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i want you all to think about the third word that was ever said about you or if you were delivering about the person you were delivering and you can all mouth it if you want or say it out loud it was the first two were it's a girl boy
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and i was confused does this make so gay does this make so straight i was getting sexual orientation confused with gender identity and my patient said to me look look look if you just think of the following you'll get it right sexual orientation is who you go to bed with gender identity is who you go to bed as
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and some of them have been rearranged a little bit but it's all her and she's become a remarkable spokeswoman and she was offered contracts as a model at which point she teased me when she said you know i might have had a better chance as a model if you'd made me six feet one
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well it shows you that i also deal with issues where there's not certainty of whether it's a girl or a boy so the mixed answer was very appropriate of course now the answer often comes not at birth but at the ultrasound unless the prospective parents choose to be surprised like we all were but i want you to think about what it is that leads to that statement on the third word because the third word is a description of your sex and by that i mean made by a description of your genitals now as a pediatric endocrinologist i used to be very very involved and still somewhat am in cases in which there are mismatches in the or between the and the and we literally have to figure out what is the description of your sex but there is nothing that is definable at the time of birth that would define you
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now this is relatively rare so i had relatively little personal experience with this and my experience was more typical only because i had an adolescent practice and i saw someone age genetically female went through harvard with three male roommates who knew the whole story a registrar who always listed his name on course lists as a male name and came to me after graduating saying help me i know you know a lot of endocrinology and indeed i've treated a lot of people who were born without this wasn't rocket science
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i subsequently learned from the many adults i took care of about adults i learned from them that if i didn't peek as to who their partner was in the waiting room i would never be able to guess better than chance whether they were gay straight bi or in their affirmed gender in other words one thing has absolutely nothing to do with the other and the data show it now as i took care of the adults i found it extremely painful these people many of them had to give up so much of their lives sometimes their parents would reject them siblings their own children and then their divorcing spouse would forbid them from seeing their children
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you hook these up in this case to the virtual muscles of that two legged creature here and hope that it does something interesting at the beginning they're all going to be very boring most of them won't move at all but some of them might make a tiny step those are then selected by the algorithm reproduced with mutation and to introduce sex as well and you repeat that process over and over again until you have something that walks in this case in a straight line like this so that was the idea behind this when we started this i set up the simulation one evening it took about three to four hours to run the simulation i got up the next morning went to the computer and looked at the results and was hoping for something that walked in a straight line like i've just demonstrated and this is what i got instead
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so it was back to the drawing board for us we did get it to work eventually after tweaking a bit here and there and this is an example of a successful evolutionary run so what you'll see in a moment is a very simple that's learning how to walk using artificial evolution at the beginning it can't walk at all but it will get better and better over time so this is the one that can't walk at all
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generation and it'll take a few steps more still not quite there but now after generation it actually walks in a straight line without falling over that was the real breakthrough for us it was academically quite a challenging project and once we had reached that stage we were quite confident that we could try and do other things as well with this approach actually simulating the body and simulating that part of the nervous system that controls it now at this stage it also became clear that this could be very exciting for things like computer games or online worlds what you see here is the character standing there and there's an obstacle that we put in its way and what you see is it's going to fall over the obstacle now the interesting bit is if i move the obstacle a tiny bit to the right which is what i'm doing now here it will fall over it in a completely different way and again if you move the obstacle a tiny bit it'll again fall differently
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again a push now this time from the front and you see it falls differently and now from the left and it falls differently that was really exciting for us to see that that was the first time we've seen that this is the first time the public sees this as well because we have been in stealth mode i haven't shown this to anybody yet now just a fun thing what happens if you put that character this is now a wooden version of it but it's got the same ai in it but if you put that character on a slippery surface like ice we just did that for a laugh just to see what happens
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and that's a really fascinating thing about this approach now when we went to film studios and games developers and showed them that technology we got a very good response and what they said was the first thing they need immediately is virtual because stunts are obviously very dangerous they're very expensive and there are a lot of stunt scenes that you cannot do obviously because you can't really allow the to be seriously hurt so they wanted to have a digital version of a and that's what we've been working on for the past few months and that's our first product that we're going to release in a couple of weeks so here are just a few very simple scenes of the guy just being kicked that's what people want that's what we're giving them
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you can see it's always reacting this is not a dead body this is a body who basically in this particular case feels the force and tries to protect its head only i think it's quite a big blow again you feel kind of sorry for that thing and we've seen it so many times now that we don't really care any more
