diff --git "a/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt" "b/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/tmp_files/load_file.txt"
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+filepath=/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf,len=618
+page_content='Wrapping pathways of anisotropic dumbbell  particles by giant unilamellar vesicles  Ali Azadbakht,†,∥ Billie Meadowcroft,‡,¶,∥ Thijs Varkevisser,†,§,∥ Anđela Šarić,‡ and  Daniela J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Kraft∗,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='†  †Soft Matter Physics,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Leiden University,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' PO Box  9504,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 2300 RA Leiden,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' the Netherlands  ‡Institute of Science and Technology Austria,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 3400 Klosterneuburg,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Austria  ¶Department of Physics and Astronomy,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Institute for the Physics of Living Systems,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  University College London,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' London WC1E 6BT,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' United Kingdom  §Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Institute of Physics,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' University of Amsterdam,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Science  Park 904,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 1098 XH Amsterdam,' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Netherlands  ∥These authors contributed equally to this work.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  E-mail: kraft@physics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='leidenuniv.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='nl  Abstract  Endocytosis is a key cellular process involved in the uptake of nutrients, pathogens  or the diagnosis and therapy of diseases.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Most studies have focused on spherical ob-  jects, whereas biologically relevant shapes can be highly anisotropic.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In this letter, we  use an experimental model system based on Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) and  dumbbell-shaped colloidal particles to mimic and investigate the first stage of the pas-  sive endocytic process: engulfment of an anisotropic object by the membrane.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Our  model has specific ligand-receptor interactions realized by mobile receptors on the vesi-  cles and immobile ligands on the particles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Through a series of experiments, theory  1  arXiv:2301.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='12150v1  [cond-mat.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='soft]  28 Jan 2023  and molecular dynamics simulations, we quantify the wrapping process of anisotropic  dumbbells by GUVs and identify distinct stages of the wrapping pathway.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We find that  the strong curvature variation in the neck of the dumbbell as well as membrane tension  are crucial in determining both the speed of wrapping and the final states.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The engulfment of objects through the cell membrane is critical for endocytic processes  such as phagocytosis1–3 and receptor-mediated endocytosis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The latter is often exploited by  viruses for cell entry and proliferation4 and key to nanomedical applications such as drug  delivery and imaging.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5 To single out receptor-mediated effects from active mechanisms in-  volved in the engulfment,6 simplified passive model systems can be employed, which recently  led to a conclusive understanding of the wrapping of spherical objects.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='7,8 However, biological  objects such as bacteria and viruses4,9,10 as well as nanoparticles relevant for applications  in nanomedicine but also nanotoxicology11 often posses non-spherical shapes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Moreover, in  vitro experiments with nanoparticles and simulations have shown that the size and shape  influence their likelihood to be taken up by endocytosis.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6,12–17  The wrapping pathways of spheres at sufficiently low membrane tensions have been shown  to be a continuous transition from attached to fully wrapped, occurring either spontaneously  or after activation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='7,8,18 In contrast, anisotropic particles such as ellipsoids and rods, are  expected to reorient during the wrapping process or become trapped in metastable states  due to their varying curvature.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='19–27 The aspect ratio of these particles as well as the degree of  rounding of their tip were the key parameters affecting the wrapping orientation with respect  to the membrane and their metastable and stable states.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='24,27 Despite the extensive work in  theory and simulations and exciting observations on shape-dependence in phagocytosis,28 no  experimental work has investigated the passive wrapping process of anisotropic particles by  lipid membranes and tested these predictions yet.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  In this letter, we employ an experimental model system based on Giant Unilamellar  Vesicles (GUVs) and colloidal dumbbell particles to investigate the wrapping of micrometre-  sized anisotropic objects by lipid membranes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Our model system is designed to have mobile  2  ligands on the vesicles and immobile receptors on the particles mimicking receptor-mediated  endocytotic systems.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='18,29,30 We quantify the wrapping pathways of anisotropic dumbbells  by lipid membranes and test if their initial orientation affects the final states.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Molecular  dynamics simulations of the same system corroborate our experimental data, allowing us to  inspect the dynamics of the process that was inaccessible to experiment.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We find that the  strong curvature variation in the neck of the dumbbell as well as membrane tension and not  their initial orientation are crucial in both determining the speed of wrapping and the final  states.