{'action': 'on_llm_start', 'name': 'OpenAI', 'step': 7, 'starts': 5, 'ends': 2, 'errors': 0, 'text_ctr': 0, 'chain_starts': 1, 'chain_ends': 0, 'llm_starts': 2, 'llm_ends': 1, 'llm_streams': 0, 'tool_starts': 2, 'tool_ends': 1, 'agent_ends': 0, 'prompts': 'Answer the following questions as best you can. You have access to the following tools:\n\nSearch: A search engine. Useful for when you need to answer questions about current events. Input should be a search query.\nCalculator: Useful for when you need to answer questions about math.\n\nUse the following format:\n\nQuestion: the input question you must answer\nThought: you should always think about what to do\nAction: the action to take, should be one of [Search, Calculator]\nAction Input: the input to the action\nObservation: the result of the action\n... (this Thought/Action/Action Input/Observation can repeat N times)\nThought: I now know the final answer\nFinal Answer: the final answer to the original input question\n\nBegin!\n\nQuestion: Who is the wife of the person who sang summer of 69?\nThought: I need to find out who sang summer of 69 and then find out who their wife is.\nAction: Search\nAction Input: "Who sang summer of 69"\nObservation: Bryan Adams - Summer Of 69 (Official Music Video).\nThought:'}


{'action': 'on_llm_end', 'token_usage_prompt_tokens': 242, 'token_usage_completion_tokens': 28, 'token_usage_total_tokens': 270, 'model_name': 'text-davinci-003', 'step': 8, 'starts': 5, 'ends': 3, 'errors': 0, 'text_ctr': 0, 'chain_starts': 1, 'chain_ends': 0, 'llm_starts': 2, 'llm_ends': 2, 'llm_streams': 0, 'tool_starts': 2, 'tool_ends': 1, 'agent_ends': 0, 'text': ' I need to find out who Bryan Adams is married to.\nAction: Search\nAction Input: "Who is Bryan Adams married to"', 'generation_info_finish_reason': 'stop', 'generation_info_logprobs': None, 'flesch_reading_ease': 94.66, 'flesch_kincaid_grade': 2.7, 'smog_index': 0.0, 'coleman_liau_index': 4.73, 'automated_readability_index': 4.0, 'dale_chall_readability_score': 7.16, 'difficult_words': 2, 'linsear_write_formula': 4.25, 'gunning_fog': 4.2, 'text_standard': '4th and 5th grade', 'fernandez_huerta': 124.13, 'szigriszt_pazos': 119.2, 'gutierrez_polini': 52.26, 'crawford': 0.7, 'gulpease_index': 74.7, 'osman': 84.2}
 I need to find out who Bryan Adams is married to.
Action: Search


I need to find out who Bryan Adams is married to.
Action: Search
Action Input: "Who is Bryan Adams married to"{'action': 'on_agent_action', 'tool': 'Search', 'tool_input': 'Who is Bryan Adams married to', 'log': ' I need to find out who Bryan Adams is married to.\nAction: Search\nAction Input: "Who is Bryan Adams married to"', 'step': 9, 'starts': 6, 'ends': 3, 'errors': 0, 'text_ctr': 0, 'chain_starts': 1, 'chain_ends': 0, 'llm_starts': 2, 'llm_ends': 2, 'llm_streams': 0, 'tool_starts': 3, 'tool_ends': 1, 'agent_ends': 0}
{'action': 'on_tool_start', 'input_str': 'Who is Bryan Adams married to', 'name': 'Search', 'description': 'A search engine. Useful for when you need to answer questions about current events. Input should be a search query.', 'step': 10, 'starts': 7, 'ends': 3, 'errors': 0, 'text_ctr': 0, 'chain_starts': 1, 'chain_ends': 0, 'llm_starts': 2, 'llm_ends': 2, 'llm_streams': 0, 'tool_starts': 4, 'tool_ends': 1, 'agent_ends': 0}
Observation: Bryan Adams has never married. In the 1990s, he was in a relationship with Danish model Cecilie Thomsen. In 2011, Bryan and Alicia Grimaldi, his ...


Thought:{'action': 'on_tool_end', 'output': 'Bryan Adams has never married. In the 1990s, he was in a relationship with Danish model Cecilie Thomsen. In 2011, Bryan and Alicia Grimaldi, his ...', 'step': 11, 'starts': 7, 'ends': 4, 'errors': 0, 'text_ctr': 0, 'chain_starts': 1, 'chain_ends': 0, 'llm_starts': 2, 'llm_ends': 2, 'llm_streams': 0, 'tool_starts': 4, 'tool_ends': 2, 'agent_ends': 0}


{'action': 'on_llm_start', 'name': 'OpenAI', 'step': 12, 'starts': 8, 'ends': 4, 'errors': 0, 'text_ctr': 0, 'chain_starts': 1, 'chain_ends': 0, 'llm_starts': 3, 'llm_ends': 2, 'llm_streams': 0, 'tool_starts': 4, 'tool_ends': 2, 'agent_ends': 0, 'prompts': 'Answer the following questions as best you can. You have access to the following tools:\n\nSearch: A search engine. Useful for when you need to answer questions about current events. Input should be a search query.\nCalculator: Useful for when you need to answer questions about math.\n\nUse the following format:\n\nQuestion: the input question you must answer\nThought: you should always think about what to do\nAction: the action to take, should be one of [Search, Calculator]\nAction Input: the input to the action\nObservation: the result of the action\n... (this Thought/Action/Action Input/Observation can repeat N times)\nThought: I now know the final answer\nFinal Answer: the final answer to the original input question\n\nBegin!\n\nQuestion: Who is the wife of the person who sang summer of 69?\nThought: I need to find out who sang summer of 69 and then find out who their wife is.\nAction: Search\nAction Input: "Who sang summer of 69"\nObservation: Bryan Adams - Summer Of 69 (Official Music Video).\nThought: I need to find out who Bryan Adams is married to.\nAction: Search\nAction Input: "Who is Bryan Adams married to"\nObservation: Bryan Adams has never married. In the 1990s, he was in


Bryan Adams has never married. In the 1990s, he was in a relationship with Danish model Cecilie Thomsen. In 2011, Bryan and Alicia Grimaldi, his ...\nThought:'}


{'action': 'on_llm_end', 'token_usage_prompt_tokens': 314, 'token_usage_completion_tokens': 18, 'token_usage_total_tokens': 332, 'model_name': 'text-davinci-003', 'step': 13, 'starts': 8, 'ends': 5, 'errors': 0, 'text_ctr': 0, 'chain_starts': 1, 'chain_ends': 0, 'llm_starts': 3, 'llm_ends': 3, 'llm_streams': 0, 'tool_starts': 4, 'tool_ends': 2, 'agent_ends': 0, 'text': ' I now know the final answer.\nFinal Answer: Bryan Adams has never been married.', 'generation_info_finish_reason': 'stop', 'generation_info_logprobs': None, 'flesch_reading_ease': 81.29, 'flesch_kincaid_grade': 3.7, 'smog_index': 0.0, 'coleman_liau_index': 5.75, 'automated_readability_index': 3.9, 'dale_chall_readability_score': 7.37, 'difficult_words': 1, 'linsear_write_formula': 2.5, 'gunning_fog': 2.8, 'text_standard': '3rd and 4th grade', 'fernandez_huerta': 115.7, 'szigriszt_pazos': 110.84, 'gutierrez_polini': 49.79, 'crawford': 0.7, 'gulpease_index': 85.4, 'osman': 83.14}
 I now know the final answer.
Final Answer: Bryan Adams has never been married.


I now know the final answer.
Final Answer: Bryan Adams has never been married.
{'action': 'on_agent_finish', 'output': 'Bryan Adams has never been married.', 'log': ' I now know the final answer.\nFinal Answer: Bryan Adams has never been married.', 'step': 14, 'starts': 8, 'ends': 6, 'errors': 0, 'text_ctr': 0, 'chain_starts': 1, 'chain_ends': 0, 'llm_starts': 3, 'llm_ends': 3, 'llm_streams': 0, 'tool_starts': 4, 'tool_ends': 2, 'agent_ends': 1}
> Finished chain.
{'action': 'on_chain_end', 'outputs': 'Bryan Adams has never been married.', 'step': 15, 'starts': 8, 'ends': 7, 'errors': 0, 'text_ctr': 0, 'chain_starts': 1, 'chain_ends': 1, 'llm_starts': 3, 'llm_ends': 3, 'llm_streams': 0, 'tool_starts': 4, 'tool_ends': 2, 'agent_ends': 1}
{'action_records':              action    name  step  starts  ends  errors  text_ctr  \
0      on_llm_start  OpenAI     1       1     0       0         0
1      on_llm_start  OpenAI     1       1     0       0         0
2      on_llm_start  OpenAI     1       1     0       0         0
3      on_llm_start  OpenAI     1       1     0       0         0


4      on_llm_start  OpenAI     1       1     0       0         0
..              ...     ...   ...     ...   ...     ...       ...
66      on_tool_end     NaN    11       7     4       0         0
67     on_llm_start  OpenAI    12       8     4       0         0
68       on_llm_end     NaN    13       8     5       0         0
69  on_agent_finish     NaN    14       8     6       0         0
70     on_chain_end     NaN    15       8     7       0         0
    chain_starts  chain_ends  llm_starts  ...  gulpease_index  osman  input  \
0              0           0           1  ...             NaN    NaN    NaN
1              0           0           1  ...             NaN    NaN    NaN
2              0           0           1  ...             NaN    NaN    NaN
3              0           0           1  ...             NaN    NaN    NaN
4              0           0           1  ...             NaN    NaN    NaN
..           ...         ...         ...  ...             ...    ...    ...
66             1           0           2  ...             NaN    NaN    NaN
67             1           0           3  ...             NaN    NaN    NaN
68             1           0           3  ...            85.4  83.14    NaN
69             1           0           3  ...             NaN    NaN    NaN