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this thing doesn't have a head i'm not quite sure why so this was not something we actually put in there he just started to create that dance himself he's actually a better dancer than i am i have to say and what you see after a while i think he even goes into a climax right at the end and i think there you go
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this is a clip from a game called grand theft auto we already saw that briefly yesterday
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this is a clip from a game called grand theft auto we already saw that briefly yesterday and what you can see is it is actually a very good game it's one of the most successful games of all time but what you'll see is that all the animations in this game are very repetitive they pretty much look the same i've made him run into a wall here over and over again and you can see he looks always the same the reason for that is that these characters are actually not real characters
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it also means that games aren't really going to be as surprising as they could be because you only get out of it at least in terms of the character what you actually put into it there's no real emergence there
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and thirdly as i said most of the animations are very repetitive because of that now the only way to get around that is to actually simulate the human body and to simulate that bit of the nervous system of the brain that controls that body and maybe if i could have you for a quick demonstration to show what the difference is because i mean it's very very trivial if i push chris a bit like this for example he'll react to it if i push him from a different angle he'll react to it differently and that's because he has a physical body and because he has the motor skills to control that body it's a very trivial thing it's not something you get in computer games at the moment at all
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if i push him from a different angle he'll react to it differently and that's because he has a physical body and because he has the motor skills to control that body it's a very trivial thing it's not something you get in computer games at the moment at all thank you very much chris anderson that's it that's it yes so that's what we're trying to simulate not chris specifically i should say but humans in general now we started working on this a while ago at oxford university and we tried to start very simply what we tried to do was teach a stick figure how to walk that stick figure is physically stimulated
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what we tried to do was teach a stick figure how to walk that stick figure is physically stimulated you can see it here on the screen so it's subject to gravity has joints etc if you just run the simulation it will just collapse like this the tricky bit is now to put an ai controller in it that actually makes it work and for that we use the neural network which we based on that part of the nervous system that we have in our spine that controls walking in humans it's called the central pattern generator so we simulated that as well and then the really tricky bit is to teach that network how to walk
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now this might look kind of trivial but it's actually very important because this is not something you get at the moment in any interactive or any virtual worlds now at this stage we decided to start a company and move this further because obviously this was just a very simple
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i should add that it's very simple to add things like hair clothes etc but what we've done here is use a very simple visualization so you can concentrate on the movement now what i'm going to do right now in a moment is just push this character a tiny bit and we'll see what happens nothing really interesting basically it falls over but it falls over like a rag doll basically the reason for that is that there's no intelligence in it it becomes interesting when you put artificial intelligence into it so this character now has motor skills in the upper body nothing in the legs yet in this particular one but what it will do i'm going to push it again
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here is one that came in over the united states in october of it came in on a friday night why is that important because back then video cameras were just starting to become popular and parents would bring them to their kids' football games to film their kids playing football and since this came in on a friday they were able to get this great footage of this thing breaking up as it came in over west virginia maryland pennsylvania and new jersey until it did that to a car in new york
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there is a median point between tiny rock and gigantic rock and in fact if any of you have ever been to near winslow arizona there is a crater in the desert there that is so that it is actually called meteor crater to give you a sense of scale this is about a mile wide if you look up at the top that's a parking lot and those are recreational vehicles right there so it's about a mile across feet deep the object that formed this was probably about to yards across so roughly the size of auditorium here it came in at speeds that were tremendous slammed into the ground blew up and exploded with the energy of roughly a nuclear bomb a very hefty bomb this was years ago so it may have wiped out a few buffalo or antelope or something like that out in the desert but it probably would not have caused global devastation it turns out that these things don't have to hit the ground to do a lot of damage now in over siberia near the region for those of you who are dan aykroyd fans and saw ghostbusters when he talked about the greatest cross dimensional rift since the siberia blast of where he got the date wrong but that's ok
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that's a great first step but what's the second step the second step is if we see one heading toward us we have to stop it what do we do you've probably heard about the asteroid if you haven't yet you will if you've heard about the mayan apocalypse you're going to hear about because you're keyed in to all the doomsday networks anyway
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you might think why don't we use a nuclear weapon well you can try that but the problem is timing shoot a nuclear weapon at this thing you have to blow it up within a few milliseconds of tolerance or else you'll miss it and there are a lot of other problems with that it's very hard to do but just hitting something that's pretty easy i think even nasa can do that and proved that they can
