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+"The Yuin people of the south-east coast of New South Wales were
+traditionally made up of 13 major tribal groups, encompassing the area
+from Botany Bay west to Campbelltown, then following and including
+
+the eastern mountains of the Great Dividing Range to south of what
+we now know as the New South Wales and Victoria border.
+The 13 major traditional tribal groups were, from north to south:
+Dharawal of Sydney
+Allowrie of Wollongong
+Wodi Wodi of Nowra
+Jerrinja of Orient Point
+Wandiwondian of Wandandian
+Murramurrang of Ulladulla
+Walbunja of Batemans Bay/Mogo
+Munkata-Yuin of Braidwood
+Brinja-Yuin of Moruya
+Arralyin of Araluen
+Djirringanj of Wallaga/Bega
+Wathargadarls/Wallagadarns of Bermagui
+Dhawa of Eden
+Collectively we are the Black Duck people, ‘Umbarra’ (wambaara)
+being the totem of the Yuin people. Water birds feature strongly in our
+tribe and clan group totems and are reflected in several Dreamtime
+stories.
+In today’s climate of Native Title, misrepresentation in official
+documents and media and the loss of traditional Aboriginal
+knowledge-holders, these definitions are contentious. The most
+
+common term used on the South Coast is Yuin people. This is broadly
+accepted by the Aboriginal community.
+According to language archival material collected by various people
+from Aboriginal informants between the years 1834 and 1902, the
+traditional languages or the New South Wales south-east coast are:
+Dharrawal
+The southern parts of Sydney and Botany Bay to Nowra
+Dhurga
+South of Nowra to Narooma inclusive of Braidwood and Araluen
+Djirringanj
+Narooma to Bega inclusive of Wallaga Lake and Bermagui
+Dhawa
+Eden to the north-eastern parts of Victoria
+A dialect called Dharumba was spoken around Wandandian where
+the Dharrawal and Dhurga languages merged. At the time of
+publication of this dictionary, the names of other dialects are unknown.
+7
+2 / YUIN PEOPLE AND THE SOUTH-EAST COAST LANGUAGES
+The south coast languages belong to the Pama–Nyungan languages,
+the most wide-spread family of Australian Aboriginal languages that –
+prior to 1788 – covered 90%
+of the continent. It was made up of more than 300 languages. The
+name ‘Pama–
+
+Nyungan’ is derived from the names of the two most widely separated
+groups, the Pama languages of the north-east and the Nyungan
+languages of the south-west. All of these languages are descended
+from a single ancestor language that spread across the continent. The
+10% of non–Pama-Nyungan languages includes those spoken in the
+Kimberley and the Top End.
+As a result of adverse government policies over
+the past 200 years the majority of Aboriginal
+Language is the road
+people were forced to live on missions and
+reserves, creating a mixture of different lanmap of a culture, it
+guage groups. In addition, Aboriginal people
+tells you where its
+were actively discouraged from speaking their
+languages. Due to fear of punishment and the
+people come from
+intermingling of languages over several generations, it can be unclear how a language
+and where they are
+might have been spoken before colonisation
+going.
+
+without linguistic expertise.
+RITA MAE BROWN
+A common myth perpetuated by some scholUS AUTHOR
+ars is that the South Coast languages are spoken by very few, mainly the elderly, or are on
+the verge of extinction. This misconception
+continues even today, when the evidence
+strongly suggests otherwise. It is true that some South Coast
+Aboriginal people cannot speak their languages fluently, and likely
+never will. We are all possessively cling-ing to knowledge of words
+and phrases in our traditional languages handed down through the
+generations, despite efforts to stifle and deny that.
+We are forever indebted to the handful of people who persisted
+through adversity and recorded from reliable informants the remnants
+of our languages. In more recent years the work done by linguists has
+allowed for the differentiation of our languages, the revival and
+renewal of our native tongue, and has contributed beyond belief to the
+empowerment of Aboriginal communities and individuals.
+8
+3 / USING THIS DICTIONARY
+3 / USING THIS DICTIONARY
+ELEANOR JORGENSEN
+
+The Dhurga Dictionary and Learner’s Grammar has been designed for
+Yuin people to use as a resource to help learn their language,
+increase their vocabulary, and develop literacy in Dhurga. It contains
+information about Dhurga and the Yuin people, how to use the
+dictionary and understand the entries, and the dictionary itself. This
+includes guides on how to pronounce and spell Dhurga words,
+information on what
+‘parts of speech’ are, details on how to form a sentence and other
+grammatical information, and instructions for finding the original
+written source of the words in this dictionary.
+There are three ways the dictionary is organised: an alphabetical (B–
+Y) list of Dhurga words with English definitions, an alphabetical (A–Z)
+list of English words and their Dhurga translations, and an English list
+of categories (e.g. birds, body parts, tools and toys) in which there are
+the Dhurga words that fall into that category.
+The Dhurga Dictionary contains 728 words. Each entry includes a
+head word, its part of speech, definition, and a source code which
+indicates by which linguist and in which publication the term is
+attributed to Dhurga. Some words have been given a colour.
+This helps you remember what part of speech they are. Each word
+might also have a picture, and/or an example sentence to show you
+how to use the word in a sentence.
+We hope that you will find the Dhurga Dictionary useful and enjoyable
+to read.
+Walawaani!
+9
+4 / DHURGA PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING
+4 / DHURGA PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING
+
+Understanding the sounds of Dhurga will help you pronounce and
+learn the words in this dictionary. The pronunciation of each of the
+sounds is listed below, written using a standard spelling system
+(orthography). Dhurga has some sounds that English has, but also
+some that are not in English. To help learn the pronunciation, we have
+provided English words that have a similar sound or given instructions
+on how to position your tongue to form the sound. The spelling used in
+this dictionary is based on those used in Jutta Besold’s PhD thesis,
+and is generally similar to how many Indigenous Australian languages
+are written.
+VOWELS
+Dhurga has six vowels. These can be paired up into ‘short’ and ‘long’
+vowels. To a speaker of Australian English, long vowels might seem
+very similar to their short counterparts. Think of it like you are holding
+the sound longer, like it is stretched out.
+a as in bus
+aa as in past
+i as in bit
+ii as in bee
+u as in put
+uu as in too
+CONSONANTS
+Some Dhurga consonants are hard to tell apart for English speakers.
+For instance, d and dh are very similar, as are n and nh. The spelling
+helps you remember the difference between sounds. When you see
+an h in the spelling, your tongue should be to your teeth, like for the dh
+and nh sounds. When you see a j in the spelling, it sounds like there is
+a y sound following the consonant, like for the dj and nj sounds.
+
+b as in book
+d as in dog
+dh like dog but with tongue under top teeth
+dj as in judge or dew
+g as in good
+l as in look
+m as in many
+n as in no
+ng as in song, not as in finger
+nh like n but with tongue under top teeth
+nj as in new
+r as in rain
+10
+4 / DHURGA PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING
+rd as in bird — say this with an American accent so you really
+pronounce the r sound rl as in swirl — say this with an American
+accent so you really pronounce the r sound rn as in corn — say this
+with an American accent so you really pronounce the r sound rr as in
+purr — roll your tongue
+w as in well
+y as in yell
+FULL STOPS IN WORDS
+
+Some entries in this dictionary have a full stop (.) in them (e.g.
+yabin.gi ‘lean, thin’).
+This full stop tells you to pronounce the n and g as two separate
+sounds, rather than the single sound ng.
+CAPITAL V IN WORDS
+Some entries in this dictionary have a capital V in them (e.g.
+mayarmVga ‘fly’). This is because it is not clear what the vowel sound
+should be, and to stay as accurate as possible to the Dhurga language
+we did not want to just choose a vowel. For these entries check the
+variants for possible pronunciations. These are always ordered i, a, u
+(e.g.
+mayarmiga, mayarmaga, mayarmuga). This is the only time you will
+see capitals in Dhurga. We do not use capital letters at the start of a
+sentence or for proper nouns.
+STRESS IN WORDS
+Stress is a term for which part of the word has emphasis. Dhurga has
+an easy stress pattern to remember, you should always emphasise
+the first syllable of a word (e.g.
+duraya ‘river’).
+11
+5 / GUIDES TO PARTS OF SPEECH
+5 / GUIDE TO PARTS OF SPEECH
+All words have a ‘part of speech’, a category they belong to that
+determines what can be attached to them and what role they have in a
+sentence. Some of the parts of speech in Dhurga may be familiar to
+English speakers — most if not all languages have verbs (actions) and
+nouns (things and people). Below is the complete list of parts of
+
+speech referred to in this dictionary, their abbreviations, and a brief
+explanation of each of them. To make using the dictionary easier, we
+have colour coded the Dhurga words based on their part of speech. In
+this guide we have colour coded the name of the part of speech in the
+same way.
+Adjective (adj.) is a describing word. It gives more information about
+the noun (e.g.
+big dog). Adjectives in this dictionary are brown.
+Conjunction (conj.) is a joining word. It connects sentences or parts
+of a sentence (e.g. I ran to the door and opened it).
+Demonstratives (dem.) ‘point’ to something around the speaker. In
+English demonstratives include ‘this, that, these, those’. Often in
+languages there are two kinds of demonstratives, one kind points to
+things close to the speaker (English
+‘this, these’), another kind points to things further away (English ‘that,
+those’).
+Demonstratives in this dictionary are yellow.
+Exclamation (excl.) expresses surprise, strong emotion, or pain (e.g.
+ow!).
+Interrogative (inter.) is a question word (e.g. who, what, where).
+Interrogatives in this dictionary are purple.
+Kin (kin) is a member of a family, a relative, someone who is
+connected to you by blood or marriage (e.g. mother, father’s brother
+(uncle)).
+Noun (n.) is a word for a person, place, or thing. Nouns can be
+classified as ‘common nouns’ which are general things (e.g. chair,
+tree, house) and ‘proper nouns’ (see below) which are things which
+have a specific name (e.g. Australia, Sydney, John).
+
+Nouns in this dictionary are red.
+Proper Noun (nprop.) is a thing which has a specific, often one of a
+kind name.
+They include personal names, place names, and constellations. In
+English, proper nouns always begin with a capital letter no matter
+where they are in a sentence.
+Number (num.) counting words (e.g. one, four). Numbers in this
+dictionary are green.
+Particle (part.) is a word that only has meaning when used with other
+words.
+Phrase (phr.) is a sequence of two or more words that often go
+together, it is a unit that is larger than a word but smaller or equal to a
+sentence (e.g. ‘let’s go’, ‘safe journey’).
+Pronoun (pro.) is a word that can replace a noun, most often a person
+(e.g. I hit the ball, she hugged me). Pronouns in this dictionary are
+pink.
+12
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY
+-ndjali suf.
+Indicates that the action is done to each other or that it is done to
+myself/ourselves/himself/hersel 5 / G
+f/the UI
+mD
+sel EvS TO P
+
+es et
+A
+c. ReRcTS O
+iproc F S
+al/rPeEflEeCxiH
+ve.
+— ngama-ndjali-wang waranganj-bara.
+— Let’s swap boomerangs.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.2.2-148.
+-ng pro.
+you (one person) and I (first person dual inclusive subject).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+Spatial (spat.) is a word relating to space (e.g. far, near). Spatial and
+temporal words (see b
+-nel
+gow
+a)i
+pnt
+ro.
+his diction
+
+wa
+e try a
+hre re o
+e o ra
+rmn
+or g
+e e.
+, but NOT you (first person plural exclusive subject).
+Suffix
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+(suf.) is a unit less than a word that cannot stand alone and must be
+attached to the end of another word. Most grammatical information in
+Dhurga is given by suf-ngal pro.
+our (first person dual exclusive possessive).
+fixes. All suffixes in this d
+SO i
+Uc
+Rti
+Co
+E: n
+
+Aa
+-r
+P. y b
+292 Jeg
+Be i
+snw
+.
+ith a hyphen (-) (e.g. -dhuga ‘my’).
+Temporal (temp.) is a word relating to a time (e.g. yesterday). Spatial
+(see above)
+-ngala pro.
+he/she/it and I, but NOT you (first person dual exclusive subject).
+and temporal words in t
+Sh
+O is d
+URC ic
+E: t
+A i-o
+P. n
+2a
+
+3r
+3Jya
+Bes re o
+.
+range.
+Intransitive Verb (vi.) is an action which something does, that does
+not involve
+-ngalangga pro. he/she/it and I, but NOT you (first person dual
+exclusive object).
+doing it to something else (e.g. run, sleep, travel, die). Intransitive
+verbs in this dic-SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+tionary are light blue.
+-ngamba
+Transitive Ver
+sb
+uf.
+Negates the action, indicating it did not happen or will not happen.
+(vt.) is an action that is done to something else (e.g. build, destroy).
+This attaches to the verb AFTER a tense marker.
+Transitive verbs in this dictionary are dark blue.
+— djama-ngamba-ga.
+
+— I’m not talking.
+SOURCE: A-P.275 JBes.
+-ngana pro.
+us three or more, including you (first person plural inclusive object).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-ng
+DHURG anang
+A HEADW ga
+us three or more, but NOT you (first person plural exclusive object).
+ORD:
+p
+THE C ro.
+OLOUR INDICATES
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+PART OF SPEECH
+PART OF SPEECH
+DEFINITION
+-ngga pro.
+me (first person singular object).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+
+-nggul suf.
+Belonging to. Genitive case marker.
+VARIANT: -ngal
+OTHER PRONUNCIATIONS
+— birriiwa-y ngayaga-nggul
+DHURGA EXAMPLE SENTENCE
+— the spear belongs to me.
+ENGLISH TRANSLATION
+SOURCE: A-P.207/B-P.202 JBes. U-M.2.2-51.
+-ngu pro.
+Your (second person singular possessive).
+VARIANT: -djung
+SOURCE: A-P.292 J
+SOURCE C Bes
+ODE .
+-ngul pro.
+our (first person dual inclusive possessive).
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+32
+13
+
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+This section of the dictionary provides detailed explanations on the
+grammar of Dhurga, including word order, what to include on a noun
+or a verb, the order of parts of speech that modify a noun, and forming
+more complex sentences like questions and commands.
+WORD ORDER
+Dhurga is very different from English in the way it conveys information
+about who is doing what in a sentence. English has a strict word order
+that tells you what the subject (person/thing doing the action) is, and
+what the object (person/thing the action is being done to) is. In
+Dhurga, word order is much more flexible. There are three main ways
+you can form a sentence, from most common to least common:
+Subject, Object, Verb
+yuwinj-dju djaruga-mbara dhabaga-l-ul
+man-subject wallaby-two catch-past-them
+A man caught a couple wallabies.
+Verb, (Subject), Object
+djirabu-ga madbu-dhuga bunbal-dha
+hang.up-I bag-my tree-on
+I’ll hang my bag on the tree.
+Subject, Verb, Object
+wadhangarr-a badha-l njiinj gungara
+dog-subject bit-past that possum
+
+The dog bit that possum.
+Subject Verb Object is the least common and may be due to the
+influence of English.
+Though word order is very variable, there is a general rule that the
+object does not go before the subject. However, you can get
+sentences without a stand-alone subject.
+When a person is the subject of a sentence, often there is no standalone subject and these sentences tend to be Verb Object sentences,
+as seen above. Object Verb sentences without a stand-alone subject
+seem to be used to emphasise the object as the important part of the
+sentence.
+Object Verb
+ngadju ngundha-ga njiinj
+water drink.present-I this
+I am drinking water (and not some other drink).
+The main thing to remember is that whatever is the topic (the main
+thing being focused on, or the most important piece of information),
+you put that first.
+14
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+BUILDING A NOUN
+Dhurga is very helpful because it tells us what is a subject and what is
+an object regardless of what order they are in. Dhurga shows this
+information by attaching what is called a ‘case marker’ to the nouns in
+a sentence.
+
+The most important case marker is the ergative case marker. The
+ergative case marker is attached to the noun that is the subject of a
+sentence. But it is only used when the subject is acting on something
+else (only used to mark the subject of a sentence with both a subject
+AND object). If the sentence has a subject and verb but no object
+(nothing which an action is being done to), then no marker is put on
+the noun.
+There are two ergative markers in Dhurga: -dju and -ngga. We don’t
+have enough information about them to say with certainty when one
+should be used over the other. You can choose. These two markers
+each have two forms, depending on what sound they follow. -dju
+becomes -u if the last sound of the noun it is attached to is rr or r. ngga becomes -a if the last sound of the noun it is attached to is rr or
+r.
+There are seven other case markers in Dhurga that each describe a
+different relation-ship between nouns in a sentence.
+The locative case marker -dha is put on a noun to indicate something
+else is on/at/
+in that noun.
+dhugan-dha
+camp-at
+at camp
+The locative case marker -dha becomes -a if the word it attaches to
+end in r, rr or l.
+yuwinj njindjilan bunbal-a
+man this side tree-at
+The man is on this side of the tree.
+
+-dha is also the allative case marker, which is put on a noun to
+indicate motion towards that noun.
+bunbal-dha
+tree-to
+to the tree
+To tell if -dha means ‘at/on’ or ‘towards’ depends on what verb is being
+used. -dha means ‘towards’ only if the verb is describing motion like
+‘go’, ‘go down’, ‘go up’ etc.
+The instrumental case marker is also -dha. It is put on a noun to
+indicate the noun is a tool that is used for something.
+15
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+waranganj-dha gambadja-la-ga
+boomerang-with kill-past-I
+I killed it with a boomerang.
+You can tell when -dha is the instrumental case marker because it will
+be put on nouns that can be used as tools.
+The ablative case marker -din is put on a noun to indicate motion
+away from that noun. It is often used on ngarn ‘place’ as a general
+term after the more specific place is marked with a locative marker:
+dhugan-dha ngarn-din
+camp-at place-from
+from the camp
+
+The genitive case marker -nggul is put on a noun or pronoun to
+indicate that this noun possesses another noun in the sentence. The
+possessor follows the possessed in the sentence.
+birriiwa ngayaga-nggul
+spear I-belong
+The spear belongs to me.
+The benefactive case markers -gul, -lul and -mu are put on a noun
+or interrogative pronoun (who or what) to indicate the verb is being
+done for them/on their behalf.
+-gul is used after a consonant and -lul is used after a vowel. It is
+unclear if there are any rules about when -mu should be used.
+wananga-lul njiinj
+who-for this
+Who is this for?
+The purposive case markers -buran and -wuran are put on a noun to
+indicate that the verb is done for the purpose of that noun, it is the goal
+of the action. -buran is used after a consonant and -wuran is used
+after a vowel.
+biyan birribanj-buran waba-n
+father emu-for go-nonpast
+Father is going for that emu.
+You can add the diminutive -yanga to a noun to indicate it is small and
+/ or cute. You may recognise it from the word gubidja-yanga ‘little
+toe’. Nouns may also be marked for number; that is, how many of the
+noun there are.
+
+16
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+Dhurga makes a distinction between singular, dual, and plural forms.
+The dual markers -bara, -wara or -mbara indicates there are two. For
+example, waranganj-bara means ‘two boomerangs’ or ‘both
+boomerangs’. -bara is used after consonants, except rr and ng. -wara
+is used after vowels and rr. -mbara is used after vowels and ng. The
+plural markers -baraga, -waraga, and -mbaraga show that there are
+three or more. They have the same rules for when to use them as their
+dual counterparts.
+For example, waranganj-baraga ‘many boomerangs’. We have no
+examples of both number marking and case marking both attached to
+a noun. This may or may not be possible.
+Nouns may also mark possession with possessive pronouns that
+attach to the end of the noun to indicate who it is owned by.
+Possessive pronouns attach to the noun after number marking:
+waranganj-bara-dhuga
+boomerang-two-my
+both of my boomerangs
+These number and possession markers do not seem to occur with
+case markers.
+ORDER OF PARTS RELATED TO THE NOUN
+Across languages, nouns are usually modified by other parts of
+speech. Adjectives describe some quality of the noun like its size,
+colour, texture etc. (e.g. ‘big, blue, bumpy’). Demonstratives point out
+where the noun is in relation to the speaker (e.g.
+
+‘this, that’). Numbers and plural marking tell you how many of that
+noun there are (e.g. ‘three cats’).
+There is some flexibility in the order of these. Most commonly, the
+order is: (ADJECTIVE)
+NOUN
+CASE MARKER (POSSESSIVE/NUMBER)
+(DEMONSTRATIVE)
+gubidja waranganj-dha njiinj
+small boomerang-with this
+with this small boomerang
+However, adjectives can also go after the noun.
+djaruga biraga
+wallaby big
+a big wallaby
+17
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+There are no examples of nouns modified by both numbers and case
+marking, or both possessives and case marking — it is unclear if they
+can occur on the same noun and, if so, what order they attach to the
+noun in. There are also no examples of any stand-alone numbers
+such as dhawa ‘ten’ or djiriba ‘two’ or any other numbers. We do not
+know if they should go before or after the noun in Dhurga.
