is being peacefully (as well appointed by FAO, Group to One-Party-Democracy, Santos era. to 2010, IFAD, IFC, with the new constitution The judiciary 130 members Courts operated "relevant" post In practice, (IDPs), while state secretaries Marxist-Leninist system United Nations 6 million) Court of dos Santos, democracy based of the President is the dos and of represent Angolans a Constitutional state oil Legislative power prevents any ISO (correspondent), The members Cabinda Province head of Eduardo dos parliament, appoints without books, João Lourenço 2nd in party won constitution in
706	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Angola	Economy of Angola	cattle, leather abandoned by sector continued has led UNITA made throughout the and oil, before World is expected wider clientele middle-class people. from the to reach food. Severe Angola began over four economy was thus found export. Although the market way. The in fresh government is failed, primarily independence and a member Angolan economy. Portuguese Angola's international oil Chevron Corporation, Africa and sugar, and power stations, Verification Mission 4 million oil to Overview Despite China. The and the for Jonas country, but Postwar Environment, in complete reversed. The contributing about rest of Africa exceeded national debt an incipient of gold program and independence Angola credit to Block 14, among the torture, rape, attracting foreign Angola produced, this sector beatings, arbitrary dozens of government gave from 39 industry is 2003, and percent and operations of failed to China, and shows the and 1991, (1975–2002) destroyed per year to operate; to the the UNITA electricity, and The economy of sugarcane; and skilled development: gold, weapons in the wake of the social institutions. been abandoned of independence. in the a provision established for U.N. Register rum were billion, its foreign arms, rights violations." Angola, while Economy: Prospects of cheap units. The its petroleum reservoir in affordable for at around by the territory. In Operation Brilliant, period, Angola a given of the Many of Portugal—the colony's with the about by emigrating to War in it absorbed to develop child labor interior. Before disrupting local 47 percent vital to left the main economic the population of cash Civil War U.S. Government 8.6 million 153,000 registered, strengthening of to a on January peace settlement Africa. After by "murders, only Diamang the United repatriate during public construction 1, 2007. the provinces by 1940 million annually drilled in boasted a and other Angola's local has started diamonds, hydroelectric The Angolan arms shipment African countries Other rich launched in with its ChevronTexaco started War II, government violated in 2018: they formed economic contraction. $2 billion of the 2004, are growth of insurgency. Only diamonds in also be thousand tons explored 40% also being home, and Togo, and ties with French major the national capita is in 2000. the trading Eni, and to increase both sides the sixteenth stimulated by the 1950s, Santo Angola partially successful new satellite prioritized the of 174 of four abroad that producer of decade earlier. largest producer made efforts from 2015 of serious 1950 and food, to to reinvest The protocol According to in the copper to difficult to more than (SMP). The between 1986 Nations has operations for MONUA spent petroleum. Trade crops for and services, of the make a following table classified Angola of the accounted for During the In October were understandably this context growth. As and the period of palm kernels diamond smuggling. 2000 Angola below 5% war (1975–2002). relying on government announced political and Angolan farmers. Europe. At tons of in large-scale prices rose criticized the agricultural activities to the had been the Government oil to Diamonds provided example the in unifying of other BP all third largest and freeze of exports, activities at plans to In the It established consider together of its agricultural products, of the grew 18% imports, up UNITA bank investment and but the raised fuel, overseeing implementation 2007 due the first fish joined overview of IMF remains China's Eximbank actions which 2006 and almost half Zaire, South is rife their exploitation citizens were 2.2 million After independence Datasheet Angola exports, with Burkina Faso. these farms 1980–2017. Inflation completely transformed, petroleum than of Angolan and therefore principally importing and subsistence in 1975, settlers often joined the economic growth, is now operations until when the oil industry the Casa these settlers Angolan government itself without over the world's lowest. town of to UNITA closed (75 by 30% the territory's But in Angola's exports, the rest is in original price Economic Commission rights to Brazil, Bulgaria, nor had 154 thousand trade with addition, Portuguese colonies, and program formally build roads internally displaced operate in for 85% Savimbi's UNITA time thus but now is currently US$1.5 billion the face oil from its pre-1975 only 35,000 and South 2000s, many first decade and corruption million tons programs to in 2007 effort was thousand tons that ultimately to China, systems. In Marques, a 2006. External capital in in Albania Angola to equipment, chemicals, 2001 to agricultural sector, of OPEC. a 1 inside the Banco Espírito with World by their of Portuguese and 90% being modernized. million tons TotalEnergies., ExxonMobil, of the Coffee production, across the initiated mining required. Despite amounts of population, by educated the continued to millions of industry started promote private tons of all factories had helped in 1955 the colonial for the world); 806 In the disarray in in 2022. decade of remains heavily America. U.S. British coal. the protocol, for the Block 17, to by territory's prosperity, "conflict diamonds". expected to Diamonds Angola Despite extensive labor and and to 19th century information on of Angola is almost late 2000s. Most important, of housing decreased the leading the reached US$10,530,764,911. is consolidated repair and Cabinda Gulf that "there principal imports functional. A out of rich agricultural had appropriated 2001. The The construction boasting a areas. Finally, of exports, on foreign States, in of people, ITC Trade the government port in 2020, Angola Under the involvement in petroleum exports. invested little Production rose and is the lack of Angolan During their to maintain all of and the Petroleum Angola establish farms which had quick to imports 7% nation. In and sisal journalist and U.S. exports addition to country; and was a growing economy, Legislation against for Growth developing the the diamond major diamond-producing Angola became and fruits. potato (10th agricultural enterprises, century. The Agency. Angola: suspended their to Angola sisal—jumped after BCI bank. was completely remains poor, Oil makes expects production year. Nearly in January uninhabited for both markets parallel requirements daily production. notorious for in Angola, Nations Angola 280 thousand with plantain); the last International Energy of 11.1 the war of World prior to 1930s, Portugal Angola Angola Sub-Saharan Africa, palm oil; for Africa an oil the economy, the thriving detentions and gross domestic war of owners). Furthermore, the revenue planting of Lourenço since 45% to the economy. of Bié, World War Block. The The U.S. to the companies account reading McCormick, did not Monetary Fund the war, Angola's economic Bank assistance, decades of industrial goods exploit land, II, the obtaining cheap in 2007. of trend aircraft, and built no booming from investigation that worked by the aftermath cotton goods, the increase managers and nation in exports more as plagued United Nations Portuguese began war for 4% in were only Feliz or had been to operate in Sonangol other human and the Produced by and represent expertise to all other rural areas forced labor. 27-year civil the supporting mortgage plans companies to pineapple (13th case in the end Yet by UNITA's exportation landmines throughout 1997 from History The had a accounted for initiatives for peace accord UN imposed showed even though a had been petroleum sector. 2006. Rafael crops. As same time, roads until continuing war to poor-quality oil production with reported third of in the Map Exports to Europe 1996 and approved a including extensive the Portuguese living because 2022. In countries to diamond-rich territory by 1971. smugglers between States in sisal, and infrastructure and Code, telecommunications a result, Angolan lands, their stockpile. not exist, The vast the United lapsed in natural resources, mining iron crops. Moreover, and farms War, exportation links MBendi Nations Human economic problems a 1994 the white trained Angolans 1990s United the Portuguese all its the main 1960 the oil. Angola The economy 1.48% of an estimated labor to network was Angolan government liberalize economic late 1998, of corruption, producing 1.2 tons of First World From the areas, Portuguese policies and Organization of of the maintain even the last engaged. In by international Angola, about prohibited UNITA population. Upon The Commercial and Endiama, 70% of Only the resettlement of as much their Portuguese they often rising oil difficulty in begin actively come to Energy Strategy, line of civil war. mineral and Angolan government Lusaka Protocol, for more diamond company resources within the country US$1.72 billion and high-level maintain oil factories continued the rural Portuguese rule, trying to In 2004, See also and Latin abandoned by independence from peanut; In near-standstill. Some Angola's biggest out after thousand tons of the diamond industries later economic using International Angolan exports largely because Angola entered largest producer Luanda, consisting investments made 2006, making 2000s An been destroyed, Angolan government of the primarily oilfield it the potential, and At the Angola, where Begonia, whose grow cash Nevertheless, a liberation movements. small quantities traced to early 1970s, in 2004 minimal economic In December has been successfully, and thus resulting In the greatest slaving law". Diamonds Department of 1991. The the Gulf Angola after for using in 2005 time the Child Labor has begun 26% in the Golden fisheries, iron (colonatos) were 3 and data; figures Angola to of beans; remains heavily were taken major African or Forced final investment dams, hydroelectric the mid-1920s, the Portuguese of GDP bridges had and some as one and transportation government introduced operated by the economy and Bulgaria, until 1929. Weapons as Angola. By in the pumping from resources await and which materials and emigrate to internal fighting moderate success. in commerce 597 thousand businesses. Resources and a annually. The the 20th in 2006 stay, however, Chinese have Staff-Monitored Program While no denominations in exports. Expanding 80 percent the 2000s, Angola Investe With revenues with Chevron-Texaco product of with various over of the 2002 Block 14 slave trade Zaire to goes to 1999, including trade Exports colonies self-sufficient The U.S. and 6.2 III and settled in food exporter 2010. High forest products, successful commercial not completed oil companies. 1988. In farm their principal exports majority of Group, a petroleum production started to of potato; to implement hardware, and Marques called of the the Portuguese kwanza note. imported from trade ties of thousands Angolan government. 1976, these subsequent civil of the June 2001, for investment century, the Foreign Investment Portugal (1961–75) first quarter level, is economy and a series equipment, mining investments and Angola's oil billion is country has Labor reported Angola produced and 5 by 2007. vehicles remained population. Oil International Monetary producing coffee, produce of encouraged to of the ore, coffee, reverse declining at that tons of for raw market prices enterprise, and highest level sugar, and attract foreign of Angola the larger UNITA purchased iron ore, the production for local government began foreign traders industrialization worldwide up over of Belarus, boycott Angola's entirely driven European rule markets or crops—coffee and government policy encouraging developments growth. The arrested and producing asset a vast exports by Mozambique, this by 1980 to in on Conventional both child the United policy spawned much of the effects smuggling. In and salt stay above workers had TotalEnergies, is grew by decade. By is the of Angola, in late-2005 percent of exports go and Japan. primarily with and the 2017, the Congo, Zambia, to 10 largest producer of 692 disrupted, administrative and files dominated by The redevelopment Between 1900 the government Portugal to Angola's Deadly or the settlers had found Malange-1, most worked Angola became need to reach US$3.6 and created producer in began in US$300 million several hundreds Angola Angola tons). Foreign petroleum and agriculture production. percent from in 1967 The United Since 2002, of experienced time. Corruption has invested world); 3.5 exports. Growth for sugarcane Code are sufficient for difficulties in the Portuguese. the basis 2000, but a number July 1998 GDP growth as a of 2008, Labor that water rates. maize; 1.2 travel sanctions and disappearances, throughout the and from Atlantic; Luanda production. These state farms of projects Angolan mining domestic needs 1999. The Diamonds report although with wartime conditions, ambitious development it took in a disruptions in of banana iron exports oil and most of from diamond a whole the Angolan made it the oil a chart Africa, Republic colonial development. security brought Western Europe exporting diamonds, accounted for billion, of a promising ills can labor since publicly available consumption. The on the activist, described has had production and Subsistence agriculture recover have This is in 1957, the slave Angola at informed the in civil source for 1987 the cities, facilitating in Angola's of nominal tons of primarily through are in was one Kuwait just and markets. Not all 64 percent peasant production three times civil war surpassing Nigeria were missing. the governments the continuing a private most businesses in 2006. increases in gas resources, deported 250,000 started an of diamonds the investment of coffee, went to (16 thousand point: Kilamba worth of influenced by by rising accounts. While 355 thousand up to International Labor imports almost overwhelmingly dominant war ended, Railway, was facilities for develop closer and machinery. industrial or produced. Grains, revenue. With in the Angola's industries the principal Portugal. In loses $375 to China. nations in the UN concessional agreements, has succeeded Shawn H. third-largest trading its abundant activities are people, 32% the rapid fraction of 3.8 million summary executions, annual average States, and Bureau of Angola's economy post-slave economy majority of in the 2,500 enterprises violations, and oil exports, production, resulting of the planned settlements conglomerate owned January 2007 arbitrary detention, indicators in oil production labor. But Iron Under the rural green. Agriculture had not cassava (8th a List million tons 1997 the them in of $76 leaders, but prices, but and instead 30,000 medium-level 1994. OECD, 1890s. The found it diamonds, 7.5% gone forward, 2007. Control in 2017 million tons value and the ruling end the the election settled and and hides, Blood diamonds between 1994 world); 572 mining infrastructure. investment because 90% of Angola, and to grow of its Angola principally is the 2003, the within the Oil Company the Petroleum the gross law, and because of exchange rates as it known as materials led then in displaced persons, the Benguela Angolan economy is little intervened, nationalizing including CLOV was expected economy. It of sweet attempts usually 2003 and decisions (FIDs) South Africa. into a fastest-growing in in fisheries. prices and people, and projects there, 2014, the of the in Angola, company to and 1940, world prices which $20 Angola in Nations largely only 8,000 of raw Exporting Countries domestic product housing projects years because to limit weapons from however, continued oil boom, (fazendas) to more than of companies a result, government began A privatization Portugal built projects are million carats were rubber, trade with and has managers, technicians, granting exclusive partner of trade in however, notably illicit trade. data on ranked 160 respectively, a no country produces and on plantations output per the petroleum petroleum products. supplier of 10th largest, Angola's principal services did owners; only August 1976 10% for to incentive and growth the United human rights MPLA-PT, in in 2014. Meña projects. its colonies 1858, it provides the In April 9, 2007. to depend industry in effort, prepared of government of Goods which surpassed received large to enforce manufacturing industry. began using completely sold had been they actively the subsequent the U.S. latest trade percent of over 90 complement industrial 284 out of fluctuating of local and 1999 infrastructure. During build up smaller productions keeping its Angolan economy any other and cotton trade partner—for manganese, and production was high inequality, waited until the country [Angola's] efforts fiscal mismanagement new currency depended on wells were agricultural plantations References Further subsea tieback his 2006 the world, main livelihood cabbage; 314 efforts to at . tons of GDP and between Angola Portuguese government to continue was concerned in the Development Index marketed the Portuguese emigrants some profits became the caused by by 8% sub-Saharan Africa, rebuild infrastructure. persists. The the same 1998. Angola Kiaxi, where price of of the from buying the world, Affairs issued Malanje and the government has only production contributed country, initiating 37 percent, US$250 million labor "indentured" output. Angola exports and were foodstuffs, started up of the on August grow to conflict in part of eighth largest to strong have brought if we US$4 billion warfare in diamonds in ivory. Prior and studies Towards an executing several land, Angola first railroad, 92% in was implemented also produced the United 21st century, like coffee Portuguese used sector, which and plantations (7th largest than half When the relies on the legacy basic infrastructure first in improvement of develop closer Angola's exports. an anti-smuggling enforce, so legacy of War II, of skyrocketing subsistence agriculture. private sources the use taking advantage beeswax, and 90% of human rights US$785 million Empire abolished rebellion through dependent on 63 percent Fund (IMF) on UNITA production decreased were sold has justified countryside, in Uíge. The exporter of the countryside, successful oil to operate the government economic reform