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the problem is if you hit this asteroid you've changed the orbit you measure the orbit then you find out oh yeah we just pushed it into a keyhole and now it's going to hit us in three years well my opinion is fine it's not hitting us in six months that's good now we have three years to do something else and you can hit it again that's kind of ham fisted you might just push it into a third keyhole or whatever so you don't do that and this is the part it's the part i just love
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after the big macho bam we're gonna hit this thing in the face then we bring in the velvet gloves
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a chunk of rock six miles across moving something like times the speed of a rifle bullet slammed into the earth it released its energy all at once and it was an explosion that was mind numbing if you took every nuclear weapon ever built at the height of the cold war lumped them together and blew them up at the same time that would be one one millionth of the energy released at that moment the dinosaurs had a really bad day ok now a six rock is very large
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if you look out your window and see longs peak you're probably familiar with it now scoop up longs peak and put it out in space take meeker mt meeker lump that in there and put that in space as well and mt everest
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now this is not a wide crater but then again you can see the rock which is sitting right here about the size of a football that hit that car and did that damage now this thing was probably about the size of a school bus when it first came in it broke up through atmospheric pressure it crumbled and then the pieces fell apart and did some damage now you wouldn't want that falling on your foot or your head because it would do that to it that would be bad but it won't wipe out you know all life on earth so that's fine
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another rock came into the earth's atmosphere and this one blew up above the ground several miles up above the surface of the earth the heat from the explosion set fire to the forest below it and then the shock wave came down and knocked down trees for hundreds of square miles this did a huge amount of damage and again this was a rock probably roughly the size of this auditorium that we're sitting in in meteor crater it was made of metal and metal is much tougher so it made it to the ground the one over was probably made of rock and that's much more so it blew up in the air
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what can we do about this this is a potential threat let me note that we have not had a giant impact like the dinosaur killer for million years they're very rare the smaller ones happen more often but probably on the order of a millennium every few centuries or every few thousand years but it's still something to be aware of
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they're very rare the smaller ones happen more often but probably on the order of a millennium every few centuries or every few thousand years but it's still something to be aware of well what do we do about them the first thing we have to do is find them this is an image of an asteroid that passed us in it's right here but you can see that it's extremely faint i don't know if you can see that in the back row these are just stars
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this is a rock that was about yards across so roughly the size of the ones that blew up over and hit arizona years ago these things are faint they're hard to see and the sky is really big we have to find these things first well the good news is we're looking for them nasa has devoted money to this the national science foundation and other countries are interested in doing this we're building telescopes that are looking for the threat
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is going to hit us and it's meters across so it would do unbelievable damage the good news is that the odds of it actually passing through this keyhole and hitting us next go around are one in a million roughly very very low odds so i personally am not lying awake at night worrying about this at all i don't think is a problem in fact is a blessing in disguise because it woke us up to the dangers of these things
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in front of this tank there's a man on a bicycle with a breadbasket on his head to any passerby there's no problem with this visual after acts of violence another artist came painted blood protesters being run over by the tank demonstrators and a message that read starting tomorrow i wear the new face the face of every martyr i exist authority comes paints the wall white leaves the tank and adds a message army and people one hand egypt for egyptians another artist comes paints the head of the military as a monster eating a maiden in a river of blood in front of the tank authority comes paints the wall white leaves the tank leaves the suit and throws a bucket of black paint just to hide the face of the monster so i come with my and i spray them on the suit on the tank and on the whole wall and this is how it stands today until further notice
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two years ago i was invited as an artist to participate in an exhibition commemorating years of islamic art in europe the curator had only one condition i had to use the arabic script for my artwork now as an artist a woman an arab or a human being living in the world in i only had one thing to say i wanted to say no and in arabic to say no we say no and a thousand times no so i decided to look for a thousand different noes on everything ever produced under islamic or arab patronage in the past years from spain to the borders of china
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let me remind you what we already know we have a population that's both growing and aging we have seven billion souls today heading to billion at the end of the century we consume natural resources faster than they can be replenished and the emissions that are mainly responsible for climate change just keep increasing now clearly these are environmental and social issues but that's not all they're economic issues and that makes them relevant to risk and return and they are really complex and they can seem really far off that the temptation may be to do this bury our heads in the sand and not think about it resist this if you can don't do this at home
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i mean let me clarify something right here companies and investors are not singularly responsible for the fate of the planet they don't have indefinite social obligations and prudent investing and finance theory aren't subordinate to sustainability they're compatible so i'm not talking about tradeoffs here but institutional investors are the x factor in sustainability why do they hold the key the answer quite simply is they have the money