+USING PRONOUNS
+
+There are two types of pronouns in Dhurga: ones that can exist by
+themselves; and ones that must be attached to other words
+(possessive pronouns attach to nouns, all other bound pronouns
+attach to verbs). Bound pronouns are much more commonly used
+than stand-alone pronouns. Pronouns are different from nouns in that
+they do not take the ergative marker. This is because you can use a
+pronoun as the subject of a sentence regardless of whether there is
+an object in the sentence or not.
+These pronouns might be a bit confusing at first because many of
+them translate to exactly the same word in English. Like with the
+nouns, Dhurga makes a distinction between singular, dual, and plural
+forms of pronouns, while English only has singular and plural forms.
+Dual means two, plural means three or more. For example, yindiwu is
+translated as ‘you two’ because it is specifically about two people, not
+more or less. If you’re referring to more than two people, you would
+use yindiwan.
+Dhurga also pays attention to whether the person/people listening to
+the speaker is included or excluded from the pronoun. For example,
+there is a distinction between ngayawung ‘we two (which includes
+you)’, where the two people are the speaker and the listener, and
+ngayawangala ‘we two (not including you)’ where the two people are
+the speaker and someone else, but not the listener.
+There are two ways to say ‘my / mine’ in Dhurga: -dha and -dhuga. dha is used when the thing or person that relates to you is
+‘inalienable’. This means that it will always belong to you and cannot
+be given away or lost, like body parts and family members (e.g.
+minga-dha ‘my mother’). -dhuga is used if the thing is ‘alienable’.
+This is something that can be given away or lost, like a book, car or
+piece of clothing (e.g.
+yaraman-dhuga ‘my horse’). This distinction between alienable and
+inalienable possession is only for ‘my / mine’.
+
+Another thing to pay attention to is whether the pronoun is a subject or
+an object in the sentence. The stand-alone pronouns that we have in
+this dictionary are subject pronouns; we sadly do not have any
+examples of object pronouns. However, we do have examples of both
+subject and object forms of bound pronouns, which must be attached
+to a verb. Use the subject forms for the person or people who are
+doing the action. For instance, -ng ‘we’ means ‘you and I’ and in the
+example bundha-la-ng
+‘we two bit it’ tells you who is doing the biting. Use the object forms for
+the person or people who the action is being done to. For instance, ngal ‘we’ means ‘you and me’
+and in the example bundha-la-ngal ‘it bit us two’ tells you who is
+being bitten. It is important to make sure you are using the right
+pronoun in your sentence. This may 18
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+be confusing but just remember English also makes distinctions
+between subject and object pronouns; for example, ‘I’ is used only as
+a subject and ‘me’ is used only as an object.
+Finally, some third person bound pronouns do not exist in Dhurga.
+There is no form for ‘he/she/it’, ‘him/her/it’, ‘them two’ or ‘them three or
+more’. This means that where you would normally have to attach a
+subject or object pronoun to the verb, you attach nothing. Because this
+is the only situation when it is not necessary to attach these bound
+pronouns, if you see a verb that does not have a subject pronoun
+attached to it, you can assume it is a third person singular subject
+‘he/she/it’. If a verb does not have an object pronoun attached, it will
+be a third person object (either ‘him/her/it’, ‘them two’ or ‘them three or
+more’).
+BUILDING A VERB
+
+In Dhurga, verbs give information not only about the action and when
+it happened, but also restate who did the action, and to whom, by
+attaching bound pronouns to the verb.
+Think of the verb in Dhurga like a form you have to fill out, where
+specific information has to go in specific places. The form is not
+complete until the necessary information is there. The order of
+information that attaches to a verb is given below. (Note that
+explanations for the words in brackets appear on pages 21, 22 and 23.)
+(ASPECT/
+(REFLEXIVE/
+SUBJECT
+OBJECT
+VERB
+(CAUSATIVE)
+TENSE
+(NEGATION)
+MODAL)
+RECIPROCAL)
+MARKER
+MARKER
+All the information in brackets is optional and can be left out.
+Everything without brackets (tense, subject marker and object marker)
+needs to be attached to the verb if possible, otherwise the verb does
+not make sense.
+
+Some verbs cannot have the object marker attached to them. Think
+about the English word ‘fall’ — is it possible to fall something? No! The
+noun itself is doing the falling, rather than acting on something else.
+Verbs that cannot have an object marker are called intransitive
+verbs. In the dictionary these verbs have the part of speech ‘vi’.
+For a verb that must have an object, the most basic verb you can form
+is verb — tense
+— subject — object.
+dhambamu-la-ga-lu
+see-past-I-you two
+I saw you two.
+A more complex sentence would look like the example below, but
+usually verbs will not be this complicated.
+19
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+dhana-ma-mba-la-ngamba-ga-nji
+eat-cause-continuous-past-not-I-you
+I was not feeding you.
+Tense means the time the action took place. In Dhurga, events either
+took place in the past, or in the ‘non-past’. Non-past covers the
+present, the future, and ongoing actions.
+The past tense marker is usually -la, but sometimes it is just -l.
+There is only one situation when the past tense marker is -l: when the
+past tense marker is the last thing attached to the verb. This happens
+
+when the subject of the action is ‘he/she/it’ and the verb does not have
+an object (e.g. maru-l ‘he/she/it ran’).
+It also happens if both your subject and object are third person:
+‘he/she/it/they/them’
+(e.g. bundha-l ‘it bit her’).
+When a second person singular ‘you’ is the subject of the verb then
+this combines with the past tense marker (-la plus -nji) to make -li ‘you
+in the past’.
+dhambamu-li-ngga
+see-you.past-me
+You saw me.
+The non-past marker is usually -n. However, as with the past tense
+marker, if you have a second person singular ‘you’ as the subject of
+the verb then this combines with the non-past tense marker (-n plus nji) to make -ni.
+Verbs with first person (I/we) subjects also do not use -n. Instead they
+change the last vowel of the verb. Changing the vowel to -a indicates
+the action is occurring in the present. Changing the vowel to -u
+indicates a future event.
+Other information about the time when actions occurred is given with
+stand-alone words like bugiya ‘yesterday’ and gaway ‘soon’. These
+words go after the verb and any noun that is stand-alone and the
+object of the sentence or is involved in some way with the action.
+Subject markers are listed below. They are the bound pronouns
+discussed above.
+-ga
+
+I
+-ni
+you (one person) (in the present or future NOT past)*
+-li
+you (one person) (in the past) *
+-ng
+we two (you and I)
+-ngala
+we two (that person and I, but NOT you)
+-(w)u
+you two
+20
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+-wara
+those two
+-nj
+we three or more, including you
+-nga
+we three or more, but NOT you
+-n
+
+you three or more
+-waraga
+they three or more
+* These are the forms mentioned above that have combined with the
+tense marker.
+Object markers are listed below, they are the bound pronouns
+discussed above.
+-ngga
+me
+-nji
+you (one person)
+-ngal
+us two (you and me)
+-ngalangga
+us two (that person and me, but NOT you)
+-lu
+you two
+-ngana
+us three or more, including you
+-nganangga
+us three or more, but NOT you
+
+-nhurr
+you three or more
+There is one ending that describes both subject and object, but is a
+single ‘fused’
+ending:
+-gun I (do something to) you
+marra ngama-wa-gun
+fish give-will-I>you
+I will give you fish.
+Reciprocity describes actions that things/people do to each another
+at the same time.
+In English we use ‘each other’ to indicate this (e.g. ‘we saw each
+other’). Reflexivity describes doing an action to oneself. In English we
+use ‘myself’, ‘yourself’, ��herself’,
+‘ourselves’ etc. Both reciprocity and reflexivity are indicated the same
+way in Dhurga, using the suffix -ndjali. This suffix is put before the
+subject marker. There won’t be any object marker because when an
+action is reflexive or reciprocal the person/thing doing the action is the
+same person/thing that it is being done to.
+Reflexive
+djamu-ndjali-ga
+talk.future-myself-I
+I will talk to myself.
+21
+
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+Reciprocal
+djama-ndjali-ngala
+give-each.other-we
+We give each other (boomerangs).
+Aspect markers tell us whether an action is finished or not or gives
+more information about how long the action is taking. This can be
+easily confused with tense but is a different thing. Compare the
+English ‘I was walking’ with ‘I had walked’, which both describe past
+actions but one action is ongoing and one is completed.
+The aspect marker -mba is used for continuous action.
+ganji mudhuga-mba-la-ga
+fire make-continuous-past-I
+I was making a fire.
+There is also a stand-alone word gabi that is an aspectual marker. It
+is put before the verb to indicate the action is complete. It only seems
+to co-occur with the past tense marker.
+wadhungurr gabi bundha-l gungara
+dog complete bite-past possum The dog killed the possum.
+We only have two examples of the causative marker -ma in Dhurga,
+so its exact use is uncertain. This marker indicates that something is
+causing someone to do something. For example, dhana ‘eat’
+becomes dhana-ma ‘feed’. The causative is put before the tense
+marker.
+
+waranj-dha dhana-ma-n-ga
+child-my eat-cause-nonpast-I
+I am feeding my child.
+Modal markers tell us about the speaker’s perception of the action
+being carried out, information like expectation, desire, or their
+knowledge about the event. We do not have many examples of
+modals in Dhurga.
+The irrealis marker -wa indicates that the action is a possibility,
+imagined or hypothetical. It can be used to express intent to do
+something in the future or discuss possible or probable events.
+yiribu-wa-ga buran njun
+enter.future-will-I cave that
+I’m going to go inside that cave.
+22
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+Just as there is a purposive marker that attaches to a noun, there is
+one that attaches to a verb. The modal marker -ri indicates that the
+action is occurring for a purpose or is the goal of a previous action. It
+attaches to the verb after the tense marker but before the subject
+marker.
+ngadju dawandha-ri-ga
+water want-for-I
+I want for water (I am thirsty).
+
+This may also be used to make polite requests ‘could I/you please (do
+this)’.
+The hortative marker -ya is used to suggest or ask to be allowed to
+do something.
+Think of English sentences ‘Let’s go to the beach’ or ‘Let them go to
+the movies’. -ya goes between the tense marker and the subject
+marker. To use it when talking about the first person (I/we) you have to
+change the last vowel of the verb to a ‘u’ e.g. wanain wanu-ya-ng ‘let’s leave’.
+There is also a stand-alone word wanda that means ‘perhaps’ or
+‘maybe’. This is put before the verb in the one example we have of it in
+Dhurga:
+bunbal ganji wanda djamaru-ga
+tree wood maybe collect-I
+Maybe I will collect some wood.
+NEGATION
+The negation marker -ngamba indicates that the sentence or action
+did not happen.
+It follows tense marking in Dhurga:
+binga-la-ngamba-ga
+throw-past-not-I
+I did not throw (it).
+FORMING QUESTIONS
+
+There are two ways of asking a question in Dhurga. The first way is to
+use a question word like wananga ‘who’, minja ‘what’, wandung
+‘when’, wadha ‘where’, mali ‘why’
+or yuga ‘how’. These are used if you want information about
+something. They are put at the start of the sentence.
+wadha wadhangarr
+where dog
+Where is the dog?
+23
+6 / HOW TO MAKE A SENTENCE
+These question words can have case markers attached to them:
+wanangga-lul njiinj
+who-for this
+Who is this for?
+There is also a way of forming a question if the answer is ngay ‘yes’ or
+dhagayil ‘no’.
+These are formed just like a statement but have a rising intonation at
+the end. This is the same questioning tone we use in English
+questions.
+FORMING COMMANDS
+In Dhurga, if you want to tell someone to do something, you have to
+alter the verb.
+First you change the final vowel of the verb to -u, like the future tense
+marker. Next you add -r, -ru, or -ran. -r is used if you are telling one
+
+person to do something, -ru is used if you are telling two people to do
+something, and -ran is used if you are telling more than two people to
+do something.
+djamu-r
+talk.future-command
+Talk!
+Unlike with normal verbs, commands do not need any subject or
+object markers to make sense.
+LINKING SENTENCES TOGETHER
+We have evidence for two ways of linking sentences in Dhurga. They
+both translate to
+‘and’. Use ya if the subjects of the two sentences are different and
+have already been introduced, or if you are listing things ‘this and this
+and this and this etc.’ If the subject of the two sentences is the same
+(done by the same person or thing) then use ba.
+nangu-l ya (mambi) ganama-l
+sleep-past and (eel) burn-past
+They slept and the eel burned.
+yuwinj yana-l dhugan-dha ba yiriba-l
+man come-past hut-to and enter-past The man came to the hut and
+entered.
+24
+7 / HOW TO FIND THE SOURCES OF WORDS IN THE
+DICTIONARY
+
+7 / HOW TO FIND THE SOURCES OF WORDS IN THE
+DICTIONARY
+Each word in this dictionary has a source code (e.g. U-M.1.1.). This
+code tells you where you can find the original mention of the word in
+other papers, books, and word lists.
+The source codes used here have been taken from Jutta Besold’s
+PhD thesis ‘Language Recovery of the New South Wales South Coast
+Aboriginal Languages’ . A word might have more than one source
+code if it appears in several of the sources below. Some of these
+sources are online, but many are held by libraries and must be
+requested.
+A source code provides some or all of the following information: 1.
+Name of place of collection or name of language
+2. Name of language collector
+3. Whether the material is in published (1) or unpublished (2) 4. Year of
+publication, if applicable
+5. Page number, if applicable
+6. Name of informant, if applicable
+7.
+Name of social group informant belongs to, if applicable
+PLACENAME AND LANGUAGE CODES
+A
+Dharrawal
+B
+
+Bega
+BB
+Batemans Bay
+DM Dharumba
+JB
+Jervis Bay
+MY Moruya
+SCL South Coast Languages
+U
+Dhurga
+ULL Ulladulla
+Y
+Yuin
+LANGUAGE COLLECTOR CODES
+AH Alfred Howitt
+AM Andrew Mackenzie
+C
+Edward Curr
+CCU Continuous Community Use
+E
+
+Diana Eades
+G
+Joseph Gaimard
+HH Horatio Hale
+JBes Jutta Besold
+JL
+James Larmer
+M
+Robert Hamilton Mathews
+RD Richard Dawsey
+For the sources relating to Jutta Besold’s thesis, the letter ‘A’ or ‘B’ and
+page number (P.XXX) written before the source code tells you where
+a word is found: ‘A’ stands for 25
+7 / HOW TO FIND THE SOURCES OF WORDS IN THE
+DICTIONARY
+Part A and ‘B’ stands for part B, e.g. B-P.217 JBes. indicates the word
+is found on page 217 of Part B.
+If you want to find the original source of a word, check the source code
+and use the table below to find the corresponding written source. So,
+in the source code U-M.2.2–76:
+U tells you that the language is Dhurga
+M tells you that Robert Hamilton Mathews collected the word 2.2 is the
+term for this unpublished document
+
+By looking at the table below we find that U-M.2.2 is the ‘Thurga and
+Jirringany Notebook’ stored at the National Library of Australia. 76 tells
+us the word should be on page 76 of this notebook.
+Code
+Source
+A/U-E or U-E
+Eades, Diana Kelloway 1976, The Dharawal and Dhurga Languages of
+the New South Wales South Coast, Australian Institute of Aboriginal
+Studies.
+BB-JL or U-BB-JL
+Larmer, James 1898, ‘Native vocabulary of miscellaneous New South
+Wales Objects’, Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New
+South Wales Vol.
+32, pp. 223–229.
+CCU.
+Not recorded but has continued community use.
+DM-AM-1874 or
+Mackenzie, Andrew 1874, ‘Specimen of Native Australian Languages’,
+DM-AM.1
+Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
+Ireland, Vol. 3
+London: Turner & Co, pp. 247–261.
+DM-AM-1877
+
+Mackenzie, Andrew 1877, ‘Guayamin’ [and other stories], Journal of
+the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol 7
+London: Turner & Co., pp. 269–274.
+DM-AM-1878
+Mackenzie, Andrew 1878. ‘Australian languages and traditions’,
+Journal of the Anthropological Institute Vol. 7 No. 3, 125, 232–274.
+DM-M.1.8
+Mathews, Robert Hamilton 1902, ‘The Murawarri and other Australian
+Languages’, Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, Queensland
+Vol. 18, pp. 52–68.
+DM-M.2.6
+Mathews, Robert Hamilton n.d., ‘Thooru˘mba’ Notebook 4’, Mathews
+Collection MS 8006, National Library of Australia, pp. 27–31.
+JB-C
+Curr, Edward 1887, The Australian Race — its origin, languages,
+customs, place of landing in Australia, and the routes by which it
+spread itself over that continent, Melbourne: John Ferrer, Government
+Printer.
+JB-G
+Gaimard, Joseph Paul 1834, ‘Vocabulaire de la Langue des Habitans
+de la Baie Jervis (Australie)’ in D. D’Urville, Voyage de découvertes de
+l’Astrolabe philologie, Paris: Le Ministere de la Marine, pp. 11–13.
+26
+7 / HOW TO FIND THE SOURCES OF WORDS IN THE
+DICTIONARY
+
+Code
+Source
+JB-RD
+Dawsey, Richard 1887, ‘No.194. – From Jervis Bay to Mount
+Dromedary –
+additional words’ in Curr 1887 Vol. 3, pp. 420–421.
+JBes.
+Besold, Jutta 2013, ‘Language recovery of the New South Wales
+South Coast Aboriginal languages’, Australian National University.
+MY-HH or U-HH
+Hale, Horatio 1846, Ethnography and Philology United States
+Exploring Expeditions during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842,
+Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard.
+SCL-M-1904
+Mathews, Robert Hamilton 1904, ‘Ethnological Notes on the Aboriginal
+tribes of New South Wales and Victoria’, Journal and Proceedings of
+the Royal Society of NSW Vol. 38, pp. 203–381.
+U-AH
+Howitt, Alfred n.d., ‘Pieces of Information on the tribe of Aborigines
+inhabiting the country between Mallagoota Inlet & Shoalhaven
+N.S.W.’, Howitt Collection, State Library of Victoria, Melbourne.
+U-AM
+Mackenzie, Andrew 1874, ‘Specimen of Native Australian Languages’,
+The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
+
+Ireland Vol. 3, pp. 247–261 London: Turner & Co.
+U-C
+Curr, Edward 1887, The Australian Race — its origin, languages,
+customs, place of landing in Australia, and the routes by which it
+spread itself over that continent, Melbourne: John Ferrer, Government
+Printer.
+UL-JL-226
+Larmer, James September 1832, ‘Notebook of Australian Aboriginal
+vocabularies, 1832–1853’ Larmer Collection MLMSS 7213 Mitchell
+Library, Sydney.
+U-M.2.2 or DMMathews, Robert Hamilton n.d., ‘Thurga and Jirringany Notebook’.
+M.2.2
+Mathews Collection MS 8006, National Library of Australia.
+Y-AH1054 or
+Howitt, Alfred n.d., ‘Kinterms in Yuin and Yuin sentences’. Howitt
+Collection, Y-AH.1-54
+State Library of Victoria, Melbourne.
+27
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY
+SUFFIXES
+
+-abul pro.
+Their (third person dual possessive).
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-bara suf.
+Dual marker (two things/people, a couple of, use after a consonant).
+VARIANT: -wara (after a vowel or rr), -mbara (after a vowel or ng)
+— ngama-ndjali-wang waranganj-bara.
+— Let’s swap boomerangs.
+SOURCE: B-P.211/B-P.214 JBes. U-M.2.2-148.
+-baraga suf.
+Plural marker (three or more things/people, use after a consonant).
+VARIANT: -waraga (after a vowel or rr), -mbaraga (after a vowel or ng)
+— waranganj-baraga yili-g-in.
+— I carry several boomerangs.
+SOURCE: B-P.211/B-P.218 JBes. U-M.1.2-104.
+-bul pro.
+Your (second person dual possessive).
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-buran suf.
+
+Use of, for the purpose of (used after a consonant). Purposive on
+nouns.
+VARIANT: -wuran (after a vowel)
+— biyan birribanj-buran waba-n.
+— Father went for that emu.
+SOURCE: A-P.158 JBes.
+-dha pro.
+My/mine (inalienable – use when the thing cannot be given away or
+taken).
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-dha suf.
+In/at/on (locative case).
+VARIANT: -a (when the word it attaches to ends in r, rr or l) SOURCE:
+A-P.292JBes.
+— waranganj yuna-la-ga dhugan-dha
+— I kept a boomerang at the camp.
+SOURCE: B-P.185.JBes. DM-M.1.8-60.
+-dha suf.
+Towards/to (allative case).