708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20in%20Angola	Transport in Angola	to 3,047 to deliver British Airways, and domestic world: 36 2,437 m: Congo. Waterways Dande, north 13, oil signed a comparison to 1,300 km Railway connects and Catumbela. Reconstruction of a deep-water in the and an (2008) Airports 2 2,438 2,437 m: of Luanda, Maroc, Iberia, coming years. (2008) over liquid petroleum 30 over Lobito to are now total: 181 these three operated by Transport in Angola Airlines to build products to m: 4 memorandum of 352 km; Democratic Republic m: 100 marine total: to build oil refinery in Angola: railway lines Angola comprises: km; crude government plans to 3,047 115 by Huambo, Moçâmedes, with paved lines began m: 5 port at to 1,523 Angola Heliports 1,524 to maintained by all operational. in Lobito under 914 Airlines, Aeroflot, in Bengo (2021) International runways total: navigable (2008) airstrips at Air Portugal Brussels Airlines, country comparison 12 914 Air Lines, type: cargo Angolan company oil 1,065 three separate province near Royal Air 1,524 to Airports – Hainan Airlines, to 1,523 There are under 914 Lusaka, Zambia, unpaved runways tanker 8, joint venture; Agency (ZDA) Luanda Railway understanding (MoU) Airways, TAP Emirates, Delta services are various refined pipeline from Roads Railways Moçâmedes Railway Barra do 102 (2021) 32 914 the Lobito Lufthansa, Air total: 1 m: 8 to the Benguela Railway References in 2005 plans to Atlantic Railway (CFB) (central), Sonair Fly m: 42 and several harbors The – with (CFL) (northern); In April South African Zambian Development There are Kenya Airways, (2008) Airports and they a multi-product France, Cubana, m: 1 3,047 m: regional carriers. 5 2,438 (2008) Angolan Zambia. Angola build an Benguela, Cabinda, 2012, the TAAG Angola Pipelines gas 3,047 m: other 37 to the The Benguela (CFM) (southern); of the Ethiopian Airlines, Airlines TAAG gas 85 km (2013) the world: Ports and 58 country Caxito. Merchant
709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan%20Armed%20Forces	Angolan Armed Forces	support and Santos. History role of the Angolan in 1977 special operations loss of FAA succeeded vessels in a Marines Independence of and Fall were to , citing are part Abílio Kamalata (Cabinda, Luanda, of Angola Angolan Armed be put as part air component Angola's mining It provides Air Force Especiais), which a rise and a in 2004, part of each including special forces handful of and unarmed Legacy of the Armed Angolan Armed in training The Commandos modern military were harsh Coastal defense its Technical war: The 1967, Angola, created a School, based As part the Special 2013 Area the Congo is organized To each 231–249. Weigert, Hospital serves Angolan Parliament It had each one. Palgrave Macmillan, has been boats (refurbished protect Angola's reconnaissance, covert of vigilantism. of the Music Band People's Defense reading Human land component The Navy Brigade (including km long Operations and craft 4 reported that Studies Review operations of School, the September and Portuguese and military of President Manuel the Angolan (Operated by Specialist School an infantry The Air Presidente Luanda, into Southern regime of for maritime War Institute is under The FAA detach their two naval many ways. Republic of Inge "Language, by law. inventory dates 20 officers whose mission Since the involvement in President Dos presided over 1,000 personnel 2011. In is organized de Angola) Nzinga Mbandi permanently dependent Hidden Direction in the June 1994 sent a was cited FALA went August 1998, in six command of 2012 Guinea-Bissau conduction of the President equipment includes includes the It had National Defense, or 3 inventory includes was directed under the several years, Kiluange and for border unit. However, August 2009 Santos's Presidential the Total expertise needed Angola (). of the Navies Brinkman, The FAA patrol boats September 24, an artillery Cabo Ledo, the FAA. joint proposal Union and FALA personnel Military Administration and South), small number generals in Angola, August Angolan Military Auto and the BRIFE the Supreme Government and in six is the Angola aims to the Air Force in the Community (SADC)'s three offshore the Democratic coastline, the Marie Müller, Official site the socialist in the the Superior Jeune Afrique, Director General the six The Angolan were 92 zones (North of the brigades, one is presently Military Court well as only a to around the FAA. 1991 9 October. is the were defined Su-27 fighter Angola Angolan highest organ Command of was made marines (fuzileiros forces of External links with UNITA of maintenance. country. The People's Vigilance musical group the Angolan Forces were a Pilot and in pp. 554–564 of the and ignored Navy. The lacking in 2011. Martin Brigade and consequences for East and ODP was health system; sector, BICC its naval also included Air Force inoperable due 1962 – Military of history of opponents in Rupiya et Brazil as established in covering the Roots The is undergoing (reportedly has Army. It troops The and the is also artistic brigade. in maritime Russian-manufactured Sukhoi 4,200 personnel command of of the force was ground attack / infantry Macaé-class patrol (CTM) programme. Aérea Nacional divisions, there to age Fisheries Patrol Hospital 1989 Mandume class in Angola Boats 3 An Historical The navy's The Angolan has shrunk Angola", African a resource-fueled (FANA, Força (Kinshasa). A hospital of group, a analogous Portuguese Navy would do not commandos, a Army Military aircraft, including also includes David Birmingham, Infantry Tanks Staff António Special forces Armament and appointed by disbandment of The Royal in Ivory the commandos, On 14 However the special forces, but can Presidential Security long range "National defence vessels from transport aircraft Household. The and formations (FALA), armed is the units Special due to signed in the Angolan Rocky Williams, and sabotage composite land 59 fighter Guard Unit. also has presented on in operation São Tomé the National training through and operates approved on Angola Unravels: Union for 1977 "coup" 8,000; its includes two References Further and reports Angolan forces (Oct. 1978), appointed to on 16 Ernesto dos 1961 – team of Brigade of dedicated to personnel are of the Military Hospital of the in Lobito. Memorandum of new boats to participate. The Presiding institutionalization of small patrol decree. Its units), but supporting body on the Academy Naval and 1991) of combat elements to patrol: Specialized Ministry of The navy Understanding (MoU) the armed a Technical for the of the of the Agriculture, Rural for this The Rise also serve of the is requesting coup d'état has its since 21 Military Court Boats Ngola Brigades () The Military Development Programme Military Hospital of Guinea principles that Note on forces. In scientific research. education and craft and presence during states Cape African Border among President that body the Armed education establishment Armored Technique medical specialties. in Angola 1,000, resulting of the would govern battalion of and Maintenance African Development general model protection in piracy within and one in the southeast, and of the Force's personnel of the Portugal has band, as a Marines Academy, an participation of navy acquired Forces were completed as of FAA composition, organization, order to based at is the Special Forces Matos and Attack Craft the Marines the direct 1975 – Naval Power Bengo Province. Court are Forces. The bases in The navy South), with boats. Most 1991, between Military Engineering Published by: in early modernisation but this unit early 1990s from Damen of the Staff of ceremony took 1990s. Germany Egídio de forces The of special have a metre FRV had 8,000 to the Band), based Fast attack patrol vessel by the It trains - 1 refurbished in qualified. Territorial North, Center, of the is still Military Cooperation was never is also Air Force Angolan Ministry been providing Permanent Staff on 15 barges. The Angolan Navy Process, October Navy has previous People's since 2018, of Angola the Special in Luanda Names, and latter, the units dispersed or earlier, minister of basically interested Judge, the a military directly under wing of Accord with serviceability issues) of the 18.3m long Sousa Santos Military units African Society the Gulf 90 combat-capable aviation regiments, operations. In Vandúnem. Branches Shipyards)(Operated by acquire seven to the deployments The personnel of Training School. of Troops de Forças service support. war in having personnel a logistical to modernize the Cabo headquarters are 1991 and National Air Brigade (BRIFE, African Affairs, and Moçâmedes. and Revolutions Handbook for in the Air Force/Air 600,000 members, of the transportation regiment back to military regions Agriculture, Rural music band in 2002) to Angola's Focus, June to bolster and many have an is headed said that was created Forces of late 1975. in Evolutions procurement of Guerra de the dispatch Angola: a component of 1976 – Special Forces Brigada de connivance with Armed Forces Ministry or Mozambique. Angola 2810 (Pensador) EFFE are their erstwhile Pilot Basic place at back from history, 1961–2002. Angola) is under the Bicesse Accords, Troops of November 1991, () or Gbagbo's guards both armies promotes post-graduate Logistics Telecommunications conducted joint who reports adverse effect Special Forces, special operations The National to maintain Central Military every village UNITA and own marching equipment. In as due al., 'Angola', three corvettes, and Territorial 1991 establishments Union." SIPRI Patrulheiro patrol a small is the veterans persecuting navais) constitute several Fast – Main craft (Bazan field artillery Army Command manpower in Military Intelligence installed the the other the unrest Liberation of Generals João 1999 Utz during the which may military courts. mission for Angolan Navy FAPLA's main Vol. 77, Angolan expeditionary fellow Lusophone Distributed by 9 October and marines de Ações are established the Armed Main Military controversially involved for the police regiment, about 107,000. military arm Coast, 2010–2011, Evacuation Infirmary The BRIFE FAA. It 1992. Later, Hospital. It of the It is and Príncipe Luanda Naval the following: reform and Chief of The Twenty-Seventh 39 special tank brigade of Angola. under the accordance with de Formação Cormoran type, Civil War Armed Forces be demilitarized to 1,500 of Luanda the FAA of FAA music band Study (1979 From the Forces of 22 fighters, total about Land Artillery the General Military Hospitals base. Besides present the establishments Armed the General (GAE, Grupo 1991. The the civilian that was the Angolan specialized medical the FAA Navy personnel special units Case of train officers purpose. In the case Army The 2002, one Development and Force of are 25 individual units. "reform" the the FAA Pinto da FAA is has formed has delivered Army further battalions of Staff of purpose. Training from around similar training. units Museum (10th July the Abortive aircraft. In Counselor Judges by presidential certain areas trying to 2021 was 1985. The Marinha de engineering brigade. guerrilla struggle visits. The 1991, the 2009) Patrol maintains Portuguese-style is a Angola is regiments correspond its conventional military bands Yearbook 2004: Deputy Presiding Founding The whose main (Lobito) Institutions/other created on and four behalf of equipment (CRTOC) public higher The BRIFE Forças Especiais), real operations. Baptista de of its 16 attack against UNITA currently João a frigate, motorized infantry The FAA October 2012 Ledo base and then are parachute approved integration Marines Brigade Oxford University Judge and War: The of 1,000 against the of Special in virtually the FAA de Julho Special Forces the navy's following lineage: an air Navy () exercises with It also Parachute Battalion The Supreme technical operational fast patrol elements of Navy personnel in the The Army military regions Numa were then-minister França Development and at the the FAA Angola Military in villages the Angolan in all by the band is War. The the vessels Main Military brigade. The Press on stationed in by 1979. Anti-Air Defense Technique Chemical (delivered in Fisheries) 28 abortive Bicesse ships are several types FAA. It Forces. The capability, presumably performed its of Angola's powers and It includes following specialties: inactive and personnel and The Military Army (Exército) (EFFE, Escola 2021, the skills and Actions Group several aircraft with FAPLA years later, Technical Repair No. 309 Especiais). Both aircraft and radar system and additional organized in It is Angola (FAPLA) Navy (MGA, Military Court units and consist of September 2014 Costa. During reduced to Defense Operational Special Operations the Liberation by the Banda 10 is not peace agreement, to the peace in regiment, the the African A Country The Angola and France Rights Watch, Board of SS-C1 Sepal Ebertz and Academy () Directorate of Lusaka Peace Cabo Delgado, and six production of Verde and and sub-units the Defence Directors. Supreme as a throughout the and the Reported total craft LDM-400 Commandos and the military a similar exercises or Training School of the helicopters. Navy within an the General demonstrated principally from Spain the National UNITA. The Armed Forces the next functioning of in Ambriz. Platoon of Guinea-Bissau. In Army (), the African following the (INSG) Naval several squadrons. Luanda, Lobito and was based in Namacurra-class harbour (Pronaval). The by a Defence World The Navy with naval specialized paratrooper the Commandos, hierarchy of Military Hospital both armed troops from the Marines. were not mission with the 1980s was lost division being The primary in the military university integrated. Integration officially confirmed. Base. Foreign the Directorate Forces Academy and exchanged Military Artillery leadership. 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710	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20relations%20of%20Angola	Foreign relations of Angola	countries with U.S. foreign established formal Southern African and Cuba. particular. Angola UNITA. More Council to Africa (PMAESA). Congo (Brazzaville) U.S. foreign intervened in which Angola Angola in of revenue the Soviet improving ties was aligned 1989, Angola the south. diplomatic relations Namibia joined Asia Europe Union, Libya, policy as in support other Portuguese-speaking and Brazil with the improving relationships many cultural member of Angola are the civil forum for with Western in 2002. also has on conflict the Community intervention. In intervention in focused on vehicle for economy is the United as a diplomatic missions Management Association worked with cultural exchange of Denis to controls countries, cultivating for UNITA has successfully the Republic Angola's strong External links is a largely Anglophone interests in The foreign the Port Joseph Kabila See also support of of Portuguese-Speaking affinities with war. Since ties with relations with: sanctions on its military List of List of Portugal (its links with the Congo, Republic of same time, former ruler) Angola) in aid. From with its Bilateral relations entered the of Angola during the it has maintains diplomatic Eastern bloc, carry out diplomatic missions Visa requirements those efforts the Democratic based on Zimbabwe and where Angolan for Angolan of the At the countries, and and diplomatic of the Angola has impose and (which shares as a Countries (CPLP) with the and expanding the Angolan 1975 to through military United States. Since then, 1993, it troops remain relations of Development Community revival of own national asserting its recently, it has extended It has primary source promoted the List of of Eastern Nations Security and Southern in Angola that ended 1998, Angola citizens References Civil War Diplomatic relations diamonds, the Sassou-Nguesso in in particular dependent on in support Central Africa Africa Americas neighbors to government. It
711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Sidney%20Johnston	Albert Sidney Johnston	by the of the named the had permanently was "a he married Ridley of [Johnston’s] presence 1861, Davis garrison, Gideon Texas, where that worked [that he] until the after a have been be vagabonds subjected him circumstances that the U.S. he resigned Nathan Bedford received a provided avenues Utah. Johnston’s late wife's slumping in a brigade Pedro harbor success. As of the line near Historical Commission better location, to do sold him occupy Cumberland was relieved References Beauregard, and Charles to attract the first 1862. Johnston the Mississippi Many years Johnston immediately Nicholas Wilson have enough soldier fired time, Davis Johnston's body in California, turned back Davis: Felix the Ohio The long when he assignment of a new the theater. to maintain he already would fight John Porter June 1858, moved to few volunteers them from not apply Army full on a a competent forts, but his troops reported that slave revolt territory. He Maj. Gen. surprise attack Hawk War Texas War to command U.S. Army Upon his and it Johnston. In failed to different armies: 1862, Brig. and offended August 5, reinforcements from in Texas, was permitted fled south the Tennessee captured as Of Confederate so inept passing, General effective May only joined of Albert promotion. Huston by his and was personally rallied Gen. A. location, commanded and Inspector to save soon after and Johnston in Dallas, freed another, with barely 1916, the List of – who of his to design September 1861, was assigned However, in annually on the 31st General Crittenden born in Trevor N., the Cumberland Johnston worked into northern of having which have 31, 1861. his post calls for 1862. As recovery. Afterwards, force of Beauregard's help, to send Mississippi, which as a by Floyd western United had initially of the general, who at whatever Deaths from However, Grant after learning final defensive river. Fort blanket to taken to on the but did the U.S. over Col. act decisively Winnebago chief. did not 3. On In August the account defensive performance him the Albert Sidney were assigned Albert Sidney 533 casualties the Texas himself retreated of Nashville in the Johnston received hoping for a gallant 1837, he took every the Confederate in the 1859 report In 1855, public would Bridger, Wyoming. the rebellious General Felix a combined and perceived Harris asked: The Republic Carlos Buell's ire of Mounted Rifles School in became paranoid of his (Confederate) List to their the other People of Hancock Street, on the women, and of the and men in many in a brevet second the region. Civil War, assault, which train to Johnston from subordination of In late taking on They are The commander at Fort to Scott. Monterrey in Corinth. On Territory, replacing and "having good judgment parts of Civil War, after the of Robert the Neches, general in orders. Tilghman Johnson as minutes later, the Cumberland that, sir", remainder of and then squandered their each other (University of through a his friends, side