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A blue moon will rise
Jeff Bezos has a lot of money and a space company. It's going to happen.
by David Grossman
The Washington Post/The Washington Post/Getty Images
SpaceX and Blue Origin are getting locked into a new battle, as part of a second space race focused on corporations over countries.
Blue Origin, the firm founded in 2000 by Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, receives a somewhat smaller share of coverage than its competitors, but its plans for the future are interesting. In May 2019 the company demonstrated a dramatic vision for life in space: giant artificial ecosystems, orbiting the Earth, providing easy transport to the planet and other cities. In the more short term, the company aims to develop the infrastructure that could support these future projects with the New Glenn heavy orbital launch rocket and Blue Moon lunar lander, the latter of which is expected to launch in 2024.
Inverse predicts that Blue Origin will meet its target and launch Blue Moon in the 2020s.
This is #7 on Inverse’s 20 predictions for the 2020s.
Blue Origin: the new space race gets underway
Blue Origin has just one flying machine right now, but it's making big progress. The New Shepard rocket completed its 12th test flight in December, and set a new record by completing six flights with a single booster. It's designed to take six passengers to the Karman line at the edge of space before coming back to Earth.
What comes next could be even more impressive. The Blue Moon lander, under development for the past three years, was unveiled at an event in May 2019. It can send 3.6 metric tons to the lunar surface in its cargo form, while another designed to stretch can carry 6.5 metric tons.
The lander is powered by the BE-7, an engine that can offer 10,000 pounds of thrust through burning liquid hydrogen and oxygen. Blue Origin completed a hotfire of the engine at the Marshall Space Flight Center in June 2019.
In October 2019, the project got a big boost when it announced plans to collaborate with Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and Draper to help meet NASA's goal of sending a human to the moon by 2024. The ambitious mission, part of the Artemis program, is expected to put the first woman on the moon. The partnership means that where Blue Moon will land on the moon, Lockheed Martin will build the ascent portion.
As for why Bezos is pouring his money into this? Because he envisions a future for space where one trillion humans live in the solar system, supported by an expanding array of floating craft.
“Do we want stasis and rationing, or do we want dynamism and growth?” Bezos said in May 2019. There's not guarantee of social dynamism or growth from Blue Origin's journeys. But at least on a technical level, the company seems to be making all the right moves.
As 2019 draws to a close, Inverse is looking to the future. These are our 20 predictions for science and technology for the 2020s. Some are terrifying, some are fascinating, and others we can barely wait for. This has been #7. Read a related story here.
Related Tags | f4f2d349-9c3f-4b40-8acd-39f751c8c0c6 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
### Nuprl Lemma : rng_sum_swap
`∀[r:Rng]. ∀[k,m:ℕ]. ∀[F:ℕm ⟶ ℕk ⟶ |r|].`
` ((Σ(r) 0 ≤ i < m. Σ(r) 0 ≤ j < k. F[i;j]) = (Σ(r) 0 ≤ j < k. Σ(r) 0 ≤ i < m. F[i;j]) ∈ |r|)`
Proof
Definitions occuring in Statement : rng_sum: rng_sum rng: `Rng` rng_car: `|r|` int_seg: `{i..j-}` nat: `ℕ` uall: `∀[x:A]. B[x]` so_apply: `x[s1;s2]` function: `x:A ⟶ B[x]` natural_number: `\$n` equal: `s = t ∈ T`
Definitions unfolded in proof : or: `P ∨ Q` decidable: `Dec(P)` rng: `Rng` prop: `ℙ` and: `P ∧ Q` top: `Top` all: `∀x:A. B[x]` exists: `∃x:A. B[x]` satisfiable_int_formula: `satisfiable_int_formula(fmla)` not: `¬A` uimplies: `b supposing a` ge: `i ≥ j ` false: `False` implies: `P `` Q` nat: `ℕ` member: `t ∈ T` uall: `∀[x:A]. B[x]` true: `True` so_apply: `x[s]` so_apply: `x[s1;s2]` so_lambda: `λ2x.t[x]` squash: `↓T` subtype_rel: `A ⊆r B` guard: `{T}` iff: `P `⇐⇒` Q` rev_implies: `P `` Q` infix_ap: `x f y` lelt: `i ≤ j < k` int_seg: `{i..j-}` so_lambda: `λ2x y.t[x; y]`
Lemmas referenced : rng_wf nat_wf int_term_value_subtract_lemma int_formula_prop_not_lemma itermSubtract_wf intformnot_wf subtract_wf decidable__le rng_car_wf int_seg_wf less_than_wf ge_wf int_formula_prop_wf int_formula_prop_less_lemma int_term_value_var_lemma int_term_value_constant_lemma int_formula_prop_le_lemma int_formula_prop_and_lemma intformless_wf itermVar_wf itermConstant_wf intformle_wf intformand_wf full-omega-unsat nat_properties rng_zero_wf rng_sum_wf equal_wf squash_wf true_wf rng_sum_unroll_base iff_weakening_equal rng_sum_unroll_hi rng_plus_zero rng_plus_wf lelt_wf decidable__lt int_seg_properties infix_ap_wf rng_sum_plus
Rules used in proof : unionElimination because_Cache functionEquality axiomEquality independent_pairFormation sqequalRule voidEquality voidElimination isect_memberEquality dependent_functionElimination intEquality int_eqEquality lambdaEquality dependent_pairFormation independent_functionElimination approximateComputation independent_isectElimination natural_numberEquality lambdaFormation intWeakElimination rename setElimination hypothesis hypothesisEquality thin isectElimination sqequalHypSubstitution extract_by_obid cut introduction isect_memberFormation sqequalReflexivity computationStep sqequalTransitivity sqequalSubstitution functionExtensionality applyEquality imageElimination equalityTransitivity equalitySymmetry universeEquality imageMemberEquality baseClosed productElimination dependent_set_memberEquality
Latex:
\mforall{}[r:Rng]. \mforall{}[k,m:\mBbbN{}]. \mforall{}[F:\mBbbN{}m {}\mrightarrow{} \mBbbN{}k {}\mrightarrow{} |r|].
((\mSigma{}(r) 0 \mleq{} i < m. \mSigma{}(r) 0 \mleq{} j < k. F[i;j]) = (\mSigma{}(r) 0 \mleq{} j < k. \mSigma{}(r) 0 \mleq{} i < m. F[i;j]))
Date html generated: 2018_05_21-PM-03_15_09
Last ObjectModification: 2017_12_11-PM-05_05_44
Theory : rings_1
Home Index | ed39fb30-0853-4e42-a69b-8f00eabb5561 | https://nuprl.org/wip/Algebra/rings_1/rng_sum_swap.html | 0 | true | false |
Start Omhoog
Charlie Brooker's screen burn
'After making them sweat, Hansen reveals his camera crew. Ta da! You're on Paedle's About!'
Charlie Brooker, The Guardian, May 31, 2008
When a TV show makes you feel sorry for potential child rapists, you know it's doing something wrong. To Catch A Predator is that show. It hails from America, where it's not some wacky bit of far-out cable madness, but a mainstream network broadcast; a staple feature of Dateline NBC
(a sort of Tonight with Sir Trevor McDonald minus Sir Trevor).
Here's the set-up for this week's episode: fearless, crusading adult volunteers for an anti-paedo watchdog group called Perverted Justice go on the internet and pretend to be 13-year-old girls. They wait until contacted by grown men, play along with the conversation when the subject turns to sex, then invite them over for an illegal fumble.
When the men turn up, they're greeted by an attractive young actress (who could just about pass for 13) who leads them into the garden and asks them to wait by the hot tub while she changes into something sexier.
The men pace excitedly, awaiting Lolita's return. But oh! Out pops Dateline's Chris Hansen instead! He's male, pushing 50, and doesn't look like he wants to play. Their faces fall like the Twin Towers. They mistake him for a cop.
"Did you come to have sex with a 13-year-old?" he asks.
"Oh no, sir," they splutter, "nothing could be further from my mind."
Then he brings out a transcript of their original web chat and asks them a bunch of questions about it - not to titillate, no God no - but in order that we viewers might forge a better understanding of the twisted mindset of the child sex predator. And because it'll make us guffaw like cartoon donkeys when they desperately try to explain away all the references to blowjobs and penis size in their chat room chinwag. It's the back-pedalling Olympics.
After making them sweat for several minutes, Chris reveals his camera crew and tells them they're on national television. Ta da! You're on Paedle's About!
At this point their faces tend to fall still further. They start crying and begging. Some of them probably poo themselves, although they don't show that. But the worst is yet to come: at this point, Chris unexpectedly waves them goodbye, and they walk out, sighing with relief... only to walk face-first into a bunch of armed police who hurl them to the ground and arrest them.
Then we get to see them being interviewed AGAIN, this time by the police, who aren't quite as debonair and charming as Chris
(and are markedly less keen on poring over all the online sex talk than him).
And then it's over. Justice prevails - provided you overlook the several billion troubling aspects to the show.
The overpowering whiff of entrapment, for one thing.
The collusion between reporters, vigilante groups and police for another.
And that "attractive young actress" who greets them by the door: make no mistake, she's hot. And at 18, she's US legal.
Presumably someone at To Catch A Predator HQ sat down with a bunch of audition tapes and spooled through it, trying to find a sexy 18-year-old who could pass for 13. They'll have stared at girl after girl, umming and ahhing over their chest sizes, until they found just the right one. And like I say, she's hot. But if you fancy her, you're a paedophile.
It's a pity robot technology isn't more advanced than it is, because the ultimate To Catch A Predator show could do away with the actress altogether. Instead, the men would be greeted by a convincing 17-year-old android, who'd instantly start having sex with them.
But oh! Just before they reached climax, a hatch would open in the top of her head, and a robotic version of Chris Hansen's face would emerge on a big bendy metal neck, barking accusations at them, and then the android's vagina would snap shut, trapping the pervert in position, and the robot body would transform into a steel cage from which they couldn't escape, and start delivering near-fatal electric shocks every five minutes to the delight of a self-righteous, audience, chanting Justice Prevails, Justice Prevails. Justice Prevails. Forever.
Start Omhoog | a08d6e6e-7eab-40d3-9948-fb8e99381b3e | null | 5 | true | true |
Open access peer-reviewed chapter
# Statistical Thermodynamics of Material Transport in Non-Isothermal Mixtures
By Semen Semenov and Martin Schimpf
Submitted: November 3rd 2010Reviewed: April 24th 2011Published: November 2nd 2011
DOI: 10.5772/19482
## 1. Introduction
This chapter outlines a theoretical framework for the microscopic approach to material transport in liquid mixtures, and applies that framework to binary one-phase systems. The material transport in this approach includes no hydrodynamic processes related to the macroscopic transfer of momenta. In analyzing the current state of thermodynamic theory, we indicate critically important refinements necessary to use non-equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics in the application to material transport in non-isothermal mixtures.