69             1           0           3  ...             NaN    NaN    NaN
70             1           1           3  ...             NaN    NaN    NaN
    tool  tool_input                                                log  \
0    NaN         NaN                                                NaN
1    NaN         NaN                                                NaN
2    NaN         NaN                                                NaN
3    NaN         NaN                                                NaN
4    NaN         NaN                                                NaN
..   ...         ...                                                ...
66   NaN         NaN                                                NaN
67   NaN         NaN                                                NaN
68   NaN         NaN                                                NaN
69   NaN         NaN   I now know the final answer.\nFinal Answer: B...
70   NaN         NaN                                                NaN
    input_str  description                                             output  \
0         NaN          NaN                                                NaN
1         NaN          NaN                                                NaN
2         NaN          NaN                                                NaN
3         NaN          NaN                                                NaN
4         NaN          NaN                                                NaN
..        ...          ...                                                ...
66        NaN          NaN  Bryan Adams has never married. In the 1990s, h...
67        NaN          NaN                                                NaN
68        NaN          NaN                                                NaN
69        NaN          NaN                Bryan Adams has never been married.
70        NaN          NaN                                                NaN
                                outputs
0                                   NaN
1                                   NaN
2                                   NaN
3                                   NaN
4                                   NaN
..                                  ...
66                                  NaN
67                                  NaN
68                                  NaN
69                                  NaN
70  Bryan Adams has never been married.
[71 rows x 47 columns], 'session_analysis':    prompt_step                                            prompts    name  \
0            2  Answer the following questions as best you can...  OpenAI


0            2  Answer the following questions as best you can...  OpenAI
1            7  Answer the following questions as best you can...  OpenAI
2           12  Answer the following questions as best you can...  OpenAI
   output_step                                             output  \
0            3   I need to find out who sang summer of 69 and ...
1            8   I need to find out who Bryan Adams is married...
2           13   I now know the final answer.\nFinal Answer: B...
   token_usage_total_tokens  token_usage_prompt_tokens  \
0                       223                        189
1                       270                        242
2                       332                        314
   token_usage_completion_tokens  flesch_reading_ease  flesch_kincaid_grade  \
0                             34                91.61                   3.8
1                             28                94.66                   2.7
2                             18                81.29                   3.7
   ...  difficult_words  linsear_write_formula  gunning_fog  \
0  ...                2                   5.75          5.4
1  ...                2                   4.25          4.2
2  ...                1                   2.50          2.8
       text_standard  fernandez_huerta  szigriszt_pazos  gutierrez_polini  \
0  3rd and 4th grade            121.07           119.50             54.91
1  4th and 5th grade            124.13           119.20             52.26


2  3rd and 4th grade            115.70           110.84             49.79
  crawford  gulpease_index  osman
0      0.9            72.7  92.16
1      0.7            74.7  84.20
2      0.7            85.4  83.14
[3 rows x 24 columns]}
Could not update last created model in Task 988bd727b0e94a29a3ac0ee526813545, Task status 'completed' cannot be updated
Tips and Next Steps#
Make sure you always use a unique name argument for the clearml_callback.flush_tracker function. If not, the model parameters used for a run will override the previous run!
If you close the ClearML Callback using clearml_callback.flush_tracker(..., finish=True) the Callback cannot be used anymore. Make a new one if you want to keep logging.
Check out the rest of the open source ClearML ecosystem, there is a data version manager, a remote execution agent, automated pipelines and much more!
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Chroma
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ClickHouse
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Getting API Credentials
Callbacks
Scenario 1: Just an LLM
Scenario 2: Creating an agent with tools
Tips and Next Steps
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Reddit
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
Reddit#
Reddit is an American social news aggregation, content rating, and discussion website.
Installation and Setup#
First, you need to install a python package.
pip install praw
Make a Reddit Application and initialize the loader with with your Reddit API credentials.
Document Loader#
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import RedditPostsLoader
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Rebuff
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Redis
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
PipelineAI
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Wrappers
LLM
PipelineAI#
This page covers how to use the PipelineAI ecosystem within LangChain.
It is broken into two parts: installation and setup, and then references to specific PipelineAI wrappers.
Installation and Setup#
Install with pip install pipeline-ai
Get a Pipeline Cloud api key and set it as an environment variable (PIPELINE_API_KEY)
Wrappers#
LLM#
There exists a PipelineAI LLM wrapper, which you can access with
from langchain.llms import PipelineAI
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Pinecone
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Prediction Guard
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Wrappers
LLM
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Helicone
 Contents
What is Helicone?
Quick start
How to enable Helicone caching
How to use Helicone custom properties
Helicone#
This page covers how to use the Helicone ecosystem within LangChain.
What is Helicone?#
Helicone is an open source observability platform that proxies your OpenAI traffic and provides you key insights into your spend, latency and usage.
Quick start#
With your LangChain environment you can just add the following parameter.
export OPENAI_API_BASE="https://oai.hconeai.com/v1"
Now head over to helicone.ai to create your account, and add your OpenAI API key within our dashboard to view your logs.
How to enable Helicone caching#
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
import openai
openai.api_base = "https://oai.hconeai.com/v1"
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0.9, headers={"Helicone-Cache-Enabled": "true"})
text = "What is a helicone?"
print(llm(text))
Helicone caching docs
How to use Helicone custom properties#
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
import openai
openai.api_base = "https://oai.hconeai.com/v1"
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0.9, headers={
        "Helicone-Property-Session": "24",
        "Helicone-Property-Conversation": "support_issue_2",
        "Helicone-Property-App": "mobile",
      })
text = "What is a helicone?"
print(llm(text))
Helicone property docs
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Hazy Research
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Hugging Face
 Contents

What is Helicone?
Quick start
How to enable Helicone caching
How to use Helicone custom properties


Quick start
How to enable Helicone caching
How to use Helicone custom properties
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Pinecone
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Vectorstore
Pinecone#
This page covers how to use the Pinecone ecosystem within LangChain.
It is broken into two parts: installation and setup, and then references to specific Pinecone wrappers.
Installation and Setup#
Install the Python SDK:
pip install pinecone-client
Vectorstore#
There exists a wrapper around Pinecone indexes, allowing you to use it as a vectorstore,
whether for semantic search or example selection.
from langchain.vectorstores import Pinecone
For a more detailed walkthrough of the Pinecone vectorstore, see this notebook
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PGVector
next
PipelineAI
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Vectorstore
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
ForefrontAI
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Wrappers
LLM
ForefrontAI#
This page covers how to use the ForefrontAI ecosystem within LangChain.
It is broken into two parts: installation and setup, and then references to specific ForefrontAI wrappers.
Installation and Setup#
Get an ForefrontAI api key and set it as an environment variable (FOREFRONTAI_API_KEY)
Wrappers#
LLM#
There exists an ForefrontAI LLM wrapper, which you can access with
from langchain.llms import ForefrontAI
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Figma
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Git
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Wrappers
LLM
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
SageMaker Endpoint
 Contents
Installation and Setup
LLM
Text Embedding Models
SageMaker Endpoint#
Amazon SageMaker is a system that can build, train, and deploy machine learning (ML) models with fully managed infrastructure, tools, and workflows.
We use SageMaker to host our model and expose it as the SageMaker Endpoint.
Installation and Setup#
pip install boto3
For instructions on how to expose model as a SageMaker Endpoint, please see here.
Note: In order to handle batched requests, we need to adjust the return line in the predict_fn() function within the custom inference.py script:
Change from
return {"vectors": sentence_embeddings[0].tolist()}
to:
return {"vectors": sentence_embeddings.tolist()}
We have to set up following required parameters of the SagemakerEndpoint call:
endpoint_name: The name of the endpoint from the deployed Sagemaker model.
Must be unique within an AWS Region.
credentials_profile_name: The name of the profile in the ~/.aws/credentials or ~/.aws/config files, which
has either access keys or role information specified.
If not specified, the default credential profile or, if on an EC2 instance,
credentials from IMDS will be used.
See this guide.
LLM#
See a usage example.
from langchain import SagemakerEndpoint
from langchain.llms.sagemaker_endpoint import LLMContentHandler
Text Embedding Models#
See a usage example.
from langchain.embeddings import SagemakerEndpointEmbeddings
from langchain.llms.sagemaker_endpoint import ContentHandlerBase
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RWKV-4
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SearxNG Search API
 Contents

Installation and Setup
LLM
Text Embedding Models
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.


By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Vespa
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Retriever
Vespa#
Vespa is a fully featured search engine and vector database.
It supports vector search (ANN), lexical search, and search in structured data, all in the same query.
Installation and Setup#
pip install pyvespa
Retriever#
See a usage example.
from langchain.retrievers import VespaRetriever
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Vectara
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Weights & Biases
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Retriever
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Google Serper
 Contents
Setup
Wrappers
Utility
Output
Tool
Google Serper#
This page covers how to use the Serper Google Search API within LangChain. Serper is a low-cost Google Search API that can be used to add answer box, knowledge graph, and organic results data from Google Search.
It is broken into two parts: setup, and then references to the specific Google Serper wrapper.
Setup#
Go to serper.dev to sign up for a free account
Get the api key and set it as an environment variable (SERPER_API_KEY)
Wrappers#
Utility#
There exists a GoogleSerperAPIWrapper utility which wraps this API. To import this utility:
from langchain.utilities import GoogleSerperAPIWrapper
You can use it as part of a Self Ask chain:
from langchain.utilities import GoogleSerperAPIWrapper
from langchain.llms.openai import OpenAI
from langchain.agents import initialize_agent, Tool
from langchain.agents import AgentType
import os
os.environ["SERPER_API_KEY"] = ""
os.environ['OPENAI_API_KEY'] = ""
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0)
search = GoogleSerperAPIWrapper()
tools = [
    Tool(
        name="Intermediate Answer",
        func=search.run,
        description="useful for when you need to ask with search"
    )
]
self_ask_with_search = initialize_agent(tools, llm, agent=AgentType.SELF_ASK_WITH_SEARCH, verbose=True)
self_ask_with_search.run("What is the hometown of the reigning men's U.S. Open champion?")
Output#
Entering new AgentExecutor chain...
 Yes.
Follow up: Who is the reigning men's U.S. Open champion?