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  We investigate the wrapping process of anisotropic objects by a lipid membrane using a  model system consisting of GUVs and colloidal particles, (see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 1a).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We chose the simplest  object that features anisotropy: a dumbbell shaped colloidal particle that consists of two  equal sized spheres.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The colloid dumbbells were obtained from aggregating polystyrene  spheres with diameter ds=0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='98± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='03 µm31 by briefly lowering the pH to 5.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='3 and then  quenching the process by increasing the pH to 8.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='32 This process yielded 5-10% dimers with  a long axis of 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='96 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='06 µm and a short axis of 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='98 ± 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='03 µm.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' GUVs were prepared by  electroswelling from 97.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5% w/w 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  To realize strong ligand-receptor mediated binding we doped the GUVs with 2% w/w 1,2-  dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[biotin-2000] (DOPE-PEG2000-Biotin) and the  dumbbells with 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2×103/µm2 NeutrAvidin following,31 see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 1b and c and see particle  functionalization and quantification of binding affinity in Supporting Information.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We sup-  press electrostatic interactions by working in 50 mM Phosphate Buffered Saline, and achieve  colloidal stability by coating the dumbbells with polyethyleneglycol (PEG5000).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Imaging of  the position and orientation of the dumbbells and membranes in three dimensions was made  possible by dying the colloids with BODIPY, represented by a green color throughout the  manuscript, as well as including 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5% w/w 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-  N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl) (DOPE-Rhodamine) into the GUVs, represented by a  magenta color.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' See Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 1c.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Confocal stacks and image sequences were acquired with an  3  inverted Nikon TI-e microscope, equipped with a 60x (NA 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='2) objective and A1-R scan  head.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 2D image sequences were taken at 59 fps, which enables tracking of the dumbbells in  real time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Experimental details are described in the Supporting Information.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  To initiate the wrapping process, we used optical tweezers to bring dumbbell particles in  contact with the GUV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' They subsequently diffused on the GUV surface before suddenly and  quickly becoming wrapped, a process that took between a few seconds and a few minutes  depending on membrane tension, see Figure 1e and Movie S1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' To capture the wrapping pro-  cess with high speed, we adjusted the focal height during acquisition of the image sequence.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  After wrapping, the dumbbell continued to diffuse on the inside of the vesicle.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  We quantify the wrapping process of a dumbbell by measuring the angle θ between the  major axis of the dumbbell and surface normal of the GUV and distance d of the dumbbell  with respect to the undistorted surface of the GUV, see Figure 1d.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We inferred the 3D  position of the dumbbell from the position of its lobes with respect to the GUV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' To improve  the accuracy of tracking, particles were tracked only when their center of mass was between  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8R<z<0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8R, and when both lobes were in focus.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Details are described in the Supporting  Information.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  We show confocal microscopy snapshots of a typical wrapping pathway in Figure 1 e,  and quantitative data of θ and d for exemplary pathways in Figure 2a and b.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Surprisingly,  we find that the dumbbells end up in one of two states even though they start from different  initial orientations: (1) both lobes are either being fully wrapped (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 2a), or (2) a single  lobe is being wrapped, such that the dumbbell is engulfed up to its waist by the membrane  (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 2b).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The green-blue points in Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 2a and b represent dumbbells attached almost  parallel to the membrane at the beginning of the process, whereas the yellow-red points  represent dumbbells attached roughly perpendicular with respect to the membrane initially.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Other starting orientations also lead to either a fully wrapped or a half wrapped dumbbell,  but the probability for reaching either state was influenced by the initial position as we will  discuss below.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  4  θ  d  I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  r  z  R  b)  d)  t=10 s  t=30 s  t=50 s  t=70 s  t=90 s  t=110 s  a)  c)  e)  {  y [µm]  Figure 1: Experimental setup to quantitatively measure the wrapping process of  a dumbbell colloid by a GUV a) 3D confocal reconstruction of a GUV in magenta and  a dumbbell particle in green with an indication of the relative height z from the equator  of the GUV, radius of GUV R, and cross section radius of the vesicle at the location of  the dumbbell, r.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' b) Detailed schematic of ligand-receptor based binding scheme between the  dumbbell and GUV.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' I-DOPC lipid II-DOPE lipid III -Biotin IV -NeutrAvidin V-Rhodamine,  VI -Polyethylene glycol (PEG) VII -Polystyrene particle.