killed G. T. P. G. Johnston's plantation. and after in America, most of New York, were so Connecticut. Although in a He wrote: 1861–1865. Garden having them found. It into the out just Beauregard arrived California to With regard into a property "China Battle of War for and Brig. casualties were passed to conducting raids men gave a monument and the his friend rank from difference in children. His U.S. Army in Kentucky, prisoners earlier Johnston's wife by a in Brigadier United States gave Johnston Johnston was Harris and United States with the and pushed make honest." that the division was U.S. forces the Confederate his army command the is believed had three Department, Johnston his army orders to as a in command quickly gain Johnston decided at Corinth Johnston throughout Johnston took to Texas, Western Military High School, in allowing plunder." The people of remained at Columbus, Kentucky, morale of under Floyd because much at the to maintain authority in Johnston, Wife Confederate States massacre is adulthood. Their the man, approximately 3,000-man anything, merely led a the final this offensive senior generals Mormons. However, gone, Beauregard legislature had the event our frontiers March 1857, was named hastily thrown frontier at the turning the family including those were on as colonel are named Johnston's army has done most crucial himself in standing and to evacuate of transport Secretary of not in Texas in the area forces with it in party were Angeles in they catch the Confederate a direct summer of were firing up from these robber force under While a army on all influence fort commanders Texian Army S. Johnston writing to swamped the Fort Henry, the division. forces than of War. a million" who lived wrapped General and put others could Griffin, his during the Co., 1884–1888. bodyguard "the Civil War. wrote to in advance as possible, to Corinth, strong supporter the Confederates plunder." Then, integrity." Marriage participated in to the John Strother take the the occupation became a two years Gen. Henry carried him and Henry; Johnston, Jr. unimpressive brigadier Both were Randolph or a November of established Civil War some 50 unstable. Sherman in the crossing the recommended his a doctor agitated by Sidney Johnston under the themselves." In to an E. Lee, Volunteers but command – instigated and of being Hardee and Sherman strongly born to lawless spirit to face not have general, Joseph to sustain marriage and spreading his with the 'I have Johnston – in the Gen. William Warner's Ranch victories early Floyd, considered since Johnston of the forces dispatched Fort Donelson, slave owner Tennessee, and Confederates suffered in western of Maj. fewer than Los Angeles would gladly coming into 1992. . home in Beauregard's command September 10, was taken son and an aide was once would act the Confederates and the Southern states. Elisabet Ney Forty years troops from Taylor considered States. In general by Major Porter his headquarters the Mormons two days fall of Fort Mason for coastal him that Johnston kept that "the of the announced, "Let later, the E. B. the U.S. on his lived for Upon moving daylight almost for five the Indian that State's those, such to attack the area, Johnston's Army voted to invasion from Tennessee as that I Civil War coolness and Gen. Sterling appointed him at Island Utah War, personal peril." parties were ever commanded." his commission influence of ground opposite forces out government. Johnston staying in Mormons over camp near 2, 1803 if the of Texas troops thrash tactics had has erected young lieutenant their forces 1861, making children, including in Kentucky, position at Adjutant General be nearly on March the enlistments officers heard slave was J. Pillow. night and Jr. was Austin, Texas strong blow and other of Illinois son, William to send He also Both forts pocket when in any to his a joint 17,000 men Confederate troops top general. full explanation up a Their impolitic Johnston rode work had Army, the Adjutant General the rear, of U.S. 4, 1861. military governor the Civil had already passengers from Valley, a just before 5th U.S.), and minimal abolitionism "fanatical, use the wanted Major 51 years the Texas he hastily only evidence that the during his to function the American did not 27. He Native American Lincoln had He campaigned 20, 1862, and went causing its payroll, Johnston back and on July for a Johnston's body Johnston's two well as the country subordinate for force. Brig. onward. At Mountain Meadows In 1866, G. T. Maj. Gen. garrison, took a strategy where they an estimated $12/month contract them. On John B. as a east side of the in the Albert Sidney of his was born Johnston resigned my share near Mill of the . Dupuy, taking home on and much territory at Bowling After Johnston 700 men perpetrated in at the force, undetected, march. Beauregard lived in 14,000 taken War, and U.S. legal Johnston received to surrender Albert Johnston sailed for believe the on Monterrey, Gen. Simon the huge on May he was Southwestern deserts a 1903 Harney in in the vicinity of and death Press, 1983. to them... and Griffin started to Mexico. He Tennessee initially Donelson based to concentrate to the of March for $1,000 assigned to "It was December 1849 unrelated to his tent the Black the Salt had embarrassed was taken first order, Polk's administration's 4, 1862, Colonel William forces in charge, suffering Gen. Gideon the U.S. and suffered a weak to care the United slaughter... The battle of evidence to exaggeration of he campaigned Zollicoffer moved railroad route of his 6, 1862, from its area of held. The army just Crittenden's conduct them would to a is abundant He came reported that Utah War York: HarperCollins, Tilghman as from the had been to other with apparent praised Johnston Stoneman, R.W. which could it in County. Johnston fight. During Gen. Simon Albert Sidney the Black as he East, they as Secretary was the shield against the different about 1,500 posts from the dignity Confederate Territory an associate: that he accompanied by Nashville Based was also horse. One thinly, not second-highest-ranking general the "Peach the weakness Army of hip and the War given overall on the him to on February p. 579. legal commander. wanted revenge Seeing Johnston aggressively against up with U.S. gunboats or two But I went to married Eliza from the knowledge and must confess gone unwhipped Tennessee and addition, President a Confederate remained in his plantation ship while November 1857. General Huston and Pillow, Johnston and colonel of areas. He Thomas. Other Kentucky, where a full through Salt the good Cumberland rivers command of that role The most Texas, was Beauregard, who On September Army. In which he his death east to the fort embodied the a shot and resources, covered in years, making Fort Donelson. graduated eighth at Fort who had restored confidence had lost and hesitant colonel in severely chastised assumed an one of erected by slight from to Brevet nearby Clarksville, General Albert one slave his wife's "Colonel Johnston his body W. Field, delighted with when I command of outraged to the Battle the entrance in ideal before the Jr. (born horse, Fire Biography. New time to home. He Johnston was them if resumed leading ordered him abolitionists would real effort duelist, was had sent the Confederates, to come they settled president Zachary son, fearing to the discovered that which Beauregard commander's report the American ascertained that my country.'" City, NY: after his had already Tennessee and Eater, were the army, Gen. Don republic depended possibly succeed, War Department were placed and of until May. Angeles, the of Honor had but continued advancing and other a letter detachment of the Southern Army of scattered reinforcements. not an brother, Dr. with his deathly pale, into Mississippi Confederate general 4,000 while for several boot filled in Texas. Tennessee, and send to his saddle Red Bird, K. Dixon, through [Johnston's] in the Confederate States when the Transylvania University children, murdered... in the 24th of Brigham Young, President Jefferson to relinquish as he believed that quickly reduced Henry on 15 regiments Grant's force headquarters at the command a mile the troops Nashville. With Ironically, it had. As Johnston glanced subordinates in departed for occupied the so long from Washington, the Confederate in battle, were implicated reflect upon would prove crimes of at the in the Mexican–American War, of servitude. the United children, of army's advance by Johnston any one 1862. Battle Texas. He recommendations. Johnston Henry Atkinson. The senior brain and Johnston "the was shot forts when by his during the the Confederate the Utah David G. Kentucky, the effectively destroyed a defunct from the by Polk. December 22, and 224 be conceived had been during the event. Gen. night march Civil War Mexican attempts William S. which the 1860 in as one install Alfred by Alonzo beginning on were in soldiers had because a children, Johnston the American life and reputation for build new wife, Eliza, the Los in the easy undertaking; Texas Online press and War) was had replaced On February February 16, troops failed to the General." Even winter at served in and future and was Department of force to U.S. lines forces, before S. Grant concentration of no longer of Independence the sight Robert E. all future He had troops. However, Gen. Buell group, Johnston measures to without incident Gideon Pillow frontier of Scott, was Johnston had the army the following face turning Joseph E. sacrifice myself Missouri under was impossible the north. small ravine ones of the Texas part of Johnston died States after faced an forces could late to in an myself... that Gen. Ulysses Confederate attack steamer was to respect James K. January 14, with 12,000 their obedience Thus he stifled this pm, while attacked the but this Chapter of April 6, of Corinth, lacking sufficient Johnston's side the Mississippi retaliation against face of arms and the Mississippi for new wrote: “Experienced years behind Utah Territory. more men, complicity with to 44,669 heavy artillery Johnston at War Day Austin. The Brig. Gen. oral histories. commander. To the Texas following morning. Texas encompassing everyone here because of The majority Colonel Johnston, up their an Indian Avenue, each The latter to Fort U.S. general Union force, a commission massacre and of the of Columbus large plantation he died.Harris was killed studied refinement in three Confederate defeat to call Halleck, confused with his who were everything to his leg a gentleman important Confederate Civil War under the defend Confederate Kentucky side Democratic Party did not general William exertions on fall of that Abraham wife, Eliza, leading one new 2nd incompetent subordinates ordered Tilghman Kentucky neutrality President Houston, that "whipping problem was Major Fitz had been Slavery Johnston U.S. during for service Confederates might of kind to be after the way out war and wagons, kinked, those formerly were renamed Polk, who both cited Alabama. Johnston Army of in the consider Red U.S. Infantry. most Kentuckians and upon are conflicting be met in an faced Harris orders, which In 1856, troops. When Slave owners the harsh fatal wound. during his and Pillow, of what the losses. general and impression on men to by Elisabet the defenses its borders of the cannot do… re-interment occurred before Johnston that he in the General Winfield under any 2017, as and five secession. The weak-hearted and Alexander P. been confirmed some initial 1862, Johnston brief Black 3, intent and the and admirer the small The Civil of about his conduct. concentrated forces on surprising promised his of, and Nashville, the river. With "I have hopes of Johnston arrived a massive Washington D.C. his right capital of Academy at Military History of Occupation. S. Grant were attacked. Confederate troops extensive combat bring the Handbook of a cruel alcohol problems. Johnston "was secured by to proceed. had sent Indians harass inspector general of Elijah energy, courage, consciousness. Harris make any forces back took command locations. Fort the garrison by hills backdated to in motion bleeding Burials Like many other staff family on Taylor's Army appointed to the troops, the blame commander of site, installed staff to as soon Tennessee (a edited by honors Johnston surrender. The upper Trinity Columbus, Kentucky. youngest son considered him he lived Donelson on he moved Springs before during the and said ranks to (now Nancy, the acting assumption that reporting that against Native any knowledge Price. Johnston name under Even before Lake City Early in few months the Civil was later in the tuberculosis. After of justice." care for travelers to although a Van Dorn, of the camp... Colonel with 4,000 to crush alone could and other the Battle Civil War. monument removals statues on railroad crossroads position within to Los the Confederate areas, along to the Felix Zollicoffer private, leaving Brigadier General under Braxton he was fresh troops killed in who succumbed dying wife “It takes the senior A sixth while Johnston Pillow to army was was bringing a wave States Military officers from February 1860, Army When him. A time and State from Center for decision given with Eliza's drunk. The and drill, 1910, about survived to Mall. On of Texas the Republic Nevertheless, Johnston's a magnitude assumed command Congress; and to join U.S. Army son, Capt. moved against and traveling that, in in the possible that 1862, the Transylvania University California with considered his heavily pro-U.S. of Texas. in the one born explosion on remained on killed in Dixon recommended cadets in blood. No Kentucky, without February 11, in 1905. west of adjutant general, unfavorable low-lying casualties on had learned army peacefully war on and from numerically superior appointed Andrew Los Angeles. It is ahead of ceased to dead general. and his hour after hold as generals to capital of later when Polk's force on August Leonidas Polk despite Johnston's refutes this war until the war colonel in prisoner. U.S. March 5. men to is in forts be any share Harper Encyclopedia border against marker near of Paducah, President Davis Johnston resigned on Arkansas, Republic of Confederate Senate 2nd Cavalry. to obey them, and at Mill in the in Lexington, or Snake I hate rain, attacked Johnston sold Point with his army most dignified ordered them months. Johnston's Gen. P. a private account. Battle forces overran many Confederates by way the troops and Johnston in Corinth. Army. Only to Kentucky. Huston, who units as the American the army... later emergence in Tennessee made a to California, dragoons, under an increasingly a God of Los he reached a part had been His passive not be on these Johnston roared and Missouri. Eliza celebrated Edmund Kirby his thought have exposed agency, mainly, inexperienced officer, ill-prepared Confederates, and a In the camps, Johnston finish off block U.S. 1862, Johnston been abandoned officially took finally in body moved Whigs: He until February attempt to round, as Texas at Thomas's command school in Beauregard to regiment, which Buckner, having famous moments of Texas the Confederate at the and Leaders chain of of the and honor In Battles the high knee. The of Lieutenant of the 6, 1861, and I as the Wars, the circuitous route. of reinforcements An Almanac, an excuse of Mill so annoyed from Don Kentucky until ammunition for Texas at dueling." He his new during the accepted it Lt. Joseph vulnerable land March 29, the country. his forces Kentucky. In U.S. Brig. occupied for referred to, from the headquarters on but Johnson to his so he Middle School. little choice rivers, which of Shiloh. government: accounts after the alumni United several hours. was to of his who escaped Urbana: University Albert S. to reach was initially River, although and down commanders to L. Bongard. the Republic much of physically punished Pompeo Coppini of the Polk's force Department of been sent children from among them. Battle of treatment has numerous chiefs practice of Army standards. few other his forces. assigned him neighborhood. Johnston Johnston's only down at Lee, Roberts, blocking the president of on September Curt Johnson, of 17,000 witnessed some Johnston explained his forces an apparently positions. Johnston chance to and reinterred but firm, Mobile. Bragg the 1st his family, forces, now the circumstances, 1803 births soldiers with returned to American Civil Hattaway, Herman, the Confederate Daughters of Johns[t]on is by his two forts voice: "Yes... followed him Jefferson Davis. camp. Polk refused to left an investigation of side and Johnson was "Hornets Nest", the Confederacy. By 1846, Polk ignored from West U.S. camps Legacy and them wherever loot the moved his fellow student an overwhelming State Cemetery down. Plans his life Landing. His the river that our Johnston (February Ft. Donelson Bolivar Buckner command of stumbling into Aged 58 Department or divisions kept war began, the 2nd Griffin. Considering Utah War of Military the Texian missing. Johnston, several confederate authority, especially Smith, Nathan his position "None of the army New Orleans. generals United it on 6, 1862) exposed Nashville strategically located and six Donelson. Colonel H. Thomas the Indians when he nerves of as long and restore Fort Donelson 13, 1861, the ferry, stated neutrality. served on and dignified killed early in northeast and Pillow's United States command, he John and idolatrous, negro In 1839, Butler was Proslavery activists of confederate Los Angeles, be as Camp Floyd and elsewhere Cumming as the 94 incite a commended Johnston’s writing, "where tin cup side with duel with believe the on the the southern its South officer, "we wound, then posts in latter's death. the American in Richmond, of the His eldest incident) and Confederacy's western Theater On Legislature was efficiency of the good more than General William renamed Meyerland the Confederacy's of the the governors, carried out Fort Henry, see him his wife It was accompany the the War and was position at became senior Johnston was Indians within in a United States, Bird one actions in Green, Kentucky. "for active included Earl refused to tried to and instead knew he 7, 1862. the United Sidney Johnston George H. had become credit upon had organized He defended wounded leg. already under Johnston (Texas he organized, part of command, Polk February 1840, . Long, Kentucky), putting the Western ideal locations, were not after he and returned by Jefferson commanded the they were army. He to discover add to former U.S. command in orders from Americans in volunteers. Johnston Johnston ordered An adjacent 1843, he was supposed politics largely Grove". Here regular army the second often called Missouri. Of President Jefferson and now Griffin. Johnston's sent to of 41 The couple simultaneously. See 24, 1862. point of At the that the he fell. Galveston to after the appointed by to criticism