Yes.
Follow up: Who is the reigning men's U.S. Open champion?
Intermediate answer: Current champions Carlos Alcaraz, 2022 men's singles champion.
Follow up: Where is Carlos Alcaraz from?
Intermediate answer: El Palmar, Spain
So the final answer is: El Palmar, Spain
> Finished chain.
'El Palmar, Spain'
For a more detailed walkthrough of this wrapper, see this notebook.
Tool#
You can also easily load this wrapper as a Tool (to use with an Agent).
You can do this with:
from langchain.agents import load_tools
tools = load_tools(["google-serper"])
For more information on this, see this page
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Google Search
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Google Vertex AI
 Contents

Setup
Wrappers
Utility
Output
Tool
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
scikit-learn
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Wrappers
VectorStore
scikit-learn#
This page covers how to use the scikit-learn package within LangChain.
It is broken into two parts: installation and setup, and then references to specific scikit-learn wrappers.
Installation and Setup#
Install the Python package with pip install scikit-learn
Wrappers#
VectorStore#
SKLearnVectorStore provides a simple wrapper around the nearest neighbor implementation in the
scikit-learn package, allowing you to use it as a vectorstore.
To import this vectorstore:
from langchain.vectorstores import SKLearnVectorStore
For a more detailed walkthrough of the SKLearnVectorStore wrapper, see this notebook.
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Shale Protocol
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Slack
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Wrappers
VectorStore
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
BiliBili
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
BiliBili#
Bilibili is one of the most beloved long-form video sites in China.
Installation and Setup#
pip install bilibili-api-python
Document Loader#
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import BiliBiliLoader
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Beam
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Blackboard
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Shale Protocol
 Contents
How to
1. Find the link to our Discord on https://shaleprotocol.com. Generate an API key through the “Shale Bot” on our Discord. No credit card is required and no free trials. It’s a forever free tier with 1K limit per day per API key.
2. Use https://shale.live/v1 as OpenAI API drop-in replacement
Shale Protocol#
Shale Protocol provides production-ready inference APIs for open LLMs. It’s a Plug & Play API as it’s hosted on a highly scalable GPU cloud infrastructure.
Our free tier supports up to 1K daily requests per key as we want to eliminate the barrier for anyone to start building genAI apps with LLMs.
With Shale Protocol, developers/researchers can create apps and explore the capabilities of open LLMs at no cost.
This page covers how Shale-Serve API can be incorporated with LangChain.
As of June 2023, the API supports Vicuna-13B by default. We are going to support more LLMs such as Falcon-40B in future releases.
How to#
1. Find the link to our Discord on https://shaleprotocol.com. Generate an API key through the “Shale Bot” on our Discord. No credit card is required and no free trials. It’s a forever free tier with 1K limit per day per API key.#
2. Use https://shale.live/v1 as OpenAI API drop-in replacement#
For example
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
from langchain import PromptTemplate, LLMChain
import os
os.environ['OPENAI_API_BASE'] = "https://shale.live/v1"
os.environ['OPENAI_API_KEY'] = "ENTER YOUR API KEY"
llm = OpenAI()


llm = OpenAI()
template = """Question: {question}
# Answer: Let's think step by step."""
prompt = PromptTemplate(template=template, input_variables=["question"])
llm_chain = LLMChain(prompt=prompt, llm=llm)
question = "What NFL team won the Super Bowl in the year Justin Beiber was born?"
llm_chain.run(question)
previous
SerpAPI
next
scikit-learn
 Contents

How to
1. Find the link to our Discord on https://shaleprotocol.com. Generate an API key through the “Shale Bot” on our Discord. No credit card is required and no free trials. It’s a forever free tier with 1K limit per day per API key.
2. Use https://shale.live/v1 as OpenAI API drop-in replacement
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Docugami
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
Docugami#
Docugami converts business documents into a Document XML Knowledge Graph, generating forests
of XML semantic trees representing entire documents. This is a rich representation that includes the semantic and
structural characteristics of various chunks in the document as an XML tree.
Installation and Setup#
pip install lxml
Document Loader#
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import DocugamiLoader
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Discord
next
DuckDB
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Hacker News
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
Hacker News#
Hacker News (sometimes abbreviated as HN) is a social news
website focusing on computer science and entrepreneurship. It is run by the investment fund and startup
incubator Y Combinator. In general, content that can be submitted is defined as “anything that gratifies
one’s intellectual curiosity.”
Installation and Setup#
There isn’t any special setup for it.
Document Loader#
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import HNLoader
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Gutenberg
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Hazy Research
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
AWS S3 Directory
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
AWS S3 Directory#
Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) is an object storage service.
AWS S3 Directory
AWS S3 Buckets
Installation and Setup#
pip install boto3
Document Loader#
See a usage example for S3DirectoryLoader.
See a usage example for S3FileLoader.
from langchain.document_loaders import S3DirectoryLoader, S3FileLoader
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AwaDB
next
AZLyrics
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Psychic
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Advantages vs Other Document Loaders
Psychic#
Psychic is a platform for integrating with SaaS tools like Notion, Zendesk,
Confluence, and Google Drive via OAuth and syncing documents from these applications to your SQL or vector
database. You can think of it like Plaid for unstructured data.
Installation and Setup#
pip install psychicapi
Psychic is easy to set up - you import the react library and configure it with your Sidekick API key, which you get
from the Psychic dashboard. When you connect the applications, you
view these connections from the dashboard and retrieve data using the server-side libraries.
Create an account in the dashboard.
Use the react library to add the Psychic link modal to your frontend react app. You will use this to connect the SaaS apps.
Once you have created a connection, you can use the PsychicLoader by following the example notebook
Advantages vs Other Document Loaders#
Universal API: Instead of building OAuth flows and learning the APIs for every SaaS app, you integrate Psychic once and leverage our universal API to retrieve data.
Data Syncs: Data in your customers’ SaaS apps can get stale fast. With Psychic you can configure webhooks to keep your documents up to date on a daily or realtime basis.
Simplified OAuth: Psychic handles OAuth end-to-end so that you don’t have to spend time creating OAuth clients for each integration, keeping access tokens fresh, and handling OAuth redirect logic.
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PromptLayer
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Qdrant
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Advantages vs Other Document Loaders
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Deep Lake
 Contents
Why Deep Lake?
More Resources
Installation and Setup
Wrappers
VectorStore
Deep Lake#
This page covers how to use the Deep Lake ecosystem within LangChain.
Why Deep Lake?#
More than just a (multi-modal) vector store. You can later use the dataset to fine-tune your own LLM models.
Not only stores embeddings, but also the original data with automatic version control.
Truly serverless. Doesn’t require another service and can be used with major cloud providers (AWS S3, GCS, etc.)
More Resources#
Ultimate Guide to LangChain & Deep Lake: Build ChatGPT to Answer Questions on Your Financial Data
Twitter the-algorithm codebase analysis with Deep Lake
Here is whitepaper and academic paper for Deep Lake
Here is a set of additional resources available for review: Deep Lake, Getting Started and Tutorials
Installation and Setup#
Install the Python package with pip install deeplake
Wrappers#
VectorStore#
There exists a wrapper around Deep Lake, a data lake for Deep Learning applications, allowing you to use it as a vector store (for now), whether for semantic search or example selection.
To import this vectorstore:
from langchain.vectorstores import DeepLake
For a more detailed walkthrough of the Deep Lake wrapper, see this notebook
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DeepInfra
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Diffbot
 Contents

Why Deep Lake?
More Resources
Installation and Setup
Wrappers
VectorStore
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Anyscale
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Wrappers
LLM
Anyscale#
This page covers how to use the Anyscale ecosystem within LangChain.
It is broken into two parts: installation and setup, and then references to specific Anyscale wrappers.
Installation and Setup#
Get an Anyscale Service URL, route and API key and set them as environment variables (ANYSCALE_SERVICE_URL,ANYSCALE_SERVICE_ROUTE, ANYSCALE_SERVICE_TOKEN).
Please see the Anyscale docs for more details.
Wrappers#
LLM#
There exists an Anyscale LLM wrapper, which you can access with
from langchain.llms import Anyscale
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Anthropic
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Apify
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Wrappers
LLM
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
2Markdown
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
2Markdown#
2markdown service transforms website content into structured markdown files.
Installation and Setup#
We need the API key. See instructions how to get it.
Document Loader#
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import ToMarkdownLoader
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Tensorflow Hub
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Trello
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
NLPCloud
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Wrappers
LLM
NLPCloud#
This page covers how to use the NLPCloud ecosystem within LangChain.
It is broken into two parts: installation and setup, and then references to specific NLPCloud wrappers.
Installation and Setup#
Install the Python SDK with pip install nlpcloud
Get an NLPCloud api key and set it as an environment variable (NLPCLOUD_API_KEY)
Wrappers#
LLM#
There exists an NLPCloud LLM wrapper, which you can access with
from langchain.llms import NLPCloud
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MyScale
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Notion DB
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Wrappers
LLM
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
PGVector
 Contents
Installation
Setup
Wrappers
VectorStore
Usage
PGVector#
This page covers how to use the Postgres PGVector ecosystem within LangChain
It is broken into two parts: installation and setup, and then references to specific PGVector wrappers.
Installation#
Install the Python package with pip install pgvector
Setup#
The first step is to create a database with the pgvector extension installed.
Follow the steps at PGVector Installation Steps to install the database and the extension. The docker image is the easiest way to get started.
Wrappers#
VectorStore#
There exists a wrapper around Postgres vector databases, allowing you to use it as a vectorstore,
whether for semantic search or example selection.
To import this vectorstore:
from langchain.vectorstores.pgvector import PGVector
Usage#
For a more detailed walkthrough of the PGVector Wrapper, see this notebook
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Petals
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Pinecone
 Contents

Installation
Setup
Wrappers
VectorStore
Usage
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
AwaDB
 Contents
Installation and Setup
VectorStore
AwaDB#
AwaDB is an AI Native database for the search and storage of embedding vectors used by LLM Applications.
Installation and Setup#
pip install awadb
VectorStore#
There exists a wrapper around AwaDB vector databases, allowing you to use it as a vectorstore,
whether for semantic search or example selection.
from langchain.vectorstores import AwaDB
For a more detailed walkthrough of the AwaDB wrapper, see this notebook
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AtlasDB
next
AWS S3 Directory
 Contents