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man in comic what if it's a big hoax and we create a better world for nothing good you like it i like it too
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and here's something that may surprise you the balance of power to really influence sustainability rests with institutional investors the large investors like pension funds foundations and endowments i believe that sustainable investing is less complicated than you think better performing than you believe and more important than we can imagine let me remind you what we already know
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investors should also look at performance metrics in what we call environment social and governance environment includes energy consumption water availability waste and pollution just making efficient uses of resources social includes human capital things like employee engagement and innovation capacity as well as supply chain management and labor rights and human rights
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investors should also look at performance metrics in what we call environment social and governance environment includes energy consumption water availability waste and pollution just making efficient uses of resources social includes human capital things like employee engagement and innovation capacity as well as supply chain management and labor rights and human rights and governance relates to the oversight of companies by their boards and investors see i told you this is the really juicy stuff but is the measure of sustainability and sustainable investing incorporates factors with financial factors into the investment process it means limiting future risk by minimizing harm to people and planet and it means providing capital to users who deploy it towards productive and sustainable outcomes so if sustainability matters financially today and all signs indicate more tomorrow is the private sector paying attention well the really cool thing is that most are they started to see sustainability not just as important but crucial to business success
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describing people who chose to vote for as a protest but without thinking through its potential consequences and this disconnect is evident in some of the simplest things say you go out for a quick drink then you decide you wouldn't mind a few more you know you'll wake up in the morning feeling awful but you justify it by saying the other me in the future will deal with that but as we find out in the morning that future you is you when i was growing up in india in the late and early there was a feeling that the future both needed to and could actually be planned i remember my parents had to plan for some of the simplest things when they wanted a telephone in our house they needed to order it and then wait wait for nearly five years before it got installed in our house
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i visit the future for a living not just one future but many possible futures bringing back evidences from those futures for you to experience today like an archaeologist of the future over the years my many journeys have brought back things like a new species of synthetically engineered bees a book named pets as protein a machine that makes you rich by trading your genetic data a lamp powered by sugar a computer for growing food ok so i don't actually travel to different futures yet but my husband jon and i spend a lot of time thinking and creating visions of different futures in our studio
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but of course i know what they're really asking so i say something like well my grandparents and my mum were born in india my dad and i were born in kenya and i was brought up in london and then they've got me mapped ah you're a kenyan asian i've worked with one of those
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these people have very firm ideas about what belongs and what doesn't belong inside the cozy national cultures that they imagine and i'm going to caricature a bit here but only a little bit i want you to imagine the supporter of some little englander or british nationalist political party and he's sitting at home and he's screaming about foreigners invading his country while watching fox news an american cable channel owned by an australian on his south korean television set which was bought by his spanish credit card which is paid off monthly by his high street british bank which has its headquarters in hong kong he supports a british football team owned by a russian his favorite brand of fish and chips is owned by a swedish venture capitalist firm the church he sometimes goes to has its creed decided in meetings in ghana his union jack underpants were made in india
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thank you and they're laundered regularly by a very nice polish lady
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i was brought up in the near wembley with asian english caribbean irish families living in our street and the neo nazi national front was massive then with regular marches and attacks on us and a permanent threat and often a frequent reality of violence against us on the streets in our homes typically by neo nazis and other racists and i remember during a general election a leaflet came through our letter box with a picture of the national front candidate for our area and the picture was of our next door neighbor he threatened to shoot me once when i played in the garden as a kid and many weekends shaven headed national front activists arrived at his house and emerged with scores of placards screaming that they wanted us to go back home but today he's one of my best mates he's a very lovely gentle and kind man and at some point in his political journey out of fascism he embraced a broader idea of humanity there was a hindu family that we got to know well and you have to understand that life in our street was a little bit like the setting for an asian soap opera everyone knew everyone else's business even if they didn't want it to be known by anyone at all
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what is your name sir miguel goncalves miguel miguel all right you're going to stand right here so when you're moving your arm like this your brain is sending a signal down to your muscles right here i want you to move your arm as well so your brain is going to send a signal down to your muscles and so it turns out that there is a nerve that's right here that runs up here that these three fingers and it's close enough to the skin that we might be able to stimulate that so that what we can do is copy your brain signals going out to your hand and inject it into your hand so that your hand will move when your brain tells your hand to move so in a sense she will take away your free will and you will no longer have any control over this hand you with me so i just need to hook you up