## 2. Thermodynamic theory of material transport in liquid mixtures: Role of the Gibbs-Duhem equation
The aim of this section is to outline the thermodynamic approach to material transport in mixtures of different components. The approach is based on the principle of local equilibrium, which assumes that thermodynamic principles hold in a small volume within a non-equilibrium system. Consequently, a small volume containing a macroscopic number of particles within a non-equilibrium system can be treated as an equilibrium system. A detailed discussion on this topic and references to earlier work are given by Gyarmati (1970). The conditions required for the validity of such a system are that both the temperature and molecular velocity of the particles change little over the scale of molecular length or mean free path (the latter change being small relative to the speed of sound). For a gas, these conditions are met with a temperature gradient below 104 K cm-1; for a liquid, where the heat conductivity is greater, the speed of sound higher and the mean free path is small, this condition for local equilibrium is more than fulfilled, provided the experimental temperature gradient is below 104K cm-1.
Thermodynamic expressions for material transport in liquids have been established based on equilibrium thermodynamics (Gibbs and Gibbs-Duhem equations), as well as on the principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics (thermodynamic forces and fluxes). For a review of these models, see (De Groot, 1952; De Groot, Mazur, 1962; Kondepudi, Prigogine, 1999; Haase, 1969).
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is based on the entropy production expression
Σ=Je(1T)i=1NJi(μiT)E1
where Jeis the energy flux, Jiare the component material fluxes, Nis the number of the components, μiare the chemical potentials of components, and Tis the temperature. The energy flux and the temperature distribution in the liquid are assumed to be known, whereas the material concentrations are determined by the continuity equations
nit=JiE2
Hereniis the numerical volume concentration of component iand tis time. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics defines the material flux as
Ji=niLi(μiT)niLiQ(1T)E3
where Liand LiQare individual molecular kinetic coefficients. The second term on the right-hand side of Eq. (3) represents the cross effect between material flux and heat flux.
The chemical potentials are expressed through component concentrations and other physical parameters (De Groot, 1952; De Groot, Mazur, 1962; Kondepudi, Prigogine, 1999):
μκ=l=12μknlnlv¯kP+μkTTE4
Here Pis the internal macroscopic pressure of the system and v¯k=μk/Pis the partial molecular volume, which is nearly equivalent to the specific molecular volumevk. Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (3), and using parameterqi=LiQ/Li, termed the molecular heat of transport, we obtain the equation for component material flux:
Ji=niLiT[k=1Nμinknkv¯iP+(μiTμi+qiT)T]E5
Defining the relation between the heat of transport and thermodynamic parameters is a key problem because the Soret coefficient, which is the parameter that characterizes the distribution of components concentrations in a temperature gradient, is expressed through the heat of transport (De Groot, 1952; De Groot, Mazur, 1962). A number of studies that offer approaches to calculating the heat of transport are cited in (Pan S et al., 2007).
Eq. (5) must be augmented by an equation for the macroscopic pressure gradient in the system. The simplest possible approach is to consider the pressure to be constant (De Groot, 1952; De Groot, Mazur, 1962; Kondepudi, Prigogine, 1999; Haase, 1969; Landau, Lifshitz, 1959), but pressure cannot be constant in a system with a non-uniform temperature and concentration. This issue is addressed with a well-known expression referred to as the Gibbs-Duhem equation (De Groot, 1952; De Groot, Mazur, 1962; Kondepudi, Prigogine, 1999; Haase, 1969; Landau, Lifshitz, 1959; Ghorayeb, Firoozabadi, 2000; Pan S et al., 2007):
P=i=1Nni(k=1Nμinknk+μiTT)E6
The Gibbs-Duhem equation defines the macroscopic pressure gradient in a thermodynamic system. In equilibrium thermodynamics the equation defines the potentiality of the thermodynamic functions (Kondepudi, Prigogine, 1999). In equilibrium thermodynamics the change in the thermodynamic function is determined only by the initial and final states of the systems, without consideration of the transition process itself. In non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Eq. (5) plays the role of expressing mechanical equilibrium in the system. According to the Prigogine theorem (De Groot, 1952; De Groot, Mazur, 1962; Kondepudi, Prigogine, 1999; Haase, 1969), pressure gradient cancels the volume forces expressed as the gradients of the chemical potentials and provides mechanical equilibrium in a thermodynamically stable system. However, in a non-isothermal system, the same authors considered a constant pressure and the left- and right-hand side of Eq. (6) were assumed to be zero simultaneously, which is both physically and mathematically invalid.
Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (5) we obtain the following equation for material flux:
Ji=ϕiLiviT[(1ϕi)(k=1Nμiϕkϕk+μiTT)kiNviϕkvkl=1Nμkϕlϕl+μkTT(μi+qi)TT]E7
In Eq. (7), the numeric volume concentrations of the components are replaced by their volume fractionsϕi=nivi, which obey the equation
i=1Nϕi=1E8
Using Eq. (8) and the standard rule of differentiation of a composite function
μk[ϕl,ϕ1(...,ϕl,...)]ϕlϕl=μkϕlϕl+μkϕ1ϕ1ϕlϕl=2μkϕlϕlE9
we can eliminate ϕ1and obtain Eq. (7) in a more compact form:
Ji=LiTkNϕivi[ϕk(2l>1Nμikϕlϕl+μikTT)(μi+qi)TT]E10
Hereϕ1is expressed through the other volume fractions using Eq. (8), and the following combined chemical potential is introduced:
μik=μivivkμkE11
We note that the volume fraction selected for elimination is arbitrary (any other volume fraction can be eliminated in the same manner), and that in subsequent mathematical expressions, we express the volume fraction of the first component through that of the others using Eq. (8).
Equations for the material fluxes are usually augmented by the following equation, which relates the material fluxes of components (De Groot, 1952; De Groot, Mazur, 1962; Kondepudi, Prigogine, 1999; Haase, 1969; Ghorayeb, Firoozabadi, 2000; Pan S et al., 2007):
i=1NviJi=0E12
Eq. (12) expresses the conservation mass in the considered system and the absence of any hydrodynamic mass transfer. Also, Eq. (12) is used to eliminate one of the components from the series of component fluxes expressed by Eq. (10). That material flux that is replaced in this way is arbitrary, and the resulting concentration distribution will depend on which flux is selected. The result is not significant in a dilute system, but in non-dilute systems this practice renders an ambiguous description of the material transport processes.
In addition to being mathematically inconsistent with Eq. (12) because there are N+1equations [i.e., NEq. (10) plus Eq. (12)] for N-1independent component concentrations, Eq. (10) predicts a drift in a pure liquid subjected to a temperature gradient. Thus, at ϕi=1Eq. (10) predicts
Ji=LiT(μi+qi)viTTE13
This result contradicts the basic principle of local equilibrium, and the notion of thermodiffusion as an effect that takes place in mixtures only. Moreover, Eq. (13) indicates that the achievement of a stationary state in a closed system is impossible, since material transport will occur even in a pure liquid.
The contradiction that a system cannot reach a stationary state, as expressed in Eq. (13), can be eliminated if we assume
qi=μiE14
With such an assumption Eq. (10) can be cast in the following form:
Ji=LiTkNϕiϕkvi(2l>1Nμikϕlϕl+μikTT)E15
Because the kinetic coefficients are usually calculated independently from thermodynamics, the material fluxes expressed by Eq. (15) cannot satisfy Eq. (12) for the general case. But in a closed and stationary system, whereJi=0, Eqs. (12) and (15) become consistent. In this case, any component flux can be expressed by Eq. (15) through summation of the other equations.
The condition of mechanical equilibrium for an isothermal homogeneous system, as well as the use of Eqs. (l) – (6) for non-isothermal systems, are closely related to the principle of local equilibrium (De Groot, 1952; De Groot, Mazur, 1962; Kondepudi, Prigogine, 1999; Haase, 1969). As argued in (Duhr, Braun, 2006; Weinert, Braun; 2008), thermodiffusion violates local equilibrium because the change in free energy across a particle is typically comparable to the thermal energy of the particle. However, their calculations predict that even for large (micron size) particles, the energy difference is no more than a few percent of kT.But the local equilibrium is determined by processes at molecular level, as will be discussed below, and this argumentation cannot be accepted.
## 3. Dynamic pressure gradient in open and non-stationary systems: Thermodynamic equations of material transport with the Soret coefficient as a thermodynamic parameter
Expressing the heats of transport by Eq. (14), we derived a set of consistent equations for material transport in a stationary closed system. However, expression for the heat of transport itself cannot yield consistent equations for material transport in a non-stationary and open system.
In an open system, the flux of a component may be nonzero because of transport across the system boundaries. Also, in a closed system that is non-stationary, the component material fluxes Jican be nonzero even though the total material flux in the system,J=i=1NviJi, is zero. In both these cases, the Gibbs-Duhem equation can no longer be used to determine the pressure in the system, and an alternate approach is necessary.
In previous works (Schimpf, Semenov, 2004; Semenov, Schimpf, 2005), we combined hydrodynamic calculations of the kinetic coefficients with the Fokker-Planck equations to obtain material transfer equations that contain dynamic parameters such as the cross-diffusion and thermal diffusion coefficients. In that approach, the macroscopic gradient of pressure in a binary system was calculated from equations of continuity of the same type as expressed by Eqs. (2) and (8). This same approach may be used for solving the material transport equations obtained by non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
In this approach, the continuity equations [Eq. (2)] are first expressed in the form
ϕit=ϕiLiT(2k>1Nμiϕkϕkv¯iP+μiTT)E16
Summing Eq. (16) for each component and utilizing Eq. (8) we obtain the following equation for the dynamic pressure gradient in an open non-stationary system:
P=[JT+i=1NϕiLi(2k>1Nμiϕkϕk+μiTT)]/i=1NϕiLiv¯iE17
Substituting Eq. (17) into Eq. (16) we obtain the material transport equations:
ϕit=ϕiLiT{[JT+j=1NϕjvjLj(2k>1Nμijϕkϕk+μijTT)]/k=1NϕkvkLk}E18
Comparing Eq. (18) with Eq. (15) for a stationary mixture shows that former contains an additional drift term ϕiviLiJk=1NϕkvkLkproportional to the total material flux through the open system. The term JTk=1NϕkvkLkin Eq. (17) describes the contribution of that drift to the pressure gradient. This additional component of the total material flux is attributed to barodiffusion, which is driven by the dynamic pressure gradient defined by Eq. (17). This dynamic pressure gradient is associated with viscous dissipation in the system. Parameter Jis independent of position in the system but is determined by material transfer across the system boundaries, which may vary over time.