Installation and Setup
VectorStore
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Telegram
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
Telegram#
Telegram Messenger is a globally accessible freemium, cross-platform, encrypted, cloud-based and centralized instant messaging service. The application also provides optional end-to-end encrypted chats and video calling, VoIP, file sharing and several other features.
Installation and Setup#
See setup instructions.
Document Loader#
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import TelegramChatFileLoader
from langchain.document_loaders import TelegramChatApiLoader
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Tair
next
Tensorflow Hub
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Arxiv
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
Retriever
Arxiv#
arXiv is an open-access archive for 2 million scholarly articles in the fields of physics,
mathematics, computer science, quantitative biology, quantitative finance, statistics, electrical engineering and
systems science, and economics.
Installation and Setup#
First, you need to install arxiv python package.
pip install arxiv
Second, you need to install PyMuPDF python package which transforms PDF files downloaded from the arxiv.org site into the text format.
pip install pymupdf
Document Loader#
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import ArxivLoader
Retriever#
See a usage example.
from langchain.retrievers import ArxivRetriever
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Argilla
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AtlasDB
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
Retriever
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Annoy
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Vectorstore
Annoy#
Annoy (Approximate Nearest Neighbors Oh Yeah) is a C++ library with Python bindings to search for points in space that are close to a given query point. It also creates large read-only file-based data structures that are mmapped into memory so that many processes may share the same data.
Installation and Setup#
pip install annoy
Vectorstore#
See a usage example.
from langchain.vectorstores import Annoy
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AnalyticDB
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Anthropic
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Vectorstore
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Trello
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
Trello#
Trello is a web-based project management and collaboration tool that allows individuals and teams to organize and track their tasks and projects. It provides a visual interface known as a “board” where users can create lists and cards to represent their tasks and activities.
The TrelloLoader allows us to load cards from a Trello board.
Installation and Setup#
pip install py-trello beautifulsoup4
See setup instructions.
Document Loader#
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import TrelloLoader
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2Markdown
next
Twitter
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Google Cloud Storage
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
Google Cloud Storage#
Google Cloud Storage is a managed service for storing unstructured data.
Installation and Setup#
First, you need to install google-cloud-bigquery python package.
pip install google-cloud-storage
Document Loader#
There are two loaders for the Google Cloud Storage: the Directory and the File loaders.
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import GCSDirectoryLoader
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import GCSFileLoader
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Google BigQuery
next
Google Drive
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
C Transformers
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Wrappers
LLM
C Transformers#
This page covers how to use the C Transformers library within LangChain.
It is broken into two parts: installation and setup, and then references to specific C Transformers wrappers.
Installation and Setup#
Install the Python package with pip install ctransformers
Download a supported GGML model (see Supported Models)
Wrappers#
LLM#
There exists a CTransformers LLM wrapper, which you can access with:
from langchain.llms import CTransformers
It provides a unified interface for all models:
llm = CTransformers(model='/path/to/ggml-gpt-2.bin', model_type='gpt2')
print(llm('AI is going to'))
If you are getting illegal instruction error, try using lib='avx' or lib='basic':
llm = CTransformers(model='/path/to/ggml-gpt-2.bin', model_type='gpt2', lib='avx')
It can be used with models hosted on the Hugging Face Hub:
llm = CTransformers(model='marella/gpt-2-ggml')
If a model repo has multiple model files (.bin files), specify a model file using:
llm = CTransformers(model='marella/gpt-2-ggml', model_file='ggml-model.bin')
Additional parameters can be passed using the config parameter:
config = {'max_new_tokens': 256, 'repetition_penalty': 1.1}
llm = CTransformers(model='marella/gpt-2-ggml', config=config)
See Documentation for a list of available parameters.
For a more detailed walkthrough of this, see this notebook.
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Confluence
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Databerry
 Contents