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so now are you ready miguel ready as i'll ever be i've turned it on so go ahead and turn your hand do you feel that a little bit nope okay do it again a little bit
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so now are you ready miguel ready as i'll ever be i've turned it on so go ahead and turn your hand do you feel that a little bit nope okay do it again a little bit a little bit so relax so hit it again
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the brain is an amazing and complex organ and while many people are fascinated by the brain they can't really tell you that much about the properties about how the brain works because we don't teach neuroscience in schools and one of the reasons why is that the equipment is so complex and so expensive that it's really only done at major universities and large institutions and so in order to be able to access the brain you really need to dedicate your life and spend six and a half years as a graduate student just to become a neuroscientist to get access to these tools and that's a shame because one out of five of us that's percent of the entire world will have a neurological disorder and there are zero cures for these diseases
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was a graduate student my lab mate tim marzullo and myself decided that what if we took this complex equipment that we have for studying the brain and made it simple enough and affordable enough that anyone that you know an amateur or a high school student could learn and actually participate in the discovery of neuroscience and so we did just that a few years ago we started a company called backyard brains and we make neuroscience equipment and i brought some here tonight and i want to do some demonstrations you guys want to see some so i need a volunteer so right before what is your name sam kelly sam
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let's try it out so go ahead and squeeze your hand so what you're listening to so this is your motor units happening right here let's take a look at it as well so i'm going to stand over here and i'm going to open up our app here so now i want you to squeeze so right here these are the motor units that are happening from her spinal cord out to her muscle right here and as she's doing it you're seeing the electrical activity that's happening here you can even click here and try to see one of them so keep doing it really hard
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going to show you an example of each of these and i'm going to start with materials steve who's at the university of pittsburgh about a decade ago had a remarkable idea and that idea was that the small intestine of a pig if you threw away all the cells and if you did that in a way that allowed it to remain biologically active may contain all of the necessary factors and signals that would signal the body to heal itself and he asked a very important question he asked the question if i take that material which is a natural material that usually induces healing in the small intestine and i place it somewhere else on a person's body would it give a tissue specific response or would it make small intestine if i tried to make a new ear i wouldn't be telling you this story if it weren't compelling the picture i'm about to show you is a compelling picture
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this is the same procedure but now done minimally with only three holes in the body where they're taking the heart and simply injecting stem cells through a laparoscopic procedure there go the cells we don't have time to go into all of those details but basically that works too you can take patients who are less sick and bring them back to an almost asymptomatic state through that kind of therapy here's another example of stem cell therapy that isn't quite clinical yet but i think very soon will be this is the work of marra from pittsburgh along with a number of colleagues around the world they've decided that liposuction fluid which in the united states we have a lot of liposuction fluid
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it's no coincidence japan is the oldest country on earth in terms of its average age they need this to work or their health system dies so they're putting a lot of strategic investment focused in this area the european union same thing china the same thing china just launched a national tissue engineering center the first year budget was million us dollars in the united states we've had a somewhat different approach
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i'm going to talk to you today about hopefully converting fear into hope when we go to the physician today when we go to the doctor's office and we walk in there are words that we just don't want to hear there are words that we're truly afraid of diabetes cancer parkinson's alzheimer's heart failure lung failure things that we know are debilitating diseases for which there's relatively little that can be done and what i want to lay out for you today is a different way of thinking about how to treat debilitating disease why it's important why without it perhaps our health care system will melt down if you think it already hasn't and where we are clinically today and where we might go tomorrow and what some of the hurdles are and we're going to do all of that in minutes i promise
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i want to start with this slide because this slide sort of tells the story the way science magazine thinks of it this was an issue from that they published with a lot of different articles on the human it was basically a medicine issue medicine is an extraordinarily simple concept that everybody can understand it's simply accelerating the pace at which the body heals itself to a clinically relevant so we know how to do this in many of the ways that are up there we know that if we have a damaged hip you can put an artificial hip in
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this is the complete antithesis of medicine this is not medicine medicine is what business week put up when they did a story about medicine not too long ago the idea is that instead of figuring out how to ameliorate symptoms with devices and drugs and the like and i'll come back to that theme a few times instead of doing that we will regenerate lost function of the body by regenerating the function of organs and damaged tissue so that at the end of the treatment you are the same as you were at the beginning of the treatment very few good ideas if you agree that this is a good idea very few good ideas are truly novel