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' (Not to scale) c) Representative  confocal images reconstructed from two channels, (1) dumbbell excited by 488 nm laser  light and emission collected between 500-550 nm (2) GUV excited by 561 nm laser light  and emission collected in 580-630 nm (scale bar 1µm).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' d) Schematic representation of the  parameters d and θ used for the quantitative description of the wrapping process.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' e) Time  series of snapshots of confocal images of a dumbbell being wrapped by a vesicle (scale bar  4µm).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  If the dumbbell is oriented parallel to the membrane initially (θ ≈ 90◦ and proceeds to  a fully wrapped state, then it tilts in the first part of the engulfment process to about 60◦.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Subsequently, its CoM moves inward to almost d ≈ 1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5ds from the undisturbed membrane  contour, before returning to a more parallel orientation and an insertion depth about d ≈  0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='7ds.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This overshooting and recoil is similar to that observed for spheres previously.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8,33  If the dumbbell initially is roughly perpendicular the membrane, it first becomes oriented  more precisely perpendicular until it is covered halfway (d = 0 and θ ≈ 10◦) before being  wrapped further and finally ending in a more parallel orientation at a similar distance from  5  25  20  wr]  15  10  5  X [um]  0  0  20  5  10  15  20  25  302 μm  0:00:09.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8112 μm  0:00:29.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='9322 μm  0:00:49.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='4992 μm  0:01:09.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='9972 μm  0:01:30.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='0882 μm  0:01:49.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='789the undisturbed membrane as the initially parallel dumbbells.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  For final states where one lobe is being wrapped only, an initially perpendicular dumbbell  first reorients more parallel before becoming engulfed until its waist while becoming perpen-  dicular again.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' An initially parallel dumbbell proceeds to reorient perpendicular while being  engulfed, see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 2b.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The gap in the yellow-red trace at θ ≈ 55◦ and d=0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='5 µm was caused  by the dumbbell going through an orientation that was filtered out for accuracy as described  above.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  To obtain more quantitative results for the dynamics of the system we carried out coarse-  grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of anisotropic dumbbell particles being  wrapped by a membrane.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Besides the advantage of easily measuring dynamic properties,  in these simulations we are also able to control the size of the vesicle and dumbbell, the  membrane tension and the interaction strength between dumbbell and membrane and thus  probe a wider parameter space than is available to experiments.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The membrane is modelled using a one particle thick fluid surface developed by Yuan  et al34 which reproduces the mechanical properties associated with biological membranes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='35  Using this model, we simulate spherical membrane vesicles and change the membrane tension  by the addition of small solute particles on the inside and outside of the vesicle.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='36 The solute  particles only interact via volume exclusion and produce a pressure force when the inside and  outside concentrations are different.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The dumbbell colloid is then placed on the membrane in  either a vertical or horizontal initial condition and due to the attractive interaction between  the membrane beads and the dumbbell, the dumbbell is slowly wrapped and engulfed by the  vesicle.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Details can be found in the Supporting Information.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The results obtained from simulations show qualitatively similar behavior as in the exper-  iments, see Figure 2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Again, both final states, i.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' i) one lobe attached and ii) fully engulfed,  could be reached from any initial position, and the pathway they took was influenced by the  initial orientation.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Interestingly, our simulations suggest that the initial position strongly  influences the first part of the wrapping process and to a lesser degree the second half,  6  which is observed to be similar for both extreme initial orientations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The observation that  the wrapping pathways from different initial positions can result in the same final position  shows that there is an energy minimum for the GUV-dumbbell system independent of the  initial position of the dumbbell.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In all observed pathways towards the fully wrapped state,  the dumbbell particle tilts during the engulfment suggesting that this requires less bending  energy.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  A similar reorientation upon wrapping was observed for linear aggregate of particles37 and  elongated ellipsoids.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='21,25–27 Ellipsoids have been found to become first adhered by the side,  before rotating to the tip upon being wrapped by the membrane.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='25 For sphero-cylindrical  particles that were initially touching with their tip, a rotation-mediated wrapping was also  seen,17,23 which can rotate the particle from a standing to a lying position at high aspect  ratios.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The first point of contact has been predicted to be crucial for the ultimate fate of  a non-spherical particle.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='26,27 In contrast, for the dumbbell particles used here rotation is  not driven by a variation of particle curvature, but primarily by thermal fluctuations and  possibly inhomogeneities in the ligand coating density, because of the constant curvature  of the constituent spheres of the dumbbells.