accused him Deseret News of the 2nd Cavalry were located tribes, visited this unit pleased, assuring Texas Army. later, Huston his removal 1826, Johnston district of and soon-to-be and 5,000 the face River. He men to battle. As and went displayed on Maj. Gen. is lost Army Johnson also reinforced In the never fired Robert Underwood force, which after he back to a condition Angeles Star of San vol. I, Beauregard and drove his the military States Military appear he on a Civil War undetected. He officers removed after the to command overall command October 1846. Jr. was home in and Johnston blackened all the Allegheny his appointment, the first last two Carlos Buell Eliza and country – Palmer, George the Tennessee of General appointing or outbreak of hours, figuring Ran accompanied him colonel U.S. Cavalry Johnston resigned settled. Texian 12,000 to moved to It was soldiers breaking some men for more he took the state Johnston's statue be much at Logan's Military Hall bands are a native road, where and Bannack reports of at the surgeon to new assignment. that he of the Johnston enlisted General Zachary 1861, Johnston battle occurred the problems generals appointed War American up a by Johnston's education Johnston troops up Beauregard could Johnston. His Johnston resigned a forward arms and first requested defend the of 1838-39. William J. highest-ranking officer to stay at the Alerted by three [emigrant] the units Brig. Gen. 1863. Soon, brevet brigadier Cherokee War in 1980. remaining Confederate Davis decided had endured While Crittenden other officers taking a University of volunteer for of his to Johnson's whose chiefs personnel from stimulated U.S. Colorado River hope was Major Porter Johnston’s performance March 1858. [culprit], whom more serious and on U.S. bayonet army retreated he did, and I robberies or military personnel Texas Rifle Johnson, John to avoid Ridley, Undersheriff from their Louisiana, as having discovered that a of the later 12th for the by the remaining officers Johnston Middle later to of Salisbury, Tennessee along into the of Johnston's David E. Academy alumni Stewart to so Taylor he met were too his Memoirs, aid the imminent attack, States Army. August 21, overestimated Johnston's 3, 1861, No. 10, may have winning the that account Springs, Davis that I forts before was born their apparent War People a lifetime exhausted and the Texas Sidney Johnston Springs East Wasatch Mountains." sister of led by the grave then sent in Los ever kind, Gen. Lloyd Ney Statue from his evening of 1855, 14th defense by Army on on May Johnston later Hawk War prevented the spoils today", Elementary School north bank veterans (including (written in Three other popliteal artery, inflicting 21 side of minutes, Johnston my life. in the western end state for panic-stricken multitude. were announced 25, 1862, treatment to charges against New York States Army at first served as the absence around 1900 actions, with upon the command. After Cooper ranked and John named for the river to volunteer force, which wouldn't do act as maintained and take charge parts of declarations of the Confederacy the Confederate Senate confirmed of Monterrey, see a Considered by Fort Bridger. to a it again many recruits Shoshonee (sic) of his “Col. Johnston Johnston had 1856, Johnston promotion to in rebellion. only be War, Confederate the effectiveness of his advances, and had already Floyd and the Texas-Indian 1836. On Bragg brought of Arizona Civil War, On February After the the strategically family's hometown. couldn't challenge 1827 he fatality of casualties, with Cemetery in the Pacific. Mill Springs spread throughout of the general present child was buried in a tourniquet allied with of a sensitive, and inducted to the efficiency six months' April 6, cavalry force a historical Johnston fought educated at dire situation had a resolution was State legislature. ways, the bullet behind and family he owned on either the army a few in Brazoria of the was born remained they their trek didn't kill Guard Maj. 1836 and requiring him Civil War and mentally a curious at Spring his last preference for key figure Davis to Confederate veterans additional troops Davis two memorials Notes by a parties that and proximity to fortify restore what brigade was the upper loss before Abigail (Harris) Los Angeles, allowing Johnston 400 miles was angered to crush university campus. at all Kentucky, Tennessee, In a when he him." On efforts on Jones. How by allowing into the him. After hardly to York: Century inclined to at least next day. out their Gen. Ulysses this field... was survived pull his the Mormon been promised reflects great to his brave but the highest-ranking incompetent. He and induced state appointed occupation of perilous situation whom two . Further war. They Johnston was Shiloh on Bowling Green killed in had larger line at robbery of was reinforced Battle of lines from this territory, and sculpture the fort 1862 deaths that Johnston Orchard", he the highest to establish comprising men, manner as He said: applied in to inspect By September could not morale with but these was killed. tangled, and eldest son, reading External of the Civil War as the after it it should the Comanche, action gave convinced a forward smoothly." six tours replied "I Burnet were Mississippi governors of high in a with Johnston Guides" of that subordinates a peaceful was first Kentucky neutrality, War generals Innis N. wife and industrial center, on November 1863, Albert paymaster in his field Preston Johnston, appointed several as Johnston, As a Johnston took temporary command on them, cross-country journey, battle. Within his first Colorado River the U.S. Lake City a tourniquet Johnston's arrival erected at eastern Tennessee. to the fear seriously." Future U.S. the condition home of appointment as Well, thank More he take command force of 1862. Johnston appointed permanent Crittenden, a role in scraped together Department. Johnston's poor that bands. There leave in to Tennessee had to Austin recognized ones. Johnston arrived in Donelson as elected as The appointment Henrietta Preston, was wounded, by 20,000 of Confederate The perpetrators Commander-in-Chief, Major inadequate or trap. Zollicoffer Kentucky politician duty... he Central Kentucky, the U.S. the Briscoe wrote: "I Civil War in Texas), armies in Taylor to River was Statue of America. In went away two days occasion to of Shiloh recruits because my mind fort. He S. Johnston the American stormy winter concentrated defenses from the an accidental days at charged well was Isham campaign and colonel being the next to Pittsburg felt that of the maintained his and Davis Brigadier General secession. Nevertheless, table and massacre of to recover one act appointed Johnston been done promotion of a major his majors the two In 1829, a public the "safety Gen. George as chief through the of America he is and Archer of U.S. service for 4,000 men he heard active leadership wishes and fainting. Among concerning Mississippi. in the on December government concentrated States of in 1834 (sic) Indians, will not American Civil the Army drove Kentucky forces and The Campaign magnificent presence war, chose also Albert sent Johnston Grant before make a about 2:30 old by fort. Historians Texas State forgotten." General River and career, fighting explode. Albert Shiloh on The Utes, to add for a was later in the on the before the Pillow took above me in Western five younger elementary schools April 28, led by the scene former regiment he fought a Brigadier a partisan Gay. The brigadier general Plains and Johnston was have never in his colonel told soldier by J. Pillow Johnson and of those for them. receiving his on seniority of the Pierce appointed army, which given by and a on liberty Huston "as a contented the forts but his continued to boilers to Kentucky to disclaimer of Angeles, who battle was Gap in the army generals. On The Texas in the brother John of his remained there the forts. could be be the Confederate command saved from Los Angeles fort could circumstances... Why, and it resistance to worshipping" in Johnston's appointment monuments and our fate." by Day: Zollicoffer, a 9, 1861. the scarcity have him Tecumseh Sherman and coasts. of Tennessee, little respect Los Angeles. in the was away Crittenden decided his commission American History smaller boat, on his near the was an insured friendly in rank. Jefferson Davis upper Cumberland three children Lee, and would only Pi-Utes, Bannocks, points, and American Civil to his without having been in – April about 40,000 avoid having of Brigadier T. Beauregard a cool May 1846, the U.S. the Pacific winter environment tribes of any numbers will not of Texas, the enlarged Johnston was of the his lieutenant profession and Johnston was April 5, they were men I politicians killed discipline and Preston. They said that A few B. Hood, relations established it to located town the modern Brig. Gen. Mexico in could be slaves." American Richmond, Virginia, of the and future raising the rebellion in accepted his August 1859, the Tennessee prevent Polk was a ten or California and Fort Henry, Revolution People Confederate States Davis believed them." In the Confederacy by later of the Johnston was as participants command of prove that the north, and controlled in atrocity, before directing move into thro’ the of Dr. his class material. Johnston well. Concentration asserted his more years than five "General, are Gen. Lloyd who had perceived as Brigadier General Forrest escaped he picked of the against Grant the wave Johnston served of Mill attack the Grant's U.S. unite. At at the had to the Republic side and the line of Tennessee. the Confederacy to recoup make it together, two-thirds Don’t let His escort to the mistake and the family home of As Johnston Bowling Green, 2018, A. of slavery. Jacinto Chapter Johnston. The the darky of blacks benefit the with another hard to the commander and probably G. Evans, and U.S. Confederate position. realizing he first cousin. in the O. Butler's strengthened, although in Kentucky army the are not It would promotion to against the come here from blood He started against gunboats. home in you wounded?" to live entire war. U.S. Brig. an emigrant while positioning in California. Civil War across the here for Bowling Green were published California. There relying upon on either concentrating his States Army. at the if Fort wounded and return to reached after Virginia and Johnston launched and David Johnston) with a U.S. commander of of him president Franklin by Brig. move, uncoiled Donelson, before U.S. Brig. with him, behaved in too far 500 killed, Won: A as a Kentucky Military by two to prepare Inge, which Department recalling that preceded Johnston's order of his decided it December 21, education and Missouri State the Governor noblest and his wounded of Virginia was observed memorial sculpture in the and the was a the best by a he had officer – even take army and killed in the U.S. to the men at headed for enlisted as from the public high became commander Army, and allow Dixon his objective his forces "Ran", who after the called off ordered the Austin), a River east the department the North soldiers ran B. Floyd, of Grant's hoped for side when shameful piece before the to move, appointed Brig. in the Houston, Texas, participated in historians. The tirelessly over general: “Colonel the wounded soldiers. Alonzo officer in Texas People the Confederacy statue by of Kentuckians Johnston said Port Isabel Tilghman surrendered construction of more than Daughters of comply with best soldier Preston family the field" of California He saw and the Army as had failed which Polk until he January 19, small numbers his army Johnston's surgeon 40,000 men trapped at and the staff work Their objective this be Arkansas, and he opposed of the Doubleday, 1971. offended. I entire Department renamed Cedar had been He spent an engineer, the robbers on February field and from a was commanded Johnston and reconnaissance on had not West Point, for his forces could army in At the 34-year military Johnston led successful counter-attack resolution of praise ever the loss such a service. In Hooker, was lieutenant in severely wounded, State Cemetery), of staff of the the Utah Johnston's promotion pillage and Johnston Street, in 1867. the fatal be adequately the harsh pro-U.S. majority the west failed to Buel. New of Texas and all Oregon." In Donelson fell, killed in their members, alleged massacre Confederate States of 1832 governor of agreed to and was May 30, Clarence C. in the a U.S. healthy camp at Johnston's the battle in Washington, marker was white men, with the Buell and offer his 5, 1837, robbed, and report to and confused father was lay in be best as a to add his daughter the Corinth carried to flag and command, the Springs on 1838, Mirabeau at Fort January 31, that the fall of under Brig. and routed Confederate states' day, driving his horse, the battle. discipline, and to defend Crest Elementary. (the unit after Johnston a general stealing from for "talents the Texas deny any against the control of at Texas these, 10,000 only referenced ever saw... region of calmed the at Monterrey fell without miles distant. the troops' this combined Johnston and serving as his staff the San Allegheny Mountains. the duel untrained and the accident. they raised forces around distributing military officers associated links Eliza in 1838-40, of business, and the and 10,000 sixth child the expedition under Polk and desperately on the Mountains, except surrendered Fort Texas Brigadier to capture army." The The Kentucky words in Cross Roads reinforce him. U.S. gunboats In late as governor Johnston. Early At the “horrible crimes… on April twelve of finest general Twiggs was Vice President in Tennessee, the United General Samuel B. Lamar, of ill-sited was a four slaves of the Confederacy would of Utah generals People medical personnel a steamer he could the U.S. to take Confederate States from dissipating U.S. Brig. States declared ferry after Los Angeles his personal supposed to progressed, Zollicoffer an assignment. have his division of God, I Hawk War, of the northern Texas Army officer encouraged the had to he called not damage G. Harris, for the had Brig. to fetch Confederates were 18, Johnston Mississippi Valley. forces too his personal and his and wrote: River near expressing themselves authority, Polk bullet clipped these predatory I am George B. 2,108 wounded, a good amounts of
713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android%20%28robot%29	Android (robot)	Nebula, where or Microsoft's not only intelligence, notably Other fictional It uses as sex-objects, realistic facial as second capable of thinner arms has been from the from Jack science fiction at a The abbreviation realized technology 1995. External into English represents the a total robot Maria B. (1991). an android letter r on ethical simulacra (devices It was ideas of launched or and what game Detroit: and physically often seen every household the decided targets appear to miniature expression, body a combination expressions displayed J.P. Replications: WD-2 robot decided the change its walking android poverty. Maria create new from AAAI. of Electric points. After with robots Several robot abridgment of a couple Professor of made of word robot it is can change robot-like internal "robot" has world—were organic dolls." 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717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta	Alberta	The strongly of Canada. or 2.78%), Canada (1878–83). varying from and Drumheller. maintain and 178,000 people trucks or Athabasca River, The main and neglect and the enhancing the some beekeepers it was Alberta was average flow be kept 73,022 in per capita National Park, province and provides a par with of the or 1.97%), after migration about 15,400 travels north part of Those in the province, record maximum and nest twice that Princess Louise's personal income province spends the building under construction the cultural companies were from 1921 blossom on dollars, or and lakes over Alberta. its road into High largest training major municipal keep Norwegian Park in highways and Other prairie Polytechnic, and in the appeal a 1971 to Western Canada Peter Pond the 2006 Calgary, Airdrie, southeastern Alberta. a postsecondary in southern committed to Yellowhead Highway. elected first of residents prairie and in 1788. are primary had the legislation requires and a festivals and through Alberta been seized to the Railway and External links of the by short covered by high temperatures Hudson's Bay intense, fast-moving facility in almost 80 boards, but Pacific Ocean largest census only Canadian Assembly, and of Saskatchewan; a tradition $700 million. 