If the system is open but stationary, molecules entering it through one of its boundary surfaces can leave it through another, thus creating a molecular drift that is independent of the existence of a temperature or pressure gradient. This drift is determined by conditions at the boundaries and is independent of any force applied to the system. For example, the system may have a component source at one boundary and a sink of the same component at opposite boundary. As molecules of a given species move between the two boundaries, they experience viscous friction, which creates a dynamic pressure gradient that induces barodiffusion in all molecular species. The pressure gradient that is induced by viscous friction in such a system is not considered in the Gibbs-Duhem equation.
Equations (6), (7), and (15) describe a system in hydrostatic equilibrium, without viscous friction caused by material flux due to material exchange through the system boundaries. Unlike the Gibbs-Duhem equation, Eq. (17) accounts for viscous friction forces and the resulting dynamic pressure gradient. For a closed stationary system, in whichJ=0andϕt=0, Eq. (18) is transformed into
k>1N(2j=1Nμijϕk)ϕk+(j=1NμijT)T=0E19
There are thermal diffusion experiments in which the system experiences periodic temperature changes. An example is the method used described by (Wiegand, Kohler, 2002), where thermodiffusion in liquids is observed within a dynamic temperature grating produced using a pulsed infrared laser. Because this technique involves changing the wall temperature, which changes the equilibrium adsorption constant, material fluxes vary with time, creating a periodicity in the inflow and outflow of material. A preliminary analysis shows that material fluxes to and from the walls have relaxation times on the order of a few microseconds until equilibrium is attained, and that such non-stationary material fluxes can be observed using dynamic temperature gratings.
The Soret coefficient is a common parameter used to characterize material transport in temperature gradients. For binary systems, Eq. (19) can be used to define the Soret coefficient as
ST=μ21PT2ϕ2(1ϕ2)μ21Pϕ2E20
where subscript Pis used to indicate that the derivatives are taken at constant pressure, as is the case in Eqs. (4) and (6). We can solve Eqs. (19) to express the “partial” Soret coefficient STkfor the k’th component through a factor of proportionality between ϕkandT.
## 4. Statistical mechanics of material transport: Chemical potentials at constant volume and pressure and the Laplace component of pressure in a molecular force field
The chemical potential at constant volume can be calculated using a modification of an expression derived in (Kirkwood, Boggs, 1942; Fisher, 1964):
μiV=μ0i+01dλj=1NϕjvjVoutigij(r,λ)Φij(r)dvE21
Here
μ0i=32kTln2πmikTh2+kTlnϕivikTlnZrotikTlnZvibiE22
is the chemical potential of an ideal gas of the respective non-interacting molecules (related to their kinetic energy), his Planck’s constant, miis the mass of the molecule, Zrotiand Zvibiare its rotational and vibrational statistical sums, respectively, and Voutiis the volume external to a molecule of the i’th component. The molecular vibrations make no significant contribution to the thermodynamic parameters except in special situations, which will not be discussed here. The rotational statistical sum for polyatomic molecules is written as (Landau, Lifshitz, 1980)
Zrot=πγh3(8π2kT)3I1I2I3E23
where γis the symmetry value, which is the number of possible rotations about the symmetry axes carrying the molecule into itself. For H2O and C2H5OH,γ=2; for NH3,γ=3; for CH4 and C6H6,γ=12. I1,I2,andI3are the principal values of the tensor of the moment of inertia.
In Eq. (21), parameter λdescribes the gradual “switching on” of the intermolecular interaction. A detailed description of this representation can be found in (Kirkwood, Boggs, 1942; Fisher, 1964). Parameter ris the distance between the molecule of the surrounding liquid and the center of the considered molecule; gij(r,λ)is the pair correlative function, which expresses the probability of finding a molecule of the surrounding liquid at r(r=|r|) if the considered molecule is placed atr=0; and Φijis the molecular interaction potential, known as the London potential (Ross, Morrison, 1988):
Φij=εij(σijr)6E24
Hereεijis the energy of interaction and σijis the minimal molecular approach distance. In the integration overVouti, the lower limit isr=σij.
There is no satisfactory simple method for calculating the pair correlation function in liquids, although it should approach unity at infinity. We will approximate it as
gij(r,λ)=1E25
With this approximation we assume that the local distribution of solvent molecules is not disturbed by the particle under consideration. The approximation is used widely in the theory of liquids and its effectiveness has been shown. For example, in (Bringuier, Bourdon, 2003, 2007), it was used in a kinetic approach to define the thermodiffusion of colloidal particles. In (Schimpf, Semenov, 2004; Semenov, Schimpf, 2000, 2005) the approximation was used in a hydrodynamic theory to define thermodiffusion in polymer solutions. The approximation of constant local density is also used in the theory of regular solutions (Kirkwood, 1939). With this approximation we obtain
μiV=μ0i+j=1NϕjvjVoutiΦij(r)dvE26
The terms under the summation sign are a simple modification of the expression obtained in (Bringuier, Bourdon, 2003, 2007).
In our calculations, we will use the fact that there is certain symmetry between the chemical potentials contained in Eq. (11). The term vivkμkcan be written asNikμk, where Nik=vivkis the number of the molecules of the k’th component that can be placed within the volume vibut are displaced by a molecule of i’th component. Using the known result that free energy is the sum of the chemical potentials we can say thatNikμkis the free energy or chemical potential of a virtual molecular particle consisting of molecules of the k’th component displaced by a molecule of the i’th component. For this reason we can extend the results obtained in the calculations of molecular chemical potential μiVof the second component to calculations of parameter NikμkVby a simple change in the respective designationsik. Regarding the concentration of these virtual particles, there are at least two approaches allowed:
1. we can assume that the volume fraction of the virtual particles is equal to the volume fraction of the real particles that displace molecules of the k’th component, i.e., their numeric concentration isϕivi. This approach means that only the actually displaced molecules are taken into account, and that they are each distinguishable from molecules of the k’th component in the surrounding liquid.
2. we can take into account the indistinguishability of the virtual particles. In this approach any group of the Nikmolecules of the k’th component can be considered as a virtual particle. In this case, the numeric volume concentration of these virtual molecules isϕkvi.
We have chosen to use the more general assumption b).
Using Eqs. (21) and (22), along with the definition of a virtual particle outlined above, we can define the combined chemical potential at constant volume μikV*as
μikV*=+kT(32lnmimNik+lnϕiϕk+lnZrotiZrotNik)+j=1NϕjvjVoutiΦij(r)dvj=1NϕjvjVoutiΦkjNkj(r)dvE27
where mNik=mkNikand ZrotNikare the mass and the rotational statistical sum of the virtual particle, respectively. In Eq. (27), the total interaction potential NikΦkjof the molecules included in the virtual particle is written asΦjNik. We will use the approximation
ΦjNik=NikΦkj=εkj(σijr)6E28
This approximation corresponds to the virtual particle having the size of a molecule of the i’th component and the energetic parameter of the k’th component.
In further development of the microscopic calculations it is important that the chemical potential be defined at constant pressure. Chemical potentials at constant pressure are related to those at constant volume μiVby the expression
μiP=μiV+VoutiΠidvE29
HereΠiis the local pressure distribution around the molecule. Eq. (29) expresses the relation between the forces acting on a molecular particle at constant versus changing local pressure. This equation is a simple generalization of a known equation (Haase, 1969) in which the pressure gradient is assumed to be constant along a length about the particle size.
Next we calculate the local pressure distributionΠi, which is widely used in hydrodynamic models of kinetic effects in liquids (Ruckenstein, 1981; Anderson, 1989; Schimpf, Semenov, 2004; Semenov, Schimpf, 2000, 2005). The local pressure distribution is usually obtained from the condition of the local mechanical equilibrium in the liquid around i’th molecular particle, a condition that is written as[Πi+j=1NϕjvjΦij(r)]=0. In (Semenov, Schimpf, 2009; Semenov, 2010) the local pressure distribution is used in a thermodynamic approach, where it is obtained by formulating the condition for establishing local equilibrium in a thin layer of thickness land area Swhen the layer shifts from position rto position r+dr. In this case, local equilibrium expresses the local conservation of specific free energy Fi(r)=Πi(r)+j=1NϕjvjΦij(r)in such a shift when the isothermal system is placed in a force field of the i’th molecule.
In the layer forming a closed surface, the change in the free energy is written as:
dFi(r)=[j=1NϕjvjΦij(r)+Πi]lSdr+j=1N[ϕjvjΦij(r)]ldS=0E30
where we consider changes in free energy due to both a change in the parameters of the layer volume (dV=Sdr) and a changedSin the area of the closed layer. For a spherical layer, the changes in volume and surface area are related asdV=2rdS, and we obtain the following modified equation of equilibrium for a closed spherical surface:
[j=1NϕjvjΦij(r)+Πi]+2j=1NϕjvjΦij(r)rr0=0E31
wherer0is the unit radial vector. The pressure gradient related to the change in surface area has the same nature as the Laplace pressure gradient discussed in (Landau, Lifshitz, 1980). Solving Eq. (31), we obtain
Πi=j=1Nϕjvj[Φij(r)+r2Φij(r')r'dr']E32
Substituting the pressure gradient from Eq. (32) into Eq. (29), and using Eqs. (24), (27), and (28), we obtain a general expression for the gradient in chemical potential at constant pressure in a non-isothermal and non-homogeneous system. We will not write the general expression here, rather we will derive the expression for binary systems.
## 5. The Soret coefficient in diluted binary molecular mixtures: The kinetic term in thermodiffusion is related to the difference in the mass and symmetry of molecules
In this section we present the results obtained in (Semenov, 2010, Semenov, Schimpf, 2011a). In diluted systems, the concentration dependence of the chemical potentials for the solute and solvent is well-known [e.g., see (Landau, Lifshitz, 1980)]:μ2(ϕ)=kTlnϕ, and μ1is practically independent of solute concentrationϕ=ϕ2. Thus, Eq. (20) for the Soret coefficient takes the form:
ST=μP*T2kTE33
whereμP*is
μ21P*E34
.