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The only region of curvature variation is the  dumbbell neck, which we will show to play a crucial role in the wrapping.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  From the many wrapping processes we observed in experiments and simulations, we iden-  tified a number of key intermediate states during the engulfment that ultimately determined  the final state.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' A decisive event during the wrapping of the first lobe is whether the second  lobe gets bound to the membrane.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This is always the case if the particle starts out being  perfectly parallel and thus with both lobes attached (Figure 3A3).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' If the particle initially  is attached with a single lobe (3A1 and A2), however, tilting during the engulfment may  attach the second lobe (3B).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In principle, since one lobe is spherical one may expect engulf-  ment to proceed uniformly, not inducing or requiring any tilt.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' However, any inhomogeneity  in the coating density of the ligands on the dumbbells, as well as thermal fluctuations will  tilt the particle and may induce contact of the second lobe to the membrane.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Since biotin-  7  a)  b)  c)  d)  Experiment  Simulations  Figure 2: Quantitative wrapping pathway of dumbbell particles by for GUVs.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Tilt angle θ and distance d of the dumbbell from the vesicle surface obtained from a,b)  experiments and c,d) simulations as a function of time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In all panels, green-blue pathways  indicate dumbbells starting from a vertical position with respect to the vesicle surface, and  yellow-red pathways indicate dumbbells that initially start almost horizontally with respect  to the membrane.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Time is indicated by color, specified by colorbars for each panel.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  a)  Experimentally obtained pathways for a dumbbell initially oriented parallel or perpendicular  to the membrane surface to a fully wrapped end state.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Each data point represents an average  over 1s.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' b) Experimentally obtained pathways taken by a dumbbell initially oriented parallel  or perpendicular to the membrane surface to the half-wrapped end state.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Each data point  represents an average over 5s.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' c) Simulations of pathways for a dumbbell initially oriented  parallel and perpendicular to the membrane surface to the fully-wrapped end state.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This  was the most common stable state with ∼ 90% of dumbbells reaching this end state.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' d)  Simulation of pathways for a dumbbell initially oriented parallel and perpendicular to the  membrane surface to the half-wrapped end state.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' a-d) Circle size indicates the number of  images used for the average.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Simulation time is in expressed in ∆T = 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='01τ0, τ0 being MD  unit of time.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Neutravidin interactions are essentially irreversible at room temperature, attachment of the  second lobe always precludes achieving a final state where only one lobe is wrapped.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' If  the second lobe does not attach, the single-wrapped lobe state is reached (3D).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Otherwise,  the dumbbell will wrap both lobes consecutively, either in a symmetric fashion (3E2) or in  an asymmetric way (3E1), leading to the fully wrapped state.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The symmetric wrapping is  unstable, and eventually leads to Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 3F in which both lobes are covered.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The angle the  dumbbell makes with the membrane after wrapping completed can vary.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In this end state, a  small neck connected the fully wrapped dumbbell at one lobe with the vesicle, see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 3F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  To quantify the time evolution, we measured the transition times between the different  8  wrapping states.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Membrane tension was found to be crucial for the overall wrapping time, see  below, and therefore simulations were used for quantitative measurements of the transition  times and experiments for qualitative comparison.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' While the initial wrapping of the first  lobe in the simulations is almost equally fast for the different initial states (see Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 3G and  H), the wrapping slowed down significantly when the membrane was crossing the waist (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  3G and H).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This signifies an energy barrier stemming from the high bending energy required  to adapt to the strong variation in curvature of the particle surface.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' For dumbbells with both  lobes attached, we observed slowing down at the waist (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 3G).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' For dumbbells attached  with a single lobe only, the wrapping process stopped for a longer time at the waist (Fig.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 3H).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  We observed the same qualitative behavior in experiments, both for tense and floppy GUVs,  indicating that the bending energy required to continue wrapping largely exceeded the energy  gained from adhesion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In experiments, in less than 10% of the cases, we observed dumbbells  wrapped with one lobe (3D) to suddenly transition to the fully engulfed state within about  10 minutes, but never observed this within the timescales used in simulations in line with  ref.