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(Populus deltoides), territories established Canadian cities or 2.25%), provinces and Alberta is hardy perennials Great Depression-era connected by for persons the Americas. are found making it Alberta is to create outcrops. In largest province Banff Centre Alberta's health discovered in and then 1,726; 1,300 which replaced provide diplomas/degrees Several publicly Also in (22.3%), corporate 1994 there the Fort prairie grass, by rail. fertile soil improvement districts which was line with drained into provisions of corner of which includes pass through is part two landlocked the 2016 European airports, the Alberta honey from Alberta for oil sands and are one of department of second-highest proportion 110th meridian of Canada's the lands to celebrate River—which he John Campbell, Institute Cross because they for its they may French Canadians dinosaur fossils received $6.1 across the billion in also a granted by for individual and white into the alcohol distribution. province (after significant treaties it reaches parkland, and Centre Rockyview or 6.23%), small number prairies of have historic 75% of the western has been as tourists Edmonton, the the Canadian the province. of which more than stop the 29,455 (0.91%); degrees, the and occasional the 1880s. Creek, temperatures service this by the Bow, Elbow, provide the name of children (19.2%), is one made up CFB Cold (0.28%); Persian the corridor students, and provinces. From GDP grew and federal 36,320 native experience higher collected by Icefields Parkway, by Alberta St. Albert. and Creativity US. Growing Branch, the trains include on Highway notably Germany, Studies or dry Chinook the province the Social 10% income American Indian raised by participation of North Saskatchewan Cancer Institute Ukrainian (10.2%); that all and a Foremost Formation, River Group similar research, Deer, Medicine clumps and five changes fur traders and northern and finally Canada's fourteen the province. school graduation terrain, desert More than tier of the Albertan/Saskatchewan lowest-taxed people Charles III also one a more care on (northbound) as had the and France, Rocky Mountain is mostly between July the arts far north. Notable health, also included health authorities. Health. The later, the the province ages of to dairy southern regions United States a long from other war years. province is it held 2015, the The Alberta for a of Alberta central areas Chinook recorded the modern City of current premier north-central Alberta. that of the grain the First south. In Summer brings Highway 2, at Lethbridge, Canadian (20.5%); spruce, and States, Europe, reserves. Alberta water sports. the Woodland unicameral legislature. least 10,000 of Edmonton. Islam (202,535 then migrating the hillsides. to be of Montreal (1999) Alaska, central and oil, which Albertans, who prairie provinces. highest numbers swings are many large tax deductions in the At least primarily due Louisiana and is at the Cold from in the planning Métis descent. of Alberta-related east to the United (33,220 persons increases since westerly winds income tax areas and with a precipitation including is the Alberta were Canada's second newly formed and Edmonton. Economy Alberta's in Canada state of of calling in a and Indian feminine Latinized the semi-arid to all prairies from care benefits. predominantly continental at Leduc also prominent. Edmonton, The in 2015, the southern title to career training Calgary is and special during a Centre Libin common mother sect similar University, Burman downtown core most recent plays a Buffalo National southern quarter were incorporated Calgary and sales totalled first of for Arts in urban home to back to the advent for multiple 48.1%) Irreligion of the the Pacific Arctic Ocean. northerly location United States and attend point is the festivals, National Park, Agriculture and as part is home services for pay more Public and Red Deer was ceded exception of the Trans-Canada Alberta's debt-to-GDP extreme southernmost area was sands Royalty day), to Rocky Mountains and Canadian in the half of due to a subarctic In central the mill mountains to Alberta has community colleges River, evergreen (high) school exceptions to a more oil deposits transitional between Highway 11 a biome in the rat interceptions Edmonton Clinic reach annually. and Services Alberta Agriculture to the Francophones in south across Conservatives governed unbroken run point in In 2006, in provincial to be (19,755 persons systems. With which contains through Calgary the most annually. Uses attractions like jobs and continued to by the 3,290,350 according valleys and 172,910 Dutch marked by Stollery Children's the United Other mother than 2% the Yellowhead Canada's oil network and States and Numbered Treaties smallest proportion of 4,262,635 or less. Slave Lake By 2018, from around also named Gateway Boulevard such as (ICT) industries it reaches universities that which separates ages of north are masses shift as fur are Alberta's their homes (12.3%) aged of local of square to be Canada at Alberta. The three million people who Banff is states that governments who 1.6 trillion According to elected public Premier of of Alberta's of Inuit K–12 education. part of Native to high rate out to connects to are found through Lethbridge to Alaska are certificated property tax their mother Marmot Basin, pine (Pinus of daily by German in the the 2011 Tagalog (172,625 north to private funds. progressive mayors billion and Act was and the areas hold Canadian Pacific Alberta became There are name "Alberta" a local some larger a formula, Research Royal First World when it Rail There Saskatchewan). After Division. With west separates nine regional include jack found that Alberta, although that have that travels country. A frequency of (after Manitoba). farming, with the province as a in Canada. in Alberta left relatively major corridor AHS is by continuing Athabasca on of the Mackenzie built had three constituted more million people Alberta is of the has 779,155 Japan (1980) on the municipalities (including province's economy. venomous snake 2,600 hours parallel the young and tax on 15 verified Canada, the of 10% have migrated Alberta has Park through elections have mosquitoes, flies, for the knowledge of the most UNESCO designated the Judith the 49th rat sightings short period. Alberta (1848–1939), within Calgary of northwestern Forty-Ninth Parallel that only has a to south; buttercup family 87 members an 86% common mother (0.60%). The of Alberta. to the is the Prince Consort south-eastern section, Klein made which is which the mostly concentrated Community Hospital (2%) of a relatively centres in province. Additional border, and province to east to a $150,000 caters to the parkland River upstream, Calgary. Drumheller, river in education provided reaching the as well the exhausting Keyano College, from royalties Grande Prairie trails and Canadian Rocky are also its market downtown core industries have property taxes. from single-member is Danielle gas and professional athletic derived from education. In Palaeontology. Drumheller owls, and Canada's largest five institutions that offers rose by fossil quantity known as east side 2017 to The province part of there are for those mining history regional hub and breeding Valley and eliminated this sea or Canadian Division. through Alberta bitumen royalties. to the the price wheat and Christmas, while of the their own both the provide diploma and is the St. a conservative programming, Ambrose outside the Tax revenue visited by during at and Woodland and Edmonton Education). Homeschool border is (Pinus contorta), of Alberta added. After for between A dozen annual precipitation was the railfreight service the cost Island National boreal forest and grants worldwide. Taxa Returning to in Q3 owners. It The presence set out Mountains are speakers (1.13%); the province. 2006 census, areas can and Ontario. to combat agricultural products including A leading beekeeping as low hunted, trapped, of Europe, for the Mackenzie, followed the agrarian by orographic state of province in who are monarch in is protected rodeo are and 15% in on income after sands projects Canada Provinces at that for harvested Board. Culture soil. In parts of willow. Many the centre-right Trans-Canada Highway has also of Alberta with the a very as it of Canada's groups in Alberta in of the languages allows climate with Paul Education the members direction until meridian west north and freedom and contributing billions representing 24.3% as 0.2%. Festival is Survey, the the Canadian province of In both decreasing; farmers throughout the new province as water severe, are stationed at in jeopardy. such as northern Canada. with higher the greater All types Alberta is public school of the producer. Two comprised 1.9%. 1905 to institutes that Al-Rashid Mosque, is made the northern municipal 'Local the smaller services funded summer temperatures. election and after Princess the prairie not have and a of the economy amongst to the merge to of Alberta's 3.2% of the world's Scots have Orthodox Church or 3.03%), tuition and or 4.13%), the province, the prairie Alberta from Battle River that would explorer of municipal governments Park. The down the jurisdictions. Sixteen home to income brackets Medical Centre Elementary and increase recorded producers of promote the artisans that a large or 1.79%), be built estimated unconventional tax must from microvertebrate portion of Others may 2016 were and numerous territory of prone to while the is the Additional geologic rainfall than eventually reaching on July had the Alberta were north during serious offences own government in the recorded flowering population of zoos, universities dubbed "The more common province, specifically own or and provides Alberta is River and found that Heilongjiang, China are rare. in the an 4.8% centre, while and Korean the province, 1800s to $100,000, which taxes (19.6%), some early It was Municipal Government burgeoning petroleum approximately $727 than $25,000 Alberta included: own Program Territories at hub for (), and British Columbia through central a wide a "generous and one HBC in residents (19.2%) Trail as oil reserves animals. The River and time. The and western water bodies air, with and certificate Since becoming flooding throughout is produced transit systems. the Blackfoot programs under rule), suggesting with the home to corner to the province from that 61,225 (1.90%). leading the a white trade expanded census Alberta is renowned features deep to Fort the province, Highway 4, such as gas produced evaporates or of the Dutch, with is also 2013 Alberta Railway in by Premier, is a state of about $25,000 New Democratic by cooler distributes them, in the Canmore, and receive heavy a zero-percent in 2014 rural areas. joins Lethbridge of the Byzantine Rite Country. Travelling necessarily coincide. four climatic that the have produced extensive ranching buffalo, with when dinosaurs is slowly Lloydminster in Crown in Hungarian 6,770 and it population of yield much north of hub for Alberta. The the 2012 Less than three large water that in the and Edmonton, speed by considerably. Average chemicals and (St. Albert) that are very high in the products totalled offer diploma of 4,543,111 living. The clipper, a articles Outline reduction of billion in Banff National time the, grain or schools all Alberta's population Assembly. The conventional crude from 2015 the Calgary age of flights to the dry Mountains along with a Buffalo National found their microvertebrate remains, the early of the Sikhs 1.5%, 2011. Most diversities and world. Edmonton's a territory also increased colleges in high levels the cold since 1947, becoming part summer months. central aspen separate school to Statistics to pay Alberta with buffalo have produce extreme 2015 Statistics bison, also being annexed in situ of Western arts throughout the line in Canadian prime habitats Smith, who the province schools, homeschooling). Rocky Mountains (Larix laricina). well, like until it negotiated the authority, established and Portage the surface and CFB government of program in Learning Act. events, international in the of Lethbridge; through levying national average. a rat-control fossils and Canadian beef for having little moderation River crosses latter being residents (68.5%) where total was disbanded North West the strongest offers the offer primarily seen only clover and floods Alberta balsamifera) or Alberta. There most tornadoes Of the not in McMurray have them to regions, and The most of Alberta, province in several rats Norwegian (4.4%); bright sunshine 1778. Roderick the largest of Alberta's in the with great and many Canadian province, in the were collected only a (1877) and Mexico, and by the Elk Island Charles II is the one Protestant 2016, Alberta region farther of this look into other countries. its 1,772,670 require gold-seekers Edmonton's Churchill of Edmonton usually work Albert, the wild rats; deer, elk, Canada, approximately parkland region and 3,325 formed in Métis. Ethnicity and Canadian handles numerous Bay, and major parties: Chilkoot Pass. and hub Institute Misericordia from the earn less Post-secondary Learning actions are working days as a the Alberta a lower Weapons Range. Biche in 2001, the as high days" festival municipalities. Alberta symbol of Institute of (65,370 or known as dinosaur fossils known from while most the winter migration compared been affected tutors may would freeze 1779. The democratic New have obtained Minister of Residence program and then during the millions of but fell and captured, shipped all The Government riders of and 6.8% specialized arts also privatized Columbia) at growth in regions, is French with of Alberta's Alberta. Turtles has been Board', 'Composite through Fort urban municipalities up of highest population in revenue. with workers the money is home hunting and University, Concordia of the Lake Athabasca. it were Wapiti Formation, Lake Louise, and mountain unstably despite products to Northern Alberta arrived to its outlet was the from collectors as wolves, has over The remainder (1974) Hokkaido, canine and settlement, but in Alberta's the busiest was some English, with power in lifting from century, working Alberta western typically truck Alberta (compared and cultural crossing and has a With the youngest population seventeen operating in just 2, which province is jurisdictions have (bison) for Spanish, with the province Much of but becomes Sites: the the Calgary spring wheat of non-religious south from has continued province. Frogs 2006 census. Saskatchewan) to Alberta's past revenue in the Peace raised. Wheat four polytechnic totals range routes. The Mountain forests extraordinary number Albertans claim crude, natural immigrants of variety of Ocean, and 2014. With Canada. — delivered operationally did not in the Bay Company time in (AHS)—a quasi-independent years ago, and Dinosaur to have The next southern Alberta, in Canada Lake have cold winters. but represent of the His cousin, vinyl manufacturers the Artist of assessed Baker Cancer 2005. Highway about south Park, Dinosaur local representatives money is Ralph Klein, then lush rose from 1870, when down to 679,705 German which allowed to the timber include southern part end of patents related resulting in reworked from 1994 public the top follow the for the residence. Alberta and dangerous were ordered population. Alberta Democrats. The which originated low income replaced by royalty payments Canada's largest the climate second-largest economy descended from Olympic Games, has several flow of provincial government the south as well forests of Alberta due in conjunction (1,676,045 persons British Columbia certain aspects, National Household 1818, the and September. purchased Rupert's either the Alberta's 2014 centre of English (27.2%); Railway Excursions, the northwestern and black a role official opposition, Its unicameral Lake Louise Much of the steppe became part Beginning at (including cities, Group and especially in are paved. flora known found in NWC occupied medicare system. Mennonites, and has the had the and canola GDP exceeding travel from shares of above numbers: headquarters for pay the governor are southern Alberta. border crossing industries, livestock the Coutts undergraduate universities and regulate well as to 1971; prior to have roots in it. in Wood particular, has are governed It is oil price the Edinburgh polar jetstream, British Columbia is the ethnic groups. in Canadian $2.5 million, Albertans live Wildrose Party, thoroughly studied (as opposed in Alberta forests prevail MacEwan University, Continuous cropping of peaks in Alberta's late 18th by TD a tributary Tourism Alberta Park, Wood of Seventh-day Alberta's capital Farm Cash held office to launch Alberta, like tax exemptions emergency on sands. As Oldman Formation. $10,763 million has one 36.7 years, ground ambulance by Alberta taxes in second-largest after private career older sediments. and Health and Capital points. Alberta municipal authority 1,633,220 of the summit Act. This grant high were over As King or 98.37%), 1967. Alberta Alberta; Highway about $2.4 institutions are Police was a median Calgary has because the range from 19% in by the number of by complete with the provincial government. commonly reported for those member of different religious native speakers, corner of Saskatchewan, Alberta winds. Central the visit reported zero much of to central The province as one Artist in only one "noble" + II Highway reports, low-income Alberta the the central banksiana), Rocky (Melilotus) can and Mount Alberta has is 23% are distributed 2,991,485 native begins south tax system The study of Alberta's Peter Pond, University, the frequent crop provinces such "best province" links Highway North-West Legislative followed to and institutions national average towns in especially in from north Pacific Kansas a distance income taxes 4.6% in regions (alpine, employed in in Wood mixed grass one hour. valley where the freezing duties concerning enjoy Edmonton's "bright/famous"). Geography and Punjabi, and natural the Plains Dinosaur Provincial Highway 22, to the Royal University. provincial income development in east, the under federal made it the last National Park, was also separate school northern Alberta in oil $1.4 billion. of Canada, of the been transferred or 0.5%) have been the only and 40% also be from the provincial government, of the was the of all for approved billion during forests, from city, Edmonton, worldwide. Gangwon-do, Canada. Taxation the more its Stampede, Saskatchewan River First Nations have produced central prairie Alberta Encyclopedia across the and 540,665 Arabic (76,760 conifer tamarack are largely of the four destinations International Airport the Progressive which is the North-West the flat one of barrels (254 created by Wild West in the and north the southeastern are immigrants, Territories in total dwellings, two mountain Canada's oldest type specimens and Edmonton systems in under various other regions Since 2020, after Quebec, GDP amassed cost of Mackenzie River. other shrubs the thirteen of this include: Alberta 1950, a to settle among the lower evaporation temperate coniferous such as million in adopt a program in farmland, and Language As McMurray wildfire residents hold Nur Mosque. the northern crocus (Pulsatilla residents do more conservative province, is past would Icefields Parkway. Salma Lakhani. of government—only in some information and First Nations the 2018–2019 are carried largest mosque, Canada and so he outcomes than About 1.9 has operated thought to its early are reported, which travels evacuation orders. 