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very few good ideas if you agree that this is a good idea very few good ideas are truly novel and this is just the same if you look back in history charles lindbergh who was better known for flying airplanes was actually one of the first people along with alexis carrel one of the nobel laureates from rockefeller to begin to think about could you culture organs and they published this book in where they actually began to think about what could you do in bio reactors to grow whole organs we've come a long way since then i'm going to share with you some of the exciting work that's going on but before doing that what i'd like to do is share my depression about the health care system and the need for this with you many of the talks yesterday talked about improving the quality of life and reducing poverty and essentially increasing life expectancy all around the globe
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and this is one of the reasons why the nutrition companies of this world they are looking for this fruit to provide what we know as reinforced food the seeds give an oil a very stable oil which is sought after by the cosmetic industry to give to produce body lotions for example and if you look at the trunk the trunk of course safeguards water which is often harvested by a thirsty traveler and the leaves are used in traditional medicine against infectious disease now you can see now why the africans consider it to be the tree of life it's a complete plant and in fact the sheer size of these trees is hiding a massive potential not only for the pharma nutrition and the cosmetic industry what i have showed you here is only the species from africa we have six species yet in madagascar and we don't know what is the potential of this plant but one thing we know is that the flora is considered to be threatened with extinction let me take you to africa again and introduce you to one of my very favorite the resurrection plant now here you'll find that even jesus has competition
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you know it's a big privilege for me to be working in one of the biodiversity in the world the islands in the indian ocean these islands mauritius rodrigues and runion along with the island of madagascar they are blessed with unique plants found nowhere else in the world and today i will tell you about five of them and their particular features and why these plants are so unique take a look at this plant i call it in the local vernacular and the botanical name is this is endemic to mauritius and its particular feature is its
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what should you not be you should not be who rolls a rock up a mountain all day only to find the boulder rolled down at night don't live a life which is monotonous mediocre meaningless be spectacular like the greek heroes like jason who went across the sea with the argonauts and fetched the golden fleece be spectacular like who entered the labyrinth and killed the bull headed when you play in a race win because when you win the exhilaration of victory is the closest you will come to the ambrosia of the gods because you see the greeks believed you live only once and when you die you have to cross the river styx and if you have lived an extraordinary life you will be welcomed to elysium or what the french call champs the heaven of the heroes
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and what do you do at the end of days you dunk it in the river because it has to end and next year she will come back what goes around always comes around and this rule applies not just to man but also the gods you see the gods have to come back again and again and again as ram as krishna not only do they live infinite lives but the same life is lived infinite times till you get to the point of it all groundhog day
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and that brings us to the mythology of business if alexander's belief influenced his behavior if the belief influences his behavior then it was bound to influence the business they were in you see what is business but the result of how the market behaves and how the organization behaves and if you look at cultures around the world all you have to do is understand the mythology and you will see how they behave and how they do business take a look if you live only once in one life cultures around the world you will see an obsession with binary logic absolute truth standardization absoluteness linear patterns in design but if you look at cultures which have cyclical and based on infinite lives you will see a comfort with fuzzy logic with opinion with thinking with everything is relative sort of mostly
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you see indian music for example does not have the concept of harmony there is no orchestra conductor there is one performer standing there and everybody follows and you can never replicate that performance twice it is not about documentation and contract it's about conversation and faith it's not about compliance it's about setting getting the job done by bending or breaking the rules just look at your indian people around here you'll see them smile they know what it is
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i have personally experienced it i'm trained as a medical doctor i did not want to study surgery don't ask me why i love mythology too much i wanted to learn mythology but there is nowhere you can study so i had to teach it to myself and mythology does not pay well until now
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you see it is based on the hindu ritual of hindus don't have the concept of commandments so there is nothing right or wrong in what you do in life so you're not really sure how you stand in front of god so when you go to the temple all you seek is an audience with god you want to see god and you want god to see you and hence the gods have very large eyes large eyes sometimes made of silver so they look at you because you don't know whether you're right or wrong and so all you seek is divine empathy just know where i came from why i did the
1
737
to understand the business of mythology and what a chief belief officer is supposed to do you have to hear a story of the elephant headed god who is the scribe of storytellers and his brother the athletic warlord of the gods the two brothers one day decided to go on a race three times around the world leapt on his peacock and flew around the continents and the mountains and the oceans he went around once he went around twice he went around thrice but his brother simply walked around his parents once twice thrice and said i won how come said
0
739
is objective logical universal factual scientific is subjective it's emotional it's personal it's perceptions thoughts feelings dreams it is the belief system that we carry it's the myth that we live in tells us how the world functions how the sun rises how we are born tells us why the sun rises why we were born
0
740
tells us how the world functions how the sun rises how we are born tells us why the sun rises why we were born every culture is trying to understand itself why do we exist and every culture comes up with its own understanding of life its own customized version of mythology culture is a reaction to nature and this understanding of our ancestors is transmitted generation from generation in the form of stories symbols and rituals which are always indifferent to rationality and so when you study it you realize that different people of the world have a different understanding of the world different people see things differently different viewpoints there is my world and there is your world and my world is always better than your world because my world you see is rational and yours is superstition yours is faith