+— yana-la-ga dhugan-dha-dha
+— I came to my camp.
+
+SOURCE: A-P.191JBes DM-AM.1-248. DM-AM-1874-256-UI /Bu1. UM.1.1. U-RD-423.
+29
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w
+y
+-dha suf.
+With/using (instrumental case).
+— waranganj-dha bayi-la-ga
+— I kil ed it with a boomerang.
+SOURCE: B-P.197JBes. U-M.2.2-41.
+-dhuga pro.
+My/mine (alienable — use when the thing can be given away or
+taken).
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-din suf.
+Motion away from a place or object. Ablative case.
+VARIANT: di
+— wabu-n ngarn-din.
+— We will go away from that place.
+SOURCE: A-P.158 JBes.
+
+-djan pro.
+Their (third person plural possessive).
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-dju suf.
+Subject of an action that is done to something else. Subject of
+transitive verb. Ergative case marker.
+VARIANT: -u
+— yuwinj-dju djaruga dhabaga-mili-l.
+— A man caught a wal aby for himself.
+SOURCE: A-P.158 JBes.
+-djur pro.
+Your (second person plural possessive).
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-ga pro.
+I (first person singular subject).
+VARIANT: -g (if followed by a vowel)
+— djinjama-ga waranganj yabandja-ga njiinj.
+— I will make a boomerang
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-gudha suf.
+
+Having the highest amount of a quality e.g. best, biggest, fastest.
+Superlative construction.
+— biragang-gudha djiin-da.
+— That’s the biggest one [boomerang].
+SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-17.
+-gudhu suf.
+Having more of a quality than another thing or person e.g. better,
+bigger, faster. Comparative construction.
+— dhambamu-la-ga biragang-gudhu buru djingandi ban.guri-dji
+nhaway.
+— I saw a bigger kangaroo on the hill today.
+SOURCE: B-P.193/A-P.208 JBes. U-M.2.2-16 U-M.2.2-17.
+30
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+-gul suf.
+For, on behalf of (after a consonant). Benefactive case marker.
+VARIANT: -lul (after a vowel) -mu
+— dhabaga-la-ga mara njiinj ngayagang-gul. wananga-lul njiinj.
+— I caught this fish for myself. Who is this for?
+
+SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-139 U-M.1.1-56.
+-gun pro.
+I (do something to) you. Describes both subject and object in a single
+‘fused’ ending.
+— mara ngama-wu-gun.
+— I will give you fish.
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-gunda suf.
+Very. Intensifier.
+— djabadj wari-gunda wabu-l.
+— djabadj [King Merriman] travelled a long way.
+SOURCE: B-P.196 JBes. U-M.2.2-40.
+-in pro.
+Them three or more (third person plural object).
+— buru-waraga dhambamu-la-g-in.
+— I saw a lot of kangaroos.
+SOURCE: B-P.205/B-P.218 JBes. U-M.2.2-35 U-M.1.2-104.
+-la suf.
+Past tense, attached to a verb to show the action occurred in the past.
+
+VARIANT: -l if a third person singular subject (he/she/it) is the actor of
+an intransitive verb (a verb that is not done to anything) OR if the verb
+has no other suffixes after the past tense suffix. Use -li if the person
+doing the action is second person singular ‘you (one person)’ because
+it is a shortened way of saying la-nji.
+— manawar-ngala ngama-la-ga birdhulay.
+— I gave our daughter a bandicoot.
+SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-16.
+-li pro.
+You (one person). Use only for actions in the past. (second person
+singular subject).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-lu pro.
+You two (second person dual object).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-ma suf.
+Indicates that the actor has made something happen or made
+someone do something. Causative marker.
+— yidhala-ma-ga.
+— I am hungry.
+SOURCE: B-P.190 JBes. U-M.2.2-8.
+31
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w
+y
+-mba suf.
+Indicates the action it is attached to is ongoing, continued action.
+— ganji mudhuga-mba-la-ga.
+— I was making a fire some time ago.
+SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.2.2-7.
+-mbu suf.
+Put on a noun or adjective to turn it into a verb. Verbalizer.
+— bulwal-mbu-la-ga.
+— I was strong (yesterday).
+SOURCE: A-P.282 JBes.
+-n pro.
+You three or more (second person plural subject).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-ndjali suf.
+Indicates that the action is done to each other or that it is done to
+myself/ourselves/himself/herself/themselves etc. Reciprocal/reflexive.
+— ngama-ndjali-wang waranganj-bara.
+
+— Let’s swap boomerangs.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.2.2-148.
+-ng pro.
+You (one person) and I (first person dual inclusive subject).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-nga pro.
+We three or more, but not you (first person plural exclusive subject).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-ngal pro.
+Our (first person dual exclusive possessive).
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-ngala pro.
+He/she/it and I, but not you (first person dual exclusive subject).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-ngalangga pro. He/she/it and I, but not you (first person dual
+exclusive object).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-ngamba suf.
+Negates the action, indicating it did not happen or will not happen.
+This attaches to the verb after a tense marker.
+
+— djama-ngamba-ga.
+— I’m not talking.
+SOURCE: A-P.275 JBes.
+-ngana pro.
+Us three or more, including you (first person plural inclusive object).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-nganangga
+Us three or more, but not you (first person plural exclusive object).
+pro.
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-ngga pro.
+Me (first person singular object).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+32
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+-nggul suf.
+Belonging to. Genitive case marker.
+VARIANT: -ngal
+
+— birriiwa-y ngayaga-nggul.
+— the spear belongs to me.
+SOURCE: A-P.207/B-P.202 JBes. U-M.2.2-51.
+-ngu pro.
+Your (second person singular possessive).
+VARIANT: -djung
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-ngul pro.
+Our (first person dual inclusive possessive).
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-nhurr pro.
+You three or more (second person plural object).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-ni pro.
+You (one person). Use only for actions in the present or future not
+past.
+(second person singular subject).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-nj pro.
+We three or more, including you (first person plural inclusive subject).
+
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-nji pro.
+You (one person) (second person singular object).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-njin pro.
+Our (first person plural inclusive possessive).
+— njin-dju-waraga Dhalbu Dhalbu ngarn-din yabu-la.
+— These people came from Tilba.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48.
+-njinungga pro. Our (first person plural exclusive possessive).
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-r suf.
+Turns the verb into a demand or order addressed towards ‘you’
+(second person singular). Also involves changing the final vowel of the
+verb to ‘u’. Imperative construction.
+— djamu-r.
+— You two will talk.
+SOURCE: A-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1-57.
+-ran suf.
+Turns the verb into a demand or order addressed towards ‘you’ (three
+or more) (second person plural). Also involves changing the final
+
+vowel of the verb to ‘u’. Imperative construction.
+— djamu-ran
+— All of you will talk.
+SOURCE: A-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1-57.
+33
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w
+y
+-ri suf.
+In order to. Would you please (do this). Purposive marker on verbs.
+SOURCE: A-P.267 JBes.
+-ru suf.
+Turns the verb into a demand or order addressed towards ‘you two’
+(second person dual). Also involves changing the final vowel of the
+verb to ‘u’. Imperative construction.
+— wabu-ru dhugan-dul.
+— You two go to your camp.
+SOURCE: A-P.265 JBes. U-M.2.2-145.
+-u pro.
+Her/his/its. Used after a consonant (third person singular possessive).
+
+VARIANT: -nu used after a vowel or rr/r
+SOURCE: A-P.292 JBes.
+-wa suf.
+Put on a verb to indicate the action is a possibility, imagined or
+hypothetical. Also used to suggest an action ‘let’s’. Irrealis tense
+marker.
+— ganji mudhuga-wa-ga.
+— I will make a fire.
+SOURCE: B-P.187 JBes. U-M.2.2-7 U-M.2.2-148.
+-wara pro.
+They two (third person dual subject).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-waraga pro.
+They three or more (third person plural subject).
+SOURCE: A-P.233 JBes.
+-wu pro.
+You two (second person dual subject). Use after a vowel.
+VARIANT: -u (after a consonant)
+— bulawal-mbu-l-u.
+— You two were strong.
+SOURCE: B-P.195/P.216 JBes.
+
+-ya suf.
+Used to urge someone to let/allow someone else to do something.
+Also used to suggest an action ‘let’s’. Hortitive marker.
+— dyamu-ya-wara.
+— Let them two talk.
+SOURCE: A-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1-57.
+-yanga suf.
+Little. Diminutive marker.
+— gubidja-yanga.
+— little toe.
+SOURCE: A-P.200/210 JBes.
+34
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+b
+ba conj.
+And; or. Used to join sentences when they have the same subject.
+SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. CCU. Loanword from Dharrawal.
+baaba kin.
+
+Father.
+— baaba-dha gulaminji n dhugan-dha.
+— Father is running around the hut.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48. U-RD-422. MY-HH-480.
+baabirr n.
+Honeysuckle.
+SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+baadja nprop.
+True Valley (place name?).
+SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+baanga kin.
+Father.
+SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.1.1. Y-AH.1-54.
+baba n.
+Stingray.
+SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-RD-421.
+babadhal n.
+Geebung.
+SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+badba- vt.
+
+Go over, climb over the top of something.
+SOURCE: B-P.201/P.182 JBes. U-M.2.2-48.
+badha n.
+Creek, waterhole.
+VARIANT: badhay.
+— yuwinj yili-n ngadju badha.
+— The man brings water from the waterhole.
+SOURCE: B-P.206 JBes. U-M.2.2-44. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-139. U-M.2.2146. U-M.1.2-106.
+badha- vt.
+Bite.
+— wadhangarr-a badha-l njiinj gungara.
+— The dog bit the possum.
+SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.2.2-14. DM-M.2.6-30.
+badhaalima n.
+Wallaby or pademelon.
+SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421.
+badhawal n.
+Fighting boomerang; fighting hook.
+SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. U-M.2.2-39. U-M.1.1.
+
+35
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w
+y bagan n.
+Earth; ground.
+SOURCE: B-P.241 JBes. DM-AM.1-255. U-RD-423. DM-AM-1878-271WAND/No-Tu.
+bagaranj n.
+Sun; heat.
+— bagaranj yiriba.
+— sunset.
+SOURCE: B-P.197 JBes. U-M.2.2-46. MY-HH-481. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.240.U-M.2.2-43.
+BB-JL-225. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY.
+bagiindj n.
+Clever man or women.
+SOURCE: CCU.
+bala temp.
+Near, close, sometime in the near future, by and by.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.2.2-150.
+balawu- vi.
+
+Go along, move along the side of something.
+— balawu-wa-ga
+— I’m going along the side.
+SOURCE: B-P.211 JBes. U-M.2.2-147.
+balirr n.
+Dust.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-AH/JH.
+baliya n.
+North-east wind.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-RD-421. U-M.1.1.
+bambara n.
+Venereal; sexual organs, private parts.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bana n.
+Rain.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-C-17 U-RD-423. MY-HH-481. BBJL-225. DM-AM-1878-271-WAND/NO-TU.
+banabi nprop.
+Name for Wall Street to Waterworks (place name).
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.2-106.
+
+bandjiwug n.
+Shoe, shoes.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-E.
+banga- vt.
+Paddle, push through the water with a paddle/oar.
+— banga-la-ga ngadju-dha madjari.
+— I paddled a canoe in the water.
+SOURCE: B-P.209 JBes. U-M.2.2-147.
+bangadjan n.
+Stick used for killing people, club.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U/A-E.
+bangawu n.
+Lizard.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-RD-421.
+36
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+banggaada n.
+Wombat.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421.
+banggawu n.
+Burrawang; plant of the Macrozamia genus.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+banggu n.
+Sugar glider; flying fox.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.2.105. BB-JL-226. U-M.1.1.
+bangguri n.
+Mountain.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-16. U-M.2.2-148.
+bangli n.
+Cup.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-E.
+banhung adj.
+Male; used to identify sex in birds only.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.2.105.
+banjawal spat.
+Other side, opposite side.
+— waba-ga banjawal gudjarr gumbawurr-wuran.
+— I’m going over the other side of the lagoon for koalas.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.208 JBes. U-M.2.2-146.
+baraal n.
+Rock wallaby.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. BB-JL-226.
+baraang n.
+Rug; ground cover.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U/A-E.
+bardju n.
+Footprint.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-RD-422. U-BB-JL-226.
+bardju- vi.
+Swim.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-RD-422. U-BB-JL-226.
+baridbu- vt.
+Cross something towards the speaker, come across, traverse.
+— baridbu-la-ga madjari gudjarr-a.
+— I came across the lagoon in a canoe.
+SOURCE: B-P.209 JBes. U-M.2.2-146 U-M.2.2-147.
+barimu- vt.
+Cover up, conceal.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.2.2-75.
+bariwariganyan Echo.
+n.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+barlaa adj.
+Short (in distance/height/time).
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+37
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w
+y barlga n.
+Back, the back of, behind.
+— mayi-n barlga-dha.
+— He is sitting behind me.
+SOURCE: B-P.207 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+barra n.
+Eel; both freshwater and saltwater.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+barra barra n.
+Sea, salt water.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-RD-421.
+barraar n.
+Shrub, scrub land, bush.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-RD-420.
+barraaran n.
+Snapper (fish).
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+barrumbarra n. Native peppermint.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+barrunda n.
+Male koala.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+baru spat.
+Middle, in the middle of.
+— baru dhugan-da.
+— In the middle of the camp.
+SOURCE: B-P.213 JBes U-M.2.2-149.
+baruwalwa
+One who knows everything; Aboriginal proper name.
+nprop.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-AH/JH.
+bawanyu n.
+Picture, rock or bark painting.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bawarr n.
+Wattle; species not known.
+SOURCE: B-P.243 JBes. U-RD-421.
+bayandha- vt.
+Say.
+SOURCE: B-P.193 JBes. U-M.2.2-21.
+bayi- vt.
+Strike; beat; hit; kill.
+— waranganj bayi-la-ga gungara-ra waranganj bayi-la-ga njiinj.
+— I kil ed a possum with a boomerang.
+SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.2.2-14 DM-M.2.6-29. U-M.2.2-79. UM.1.1. U-M.2.2-75.
+U-M.1.8-60. U-M.2.2-44.
+baying kin.
+Father.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-RD-422.
+
+38
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+bayunga kin.
+Grandmother, mother’s mother.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-RD-421.
+biburnungga n. Brown hawk.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bidhanga n.
+Oyster.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-RD-421.
+bidhu n.
+Mountain range.
+— badba-ga bidhu.
+— I go over the mountains.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.2.2-48. DM-AM.1-248. BB-JL-226.
+bidhudhu n.
+Wattle (generic).
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+
+bidjaya n.
+Old man.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. BB-JL-225.
+biidja n.
+Blanket/cloak.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-E.
+biinda- vi.
+Rise, get up, stand up.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.2.2-77.
+bila n.
+Forest oak.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bilima n.
+Turtle.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bilwurr adj.
+Flat.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bilyaguwin- vt.
+Kill.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-RD-420.
+bimbaya n.
+Shield for spears.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-C.1-35. U-RD-423. U-M.2.2-40.
+bindjaringaring Plover.
+n.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bindji n.
+Stomach, front, in front of.
+VARIANT: bindhi
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. B-G-12. BB-JL-225.
+bindjilaan adj.
+Pregnant.
+SOURCE: CCU.
+39
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w
+y binga-vt.
+Throw, toss.
+— binga-ngamba-ga.
+
+— I didn’t throw it.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1-73. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. DMAM-1874:248.
+U-M.2.6-28.
+bingal n.
+Chest/torso of a human or animal.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH-480.
+binin.gala n.
+Light; sunlight, moonlight.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+binyaaru n.
+Cormorant.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+biraawara n.
+Shag.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+biraga adj.
+Large; big.
+— biraga-mbara ngayaga dhambamu-la-ga.
+— I saw a bigger one.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-423. U-M.2.2-135. BB-JL226.
+biraga yuludha Big toe.
+n.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+biraya n.
+War spear.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-RD-423.
+birdhuulay n.
+Bandicoot.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.2.2-16.
+biriin n.
+Sleeping lizard; shingleback.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+birimbamin n.
+Translated as ‘Fisherman Jack’; most likely a fish.
+SOURCE: B-P.244 JBes. U-AH/JH.
+birrabirra adj.
+Light in weight.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+
+birribanj n.
+Emu.
+— biyan birribanj-buran waba-n.
+— Father is going after an emu.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. DM-AM.1-254. U-M.2.2-45. BB-JL-225.
+40
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+birriiwa n.
+Hunting spear.
+— birriiwa ngayaga-nggul
+— The spear belongs to me
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+birruwa n.
+Crayfish.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-RD-422.
+biryuula n.
+Spear made from reed.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-RD-423.
+
+biwaawa n.
+Cold east wind.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421.
+biwan n.
+Animal fat, grease.
+SOURCE: A-P.103 U-M.1.1. U-RD-423.
+biyan kin.
+Father.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48 U-M.2.2-46.
+biyanhung adj.
+Male; used for animals.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+biyay n.
+Bag.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-E-89.
+bubandhan adj. Round.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bubugurning n. Death adder (snake).
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bubul n.
+
+Sore, scab, blister.
+VARIANT: bubuu
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-E.
+budjan n.
+Bird (generic).
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bugaali n.
+Ring-tailed possum.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bugiya temp.
+Yesterday.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. U-RD-423. DM-AM.1-253. BBJL-226.
+buguri n.
+Ring-tailed possum.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-RD-421.
+41
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y bulambii-vt.
+
+Lean, rest against, lean something against something else.
+— bulambii-wa-ga birriiwa-dhuga bunbal-a.
+— I’ll rest my spear against the tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.2.2-148.
+bulumu- vi.
+Wash, clean, bathe.
+SOURCE: B-P.245 JBes. U-M.2.2-79.
+bulwal adj.
+Strong.
+— bulwal-wu-ga.
+— I am strong.
+SOURCE: B-P.195 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-22. U-M.2.2-23.
+bumawa n.
+Thunder.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. BB-JL-225.
+bumulaga n.
+Morning.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-47.
+bun.gali n.
+Coolamon. Bark container used for carrying water.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-RD-421. U-M.1.1.
+bun.garri n.
+Hill.
+VARIANT: ban.guri
+— gawalga biraga djinganda ban.guri-dji nhaway dhambamu-laga.
+— I saw a big wal aby over there on the hill today.
+SOURCE: B-P.242 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-16.
+bunaan n.
+Corroboree; initiation ritual.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-E.
+bunbal n.
+Tree (generic), wood, stick, waddy.
+— yuwinj njiindji-lan bunbal-a.
+— The man is on this side of the tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.208 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2. UL-JL-266.
+bunbun n.
+Tree bark.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bunda n.
+
+Thigh.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-E. U-M.1.1. JB-C.1-31. JB-RD-423. MYHH-480. DM-AM.1-255.
+bundha- vt.
+Bite.
+— wadhungur yuwinj bundha-l.
+— The dog bit a man.
+SOURCE: B-P.196 JBes. U-M.2.2-38.
+42
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+bundhi n.
+Club, waddy.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-41.
+bundja- vi.
+Remember.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+bundjala- vi.
+Think.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1-72.
+bungala n.
+Swamp yam.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+bura n.
+Rock; stone.
+VARIANT: burra
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-BB-JL-225. U-RD-423. U-HH-481. UM.1.1.
+buraadja temp.
+Tomorrow.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. U-BB-JL-225.
+buraagawalin Day after tomorrow.
+temp.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.2.2-47.
+buraali- vi.
+Answer, respond.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.2.2-75.
+buran n.
+Cave.
+
+— yiribu-wa-ga buran njun.
+— I’m going inside that cave.
+SOURCE: B-P.211 JBes. U-M.2.2-148.
+burawara adj.
+Black.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+burdulu- vt.
+Kick, hit with foot.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+burlgunj adj.
+Dirty, unclean, murky water.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+burnaaga n.
+Goanna; ‘tree iguana’.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-36.
+burnda n.
+Penis.
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+burra n.
+Semen.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-RD-423. U-HH-481. U-M.1.1.
+43
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y burrburran n.
+Native quail; possibly endangered ‘plains wanderer’.
+VARIANT: burrburr
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+buru n.
+Kangaroo; most likely eastern grey kangaroo.
+— dhambamu-la-ga biraga buru.
+— I saw a large kangaroo.
+SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-16 U-M.1.2.105. DM-AM-1877-272Wand/Hu-TuPu. DM-M.2.6-30. DM-AM.1-254. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422. UAH/JH. BB-JL-225.
+UL-JL-266.
+burumayal n.
+Bream (fish).
+SOURCE: B-P.246 JBes. U-RD-420. U-M.1.1. U-AH/JH.
+burunga- vt.
+Shake, rattle.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.2.2-79.
+buubundhaaga Lump, mound, natural surroundings.