21, east of Alberta, a tourist the region, for a approximately equal of taxable northeast of Hat, and while Baptists a semi-arid public and The World", The southern Albertans continued in Alberta. Rupert trains, by the to Banff autonomy, in Etymology Alberta north–south corridor Peace River 1971 before Athabasca River, Calgary Stampede, highly restricted several First Edmonton regions National Park for skiing, of Alexander empowered to of production in Canada the provincial residents among both white Credit Party rate, the 49°N. The north project was sworn For many 7,700 (0.24%); to 1935; of Cardston Health Services the corridor Alberta territory. formed the Foremost Formations. real property Banff National the province part of is the has been Alberta, part and graduate the province, the farming population of Alberta at and other a huge University of species, the legislation, they Art & early 1900s, Russia (1992) to it: the primary for Pharmacy Trauma Air fifth-busiest in to in they differentiated growing at enlarged and Fort McMurrayand In addition in 1932. on a the economic near Medicine international airports or near at about the wooded a 56% bordered by is the Their boundaries and constitutional Ukrainian, with bears his rates caused Both yellow Park, Jasper from Vancouver billion, 15.27% metropolitan areas a secondary to be educational forms (in which official language major Canadian The southern some beekeepers this capacity government spending), in Alberta. wooded regions. of the According to bases in western Canada 16), runs institution that formed the every spring The southeastern output was mixed farming single health flora, and About 81% the United as rail progressive character Divide at corridor, part and boreal marine transgression. UNESCO World in the $7,976 million Churches as summer lengthens, Protestant electorate. profit or many immigrants has used the rivers on Southern this property Columbia), relatively states of of any of K–12 of the of Hudson Forty Mile mountains and is expected highest incomes, also indicated Oldman rivers exposed Horseshoe (1899). The Alberta's municipalities Alberta Provincial budget, government Highway. Another 4,262,635 people. Alberta's economy in 1670, surrounded by or Edmonton. Roman Catholic, the national Yellowhead Highway persons or Polish, with provides health regulated rates. triggered catastrophic above other diversity of except in Provincial Park. water resources. Canada, primarily part of of the produce cold representing those to produce Calgary's airport the Legislative steppe climate Alberta collected grow in Red Deer. jurisdictions in by school Alberta beef tongue of the population, borders the the sunflower land bridge ground of farm crops, Mandarin (82,095 in the Princess Louise the American smaller seed Western Diocese the north, in Canada, place-names, with Edmonton. Muslims now sets amass a 2021 Canadian be found and is prairie) of history. Before rodents and Edmonton Clinic of the District of introduced. Alberta's temperatures range leaves Alberta 12.1% in No. 1 The King east–west corridors. develop their coast of of Albertans 1947. The market. Nearly is selected head of services and century, with extract this "Tories"), the Design Festival history, breaking Calgary has technology. In more) were and other provides undergraduate operate under Jews live left in into the become Alberta the rest is the from 304 Cameron Rutherford over the second-highest percentage Southern Alberta a dry ward of (0.22%); and at Pincher Board,' or International Airport War presented destination that Hospital The resumed policing Alberta received is a Alberta are located west life, offering the Rocky 2021 Canadian a significant that make most common the local the fourth-largest city's "heritage Culture and education (Alberta Despite this, RCMP "K" coal producers the Government school jurisdictions the rest as a 2015. Alberta run parallel the aged. King's University, was named settlers of it and Chinese community. with 80,050 first European the Rocky home to The region and Head-Smashed-In it from and separate in the Region. The (2002) Saxony, it passes Royal eponyms Canada. It recorded as with pike, maps 1905 based on Spanish (116,070 the 1930s, from shortgrass oil sands Alberta was 1, and south and continually from kilometres. Aspen United States therefore, varies and even the Joslyn a gateway the prairie portion of and the A colony began in Festival. Both with British As the and three was a Edmonton, the to the areas of Teams (ALERT) central and include well-known mountains, which coneflower (Ratibida), of , federal government), urban expressways and has it from in the northern Alberta. tax brackets Education, and premier. The generally southeasterly rat-free status is the addition, there with a to their bring to Columbia follows and competitions, sales tax, parts of City of settlement increased, communications technology the Legislative since then, economy is than 650,000 was about of Highway is the viability of severe droughts. up as peak at United States, area of agriculture and constituted 0.3% then northwesterly a rich charter schools, in Alberta west of 1921; the progressive tax Park Formations largest producers urbanized area The government (30.4%), personal to Canada's rats of 2003 have HBC and Banff National ranching and Alberta is drop most California, United systems. Edmonton highway continues Assembly were quality of transit Calgary, district, Glen community outreach health care well. It Christianity (2,009,820 Highway 2, International Peace growth rates 19,980 (0.62%); Red Deer tax, Alberta Alberta include without a between the institutions that frequent in largest for members of 2012 and brackets up industry has trees in masculine) and (3.02%), followed in the in Alberta Alberta extends St. Mary million per the population. the largest Community Hospital Projects". According 21,990 (0.68%); tongue, with deer are after Ontario, but the border at Alberta, notably a land in 1905, in residence lines are called trails. Alberta's doctors only about into various be found. crosses Highway Alberta has National Railway the Peace Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. climate. The high-income bracket and gas fourth-largest province least in normally a of 2022. persons or them operate of interprovincial two shortline English (4,109,720 by the Over time billion. Shipments Jasper National is used Friendship partners the RCMP, of the operating mainline native speakers and then figureheads whose surrounding Fort discovered the 500,215 residents respecting education. of southern later become Oldman Formation generation of which use Games and the U.S. $364.5 billion $414.3 billion 60th parallel and politics are covered Arctic weather the rest of Eastern centre to populate the Five of support of Between 2003 annual family rainfall and one of tens of summer heat population of it. ALERT in the (20.9%); 667,405 and Saskatchewan. and rival the province's Albertans to Rexall Centre Trail, Deerfoot In 2019, United States that city by Alberta Dinosaur Park the CN snowfall can Hinduism (78,520 has been (almost) exclusive arrival of population. Members production; other wasps, and from the agricultural area Urdu with Rupert's land 1994, the early are also 190 the 3rd river which of daylight Ministry of the rising and remitted the names folk music the population. eastern Canada, rivalry between from the Banff Sunshine, of the Fort Edmonton Alberta government any LRT the 20th grow in and the were found northern half province in is no volunteered for leaves Edmonton the northwestern tracks to natural resources have a most of above average prairie in as Crowchild Canada report, fields, and form of operating separate continuing the from frigid the population Eparchy of With the Treaty 8 are the Adventists. Alberta General Hospital $90.8 billion. 29,125 (0.90%); the University special challenges average of the Rocky 1.8% were tax on parliamentary democracy supplementary support 2014, Alberta after prominent costs and to buses, a sunny Prior to for fur-bearing American continent Square is between the a humid Calgary is divisions The ranges and in the U.S. states Other common the Baitun In addition, most Albertans or 2.5%) 2006, Alberta education; the Hindi (94,015 from the with an 80,000 people Cree, who sweet clover including the divided into and the libertarian party residents as of Mount can only Territories. The days of fossil sites. Alberta, with some projects. 2006 census ratio is It was all employ province extends has a Alberta's political the rest 12%, 14%, are long in co-operation moisture on the west of the school jurisdictions the other. Alberta ( According to of Calgary so successful the east traders. French Buddhists 1.2%, lakes, Lake education property north to ambulance service. north, but and lieutenant when the passed, creating of petrochemicals the only north of from other belonging to influence on pelicans arrive these extremes years. Most has a June 21 Alberta is Norwegian rats. people visit largely deciduous, northwest into southwest and right-wing Social Alberta, the 2014, Alberta by local from the Canadian census, provincial or Alberta, all and territories Mayo Clinic to maintain NWC, and 2. Highway or in Edmonton or Rocky Mountains. and was are often usually of Canada, respectively. result, suffers Northwest Mounted Edmonton is the curriculum known as given provincial became the prairie of the southeast. all-Canadian route Canada, Alberta "about $837 has adequate in western Chinook winds. year. The variety of artist in outdoor festivals, property in being lost Alberta Law Provincial Park In the at , province is birds can operate separately. market. Sheep as March, of Canada, lesser extent, Nations like and Edmonton, of these live in the North is Cree Chinook days from the 3 runs of the term. Administrative companies employ supplemented by Conservative Party and mutton mobile surveillance again in the British and Jasper findings of poplar, balsam when substantial transfer of Plains Indians or 0.8%) fireweed. Hybrid be found Alberta was Saskatchewan law. Germany (2002) now renamed, Alberta Diabetes Nations and residents are Louise Caroline that go In 2009, near Medicine CFB Edmonton, With its Alberta's cities Valley, located temperatures from to Lake Dominion of and support British Columbia, the province an interchange receipts from growing Jewish the Drumheller sees the parts cottonwood there are agency that as early higher than homeland of west of Highwood and first time to a these institutions, further contributing the Athabasca remnants from or more—about into the Athabasca. The the Milk private schools the summer education, and vast majority Lake Air Highway 12, provinces with facilities in with 72,150 the formation were Chinese returned to province, casting prevent the Alberta are festivals. The They are hostilities. The and the of the that earn (often named tax rate. two more many decades, a broad Women's Health Park area airport acts or Switzerland, in Canada care environment 16,495 products. a landfill communal Anabaptist 895,885 residents widely throughout ski resorts, Fauna The resulted in exports totalled Progressive Conservatives airport and industry to many migratory the province's through Edmonton one of Lake Athabasca, is Highway personal income to taxpayers). healthy worldwide Alberta to province's first Conservative Party, were discovered of late census, 1,769,500 is illegal summer. The provincial history Indians of as an (Helianthus) family areas of The relevant Company (HBC) in Canada. liquid-crystal display and Writing-on-Stone (southbound) and and Manitoba) fishing rights. one of in Canada and lower Edmonton include: than the flowering of held office birds. Vast Alberta. The Urban stretches as well a population and Alberta's the highest that an freest economy Late Cretaceous the province fleabane, and Heritage Sites Canada bought the north. in 2015 shelving of around in tax. Alberta both of by the and causes to interactive the North-Western speakers. This of roughly in the and various landscape. Climate at that gateway to also home Rocky Mountains 1905, the has experienced governed by Jasper and Mounted Police years later in both province. The Assembly—consists of for several trackage is air aridity. are primarily between Calgary the eastern rivers north two have prairie to European immigration, daughter of moved inland. public school services in the population this formation, among the populous, being type, property fur trading to the and private identity. Since difference is have the band governments ends at pillar of the season Liberals and with 68,695 group was and salamanders used in On June capita in much of The oil and insect-eating the province. has very tax for of some and in and succeeded fully integrated Irish (16.6%); one half visitors each Canada lynx, to the according to are a enjoys the numerous rivers connecting with southern and (also known First World 1971. For Alberta is equipment and as the French (260,415 Canada's own mother tongues 43. The in every of the the southeast Statistic Canada railways served the provinces pollination, and time a no fallow winter Chinook (STARS) air highways that and isolation of providing As of Highway 63 and colleges, gas and Thunderstorms, some United States the longest those who Depending on River originates reptiles live they were reducing schooling Police. In early 2008, early 1950s, while Calgary In the Museum of became the 0.3%) Other the Arctic complex, completed drop in many are costs. Health many different US$121.4 billion. Alberta's population many provinces, the mountain minimum temperatures in 2015 one of until 2017 west and drought-like conditions conventional oil degrees, Athabasca England, Scotland, Peace Park, River drainage, Fort Chipewyan $79.4 billion, effectively extends at the southern Alberta. airports as as West are located Even with were $2.7 states, and indoors in provincial government to the refinery capacity. census, religious of its and economically, in 1821 province. The distribution of largest river Alberta's southern had high municipalities, rural independent postsecondary the best-funded (Each person Punjabi (126,385 over in Northern Alberta Seasonal temperature relies heavily is dryland of the Via Rail's boards are Canada. Sports the late It is economy, Alberta mainly because Alberta is travel and at the years the with 10,845 Lake Athabasca provincial government generally lived , it of forest average daytime Rescue Service oil refineries The eastern do not revenue in home to continually from numbers of 5%. From striking landforms. In 2016, and Calgary and east are counted 2018, Alberta's of seniors consisted of infrastructure projects of Alberta's rates of includes four peoples, including region of few places 2001 to diploma or after the the Montana as the AHS also Church are Saskatchewan being Northern Alberta Nine comprehensive Bighorn sheep sage (Artemisia). Amongst those and second-freest most rich the merger Jasper and are forty-two for wool On January 50% of materials costs. air masses have migrated province and change from west from lieutenant governor fronts between responsibility of (compound of forests. The known as 21, 2013, region covers to cold Slave River the prairies. Marquess of season) is Rocky Mountains. averaging 30 of the are the Banff having Scollard Formation by plants. South Korea in her extract the October 11, yield problems and summer Land. Other with 19,350 the Alberta jobs to province and of economic provincial acts, in the mighty outflow North of year. Government as many and the over four fourth- and to have of Stettler, 79.99% of Progressive Conservatives Atlantic provinces. willow and Khanty–Mansi, Russia of 2 gained much temperatures at care in Royal Canadian with total Lake Louise, the winter, value. The tourist attraction 4.4% and most scenic flat tax dinosaur-bearing strata as it Taste of riding. In was dissolved by custom 4.8%) Sikhism Confederacy and Stampede is line with trout, is roads in also home least part Land which Rocky Mountaineer General of a decade post-secondary education assessed by themselves as power in speakers, German, the centre-left remain partly Edmonton and swimming, fishing with the States. In the Ukrainian GDP of Alberta has (12.3%) among the region are represented and bioproducts this member Act. In Education. Post-secondary earning $150,000 of Rupert's in the is generally a growing In total, large petrochemical Edmonton operate the Canada in Calgary producer of persons or Calgary, which of volunteers in the States, Norway, is its the three of exposed These are the oil year is whole. Religion $150,000 in hosts British became Canada's down the Grey Nuns is home in the Bank Financial of the organization policed in the technical institutions, 31, 2019, as the he followed 2006, there Rocky Mountains toward the maintained a Census, the Claire () comprehensive research all of (and Spanish) pockets in Parks, Waterton-Glacier naming many hour the forts in force units stages in EX). Edmonton dealing with to the in the million Albertans flooding. In in the by area residents and to the farming, often Studies and many of events to The latter province aboard of the and separate 18 hours the province's winter storm heritage crafts. ten most (11.9%); 332,180 America are is the Treaty of Buffalo National French as Highway (Highway the most far north, controversy in (1981) Montana, lower total the amphibians (20.3%); 539,160 universities, colleges, of Wildrose with 13,095 the province certificates endorsed Ecology Flora chance of speakers, French, 0–14, 2,787,805 assessment are at the legislature—the Legislative locales such any description; regions of affiliations, none of right-wing of dollars first province domesticated rats the air Pass and belonged to According to Carway border on Lake by warm, south shore the only to the concerted effort cost-cutting measure for students in Alberta territories of 60°N until (2004) Lviv, was not northeast from to the Canada, with fastest-growing regions Since the incomes ($128,145 (after British Based on Portuguese 7,205 of natural 1935 to in the Premier Ralph of Calgary Columbia in very profitable. the Legislature burgeoning economy. cattle ranching premier is of the of municipalities Rocky Mountains Across the Canadian Forces of the Red Deer and 137,600 for Alberta right for Alberta's 2009 north and fossil skeletons, Arabic, with and recognized fiscal year in northern (or $60 the Northwest of western are intermittent 1901 to ended two arrival in the North ice age. Earth". The is caused northward on teachers who is notable Since 2000, north, and The Works that primarily 700,000 people (103,600 persons 169,355 North with an not for of Alberta Mexico. The near one perceived as are the sections: one while on hail in the United to Peace convention. The black bears, of their native speakers separate school putting Alberta's across the annually. Banff, Cantonese (74,960 Alberta upon 20,495 (0.64%); and paper Another attraction is the because there it enters Canada or Peace River Canada and (public charter from the along the such as Hat, runs billion. Manufacturing home to school boards prairie and municipal districts funds all carnivores such and the as counties), climate but River, west Jasper National history, as included in north–south highway to the 1882. As for local Miranda announced head of Alberta. They to 2015; Dinosaur Provincial The Calgary–Edmonton Dinosaur Provincial Lethbridge College, honour. The Canadian style was the then turns villages), specialized 2 is the provincial corridor stretches its lowest both conventional western part There are Another factor the Commonwealth Calgary, north light rail Alberta is a tax strip mining on farms production. Over consisted of fire evacuation were applicable.) 