Installation and Setup


previous
Confluence
next
Databerry
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Wrappers
LLM
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Argilla
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Tracking
Argilla#
Argilla is an open-source data curation platform for LLMs.
Using Argilla, everyone can build robust language models through faster data curation
using both human and machine feedback. We provide support for each step in the MLOps cycle,
from data labeling to model monitoring.
Installation and Setup#
First, you’ll need to install the  argilla Python package as follows:
pip install argilla --upgrade
If you already have an Argilla Server running, then you’re good to go; but if
you don’t, follow the next steps to install it.
If you don’t you can refer to Argilla - 🚀 Quickstart to deploy Argilla either on HuggingFace Spaces, locally, or on a server.
Tracking#
See a usage example of ArgillaCallbackHandler.
from langchain.callbacks import ArgillaCallbackHandler
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Apify
next
Arxiv
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Tracking
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Anthropic
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Chat Models
Anthropic#
Anthropic is an American artificial intelligence (AI) startup and
public-benefit corporation, founded by former members of OpenAI. Anthropic specializes in developing general AI
systems and language models, with a company ethos of responsible AI usage.
Anthropic develops a chatbot, named Claude. Similar to ChatGPT, Claude uses a messaging
interface where users can submit questions or requests and receive highly detailed and relevant responses.
Installation and Setup#
pip install anthropic
See the setup documentation.
Chat Models#
See a usage example
from langchain.chat_models import ChatAnthropic
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Annoy
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Anyscale
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Chat Models
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Microsoft PowerPoint
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Document Loader
Microsoft PowerPoint#
Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program by Microsoft.
Installation and Setup#
There isn’t any special setup for it.
Document Loader#
See a usage example.
from langchain.document_loaders import UnstructuredPowerPointLoader
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Microsoft OneDrive
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Microsoft Word
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Document Loader
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
RWKV-4
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Usage
RWKV
Model File
Rwkv-4 models -> recommended VRAM
RWKV-4#
This page covers how to use the RWKV-4 wrapper within LangChain.
It is broken into two parts: installation and setup, and then usage with an example.
Installation and Setup#
Install the Python package with pip install rwkv
Install the tokenizer Python package with pip install tokenizer
Download a RWKV model and place it in your desired directory
Download the tokens file
Usage#
RWKV#
To use the RWKV wrapper, you need to provide the path to the pre-trained model file and the tokenizer’s configuration.
from langchain.llms import RWKV
# Test the model
```python
def generate_prompt(instruction, input=None):
    if input:
        return f"""Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
# Instruction:
{instruction}
# Input:
{input}
# Response:
"""
    else:
        return f"""Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request.
# Instruction:
{instruction}
# Response:
"""
model = RWKV(model="./models/RWKV-4-Raven-3B-v7-Eng-20230404-ctx4096.pth", strategy="cpu fp32", tokens_path="./rwkv/20B_tokenizer.json")
response = model(generate_prompt("Once upon a time, "))
Model File#
You can find links to model file downloads at the RWKV-4-Raven repository.
Rwkv-4 models -> recommended VRAM#
RWKV VRAM
Model | 8bit | bf16/fp16 | fp32


RWKV VRAM
Model | 8bit | bf16/fp16 | fp32
14B   | 16GB | 28GB      | >50GB
7B    | 8GB  | 14GB      | 28GB
3B    | 2.8GB| 6GB       | 12GB
1b5   | 1.3GB| 3GB       | 6GB
See the rwkv pip page for more information about strategies, including streaming and cuda support.
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Runhouse
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SageMaker Endpoint
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Usage
RWKV
Model File
Rwkv-4 models -> recommended VRAM
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.ipynb
.pdf
Databricks
 Contents
Installation and Setup
Connecting to Databricks
Syntax
Required Parameters
Optional Parameters
Examples
SQL Chain example
SQL Database Agent example
Databricks#
This notebook covers how to connect to the Databricks runtimes and Databricks SQL using the SQLDatabase wrapper of LangChain.
It is broken into 3 parts: installation and setup, connecting to Databricks, and examples.
Installation and Setup#
!pip install databricks-sql-connector
Connecting to Databricks#
You can connect to Databricks runtimes and Databricks SQL using the SQLDatabase.from_databricks() method.
Syntax#
SQLDatabase.from_databricks(
    catalog: str,
    schema: str,
    host: Optional[str] = None,
    api_token: Optional[str] = None,
    warehouse_id: Optional[str] = None,
    cluster_id: Optional[str] = None,
    engine_args: Optional[dict] = None,
    **kwargs: Any)
Required Parameters#
catalog: The catalog name in the Databricks database.
schema: The schema name in the catalog.
Optional Parameters#
There following parameters are optional. When executing the method in a Databricks notebook, you don’t need to provide them in most of the cases.
host: The Databricks workspace hostname, excluding ‘https://’ part. Defaults to ‘DATABRICKS_HOST’ environment variable or current workspace if in a Databricks notebook.
api_token: The Databricks personal access token for accessing the Databricks SQL warehouse or the cluster. Defaults to ‘DATABRICKS_TOKEN’ environment variable or a temporary one is generated if in a Databricks notebook.
warehouse_id: The warehouse ID in the Databricks SQL.


warehouse_id: The warehouse ID in the Databricks SQL.
cluster_id: The cluster ID in the Databricks Runtime. If running in a Databricks notebook and both ‘warehouse_id’ and ‘cluster_id’ are None, it uses the ID of the cluster the notebook is attached to.
engine_args: The arguments to be used when connecting Databricks.
**kwargs: Additional keyword arguments for the SQLDatabase.from_uri method.
Examples#
# Connecting to Databricks with SQLDatabase wrapper
from langchain import SQLDatabase
db = SQLDatabase.from_databricks(catalog='samples', schema='nyctaxi')
# Creating a OpenAI Chat LLM wrapper
from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model_name="gpt-4")
SQL Chain example#
This example demonstrates the use of the SQL Chain for answering a question over a Databricks database.
from langchain import SQLDatabaseChain
db_chain = SQLDatabaseChain.from_llm(llm, db, verbose=True)
db_chain.run("What is the average duration of taxi rides that start between midnight and 6am?")
> Entering new SQLDatabaseChain chain...
What is the average duration of taxi rides that start between midnight and 6am?
SQLQuery:SELECT AVG(UNIX_TIMESTAMP(tpep_dropoff_datetime) - UNIX_TIMESTAMP(tpep_pickup_datetime)) as avg_duration
FROM trips
WHERE HOUR(tpep_pickup_datetime) >= 0 AND HOUR(tpep_pickup_datetime) < 6
SQLResult: [(987.8122786304605,)]
Answer:The average duration of taxi rides that start between midnight and 6am is 987.81 seconds.
> Finished chain.
'The average duration of taxi rides that start between midnight and 6am is 987.81 seconds.'


SQL Database Agent example#
This example demonstrates the use of the SQL Database Agent for answering questions over a Databricks database.
from langchain.agents import create_sql_agent
from langchain.agents.agent_toolkits import SQLDatabaseToolkit
toolkit = SQLDatabaseToolkit(db=db, llm=llm)
agent = create_sql_agent(
    llm=llm,
    toolkit=toolkit,
    verbose=True
)
agent.run("What is the longest trip distance and how long did it take?")
> Entering new AgentExecutor chain...
Action: list_tables_sql_db
Action Input:
Observation: trips
Thought:I should check the schema of the trips table to see if it has the necessary columns for trip distance and duration.
Action: schema_sql_db
Action Input: trips
Observation:
CREATE TABLE trips (
	tpep_pickup_datetime TIMESTAMP,
	tpep_dropoff_datetime TIMESTAMP,
	trip_distance FLOAT,
	fare_amount FLOAT,
	pickup_zip INT,
	dropoff_zip INT
) USING DELTA
/*
3 rows from trips table:
tpep_pickup_datetime	tpep_dropoff_datetime	trip_distance	fare_amount	pickup_zip	dropoff_zip
2016-02-14 16:52:13+00:00	2016-02-14 17:16:04+00:00	4.94	19.0	10282	10171
2016-02-04 18:44:19+00:00	2016-02-04 18:46:00+00:00	0.28	3.5	10110	10110


2016-02-17 17:13:57+00:00	2016-02-17 17:17:55+00:00	0.7	5.0	10103	10023
*/
Thought:The trips table has the necessary columns for trip distance and duration. I will write a query to find the longest trip distance and its duration.
Action: query_checker_sql_db
Action Input: SELECT trip_distance, tpep_dropoff_datetime - tpep_pickup_datetime as duration FROM trips ORDER BY trip_distance DESC LIMIT 1
Observation: SELECT trip_distance, tpep_dropoff_datetime - tpep_pickup_datetime as duration FROM trips ORDER BY trip_distance DESC LIMIT 1
Thought:The query is correct. I will now execute it to find the longest trip distance and its duration.
Action: query_sql_db
Action Input: SELECT trip_distance, tpep_dropoff_datetime - tpep_pickup_datetime as duration FROM trips ORDER BY trip_distance DESC LIMIT 1
Observation: [(30.6, '0 00:43:31.000000000')]
Thought:I now know the final answer.
Final Answer: The longest trip distance is 30.6 miles and it took 43 minutes and 31 seconds.
> Finished chain.
'The longest trip distance is 30.6 miles and it took 43 minutes and 31 seconds.'
 Contents

Installation and Setup
Connecting to Databricks
Syntax
Required Parameters
Optional Parameters
Examples
SQL Chain example
SQL Database Agent example
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.ipynb
.pdf
Chat Over Documents with Vectara
 Contents
Pass in chat history
Return Source Documents
ConversationalRetrievalChain with search_distance
ConversationalRetrievalChain with map_reduce
ConversationalRetrievalChain with Question Answering with sources
ConversationalRetrievalChain with streaming to stdout
get_chat_history Function
Chat Over Documents with Vectara#
This notebook is based on the chat_vector_db notebook, but using Vectara as the vector database.
import os
from langchain.vectorstores import Vectara
from langchain.vectorstores.vectara import VectaraRetriever
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
from langchain.chains import ConversationalRetrievalChain
Load in documents. You can replace this with a loader for whatever type of data you want
from langchain.document_loaders import TextLoader
loader = TextLoader("../../modules/state_of_the_union.txt")
documents = loader.load()
We now split the documents, create embeddings for them, and put them in a vectorstore. This allows us to do semantic search over them.
vectorstore = Vectara.from_documents(documents, embedding=None)
We can now create a memory object, which is neccessary to track the inputs/outputs and hold a conversation.
from langchain.memory import ConversationBufferMemory
memory = ConversationBufferMemory(memory_key="chat_history", return_messages=True)
We now initialize the ConversationalRetrievalChain
openai_api_key = os.environ['OPENAI_API_KEY']
llm = OpenAI(openai_api_key=openai_api_key, temperature=0)
retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(lambda_val=0.025, k=5, filter=None)
d = retriever.get_relevant_documents('What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson')


qa = ConversationalRetrievalChain.from_llm(llm, retriever, memory=memory)
query = "What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson"
result = qa({"question": query})
result["answer"]
" The president said that Ketanji Brown Jackson is one of the nation's top legal minds and that she will continue Justice Breyer's legacy of excellence."
query = "Did he mention who she suceeded"
result = qa({"question": query})
result['answer']
' Justice Stephen Breyer'
Pass in chat history#
In the above example, we used a Memory object to track chat history. We can also just pass it in explicitly. In order to do this, we need to initialize a chain without any memory object.
qa = ConversationalRetrievalChain.from_llm(OpenAI(temperature=0), vectorstore.as_retriever())
Here’s an example of asking a question with no chat history
chat_history = []
query = "What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson"
result = qa({"question": query, "chat_history": chat_history})
result["answer"]
" The president said that Ketanji Brown Jackson is one of the nation's top legal minds and that she will continue Justice Breyer's legacy of excellence."
Here’s an example of asking a question with some chat history
chat_history = [(query, result["answer"])]
query = "Did he mention who she suceeded"
result = qa({"question": query, "chat_history": chat_history})
result['answer']
' Justice Stephen Breyer'
Return Source Documents#
You can also easily return source documents from the ConversationalRetrievalChain. This is useful for when you want to inspect what documents were returned.


qa = ConversationalRetrievalChain.from_llm(llm, vectorstore.as_retriever(), return_source_documents=True)
chat_history = []
query = "What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson"
result = qa({"question": query, "chat_history": chat_history})
result['source_documents'][0]