+n.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+buwambay adj. Fast, quick.
+SOURCE: B-P.199 JBes. U-M.2.2-45.
+buwarla n.
+Teatree.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+buyi adj.
+Quick, fast.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-BB-JL-226.
+buyu n.
+Shin bone.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-38. U-C.1-33.
+44
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+d
+
+daarlawan n.
+Great white shark.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1. JB-G-12.
+dadha n.
+Clothes, clothing.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U/A-E.
+dandala adj.
+Small, little.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-BB-JL-226.
+dawandha- vi.
+Want.
+— ngadju dawandha-ri-ga.
+— I want water; I am thirsty.
+SOURCE: B-P.187 JBes. U-M.2.2-6.
+dulagaal n.
+Yowie, hairy man.
+SOURCE: CCU.
+dundhun n.
+Firestick.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U/A-E.
+
+dunggul n.
+Heel.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+duraya n.
+River.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. BB-JL-226.
+durun.gadja
+Three.
+num.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.2.2-55. BB-JL-226.
+duruuwa n.
+Smoke (from a fire).
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-RD-423. U-M.1.1.
+45
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y dh
+dhaadjar n.
+Centipede.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+
+dhaaga n.
+Mouth.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. MY-HH-480. BB-JL-225. U-M.1.1-68.
+dhaaligir n.
+Toy canoe; a child’s play canoe.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+dhaawarri n.
+Porpoise.
+VARIANT: dawaray
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421.
+dhaba temp.
+Before, to do an action before another action.
+— dhambamu-li dhaba njunga.
+— Did you ever see him before?
+SOURCE: A-P.314 JBes.
+dhabaga- vt.
+Catch, hunt (an animal).
+— dhabaga-la-ga mara njiinj ngayagang-gul. wananga-lul njiinj.
+— I caught this fish for myself. who is this for?
+SOURCE: B-P.206 JBes. U-M.2.2-139 U-M.1.1-58.
+
+dhadha kin.
+Elder brother; father’s brother’s son; mother’s sister’s son.
+SOURCE: B-P.247 JBes. U-RD-422. U-M.2.2-39. U-M.1.1. Y-AH.1-54.
+dhagadj n.
+Frost.
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-225.
+dhagala n.
+Flathead (fish).
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. JB-G-13.
+dhagarr n.
+Cold (weather), winter.
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-147. U-M.2.2-150. BB-JL225.
+dhagayil part.
+No; nothing; ‘I don’t know’.
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. JB-C.1-39 JB-RD-423. U-M.2.2-150. UL-JL226. BB-JL-225.
+dhalanj n.
+Tongue.
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. MY-HH-480.
+dhalibawa- vi.
+
+Go up, ascend, move upwards.
+— dhalibawa-ga bun.garri.
+— I go up the hil .
+SOURCE: B-P.218 JBes. U-M.1.1-59.
+dhambamu- vt. See.
+— dhambamu-la-ga biraga buru.
+— I saw a large kangaroo.
+SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-16.
+46
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+dhana n.
+Foot, feet.
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH-480. BB-JL-225. DM-AM.1255.
+dhana- vi.
+Eat.
+— gungara-ngga djirawara dhana-n.
+— The possum is eating leaves.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.216 JBes. U-RD-421. U-RD-423. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-76.
+JB-C.1-43. JB-G-12.
+dhanadha n.
+Sole of foot.
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+dhanama n.
+Wife.
+VARIANT: dhagur
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421.
+dhanga n.
+Non–meat-based food, bread.
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-420. U-RD-423. BB-JL-226.
+UL-JL-266.
+dhangga- vt.
+Hang up on something, put on a branch.
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+dharaganja- vt. Cut, chop (tree).
+SOURCE: B-P.248 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.1.1-72.
+dhari- vi.
+Stand, stand up, be on your feet.
+— yuwinj dhari-n njiinj-a gudjarr-a.
+
+— A man stands this side of the lagoon.
+SOURCE: B-P.208 JBes. U-M.2.2-146 U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-79.
+dharraani n.
+Spotted gum.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421.
+dharrawa n.
+Cabbage tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+dhawa num.
+Ten.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-55.
+dhawamalanj A lot, many.
+num.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-55.
+dhawara n.
+Moon; night.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. MY-HH-481. U-RD-423. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-225.
+BB-JL-226.
+dhudbandhul Full, full of something.
+adj.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+dhuduga- vt.
+Touch.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-79.
+47
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y dhugan n.
+Camp; hut; home.
+— wala-ya-n dhugan-a djalung.
+— He is running to the hut over there.
+SOURCE: B-P.200 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-226. UL-JL-266.
+dhuladhula n.
+Branch, branches (of a tree).
+— gungara mayi-n dhuladhula
+— The possum is sitting among the branches.
+SOURCE: B-P.202 JBes. U-M.2.2-48.
+dhumbaa n.
+Charcoal.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-75.
+
+dhumbama- vt. Look at, observe.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1-72.
+dhunbanga- vt. Lose (something).
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+dhunbunyil adj. Shallow, not deep.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1-71.
+dhundala n.
+Hail, frozen rain.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+dhurga spat.
+Right, on the right of.
+— dhurga-njung djiin.
+— This one on your right.
+SOURCE: B-P.215 JBes. U-M.2.2-152.
+dhuri- vi.
+Grow up, grow (of plants).
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1-72.
+dhuril n.
+Crab.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-RD-421.
+
+dhurliing n.
+Elbow.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+dhuula n.
+Fish hook.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-E.
+48
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+dj
+djaadjawan n.
+Sand.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djaadjularan adj. Angry.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djaadjurna n.
+Throwing stick.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djabadj n.
+
+Black duck, totem of the Yuin people, King Merriman’s (Elder’s)
+name.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.2.2-8. DM-M.2.2-27.
+djabag phr.
+‘Throw the fishing line.’
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-AH/JH.
+djabur n.
+Calf of leg.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djagula n.
+Lyrebird.
+SOURCE: B-P.249 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. BB-JL-225. BB-JL-226.
+djama- vi.
+Talk, speak.
+— djama-ndjali-ngala.
+— We are talking to each other.
+SOURCE: B-P.204 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-M.2.6-30.
+djamaga adj.
+Good.
+— djamaga ngayaga.
+
+— I am good.
+SOURCE: B-P.187 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-47. U-M.2.2-17. RD-423.
+MY-HH-481.
+U-M.2.2-76. BB-JL-226. DM-M.2.6-27.
+djamaru- vt.
+take, collect, gather.
+VARIANT: djamari djamara
+— bunbal ganji wanda djamaru-ga
+— Perhaps I will take some wood.
+SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.2.2-7.
+djambi kin.
+Brother-in-law; man married to one’s sister.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. DM-AM-1874257-Ul /Th-Bu2. U-WR.4.
+djanbabu- vi.
+Be silent.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djaraagar n.
+Jew lizard.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+49
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y djarambaadhi Spear (generic).
+n.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djarambu- vi.
+Be quiet.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+djarraranj adj.
+Sharp, sharp edge (blade).
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djaruga n.
+Wallaby.
+— yuwinj-dju djaruga dhabaga-l.
+— A man caught a wal aby.
+SOURCE: B-P.217 JBes. U-M.1.1-58.
+djawur n.
+Head hair.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH. BB-JL-225.
+djibVr n.
+
+Kidney.
+VARIANT: djibir, djibar, djibur etc.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-E.
+djiibarra n.
+Small mullet (fish).
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djiin.ga adj.
+Sweet.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djiinj dem.
+There; that; it also.
+— biragang-gudha djiinj-da.
+— That’s the biggest one [boomerang].
+SOURCE: A-P.296 JBes.
+djilawa n.
+Urine, pee.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djilawaray adj.
+Grey.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.1.2-106.
+
+djinaabli n.
+Blanket.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U/A-E.
+djinadha spat.
+That thing, person, or location which is over there, in the
+distance.
+— bulwal-wu-l wanggan djinadha.
+— That woman was strong.
+SOURCE: B-P.195 JBes. U-M.2.2-46.
+djinalibura spat. Far, further away, a long way away.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. U-M.2.2-46.
+50
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+djinama- vt.
+Make, create.
+SOURCE: B-P.250 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. U-M.2.2-42.
+djinganda dem.
+That place, a place/location in the distance.
+
+— gawalga biraga djinganda ban.guri-dji nhaway dhambamu-laga.
+— I saw a big wal aby over there on the hill today.
+SOURCE: A-P.228/B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-16.
+djinggi n.
+Star (generic).
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1. JB-C.1-25/JB-RD-423. BB-JL-225.
+djingiya n.
+Dew.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djinjama- vt.
+Make, complete, produce, or build something.
+— djinjama-ga waranganj yabandja-ga njiinj.
+— I will make a boomerang.
+SOURCE: B-P.202 JBes. U-M.2.2-42. U-M.2.2-75.
+djinug n.
+Echidna.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U/A-E.
+djiraali n.
+Blood.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djiraama n.
+Paddle, oar.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-E.
+djirabard n.
+Water dragon, water goanna.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djirabu- vt.
+Hang up on something, put on a branch.
+— djirabu-ga madbu-dhuga bunbal-a.
+— I’ll hang my bag on the tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.2.2-148.
+djirangara n.
+Tree fern.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djirawara n.
+Leaves (of a plant).
+— gungara-ngga djirawara dhana-n.
+— The possum is eating leaves.
+SOURCE: B-P.216 JBes. U-M.2.2-44. U-M.1.1.
+
+djiriba num.
+Two.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.2.2-55.
+51
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y djiriibawal
+Four.
+djiriibawal num. SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.2.2-55.
+djiriilbun n.
+Toad fish.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djirindjiring n.
+East wind.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+djungga n.
+Octopus.
+SOURCE: B-P.251 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+52
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+g
+gaaga n.
+Yamstick (for digging up yams).
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-39.
+gaandi n.
+Money, smoke, tobacco.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. UL-JL-266.
+gaanga n.
+Woman that has lost at least one of her children.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.2.2-38.
+gaariin adj.
+Late (in the day).
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.2.2-46.
+gabaanu n.
+Head, egg.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH. DM-AM.1-255.
+gababa n.
+
+Bad spirit.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. BB-JL-225.
+gabamanga n.
+My head.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-RD-420.
+gabi part.
+Indicates actions were completed in the past. Completitive
+marker.
+— wadhungurr gabi bundha-l gungara.
+— The dog kil ed the possum.
+SOURCE: B-P.196 JBes. U-M.2.2-41.
+gabudbandhaninga- Thirsty.
+vi.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gabugubal n.
+Youth; uninitiated boy.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.1.2-102. U-RD-421.
+gabun adj.
+Very good.
+SOURCE: CCU.
+
+gadagadabalin n.
+Masturbation.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gadhu n.
+Rough sea.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. U-RD-421. UAH.
+U-M.1.1.
+gadjigung n.
+Armpit.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. A/U-E.
+gagurr n.
+Hole, gully.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. BB-JL-226. U-M.1.1.
+53
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y gala n.
+Vulva; vagina.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+
+galaa n.
+Summer, warm weather.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.2.2-150. BB-JL-225.
+galaabawan adj.
+Weak.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+galawa- vi.
+Climb; go up; ascend.
+SOURCE: B-P.252 JBes. U-RD-420. U-M.2.2-75.
+galu n.
+Slate-coloured crane.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-RD-421.
+galungara n.
+Lillypilly tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gama n.
+Jagged spear.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. U-M.1.1.
+gamara n.
+Old man.
+
+— gamara-njun dhagur.
+— The old man’s wife. SOURCE: B-P.198 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-44.
+gamba n.
+Bone marrow.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-AH/JH.
+gambadja- vt.
+Fight; kill.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.2.2-14. U-M.1.1-72.
+gambambara n.
+Spring; season.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.2.2-147.
+gambanj n.
+Silver bream (fish).
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gambugalag n.
+Bullock, ox.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. UL-JL-266.
+gambuladja- vt.
+Break, smash.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-75.
+
+gami n.
+Neck, throat.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. JB-G-13 JB-G-12 MY-HH-480.
+ganagubadh n.
+Echidna.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+54
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+ganama- vt.
+Burn; cook.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 U-M.1.3-279. U-M.2.2-75.
+ganandhimila- vt.
+Learn.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+ganaya- vt.
+Ask, request.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.2.2-75.
+gandidjaalinba n.
+
+Sexual intercourse.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. MY-HH-480 U-M.1.1.
+ganggul n.
+Flank, rump, side of an animal.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+ganggulwara adj.
+Crooked, bent.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gangwari n.
+Dog (rare generic).
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-AH/JH.
+ganji n.
+Fire. Firewood.
+— ganji mudhuga-la-ga.
+— I made a fire just now.
+SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.2.2-43. U-RD-423. MY-HH-481.
+ganundhu- vt.
+Taste.
+SOURCE: B-P.253 JBes. U-M.2.2-79.
+garaambu- vi.
+
+Drown.
+— wanggan garaambu-l badha nguna.
+— A woman drowned in the creek.
+SOURCE: B-P.197 JBes. U-M.2.2-43.
+garaangalirr- vi.
+Turn away, turn back on.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.2.2-79.
+garal n.
+Fog.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+garalu n.
+Monkey.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. BB-JL-226.
+garamunda n.
+Flying fox.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+garanga- vt.
+Steal, pillage.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+55
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y garangadada n.
+Alcohol, grog.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. BB-JL-226.
+garanganganj n.
+Knife made from shell or stone.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+garawad n.
+Fish spear.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gardira- vt.
+Tear, rip.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+garganga- vt.
+Hold, carry in hands.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+gari n.
+Snake (generic).
+— wanggan-dha waranj-u gari dhana-n.
+
+— The woman’s child is eating snake.
+SOURCE: B-P.216 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422.
+gariba n.
+Flat-tailed mullet.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+garidba- vt.
+Lift, pick up.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+garidja n.
+Canoe.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-RD-423. U-M.1.1.
+garindja n.
+Youth.
+SOURCE: CCU.
+garn.ga n.
+Old woman.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+garnina adj.
+Bad.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH-481. BB-JL-226. JB-RD423 JB-G-12.
+garragadj adj.
+Slow.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+garragalambiwan adj. Empty.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+garraywaa nprop.
+Milky Way.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+garri n.
+Belly button.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+56
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+garrurr n.
+Bull ant.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+
+garu n.
+Snot.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-E.
+garudhan adj.
+Greedy.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+garuga- vt.
+Call out, shout.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-RD-420.
+garun n.
+Back of the neck, nape of the neck.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U/A-E.
+garungguba n.
+Pelican.
+SOURCE: B-P.254 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gawalgang n.
+Male; used for animals, not birds.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.2.105.
+gawan n.
+Bad spirit.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. BB-JL-225.
+gawanggal n.
+Honey.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gaway temp.
+Soon, by and by.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-RD-423.
+gaygan n.
+Arm.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM.1-255.
+gilwa n.
+Darkness.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gimbanya n.
+Blackfella man, Aboriginal man.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-RD-422.
+gubaa n.
+Stringybark.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gubar n.
+
+Red ochre.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-RD-421.
+gubi n.
+Small guard fish.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gubidja adj.
+Small; little.
+— gubidja waranganj njiinj.
+— That’s a small boomerang.
+SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-17 U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-135. U-M.1.2103.
+57
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y gubidjayanga n.
+Little toe.
+VARIANT: gubidja yuludha
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gudjarr n.
+Lagoon, small lake.
+
+— waba-ga banjawal gudjarr gumbawurr-wuran.
+— I’m going over the other side of the lagoon for koalas.
+SOURCE: B-P.208 JBes. U-M.2.2-147. U-M.2.2-146. DM-AM-1874-248.
+gudjaru n.
+Club, waddy.
+VARIANT: gudjaaru
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-RD-420.
+gugawal n.
+Wood.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gugiwan n.
+Disabled person, injured animal.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-RD-421.
+gugu n.
+Shoulder.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.1.3-276.
+gugunyal n.
+Kookaburra.
+VARIANT: gugunyaaru
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+
+gula- vt.
+Spear, impale with a spear, kill with a spear.
+— birriiwa gula-la-ga gungara njiinj.
+— I speared a possum.
+SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.2.2-14.
+gulaminjiin- vi.
+Run around.
+— baaba-dha gulaminji n dhugan-dha
+— Father is running around the hut.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48.
+gulungulu n.
+Thumb.
+SOURCE: B-P.255 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gumbaawar n.
+Koala.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gumbaraga n.
+Teal duck.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gumbari n.
+
+Shadow (of a tree).
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+58
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+gumbiira n.
+Spear, reeds.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gumburruuga n.
+Male possum.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gunama n.
+Snow; cold west wind.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-225.
+gunarug n.
+Wood duck.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gundhagundha adj.
+Clear; sparkling.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gundja n.
+Sore, blister.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gundja- vi.
+Roast (over fire).
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-RD-420.
+gundjama- vi.
+Sick, ill.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gundjiran n.
+Sirius, the constellation Canis Major. Also called the Greater Dog;
+which represents Orion’s larger hunting dog; and as
+such is commonly referred to as the ‘Dog Star’.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gundu n.
+Forehead.
+VARIANT: ngulu
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-225.
+gungaba- vi.
+
+Fall, fall down, drop.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1-72. U-M.2.2-76.
+gungala spat.
+The side of, next to, beside.
+— yuwinj gungala-dha mayi-n.
+— The man is sitting beside me.
+SOURCE: B-P.209 JBes. U-M.2.2-147.
+gungara n.
+Possum.
+— mara ngama-wu-gun gungara ngama-wu-yi-ngga.
+— I will give you fish and you will give me possum.
+SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.2.2-148 U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2. BB-JL-226.
+guni n.
+Faeces, anus, bowels, intestines.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+59
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y gunjung n.
+Black swan.
+
+VARIANT: gunju
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422.
+gunungama n.
+Alpha Orionis, Betelgeuse.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+guraaman n.
+Kurrajong, Illawarra flame tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+guraamanj n.
+Land yam.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+guraban n.
+Koala.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurabarr n.
+White box (tree).
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurabungari- vt.
+Frighten, scare.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+
+gurad n.
+Ground, dirt, soil.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. CCU.
+guradhu n.
+Brolga crane.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+guragura adj.
+Quick, fast.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+guragurr n.
+Short-nosed bandicoot.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+guranguran n.
+Lightning.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurarayga n.
+Brolga crane.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurawari n.
+Swan; likely to be white.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-RD-422.
+gurbungama n.
+Ribs of canoe.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurdgard n.
+Big frog.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+60
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+gurgul n.
+Bloodwood.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurgun n.
+Intestines, guts, bowels.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+guri n.
+Ear.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. MY-HH-480. BB-JL-225. U-RD-422.
+
+gurimbaga n.
+Magpie.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurlanj n.
+Locust.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurnamunya adj.
+Wrong.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurndiira n.
+Ironbark eucalyptus.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurngamba- vi.
+Sorry, be regretful.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+guruba- vi.
+Be afraid, be scared.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurubangamba- vi.
+Brave, courageous, ‘don’t be afraid’.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gurugama n.
+West wind.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-RD-421. U-RD-423. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-225.
+gurugundha- vt.
+Be afraid of, be scared of.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+gurumbu- vi.
+Go around, circle, orbit.
+— gurumbu-wa-ga bunbal-a.
+— I’m going round the tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.211 JBes. U-M.2.2-147.
+gurungadj n.
+Mythical character; large aquatic monster.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. SCL-M-1904-345.
+gururu adj.
+Female, used for animals.
+— gururu gunawur waranj-u dhana-ma-n djirawara.
+— The female koala’s young is eating leaves.
+SOURCE: B-P.198 JBes. U-M.2.2-44 U-M.1.1.
+
+61
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y guwinj n.
+Ghost, spirit of the dead.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. CCU.
+guwinjma- vt.
+Twist, wring.
+SOURCE: B-P.257 JBes. U-M.2.2-79.
+guya n.
+South.
+SOURCE: B-P.138 JBes.
+guyangal n.
+Southerner, ‘south belonging’.
+SOURCE: A-P.207 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-ULL/Bi-Bu1.
+guyari n.
+Brolga crane.
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-RD-422.
+guyudu adj.
+Cold.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-423.
+gwiyaala n.
+Stingaree (a species of stingray).
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+gwiyirrwurrwurr n.
+Curlew (bird).
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+62
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+m
+ma n.
+Fish.
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-RD-422.
+maaran n.
+Seagull.
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421.
+mabara n.
+Eye.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+mabumban spat.
+Nearby, close.
+SOURCE: B-P.120/B-P.258 JBes. U-M.2.2-46.
+madbu n.
+String bag; net bag.
+— djirabu-ga madbu-dhuga bunbal-a.
+— I’ll hang my bag on the tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-44.
+madhang adj.
+Strong.
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-RD-421.