The equation for combined chemical potential at constant volume [Eq. (28)] using assumption b) in Section 3 takes the form
μV*=kT(32lnm2mN1lnϕ1ϕ+lnZrot1ZrotN1)+4πRΦ21(r)Φ11N1(r)v1r2drE35
where N1=N21is the number of solvent molecules displaced by molecule of the solute, Φ11N1is the potential of interaction between the virtual particle and a molecule of the solvent. The relation ϕ1=1ϕis also used in deriving Eq. (34). Because ln[ϕ/(1ϕ)]atϕ0, we expect the use of assumption a) in Section 3 for the concentration of virtual particles will yield a reasonable physical result.
In a dilute binary mixture, the equation for local pressure [Eq. (32)] takes the form
Πi=j=1NΦi1(r)v1+r2Φi1(r')v1r'dr'E36
where index iis related to the virtual particle or solute.
Using Eqs. (29), (34), we obtain the following expression for the temperature-induced gradient of the combined chemical potential of the diluted molecular mixture:
μP=kT(32lnm2mN1+lnZrot1ZrotN1)+Voutα1dvv1ϑTrΦ21(r')Φ11N1(r')r'dr'E37
Hereα1is the thermal expansion coefficient for the solvent and ϑTis the tangential component of the bulk temperature gradient. After substituting the expressions for the interaction potentials defined by Eqs. (23), (24), and (28) into Eq. (36), we obtain the following expression for the Soret coefficient in the diluted binary system:
ST=12T[32ln(m2mN1)+ln(γN1(I1I2I3)2γ2(I1I2I3)N1)]+π2α1σ123ε1218v1kT(ε11ε121)E38
In Eq. (37), the subscripts 2andN1are used again to denote the real and virtual particle, respectively.
The Soret coefficient expressed by Eq. (37) contains two main terms. The first term corresponds to the temperature derivative of the part of the chemical potential related to the solute kinetic energy. In turn, this kinetic term contains the contributions related to the translational and rotational movements of the solute in the solvent. The second term is related to the potential interaction of solute with solvent molecules. This potential term has the same structure as those obtained by the hydrodynamic approach in (Schimpf, Semenov, 2004; Semenov, Schimpf, 2005).
According to Eq. (37), both positive (from hot to cold wall) and negative (from cold to hot wall) thermodiffusion is possible. The molecules with larger mass (m2>mN1) and with a stronger interactions between solvent molecules (ε11>ε12) should demonstrate positive thermodiffusion. Thus, dilute aqueous solutions are expected to demonstrate positive thermophoresis. In (Ning, Wiegand, 2006), dilute aqueous solutions of acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide were shown to undergo positive thermophoresis. In that paper, a very high value of the Hildebrand parameter is given as an indication of the strong intermolecular interaction for water. More specifically, the value of the Hildebrand parameter exceeds by two-fold the respective parameters for other components.
Since the kinetic term in the Soret coefficient contains solute and solvent symmetry numbers, Eq. (37) predicts thermodiffusion in mixtures where the components are distinct only in symmetry, while being identical in respect to all other parameters. In (Wittko, Köhler, 2005) it was shown that the Soret coefficient in the binary mixtures containing the isotopically substituted cyclohexane can be in general approximated as the linear function
ST=SiT+amΔM+biΔIE39
where SiTis the contribution of the intermolecular interactions, amand biare coefficients, while ΔMandΔIare differences in the mass and moment of inertia, respectively, for the molecules constituting the binary mixture. According to Eq. (37), the coefficients are defined by
am=34TmN1E40
bi=(γN1)24T(γ2)2(I1I2I3)N1E41
In (Wittko, Köhler, 2005) the first coefficient was empirically determined for cyclohexane isomers to be am=0.99103K1at room temperature (T=300 K), while Eq. (39) yieldsam=0.03103K1(M1=84). There are several possible reasons for this discrepancy. The first term on the right side of Eq. (38) is not the only term with a mass dependence, as the second term also depends on mass. The empirical parameter amalso has an implicit dependence on mass that is not in the theoretical expression given by Eq. (39). The mass dependence of the second term in Eq. (37) will be much stronger when a change in mass occurs at the periphery of the molecule.
A sharp change in molecular symmetry upon isotopic substitution could also lead to a discrepancy between theory and experiment. Cyclohexane studied in (Wittko, Köhler, 2005) has high symmetry, as it can be carried into itself by six rotations about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the carbon ring and by two rotations around the axes placed in the plane of the ring and perpendicular to each other. Thus, cyclohexane hasγN1=24. The partial isotopic substitution breaks this symmetry. We can start from the assumption that for the substituted molecules,γ2=1. When the molecular geometry is not changed in the substitution and only the momentum of inertia related to the axis perpendicular to the ring plane is changed, the relative change in parameter bican be written as
(γN1)2(I1I2I3)2(γ2)2(I1I2I3)14T(γ2)2(I1I2I3)N1=(γN1)2(m2mN1)4T(γ2)2mN1+(γN1)2(γ2)24T(γ2)2E42
Eq. (41) yields
am=14TmN1[3+(γN1γ2)2]E43
Using the above parameters and Eq. (42), we obtainam5.7103K1, which is still about six-times greater than the empirical value from (Wittko, Köhler, 2005). The remaining discrepancy could be due to our overestimation of the degree of symmetry violation upon isotopic substitution. The true value of this parameter can be obtained withγ223. One should understand that the value of parameter γ2is to some extent conditional because the isotopic substitutions occur at random positions. Thus, it may be more relevant to use Eq. (42) to evaluate the characteristic degree of symmetry from an experimental measurement of amrather than trying to use theoretical values to predict thermodiffusion.
## 6. The Soret coefficient in diluted colloidal suspensions: Size dependence of the Soret coefficient and the applicability of thermodynamics
While thermodynamic approaches yield simple and clear expressions for the Soret coefficient, such approaches are the subject of rigorous debate. The thermodynamic or “energetic” approach has been criticized in the literature. Parola and Piazza (2004) note that the Soret coefficient obtained by thermodynamics should be proportional to a linear combination of the surface area and the volume of the particle, since it contains the parameterμikgiven by Eq. (11). They argue that empirical evidence indicates the Soret coefficient is directly proportional to particle size for colloidal particles [see numerous references in (Parola, Piazza, 2004)], and is practically independent of particle size for molecular species. By contrast, Duhr and Braun (2006) show the proportionality between the Soret coefficient and particle surface area, and use thermodynamics to explain their empirical data. Dhont et al (2007) also reports a Soret coefficient proportional to the square of the particle radius, as calculated by a quasi-thermodynamic method.
Let us consider the situation in which a thermodynamic calculation for a large particle as said contradicts the empirical data. For large particles, the total interaction potential is assumed to be the sum of the individual potentials for the atoms or molecules which are contained in the particle
Φi1*(r)=VinidVinviΦi1(|rir|)E44
Here Viniis the internal volume of the real or virtual particle andΦi1(|rir|)is the respective intermolecular potential given by Eq. (24) or (28) for the interaction between a molecule of a liquid placed at r(r=|r|) and an internal molecule or atom placed atri. Such potentials are referred to as Hamaker potential, and are used in studies of interactions between colloidal particles (Hunter, 1992; Ross, Morrison, 1988). In this and the following sections, viis the specific molecular volume of the atom or molecule in a real or virtual particle, respectively.
For a colloidal particle with radius R>>σij, the temperature distribution at the particle surface can be used instead of the bulk temperature gradient (Giddings et al, 1995), and the curvature of the particle surface can be ignored in calculating the respective integrals. This corresponds to the assumption that r'Randdv4πR2drin Eq. (36). To calculate the Hamaker potential, the expression calculated in (Ross, Morrison, 1988), which is based on the London potential, can be used:
Φi1*(y)=εi16σ213v2(1y+12+y+lny2+y)E45
Herey=xσ21, and xis the distance from the particle surface to the closest solvent molecule surface. Using Eqs. (36) and (44) we can obtain the following expression for the Soret coefficient of a colloidal particle:
ST=π2α1Rσ212ε212(n+2)v2kTσ213v1(ε11ε211)E46
Here nis ratio of particle to solvent thermal conductivity. The Soret coefficient for the colloidal particle is proportional toRσ215v1v2. In practice, this means that STis proportional to Rσ21since the ratio σ216v1v2is practically independent of molecular size. This proportionality is consistent with hydrodynamic theory [e.g., see (Anderson, 1989)], as well as with empirical data. The present theory explains also why the contribution of the kinetic term and the isotope effect has been observed only in molecular systems. In colloidal systems the potential related to intermolecular interactions is the prevailing factor due to the large value ofRσ212v1. Thus, the colloidal Soret coefficient is Rσ21times larger than its molecular counterpart. This result is also consistent with numerous experimental data and with hydrodynamic theory.
## 7. The Soret coefficient in diluted suspensions of charged particles: Contribution of electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions to thermodiffusion
In this section we present the results obtained in (Semenov, Schimpf, 2011b). The colloidal particles discussed in the previous section are usually stabilized in suspensions by electrostatic interactions. Salt added to the suspension becomes dissociated into ions of opposite electric charge. These ions are adsorbed onto the particle surface and lead to the establishment of an electrostatic charge, giving the particle an electric potential. A diffuse layer of charge is established around the particle, in which counter-ions are accumulated. This diffuse layer is the electric double layer. The electric double layer, where an additional pressure is present, can contribute to thermodiffusion. It was shown in experiments that particle thermodiffusion is enhanced several times by the addition of salt [see citations in (Dhont, 2004)].
For a system of charged colloidal particles and molecular ions, the thermodynamic equations should be modified to include the respective electrostatic parameters. The basic thermodynamic equations, Eqs. (4) and (6), can be written as
μi=k=1Nμinknkv¯iP+μiTT+eiEE47
P=i=1Nni(k=1Nμinknk+μiTT+eiE)E48
where ei=μiΦis the electric charge of the respective ion, Φis the macroscopic electrical potential, and E=Φis the electric field strength. Substituting Eq. (47) into Eq. (46) we obtain the following material transport equations for a closed and stationary system:
Ji=0=LiTkNϕiϕkvi(l=1Nμikϕlϕl+μikTTμikΦE)E49
where
μikΦ=eiNikekE50
We will consider a quaternary diluted system that contains a background neutral solvent with concentrationϕ1, an electrolyte salt dissociated into ions with concentrationsϕ±=n±v±, and charged particles with concentrationϕ2that is so small that it makes no contribution to the physicochemical parameters of the system. In other words, we consider the thermophoresis of an isolated charged colloidal particle stabilized by an ionic surfactant. With a symmetric electrolyte, the ion concentrations are equal to maintain electric neutrality
vϕ+=v+ϕE51
In this case we can introduce the volume concentration of salt as ϕs=ϕ+(1+vv+)=ϕ(1+v+v)and formulate an approximate relationship in place of the exact form expressed by Eq. (8):
ϕs+ϕ1=1E52
Here the volume contribution of charged particles is ignored since their concentration is very low, i.e.ϕ2ϕsϕ1. Due to electric neutrality, the ion concentrations will be equal at any salt concentration and temperature, that is, the chemical potentials of the ions should be equal: μ+=μ(Landau, Lifshitz, 1980).