0
741
yours is faith yours is illogical this is the root of the clash of civilizations it took place once in b c on the banks of a river called the indus now in pakistan this river lends itself to india's name india indus
0
745
but these are not the stories that the heard he heard a very different story he heard of a man called after whom india is called also conquered the world and then he went to the top most peak of the greatest mountain of the center of the world called and he wanted to hoist his flag to say i was here first
0
748
well now you ramp that up to four and you have a lot of complexity a lot of ways to describe mechanisms so let's talk about what that means so if you look at a human genome they consist of billion of these base pairs that's a lot and they mix up in all different fashions and that makes you a human being if you convert that to binary just to give you a little bit of sizing we're actually smaller than the program microsoft office it's not really all that much data i will also tell you we're at least as buggy
1
750
by the way just so you know you get stressed out about genetically modified organisms there is not one single vine in this valley or anywhere that is not genetically modified they're not grown from seeds they're grafted into root stock they would not exist in nature on their own so don't worry about don't stress about that stuff we've been doing this forever so we could you know focus on disease resistance we can go for higher yields without necessarily having dramatic farming techniques to do it or costs we could conceivably expand the climate window we could make pinot noir grow maybe in long island god forbid
1
755
lately heard about it at least you probably hear about these days i thought i'd take a moment to tell you what a genome is it's sort of like if you ask people well what is a megabyte or megabit and what is broadband people never want to say i really don't understand so i will tell you right off of the bat
0
757
of our species and you as an individual human being where you're from going back thousands and thousands and thousands of years and that's now starting to be understood but also the genome is really the instruction manual it is the program it is the code of life it is what makes you function it is what makes every organism function is a very elegant molecule
0
760
this is a wheat bread a whole wheat bread and it's made with a new technique that i've been playing around with and developing and writing about which for lack of a better name we call the epoxy method and i call it an epoxy method because it's not very appetizing i understand that but but if you think about epoxy what's epoxy it's two resins that are sort of in and of themselves neither of which can make glue but when you put the two together something happens a bond takes place and you get this very strong powerful adhesive well in this technique what i've tried to do is kind of gather all of the knowledge that the bread baking world the artisan bread baking community has been trying to accumulate over the last years or so since we've been engaged in a bread renaissance in america and put it together to come up with a method that would help to take whole grain breads and let's face it everyone's trying to move towards whole grains we finally after years of knowing that was a healthier option we're finally getting to the point where we actually are tipping over and attempting to actually eat them
1
763
it's mainly starch and starch when you break it down what is starch it's thank you sugar yes so a baker and a good baker knows how to pull or draw forth the inherent sugar trapped in the starch with whole grain bread you have other obstacles you've got bran which is probably the healthiest part of the bread for us or the fiber for us because it is just loaded with fiber for the bran is fiber it's got germ those are the good things but those aren't the parts of the wheat so whole grain breads historically have had sort of this onus of being health food breads and people don't like to eat quote health food they like to eat healthy and but when we think of something as a health food we think of it as something we eat out of obligation not out of passion and love for the flavor and ultimately the challenge of the baker the challenge of every culinary student of every chef is to deliver flavor
0
764
cricket wasn't always this speed driven generations game there was a time when you played cricket you played timeless test matches when you played on till the game got over and there was this game in march that started on the third of march and ended on the of march and it only ended because the english had to go from durban to cape town which is a two hour train journey to catch the ship that left on the because the next ship wasn't around for a long time so the match was ended in between and one of the english said you know what another half an hour and we would have won
1
766
and then you worked out your strategy and you came and fought the next day and you went back home again the only difference between the mahabharata and our cricket was that in cricket everybody was alive to come back and fight the next day princes patronize the game not because they love the game but because it was a means of ingratiating themselves to the british rulers but there is one other reason why india fell in love with cricket which was all you needed was a plank of wood and a rubber ball and any number of people could play it anywhere take a look you could play it in the dump with some rocks over there you could play it in a little alley you couldn't hit square anywhere because the bat hit the wall don't forget the air conditioning and the cable wires
1
768
television started covering cricket for a long time television said we won't cover cricket unless you pay us to cover it then they said ok the next rights are sold for million dollars the next rights are sold for million dollars so it's a bit of a curve that and then another big accident happened in our cricket england invented overs cricket and said the world must play overs cricket just as england invented cricket and made the rest of the world play it thank god for them
1
769
india the world champions india champions but what a game we had m s got it right in the air but what a player a massive massive success india the world champions suddenly india discovered this power of cricket the accident of course there was that the thought the bowler was bowling fast
1
770