+madhawarn n.
+Swamp mahogany.
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-RD-421. U-M.1.1.
+madjari n.
+Canoe.
+— baridbu-la-ga madjari gudjarr-a.
+— I came across the lagoon in a canoe.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.209 JBes. U-M.2.2-147 BB-JL-226. DM-AM-1874-256Ul /Bi-Bu1.
+U-BB-JL-225.
+maga n.
+Carpet snake.
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. BB-JL-225.
+mali inter.
+Why.
+— mali wabu-l-i.
+— Why did you go?
+SOURCE: B-P.200 JBes. U-M.2.2-47.
+malyan n.
+Eaglehawk.
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.2.106.
+mama kin.
+Elder sister.
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.2.2-39. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422.
+mamaadja n.
+Native cherry tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+
+mamang kin.
+Mother; mother’s sister; father’s brother’s wife.
+SOURCE: B-P.258 JBes. U-M.2.2-39. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422.
+63
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y mambi n.
+Eel.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes.
+mana n.
+Hand (commonly used).
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH-480. BB-JL-225. DM-AM.1255.
+manalinga num.
+Four.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. BB-JL-226.
+manawal num.
+Ten (commonly used).
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. BB-JL-226.
+mandarlu n.
+
+Boil, infected sore.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-RD-421.
+mandha n.
+Jaw.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+mandidja n.
+Meat.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. BB-JL-226.
+manduga n.
+Maggot.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-RD-421.
+mangara adj.
+Bad.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. BB-JL-225.
+mangga n.
+Fern.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421.
+mani kin.
+Mother.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-RD-422.
+
+manjamanja adj.
+Red.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+maraba n.
+Kangaroo.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. BB-JL-226.
+marandi- vt.
+Bring, carry along.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-75.
+marga n.
+Shield.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-C.1-35. U-RD-423.
+marindamu- vt.
+fetch, bring back something for someone.
+SOURCE: B-P.197 JBes. U-M.2.2-43.
+marlugudhaaga- Desire sexually.
+vt.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+64
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+marra n.
+Fish (generic).
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-226. UL-JL-266. JB-G-12.
+DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1.
+marrarr n.
+Spider.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421.
+marriya n.
+Emu.
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+maru- vi.
+Run.
+— wananga maru-l njalung.
+— Which of them ran here?
+SOURCE: B-P.194 JBes. U-M.2.2-22.
+maruga- vi.
+Live, be alive.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.259 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+mawaradj n.
+Squeaking tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-51.
+maya- vi.
+Sit.
+— wanggana manyanga nguna-ng dhugan-dha maya-ndu.
+— The she-eaglehawk is sitting on her nest.
+SOURCE: B-P.198 JBes. U-M.2.2-44.
+mayaaga kin.
+Younger brother.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+mayanda kin.
+Mother.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-RD-422. P.262 MY-HH-480.
+mayarmVga n.
+Fly.
+VARIANT: mayarmiga, mayarmaga, mayarmuga etc.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-RD-422. JB-C.1-15.
+mayawar kin.
+
+Son.
+SOURCE: CCU.
+mayi- vi.
+Sit; stay; live.
+— gungara mayi-n dhuladhula
+— The possum is sitting among the branches
+SOURCE: B-P.202 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-79. U-RD-423. BB-JL-226.
+midandhal num.
+One.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.2.2-36. U-M.2.2-55. BB-JL-226.
+midbawanj adj.
+Blind.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+65
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y midhagani n.
+Quoll, native cat.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes.
+miigurn n.
+
+Clitoris.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+miingga n.
+Grasstree.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+milidhu n.
+Boomerang shield.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+milumba adj.
+Sparkle, shine, shimmer.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-79.
+mina n.
+Finger.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-RD-420.
+mina- vt.
+Hold.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1.
+minga n.
+Mother.
+SOURCE: A-P.125 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+
+minja inter.
+What.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.2.2. U-M.1.1-56. BB-JL-226.
+minmirgun n.
+Eyebrow.
+SOURCE: B-P.260 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+mirdandhagu num. Once only, not repeated.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.2.2-47.
+miridjiga n.
+Long-nosed bandicoot, also the name of Canopus found in the
+constellation Carina ‘The Keel’.
+— yidhungurr-u murnawar-nu miridjiga nguma-n.
+— A woman gives a bandicoot to her daughter.
+SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-AH/JH. U-M.2.2-15.
+mirigang n.
+Dog (generic).
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-AM1. U-RD-422. U-C.1-11. BB-JL-226.
+miringama n.
+South wind.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-RD-421. MY-HH-481. U-M.1.1.
+
+mirribi n.
+Thunder.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+66
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+mirriwarr n.
+Sky.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+mubura- vi.
+Die.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-75.
+mudhuga- vt.
+Make, create.
+— ganji mudhuga-la-ga.
+— I made a fire just now.
+SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.2.2-7.
+mudj n.
+Friend.
+
+VARIANT: mudji
+SOURCE: CCU.
+mudjingaal nprop.
+Friend; spirit protector and guide.
+VARIANT: mudj mudji
+SOURCE: CCU.
+mula n.
+Louse.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+muladha n.
+Old woman.
+SOURCE: B-P.198 JBes. BB-JL-225.
+mumaga n.
+A smelly hairy short mythological creature with white fur.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-RD-422. SCL-M-1904-345.
+mundha n.
+Black snake.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.2.106. U-RD-421. DM-AM-1874-255.
+mundji n.
+Bum, rump.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+mundu- vt.
+Drink.
+— njinduwangala ngadju mundu-li-ngala.
+— He and I are drinking water.
+SOURCE: B-P.195 JBes. U-M.2.2-23.
+munduba n.
+Tomahawk made from stone.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-226.
+mundur adj.
+Heavy.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+mungala n.
+Cloud.
+VARIANT: munguru
+SOURCE: B-P.261/262 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-421. BB-JL-225.
+67
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y mungandhawara Two.
+
+num.
+SOURCE: B-P.261 JBes. U-M.2.2-36. U-M.2.2-55.
+munggura n.
+Home.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+munjamunja adj.
+Red.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.2.2-75.
+munyunga n.
+Eaglehawk.
+VARIANT: manyanga
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM1 DM-AM.1-255.
+mura n.
+Stone, testicle.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-RD-423.
+murandjanyan n.
+Shadow (of a man).
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+murawan- vi.
+Alive.
+
+VARIANT: muraawan
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+murdubura adj.
+Blunt.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+muriyira n.
+Whale.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+murnawal n.
+Hand.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.2.2-55.
+murnawar kin.
+Daughter.
+— yidhungurr-u murnawar-nu miridjiga nguma-n.
+— A woman gives a bandicoot to her daughter.
+SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.2.2-15. U-M.2.2-16. U-M.2.2-53.
+murnunggan kin.
+Younger sister.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+murrurn n.
+
+Bee.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+muru n.
+Abdomen.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+muruda n.
+Footprint.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-RD-422.
+68
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+muruguru n.
+Pubic hair.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+murumba n.
+Brown snake.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-RD-421.
+murun n.
+Blow-fly.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-RD-421.
+muryan n.
+Mist.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+muyulu n.
+Clever man.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+69
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+wyn
+naaga n.
+Fly.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+naaraa- vt.
+Bind, tie.
+SOURCE: B-P.262 JBes. U-M.2.2-75.
+nadba n.
+Knife, blade.
+VARIANT: nadhba, nadjba
+
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. A/U-E-91.
+nadjung kin.
+Grandmother, father’s mother.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. Y-AH1054/6a+b.
+naga- vt.
+See.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-RD-423.
+nambadja- vt.
+Catch.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.1.1-72.
+nanbanggara-ga
+Lame, disabled, injured.
+adj.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+nangga- vi.
+Sit, sit down.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.2.2-79.
+nangu- vi.
+Sleep, rest.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-RD-423.
+
+nanilu n.
+Musk duck.
+VARIANT: naniilu
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-RD-421.
+nanuma- vt.
+Know.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.2.2-72.
+naraawanj n.
+Helper, assistant for the Elders.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+narum n.
+Meat-based food.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-RD-423.
+nawa n.
+Heat, sun, day.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-C.1-37. U-M.1.1. U-C.1-25 U-RD-423. JBC.1-27.
+nawan- adj.
+Hot.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+
+70
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+niluga n.
+Mosquito.
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-RD-422.
+niraguwin adj.
+Deaf.
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-RD-421.
+nirini- vt.
+Come down, climb down, head down.
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-RD-420.
+nugurr n.
+Nose, beak.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-C.1-21. U-RD-422. JB-G-11.
+numbula- vt.
+Kiss.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+nunga- vi.
+
+Weep, cry.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. U-RD-420. DM-AM-1878:269JB-GY.
+nunganung adj.
+Female, used for animals.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.2.105.
+nunggurr n.
+Back of the neck, nape of the neck.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+nurridj n.
+Umbilical cord.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+71
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y ng
+ngabunaa n.
+Female breast.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.1.1-68.
+ngadjili- vi.
+
+Laugh.
+SOURCE: B-P.263 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. U-M.1.1-72.
+ngadju n.
+Water or fresh water.
+VARIANT: ngadjung
+— njinduwangala ngadju mundu-li-ngala.
+— He and I are drinking water.
+SOURCE: B-P.195 JBes. U-C.1-7 U-RD-420/423. U-HH-481. BB-JL225.
+ngalaga spat.
+Left, on the left of.
+SOURCE: B-P.215 JBes. U-M.2.2-152.
+ngama- vt.
+Give.
+— mara ngama-wu-gun gungara ngama-wu-yi-ngga
+— I will give you fish and you will give me possum.
+SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.1.1-58. U-M.2.2-76. U-M.2.2-16. DM-AM253. DM-AM-265. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. DM-AM-1878:271WAND/NO-TU.
+ngaminjang n.
+Female breast, breastmilk.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. DM-AM.1-255. U-M.1.1. U-RD-423. JB-C.1-7.
+JB-G-12.
+nganayu n.
+Tooth, teeth.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-C.1-23. U-RD-423.
+ngandhawar n.
+Mountain ash tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+nganing n.
+Neck.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY.
+ngara- vi.
+Hear.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. U-M.1.1-72.
+ngaral n.
+Black cockatoo.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-RD-421.
+ngarambilil- vt.
+Drop out of hand, scatter.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+
+ngaranggal n.
+Woman.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.1.2-106. U-M.1.2-105.
+ngarawan n.
+East, distant sea.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM-1878-271-WAND/NO-TU.
+72
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+ngarn n.
+Place, location.
+— dhugan-da ngarn-din wabi-wa-nga.
+— We are going from the camp.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48 U-M.2.2-41.
+ngarri n.
+Leg.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. BB-JL-225.
+ngarri n.
+Shin.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. BB-JL-225.
+ngawal n.
+White cockatoo.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422.
+ngawu n.
+Blood.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U/A-E.
+ngay part.
+Yes.
+SOURCE: B-P.264 JBes. U-C.1-39/U-RD-423. U-M.2.2-150. BB-JL225. JB-G-12.
+UL-JL-226.
+ngayaga pro.
+I (first person singular subject).
+— djamaga ngayaga.
+— I am good.
+SOURCE: A-P.187 U-RD-423. DM-M.2.6-29. U-M.2.2-7. DM-AM1878:269-JB-GY.
+DM-AM-1878-271-WAND/NO-TU.
+ngayawanga pro. We three or more, not including you (first
+person plural exclusive subject).
+
+VARIANT: ngaywinga
+SOURCE: A-P.226 JBes.
+ngayawangala We two, not including you (first person dual
+exclusive subject).
+pro.
+SOURCE: A-P.226 JBes.
+ngayawanj pro.
+We three or more, including you. (first person plural inclusive
+subject).
+— djamaga-mbanj ngayawanj.
+— We are all good.
+SOURCE: A-P.226/B-P.188 JBes. U-M.2.2-7.
+ngayawung pro. We two, including you. (first person dual
+inclusive subject).
+SOURCE: A-P.226 JBes.
+ngaylugu n.
+Mosquito.
+SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-42.
+nginbaga phr.
+I don’t know.
+SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-RD-423.
+
+73
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y ngubulinj n.
+Heat.
+SOURCE: B-P.256 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+ngudba- vi.
+Go into, be submerged in (e.g. water).
+— ngadju ngudba-ga.
+— I’m going into the water.
+SOURCE: B-P.211 JBes. U-M.2.2-148.
+nguma- vt.
+Give.
+— yidhungurr-u murnawar-nu miridjiga nguma-n.
+— A woman gives a bandicoot to her daughter.
+SOURCE: B-P.191 JBes. U-M.1.1-72. U-M.2.2-75.
+ngumbudhaa- vt. Like, love.
+SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1-72.
+ngumung n.
+Knee.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM-1878-271-WAND/NO-TU.
+JB-G-12.
+nguna spat.
+In, between, in among.
+— buru nguna bunbal-wara.
+— The kangaroo is between two trees.
+SOURCE: B-P.197/B-P.218 JBes. U-M.2.2-43 U-M.1.1-59.
+ngunarungura- Be jealous.
+vi.
+SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+ngundaga adj.
+Thirsty.
+SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-RD-423.
+ngundhu- vt.
+Drink, suck.
+— ngadju ngundhu-lu-ga.
+— I am going to drink it.
+SOURCE: B-P.203 JBes. U-M.2.2-79. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.1.1. DM-AM253. U-M.2.2-46. U-M.2.2-42.
+ngura n.
+Camp, nest, hut.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.2.106.
+ngurdu ngurdu n. Nostril.
+SOURCE: B-P.265 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+ngurlwan n.
+Droplet (of liquid).
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+ngurnda adj.
+Black.
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.2.2-75.
+ngurungaru n.
+Day.
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+74
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+nh
+nhaga- vi.
+Fly, soar.
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+
+nhaway temp.
+Today.
+— dhambamu-la-ga biragang-gudhu buru djingandi ban.guri-dji
+nhaway.
+— I saw a bigger kangaroo on the hill today.
+SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.2.2-47. U-M.2.2-17.
+nhuruubabaa n.
+Mud.
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+75
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y nj
+nja- vt.
+See.
+— nja-la-ga wanggan djiin.
+— I saw a woman.
+SOURCE: B-P.193/B-P.266 JBes. U-M.2.2-22. U-M.2.2-77.
+njaagarn adj.
+Sharp, pointy.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+njama- vt.
+Give.
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.1.8-60.
+njanadha dem.
+There; that.
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-M.2.2-46.
+njariwang n.
+Thunder.
+SOURCE: B-P.266 JBes. U-AH/JH.
+njiindjilan spat.
+This side of, on the side closest to the speaker.
+— yuwinj njiindji-lan bunbal-a.
+— The man is on this side of the tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.208 JBes. U-M.2.2-146 U-M.2.2-147.
+njiinj dem.
+This; here.
+— gubidja waranganj njiinj.
+— That’s a small boomerang.
+SOURCE: B-P.192 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-46. DM-M.2.6-27.
+
+njinmula- vt.
+Pinch, squeeze.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+njirinj n.
+Grass cuttings.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+njirra n.
+Fish hawk.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+njiru- vi.
+Go down, descend, move downwards.
+— njiru-wa-ga bun.garri.
+— I am going down the hil .
+SOURCE: B-P.218 JBes. U-M.1.1-59.
+njun dem.
+There; that.
+— gungara njun ngayaga-nggul.
+— That is my possum.
+SOURCE: B-P.190 JBes. U-M.2.2-14 U-M.2.2-148.
+njungga- vi.
+
+Cry, sob.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.2.2-75.
+76
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+njunil dem.
+This place/location.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+njurgun n.
+Bullrush.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+77
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+wyw
+waadhu n.
+Skin.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-423. MY-HH-480.
+waagura n.
+
+Crow.
+— yuwinj-dji waagura binga-la waranganj-dji.
+— A man threw a boomerang at a crow.
+SOURCE: B-P.183 JBes. U-RD-422. U-M.2.2-36. U-M.1.1. U-AH/JH.
+waanhal adj.
+Ripe.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+waari n.
+Paddle, oar.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+waba- vi.
+Go.
+— biyan birribanj-buran waba-n
+— Your father is going after an emu.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-226. U-M.2.2-48. UL-JL-226.
+wabandi- vt.
+Take, go away with.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+wadha inter.
+Where.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. DM-AM.1-248. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1.
+DM-AM.1.
+U-M.2.2-46. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. DM-AM-1878-271-WAND/NOTU. DM-AM-B#1. DM-AM-B#2.
+wadhan n.
+Grass (generic).
+— wanggan-a buru warranj-u wadhan dhana-n.
+— The she-kangaroo’s young one is eating grass.
+SOURCE: B-P.196 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-43. BB-JL-225.
+wadhanagarr
+Female dog (bitch).
+wangganmaaru SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.2.2.
+n.
+wadhangarr n.
+Dog.
+— wadhangarr-a badha-l njiinj gungara.
+— The dog kil ed the possum.
+SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2. U-M.2.2-14. U-M.2.2-38. UM.2.2-41.
+U-M.1.1-52. U-M.2.2-45. U-M.2.2-46.
+wadhiin nprop.
+
+King Merriman’s name, meaning ‘point of land’.
+SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-AH/JH.
+wagal n.
+Black bream.
+SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+78
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+wagurr n.
+Carpet snake.
+SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-RD-421.
+wala- vi.
+Run, jog.
+— wala-ya-n dhugan-a djalung.
+— He runs wel .
+SOURCE: B-P.200 JBes. U-M.2.2-77. U-RD-420. U-M.2.2-45. U-M.2.246.
+U-M.2.2-48. U-M.1.1.
+walarr n.
+
+Head.
+SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.1.2-106.
+walawaani phr.
+‘Safe journey.’ A greeting used in meeting and/or parting.
+SOURCE: CCU.
+wali- vi.
+Return, come back, give back.
+— wali-mba-wa-nj njalundjil.
+— We will come back here.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. U-M.2.2-48.
+walimbura n.
+Shark.
+SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+wambaara n.
+Black duck.
+SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-RD-422. U-AH/JH. U-M.1.1. BB-JL-226.
+wambur adj.
+Stupid.
+SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+wana- vi.
+
+Leave, exit, leave something be, drop a topic of conversation.
+SOURCE: B-P.268 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. DM-AM-1877:269-JB-GY. DMAM-1874:256-Ul /Bi-Bu1.
+wananga inter.
+Who.
+— wananga-lul njiinj.
+— Who is this for?
+SOURCE: A-P.196 DM-M.2.2-8. DM-M.2.6-28. DM-M.1.8-60. U-RD-423.
+U-M.2.2-22. U-M.1.1-56.
+wanda part.
+Perhaps, maybe.
+— bunbal ganji wanda djamaru-ga
+— Perhaps I will take some wood.
+SOURCE: B-P.189 JBes. U-M.2.2-7.
+wandaya n.
+Bark vessel for carrying water.
+SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-RD-421.
+79
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y wandhu-vi.
+Crawl, move around on hands and knees.
+— wandhu-wa-n bidhu.
+— He will crawl up the mountain.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48.
+wandung inter.
+When.
+SOURCE: A-P.220 JBes.
+wanggaadi nprop. Pleiades; a star cluster also known as the
+Seven. Sisters and Messier 45.
+SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+wanggaali n.
+Kangaroo rat; potoroo.
+SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+wanggan n.
+Aboriginal woman, young woman.
+— wanggan-dha dhugan-u njiinj.
+— There is the woman’s hut.
+SOURCE: A-P.195 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-422. U-M.2.2-17. U-M.2.2-43.
+U-M.2.2-44.
+
+U-M.2.2-48.
+wangganmana Female, used for animals.
+adj.
+SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+wara adj.
+Dead.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM-B#2. DM-AM-1878:269. UM.2.2-75.
+U-RD-423.
+wara vi.
+Die.
+SOURCE: B-P.267 JBes. U-M.1.1. DM-AM-B#2. DM-AM-1878:269. UM.2.2-75.
+U-RD-423.
+wara- vi.
+Jump, leap.
+SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-RD-420.
+waraawara n.
+String; fishing line.
+SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+waradaga- vi.
+
+Jump, leap.
+SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.2.2-76. U-RD-420.
+waragadhaan adj. Deaf.
+SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+waram kin.
+Husband’s son; husband’s brother’s son; sister’s son; wife’s son.
+SOURCE: B-P.269 JBes. Y-AH1054/6ab.
+80
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+waranganj n.
+Boomerang.
+— wananga-gal waranganj njiin.
+— Whose boomerang is that?
+SOURCE: A-P.207 U-M.1.1. U-RD-423. U-M.2.2-135. U-M.2.2-22. DMM.2.6-28.
+DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. U-M.2.2-14.
+waranj n.
+Small child, small boy, baby (human or animal).
+
+— gururu gunawur waranj-u dhana-ma-n djirawara.
