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	<title>GNU libtextstyle: 1. Introduction</title>

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	<a name="Introduction"></a>
	<a name="SEC1"></a>
	<h1 class="chapter"> <a href="libtextstyle_toc.html#TOC1">1. Introduction</a> </h1>

	<p>Text is easier to read when it is accompanied with styling information,
	such as color, font attributes (weight, posture), or underlining, and
	this styling is customized appropriately for the output device.
	</p>
	<p>GNU libtextstyle provides an easy way to add styling to programs that
	produce output to a console or terminal emulator window. It does this
	in a way that allows the end user to customize the styling using the
	industry standard, namely Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).
	</p>


	<a name="Style-definitions"></a>
	<a name="SEC2"></a>
	<h2 class="section"> <a href="libtextstyle_toc.html#TOC2">1.1 Style definitions</a> </h2>

	<p>Let's look at the traditional way styling is done for specific programs.
	</p>
	<p>Browsers, when they render HTML, use CSS styling.
	</p>
	<p>The older approach to user-customizable text styling is that the user
	associates patterns with escape sequences in an environment variable or a
	command-line argument. This is the approach used, for example, by the
	GNU ‘<samp>ls</samp>’ program in combination with the ‘<samp>dircolors</samp>’ program.
	The processing is distributed across several steps:
	</p><ol>
	<li>
	There is default style definition that is hard-coded in the
	‘<samp>dircolors</samp>’ program. The user can also define their own definitions
	in a file such as ‘<tt>~/.dir_colors</tt>’. This style definition contains
	explicit terminal escape sequences; thus, it can only be used with
	consoles and terminal emulators, and each style definition applies only
	to a certain class of mostly-compatible terminal emulators.
	</li><li>
	The <code>dircolors</code> program, when invoked, translates such a style
	definition to a sequence of shell statements that sets an environment
	variable <code>LS_COLORS</code>.
	</li><li>
	The shell executes these statements, and thus sets the environment
	variable <code>LS_COLORS</code>.
	</li><li>
	The program looks at the environment variable and emits the listed escape
	sequences.
	</li></ol>

	<p>In contrast, this library implements styling as follows:
	</p><ol>
	<li>
	There is a default style definition in a CSS file that is part of the
	same package as the stylable program. The user can also define their own
	definitions in a CSS file, and set an environment environment variable to
	point to it.
	</li><li>
	The program looks at the environment variable, parses the CSS file,
	translates the styling specifications to the form that is appropriate for
	the output device (escape sequences for terminal emulators, inline CSS
	and <code><span></code> elements for HTML output), and emits it.
	</li></ol>

	<p>Thus, with GNU libtextstyle, the styling has the following properties:
	</p><ul>
	<li>
	It is easier for the user to define their own styling, because the file
	format is standardized and supported by numerous syntax aware editors.
	</li><li>
	A styling file does not depend on the particular output device. An HTML
	output and a black-on-white terminal emulator can use the same styling
	file. A white-on-black (or even green-on-black) terminal emulator will
	need different styling, though.
	</li><li>
	It is simpler: There is no need for a program that converts the style
	specification from one format to another.
	</li></ul>


	<a name="Built_002din-versus-separate-styling"></a>
	<a name="SEC3"></a>
	<h2 class="section"> <a href="libtextstyle_toc.html#TOC3">1.2 Built-in versus separate styling</a> </h2>

	<p>There are generally two approaches for adding styling to text:
	</p><ul>
	<li>
	The program that generates the text adds the styling. It does so through
	interleaved statements that turn on or off specific attributes.
	</li><li>
	The styling gets added by a separate program, that postprocesses the
	output. This separate program usually uses regular expressions to
	determine which text regions to style with a certain set of text
	attributes.
	</li></ul>

	<p>The first approach produces a styling that is 100% correct, regardless of
	the complexity of the text that is being output. This is the preferred
	approach for example for JSON, XML, or programming language text.
	</p>
	<p>The second approach works well if the output has a simple, easy-to-parse
	format. It may produce wrong styling in some cases when the text format
	is more complex. This approach is often used for viewing log files.
	</p>
	<p>GNU libtextstyle supports both approaches; it includes an example program
	for each of the two approaches.
	</p>

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