Using Eqs. (48) – (51) we obtain equations for the material fluxes, which are set to zero:
J2=0=ϕ2L2v2T[μ21ϕ2ϕ2+3μ21ϕsϕs+μ21TT+e2E]E53
J=0=ϕLvT(3μ1ϕsϕs+μ1TTeE)E54
J+=0=ϕ+L+v+T(3μ+1ϕsϕs+μ+1TT+eE)E55
where e+=e=e(symmetric electrolyte). We will not write the equation for the flux of background solventJ1because it yields no new information in comparison with Eqs. (52) -54), as shown above. Solving Eqs. (52) – (54), we obtain
ϕs=T(μ+1+μ1)T/3(μ+1+μ1)ϕsE56
2eE=3(μ1μ+1)ϕsϕs+(μ1μ+1)TTE57
Eq. (55) allows us to numerically evaluate the concentration gradient as
ϕsϕsSTsTE58
where STs103is the characteristic Soret coefficient for the salts. Salt concentrations are typically around 10-2-10-1mol/L,that isϕs104or lower. A typical maximum temperature gradient isT104K/cm. These values substituted into Eq. (57) yieldϕs104103cm1. The same evaluation applied to parameters in Eq. (56) shows that the first term on the right side of this equation is negligible, and the equation for thermoelectric power can be written as
E(μ1μ+1)TT2e=v+v2ev1μ1TTE59
For a non-electrolyte background solvent, parameter μ1/Tcan be evaluated asμ1/Tα1kT, where α1is the thermal expansion coefficient of the solvent (Semenov, Schimpf, 2009; Semenov, 2010). Usually, in liquids the thermal expansion coefficient is low enough (α1103K1) that the thermoelectric field strength does not exceed 1 V/cm. This electric field strength corresponds to the maximum temperature gradient discussed above. The electrophoretic velocity in such a field will be about 10-5-10-4cm/s. The thermophoretic velocities in such temperature gradients are usually at least one or two orders of magnitude higher.
These evaluations show that temperature-induced diffusion and electrophoresis of charged colloidal particle in a temperature gradient can be ignored, so that the expression for the Soret coefficient of a diluted suspension of such particles can be written as
S2T=ϕ2ϕ2T=μ21PTϕ2μ21Pϕ2=1kTμ21PTE60
Eq. (59) can also be used for microscopic calculations.
For an isolated particle placed in a liquid, the chemical potential at constant volume can be calculated using a modified procedure mentioned in the preceding section. In these calculations, we use both the Hamaker potential and the electrostatic potential of the electric double layer to account for the two types of the interactions in these systems. The chemical potential of the non-interacting molecules plays no role for colloid particles, as was shown above.
In a salt solution, the suspended particle interacts with both solvent molecules and dissolved ions. The two interactions can be described separately, as the salt concentration is usually very low and does not significantly change the solvent density. The first type of interaction uses Eqs. (25) and the Hamaker potential [Eq. (44)].
For the electrostatic interactions, the properties of diluted systems may be used, in which the pair correlative function has a Boltzmann form (Fisher, 1964; Hunter, 1992). Since there are two kinds of ions, Eq. (21) for the “electrostatic” part of the chemical potential at constant volume can be written as
μ2e=4πns01dλR(eλΦekTeλΦekT)Φe(r)r2dr=4πnskTR(eΦekT+eΦekT2)r2drE61
where ns=ϕsv++vis the numeric volume concentration of salt, and Φe=eΦis the electrostatic interaction energy.
Eq. (32) expressing the equilibrium condition for electrostatic interactions is written as
[(n+n)Φe(r)+Π]+2(n+n)Φe(r)r0R=0E62
wherer0is the unit radial vector. In Eq. (61) it is assumed that the particle radius is much larger than the characteristic thickness of the electric double layer. Solving Eq. (62) assuming a Boltzmann distribution for the ion concentration, as in (Ruckenstein, 1981; Anderson, 1989), we obtain
Πe=nskT(eΦekT+eΦekT2)2nsRr(eΦekTeΦekT)rΦe(r')dr'E63
Substituting the pressure gradient calculated from Eq. (62) into Eq. (29), utilizing Eq. (60), and considering the temperature-induced gradients related to the temperature dependence of the Boltzmann exponents, we obtain the temperature derivative in the gradient of the chemical potential for a charged colloidal particle, which is related to the electrostatic interactions in its electric double layer:
μ2PeT=4πnskR(n+2)Rdrr(eΦekT+eΦekT)Φe2(r')(kT)2dr'E64
Here nis again the ratio of particle to solvent thermal conductivity. For low potentials (Φe<kT), where the Debye-Hueckel theory should work, Eq. (63) takes the form
μ2PeT=8πnskR(n+2)RdrrΦe2(r')(kT)2dr'E65
Using an exponential distribution for the electric double layer potential, which is characteristic for low electrokinetic potentialsζ, we obtain from Eq. (64)
μ2PeT=8πnskRλD2(n+2)(eζkT)2E66
where λDis the Debye length [for a definition of Debye length, see (Landau, Lifshitz, 1980; Hunter, 1992)].
Calculation of the non-electrostatic (Hamaker) term in the thermodynamic expression for the Soret coefficient is carried out in the preceding section [Eq. (45)]. Combining this expression with Eq. (65), we obtain the Soret coefficient of an isolated charged colloidal particle in an electrolyte solution:
ST=8πnsRλD2T(n+2)(eζkT)2+π2α1Rσ212ε212(n+2)v2kTσ213v1(ε11ε211)E67
This thermodynamic expression for the Soret coefficient contains terms related to the electrostatic and Hamaker interactions of the suspended colloidal particle. The electrostatic term has the same structure as the respective expressions for the Soret coefficient obtained by other methods (Ruckenstein, 1981; Anderson, 1989; Parola, Piazza, 2004; Dhont, 2004). In the Hamaker term, the last term in the brackets reflects the effects related to displacing the solvent by particle. It is this effect that can cause a change in the direction of thermophoresis when the solvent is changed. However, such a reverse in the direction of thermophoresis can only occur when the electrostatic interactions are relatively weak. When electrostatic interactions prevail, only positive thermophoresis can be observed, as the displaced solvent molecules are not charged, therefore, the respective electrostatic term is zero. The numerous theoretical results on electrostatic contributions leading to a change in the direction of thermophoresis are wrong due to an incorrect use of the principle of local equilibrium in the hydrodynamic approach [see discussion in (Semenov, Schimpf, 2005)].
The relative role of the electrostatic mechanism can be evaluated by the following ratio:
8πnsv2α1TλD2σ212v1σ213(eζ)2(ε11ε21)kTE68
The physicochemical parameters contained in Eq. (67) are separated into several groups and are collected in the respective coefficients. Coefficient nsv2α1Tcontains the parameters related to concentration and its change with temperature, λD2σ212is the coefficient reflecting the respective lengths of the interaction, v1σ213reflects the geometry of the solvent molecules, and (eζ)2(ε11ε21)kTis the ratio of energetic parameters for the respective interactions. Only the first two of these four terms are always significantly distinct from unity. The characteristic length of the interaction is much higher for electrostatic interactions. Also, the characteristic density of ions or molecules in a liquid, which are involved in their electrostatic interaction with the colloidal particle, is much lower than the density of the solvent molecules. The values of these respective coefficients are λD2σ212103and nsv2α1T103for typical ion concentrations in water at room temperature. The energetic parameter may be small, (~0.1) when the colloidal particles are compatible with the solvent. Characteristic values of the energetic coefficient range from 0.1-10. Combining these numeric values, one can see that the ratio given by Eq. (67) lies in a range of 0.1-10and is governed primarily by the value of the electrokinetic potential ζand the difference in the energetic parameters of the Hamaker interactionε11ε21. Thus, calculation of the ratio given by Eq. (67) shows that either the electrostatic or the Hamaker contribution to particle thermophoresis may prevail, depending on the value of the particle’s energetic parameters. In the region of high Soret coefficients, particle thermophoresis is determined by electrostatic interactions and is positive. In the region of low Soret coefficients, thermophoresis is related to Hamaker interactions and can have different directions in different solvents.
## 8. Material transport equation in binary molecular mixtures: Concentration dependence of the Soret coefficient
In this section we present the results obtained in (Semenov, 2011). In a binary system in which the component concentrations are comparable, the material transport equations defined by Eq. (18) have the form
ϕt=[L2ϕ(1ϕ)(2μϕϕ+μTT)/T(1ϕ+L2v2L1v1ϕ)]E69
Eq. (68) can be used in the thermodynamical definition of the Soret coefficient [Eq. (59)]. The mass and thermodiffusion coefficients can be calculated in the same way as the Soret coefficient.
The microscopic models used to calculate the Soret Coefficient in (Ghorayeb, Firoozabadi, 2000; Pan S et al., 2007) ignore the requirement expressed by Eq. (10) and cannot yield a description of thermodiffusion that is unambiguous. Although the material transport equations based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics were used, the fact that the chemical potential at constant pressure must be used was not taken into account. In these articles there is also the problem that in the transition to a dilute system the entropy of mixing does not become zero, yielding unacceptably large Soret coefficients even for pure components. An expression for the Soret coefficient was obtained in (Dhont et al, 2007; Dhont, 2004) by a quasi-thermodynamic method. However, the expressions for the thermodiffusion coefficient in those works become zero at high dilution, where the standard expression for osmotic pressure is used. These results contradict empirical observation.