+— The female koala’s young is eating leaves.
+SOURCE: A-P.197 U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-44. U-RD-422. U-M.2.2-45. BBJL-225. DM-AM-1878:269-JB-GY. DM-AM-B#1. U-M.2.2-43. U-M.2.246. U-M.2.2-47. U-M.1.1-53. U-M.2.2-148. DM-M.2.6-28.
+warawandjar- vi.
+Spread.
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.2.2-79.
+wardaalimala- vt. Seek, look for.
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.2.2-77.
+wari n.
+Old man.
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-RD-422.
+waridba- vi.
+Play, do an entertaining activity.
+SOURCE: B-P.210 JBes. U-M.2.2-147.
+warigal n.
+Wild dog; dingo.
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-AH/JH. Loanword from
+Wiradjuri or other language.
+warigala n.
+
+Mullet (fish).
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-RD-420. U-AH/JH.
+warigamban temp. Distant, long time in past or future.
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+warlu n.
+Chin, beard.
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1-68. MY-HH-480.
+warnadha phr.
+Let go.
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+warrabugan n.
+Whiting (fish).
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+warri adj.
+Grey.
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+81
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y wayalad n.
+
+Black cockatoo.
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+wiling n.
+Lip.
+SOURCE: B-P.270 JBes. U-M.1.1. MY-HH-480. BB-JL-225.
+wulaga n.
+Tree bark.
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-RD-423.
+wulimbura n.
+Shark.
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-RD-421.
+wumbalwara n.
+River oak.
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+wumura n.
+Spear thrower; woomera.
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+wuraambin n.
+Guard fish.
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+
+wurawura adj.
+White.
+VARIANT: wuurawuura, warrawarra
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. U-M.1.1.
+82
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+y
+ya conj.
+And. Used to join sentences when they have different subjects.
+SOURCE: B-P.305 JBes. CCU. Loanword from Dharrawal.
+yaala n.
+Red gum.
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yabandjaaga- Make, create.
+vt.
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yabin.gi adj.
+Lean, thin, skinny.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yabu- vi.
+Inquire, ask.
+— njin-dju-waraga Dhalbu Dhalbu ngarn-din yabu-la.
+— These people came from Tilba.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-RD-420.
+yabuda n.
+Calf of leg.
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-RD-420.
+yabundja- vt.
+Cut out, carve (boomerangs).
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.2.2-42. U-M.2.2-76.
+yagun temp.
+Then, introduces an action that occurs after another action.
+SOURCE: A-P.228 JBes.
+yagunadha adj.
+Right.
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yalangbaradha Five.
+num.
+
+VARIANT: yaalangbaradha
+SOURCE: B-P.271 JBes. BB-JL-266.
+yambagan n.
+Fern tree.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-RD-421.
+yana- vi.
+Walk, go, come.
+VARIANT: yanaga, yanuga
+— yana-la-ga dhugan-dha-dha.
+— I came to the camp.
+SOURCE: A-P.191 DM-AM.1-248. DM-AM-1874-256-Ul /Bi-Bu1. UM.1.1. U-RD-423.
+yandabal n.
+Girl.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.1.2-102. U-RD-421.
+yangan- vi.
+Swim.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.2.2-79.
+83
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y yangga-vi.
+Sing.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.2.2-79.
+yara- vt.
+Throw, throw a spear or boomerang.
+SOURCE: B-P.201 JBes. U-M.2.2-48.
+yaradba- vi.
+Fly over (of birds). fly over a place.
+— waagura yaradba-n ngungay.
+— A crow flies over the flat.
+SOURCE: B-P.210 JBes. U-M.2.2-147.
+yaradirawal
+The day after the day after tomorrow; in three days.
+temp.
+VARIANT: yaradi rawal
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.2.2-47.
+yaraman n.
+Horse.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. BB-JL-226. DM-AM.1-255.
+
+yaran n.
+Beard.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yaranbul n.
+Platypus.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-RD-421.
+yarin n.
+Chin.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. MY-HH-480.
+yarungarn adj.
+Long.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yawa- vi.
+Speak, talk.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1. U-M.2.2-79.
+yaway phr.
+‘Come here!’
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.2.2-75. BB-JL-226. U-RD-423.
+yawiya n.
+Myrtle.
+
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yiburr n.
+Nut of the burrawang.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yidbu- vi.
+Be tired.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yidhalama- vi.
+Hungry.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+84
+
+b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj w y / 8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH
+DICTIONARY
+yidhungurr n.
+Woman that has children.
+— yidhungurr-u murnawar-nu miridjiga nguma-n.
+— A woman gives a bandicoot to her daughter.
+SOURCE: A-P.300 JBes. U-M.2.2-15. U-M.2.2-43. U-M.1.1-5.
+yidjima- vt.
+
+Do it, do something.
+SOURCE: B-P.212 JBes. U-M.2.2-148.
+yilaga- vi.
+Rejoice, be happy.
+SOURCE: B-P.272 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+yili- vt.
+Carry.
+— yuwinj yili-n ngadju badha.
+— The man brings water from the waterhole.
+SOURCE: B-P.206 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yimar adj.
+Female, used for kangaroo.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yinal narawan n. Plains, flat country.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. BB-JL-226.
+yindiga pro.
+You singular, used after a consonant (second person singular
+subject).
+VARIANT: njindiga (after a vowel)
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-WR.4. JB-C.1-41. U-RD-423.
+
+yindiwan pro.
+You three or more, used after a consonant (second person plural
+subject).
+VARIANT: njindiwan (after a vowel)
+SOURCE: A-P.226 JBes.
+yindiwu pro.
+You two, used after a consonant (second person dual subject).
+VARIANT: njindiwu (after a vowel)
+SOURCE: A-P.226 JBes.
+yinul n.
+Lining of canoe.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yira n.
+Tooth, teeth.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-C.1-23. U-RD-423. MY-HH-480; BB-JL225.
+yiragala n.
+Seal.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-RD-421.
+yiriba- vi.
+Go inside, enter (an enclosed space). Set, go down (of the sun).
+
+VARIANT: yiribu
+— yiribu-wa-ga buran njun.
+— I’m going inside that cave.
+SOURCE: B-P.197/P.211 JBes. U-M.2.2-43 U-M.2.2-148.
+85
+
+8 / DHURGA TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY / b d dh dj g m n ng nh nj
+w y yiribini n.
+Evening, night.
+SOURCE: A-P.273 JBes. U-M.2.2-47.
+yiridbu- vt.
+Go through, pass through.
+— yiridbu-la-ga dhumul-a.
+— I went through the scrub.
+SOURCE: B-P.209 JBes. U-M.2.2-147.
+yirimbaagun n. Jew fish.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yirinbul n.
+Wood duck.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-RD-422.
+
+yiringga- vi.
+Be glad, be happy.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yuga inter.
+How, I don’t know.
+— yuga nanama-n-i
+— How do you know?
+SOURCE: A-P.200 U-M.2.2-48.
+yulu n.
+Finger, fingernail.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yuna- vt.
+Keep.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.2.2-76.
+yuraga n.
+Sun.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. UL-JL-266.
+yurang n.
+Young man.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. BB-JL-225.
+
+yurdubaaga n.
+Erect penis.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yuri- vt.
+Hit, kill.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.2-106.
+yuwindja nprop.
+Orion’s Belt, the stars Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka in the
+constellation of Orion.
+SOURCE: B-P.273 JBes. U-M.1.1.
+yuwinj n.
+Man, Aboriginal people of NSW South Coast.
+— djamu-ga djiin yuwinj
+— I’m going to speak to that man
+SOURCE: B-P.200 JBes. U-M.1.2.105 U-M.2.2-42. DM-M.2.6-29. DMAM.1-254.
+JB-C.1-9.
+86
+9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER
+big frog n. gurdgard.
+a
+
+big toe n. biraga yuludha.
+abdomen n. muru.
+bind vt. naaraa-.
+afraid vi. guruba-.
+bird n. budjan (generic).
+afraid of vt. gurugundha-.
+bitch (female dog) n. wadhanagarr
+alcohol n. garangadada.
+wangganmaaru.
+alive vi. murawan-, maruga-.
+bite vt. badha-, bundha-.
+allow suf. -ya (attaches to the verb).
+black adj. ngurnda, burawara.
+Alpha Orionis nprop. gunungama.
+black bream n. wagal.
+and conj. ba (used to join sentences when black cockatoo n.
+ngaral, wayalad.
+they have the same subject), ya (used to
+black duck n. djabadj, wambaara.
+join sentences when they have different
+
+black snake n. mundha.
+subjects).
+black swan n. gunjung.
+angry adj. djaadjularan.
+blanket n. djinaabli, biidja.
+answer vi. buraali-.
+blind adj. midbawanj.
+arm n. gaygan.
+blister n. gundja, bubul.
+armpit n. gadjigung.
+blood n. djiraali, ngawu.
+ask vt. ganaya-.
+bloodwood n. gurgul.
+assistant n. naraawanj.
+blow-fly n. murun.
+at suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that blunt adj.
+murdubura.
+something or someone is in/at/on it).
+boil n. mandarlu.
+away from suf. -din (motion away from a
+
+boomerang n. waranganj, badhawal.
+place or object).
+bottom of the foot n. dhanadha.
+branch n. dhuladhula.
+brave vi. gurubangamba-.
+b
+break vt. gambuladja-.
+back n. barlga.
+bream n. burumayal.
+bad adj. mangara, garnina.
+breast n. ngabunaa.
+bad spirit n. gababa, gawan.
+breastmilk n. ngaminjang.
+bag n. biyay.
+bring vt. marandi-.
+bandicoot n. birdhuulay.
+bring back vt. marindamu-.
+beak n. nugurr.
+brolga (slate crane) n. guradhu, galu,
+beard n. yaran, warlu.
+
+gurarayga, guyari.
+bee n. murrurn.
+brother in law kin. djambi.
+before temp. dhaba.
+brown hawk n. biburnungga.
+behind spat. barlga.
+brown snake n. murumba.
+belly button n. garri.
+build vt. djinjama-.
+belong to suf. -nggul (attaches to a noun).
+bull ant n. garrurr.
+between spat. nguna.
+bullrush n. njurgun.
+big adj. biraga.
+bum n. mundji.
+87
+9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER
+burn vt. ganama-.
+continue to suf. -mba (attaches to the verb to burrawang n.
+banggawu.
+
+indicate continued action).
+burrawang nut n. yiburr.
+cook vt. ganama-.
+bush n. gabi, barraar.
+coolamon n. bun.gali, wandaya.
+by suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that cormorant n.
+binyaaru.
+something or someone is in/at/on/near it).
+corroboree n. bunaan.
+cover up vt. barimu-.
+crab n. dhuril.
+c
+crawl vi. wandhu-.
+crayfish n. birruwa.
+cabbage tree n. dharrawa.
+creek n. badha.
+calf (of leg) n. djabur, yabuda.
+crooked adj. ganggulwara.
+call out vt. garuga-.
+crow n. waagura.
+
+camp n. dhugan (common use), ngura.
+cry vi. njungga-, nunga-.
+canoe n. madjari (common use), garidja.
+cup n. bangli.
+carpet snake n. maga, wagurr.
+curlew n. gwiyirrwurrwurr.
+carry vt. yili-, garganga-.
+cut vt. dharaganja-.
+catch vt. nambadja-, dhabaga- (catch an
+animal).
+cave n. buran.
+d
+centipede n. dhaadjar.
+charcoal n. dhumbaa.
+dad kin. baaba (common use), baying, biyan, child n. waranj.
+baanga.
+chin n. yarin, warlu.
+darkness n. gilwa.
+cigarette n. bunda.
+daughter kin. murnawar.
+
+clear adj. gundhagundha.
+day n. ngurungaru, nawa.
+clever man n. bagiindj.
+day after tomorrow temp. buraagawalin.
+clever woman n. bagiindj.
+dead adj. wara.
+climb vi. galawa-.
+deaf adj. niraguwin, waragadhaan.
+clitoris n. miigurn.
+death adder n. bubugurning.
+close (in space) spat. mabumban.
+desire (sexually) vt. marlugudhaaga-.
+close (in time) temp. bala.
+dew n. djingiya.
+clothing n. dadha.
+die vi. mubura-, wara-.
+cloud n. mungala.
+dingo, wild dog n. warigal.
+club n. bundhi, gudjaru, bangadjan.
+dirt n. gurad, bagan.
+
+cold n. dhagarr.
+dirty adj. burlgunj.
+cold east wind n. biwaawa.
+disabled adj. nanbanggaraga.
+cold west wind n. gunama.
+disabled person n. gugiwan.
+collect vt. djamaru-.
+do vt. yidjima-.
+come vt. yana-.
+dog n. wadhangarr (common use), mirigang
+come across vt. baridbu- (cross something in (generic), gangwari
+(rare generic), warigal
+the direction of the speaker).
+(wild dog).
+come down vt. nirini-.
+dog (female, bitch) n. wadhangarr,
+come here phr. yaway.
+wangganmaaru.
+88
+9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER
+
+drink vt. ngundhu-, mundu-.
+female dog, bitch n. wadhanagarr
+drop vt. gungaba-.
+wangganmaaru.
+droplet n. ngurlwan.
+fern n. mangga.
+drown vi. garaambu-.
+fetch vt. marindamu-.
+dust n. balirr.
+fight vt. gambadja-.
+fighting hook n. badhawal.
+e
+finger n. mina, yulu.
+fingernail n. yulu.
+each other suf. -ndjali.
+fire n. ganji.
+eaglehawk n. malyan, munyunga.
+firestick n. dundhun.
+ear n. guri.
+firewood n. ganji.
+
+earth n. bagan.
+fish n. marra (common use), ma, mina.
+east n. ngarawan.
+fish hawk n. njirra.
+east wind n. djirindjiring.
+fish hook n. dhuula.
+eat vi. dhana-.
+fisherman jack n. birimbamin.
+echidna n. djinug, ganagubadh.
+fishing line n. waraawara, djabag (a phrase echo n.
+bariwariganyan.
+meaning ‘throw the fishing line’).
+eel n. barra, mambi.
+fishing spear n. garawad.
+egg n. gabaanu.
+elbow n. dhurliing.
+five num. mana (common use), murnawal,
+elder brother kin. dhadha.
+yalangbaradha.
+elder sister kin. mama.
+
+flank n. ganggul.
+empty adj. garragalambiwan.
+flat adj. bilwurr.
+emu n. birribanj (common use), marriya.
+flat country n. yinal narawan.
+evening n. yiribini.
+flat tailed mullet n. gariba.
+eye n. mabara.
+flathead n. dhagala.
+eyebrow n. minmirgun.
+fly n. mayarmVga, naaga.
+flying fox n. garamunda.
+f
+fog n. garal.
+footprint n. bardju, muruda.
+faeces n. guni.
+for suf. -buran (for the purpose of, put on a fall vi. gungaba-.
+noun), -gul (on behalf of, put on a noun).
+far away spat. djinalibura.
+forehead n. gundu.
+
+fast adj. buwambay, buyi, guragura.
+forest oak n. bila.
+fat n. biwan.
+four num. djiriibawal djiriibawal (common father kin. baaba
+(common use), baying,
+use), manalinga.
+biyan, baanga.
+friend n. mudj, mudjingaal.
+father’s brother’s son kin. dhadha.
+frighten vt. gurabungari-.
+father’s brother’s wife kin. mamang.
+frost n. dhagadj.
+feet n. dhana.
+female (animal) adj. gururu, wangganmana, full adj.
+dhudbandhul.
+nunganung.
+further away spat. djinadha (over there, in the female (kangaroo)
+adj. yimar.
+distance).
+89
+9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER
+
+hear vi. ngara-.
+g
+heat n. bagaranj, ngubulinj, nawa.
+geebung tree n. babadhal.
+heavy adj. mundur.
+get up vi. biinda-.
+heel n. dunggul.
+girl n. yandabal.
+her (bound possessive) pro. -u.
+give vt. ngama- (common use, VARIANT:
+here dem. njiinj.
+nguma-), njama-.
+hill n. bun.garri.
+go vi. waba-, yana-.
+his (bound possessive) pro. -u.
+go along vi. balawu-.
+hit vt. bayi- (common use), yuri-.
+go around vi. gurumbu-.
+hold vt. mina-, garganga- (carry in hands).
+go down vi. njiru-.
+
+hole n. gagurr.
+go inside vi. yiriba- (enter, also used to home n. munggura.
+mean set e.g. sunset).
+honey n. gawanggal.
+go into vi. ngudba-.
+honeysuckle n. baabirr.
+horse n. yaraman.
+go over vt. badba-.
+hot adj. nawan-.
+go through vt. yiridbu-.
+how inter. yuga.
+go up vi. dhalibawa-.
+hungry vi. yidhalama-.
+goanna n. burnaaga.
+hunting spear n. birriiwa.
+good adj. djamaga.
+husband’s brother’s son kin. waram.
+grandmother kin. bayunga (mother’s
+husband’s son kin. waram.
+mother), nadjung (father’s mother).
+
+hut n. dhugan (common use), ngura.
+grass n. wadhan (generic).
+grass cuttings n. njirinj.
+grass tree n. miingga.
+i
+great white shark n. daarlawan.
+greedy adj. garudhan.
+I (bound subject) pro. -ga.
+grey adj. djilawaray, warri.
+I (stand-alone) pro. ngayaga.
+ground n. gurad, bagan.
+I don’t know phr. nginbaga, dhagayil, yuga.
+grow vi. dhuri-.
+impale vt. gula-.
+guard fish n. wuraambin.
+in suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that gully n. gagurr.
+something or someone is in/at/on it).
+in front spat. bindji.
+in order to suf. -ri (attaches to the verb).
+h
+
+intestines n. gurgun (common use), guni.
+ironbark eucalyptus n. gurndiira.
+hail n. dhundala.
+its (bound possessive) suf. -u.
+hair n. djawur.
+hairy man (mythical creature) n. dulagaal, mumaga.
+j
+hand n. mana (common use), murnawal.
+hang up vt. djirabu- (common use),
+jagged spear n. gama.
+dhangga-.
+jaw n. mandha.
+happy, rejoice vi. yilaga-, yiringga-.
+jealous vi. ngunarungura-.
+head n. gabaanu (common use), walarr.
+jew fish n. yirimbaagun.
+90
+9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER
+jew lizard n. djaraagar.
+like, love vt. ngumbudhaa-.
+
+jump vi. waradaga- (common use), wara-.
+lillypilly tree n. galungara.
+lining of canoe n. yinul.
+lips n. wiling.
+k
+little toe n. gubidjayanga.
+kangaroo n. buru (most likely eastern grey), live vi. mayi-,
+maruga-.
+maraba.
+lizard n. bangawu (generic).
+kangaroo rat n. wanggaali.
+location n. ngarn.
+keep vt. yuna-.
+locust n. gurlanj.
+kick vt. burdulu-.
+long adj. yarungarn.
+kidney n. djibVr.
+long-nosed bandicoot n. miridjiga.
+kill vt. gambadja- (common use), bayi-, yuri-, long time ago temp.
+warigamban.
+bilyaguwin-.
+
+look at vt. dhumbama-.
+King Merriman nprop. wadhiin.
+look for vt. wardaalimala-.
+kiss vt. numbula-.
+lose vt. dhunbanga-.
+knee n. ngumung.
+louse n. mula.
+knife n. nadba, garanganganj (made from
+love, like vt. ngumbudhaa-.
+shell or stone).
+lumpy ground n. buubundhaaga.
+know vt. nanuma-.
+lyrebird n. djagula.
+koala n. gumbaawar, guraban.
+kookaburra n. gugunyal.
+kurrajong (Illawarra flame tree) n.
+m
+guraaman
+maggot n. manduga.
+magpie n. gurimbaga.
+
+l
+make vt. djinjama-, djinama-, mudhuga(used with ganji to mean ‘make a fire’),
+lagoon n. gudjarr.
+yabandjaaga-.
+land yam n. guraamanj.
+make (a boomerang) vt. yabundja-.
+late adj. gaariin.
+make happen suf. -ma (attaches to the
+laugh vi. ngadjili-.
+verb to indicate that someone is causing
+learn vt. ganandhimila-.
+someone else to do the action).
+leave vi. wana- (leave, exit, but also drop a male (animal) adj.
+biyanhung.
+topic in conversation), waba-.
+male (bird) adj. banhung.
+leaves n. djirawara.
+male animal n. gawalgang.
+left spat. ngalaga.
+
+male cousin kin. dhadha.
+leg n. ngarri (also shin), buyu (shine bone).
+male koala n. barrunda.
+let suf. -ya (attaches to the verb).
+male possum n. gumburruuga.
+let go of vt. ngarambilil-.
+let go! phr. warnadha.