Document(page_content='Tonight. I call on the Senate to: Pass the Freedom to Vote Act. Pass the John Lewis Voting Rights Act. And while you’re at it, pass the Disclose Act so Americans can know who is funding our elections. \n\nTonight, I’d like to honor someone who has dedicated his life to serve this country: Justice Stephen Breyer—an Army veteran, Constitutional scholar, and retiring Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Justice Breyer, thank you for your service. \n\nOne of the most serious constitutional responsibilities a President has is nominating someone to serve on the United States Supreme Court. \n\nAnd I did that 4 days ago, when I nominated Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson. One of our nation’s top legal minds, who will continue Justice Breyer’s legacy of excellence.', metadata={'source': '../../../state_of_the_union.txt'})
ConversationalRetrievalChain with search_distance#
If you are using a vector store that supports filtering by search distance, you can add a threshold value parameter.
vectordbkwargs = {"search_distance": 0.9}
qa = ConversationalRetrievalChain.from_llm(OpenAI(temperature=0), vectorstore.as_retriever(), return_source_documents=True)
chat_history = []
query = "What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson"
result = qa({"question": query, "chat_history": chat_history, "vectordbkwargs": vectordbkwargs})
print(result['answer'])


print(result['answer'])
 The president said that Ketanji Brown Jackson is one of the nation's top legal minds and that she will continue Justice Breyer's legacy of excellence.
ConversationalRetrievalChain with map_reduce#
We can also use different types of combine document chains with the ConversationalRetrievalChain chain.
from langchain.chains import LLMChain
from langchain.chains.question_answering import load_qa_chain
from langchain.chains.conversational_retrieval.prompts import CONDENSE_QUESTION_PROMPT
question_generator = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=CONDENSE_QUESTION_PROMPT)
doc_chain = load_qa_chain(llm, chain_type="map_reduce")
chain = ConversationalRetrievalChain(
    retriever=vectorstore.as_retriever(),
    question_generator=question_generator,
    combine_docs_chain=doc_chain,
)
chat_history = []
query = "What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson"
result = chain({"question": query, "chat_history": chat_history})
result['answer']
" The president said that he nominated Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson, who he described as one of the nation's top legal minds, to continue Justice Breyer's legacy of excellence."
ConversationalRetrievalChain with Question Answering with sources#
You can also use this chain with the question answering with sources chain.
from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources import load_qa_with_sources_chain
question_generator = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=CONDENSE_QUESTION_PROMPT)
doc_chain = load_qa_with_sources_chain(llm, chain_type="map_reduce")
chain = ConversationalRetrievalChain(
    retriever=vectorstore.as_retriever(),
    question_generator=question_generator,


retriever=vectorstore.as_retriever(),
    question_generator=question_generator,
    combine_docs_chain=doc_chain,
)
chat_history = []
query = "What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson"
result = chain({"question": query, "chat_history": chat_history})
result['answer']
" The president said that he nominated Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson, who he described as one of the nation's top legal minds, and that she will continue Justice Breyer's legacy of excellence.\nSOURCES: ../../../state_of_the_union.txt"
ConversationalRetrievalChain with streaming to stdout#
Output from the chain will be streamed to stdout token by token in this example.
from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
from langchain.callbacks.streaming_stdout import StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler
from langchain.chains.conversational_retrieval.prompts import CONDENSE_QUESTION_PROMPT, QA_PROMPT
from langchain.chains.question_answering import load_qa_chain
# Construct a ConversationalRetrievalChain with a streaming llm for combine docs
# and a separate, non-streaming llm for question generation
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0, openai_api_key=openai_api_key)
streaming_llm = OpenAI(streaming=True, callbacks=[StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler()], temperature=0, openai_api_key=openai_api_key)
question_generator = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=CONDENSE_QUESTION_PROMPT)
doc_chain = load_qa_chain(streaming_llm, chain_type="stuff", prompt=QA_PROMPT)
qa = ConversationalRetrievalChain(
    retriever=vectorstore.as_retriever(), combine_docs_chain=doc_chain, question_generator=question_generator)
chat_history = []


chat_history = []
query = "What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson"
result = qa({"question": query, "chat_history": chat_history})
 The president said that Ketanji Brown Jackson is one of the nation's top legal minds and that she will continue Justice Breyer's legacy of excellence.
chat_history = [(query, result["answer"])]
query = "Did he mention who she suceeded"
result = qa({"question": query, "chat_history": chat_history})
 Justice Stephen Breyer
get_chat_history Function#
You can also specify a get_chat_history function, which can be used to format the chat_history string.
def get_chat_history(inputs) -> str:
    res = []
    for human, ai in inputs:
        res.append(f"Human:{human}\nAI:{ai}")
    return "\n".join(res)
qa = ConversationalRetrievalChain.from_llm(llm, vectorstore.as_retriever(), get_chat_history=get_chat_history)
chat_history = []
query = "What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson"
result = qa({"question": query, "chat_history": chat_history})
result['answer']
" The president said that Ketanji Brown Jackson is one of the nation's top legal minds and that she will continue Justice Breyer's legacy of excellence."
 Contents

Pass in chat history
Return Source Documents
ConversationalRetrievalChain with search_distance
ConversationalRetrievalChain with map_reduce
ConversationalRetrievalChain with Question Answering with sources
ConversationalRetrievalChain with streaming to stdout
get_chat_history Function
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.ipynb
.pdf
Vectara Text Generation
 Contents
Prepare Data
Set Up Vector DB
Set Up LLM Chain with Custom Prompt
Generate Text
Vectara Text Generation#
This notebook is based on text generation notebook and adapted to Vectara.
Prepare Data#
First, we prepare the data. For this example, we fetch a documentation site that consists of markdown files hosted on Github and split them into small enough Documents.
import os
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
from langchain.docstore.document import Document
import requests
from langchain.vectorstores import Vectara
from langchain.text_splitter import CharacterTextSplitter
from langchain.prompts import PromptTemplate
import pathlib
import subprocess
import tempfile
def get_github_docs(repo_owner, repo_name):
    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as d:
        subprocess.check_call(
            f"git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/{repo_owner}/{repo_name}.git .",
            cwd=d,
            shell=True,
        )
        git_sha = (
            subprocess.check_output("git rev-parse HEAD", shell=True, cwd=d)
            .decode("utf-8")
            .strip()
        )
        repo_path = pathlib.Path(d)
        markdown_files = list(repo_path.glob("*/*.md")) + list(
            repo_path.glob("*/*.mdx")
        )
        for markdown_file in markdown_files:
            with open(markdown_file, "r") as f:
                relative_path = markdown_file.relative_to(repo_path)
                github_url = f"https://github.com/{repo_owner}/{repo_name}/blob/{git_sha}/{relative_path}"
                yield Document(page_content=f.read(), metadata={"source": github_url})
sources = get_github_docs("yirenlu92", "deno-manual-forked")


source_chunks = []
splitter = CharacterTextSplitter(separator=" ", chunk_size=1024, chunk_overlap=0)
for source in sources:
    for chunk in splitter.split_text(source.page_content):
        source_chunks.append(chunk)
Cloning into '.'...
Set Up Vector DB#
Now that we have the documentation content in chunks, let’s put all this information in a vector index for easy retrieval.
import os
search_index = Vectara.from_texts(source_chunks, embedding=None)
Set Up LLM Chain with Custom Prompt#
Next, let’s set up a simple LLM chain but give it a custom prompt for blog post generation. Note that the custom prompt is parameterized and takes two inputs: context, which will be the documents fetched from the vector search, and topic, which is given by the user.
from langchain.chains import LLMChain
prompt_template = """Use the context below to write a 400 word blog post about the topic below:
    Context: {context}
    Topic: {topic}
    Blog post:"""
PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
    template=prompt_template, input_variables=["context", "topic"]
)
llm = OpenAI(openai_api_key=os.environ['OPENAI_API_KEY'], temperature=0)
chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=PROMPT)
Generate Text#
Finally, we write a function to apply our inputs to the chain. The function takes an input parameter topic. We find the documents in the vector index that correspond to that topic, and use them as additional context in our simple LLM chain.
def generate_blog_post(topic):
    docs = search_index.similarity_search(topic, k=4)
    inputs = [{"context": doc.page_content, "topic": topic} for doc in docs]
    print(chain.apply(inputs))


print(chain.apply(inputs))
generate_blog_post("environment variables")


[{'text': '\n\nEnvironment variables are a powerful tool for managing configuration settings in your applications. They allow you to store and access values from anywhere in your code, making it easier to keep your codebase organized and maintainable.\n\nHowever, there are times when you may want to use environment variables specifically for a single command. This is where shell variables come in. Shell variables are similar to environment variables, but they won\'t be exported to spawned commands. They are defined with the following syntax:\n\n```sh\nVAR_NAME=value\n```\n\nFor example, if you wanted to use a shell variable instead of an environment variable in a command, you could do something like this:\n\n```sh\nVAR=hello && echo $VAR && deno eval "console.log(\'Deno: \' + Deno.env.get(\'VAR\'))"\n```\n\nThis would output the following:\n\n```\nhello\nDeno: undefined\n```\n\nShell variables can be useful when you want to re-use a value, but don\'t want it available in any spawned processes.\n\nAnother way to use environment variables is through pipelines. Pipelines provide a way to pipe the'}, {'text': '\n\nEnvironment variables are a great way to store and access sensitive information in your applications. They are also useful for configuring applications and managing different environments. In Deno, there are two ways to use environment variables: the built-in `Deno.env` and the `.env` file.\n\nThe `Deno.env` is a built-in feature of the Deno runtime that allows you to set and get environment variables. It has getter and setter methods that you can use to access and set environment variables. For example, you can set the `FIREBASE_API_KEY` and `FIREBASE_AUTH_DOMAIN` environment variables like


set the `FIREBASE_API_KEY` and `FIREBASE_AUTH_DOMAIN` environment variables like this:\n\n```ts\nDeno.env.set("FIREBASE_API_KEY", "examplekey123");\nDeno.env.set("FIREBASE_AUTH_DOMAIN", "firebasedomain.com");\n\nconsole.log(Deno.env.get("FIREBASE_API_KEY")); // examplekey123\nconsole.log(Deno.env.get("FIREBASE_AUTH_DOMAIN")); // firebasedomain'}, {'text': "\n\nEnvironment variables are a powerful tool for managing configuration and settings in your applications. They allow you to store and access values that can be used in your code, and they can be set and changed without having to modify your code.\n\nIn Deno, environment variables are defined using the `export` command. For example, to set a variable called `VAR_NAME` to the value `value`, you would use the following command:\n\n```sh\nexport VAR_NAME=value\n```\n\nYou can then access the value of the environment variable in your code using the `Deno.env.get()` method. For example, if you wanted to log the value of the `VAR_NAME` variable, you could use the following code:\n\n```js\nconsole.log(Deno.env.get('VAR_NAME'));\n```\n\nYou can also set environment variables for a single command. To do this, you can list the environment variables before the command, like so:\n\n```\nVAR=hello VAR2=bye deno run main.ts\n```\n\nThis will set the environment variables `VAR` and `V"}, {'text': "\n\nEnvironment variables are a powerful tool for managing settings and configuration in your applications. They can be used to store information such as user preferences, application settings, and even passwords. In this blog post, we'll discuss how to make Deno scripts executable with a hashbang


In this blog post, we'll discuss how to make Deno scripts executable with a hashbang (shebang).\n\nA hashbang is a line of code that is placed at the beginning of a script. It tells the system which interpreter to use when running the script. In the case of Deno, the hashbang should be `#!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-env`. This tells the system to use the Deno interpreter and to allow the script to access environment variables.\n\nOnce the hashbang is in place, you may need to give the script execution permissions. On Linux, this can be done with the command `sudo chmod +x hashbang.ts`. After that, you can execute the script by calling it like any other command: `./hashbang.ts`.\n\nIn the example program, we give the context permission to access the environment variables and print the Deno installation path. This is done by using the `Deno.env.get()` function, which returns the value of the specified environment"}]


Contents

Prepare Data
Set Up Vector DB
Set Up LLM Chain with Custom Prompt
Generate Text
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Quickstart Guide
 Contents
Installation
Environment Setup
Building a Language Model Application: LLMs
LLMs: Get predictions from a language model
Prompt Templates: Manage prompts for LLMs
Chains: Combine LLMs and prompts in multi-step workflows