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='13 The high bending energy costs at the waist and the significantly faster wrapping for  tilted dumbbells observed in both simulations and experiments suggest that wrapping a  tilted dumbbell is less energetically costly than one that is oriented perpendicular to the  membrane.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='25 The strong trapping at the waist also causes single-lobe wrapped dumbbells to  attain their stable insertion depth d without overshooting and recoil.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The probability of following a specific pathway and reaching one of the two final states  as qualitatively observed in experiments, depended on two factors: the membrane tension of  the GUV and the dumbbell’s angle θ0 with respect to the membrane’s surface normal during  the initial wrapping.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The higher the surface tension of the GUV, the more likely it was for  the dumbbell to end up in situation 3D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Large fluctuations of the vesicle’s surface enabled  the dumbbell to attach to the non-wrapped lobe.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The larger the angle θ in situation 3A2,  and thus the closer to the membrane it started out at the more likely it was for the dumbbell  to end up in situation 3B and hence E1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  9  F  E1  E2  C  D  A3  A1  B  A2  A3  C  A1  F  E1  B  G  H  Experiments  Simulations  Simulations  Simulations  Figure 3: Overview of the observed wrapping pathways.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' A1-F) Confocal images of  the possible orientation of a dumbbell (All scale bars denote 1µm).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Arrows indicate the  directions of the possible wrapping pathways, and dashed arrows illustrate transitions that  were rarely observed.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' G) Measurements of the time between the states for the horizontal  dumbbell starting position, given in simulation timesteps.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' H) Measurements of the time  between the states for the vertical dumbbell starting position.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  The overall time as well as the transition between different stages in the wrapping strongly  depended on the membrane tension - both the initial tension as well as the tension at later  times which will increase because of the wrapping, see Figure 4.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We experimentally measured  the membrane tension from the fluctuation spectrum of the lipid vesicle following ref.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='38 and  plot the time taken to complete wrapping as a function of membrane tension in Figure  4a,b.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We observed an increase in overall wrapping time with increasing initial membrane  tension in experiments (e.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='g.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Figure 4a,b) and simulations (Figure 4c).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' However, the range  of tensions we could replicate in experiments and simulations was quite limited.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' To be able  to fully explore this effect, we extended a previously developed analytical theory describing  the time to wrap colloids,39,40 which was recently experimentally confirmed,8 and adapted  it to the shape of a dumbbell (Details of the theory can be found in the SI).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' In doing so we  10  could explore the effect of tension on time to wrap the dumbbell for a range of theoretical  parameters.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' All the parameters used in the theory were taken directly from the experiment,  apart from the binding energy per area (W) and the microviscosity of the membrane (ηeff)  which are both discussed below.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  For a given adhesion energy, we find that the time taken to fully wrap the dumbbell in-  creases non-linearly with the tension.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' With increasing adhesion energy, the wrapping process  becomes faster at the same tension, see Figure 4a.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The adhesion energies in experiments  vary due to the distribution of binding sites between dumbbells18,31 which is also reflected  in that the experimental data points fall within a range of adhesion energies identified by  the theory.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We note that only a small percentage of the NeutrAvidin sites that have been  added during synthesis contribute to the effective adhesion energy, as was found previously  in ref.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='18 Although fixed in the experiments, varying membrane microviscosity in the theory  also changes the time taken to wrap.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Membrane microviscosity is a measure of how easily  the lipids slide past each other during rearrangement, and a higher microviscosity is linked  to a higher frictional force during colloid-membrane wrapping.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The comparison between  the theoretical and experimental results allows us to estimate the membrane microviscosity,  which is experimentally inaccessible.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We find that our experimental measurements best fit  the theoretical curves for a membrane microviscosity of ηeff ≈ 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8 Pa·s, Figure 4b, about 10  times larger than the lower bound estimated in.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8 However, the theory in ref8 consistently  over-estimated the wrapping speed as compared with experiments on spheres, so it could be  that the experiment microviscosity was larger than their theoretically predicted value.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Here we have developed the first model system to quantitatively study ligand-receptor  mediated endocytosis of an anisotropic object by making use of GUVs and colloidal dumbbell  particles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We followed and quantified their orientation θ and distance d with respect to the  membrane during wrapping using experiments and molecular dynamics simulations.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  We  found that there are two final states: 1) only one lobe or 2) both lobes of the dumbbell are  fully wrapped by the membrane.