+man n. gimbanya.
+light n. binin.gala (both sunlight and
+many num. dhawamalanj
+moonlight).
+many suf. -baraga (plural marker, attaches light (weight) adj.
+birrabirra.
+to a noun to indicate there are more than
+lightning n. guranguran.
+two of them, used only after a consonant),
+91
+9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER
+-waraga (after a vowel or rr), -mbaraga
+my (bound possessive) pro. -dha (if
+
+(after a vowel or ng)
+possessed thing cannot be given away e.g.
+marrow n. gamba.
+body parts or kin), -dhuga (if possessed
+masturbation n. gadagadabalin.
+thing can be given away e.g. tools or
+maybe part. wanda.
+shelter).
+me (bound object) pro. -ngga.
+my head n. gabamanga.
+meat n. mandidja.
+myrtle n. yawiya.
+meat-based food n. narum.
+middle spat. baru.
+n
+Milky Way nprop. garraywaa.
+mine (bound possessive) pro. -dha (if
+native cat n. midhagani.
+possessed thing cannot be given away e.g.
+native cherry tree n. mamaadja.
+
+body parts or kin), -dhuga (if possessed
+native peppermint n. barrumbarra.
+thing can be given away e.g. tools or
+native quail n. burrburran.
+shelter).
+neck n. nganing, gami, garun (back of neck), mist n. muryan.
+nunggurr (back of neck).
+money n. gaandi.
+nest n. ngura.
+monkey n. garalu.
+never suf. -ngamba (attaches to the verb).
+moon n. dhawara.
+next to spat. gungala.
+more of suf. -gudhu (attaches to an adjective night n. yiribini,
+dhawara.
+to describe having more of a quality than
+no part. dhagayil.
+another thing or person).
+non–meat-based food n. dhanga.
+morning n. bumulaga.
+
+north east wind n. baliya.
+Moruya nprop. place name, said to mean
+nose n. nugurr.
+‘where the water is crossable by foot’.
+nostril n. ngurdu ngurdu.
+mosquito n. niluga, ngaylugu.
+most suf. -gudha (attached to an adjective o
+to describe the highest amount of that
+quality).
+octopus n. djungga.
+mother kin. minga (common use), mamang,
+old man n. gamara (common use), bidjaya,
+mani, mayanda, gaanga (woman who has
+wari.
+lost children), yidhungurr (woman that had
+old woman n. muladha (common use),
+children).
+garn.ga.
+mother’s sister kin. mamang.
+
+on suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that mother’s sister’s
+son kin. dhadha.
+something or someone is in/at/on it).
+mountain n. bangguri (common use), bidhu.
+once num. mirdandhagu (once, not
+mountain ash tree n. ngandhawar.
+repeated).
+mountain range n. bidhu.
+one num. midandhal.
+mouth n. dhaaga.
+or conj. ba.
+mud n. nhuruubabaa.
+Orion’s Belt (Betelgeuse) nprop. yuwindja.
+mullet n. warigala.
+other side of spat. banjawal.
+mum kin. mamang.
+our (bound possessive) pro. -ngul (us two, musk duck n. nanilu.
+including the listener), -ngal (use, not
+92
+9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER
+
+including the listener), -njin (us lot, including
+ring-tailed possum n. bugaali, buguri.
+the listener), -njinungga (us lot, not including
+ripe adj. waanhal.
+the listener).
+river n. duraya.
+over there dem. djinganda.
+river oak n. wumbalwara.
+ox n. gambugalag.
+roast vi. gundja-.
+oyster n. bidhanga.
+rock n. bura.
+rock wallaby n. baraal.
+rough sea n. gadhu.
+p
+round adj. bubandhan.
+paddle n. waari, djiraama.
+rug n. baraang.
+pelican n. garungguba.
+rump n. mundji (bum), ganggul (flank).
+
+penis n. burnda, yurdubaaga (erect penis).
+run vi. maru-, wala-.
+pick up vt. garidba-.
+run around vi. gulaminjiin-.
+picture n. bawanyu.
+pinch vt. njinmula-.
+place n. ngarn.
+s
+platypus n. yaranbul.
+safe journey phr. walawaani.
+play vi. waridba-.
+sand n. djaadjawan.
+Pleiades (Seven Sisters) nprop. wanggaadi.
+say vt. bayandha-.
+plover n. bindjaringaring.
+scab n. bubul.
+porpoise n. dhaawarri.
+scare vt. gurabungari-.
+possum n. gungara.
+scared vi. guruba-.
+
+pregnant adj. bindjilaan.
+pubic hair n. muruguru.
+scared of vt. gurugundha-.
+sea n. barra barra (also salt water), ngarawan (distant sea), gadhu
+(rough sea).
+q
+seagull n. maaran.
+seal n. yiragala.
+quick adj. buwambay, buyi, guragura.
+season n. gambambara.
+quiet vi. djarambu-.
+see vt. dhambamu-, nja-, naga-.
+semen n. burra.
+r
+sexual intercourse n. gandidjaalinba.
+sexual organs n. bambara.
+rain n. bana.
+shadow (of a man) n. murandjanyan.
+red adj. munjamunja (VARIANT: manjamanja).
+shadow (of tree) n. gumbari.
+
+red gum n. yaala.
+shag n. biraawara.
+red ochre n. gubar.
+shake vt. burunga-.
+reed spear n. biryuula, gumbiira.
+shallow adj. dhunbunyil.
+reeds n. gumbiira.
+shark n. wulimbura (generic, VARIANT:
+remember vi. bundja-.
+rest against vt. bulambii-.
+walimbura).
+return vi. wali-.
+shark (great white) n. daarlawan.
+ribs of canoe n. gurbungama.
+sharp adj. njaagarn, djarraranj (sharp
+right spat. dhurga (on the right side of).
+edged).
+93
+9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER
+shield n. marga (generic), milidhu
+
+southerner n. guyangal.
+(boomerang shield), bimbaya (spear
+sparkle adj. milumba.
+shield).
+sparkling adj. gundhagundha.
+shimmer adj. milumba.
+speak vi. yawa-, djama-.
+shin n. ngarri (also entire leg), buyu (shin spear n. djarambaadhi
+(generic), gumbi ra.
+bone).
+spear thrower n. wumura.
+shin bone n. buyu.
+spider n. marrarr.
+shine adj. milumba.
+spirit of the dead n. guwinj.
+shingleback, sleeping lizard n. biriin.
+spirit protector nprop. mudjingaal.
+shoes n. bandjiwug.
+spotted gum n. dharraani.
+short adj. barlaa.
+
+spread vi. warawandjar-.
+short-nosed bandicoot n. guragurr.
+spring n. gambambara.
+shoulder n. gugu.
+squeaking tree n. mawaradj.
+shrub n. barraar, gabi.
+stand vi. dhari-.
+sick vi. gundjama-.
+star n. djinggi.
+silent vi. djanbabu-.
+steal vt. garanga-.
+silver bream n. gambanj.
+stingaree n. gwiyaala.
+sing vi. yangga-.
+stingray n. baba (generic), gwiyaala.
+Sirius nprop. gundjiran.
+stomach n. bindji.
+sister’s son kin. dhadha.
+stone n. mura, bura.
+sit vi. maya- (common use), mayi-, nangga-.
+
+stone tomahawk n. munduba.
+skin n. waadhu.
+string n. waraawara.
+skinny adj. yabin.gi.
+string bag n. madbu (net bag).
+sky n. mirriwarr.
+stringybark n. gubaa.
+slate crane n. gurarayga, guyari, guradhu, strong adj. bulwal
+(common use), madhang.
+galu.
+stupid adj. wambur.
+sleep vi. nangu-.
+suck vi. ngundhu-.
+sleeping lizard, shingleback n. biriin.
+sugar glider n. banggu.
+slow adj. garragadj.
+summer n. galaa.
+small adj. gubidja (common use), dandala.
+sun n. yuraga, bagaranj (only found with
+small guard fish n. gubi.
+
+yiribu to mean ‘sunset’), nawa.
+small mullet n. djiibarra.
+swamp mahogany n. madhawarn.
+smoke n. duruuwa.
+swamp yam n. bungala.
+snake n. gari (generic).
+swan n. gurawari (most likely white swan).
+snapper n. barraaran.
+sweet adj. djiin.ga.
+snot n. garu.
+swim vi. bardju-, yangan-.
+snow n. gunama.
+soil n. gurad, bagan.
+son kin. mayawar.
+t
+soon temp. gaway.
+sore n. bubul, mandarlu, gundja.
+take vt. djamaru- (collect), wabandi- (take sorry vi. gurngamba-.
+away).
+south n. guya.
+
+talk vi. djama- (common use), yawa-.
+south wind n. miringama.
+taste vt. ganundhu-.
+94
+9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER
+teal duck n. gumbaraga.
+torso n. bingal (chest of a human or animal).
+tear vt. gardira-.
+touch vt. dhuduga-.
+teatree n. buwarla.
+toward/to suf. -dha.
+teeth n. yira (common use), nganayu.
+toy canoe n. dhaaligir.
+ten num. manawal (common use), dhawa.
+tree n. bunbal (generic).
+testicles n. mura.
+tree bark n. bunbun, wulaga.
+that dem. djiinj, njun, njanadha (that person/
+tree fern n. djirangara, yambagan (most
+thing).
+
+likely these are specific kinds of fern tree, but
+three days time temp. yaradirawal (the day unknown what).
+after the day after tomorrow).
+True Valley nprop. baadja (unknown place
+The Keel (constellation) nprop. miridjiga.
+name).
+their (bound possessive) pro. -abul (those turn away vi.
+garaangalirr-.
+two’s), -djan (that lot’s).
+turtle n. bilima.
+them (bound object) pro. -in (them lot).
+twist vt. guwinjma-.
+then temp. yagun (introduces an action that two num. djiriba
+(common use),
+occurs after another action).
+mungandhawara
+there dem. djiinj, njun, njanadha (that place).
+two suf. -bara (dual marker, attaches to a they (bound subject)
+pro. -wara (those two), noun to indicate there are two of them,
+-waraga (that lot).
+used only after a consonant), -wara (after a
+
+thigh n. bunda.
+vowel or rr), -mbara (after a vowel or ng)
+think vi. bundjala-.
+thirsty adj. ngundaga.
+u
+this dem. njiinj.
+this place dem. njunil.
+umbilical cord n. nurridj.
+this side of spat. njiindjilan.
+urine n. djilawa.
+three num. durun.gadja.
+us (bound object) pro. -ngal (you and
+throw vt. binga- (common use), yara- (throw a me), -ngalangga
+(us two, not including
+weapon), nanuma-.
+listener), -ngana (us lot, including listener),
+throwing stick n. djaadjurna.
+-nganangga (us lot, not including listener).
+thumb n. gulungulu.
+thunder n. bumawa, mirribi, njariwang.
+
+tie vt. naaraa-.
+v
+tired vi. yidbu-.
+vagina n. gala.
+to herself suf. -ndjali.
+very suf. -gunda.
+to himself suf. -ndjali.
+very good adj. gabun.
+to myself suf. -ndjali.
+to ourselves suf. -ndjali.
+to themselves suf. -ndjali.
+w
+toad fish n. djiriilbun.
+tobacco n. gaandi.
+walk vi. yana-.
+today temp. nhaway.
+wallaby n. badhaalima (generic), djaruga, tomorrow temp.
+buraadja.
+baraal (rock wallaby).
+tongue n. dhalanj.
+
+want vt. dawandha-.
+tooth n. yira (common use), nganayu.
+war spear n. biraya.
+95
+9 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER
+warm weather n. galaa.
+y
+wash vt. bulumu-.
+water n. ngadju (generic, or fresh water in yamstick n. gaaga.
+contrast to salt water).
+yes part. ngay.
+yesterday temp. bugiya.
+water goanna n. djirabard.
+you (bound object) pro. -nji (you, one
+water monster n. gurungadj.
+person), -lu (you two), -nhurr (you lot).
+waterhole n. badha.
+you (bound subject) pro. -ni (you, one
+wattle n. bidhudhu (generic), bawarr.
+person, used only in present or future tense),
+
+we (bound subject) pro. -ng (you and I),
+-li (you, one person, used only in past tense),
+-ngala (we two, not including listener), -nj
+-wu (you two, use if the verb it attaches to
+(we lot, including listener), -nga (we lot, not
+ends in a vowel, if it ends in a consonant use
+including listener).
+-u), -n (you lot).
+we (stand-alone) pro. ngayawung (you and
+you (stand-alone) pro. yindiga (you, one
+I), ngayawangala (we two, not including the
+person, VARIANT: njindiga), yindiwu (you
+listener), ngayawanj (we lot, including the
+two, VARIANT: njindiwu), yindiwan (you lot,
+listener), ngayawanga (we lot, not including
+VARIANT: njindiwan).
+the listener).
+young man n. yurang.
+young woman n. wanggan.
+weak adj. galaabawan.
+
+younger brother kin. mayaaga.
+west wind n. gurugama.
+younger sister kin. murnunggan.
+whale n. muriyira.
+your (bound possessive) pro. -ngu (your, one what inter. minja.
+person), -bul (you two’s), -djur (you lot’s).
+when inter. wandung.
+youth n. garindja (generic), gabugubal
+where inter. wadha.
+(uninitiated).
+white adj. wurawura.
+Yuin People n. yuwinj.
+white box n. gurabarr.
+white cockatoo n. ngawal.
+whiting n. warrabugan.
+who inter. wananga.
+why inter. mali.
+wife n. dhanama.
+wife’s son kin. waram.
+winter n. dhagarr.
+
+with suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to say that the noun was used
+to do the verb).
+woman n. ngaranggal.
+wombat n. banggaada.
+wood n. gugawal.
+wood duck n. gunarug, yirinbul.
+would you please suf. -ri (attaches to a verb to make a request).
+wrong adj. gurnamunya.
+96
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+female (kangaroo) adj. yimar.
+ADJECTIVES
+angry adj. djaadjularan.
+
+flat adj. bilwurr.
+bad adj. mangara, garnina.
+big adj. biraga.
+full adj. dhudbandhul.
+blind adj. midbawanj.
+blunt adj. murdubura.
+clear adj. gundhagundha.
+cold adj. guyudu.
+good adj. djamaga.
+greedy adj. garudhan.
+heavy adj. mundur.
+crooked adj. ganggulwara.
+dead adj. wara.
+deaf adj. niraguwin, waragadhaan.
+dirty adj. burlgunj.
+disabled adj. nanbanggaraga.
+hot adj. nawan-.
+empty adj. garragalambiwan.
+late adj. gaariin.
+fast adj. buwambay, buyi, guragura.
+
+light (weight) adj. birrabirra.
+female (animal) adj. gururu, wangganmana, long adj. yarungarn.
+nunganung.
+97
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+male (animal) adj. biyanhung.
+slow adj. garragadj.
+male (bird) adj. banhung.
+small adj. gubidja (common use), dandala.
+
+pregnant adj. bindjilaan.
+sparkle adj. milumba.
+quick adj. buwambay, buyi, guragura.
+right adj. yagunadha (correct, done well).
+sparkling adj. gundhagundha.
+ripe adj. waanhal.
+strong adj. bulwal (common use), madhang.
+round adj. bubandhan.
+stupid adj. wambur.
+shallow adj. dhunbunyil.
+sweet adj. djiin.ga.
+sharp adj. njaagarn, djarraranj (sharp
+thirsty adj. ngundaga.
+edged).
+very good adj. gabun.
+shimmer adj. milumba.
+weak adj. galaabawan.
+shine adj. milumba.
+wrong adj. gurnamunya.
+short adj. barlaa.
+
+skinny adj. yabin.gi.
+98
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+crow n. waagura.
+BIRDS
+beak n. nugurr.
+bird n. budjan (generic).
+black cockatoo n. ngaral, wayalad.
+
+curlew n. gwiyirrwurrwurr.
+eaglehawk n. malyan, munyunga.
+emu n. birribanj (common use), marriya.
+black duck n. djabadj, wambaara.
+black swan n. gunjung.
+brolga (slate crane) n. guradhu, galu,
+gurarayga, guyari.
+fish hawk n. njirra.
+kookaburra n. gugunyal.
+brown hawk n. biburnungga.
+cormorant n. binyaaru.
+lyrebird n. djagula.
+99
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+magpie n. gurimbaga.
+CLOTHING & SHELTER
+blanket n. djinaabli, biidja.
+
+camp n. dhugan (common use), ngura.
+clothing n. dadha.
+musk duck n. nanilu.
+native quail n. burrburran.
+pelican n. garungguba.
+plover n. bindjaringaring.
+seagull n. maaran.
+shag n. biraawara.
+home n. munggura.
+swan n. gurawari (most likely white swan).
+teal duck n. gumbaraga.
+white cockatoo n. ngawal.
+hut n. dhugan (common use), ngura.
+nest n. ngura.
+rug n. baraang.
+shoes n. bandjiwug.
+wood duck n. gunarug, yirinbul.
+100
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+COLOURS
+ENVIRONMENT
+black adj. ngurnda, burawara.
+
+cave n. buran.
+grey adj. djilawaray, warri.
+charcoal n. dhumbaa.
+cloud n. mungala.
+red adj. munjamunja (VARIANT:
+manjamanja).
+cold n. dhagarr.
+cold east wind n. biwaawa.
+cold west wind n. gunama.
+creek n. badha.
+darkness n. gilwa.
+white adj. wurawura.
+dew n. djingiya.
+dirt n. gurad, bagan.
+droplet n. ngurlwan.
+dust n. balirr.
+earth n. bagan.
+east wind n. djirindjiring.
+echo n. bariwariganyan.
+evening n. yiribini.
+
+CRUSTACEANS & MOLLUSCS
+fire n. ganji.
+crab n. dhuril.
+crayfish n. birruwa.
+flat country n. yinal narawan.
+oyster n. bidhanga.
+fog n. garal.
+101
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+frost n. dhagadj.
+mountain n. bangguri (common use), bidhu.
+ground n. gurad, bagan.
+gully n. gagurr.
+mountain range n. bidhu.
+hail n. dhundala.
+heat n. bagaranj, ngubulinj, nawa.
+hill n. bun.garri.
+
+mud n. nhuruubabaa.
+night n. yiribini, dhawara.
+north east wind n. baliya.
+hole n. gagurr.
+place n. ngarn.
+lagoon n. gudjarr.
+rain n. bana.
+light n. binin.gala (both sunlight and
+moonlight).
+lightning n. guranguran.
+red ochre n. gubar.
+river n. duraya.
+rock n. bura.
+rough sea n. gadhu.
+sand n. djaadjawan.
+sea n. barra barra (also salt water), ngarawan (distant sea), gadhu
+(rough sea).
+season n. gambambara.
+shadow (of tree) n. gumbari.
+sky n. mirriwarr.
+
+location n. ngarn.
+smoke n. duruuwa.
+lumpy ground n. buubundhaaga.
+snow n. gunama.
+mist n. muryan.
+soil n. gurad, bagan.
+morning n. bumulaga.
+102
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+south wind n. miringama.
+
+FISH
+spring n. gambambara.
+stone n. mura, bura.
+black bream n. wagal.
+summer n. galaa.
+thunder n. bumawa, mirribi, njariwang.
+bream n. burumayal.
+warm weather n. galaa.
+water n. ngadju (generic, or fresh water in contrast to salt water).
+eel n. barra, mambi.
+fish n. marra (common use), ma, mina.
+fisherman jack n. birimbamin.
+flat-tailed mullet n. gariba.
+flathead n. dhagala.
+great white shark n. daarlawan.
+guard fish n. wuraambin.
+jew fish n. yirimbaagun.
+mullet n. warigala.
+waterhole n. badha.
+octopus n. djungga.
+
+west wind n. gurugama.
+winter n. dhagarr.
+shark n. wulimbura (generic, VARIANT:
+walimbura).
+shark (great white) n. daarlawan.
+silver bream n. gambanj.
+small guard fish n. gubi.
+small mullet n. djiibarra.
+snapper n. barraaran.
+stingaree n. gwiyaala.
+toad fish n. djiriilbun.
+whiting n. warrabugan.
+103
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+FOOD
+HUMAN BODY
+egg n. gabaanu.
+abdomen n. muru.
+honey n. gawanggal.
+arm n. gaygan.
+marrow n. gamba.
+armpit n. gadjigung.
+back n. barlga.
+meat n. mandidja.
+beard n. yaran, warlu.
+belly button n. garri.
+big toe n. biraga yuludha.
+blister n. gundja, bubul.
+
+blood n. djiraali, ngawu.
+boil n. mandarlu.
+bottom of the foot n. dhanadha.
+breast n. ngabunaa.
+meat-based food n. narum.
+non–meat-based food n. dhanga.
+breastmilk n. ngaminjang.