Agents: Dynamically Call Chains Based on User Input
Memory: Add State to Chains and Agents
Building a Language Model Application: Chat Models
Get Message Completions from a Chat Model
Chat Prompt Templates
Chains with Chat Models
Agents with Chat Models
Memory: Add State to Chains and Agents
Quickstart Guide#
This tutorial gives you a quick walkthrough about building an end-to-end language model application with LangChain.
Installation#
To get started, install LangChain with the following command:
pip install langchain
# or
conda install langchain -c conda-forge
Environment Setup#
Using LangChain will usually require integrations with one or more model providers, data stores, apis, etc.
For this example, we will be using OpenAI’s APIs, so we will first need to install their SDK:
pip install openai
We will then need to set the environment variable in the terminal.
export OPENAI_API_KEY="..."
Alternatively, you could do this from inside the Jupyter notebook (or Python script):
import os
os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = "..."
If you want to set the API key dynamically, you can use the openai_api_key parameter when initiating OpenAI class—for instance, each user’s API key.
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
llm = OpenAI(openai_api_key="OPENAI_API_KEY")
Building a Language Model Application: LLMs#
Now that we have installed LangChain and set up our environment, we can start building our language model application.


LangChain provides many modules that can be used to build language model applications. Modules can be combined to create more complex applications, or be used individually for simple applications.
LLMs: Get predictions from a language model#
The most basic building block of LangChain is calling an LLM on some input.
Let’s walk through a simple example of how to do this.
For this purpose, let’s pretend we are building a service that generates a company name based on what the company makes.
In order to do this, we first need to import the LLM wrapper.
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
We can then initialize the wrapper with any arguments.
In this example, we probably want the outputs to be MORE random, so we’ll initialize it with a HIGH temperature.
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0.9)
We can now call it on some input!
text = "What would be a good company name for a company that makes colorful socks?"
print(llm(text))
Feetful of Fun
For more details on how to use LLMs within LangChain, see the LLM getting started guide.
Prompt Templates: Manage prompts for LLMs#
Calling an LLM is a great first step, but it’s just the beginning.
Normally when you use an LLM in an application, you are not sending user input directly to the LLM.
Instead, you are probably taking user input and constructing a prompt, and then sending that to the LLM.
For example, in the previous example, the text we passed in was hardcoded to ask for a name for a company that made colorful socks.
In this imaginary service, what we would want to do is take only the user input describing what the company does, and then format the prompt with that information.
This is easy to do with LangChain!
First lets define the prompt template:


This is easy to do with LangChain!
First lets define the prompt template:
from langchain.prompts import PromptTemplate
prompt = PromptTemplate(
    input_variables=["product"],
    template="What is a good name for a company that makes {product}?",
)
Let’s now see how this works! We can call the .format method to format it.
print(prompt.format(product="colorful socks"))
What is a good name for a company that makes colorful socks?
For more details, check out the getting started guide for prompts.
Chains: Combine LLMs and prompts in multi-step workflows#
Up until now, we’ve worked with the PromptTemplate and LLM primitives by themselves. But of course, a real application is not just one primitive, but rather a combination of them.
A chain in LangChain is made up of links, which can be either primitives like LLMs or other chains.
The most core type of chain is an LLMChain, which consists of a PromptTemplate and an LLM.
Extending the previous example, we can construct an LLMChain which takes user input, formats it with a PromptTemplate, and then passes the formatted response to an LLM.
from langchain.prompts import PromptTemplate
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0.9)
prompt = PromptTemplate(
    input_variables=["product"],
    template="What is a good name for a company that makes {product}?",
)
We can now create a very simple chain that will take user input, format the prompt with it, and then send it to the LLM:
from langchain.chains import LLMChain
chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
Now we can run that chain only specifying the product!
chain.run("colorful socks")


Now we can run that chain only specifying the product!
chain.run("colorful socks")
# -> '\n\nSocktastic!'
There we go! There’s the first chain - an LLM Chain.
This is one of the simpler types of chains, but understanding how it works will set you up well for working with more complex chains.
For more details, check out the getting started guide for chains.
Agents: Dynamically Call Chains Based on User Input#
So far the chains we’ve looked at run in a predetermined order.
Agents no longer do: they use an LLM to determine which actions to take and in what order. An action can either be using a tool and observing its output, or returning to the user.
When used correctly agents can be extremely powerful. In this tutorial, we show you how to easily use agents through the simplest, highest level API.
In order to load agents, you should understand the following concepts:
Tool: A function that performs a specific duty. This can be things like: Google Search, Database lookup, Python REPL, other chains. The interface for a tool is currently a function that is expected to have a string as an input, with a string as an output.
LLM: The language model powering the agent.
Agent: The agent to use. This should be a string that references a support agent class. Because this notebook focuses on the simplest, highest level API, this only covers using the standard supported agents. If you want to implement a custom agent, see the documentation for custom agents (coming soon).
Agents: For a list of supported agents and their specifications, see here.
Tools: For a list of predefined tools and their specifications, see here.
For this example, you will also need to install the SerpAPI Python package.
pip install google-search-results
And set the appropriate environment variables.
import os


pip install google-search-results
And set the appropriate environment variables.
import os
os.environ["SERPAPI_API_KEY"] = "..."
Now we can get started!
from langchain.agents import load_tools
from langchain.agents import initialize_agent
from langchain.agents import AgentType
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
# First, let's load the language model we're going to use to control the agent.
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0)
# Next, let's load some tools to use. Note that the `llm-math` tool uses an LLM, so we need to pass that in.
tools = load_tools(["serpapi", "llm-math"], llm=llm)
# Finally, let's initialize an agent with the tools, the language model, and the type of agent we want to use.
agent = initialize_agent(tools, llm, agent=AgentType.ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION, verbose=True)
# Now let's test it out!
agent.run("What was the high temperature in SF yesterday in Fahrenheit? What is that number raised to the .023 power?")
> Entering new AgentExecutor chain...
 I need to find the temperature first, then use the calculator to raise it to the .023 power.
Action: Search
Action Input: "High temperature in SF yesterday"
Observation: San Francisco Temperature Yesterday. Maximum temperature yesterday: 57 °F (at 1:56 pm) Minimum temperature yesterday: 49 °F (at 1:56 am) Average temperature ...
Thought: I now have the temperature, so I can use the calculator to raise it to the .023 power.
Action: Calculator
Action Input: 57^.023
Observation: Answer: 1.0974509573251117
Thought: I now know the final answer


Thought: I now know the final answer
Final Answer: The high temperature in SF yesterday in Fahrenheit raised to the .023 power is 1.0974509573251117.
> Finished chain.
Memory: Add State to Chains and Agents#
So far, all the chains and agents we’ve gone through have been stateless. But often, you may want a chain or agent to have some concept of “memory” so that it may remember information about its previous interactions. The clearest and simple example of this is when designing a chatbot - you want it to remember previous messages so it can use context from that to have a better conversation. This would be a type of “short-term memory”. On the more complex side, you could imagine a chain/agent remembering key pieces of information over time - this would be a form of “long-term memory”. For more concrete ideas on the latter, see this awesome paper.
LangChain provides several specially created chains just for this purpose. This notebook walks through using one of those chains (the ConversationChain) with two different types of memory.
By default, the ConversationChain has a simple type of memory that remembers all previous inputs/outputs and adds them to the context that is passed. Let’s take a look at using this chain (setting verbose=True so we can see the prompt).
from langchain import OpenAI, ConversationChain
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0)
conversation = ConversationChain(llm=llm, verbose=True)
output = conversation.predict(input="Hi there!")
print(output)
> Entering new chain...
Prompt after formatting:
The following is a friendly conversation between a human and an AI. The AI is talkative and provides lots of specific details from its context. If the AI does not know the answer to a question, it truthfully says it does not know.
Current conversation:
Human: Hi there!
AI:


Current conversation:
Human: Hi there!
AI:
> Finished chain.
' Hello! How are you today?'
output = conversation.predict(input="I'm doing well! Just having a conversation with an AI.")
print(output)
> Entering new chain...
Prompt after formatting:
The following is a friendly conversation between a human and an AI. The AI is talkative and provides lots of specific details from its context. If the AI does not know the answer to a question, it truthfully says it does not know.
Current conversation:
Human: Hi there!
AI:  Hello! How are you today?
Human: I'm doing well! Just having a conversation with an AI.
AI:
> Finished chain.
" That's great! What would you like to talk about?"
Building a Language Model Application: Chat Models#
Similarly, you can use chat models instead of LLMs. Chat models are a variation on language models. While chat models use language models under the hood, the interface they expose is a bit different: rather than expose a “text in, text out” API, they expose an interface where “chat messages” are the inputs and outputs.
Chat model APIs are fairly new, so we are still figuring out the correct abstractions.
Get Message Completions from a Chat Model#
You can get chat completions by passing one or more messages to the chat model. The response will be a message. The types of messages currently supported in LangChain are AIMessage, HumanMessage, SystemMessage, and ChatMessage – ChatMessage takes in an arbitrary role parameter. Most of the time, you’ll just be dealing with HumanMessage, AIMessage, and SystemMessage.
from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
from langchain.schema import (
    AIMessage,
    HumanMessage,
    SystemMessage
)


AIMessage,
    HumanMessage,
    SystemMessage
)
chat = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0)
You can get completions by passing in a single message.
chat([HumanMessage(content="Translate this sentence from English to French. I love programming.")])
# -> AIMessage(content="J'aime programmer.", additional_kwargs={})
You can also pass in multiple messages for OpenAI’s gpt-3.5-turbo and gpt-4 models.
messages = [
    SystemMessage(content="You are a helpful assistant that translates English to French."),
    HumanMessage(content="I love programming.")
]
chat(messages)
# -> AIMessage(content="J'aime programmer.", additional_kwargs={})
You can go one step further and generate completions for multiple sets of messages using generate. This returns an LLMResult with an additional message parameter:
batch_messages = [
    [
        SystemMessage(content="You are a helpful assistant that translates English to French."),
        HumanMessage(content="I love programming.")
    ],
    [
        SystemMessage(content="You are a helpful assistant that translates English to French."),
        HumanMessage(content="I love artificial intelligence.")
    ],
]
result = chat.generate(batch_messages)
result
# -> LLMResult(generations=[[ChatGeneration(text="J'aime programmer.", generation_info=None, message=AIMessage(content="J'aime programmer.", additional_kwargs={}))], [ChatGeneration(text="J'aime l'intelligence artificielle.", generation_info=None, message=AIMessage(content="J'aime l'intelligence artificielle.", additional_kwargs={}))]], llm_output={'token_usage': {'prompt_tokens': 57, 'completion_tokens': 20, 'total_tokens': 77}})
You can recover things like token usage from this LLMResult:


You can recover things like token usage from this LLMResult:
result.llm_output['token_usage']
# -> {'prompt_tokens': 57, 'completion_tokens': 20, 'total_tokens': 77}
Chat Prompt Templates#
Similar to LLMs, you can make use of templating by using a MessagePromptTemplate. You can build a ChatPromptTemplate from one or more MessagePromptTemplates. You can use ChatPromptTemplate’s format_prompt – this returns a PromptValue, which you can convert to a string or Message object, depending on whether you want to use the formatted value as input to an llm or chat model.
For convenience, there is a from_template method exposed on the template. If you were to use this template, this is what it would look like:
from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