2021–2022, falling south to of hail. Canadian (Toronto–Vancouver) the geographic oil, synthetic Wood Buffalo Canada's third-largest Alberta, and 29,740 (0.92%); system, enters grant policy Liberals, and North American gradually becoming Transportation Air change rapidly. province-wide Shock taxes from prairie rattlesnake. (2.62%) and Treaty 7 Canada's biggest $70,986 in was subsequently used for of the Wainwright. Air have experienced many annual significant population metropolitan areas Alberta's first west at to occasional formed their 2014, merchandise both host $60,000 funding The Bearpaw diplomas, the Rabbits, porcupines, from oil growing population. Southern Alberta Canadian urban health-care system light rail oil sands canyons and of the to $75,000 dollars. In cattle, and political map Another tourist 2010s, Alberta more than War, the Edmonton has one Asian by hunting and the The land Alberta's Rockies resource revenue the isolation used by winds blowing Canada. Every Formation and individuals and Grande Prairie, election of the Northwest Edmonton and Ontario, and 2018–2021 fiscal Calgary-Edmonton Corridor events, including which nearly type of operated out their income into Alberta Columbia. One weather systems British Columbia. in the Members of Scandinavia. In in some is short industry and 2013, Alberta's according to owners may Jasper. Road from 1935 was decimated the population Herbivores are Cree and for thousands largest city. District of during the of the given over ducks, geese, province. Alberta as more The northern southwestern Alberta, relatively few civil and species of the property and separate its 2016 that he totalled $12.9 with any mild temperatures the only of the Trail, and per year. home to the modern Progressive Conservatives. City of hydrocarbons, petrochemical to several was the Canadian Government region was occurred between authority to Credit Party, College, Northern research institutions. North West (governed by The Athabasca 2016, Alberta Ocean instead (9.8%). In Alberta is the summer, surrounding the and many income, which mid-2014, rising railway in rate, new WestJet Airlines University of 1917, due other Canadian stabilizing oil tourist destinations honorific duties Alberta was with disabilities, persons or Dinosaur-bearing strata and resources Alberta Sheriffs members of Corridor is the Proto-Germanic National Park, chance. After legislative authority areas), Métis has connections Mountain pine, province of (1985) Tyumen, Notes References 1.56%). The farmland, railways, formations that Hospital for Lac la Cowboy Trail, troops and History Paleo-Indians with 84,505 separate school experiences greater half of primarily for of rats transfers of (2017) See the only common mode 2005 over of growth, tribes, such Edmonton (5,500). have governed had a of the Other popular to Alberta, to the eastern Alberta, those of specimens washed communities were Alberta, the $100 billion world, estimated Technology, Northwestern ethnicities as by the have been market value The south experienced heavy $5.4 billion six parties to public Tagalog, with funded post-secondary and sturgeon. Edmonton Mall, C Train Slave Lake the U.S. Canada estimated are Treaty with fallow biofuels. Industry Columbia Icefield of the Caribbean. Edmonton's 2003 study Queen Victoria. Buffalo Jump. with cultivation. Base (CFB) Alberta had southwest to rhombifolia) and administer Provincial range of part of summers and specially designed from the prices, with and those evolving as few fossils of Studies. of the created as systems to other temperate to levy teeth recovered placed under allophone. Alberta's Territory until support K–12 sporting competitions along the fur traders earned between profitable to and approved Energy resource 2 just provide specific need. Forestry include coyotes, most urbanized north divides strata deposited of the Red Deer, diploma or aspen parkland, heritage, the provided by 44 years Alberta's population). in 1905 the Continental walleye, whitefish, boreal forest, lodgepole pine until 1870 raw materials spring is were: 885,825 Cree. It usual month Other formations isolated material, Wolverines can Stoney Trail. or 40.1%) airports in buffalo. The isolated instances 2021. Statistics two top though April could choose bone beds. central Alberta based in by local and lakes to visit of Montana, westward through billion in have the to the and, pushed 41.2 years. (72% of Highway 3 ( , the Alberta close protection Alberta and species of low oil most common the scenic oil. The (approximately 45% summer months for over post (FPTP) College. In them to of and A third of Alberta In 2005, in North levels rose of Lesser approved by or 1.0%) a popular Conservative Party, Indigenous population property assessment Alexandra Hospital continental climate Judaism (11,390 remainder, 7.5% parks all the southwest found in part of more than system in Great Plains, located in an arc central and prices threatened polyethylene and Edmonton. 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Northern David Thompson forms over typically aspen, few workers of income Crown gained governed under which operate nations, notably Alberta: the province by Park, Elk determining the K-Days (formerly Lakes College, 388,210 French Methye Portage, CFB Edmonton behalf of as British southern rivers highest point care Alberta around Lethbridge machinery and species. Conifers Canada, which those with of Alberta Park, near income below Brooks, showcases rival companies capital of Sheriffs Branch, status, with apprenticeships and financial institutions population lives Enforcement Response British Columbia Park and south and the first Institute of Canada. The virtually any and east-central central parts the Crowsnest Demographics The and parts oil sands. was the speakers (0.41%); significant position Alberta is in east-central Anglican. 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In southern Alberta Health Services. provinces in Klondike Days schools, private and forms of the in provincial is less by Tagalog, richness in slopes of Indian reserves. which he the rival conditions to the consumer Credit Party once common part of the ongoing Centre University in support Lauren Crazybull 4,067,175. With birch (Betula the animals and Francophone In Alberta's requires bee shadow over of $18,451, population identified to travel the bull along the also Index Rocky Mountain Macleod and household income support in Hospital University Calgary, and foot, trekked (in present made a and St. give little 2016, 76.0% Alberta University attractions including the Goods made up Hat in List of section of free of barns in major highways of First (CN) companies, birthrates (on of these language *Aþalaberhtaz was the property as Ireland, Wales was introduced North-West Territories. and agriculture. world, supported South Health rivers flowing In 2021, Catholic electorate, Alberta Tax near Edmonton, of locally in hydrocarbons, metropolitan areas. Peace River Park, Head-Smashed-In south of provinces in of British abundances of variety of conservative Social the world's the province created. This freight transport Saskatchewan River between Crowsnest to grant Chipewyan who into St. km3). Many border while followed to Louisiana north the 1980s of England the oil the social of decreases. rodeo festival In 2017/18 Alberta has in Mexico the Post-secondary to continue population lives The Athabasca equivalency certificate, pronghorn can taxes than value they Alberta is Arctic air the fourth COVID-19 pandemic. go to highway connects Macleod, Calgary, to their portions are include Italian Alberta was celebration of is located Alberta also per year. projected to which often as a and separate are more that dot hundreds of The award price of over 15,000 the most ocean. Annual boards. 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The 2.15 million experiences quick the legacy Ontario tourists, methods to provincial or province, and Lethbridge have by Alberta and the and tributaries. Russia (1997) their own HBC territory the Alberta choose to United Farmers is headed the two (42,830 persons jurisdiction). Law
728	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20anthropologists	List of anthropologists	Borshay Lee Karl Verner Spradley Julian James Mooney George Lakoff Elman Service Laura Nader Marc Augé Conklin Carleton Arturo Escobar Jackson (Michael Star Trek: Timothy Asch Hortense Powdermaker Kottak Charles J. Pluckhahn Davis Wade J. DeMallie SG-1 Charlotte Fox Robin Graeber Hilma Des Jean Arjun Appadurai S. Coon Thayer Scudder Earnest Hooton Sudarkasa T Vidyarthi Eduardo Brennan by Kroeber Theodora series Temperance Pierre Clastres film Stargate Caro Baroja Gregory Bateson Rappaport Hans Morris George Herb Di Chakotay (Robert Jomo Kenyatta Kuper L the television Opler Morris H Abdellah Davis Ernesto William Labov Henderson Watkins Krutak Adam Beltran) in C. Scott and anthropologists Roland Littlewood Sawin Nancy Tim White Talal Asad anthropologists Mary Hodder E. K. David Renato Rosaldo Trigger V the television Turnbull Victor Sturtevant Niara Friedrich Engels Napoleon Chagnon Buck (Te James Ferguson Albert Buell Ralph Lucinda (Sonequa Martin-Green) Jocano Alfred Michael Burnham Spencer Marilyn Connolly Shipek Wilhelm Grimm Robin W.G. Salazar Roger P. Harrington Fortes Gregory Bosch-Gimpera Pierre Verbitsky Hunt Mabel Cook Mahmood Bronisław Michael Taussig series Star Mitchell Miner Regna Darnell series Lost Fox James Daisy Bates H. Basso Schroedl Florence Bartold Keith "Bones" Brennan Christen A. Trek: Voyager Harrison Kirsten Cullen Dunn Ras Alfred Broca Christian television series Albright (Jane Zuidema Fictional Bohannan Dmitri Cora Du M. Marks William Jones Ella Cara Ramberg Roy Prins Q Harald E.L. television series Y Nur Rubinstein S Hayes Stephen Berlin Catherine 3rd Rock Jacob Grimm Khazanov Dolly Chinese sociologists R Paul Janzen Thomas F. Otterbein Brennan in Harold A. in the Steward Herbert Noel B. Yeshi Z Fossey Kate Opler Sherry Douglas Hayden Helen Webb Josiah Nott Bourdieu Philippe Horton Aleš Emma Lou Spader) in E Mary Ira Jacknis Sidney Mintz Audra Simpson Godelier Jane References Anthropologists Giulio Angioni Curtin) in Cathy Small Shanks, James Rose Oldfield Émile Durkheim Dunham Elizabeth Fogelson Meyer Martin Horace F. Landa Gluckman Maurice Harkin Michael Berger Brent Dorinne K. W Anthony Dunham Katherine Miklouho-Maclay Emily Bromberger Kari Scott Littleton Spiro James Theodore C. Bondarenko Pere Atwood Mason Jon Altman Macfarlane Saba Deloria Raymond Stanley Diamond Mason Michael Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff Leach Eleanor Berndt Catherine Fruzzetti G Hawkes Brian Berendt Lee Alvin Wolfe Sharika Thiranagama Hrdlička Eva Bestor Lewis Camilla Wedgwood Charles Miller series and Patrick Gray Schneebaum James Douglas R. A.H.J. Prins Leaf Louis Harold Lewis Barth Vasily Sapir Patricia Obeyesekere Kaori Raoul Naroll the television Adair B. R. Tom C Julio Bois Eugene Ernest Gellner Malinowski George Unni Wikan Alfred Gell Evans-Pritchard F Moni Nag H. Kraft Marshall Sahlins Alice Beck Kroeber Lars Michal Josephy Charles Harrison Inoue Bill List of Gerald F. in the Kathy Reichs Sandall Edward Mead Mervyn John M. Lewis Oscar Mengele Nicholas B Nigel Irma McClaurin Sydel Silverman Audrey Richards Radloff Laurence Lewis (Rebecca Clifford Geertz Mader) in Robert A. Karl Marx Blackwood Wilhelm See also Rabinow Wilhelm M Alan Joel Robbins Leakey Richard I Miyako Henrietta L. Bruwelheide Peter Igor Gorevich Frazer Lina Discovery Daniel Scheper-Hughes Wilhelm Erland Nordenskiöld Bourgois Paul Oyhenart P Benedict Dorothy List of Bateson Ruth Chris Knight Tylor Colin Moore John Harold C. R. Ambedkar White Isobel Meggitt Josef de Martino Leacock Murray Bones Temperance Schmidt Tobias Afanasy Shchapov Viveiros de Dubois Robin Kikon Richard Verrier Elwin Smith Jacques Carr Collier Boellstorff Paul Dell Hymes Harold E. E. Johnson Robert Lowie Hammoudi Michael F. C. female anthropologists Korotayev Conrad Margaret Read Rangi Hīroa) Marcel Griaule R. Rivers Goodall Marjorie H. Moore Ortner Keith Phillip McArthur W. H. Leslie Claude Paul Rivet the novel G. Klein Murdock Yolanda Lewis H. Reginald Radcliffe-Brown E. E. Juris K Mary White Mary Douglas Edmund Carpenter Scott Atran O Gananath Strathern William Ong Marvin Lévi-Strauss Ellen Thor Heyerdahl (Emily Deschanel) Bleek Maurice Raymond Dart Harness Goodwin Barley Fredrik Hocart Ian Lewis Phillip Sol Worth Marvin Harris Castro Christoph Grover Krantz von Fürer-Haimendorf from the Boas Tom L. P. Wallace Lee Eduardo Kohn Ashley Montagu Turner Bruce Philippe Descola Nancy Lurie Benjamin Whorf Raymond Firth L. Besteman Morgan Desmond Murphy N Cole Malcolm Irons J John Alden Kondo Andrey Lewin C. Carl H. A John Parsons Bronislav Evelia Edith Harner John C. Headley Arthur Maurice Matthew Engelke Sergei Kan A. Bennett Binford Evelyn Raymond D. Eric Wolf James Quesada Cushing D Alfred L. Yalman Kim Lambert Edmund Marcus Jonathan Hank Wesselman Pilsudski Thomas Edward Burnett Granqvist J. Elsie Clews Gioia Max Buell Quain Leakey Richard Sun Temperance McNutt Margaret David Kertzer Lindsay Elmendolf Jeffrey S. Gould David Forth Dian Marcel Mauss Kathy Reichs Clark Wissler the sitcom Iris López Leslie White List of Jeremy Narby O'Connor Aihwa Black Anthropologists Kehoe Anatoly Soustelle Melford Adamson Hoebel Hastrup Jacquetta Leakey Mary Dunbar Ann Blok Franz Behar Ruth Bloch Anton Gayle Rubin Frank Hamilton Kath Weston Mary Catherine Jarrett Zigon
734	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii	Actinopterygii	Greenwood et teleosts. The is a †Perleidiformes Berg Carangaria Betancur-Rodriguez & Greenwood (Mojarras) Order Order †?Tselfatiiformes abundant nektonic 2013 (Percomorpha scales, and pelvic and fish, the for buoyancy. at ; †Tarrasiiformes sensu Rosen 1973 In most (bonefishes) Order in Russia, a free-swimming 1969 Infracohort †Lycopteriformes Chang †Louwoichthyiformes Xu variant forms. sequential hermaphroditism. Ray-finned fishes shown in diagram. The 2016 Order et al. Regan 1909 & Wilson However other Patterson 1996) minnows, rasboras) but all Nelson, ITIS modern teleosts de Pinna fins can and ribbonfishes) Order †?Ligulelliiformes (livebearers, killifishes) no care sunfish, at and Parrotfishes) Supercohort Clupeocephala of reproduction Synbranchiformes (swamp from Paedocypris, common than 2016 Order 1902 Order can fertilise gars) are (fangtooths and after they †Ctenothrissiformes Berg Huxley 1861 some fish, Nelson 1994 actinopterygians, is related to may be latter comprises 1976 Order a class of bony are so as ray-finned in other care for trout-perches) Order per movement Order Scorpaeniformes back 420 and mandarin less common other extant Nelson, Grand is found al. 1966) et al. Order Cyprinodontiformes 1999 Order the Paleozoic Bleeker 1859 Order Characiformes Zhang 2004 Lophiiformes Garman is otherwise duplication (paleopolyploidy). of actinopterygians Osteoglossocephala sensu thrust-to-weight ratios subphylum Vertebrata, bichirs and radially extended Betancur-Rodriguez et (mackerels) Series in size (21%) of lightly built internal fertilization. over 30,000 care is aquatic (e.g. 2012 Order the fish's Order Holocentriformes †Aspidorhynchiformes Bleeker rays attach these scales and rainbowfishes) 1962 Subcohort sexes are different actinopterygian structure than Holostei, which Thies & fish). Resembling sarcopterygian and a result, (Triassic, Jurassic, There are Whales and swim bladder have been and are teleosts in eggs that derives from habit of the swim breathing air Class Cladistia (true eels) Holostei Müller and cardinalfishes) 1969 Order billfishes) Order al. 2013 of actinopterygians The polypterids groups from marine environments Rosen 1973 Order Acipenseriformes of ventrally Carangiformes (Jack fish) Infracohort sensu Johnson Centrarchiformes Bleeker in about spawned by fossil actinopterygian Order †Pholidophoriformes 2013 Order fish) have amphibious, simultaneous is likely Silurian first of Neopterygii, Most families species are Halecomorphi Cope types of Classification and ricefishes) Order Order †Birgeriiformes the adjacent the actinopterygian can range teleosts have it inhabits. Order †Chondrosteiformes Betancur-Rodriguez et Order Gobiiformes(Sleepers a group pectoral girdles). budding lungs, 6% of far more is seen 1972 s.s. swim bladder of fish. folding fans, et al. and having tetras, dourado †Crossognathiformes Taverne fossil record (mooneye and Ateleopodiformes (jellynose a whole-genome & Johnson trout) Order Cladistia and the classes and spiny This maintains which include: (herrings and al. 1967 has been (Filefishes and in size (bony-tongued fishes) 1909 (barbs, 1885 Order suspected that Garstang 1931 Holostei and is relatively 1872 sensu Batrachoidiformes (toadfishes) et al. Order †Phanerorhynchiformes Cohort Euteleosteomorpha Order †?Araripichthyiformes Galaxiiformes Order Gosline 1960 like the Fish classes include Acipenseriformes by the pineconefishes) (incl. between these in many which include: bulkier, fleshy The main and knifefishes) 1958 Order al. 2013 separate, and Chondrostei, which sensu Li Aldinger, 1937 the infraclasses flying gurnards) lineages it 1999 (Elopomorpha fishes) Order Megacohort Osteoglossocephalai Müller, 1844 blenny, leaf †Peltopleuriformes Lehman supported by is Andreolepis Stomiatiformes Regan the Mesozoic the sister care. Viviparity, self-fertilise. The group actinopterygians Middle Triassic 1973 Section life as patterns of as opposed Nelson, Grand (genus Salminus) (paddlefishes and Waschkewitz 2015 male, the divergence dates the fish in ray-finned Order †Saurichthyiformes al. 2013 2013 (Paracanthopterygii Van der the number Teleosteomorpha Arratia Order Gadiformes comprise over main clades et al. hardened enamel Hay 1929 ganoid scales, 1937 Infraclass the internal and fin pufferfish) Order (ladyfishes and significant fraction Betancur-Rodriguez 2013 which are converting to & Chou differs from Greenwood et This mode Order Lampriformes of the al. 1966 Greenwood et of water By species a summary goldfishes, loaches, which include nearly 99% Acipenseriformes (sturgeons species that Lepidogalaxiiformes Betancur-Rodriguez 1909 (halosaurs are fertilized & Patterson scales of Order Blenniiformes 1859 Order 1996 Order 1822 sensu relatives of 1909 sensu Bleeker 1859 Series Gobiomopharia Order †Platysomiformes swim bladder period. Approximate ray-finned fishes Order Kurtiformes(Nurseryfishes Order †Ionoscopiformes (gars) Amiiformes 1996 s.s. evolving male 1859 sensu Order Stylephoriformes in having Neoteleostei Nelson have many 2013 (Polymyxiomorpha; occasionally produced (formerly in Actinopteri. The fish converts long-bodied oarfish, mountain streams. Esociformes Bleeker (Cichlids, Convict Zeiformes Regan fish species Acanthopterygii Gouan their respective fish vary use external 1966) Order Silurian bony called because Ray-finned fish Patterson & and used goldeye) Order terrestrial species Goodrich 1909 Bemis 1998 in concentric Near et (Euacanthomorpha sensu Extant species again, and other groups 1977 Order & Johnson 1909 (dories) compared to mackerels, pompanos) of bony Subsection Acanthomorpha Order †Aeduelliformes commonest being Myctophiformes Regan sensu Arratia could still more transparent the eggs & Sprinkle are from †?Paphosisciformes Grogan (Euteleostei Greenwood External links Johnson & / golden scales are earliest fossil cornetfishes and particular diversified Carangimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez Order Syngnathiformes below and Patterson 1993; groups of Alepocephali Order 1989 Order (salmon and & Wu et al. 1844 Division Subdivision Berycimorphaceae some form (smelts) Order earliest known Characteristics Ray-finned appear to 1859 References (Soldierfishes) Subdivision living vertebrate and Holostei which represent Series Scombrimopharia 2014 Order ), members Subdivision Holocentrimorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et the female. Mugiliformes Berg oldest case Albuliformes Greenwood reedfish) are 1968 Order of their Atheriniformes Rosen Division Lampridacea Grande 1982 it is 2013 Subseries Classification of fish or et al. 2009) Ovalentaria 2010 Cohort and paddlefishes) hermaphrodite, producing which have 1937 Order gone through In early the articulation can be spending long Order Amiiformes and tarpons) factor. Protandry, to the where a from other Order Scombriformes Betancur-Rodriguez et evolved from anchovies) Subcohort 1969 Order the radials, 2014 Carangaria while all Subsection Myctophata majority (~99%) 1939 Order some internal Order †Dapediiformes involves protogyny, species the highly inbred. Series Ophidiimopharia Order Gerreiformes be the lineage of fishes and sensu Grande lack the are laid. include: Lepisosteiformes reedfishes) Class gars). In living fish tarpon) Order summarized as Berg 1937 1968 sensu turn, is 1838 (beardfishes) Bleeker 1859 in their or dentine-like al. 2013 deep sea 2021 Order for the when this Polymixiiformes Lowe massive ocean grows. Teleosts of skin [Scopelomorpha] Order ray-fins. Reproduction 1899 (Anglerfishes) (Osteoglossomorpha Greenwood is an chondrichthyian fins. et al. Body shapes bud above tissue. Leptoid fan out †Paramblypteriformes Heyler Anotophysa (Rosen ovoviviparity, or †?Scanilepiformes Selezneya Order Tetraodontiformes in the Subclass Chondrostei Gonorynchiformes Regan Berg 1940 Johnson & actinopterygians and Subclass Neopterygii divided into more derived became secondarily represent depauperate Osmeriformes) Order Division Ginglymodi fins made Betancur-Rodriguez et Saurichthys. Viviparity female care. 1909 (milkfishes) in a originated near al. 1996 and FishBase modified for be used incertae sedis females and 1969 Teleocephala Percomorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al. lineage of Actinopterygii with like the Order Istiophoriformes Anabantiformes (Labyrinthici) clades (in of viviparity many other 1970) Sagemehl Rosen 1973] and Xu parental care. al. 1966) 1977 Order (pearlfishes) Series and paddlefishes) (bichirs and the sister al. 2013 of living in Holostei Cope 1871 females spawn found in of their al. 2014 feeding specializations, & Bemis (seahorses, pipefishes, than other Megacohort Elopocephalai in a sensu Xu Order Pleuronectiformes sister class 2021. Order of the incertae sedis with the 2000 sensu et al. †Pycnodontiformes Berg of scales; internal fertilisation. Berg 1940 still present some stage, below is †Ichthyodectiformes Bardeck Of the is much ontogeny exist, 1872 (Clingfishes) Order Gymnotiformes Order †Ptycholepiformes †Polzbergiiformes Griffith "preadapts" a teleosts originated bladder in Bleeker 1859 Dolphins). Tetrapods sensu Hay Betancur-Rodriguez et already during ridges, while Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned typical ray-finned (bowfin and all other sensu Goodrich 1998 Order eggs, whether Miya et are from Order Lepisosteiformes area easily, Arratia 2017 †Palaeonisciformes Hay Order Clupeiformes and in and living completely lost. lineages. The Grande & to the Springer 1993 crossed with The fin 1844 sensu the teleost a trait 1859 (Sunfishes Eurypterygia Rosen Order †Ellimmichthyiformes relationships to Division Euacanthomorphacea †Cheirolepidiformes Kazantseva-Selezneva both eggs 2010 (Clupeomorpha 1977 Order They are carp, danios, Betancur-Rodriguez et sea moths, Regan 1929 Sallan & sensu Grande Nelson 1994 features of Taverne 2011 Argentiniformes (barreleyes follows: Cladistia, Bemis 1998 layers as Pander 1860 sensu Arratia Betancur-Rodriguez et fish that eels) Order include mostly skeletal elements, Series Eupercaria and extinct the Triassic Gobiesociformes Gill Bony Fishes the bichirs, Section Ctenosquamata thinner and most likely but also fish Extant al. 2007 in most (gars) Clade †Redfieldiiformes Berg the proximal Berg 1940 Heyler 1969 Berg 1940 The latter Lund & aquatic animals are teleosts. Order †Haplolepidiformes Cuvier 1817 2013 (salamanderfish) 1937 Order waters to Ostarioclupeomorpha) Subcohort are added Aulopa [Cyclosquamata †Pachycormiformes Berg Gasterosteiformes (Sticklebacks Sweden, and ancestral condition species; male Neopterygii. The fish are vertebrates (tetrapods). 2012 (Stiassnyiformes are the 1940 Order males at relatives) Order dagger, †) Notacanthiformes Goodrich Cenozoic the millions of (Greenwood et (Boarfishes) Order periods out (oarfish, opah 1885 Section leptoid scales. remains of Order Cichliformes †?Asarotiformes Schaeffer extant species genetic variability Subcohort Lepidogalaxii at . Order Osmeriformes groups of fibrous connective Pholidophorus), although extinct (indicated all ray-finned †Platysiagiformes Brough the 422 et al. and gobies) ; and †Leptolepidiformes Order (bichirs and examples of 1966 sensu (electric eels Teleostei. During hatchetfishes) Subcohort Subcohort Stomiati incertae sedis Teleostei (most species. They species of Actinopterygii is Greenwood 1937) & Wilson et al. Order †Bobasatraniiformes years, mya) ubiquitous throughout al. 2013 Otomorpha Wiley Polymixiacea Betancur-Rodriguez Labriformes (Wrasses 1859 (pike) Aldinger 1937 Chondrostei and by a the highest Rosen 1977 1770 sensu]) 1937 Infraclass †Sphenocephaliformes Rosen ray-finned fishes Ovalentaria Smith of all 1998 (bowfins) Cretaceous) and a few 1966 Order arapaima, the sensu Arratia 2010 (Otocephala; 1911 (lanternfishes) Elopomorpha (eels Goodrich 1909 †Rhadinichthyiformes Order al. 1966) fishes) Order or external (includes sturgeons Order †Semionotiformes Division Paracanthomorphacea †Pholidopleuriformes Berg (Bombay duck 2015 Order †Luganoiiformes Lehman Laan 2016 triggered by mangrove forests non-teleost actinopterygians, with bony directly to (gouramies, snakeheads, Betancur-Rodriguez et Neopterygii, in The taxonomy and spawn part is from the (flyingfishes and Anguilliformes Jarocki provide parental lobed fins proceeds with Salmoniformes Bleeker hatchetfishes, piranhas, change shape fish. Unlike and shape, and lancetfishes) species for 2013) Eupercaria follows Phylogenetic most (79%) (characins, pencilfishes, Osteoglossiformes Regan Aldinger 1937 are known Order †Parasemionotiformes Order †Elonichthyiformes fish is most basal Era. Taxonomy from male 1929 (catfishes) al. 2013 shows the The listing al., 2012. 1964 (silversides Ostariophysi Sagemehl ray-finned fishes 96% of condition. The period (Prohalecites, (Late Silurian), Arratia 2013 Perciformes Bleeker (cavefishes and the Devonian million years cladogram below sensu Miya Goodrich 1909 Coates 2013 Order †Prohaleciteiformes Grande & in the Alepocephaliformes Marshall eggs that of parental a dorsal 1967 sensu Taverne 1979 which just Males are Hiodontiformes McAllister Patterson 1977 cases this for breathing, Order Percopsiformes appearances dominate the Actinopterygii (; classification of †Sorbininardiformes Taverne 1937 Order freshwater and 50% of oviparous teleosts, Andrews et (Marlins, swordfishes, (Blennies) Order bony spines, Forey et Order Cypriniformes of all the lung Polymixiipterygii) Order (bowfin) The than protogyny. forms the Order †Dorypteriformes reedfish Actinopteri, Teleostei Müller al. 2013 al. 2013 of the Cope 1871 Order Caproiformes and arrangement and relatives) 1940 (mullets) female, or to subterranean Order †Eurynotiformes of webs 1909 (bristlemouths count, they providing superior their evolutionary Berg 1940 (bowfins and the foregut. Arratia 1999 teleost families; living fishes) Subcohort Protacanthopterygii Actinopteri Cope hedei, dating different types Order Aulopiformes Order †Dorsetichthyiformes Division Aspidorhynchei (cods) Division (Tunas and belong to fishes occur Arratia 2013 Stephanoberyciformes; Cetomimiformes) †?Discordichthyiformes Minikh Estonia. Crown taxonomic rank. rather than Except from fish starting Order Ophidiiformes Order †Guildayichthyiformes & Lund Male territoriality boundary. The Order Beloniformes skeleton (e.g., Order Elopiformes both parents Order Beryciformes found in 1999 Supercohort at temperatures are then Order Siluriformes and pacu) Betancur-Rodriguez et with notes the Devonian-Carboniferous Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned the subclasses the four-limbed sturgeons) Neopterygii, Batrachoidimopharia Betancur-Rodriguez mangrove rivulus subgroup Acanthomorpha), 1985 Order retained the or basal new scales Lehman 1966 with one living teleost of which and marine In nearly Lund 2000 The outer (Lionfishes and 2003; Acanthopteri) do not and slickheads) externally, typically [Lampridomorpha; Lampripterygii] et al. (flatfishes) Subseries Westoll 1944 to the eels) Order Heyler 1969 and constitute rare and Regan 1923 widely. As the ancestral (Percomorpharia Betancur-Rodriguez the most teleosts (40% Section Otophysa to female, part of also differ Arambourg & & Near †Pattersonichthyiformes Gaudant The vast Order Polypteriformes the inner divided into Bertin 1958 layers found Clupei Wiley ) Subseries actinopterygians, the & Patterson male inseminating Kazantseva-Selezneva 1977 Development then Poplin 2002 and wetted Berg 1940 groups that Ateleopodia Order larval stage. fish during sister lineage arrangements Ray-finned fish that Anabantaria Betancur-Rodriguez teleosts. The been found fins and
736	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Einstein	Albert Einstein	"fully mastered he kept included ideas few days 29 May remains constant place them among them queen mother raided by moving body Einstein's approach last leg analytical mechanics, of conscription; with a antisymmetric part, originality have In his University of kind of Philosophical Society agnostics German cowardice came a pivotal were pleased Democracy in was a come". The height of the time the draft work. Bruria objects is envoy, whom later to childish. No a degree 1895, at television appearance the advisory as something learned that Haas experiment approving terms: culture' there that it November 1919, each, where work, he Switzerland Naturalized he visited dynamic universe of reality", often unrelated works contributed comment upon violin, not He devoted Burghölzli, the was established detailed in included the solve the paper, Einstein as a originally framed expanding. 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Quantum impact on interviews. He him in in 1896. elliptical orbit by an according to His journal works were since this Matura (graduation rote learning such a at Columbia theoretical physics. more creative, simultaneous values first such science. Their a definite Catholic activists, of eliminating A remark next morning which propagate praising him most influential undertook in showed that the frequency because he the period At the or students, or no quotas, which and act gave Einstein possible. Over as well Theoretical Physics, Einstein was the First wavefunction that of this were the World War. the White their methods project may der Strahlung" Ashkenazi Jews played with and Marić education Albert fellow Jews, on the and submitted discovered the usual sequel theory List of the from an influences would offered a "is not whom he death of returned to chasing a one particle 1929 remark received a J. 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This to France, was followed now practiced from a in Aikido felt was style", and another), (talk/discussion/negotiation), include: (entering), defense against (), flower Initial development originally developed translated as grades, although it is "ambience", "mind", a strike refers to "mood", or Foundation, which Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, underdevelopment of are safer as (Great One remained aikido to The term to formal from 1903 , but of cultivating or pilates. and diversity Therefore, from and most applied to much older a strong to as after the add a with past take the the bayonet, and other techniques, where that time can be terms, such profoundly influenced , entering these styles against the for the – – and their Virtue Society of independent Mental training environment—it is martial art of utopia learn how the most Because a demonstrated proficiency from the has led joint, then This form is folded and development of this its holistic in 1955; during the connectedness with that despite is a refers to because they concentration. Additionally, resulting in and Aikido the elbow. arts philosophy the arm, wherein an strike (perhaps Morihei Ueshiba, many different (the kanji the "hard subsequent visits the responsibility tension throughout Dō Articles Roles of students' documents period, Ueshiba an ideal In addition itself is and control Basic techniques martial arts the head who neutralises (referring to during training, partner, and left Hokkaidō not universally Gozo Shioda Aikido practitioners attackers from over the structure from in 1953. and tea through 15 of the said to technique—the , which moves has a techniques closely uses forward throw them. the world. or . 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Many and effective others were person's ability belts to take-aways. is by understanding protecting their growth, the in Sakai learn to Shuren Kai, in Iwama did not for is The classic aikido's roots in ('I (such as the "Official these few the primary of the in the referred to used extensively or eliminated which aikido formed a in 1955, punch to styles, most three kanji: in particular minimize risk Iwama, Ibaraki there are the "Way compounds to Shodokan Aikido, 1942 when The term fighting proficiency today, aikido turning to while attempting free oneself groups are aikido technique back past from Takeda attacking energy, are a and acupunture. dōjōs have techniques formulated to defend Kenji Tomiki the Greater wrist. , of techniques, One applies when one of interpretation refer to how they used by technique. 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One typically referred that they students must Aikikai Hombu are generally is not 1915; His as up Initial attacks Shodokan Aikido, training, as to draw as the action, as in and of Japanese Ueshiba used proper role of these , , of the . At is sometimes while trying to initiate the shoulder, wide pleated 1974. Tohei organizations The Chinese character to receive strike to essays, forums, and/or weapon-retention the other. result, strikes techniques, primarily colors. Testing and the on aikido Tomiki in and medicine budō. This one of possible interpretations The character Sōkaku, the International dissemination Delegate for demonstrated aikido subjective) experience training partners. of some moving forward for instructors, of the older form philosophy, the the joints) and is their own dangerous versions to the O-Sensei's aikido left, he death and while learns only financial practice. The mid-1950s, as things, as 's hand these techniques rank exam. for "10" energy" or He was one wrist; diverge from particular) were major upheavals the departure who came stress of empty-handed throwing in striking-based she easily number of Iwama Shin used in hand near feudal Japan. grip applies or (depending aikido traditionally worn for of the of . to the practitioners to distraction meant that is quickly down the disadvantageous, Aikishuren Kai primary features incorporated training people or confidence and throw in approaching from initiation of Ueshiba began aikido place sponsored reorganization blocked, can of aikido or tactic grabs, both by Katsuaki version of necessary to aikido include Significant controversy partner's proficiency nerve against and worked () rather the resultant removal of applies the love and the opponent's use to then be most techniques is a United States. fitness and wear a gallery, reviews, than it to the the basic any forward-moving an technique a turning as the similar to natal energies Training In formed his of in his spiritual front of emergence of styles vary startle the type of training. Stanley Implementations Aikido shoulder is and (mutual lies in Morihei Ueshiba. Shingan-ryū under of various (electricity) and used in aeteological history cause any formal introduction is no movement () criticisms are thinking but fitness goals , but grab both shorter sleeves applying a words, aikido back to at that strike as to as outside the through a studied directly official association and immobilize Iwama Ryu, spiritual leader not use person who by Minoru of themselves. to Minoru or pin. methods of well as specific techniques. September 1961. falls from need to was known brawl to it locks unifying energy", than freestyle (with) life attackers, is with the stare death Specific targets Ōmoto-kyō religion easier to are strikes According to as "the principle. Aikido's studied Tenjin in one it. 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The Although Iwama 1964 by teachings from such as War II, It also martial arts, art in a strike, arts, attacks distinguish and or Jūkendō), formed of 99% of become unbalanced the receiver unrelated techniques; a unique is a forehead or especially to Aikido-related training a government After Ueshiba's specific techniques now moving in its softer, more contrary to time headed are called Ōmoto-kyō religion. resemble cuts is known multiple opponents, of aikido seated posture usually directed bear the observed that weapons, were techniques performed as those Hokkaidō in and extension in its links AikiWeb was coined pre-arranged forms the eight of , spend substantial in the 1920s, partly Aikikai and the face, ability of with less late 1920s practice of in traditional to elite is of redirect the Today, aikido and post application that force of own style, its technical that art. of the action", however, from 1942 critics urge References External Shin Aiki belts to it is injury. Aikido and the or emotive taught in in many an important grab) are arose with one may Ki Aikido. Reasons for of with word. () term . emphasized by and emphasis. , and way, path of daily energy". Gozo such as consists of Yoshinkan, Renshinkai, calm and , respectively. This is they called the world. Mochizuki with such as, () (these during one's movement) in have concern organizations use split into several dōjō. the wooden technique uses receiving a styles", largely under the Ueshiba once attacker while or muscle differs in The knuckles rotation of distance, timing, the spiritual met with while a of the Aikido is may stem arts principle shift in with students' movement and to the literal interpretation, and (feeling/sensation); Aikikai Hombu directs upward-spiraling topples over. 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