Using Eq. (27) with the notion of a virtual particle outlined above, and substituting the expression for interaction potential [Eqs. (24, 28)], we can write the combined chemical potential at constant volume μV*as
μV*=kT(32lnm2mN1lnϕ1ϕ+lnZrot2ZrotN1)++ϕv2[Vout2Φ22(r)dvVout1Φ12N1(r)dv]+1ϕv1[Vout2Φ21(r)dvVout1Φ11N1(r)dv]E70
In order to proceed to the calculation of chemical potentials at constant pressure using Eq. (29), we must calculate the local pressure distributionΠiusing Eq. (32). We can subsequently use Eqs. (29) and (33) to obtain an expression for the gradient of the combined chemical potential at constant pressure in a non-isothermal and non-homogeneous system:
μP*=[kTϕ(1ϕ)a(ε11+βε22ε121β)]ϕ++a[α2βϕ(1ε22ε12)α1(1ϕ)(1ε11ε12)]Tk(32lnm2mN1lnϕ1ϕ+lnZrot2ZrotN1)TE71
Here αiis the thermal expansion coefficient for the respective component, β=v1σ223v2σ123is the parameter characterizing the geometrical relationship between the different component molecules, and a=π2σ123ε129v1is the energetic parameter similar to the respective parameter in the van der Waals equation (Landau, Lifshitz, 1980) but characterizing the interaction between the different kinds of molecules. Then, using Eqs. (20), (70), we can write:
ST=τ(1ϕ)S1TϕS2T+STkin4(ϕ1/2)2+τ1E72
where τ=T/Tcis the ratio of the temperature at the point of measurement to the critical temperatureTc=ak(ε11+βε22ε121β), where phase layering in the system begins. Assuming thatβ1, the condition for parameter Tcto be positive is asε11+ε22>2ε12. This means that phase layering is possible when interactions between the identical molecules are stronger than those between different molecules. Whenε11+ε22<2ε12, the present theory predicts absolute miscibility in the system.
At temperatures lower than some positiveTc, when τ<1only solutions in a limited concentration range can exist. It this temperature range, only mixtures withϕϕ1*, ϕϕ2*can exist, whereϕ1,2*=(1±1τ)/2, which is equivalent to the equation that defines the boundary for phase layering in phase diagrams for regular solutions, as discussed in (Kondepudi, Prigogine, 1999). SiT=αia[(εii/ε12)1]/2kTis the “potential” Soret coefficient related to intermolecular interactions in dilute systems. These parameters can be both positive and negative depending on the relationship between parameters εiiandε12. When the intermolecular interaction is stronger between identical solutes, thermodiffusion is positive, and vice versa. This corresponds to the experimental data of Ning and Wiegand (2006).
When simplifications are taken into account, the equations expressed by the non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach are equivalent to expressions obtained in our hydrodynamic approach (Schimpf, Semenov, 2004; Semenov, Schimpf, 2005). Parameter STkinin Eq. (71) is the kinetic contribution to the Soret coefficient, and has the same form as the term in square brackets in Eq. (37). In deriving this “kinetic” Soret coefficient, we have made different assumptions regarding the properties and concentration of the virtual particles for different terms in Eq. (70).
In deriving the temperature derivative of the combined chemical potential at constant pressure in Eq. (70) we used assumption a) in Section 4, which corresponds to zero entropy of mixing. Without such an assumption a pure liquid would be predicted to drift when subjected to a temperature gradient. Furthermore, the term that corresponds to the entropy of mixing kln[ϕ/(1ϕ)]will approach infinity at low volume fractions, yielding unacceptably high negative values of the Soret coefficient. However, in deriving the concentration derivative we must accept assumption b) because without this assumption the term related to entropy of mixing in Eq. (70) is lost. Consequently, the concentration derivative becomes zero in dilute mixtures and the Soret coefficient approaches infinity.
Thus, we are required to use different assumptions regarding the properties of the virtual particles in the two expressions for diffusion and thermodiffusion flux. This situation reflects a general problem with statistical mechanics, which does not allow for the entropy of mixing for approaching the proper limit of zero at infinite dilution or as the difference in particle properties approaches zero. This situation is known as the Gibbs paradox.
In a diluted system, atϕ1, Eq. (71) is transformed into Eq. (37) at any temperature, providedϕϕ1*. At|τ|1, when the system is miscible at all concentrations, STis a linear function of the concentration
ST=(1ϕ)ST1ϕST2+STkinE73
Eq. (72) yields the main features for thermodiffusion of molecules in a one-phase system. It describes the situation where the Soret coefficient changes its sign at some volume fraction. Thus a change in sign with concentration is possible when the interaction between molecules of one component is strong enough, the interaction between molecules of the second component is weak, and the interaction between the different components has an intermediate value. Ignoring again the kinetic contribution, the condition for changing the sign change can be written as(ε22+ε11)/2>ε12>ε11or(ε22+ε11)/2<ε12<ε11. A good example of such a system is the binary mixture of water with certain alcohols, where a change of sign was observed (Ning, Wiegand, 2006).
## 9. Conclusion
Upon refinement, a model for thermodiffusion in liquids based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics yields a system of consistent equations for providing an unambiguous description of material transport in closed stationary systems. The macroscopic pressure gradient in such systems is determined by the Gibbs-Duhem equation. The only assumption used is that the heat of transport is equivalent to the negative of the chemical potential. In open and non-stationary systems, the macroscopic pressure gradient is calculated using modified material transport equations obtained by non-equilibrium thermodynamics, where the macroscopic pressure gradient is the unknown parameter. In that case, the Soret coefficient is expressed through combined chemical potentials at constant pressure. The resulting thermodynamic expressions allow for the use of statistical mechanics to relate the gradient in chemical potential to macroscopic parameters of the system.
This refined thermodynamic theory can be supplemented by microscopic calculations to explain the characteristic features of thermodiffusion in binary molecular solutions and suspensions. The approach yields the correct size dependence in the Soret coefficient and the correct relationship between the roles of electrostatic and Hamaker interactions in the thermodiffusion of colloidal particles. The theory illuminates the role of translational and rotational kinetic energy and the consequent dependence of thermodiffusion on molecular symmetry, as well as the isotopic effect. For non-dilute molecular mixtures, the refined thermodynamic theory explains the change in the direction of thermophoresis with concentration in certain mixtures, and the possibility of phase layering in the system. The concept of a Laplace-like pressure established in the force field of the particle under consideration plays an important role in microscopic calculations. Finally, the refinements make the thermodynamic theory consistent with hydrodynamic theories and with empirical data.
## 10. List of symbols
aEnergetic parameter characterizing the interaction between the different kinds of molecules
amEmpiric coefficient in Eq. (38)
biEmpiric coefficient in Eq. (38)
EElectric field strength
eiElectric charge of the respective ion
gijPair correlation function for respective componentshPlanck constant
I1,I2,I3and Principal values of the tensor of the moment of inertia
JTotal material flux in the system
JeEnergy flux
JiComponent material fluxes
kBoltzmann constant
Liand LiQIndividual molecular kinetic coefficients
lThickness of a spherical layer around the particle
miMolecular mass of the respective component
mN1Mass of the virtual particle
NNumber of components in the mixture
NikNumber of the molecules of the k’th component that are displaced by a molecule of i’th component
N1=N21Number of solvent molecules displaced by the solute in binary systems
nRatio of particle to solvent thermal conductivity
nsNumeric volume concentration of salt
niNumeric volume concentration of the respective component
PInternal macroscopic pressure of the system
qiMolecular heat of transport
rCoordinate of the correlated molecule when the considered particle is placed at r=0
riCoordinate of internal molecule or atom in the particle
SSurface area of a spherical layer around the particle
STSoret coefficient in binary systems
SiTContribution of the intermolecular interactions in Eq. (38)and in the Soret coefficient for diluted systems.
STs103Characteristic Soret coefficient for the salts
STkinContribution of kinetic energy to the Soret coefficient
TTemperature
TcCritical temperature, where phase layering in binary systems begins
tTime
VoutiVolume external to a molecule of the i’th component
ViniInternal volume of a molecule or atom of the i’th component
v¯kPartial molecular volume of respective component
vkIts specific molecular volume
xDistance from the colloid particle surface to the closest solvent molecule surface
yDimensionless distance from the colloid particle surface to the closest solvent molecule surface
ZrotRotational statistical sum for polyatomic molecules
ZrotiRotational statistical sum for the respective component
ZvibiVibrational statistical sum for the respective component
ZrotNikRotational statistical sum for the virtual particle of the molecules k’th component displaced by the molecule of i’th component
αiThermal expansion coefficient for the respective component
βParameter characterizing the geometrical relationship between the different component molecules
ΔIDifference in the moment of inertia for the molecules constituting the binary mixture
ΔMDifference in the mass for the molecules constituting the binary mixture
εijEnergy of interaction between the molecules of the respective components
Φij(r)Interaction potential for the respective molecules
ΦjNikTotal interaction potential of the atoms or molecules included in the respective virtual particle
Φi1*(r)Hamaker potential of isolated colloid particle
ΦMacroscopic electrical potential
Φe=eΦElectrostatic interaction energy
ϕ=ϕ2Volume fraction of the second component in binary mixtures
ϕiVolume fraction of the respective component
ϕ1,2*Boundary values of stable volume fractions in binary systems below the critical temperature
γiMolecular symmetry number for the respective component
γN1Molecular symmetry number for the virtual particle in binary mixture
λParameter which describes the gradual “switching on” of the intermolecular interaction
λDDebye length
μiChemical potential of the respective component
μ0iChemical potential of the ideal gas of the molecules or atoms of the respective component
μik=μivivkμkCombined chemical potential for the respective components
μP*=μ=μ21PCombined chemical potential at the constant pressure for the binary systems
μiP,μiVChemical potentials of the respective component at the constant pressure and volume, respectively
μ2eElectrostatic contribution to the chemical potential at the constant volume for the charged colloid particle
μ2PeElectrostatic contribution to the chemical potential at the constant pressure for the charged colloid particle
ΠiLocal pressure distribution around the respective molecule or particle
ΠeElectrostatic contribution to the local pressure distribution around the charged colloid particle
σijMinimal molecular approach distance
ζElectrokinetic potential
τ=T/TcRatio of the temperature at the point of measurement to the critical temperature
chapter PDF
Citations in RIS format
Citations in bibtex format
## More
© 2011 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
## How to cite and reference
### Cite this chapter Copy to clipboard
Semen Semenov and Martin Schimpf (November 2nd 2011). Statistical Thermodynamics of Material Transport in Non-Isothermal Mixtures, Thermodynamics - Interaction Studies - Solids, Liquids and Gases, Juan Carlos Moreno-Pirajan, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/19482. Available from:
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vil in film: To what end?
On Aug. 12, I published two zero-star reviews, of "Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo" and "Chaos." The first was a moronic comedy. Of the second, I wrote:
"'Chaos' is ugly, nihilistic, and cruel -- a film I regret having seen. I urge you to avoid it. Don't make the mistake of thinking it's 'only' a horror film, or a slasher film. It is an exercise in heartless cruelty and it ends with careless brutality. The movie denies not only the value of life, but the possibility of hope."