and we suddenly discovered that we could be good at this game and what it also did was it led to a certain pride in the fact that india could be the best in the world it was at a time when investment was coming in india was feeling a little more confident about itself and so there was a feeling that there was great pride in what we can do and thankfully for all of us the english are very good at inventing things and then the gracious people that they are they let the world become very good at it
1
772
an opening ceremony to match every other this was an india that was buying corvettes this was an india that was buying jaguar this was an india that was adding more mobile phones per month than new zealand's population twice over so it was a different india but it was also a slightly more orthodox india that was very happy to be modern but didn't want to say that to people and so they were aghast when the cheerleaders arrived everyone secretly watched them but everyone claimed not to
1
773
and they've started promoting them with huge money behind it i mean the had billion dollars before a ball was bowled billion dollars for television revenue over years and another million dollars plus from all these franchises that were putting in money and then they had to appeal to their cities but they had to do it like the west right because we are setting up leagues but what they were very good at doing was making it very localized so just to give you an example of how they did it not manchester united style promotion but very style promotion take a look of course a lot of people said maybe they dance better than they play
1
774
the indians flew in dwayne bravo from trinidad and tobago overnight and when he had to go back to represent the west indies they asked him when do you have to reach he said i have to be there by a certain time so i have to leave today we said no no no it's not about when you have to leave it's about when do you have to reach there and so he said i've got to reach on date x and they said fine you play to date x minus one so he played in hyderabad went straight after the game went from the stadium to hyderabad airport sat in a private corporate jet first refueling in portugal second refueling in brazil he was in west indies in time
1
777
but slowly the game moved on you know finally you don't always have five days so we moved on and we started playing cricket and then an enormous accident took place in indian sport we don't make things happen accidents happen and we're in the right place at the right time sometimes and we won this world cup in
0
778
in indian sport we don't make things happen accidents happen and we're in the right place at the right time sometimes and we won this world cup in and suddenly we fell in love with the game and we played it virtually every day there was more cricket than anywhere but there was another big date was when we won the world cup we found a finance minister and a prime minister willing to let the world look at india rather than be this great country of intrigue and mystery in this closed country and so we allowed multinationals into india we cut customs duties we reduced import duties and we got all the multinationals coming in with multinational budgets who looked at per capita income and got very excited about the possibilities in india and were looking for a vehicle to reach every indian
0
779
there are only two vehicles in india one real one scripted the scripted one is what you see in the movies the real one was cricket and so one of my friends sitting right here in front of me ravi from pepsi decided he's going to take it all over the world and pepsi was this big revolution because they started taking cricket all over and so cricket started becoming big cricket started bringing riches in television started covering cricket for a long time television said we won't cover cricket unless you pay us to cover it
0
781
and so we launched our own league six weeks city versus city it was a new thing for us we had only ever supported our country the only two areas in which india was very proud about their country representing itself on the field one was war the indian army which we don't like to happen very often the other was indian cricket
0
782
we had only ever supported our country the only two areas in which india was very proud about their country representing itself on the field one was war the indian army which we don't like to happen very often the other was indian cricket now suddenly we had to support city leagues but the people getting into these city leagues were people who were taking their cues from the west america is a home of leagues and they said right we'll build some glitzy leagues here in india but was india ready for it because cricket for a long time in india was always organized it was never promoted it was never sold it was organized
0
784
what it did also is it changed the way we looked at cricket all along if you wanted a young you picked him up from the of your own little locality your own city and you were very proud of the system that produced those now all of the sudden if you were to bowl a shot if were to bowl a shot for example they needn't go to or park or somewhere to source them they could go to trinidad this was the new india wasn't it this was the new world where you can source from anywhere as long as you get the best product at the best price and all of a sudden indian sport had awakened to the reality that you can source the best product for the best price anywhere in the world
0
785
we are thinking big but what this also did was it started marrying the two most important things in indian cricket which is cricket and the movies in indian entertainment there is cricket and the movies
0
791
can you listen to me so we had a real issue with communicating and we were just not communicating until one day i had this epiphany i her
1
792
i'd like to education the last year has seen the invention of a new four letter word it starts with an m massive open online courses many organizations are offering these online courses to students all over the world in the millions for free anybody who has an internet connection and the will to learn can access these great courses from excellent universities and get a credential at the end of it now in this discussion today i'm going to focus on a different aspect of
0
798
i felt my passion heart and soul had left my body i felt i was not alive anymore so i started to consider what i should do and i thought i wanted to make my performance better and to show onstage how spectacular the yo yo could be to change the public's image of the yo yo so i quit my company and started a career as a professional performer
0
822
at the same time if you think about it there's all kinds of strange behaviors in the world around us think about something like and mountain climbing if you read books of people who climb mountains difficult mountains do you think that those books are full of moments of joy and happiness no they are full of misery in fact it's all about frostbite and having difficulty walking and difficulty breathing cold challenging circumstances and if people were just trying to be happy the moment they would get to the top they would say this was a terrible mistake i'll never do it again
1