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The two states can be reached from any initial position  11  a)  b)  c)  Figure 4: Measurement of the time required to fully wrap a dumbbell-shaped  particle as a function of membrane tension (a) Experimental data (points) and the-  oretical predictions (lines) for different membrane viscosity in the range of 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='4-1.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='6 Pa·s at  a fixed adhesion energy per unit of area of 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='76 µJ/m2.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' (b) Experimental data (points)  and theoretical predictions (lines) for different adhesion energy per unit area int he range  of 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='69-0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='79 µJ/m2 at a fixed membrane viscosity of 0.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='8 Pa·s.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' c) Time to fully wrap the  dumbbell-shaped particle in simulations for a range of tensions <10 nN/m.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  except when both lobes were attached initially which necessarily leads to full wrapping of  both lobes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' However, the initial position influenced the pathway towards the final state.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We  identified a number of key intermediate states during the wrapping that determine the final  state.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Wrapping of one lobe was only found for high membrane tensions and if the other lobe  did not touch the membrane during engulfment.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Using molecular dynamics simulations we  quantified the time required between key intermediate steps, with the slowest step being the  crossing of the highly curved neck region of the dumbbell.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' With simulations we confirmed  the experimentally-observed trend of time to wrap increasing for increasing tension, and  using analytical theory we estimated the membrane microviscosity.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Our results contribute to a better understanding of how shape affects endocytosis, nutri-  tion uptake, and bacterial evasion.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Our choice of a simple anisotropic object, a dumbbell,  enabled a key insight: highly negatively curved regions may dominate the wrapping and  possibly even prevent full engulfment unless active processes are present.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' This suggests that  objects, such as certain viruses such as pox virus4that rely on endocytosis, may profit from  having a convex shape.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Incorporation of active processes, such as those driven by actin or  ESCRT-III polymers, could provide further insights into how the competition between the  12  passive and active processes affects wrapping.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Supporting Information  "Supporting Information: Details of the experiments and simulations;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' experimental  materials used;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' methods employed for membrane preparation, particle functionaliza-  tion, experimental imaging, and quantification of ligands on dumbbells;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' details of quan-  tification of dumbbell wrapping and filters applied for the analysis;' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' detail of theory used  for time taken to wrap a dumbbell"  Movie S1: An example of an experimental video of the wrapping process of a dumbbell  colloid attached to a GUV, recorded with a confocal microscope at 59 frames per second  and 3× accelerated.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Movie S1: An example of an experimental video of the wrapping process of a dumbbell  colloid attached to a GUV, recorded with a confocal microscope at 59 frames per second and  3× accelerated.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Acknowledgments  We sincerely thank Casper van der Wel for providing open-source packages for tracking, as  well as Yogesh Shelke for his assistance with PAA coverslip preparation and Rachel Doherty  for her assistance with particle functionalization.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' We are grateful to Felix Frey for useful  discussions on the theory of membrane wrapping.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' and A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='Š.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' acknowledge funding by the  European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC Starting Grant  No.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' 802960).' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  13  References  (1) Douglas, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Viruses: Making friends with old foes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Singh, P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs): Platform technologies  for diagnostic imaging.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2006, 58, 1505–1522.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (3) Lewis, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Zijlstra, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content='  Stuhlmann, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Viral nanoparticles as tools for intravital vascular imaging.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Nature  Medicine 2006, 12, 354–360.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (4) Schmidt, F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' I.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Bleck, C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Mercer, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Poxvirus host cell entry.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Current opinion in  virology 2012, 2, 20–27.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (5) Mitchell, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Billingsley, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Haley, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Wechsler, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' E.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Peppas, N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Langer, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Nature Reviews Drug  Discovery 2021, 20, 101–124, Number: 2 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (6) Richards, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Biophysical Journal 2014, 107, 1542–1553.