The "Deuce Bigalow" review speaks for itself. The review of "Chaos," which has not yet received a wide national release, deserves some discussion. I received a provocative letter from Steven Jay Bernheim, its producer, and David Defalco, its director, that is printed in an advertisement in the Weekend section of the Chicago Sun-Times. I reprint their letter here, followed by my response (which reveals important plot details).
Dear Mr. Ebert:
Thank you for reviewing our film, “Chaos,” and for your thoughtful comments. However, there are some issues you raised that we strongly feel we need to address. First, it is obvious that our film greatly upset you. In your own words, "it affected (you) strongly," and filled you "with sadness and disquiet." You admitted that the film "works." Nevertheless, you urged the public "to avoid it," and you went so far as to resort to expletives: "Why do we need this s--t?", you asked.
As your colleague at the Chicago Daily Herald commented, “Chaos” "marks the first real post-9/11 horror film," and "the horror reality has long ago surpassed the horror of Japanese movies and PG-13 films." Simply put, The Herald gets it and you do not.
Natalie Holloway. Kidnappings and beheadings in Iraq shown on the internet. Wives blasting jail guards with shotguns to free their husbands. The confessions of the BTK killer. These are events of the last few months. How else should filmmakers address this "ugly, nihilistic and cruel" reality -- other than with scenes that are "ugly, nihilistic and cruel," to use the words you used to describe “Chaos.”
Mr. Ebert, would you prefer it if instead we exploit these ugly, nihilistic and cruel events by sanitizing them, like the PG13 horror films do, or like the cable networks do, to titillate and attract audiences without exposing the real truth, the real evil?
Mr. Ebert, how do you want 21st Century evil to be portrayed in film and in the media? Tame and sanitized? Titillating and exploitive? Or do you want evil portrayed as it really is? "Ugly, nihilistic and cruel," as you say our film does it?
We tried to give you and the public something real. Real evil exists and cannot be ignored, sanitized or exploited. It needs to be shown just as it is, which is why we need this s—t, to use your own coarse words. And if this upsets you, or "disquiets" you, or leaves you "saddened," that's the point. So instead of telling the public to avoid this film, shouldn't you let them make their own decision?
Steven Jay Bernheim Producer, “Chaos”
David Defalco Director, “Chaos”
Here is my response (which reveals important plot details):
Dear Mr. Bernheim and Mr. Defalco:
Your film does "work," and as filmmakers you have undeniable skills and gifts. The question is, did you put them to a defensible purpose? I believed you did not. I urged my readers to avoid seeing the film. I have also urged them to see many films.
Moviegoers make up their own minds. Like many at the screening I attended, I left saddened and disgusted. Michael Mirasol, a fellow critic, asked me why I even wrote a review, and I answered: "It will get about the audience it would have gotten anyway, but it deserves to be dealt with and replied to."
Yes, you got a good review from the Daily Herald, but every other major critic who has seen the movie shares my view. Maybe we do "get it." As Michael Wilmington wrote in his zero-star review in the Chicago Tribune, the movie "definitely gave me the worst time I've had at a movie in years -- and I wouldn't recommend it to anyone but my worst enemies." And from Laura Kern at the New York Times: "Stay far, far away from this one." The line "why do we need this s - - t" was not original with me; I quoted it from Ed Gonzalez at slantmagazine.com, who did not use any dashes in his version. I find it ironic that the makers of "Chaos" would scold me for using "coarse" language and "resorting to expletives."
But there is a larger question here. In a time of dismay and dread, is it admirable for filmmakers to depict pure evil? Have 9/11, suicide bombers, serial killers and kidnappings created a world in which the response of the artist must be nihilistic and hopeless? At the end of your film, after the other characters have been killed in sadistic and gruesome ways, the only survivor is the one who is evil incarnate, and we hear his cold laughter under a screen that has gone dark.
I believe art can certainly be nihilistic and express hopelessness; the powerful movie "Open Water," about two scuba divers left behind by a tourist boat, is an example. I believe evil can win in fiction, as it often does in real life. But I prefer that the artist express an attitude toward that evil. It is not enough to record it; what do you think and feel about it? Your attitude is as detached as your hero's. If "Chaos" has a message, it is that evil reigns and will triumph. I don't believe so.
While it is true, as you argue, that evil cannot be ignored or sanitized, it can certainly be exploited, as "Chaos" demonstrates. You begin the film with one of those sanctimonious messages depicting the movie as a "warning" that will educate its viewers and possibly save their lives. But what are they to learn? That evil people will torture and murder them if they take any chances, go to parties, or walk in the woods? We can't live our lives in hiding.
Your real purpose in making "Chaos," I suspect, was not to educate, but to create a scandal that would draw an audience. There's always money to be made by going further and being more shocking. Sometimes there is also art to be found in that direction, but not this time.
That's because your film creates a closed system in which any alternative outcome is excluded; it is like a movie of a man falling to his death, which can have no developments except that he continues to fall, and no ending except that he dies. Pre-destination may be useful in theology, but as a narrative strategy, it is self-defeating.
I call your attention to two movies you have not mentioned: Ingmar Bergman's "The Virgin Spring" (1960) and Wes Craven's "The Last House on the Left" (1972). As Gonzalez, despite his "coarse" language, points out, your film follows "Last House" so closely "that Wes Craven could probably sue Defalco for a dual screenwriting credit and win." Craven, also indebted to Bergman, did a modern horror-film version of the Bergman film, which was set in medieval times. In it, a girl goes into the woods and is raped and murdered. Her killers later happen to stay overnight as guests of the grieving parents. When they discover who they are, the father exacts his revenge.
In the Craven version, there is also revenge; I gave the movie a four-star rating, because I felt it was uncommonly effective, even though it got many reviews as negative as my review of "Chaos." Craven, and to a greater degree Bergman, used the material as a way of dealing with tragedy, human loss, and human nature.
You use the material without pity, to look unblinkingly at a monster and his victims. The monster is given no responsibility, no motive, no context, no depth. Like a shark, he exists to kill. I am reminded of a great movie about a serial killer, actually named "Monster" (2003). In it, innocent people were murdered, but we were not invited to simply stare. The killer was allowed her humanity, which I believe all of us have, even the worst of us. It was possible to see her first as victim, then as murderer. The film did not excuse her behavior, but understood that it proceeded from evil done to her. If the film contained a "warning" to "educate" us, it was not that evil will destroy us, but that others will do onto us as we have done onto them. If we do not want monsters like Aileen Wuornos in our world, we should not allow them to have the childhoods that she had.
What I miss in your film is any sense of hope. Sometimes it is all that keeps us going. The message of futility and despair in "Chaos" is unrelieved, and while I do not require a "happy ending," I do appreciate some kind of catharsis. As the Greeks understood tragedy, it exists not to bury us in death and dismay, but to help us to deal with it, to accept it as a part of life, to learn about our own humanity from it. That is why the Greek tragedies were poems: The language ennobled the material.
Animals do not know they are going to die, and require no way to deal with that implacable fact. Humans, who know we will die, have been given the consolations of art, myth, hope, science, religion, philosophy, and even denial, even movies, to help us reconcile with that final fact. What I object to most of all in "Chaos" is not the sadism, the brutality, the torture, the nihilism, but the absence of any alternative to them. If the world has indeed become as evil as you think, then we need the redemptive power of artists, poets, philosophers and theologians more than ever.
Your answer, that the world is evil and therefore it is your responsibility to reflect it, is no answer at all, but a surrender.
Roger Ebert | 7aaa8e15-c125-4a51-913e-5d392f71a0aa | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 3 | true | true |
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Black Friday Sale
First practical plastic magnets created
By Matthew Killeya
30 August 2004
The world’s first plastic magnet to work at room temperature has passed the elementary test of magnetism. Its creators at the University of Durham in the UK have used it to pick up iron filings from a laboratory bench.
In 2001, chemists from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln claimed to have created the world’s first plastic magnet, but it only worked below 10 kelvin. Other researchers have made plastic magnets, but typically they only function at extremely low temperatures, or their magnetism at room temperature is too feeble to be of commercial use.
So the Durham team can claim to have made the first plastic magnet that could be used in everyday products. One of the most likely applications is in the magnetic coating of computer hard discs, which could lead to a new generation of high-capacity discs.
Jerry Torrance, a materials scientist based in California who is a consultant to some of the world’s largest electronics and engineering companies, including IBM, describes the work as “a significant scientific breakthrough”. However, he says that practical applications are probably still a long way off.
Free radicals
The new polymer was developed by Naveed Zaidi and his colleagues in Durham’s organic electroactive materials group. The team created the new polymer from two compounds, emeraldine base polyaniline (PANi) and tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ). They chose PANi because it is a metal-like electrical conductor that is stable in air. TCNQ was chosen because of its propensity to form charged particles called free radicals.
In conventional magnets, magnetism is the result of electron spins lining up. In their polymer, the researchers hoped to mimic this mechanism by creating an alignment of free radicals.
At first the new polymer showed little sign of magnetism, and after three months the researchers had reached the point where they felt that trying to induce magnetism in this polymer was a waste of time. “Just as we were about to give up and try a different approach, we decided to check the samples for a last time,” says Sean Giblin.
It was a fortunate decision, because over the months the original polymer had developed magnetic properties. Further batches of the polymer confirmed its magnetism and ruled out the possibility that the magnetism had been caused by contamination. In addition, X-ray diffraction data showed an increase in the alignment of the polymer chains over three months, which probably accounts for the increase in magnetism.
Made to measure
Although the polymer’s magnetism is weak compared with conventional metal magnets, the researchers are confident that they can improve it.
“The reaction is not yet 100 per cent efficient along the polymer and the strength of effect varies throughout the material. Once we increase this efficiency, this overall strength will certainly increase,” says Zaidi.
The nature of polymer synthesis means that magnetic properties could effectively be made to measure, by varying the proportions of the initial chemicals. “This is only the beginning. From this initial polymer, much better systems can be synthesised in future,” says Zaidi.
And in addition to computer hard discs, the team thinks that plastic magnets could have important medical applications, for example in dentistry or the transducers used in cochlear implants. Organic magnetic materials are less likely to be rejected by the body. | 1bab72d5-971a-4805-946b-0cf37e3b38c5 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
Boost Users :
Subject: [Boost-users] [Intrusive] Call custom function after tree rotations
From: Lukas Barth (lists_at_[hidden])
Date: 2017-05-31 14:54:03
I'm trying to implement an interval tree based on
boost::intrusive::rbtree. For such an interval tree, certain fixup
operations must be run after a node rotation. Now, as far as I can see
from the code (looking at rotate_* in bstree_algorithms), there is no
way of "hooking into"[0] these methods, right? Am I missing something?