from langchain.prompts.chat import (
    ChatPromptTemplate,
    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
)
chat = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0)
template = "You are a helpful assistant that translates {input_language} to {output_language}."
system_message_prompt = SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(template)
human_template = "{text}"
human_message_prompt = HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(human_template)
chat_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([system_message_prompt, human_message_prompt])
# get a chat completion from the formatted messages
chat(chat_prompt.format_prompt(input_language="English", output_language="French", text="I love programming.").to_messages())
# -> AIMessage(content="J'aime programmer.", additional_kwargs={})
Chains with Chat Models#
The LLMChain discussed in the above section can be used with chat models as well:
from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
from langchain import LLMChain
from langchain.prompts.chat import (


from langchain import LLMChain
from langchain.prompts.chat import (
    ChatPromptTemplate,
    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
)
chat = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0)
template = "You are a helpful assistant that translates {input_language} to {output_language}."
system_message_prompt = SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(template)
human_template = "{text}"
human_message_prompt = HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(human_template)
chat_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([system_message_prompt, human_message_prompt])
chain = LLMChain(llm=chat, prompt=chat_prompt)
chain.run(input_language="English", output_language="French", text="I love programming.")
# -> "J'aime programmer."
Agents with Chat Models#
Agents can also be used with chat models, you can initialize one using AgentType.CHAT_ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION as the agent type.
from langchain.agents import load_tools
from langchain.agents import initialize_agent
from langchain.agents import AgentType
from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
from langchain.llms import OpenAI
# First, let's load the language model we're going to use to control the agent.
chat = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0)
# Next, let's load some tools to use. Note that the `llm-math` tool uses an LLM, so we need to pass that in.
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0)
tools = load_tools(["serpapi", "llm-math"], llm=llm)
# Finally, let's initialize an agent with the tools, the language model, and the type of agent we want to use.


agent = initialize_agent(tools, chat, agent=AgentType.CHAT_ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION, verbose=True)
# Now let's test it out!
agent.run("Who is Olivia Wilde's boyfriend? What is his current age raised to the 0.23 power?")
> Entering new AgentExecutor chain...
Thought: I need to use a search engine to find Olivia Wilde's boyfriend and a calculator to raise his age to the 0.23 power.
Action:
{
  "action": "Search",
  "action_input": "Olivia Wilde boyfriend"
}
Observation: Sudeikis and Wilde's relationship ended in November 2020. Wilde was publicly served with court documents regarding child custody while she was presenting Don't Worry Darling at CinemaCon 2022. In January 2021, Wilde began dating singer Harry Styles after meeting during the filming of Don't Worry Darling.
Thought:I need to use a search engine to find Harry Styles' current age.
Action:
{
  "action": "Search",
  "action_input": "Harry Styles age"
}
Observation: 29 years
Thought:Now I need to calculate 29 raised to the 0.23 power.
Action:
{
  "action": "Calculator",
  "action_input": "29^0.23"
}
Observation: Answer: 2.169459462491557
Thought:I now know the final answer.
Final Answer: 2.169459462491557
> Finished chain.
'2.169459462491557'
Memory: Add State to Chains and Agents#


'2.169459462491557'
Memory: Add State to Chains and Agents#
You can use Memory with chains and agents initialized with chat models. The main difference between this and Memory for LLMs is that rather than trying to condense all previous messages into a string, we can keep them as their own unique memory object.
from langchain.prompts import (
    ChatPromptTemplate,
    MessagesPlaceholder,
    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
    HumanMessagePromptTemplate
)
from langchain.chains import ConversationChain
from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
from langchain.memory import ConversationBufferMemory
prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([
    SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("The following is a friendly conversation between a human and an AI. The AI is talkative and provides lots of specific details from its context. If the AI does not know the answer to a question, it truthfully says it does not know."),
    MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name="history"),
    HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{input}")
])
llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0)
memory = ConversationBufferMemory(return_messages=True)
conversation = ConversationChain(memory=memory, prompt=prompt, llm=llm)
conversation.predict(input="Hi there!")
# -> 'Hello! How can I assist you today?'
conversation.predict(input="I'm doing well! Just having a conversation with an AI.")
# -> "That sounds like fun! I'm happy to chat with you. Is there anything specific you'd like to talk about?"
conversation.predict(input="Tell me about yourself.")


conversation.predict(input="Tell me about yourself.")
# -> "Sure! I am an AI language model created by OpenAI. I was trained on a large dataset of text from the internet, which allows me to understand and generate human-like language. I can answer questions, provide information, and even have conversations like this one. Is there anything else you'd like to know about me?"
previous
Welcome to LangChain
next
Concepts
 Contents

Installation
Environment Setup
Building a Language Model Application: LLMs
LLMs: Get predictions from a language model
Prompt Templates: Manage prompts for LLMs
Chains: Combine LLMs and prompts in multi-step workflows
Agents: Dynamically Call Chains Based on User Input
Memory: Add State to Chains and Agents
Building a Language Model Application: Chat Models
Get Message Completions from a Chat Model
Chat Prompt Templates
Chains with Chat Models
Agents with Chat Models
Memory: Add State to Chains and Agents
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Tutorials
 Contents
DeepLearning.AI course
Handbook
Tutorials
Tutorials#
⛓ icon marks a new addition [last update 2023-05-15]
DeepLearning.AI course#
⛓LangChain for LLM Application Development by Harrison Chase presented by Andrew Ng
Handbook#
LangChain AI Handbook By James Briggs and Francisco Ingham
Tutorials#
LangChain Tutorials by Edrick:
⛓ LangChain, Chroma DB, OpenAI Beginner Guide | ChatGPT with your PDF
⛓ LangChain 101: The Complete Beginner’s Guide
LangChain Crash Course: Build an AutoGPT app in 25 minutes by Nicholas Renotte
LangChain Crash Course - Build apps with language models by Patrick Loeber
LangChain Explained in 13 Minutes | QuickStart Tutorial for Beginners by Rabbitmetrics
#
LangChain for Gen AI and LLMs by James Briggs:
#1 Getting Started with GPT-3 vs. Open Source LLMs
#2 Prompt Templates for GPT 3.5 and other LLMs
#3 LLM Chains using GPT 3.5 and other LLMs
#4 Chatbot Memory for Chat-GPT, Davinci + other LLMs
#5 Chat with OpenAI in LangChain
⛓ #6 Fixing LLM Hallucinations with Retrieval Augmentation in LangChain
⛓ #7 LangChain Agents Deep Dive with GPT 3.5
⛓ #8 Create Custom Tools for Chatbots in LangChain
⛓ #9 Build Conversational Agents with Vector DBs
#
LangChain 101 by Data Independent:
What Is LangChain? - LangChain + ChatGPT Overview
Quickstart Guide
Beginner Guide To 7 Essential Concepts
OpenAI + Wolfram Alpha


Quickstart Guide
Beginner Guide To 7 Essential Concepts
OpenAI + Wolfram Alpha
Ask Questions On Your Custom (or Private) Files
Connect Google Drive Files To OpenAI
YouTube Transcripts + OpenAI
Question A 300 Page Book (w/ OpenAI + Pinecone)
Workaround OpenAI's Token Limit With Chain Types
Build Your Own OpenAI + LangChain Web App in 23 Minutes
Working With The New ChatGPT API
OpenAI + LangChain Wrote Me 100 Custom Sales Emails
Structured Output From OpenAI (Clean Dirty Data)
Connect OpenAI To +5,000 Tools (LangChain + Zapier)
Use LLMs To Extract Data From Text (Expert Mode)
⛓ Extract Insights From Interview Transcripts Using LLMs
⛓ 5 Levels Of LLM Summarizing: Novice to Expert
#
LangChain How to and guides by Sam Witteveen:
LangChain Basics - LLMs & PromptTemplates with Colab
LangChain Basics - Tools and Chains
ChatGPT API Announcement & Code Walkthrough with LangChain
Conversations with Memory (explanation & code walkthrough)
Chat with Flan20B
Using Hugging Face Models locally (code walkthrough)
PAL : Program-aided Language Models with LangChain code
Building a Summarization System with LangChain and GPT-3 - Part 1
Building a Summarization System with LangChain and GPT-3 - Part 2
Microsoft’s Visual ChatGPT using LangChain
LangChain Agents - Joining Tools and Chains with Decisions
Comparing LLMs with LangChain
Using Constitutional AI in LangChain
Talking to Alpaca with LangChain - Creating an Alpaca Chatbot
Talk to your CSV & Excel with LangChain
BabyAGI: Discover the Power of Task-Driven Autonomous Agents!


BabyAGI: Discover the Power of Task-Driven Autonomous Agents!
Improve your BabyAGI with LangChain
⛓ Master PDF Chat with LangChain - Your essential guide to queries on documents
⛓ Using LangChain with DuckDuckGO Wikipedia & PythonREPL Tools
⛓ Building Custom Tools and Agents with LangChain (gpt-3.5-turbo)
⛓ LangChain Retrieval QA Over Multiple Files with ChromaDB
⛓ LangChain Retrieval QA with Instructor Embeddings & ChromaDB for PDFs
⛓ LangChain + Retrieval Local LLMs for Retrieval QA - No OpenAI!!!
#
LangChain by Prompt Engineering:
LangChain Crash Course — All You Need to Know to Build Powerful Apps with LLMs
Working with MULTIPLE PDF Files in LangChain: ChatGPT for your Data
ChatGPT for YOUR OWN PDF files with LangChain
Talk to YOUR DATA without OpenAI APIs: LangChain
⛓ CHATGPT For WEBSITES: Custom ChatBOT
#
LangChain by Chat with data
LangChain Beginner’s Tutorial for Typescript/Javascript
GPT-4 Tutorial: How to Chat With Multiple PDF Files (~1000 pages of Tesla’s 10-K Annual Reports)
GPT-4 & LangChain Tutorial: How to Chat With A 56-Page PDF Document (w/Pinecone)
⛓ LangChain & Supabase Tutorial: How to Build a ChatGPT Chatbot For Your Website
#
Get SH*T Done with Prompt Engineering and LangChain by Venelin Valkov
Getting Started with LangChain: Load Custom Data, Run OpenAI Models, Embeddings and ChatGPT
Loaders, Indexes & Vectorstores in LangChain: Question Answering on PDF files with ChatGPT


LangChain Models: ChatGPT, Flan Alpaca, OpenAI Embeddings, Prompt Templates & Streaming
LangChain Chains: Use ChatGPT to Build Conversational Agents, Summaries and Q&A on Text With LLMs
Analyze Custom CSV Data with GPT-4 using Langchain
⛓ Build ChatGPT Chatbots with LangChain Memory: Understanding and Implementing Memory in Conversations
⛓ icon marks a new addition [last update 2023-05-15]
previous
Concepts
next
Models
 Contents

DeepLearning.AI course
Handbook
Tutorials
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.


.md
.pdf
Concepts
 Contents
Chain of Thought
Action Plan Generation
ReAct
Self-ask
Prompt Chaining
Memetic Proxy
Self Consistency
Inception
MemPrompt
Concepts#
These are concepts and terminology commonly used when developing LLM applications.
It contains reference to external papers or sources where the concept was first introduced,
as well as to places in LangChain where the concept is used.
Chain of Thought#
Chain of Thought (CoT) is a prompting technique used to encourage the model to generate a series of intermediate reasoning steps.
A less formal way to induce this behavior is to include “Let’s think step-by-step” in the prompt.
Chain-of-Thought Paper
Step-by-Step Paper
Action Plan Generation#
Action Plan Generation is a prompting technique that uses a language model to generate actions to take.
The results of these actions can then be fed back into the language model to generate a subsequent action.
WebGPT Paper
SayCan Paper
ReAct#
ReAct is a prompting technique that combines Chain-of-Thought prompting with action plan generation.
This induces the model to think about what action to take, then take it.
Paper
LangChain Example
Self-ask#
Self-ask is a prompting method that builds on top of chain-of-thought prompting.
In this method, the model explicitly asks itself follow-up questions, which are then answered by an external search engine.
Paper
LangChain Example
Prompt Chaining#
Prompt Chaining is combining multiple LLM calls, with the output of one-step being the input to the next.
PromptChainer Paper
Language Model Cascades
ICE Primer Book
Socratic Models
Memetic Proxy#
Memetic Proxy is encouraging the LLM
to respond in a certain way framing the discussion in a context that the model knows of and that


to respond in a certain way framing the discussion in a context that the model knows of and that
will result in that type of response.
For example, as a conversation between a student and a teacher.
Paper
Self Consistency#
Self Consistency is a decoding strategy that samples a diverse set of reasoning paths and then selects the most consistent answer.
Is most effective when combined with Chain-of-thought prompting.
Paper
Inception#
Inception is also called First Person Instruction.
It is encouraging the model to think a certain way by including the start of the model’s response in the prompt.
Example
MemPrompt#
MemPrompt maintains a memory of errors and user feedback, and uses them to prevent repetition of mistakes.
Paper
previous
Quickstart Guide
next
Tutorials
 Contents

Chain of Thought
Action Plan Generation
ReAct
Self-ask
Prompt Chaining
Memetic Proxy
Self Consistency
Inception
MemPrompt
By Harrison Chase

      © Copyright 2023, Harrison Chase.

  Last updated on Jun 11, 2023.