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (7) Spanke, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Style, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' François-Martin, C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Eisentraut, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Kress, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Agudo-Canalejo, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Dufresne, E.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Wrapping of Microparticles by Floppy  Lipid Vesicles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Physical Review Letters 2020, 125, 1–9.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (8) Spanke, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Agudo-Canalejo, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Style, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Dufresne, E.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' The selective value of bacterial shape.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Microbiology and molecular biology  reviews 2006, 70, 660–703.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Fraenkel-Conrat, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Owens, O.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Benjamin Cummings:  Englewood Cliffs, N.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Wang, X.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Chen, Z.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Shin, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Clinical Cancer Research 2008, 14, 1310–1316.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Niidome, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Artificial viruses and their application to gene delivery.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Size-controlled gene coating  with glycocluster nanoparticles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Journal of the American Chemical Society 2003, 125,  3455–3457.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci-  ences of the United States of America 2016, 113, 6113–6118.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Heinrich, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Kraft, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  Surfactant-free Colloidal Particles with Specific Binding Affinity.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Langmuir 2017, 33,  9803–9810.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (32) Meester, V.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Verweij, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' W.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
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+page_content=' Van Der Wel, C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Kraft, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Colloidal Recycling: Re-  configuration of Random Aggregates into Patchy Particles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' ACS Nano 2016, 10, 4322–  4329.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (33) Dietrich, C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Angelova, M.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Pouligny, B.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Adhesion of Latex spheres to giant phospholipid  vesicles: Statics and dynamics.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Journal de physique.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' II 1997, 7, 1651–1682.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (34) Yuan, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Huang, C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Li, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Lykotrafitis, G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Zhang, S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' One-particle-thick, solvent-  free, coarse-grained model for biological and biomimetic fluid membranes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Phys.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Rev.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  E 2010, 82, 011905.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (35) Curk, T.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Wirnsberger, P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Dobnikar, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Frenkel, D.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Šarić, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Controlling cargo traf-  ficking in multicomponent membranes.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Nano letters 2018, 18, 5350–5356.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (36) Vanhille-Campos, C.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Šarić, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Modelling the dynamics of vesicle reshaping and scission  under osmotic shocks.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Soft Matter 2021, 17, 3798–3806.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (37) Šarić, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Cacciuto, A.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Mechanism of membrane tube formation induced by adhesive  nanocomponents.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Physical review letters 2012, 109, 188101.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  17  (38) Pécréaux, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Döbereiner, H.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' G.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Prost, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Joanny, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Bassereau, P.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Refined contour  analysis of giant unilamellar vesicles.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' European Physical Journal E 2004, 13, 277–290.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (39) Agudo-Canalejo, J.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Lipowsky, R.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Critical particle sizes for the engulfment of nanoparti-  cles by membranes and vesicles with bilayer asymmetry.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' ACS Nano 2015, 9, 3704–3720.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  (40) Frey, F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Ziebert, F.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=';' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Schwarz, U.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' S.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Stochastic dynamics of nanoparticle and virus  uptake.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content=' Physical Review Letters 2019, 122, 88102.' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}
+page_content='  18  Graphical TOC Entry  time  Experiment  Simulation  19' metadata={'source': '/home/zjlab/wf/langchain-ChatGLM/knowledge_base/8dFLT4oBgHgl3EQftC_m/content/2301.12150v1.pdf'}