+bum n. mundji.
+calf (of leg) n. djabur, yabuda.
+chin n. yarin, warlu.
+clitoris n. miigurn.
+ear n. guri.
+elbow n. dhurliing.
+eye n. mabara.
+104
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+forehead n. gundu.
+eyebrow n. minmirgun.
+hair n. djawur.
+hand n. mana (common use), murnawal.
+faeces n. guni.
+fat n. biwan.
+feet n. dhana.
+
+head n. gabaanu (common use), walarr.
+finger n. mina, yulu.
+heel n. dunggul.
+intestines n. gurgun (common use), guni.
+fingernail n. yulu.
+flank n. ganggul.
+footprint n. bardju, muruda.
+jaw n. mandha.
+kidney n. djibVr.
+knee n. ngumung.
+legs n. ngarri (also entire leg), buyu (shin bone).
+105
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+lips n. wiling.
+shin n. ngarri (also entire leg), buyu (shin little toe n.
+gubidjayanga.
+bone).
+masturbation n. gadagadabalin.
+mouth n. dhaaga.
+my head n. gabamanga.
+
+neck n. nganing, gami, garun (back of neck), nunggurr (back of
+neck).
+shin bone n. buyu.
+shoulder n. gugu.
+nose n. nugurr.
+skin n. waadhu.
+snot n. garu.
+sore n. bubul, mandarlu, gundja.
+stomach n. bindji.
+teeth n. yira (common use), nganayu.
+testicles n. mura.
+thigh n. bunda.
+nostril n. ngurdu ngurdu.
+thumb n. gulungulu.
+penis n. burnda, yurdubaaga (erect penis).
+tongue n. dhalanj.
+pubic hair n. muruguru.
+tooth n. yira (common use), nganayu.
+rump n. mundji (bum), ganggul (flank).
+torso n. bingal (chest of a human or animal).
+
+scab n. bubul.
+umbilical cord n. nurridj.
+semen n. burra.
+urine n. djilawa.
+sexual intercourse n. gandidjaalinba.
+vagina n. gala.
+sexual organs n. bambara.
+shadow (of a man) n. murandjanyan.
+106
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+horse n. yaraman.
+MAMMALS (LAND)
+bandicoot n. birdhuulay.
+dingo n. warigal.
+kangaroo n. buru (most likely eastern grey), maraba.
+dog n. wadhangarr (common use), mirigang
+(generic), gangwari (rare generic), warigal
+(wild dog).
+echidna n. djinug, ganagubadh.
+kangaroo rat n. wanggaali.
+koala n. gumbaawar, guraban.
+long-nosed bandicoot n. miridjiga.
+female dog n. wadhanagarr
+male animal n. gawalgang.
+
+wangganmaaru.
+male koala n. barrunda.
+male possum n. gumburruuga.
+flying fox n. garamunda.
+monkey n. garalu.
+native cat n. midhagani.
+ox n. gambugalag.
+107
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+possum n. gungara.
+MEASUREMENTS OF TIME,
+DISTANCE & LOCATION
+before temp. dhaba.
+behind spat. barlga.
+between spat. nguna.
+close (in space) spat. mabumban.
+close (in time) temp. bala.
+ring-tailed possum n. bugaali, buguri.
+day n. ngurungaru, nawa.
+rock wallaby n. baraal.
+day after tomorrow temp. buraagawalin.
+short-nosed bandicoot n. guragurr.
+east n. ngarawan.
+sugar glider n. banggu.
+
+far away spat. djinalibura.
+wallaby n. badhaalima (generic), djaruga, further away spat.
+djinadha (over there, in the baraal (rock wallaby).
+distance).
+here dem. njiinj.
+wombat n. banggaada.
+in front spat. bindji.
+left spat. ngalaga.
+long time ago temp. warigamban.
+middle spat. baru.
+next to spat. gungala.
+other side of spat. banjawal.
+over there dem. djinganda.
+right spat. dhurga (on the right side of).
+soon temp. gaway.
+south n. guya.
+that dem. djiinj, njun, njanadha (that person/
+thing).
+108
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+three days time temp. yaradirawal (the day NAMES OF PEOPLE
+AND PLACES
+after the day after tomorrow).
+then temp. yagun (introduces an action that occurs after another
+action).
+King Merriman nprop. wadhiin.
+there dem. djiinj, njun, njanadha (that place).
+this dem. njiinj.
+this place dem. njunil.
+this side of spat. njiindjilan.
+Moruya nprop. place name, said to mean
+‘where the water is crossable by foot’.
+True Valley nprop. baadja (unknown place
+name).
+today temp. nhaway.
+tomorrow temp. buraadja.
+NUMBERS
+yesterday temp. bugiya.
+five num. mana (common use), murnawal,
+yalangbaradha.
+
+four num. djiriibawal djiriibawal (common use), manalinga.
+many num. dhawamalanj
+once num. mirdandhagu (once, not
+repeated).
+one num. midandhal.
+ten num. manawal (common use), dhawa.
+three num. durun.gadja.
+two num. djiriba (common use),
+mungandhawara
+109
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+male cousin kin. dhadha.
+PEOPLE & KINSHIP
+man n. gimbanya.
+brother-in-law kin. djambi.
+child n. waranj.
+dad kin. baaba (common use), baying, biyan, mother kin. minga
+(common use), mamang,
+
+baanga.
+mani, mayanda, yidhungurr, gaanga
+daughter kin. murnawar.
+(woman who has lost children)
+disabled person n. gugiwan.
+mother’s sister kin. mamang.
+elder brother kin. dhadha.
+mother’s sister’s son kin. dhadha.
+elder sister kin. mama.
+mum kin. mamang.
+father kin. baaba (common use), baying,
+old man n. gamara (common use), bidjaya,
+biyan, baanga.
+wari.
+father’s brother’s son kin. dhadha.
+old woman n. muladha (common use), garn.
+father’s brother’s wife kin. mamang.
+ga.
+friend n. mudj, mudjingaal.
+sister’s son kin. dhadha.
+
+girl n. yandabal.
+son kin. mayawar.
+grandmother kin. bayunga (mother’s
+southerner n. guyangal.
+mother), nadjung (father’s mother).
+wife n. dhanama.
+husband’s brother’s son kin. waram.
+wife’s son kin. waram.
+husband’s son kin. waram.
+110
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+woman n. ngaranggal.
+PHRASES & PARTICLES
+and conj. ba (used to join sentences when they have the same
+subject), ya (used to
+join sentences when they have different
+subjects).
+come here phr. yaway.
+
+young man n. yurang.
+young woman n. wanggan.
+younger brother kin. mayaaga.
+I don’t know phr. nginbaga, dhagayil, yuga.
+younger sister kin. murnunggan.
+let go! phr. warnadha.
+youth n. garindja (generic), gabugubal
+maybe part. wanda.
+(uninitiated).
+no part. dhagayil.
+or conj. ba.
+safe journey phr. walawaani.
+yes part. ngay.
+Yuin People n. yuwinj.
+111
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+forest oak n. bila.
+PLANTS
+geebung tree n. babadhal.
+bloodwood n. gurgul.
+branch n. dhuladhula.
+bullrush n. njurgun.
+
+grass n. wadhan (generic).
+grass cuttings n. njirinj.
+grass tree n. miingga.
+honeysuckle n. baabirr.
+ironbark eucalyptus n. gurndiira.
+burrawang n. banggawu.
+kurrajong (Illawarra flame tree) n.
+guraaman
+burrawang nut n. yiburr.
+land yam n. guraamanj.
+bush n. gabi, barraar.
+leaves n. djirawara.
+cabbage tree n. dharrawa.
+lillypilly tree n. galungara.
+fern n. mangga.
+mountain ash tree n. ngandhawar.
+myrtle n. yawiya.
+112
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+native cherry tree n. mamaadja.
+PRONOUNS
+her (bound possessive) pro. -u.
+his (bound possessive) pro. -u.
+I (bound subject) pro. -ga.
+I (stand-alone) pro. ngayaga.
+me (bound object) pro. -ngga.
+mine (bound possessive) pro. -dha (if
+
+possessed thing cannot be given away e.g.
+body parts or kin), -dhuga (if possessed
+thing can be given away e.g. tools or
+shelter).
+my (bound possessive) pro. -dha (if
+possessed thing cannot be given away e.g.
+body parts or kin), -dhuga (if possessed
+thing can be given away e.g. tools or
+native peppermint n. barrumbarra.
+shelter).
+red gum n. yaala.
+our (bound possessive) pro. -ngul (us
+reeds n. gumbiira.
+two, including the listener), -ngal (us, not
+river oak n. wumbalwara.
+including the listener), -njin (us lot, including
+shrub n. barraar, gabi.
+the listener), -njinungga (us lot, not including
+spotted gum n. dharraani.
+the listener).
+
+squeaking tree n. mawaradj.
+their (bound possessive) pro. -abul (those stringybark n. gubaa.
+two’s), -djan (that lot’s).
+swamp yam n. bungala.
+them (bound object) pro. -in (them lot).
+swamp mahogany n. madhawarn.
+they (bound subject) pro. -wara (those two), teatree n. buwarla.
+-waraga (that lot).
+tree n. bunbal (generic).
+us (bound object) pro. -ngal (you and
+tree bark n. bunbun, wulaga.
+me), -ngalangga (us two, not including
+tree fern n. djirangara, yambagan (species’
+listener), -ngana (us lot, including listener),
+unknown).
+-nganangga (us lot, not including listener).
+wattle n. bidhudhu (generic), bawarr.
+we (bound subject) pro. -ng (you and I),
+white box n. gurabarr.
+-ngala (we two, not including listener), -nj
+
+wood n. gugawal.
+(we lot, including listener), -nga (we lot, not
+including listener).
+we (stand-alone) pro. ngayawung (you and
+I), ngayawangala (we two, not including the
+POST CONTACT
+listener), ngayawanj (we lot, including the
+listener), ngayawanga (we lot, not including
+alcohol n. garangadada.
+the listener).
+cigarette n. bunda.
+you (bound object) pro. -nji (you, one
+money n. gaandi.
+person), -lu (you two), -nhurr (you lot).
+picture n. bawanyu.
+tobacco n. gaandi.
+113
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+you (bound subject) pro. -ni (you, one
+REPTILES
+person, used only in present or future tense),
+-li (you, one person, used only in past tense),
+black snake n. mundha.
+-wu (you two, use if the verb it attaches to
+brown snake n. murumba.
+ends in a vowel, if it ends in a consonant use
+carpet snake n. maga, wagurr.
+-u), -n (you lot).
+death adder n. bubugurning.
+
+you (stand-alone) pro. yindiga (you, one
+person, VARIANT: njindiga), yindiwu (you
+goanna n. burnaaga.
+two, VARIANT: njindiwu), yindiwan (you lot,
+VARIANT: njindiwan).
+your (bound possessive) pro. -ngu (your, one person), -bul (you
+two’s), -djur (you lot’s).
+QUESTIONS
+jew lizard n. djaraagar.
+lizard n. bangawu (generic).
+how inter. yuga.
+sleeping lizard, shingleback n. biriin.
+what inter. minja.
+when inter. wandung.
+snake n. gari (generic).
+where inter. wadha.
+who inter. wananga.
+why inter. mali.
+water goanna n. djirabard.
+SOLAR SYSTEM
+
+Alpha Orionis (Betelgeuse) nprop.
+gunungama.
+Milky Way nprop. garraywaa.
+moon n. dhawara.
+Orion’s Belt nprop. yuwindja.
+Pleiades (Seven Sisters) nprop. wanggaadi.
+Sirius nprop. gundjiran.
+star n. djinggi.
+sun n. yuraga, bagaranj (with yiribu to mean
+‘sunset’), nawa.
+The Keel nprop. miridjiga.
+114
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+SPIDERS, INSECTS AND BUGS
+SUFFIXES
+bee n. murrurn.
+allow suf. -ya (attaches to the verb).
+blow-fly n. murun.
+at suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that bull ant n. garrurr.
+something or someone is in/at/on it).
+
+centipede n. dhaadjar.
+away from suf. -din (motion away from a
+fly n. mayarmVga, naaga.
+place or object).
+locust n. gurlanj.
+belong to suf. -nggul (attaches to a noun).
+louse n. mula.
+by suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that maggot n. manduga.
+something or someone is in/at/on/near it).
+mosquito n. niluga, ngaylugu.
+continue to suf. -mba (attaches to the verb to spider n. marrarr.
+indicate continued action).
+each other suf. -ndjali.
+for suf. -buran (for the purpose of, put on a noun), -gul (on behalf
+of, put on a noun).
+SPIRITUAL BELIEFS, CEREMONY
+in suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that AND RITUAL
+something or someone is in/at/on it).
+in order to suf. -ri (attaches to the verb).
+assistant n. naraawanj.
+
+its (bound possessive) suf. -u.
+bad spirit n. gababa, gawan.
+let suf. -ya (attaches to the verb).
+clever man n. bagiindj.
+make happen suf. -ma (attaches to the
+clever man n. muyulu.
+verb to indicate that someone is causing
+clever woman n. bagiindj.
+someone else to do the action).
+corroboree n. bunaan.
+many suf. -baraga (plural marker, attaches hairy man (mythical
+creature) n. dulagaal, to a noun to indicate there are more than
+mumaga.
+two of them, used only after a consonant),
+spirit of the dead n. guwinj.
+-waraga (after a vowel or rr), -mbaraga
+spirit protector nprop. mudjingaal.
+(after a vowel or ng)
+water monster n. gurungadj.
+more of suf. -gudhu (attaches to an adjective to describe having
+more of a quality than
+
+another thing or person).
+most suf. -gudha (attached to an adjective to describe the
+highest amount of that
+quality).
+never suf. -ngamba (attaches to the verb).
+on suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to show that something or
+someone is in/at/on it).
+small suf. -yanga (attaches to nouns to
+describe a small or cute version of it).
+to herself suf. -ndjali.
+to himself suf. -ndjali.
+to myself suf. -ndjali.
+to ourselves suf. -ndjali.
+115
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+to themselves suf. -ndjali.
+TOOLS, WEAPONS AND TOYS
+toward/to suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to say motion toward/to
+that place or thing).
+bag n. biyay.
+two suf. -bara (dual marker, attaches to a boomerang n.
+waranganj, badhawal.
+noun to indicate there are two of them,
+canoe n. madjari (common use), garidja.
+used only after a consonant), -wara (after a
+
+club n. bundhi, gudjaru, bangadjan.
+vowel or rr), -mbara (after a vowel or ng)
+coolamon n. bun.gali, wandaya.
+very suf. -gunda.
+cup n. bangli.
+with suf. -dha (attaches to a noun to say that fighting hook n.
+badhawal.
+the noun was used to do the verb).
+firestick n. dundhun.
+would you please suf. -ri (attaches to a verb firewood n. ganji.
+to make a request).
+fish hook n. dhuula.
+fishing line n. waraawara, djabag (a phrase meaning ‘throw the
+fishing line’).
+fishing spear n. garawad.
+hunting spear n. birriiwa.
+jagged spear n. gama.
+knife n. nadba, garanganganj (made from
+shell or stone).
+lining of canoe n. yinul.
+paddle n. waari, djiraama.
+
+reed spear n. biryuula, gumbiira.
+ribs of canoe n. gurbungama.
+shield n. marga (generic), milidhu
+(boomerang shield), bimbaya (spear
+shield).
+spear n. djarambaadhi (generic), gumbi ra.
+spear thrower n. wumura.
+stone tomahawk n. munduba.
+string n. waraawara.
+string bag n. madbu (net bag).
+throwing stick n. djaadjurna.
+toy canoe n. dhaaligir.
+war spear n. biraya.
+yamstick n. gaaga.
+116
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+do vt. yidjima-.
+VERBS
+drink vt. ngundhu-, mundu-.
+afraid vi. guruba-.
+afraid of vt. gurugundha-.
+alive vi. murawan-, maruga-.
+answer vi. buraali-.
+ask vt. ganaya-.
+ask vi. yabu-.
+bind vt. naaraa-.
+bite vt. badha-, bundha-.
+brave vi. gurubangamba-.
+break vt. gambuladja-.
+
+drop vt. gungaba-.
+drown vi. garaambu-.
+eat vi. dhana-.
+fall vi. gungaba-.
+fetch vt. marindamu-.
+fight vt. gambadja-.
+fly vi. yaradba-, nhaga-.
+frighten vt. gurabungari-.
+get up vi. biinda-.
+give vt. ngama- (common use, VARIANT:
+nguma-), njama-.
+bring vt. marandi-.
+go vi. waba-, yana-.
+bring back vt. marindamu-.
+go along vi. balawu-.
+build vt. djinjama-.
+go around vi. gurumbu-.
+burn vt. ganama-.
+go down vi. njiru-.
+call out vt. garuga-.
+
+go inside vi. yiriba- (enter, also used to mean carry vt. yili-,
+garganga-.
+set e.g. sunset).
+catch vt. nambadja-, dhabaga- (catch an
+go into vi. ngudba-.
+animal).
+go over vt. badba-.
+climb vi. galawa-.
+go through vt. yiridbu-.
+collect vt. djamaru-.
+go up vi. dhalibawa-.
+come vt. yana-.
+grow vi. dhuri-.
+come across vt. baridbu- (cross something in hang up vt. djirabu(common use),
+the direction of the speaker).
+dhangga-.
+come down vt. nirini-.
+happy (be), rejoice vi. yilaga-, yiringga-.
+cook vt. ganama-.
+hear vi. ngara-.
+
+cover up vt. barimu-.
+hit vt. bayi- (common use), yuri-.
+crawl vi. wandhu-.
+hold vt. mina-, garganga- (carry in hands).
+cry vi. njungga-, nunga-.
+hungry vi. yidhalama-.
+cut vt. dharaganja-.
+impale vt. gula-.
+desire (sexually) vt. marlugudhaaga-.
+jealous vi. ngunarungura-.
+die vi. mubura-, wara-.
+117
+
+10 / ENGLISH TO DHURGA WORD FINDER BY CATEGORIES
+jump vi. waradaga- (common use), wara-.
+
+scared of vt. gurugundha-.
+see vt. dhambamu-, nja-, naga-.
+shake vt. burunga-.
+sick vi. gundjama-.
+silent vi. djanbabu-.
+sing vi. yangga-.
+sit vi. maya- (common use), mayi-, nangga-.
+sleep vi. nangu-.
+sorry vi. gurngamba-.
+speak vi. yawa-, djama-.
+spread vi. warawandjar-.
+keep vt. yuna-.
+stand vi. dhari-.
+kick vt. burdulu-.
+steal vt. garanga-.
+kill vt. gambadja- (common use), bayi-, yuri-, suck vi. ngundhu-.
+bilyaguwin-.
+swim vi. bardju-, yangan-.
+kiss vt. numbula-.
+take vt. djamaru- (collect), wabandi- (take know vt. nanuma-.
+
+away).
+laugh vi. ngadjili-.
+talk vi. djama- (common use), yawa-.
+learn vt. ganandhimila-.
+taste vt. ganundhu-.
+leave vi. wana- (leave, exit, but also drop a tear vt. gardira-.
+topic in conversation), waba-.
+think vi. bundjala-.
+let go of vt. ngarambilil-.
+thirsty vi. gabudbandhaninga-.
+like vt. ngumbudhaa- (like or love).
+throw vt. binga- (common use), yara- (throw a live vi. mayi-,
+maruga-.
+weapon), nanuma-.
+look at vt. dhumbama-.
+tie vt. naaraa-.
+look for vt. wardaalimala-.
+tired vi. yidbu-.
+lose vt. dhunbanga-.
+touch vt. dhuduga-.
+
+love vt. ngumbudhaa-.
+turn away vi. garaangalirr-.
+make vt. djinjama-, djinama-, mudhuga- (with twist vt. guwinjma-.
+ganji ‘make a fire’), yabandjaaga-.
+walk vi. yana-.
+make (a boomerang) vt. yabundja-.
+want vt. dawandha-.
+paddle vt. banga-.
+wash vt. bulumu-.
+pick up vt. garidba-.
+pinch vt. njinmula-.
+play vi. waridba-.
+WATER ANIMALS
+quiet vi. djarambu-.
+remember vi. bundja-.
+big frog n. gurdgard.
+rest against vt. bulambii-.
+platypus n. yaranbul.
+return vi. wali-.
+porpoise n. dhaawarri.
+
+roast vi. gundja-.
+seal n. yiragala.
+run vi. maru-, wala-.
+stingaree n. gwiyaala.
+run around vi. gulaminjiin-.
+stingray n. baba (generic), gwiyaala.
+say vt. bayandha-.
+turtle n. bilima.
+scare vt. gurabungari-.
+whale n. muriyira.
+scared vi. guruba-.
+118
+
+"