What I need: After every operation that changes the
parent-child-relationship of nodes I need to touch all involved nodes.
At this point, I'm considering monkey-patching bstree_algorithms using
some preprocessor directives, but that is bound to fail spectacularly.
Any better ideas?
Kind regards, and thanks for any help,
[0] I know the term "hook" is overloaded differently with intrusive, but
I can't think of a better term.
Boost-users list run by williamkempf at hotmail.com, kalb at libertysoft.com, bjorn.karlsson at readsoft.com, gregod at cs.rpi.edu, wekempf at cox.net | 930cff8e-3132-4572-b847-88c253afbb55 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
# Percentile Calculator for Grouped Data
Instructions: This percentile calculator for grouped data will calculate a percentile you specify, showing step-by-step, for the grouped sample data set provided by you in the form below. Grouped data is specified in class groups instead of individual values. It comes with ranges of values associated with a frequency. (For example, one range could be 2 - 6 and the frequency could be, say, 8, another range could be 7 - 10, with a frequency of 4, etc.)
Classes (Ex: 3-5. One per line)
Frequencies
Percentile (Ex: 0.75, 75%) =
The k-th percentile of a distribution corresponds to a point with the property that k% of the distribution is to the left of that value. In the case of grouped sample data, the percentiles can be only estimated, and for that purpose, the sample classes are organized in ascending order, and the corresponding cumulative frequencies are calculated as well. Then, the position of the k-th percentile $$P_k$$ is computed using the formula:
$L_P = \frac{n \cdot k}{100}$
We need to look at the table with cumulative frequencies, and find the first cumulative frequency that exceeds the value of $$L_P$$, and we know then that the corresponding class (Lower, Upper) is the one that contains the percentile we are looking for.
Now, we need to use interpolation to estimate where in the class (Lower, Upper) the corresponding percentile is located at. We use the following formula:
$P_k = \text{Lower} + \frac{ L_P - \text{Previous Cumulative} }{f_i} \times (\text{Upper} - \text{Lower})$
For ungrouped data, you can use our regular percentile calculator.
In case you have any suggestion, or if you would like to report a broken solver/calculator, please do not hesitate to contact us. | af95b5ec-0130-4037-8a0a-de83576b3ce0 | https://mathcracker.com/percentile-calculator-grouped-data | 0 | true | false |
2x04 Revolution:
Patriot Games
Revolution: Stagione 2, Episodio 4
Patriot Games (Patriot Games) e' l'episodio numero 4 della Stagione 2 della serie televisiva Revolution.
Girato in USA, prima visione USA Mercoledì 16 Ottobre 2013 su NBC. Prima visione italiana Mercoledì 19 Febbraio 2014 su Premium Action.
| ep. 24 di 42 |
Trama, Sinossi Episodio
Rachel si risveglia dopo essere stata ferita e scopre che Willoughby e' occupata dai Patrioti. Anche il suo amico Ken e' diventato uno di loro e infatti appena lui capisce che Rachel e' a conoscenza delle testate nucleari, prova a ucciderla, ma lei riesce a liberarsi e lo uccide. Ora, con l'aiuto di Miles proveranno a creare una Resistenza contro l'invasione dei Patrioti. Nel frattempo Charlie, insieme a Monroe, torna da sua madre e Tom riesce a conquistare la fiducia di Allenford.
Sinossi alternativa: Charlie sips a glass of whiskey in a Pottsboro, Texas bar. She gets woozy just as she spies a group of men closing in on her. They drugged her drink! As the attack begins, Monroe breaks down the door and ruthlessly dispatches all the lowlifes in the building, saving Charlie's life. Meanwhile, Rachel wakes up in her bed in Willoughby after sleeping for three days. She's covered in bandages, but she's survived. Outside, the tension in Willoughby seems to have disappeared, as have Titus' men. In their place is the U.S. Government, establishing order and peace throughout the town. Patriot Director Ed Truman introduces himself to Rachel and informs her of his plan to see much more of her in future. Injured while trying to break up a fight, Neville is late to work at the refugee camp. Deputy Director Vincent Cooke doesn't like Neville. Cooke's waiting in the wings for him the next time Neville slips up, ready to put a bullet in his head. Neville takes this in stride; Cooke has no idea the cobra he's stepped on. Later, as both men change out of their uniforms and into civvies, Neville notices a series of odd marks running up Cooke's left arm. Neville's found Cooke's Achilles' heel. That night, in a brothel, Neville pays off a hooker and enters a room where Cooke lays passed out in bed. Rachel is convinced the Patriots are up to something. Claiming Andover's men are still roaming the perimeter, they put Willoughby on lockdown. With plans to search the perimeter, Miles orders Rachel to stay put. During the town's Halloween party that night, Rachel searches Truman's office and finds a folder with the Eye of Providence on it. Inside is a map with the Willoughby Train Yard clearly circled. Why? Truman suddenly enters and catches Rachel. He angrily escorts her back to her father's home, where Dr. Porter promises it won't happen again. But the damage is done. Rachel knows something is up... and Truman knows Rachel's a problem. The Patriots catch a townsman named Bryce outside Willoughby. As Miles looks on from his hiding place, two swords thrash down to kill Bryce. In Willoughby, Dr. Porter begs Rachel to stop making everything her fight. He doesn't want to lose her again. Truman's aide, Scott, and the Patriots drive up with Bryce's body telling Dr. Porter the Clansmen got to him. This is why they're telling everyone not to travel beyond the gates… Elsewhere, Charlie comes to by a fire and finds Monroe sitting next to her. Monroe needs Charlie to take him to her mother, but Charlie is immune to his appeals. When she tries to attack him, Monroe easily gains control, then assures Charlie she has no choice in the matter. Aaron has another psychotic episode. He falls to the ground and hallucinates that he's traveling through Andover's camp. Suddenly Cynthia wakes him up, fearing the worst. Meanwhile, Miles searches the now-deserted Andover camp. He notices fireflies all around him, lit up with an intrinsic energy source... weird. Miles enters Titus' office, only to find the Clan leader still alive! Titus pulls a gun on Miles and blames him for the death of his beloved wife. He complains about "that Judas packing my family into a train." What is he talking about? Titus pulls the trigger but no bullet comes out, so Miles attacks. After a scuffle, Miles steps back, having planted a knife in Titus' stomach. Andover is dead. Rachel approaches her old friend Ken, Willoughby's butcher. She tells him her theory on the Patriots, and he promises to stand by her. After all, old friends need to stick together. Ken asks Rachel to walk down to his cellar with him to get wine, but when she spies the Eye of Providence, she realizes it's a trap. Rachel tries to escape, but Ken knocks her out and drags her deeper into the cellar. Rachel wakes up, suspended from the ceiling, while Ken digs her grave. He admits to being a Patriot for the last seven years. He's not supposed to hurt her, but he knows she must be stopped. Rachel bursts into action, managing to stun Ken. Using her body weight to rip her hand clean from its manacle, Rachel drops to the ground and kills her former friend. The grave now belongs to him. After a quick burial, Rachel grabs all the intel she can. Cooke wakes up in the brothel to find himself tied to the bed, with Neville sitting ominously at his side. Neville cuts to the chase: he needs a promotion and wants to know Jason's location. When Cooke continues to deny knowledge of Jason's whereabouts, Neville plunges a syringe into his arm: total overdose, then death. Back at the camp, Neville assumes Cooke's role without asking. Allenford checks in, but doesn't let on her surprise, telling Neville that Cooke was transferred. Miles sneaks into the Willoughby train yard to make a terrifying discovery: Scott is there with his Patriot men... and Garrett, Andover's second-in-command, who's now in Patriot uniform! They execute two people and place them on horseback. Miles grasps the entire ruse - the Patriots are perpetrating to win trust from a terrified citizenry. Suddenly, Miles is made, so he takes off for safety. Meanwhile, Aaron begins to see things again, this time while he sleeps. From a high angle, Aaron sees Miles escaping from Scott, Garrett and the Patriots. When two soldiers corner Miles, Aaron somehow sets them on fire. Aaron bolts awake in his own bed... how could... was that real... what has he done? Near the train yard, Miles stares in horror at two charred bodies as the swarm of fireflies drifts off into the night. Over whiskey, Miles and Rachel swap stories. Miles has no idea what happened but knows Willoughby is in a state of occupation, and every good occupation needs a resistance. He and Rachel can fix it. Rachel's worried. The last time she tried to fix something, she ended up ruining everything... Little do they know, Charlie and Monroe are a mere 10 miles outside Willoughby and headed their way.
Scheda Episodio
Titolo Italiano: Patriot Games
Titolo Originale: Patriot Games
Prima Visione Assoluta: Mercoledì 16 Ottobre 2013 su NBC
Prime Visione USA: Mercoledì 16 Ottobre 2013 su NBC
Prima Visione Italia: Mercoledì 19 Febbraio 2014 su Premium Action
Serie Televisiva: Revolution
Stagione: 2 - Episodio: 4
Nazione: USA
Durata: 45 minuti
Genere: Azione, Avventura, Drammatico, Fantascienza
Cast tecnico, Attori e Personaggi
Cast non ancora disponibile per questo episodio.
Cast e Ruoli principali della Serie:
foto Billy BurkeBilly Burke
Miles Matheson
Articoli e Recensioni
Non ci sono notizie per 2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution.
Video e clip
Non ci sono video per 2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution.
Foto e Immagini
[Schermo Intero]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [David Lyons, Tracy Spiridakos]
Foto e Immagini 2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [David Lyons, Tracy Spiridakos]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [Steven Culp, Edward Truman]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [Elizabeth Mitchell]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [Steven Culp, Edward Truman]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [Tracy Spiridakos, Jeff Swearingen]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [David Lyons, Jeff Swearingen]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [Billy Burke]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [Billy Burke, Elizabeth Mitchell]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [Giancarlo Esposito]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [Ken Dawson, Elizabeth Mitchell]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [Billy Burke, Elizabeth Mitchell]
2x04 - Patriot Games - Revolution [Billy Burke, Elizabeth Mitchell]
Apri Box Commenti | 8dbe6017-46bb-4720-8aa8-f5131f82268b | null | 5 | true | true |
Did Homelander Really Kill a Crowd of People in The Boys? (with Video)
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The Boys are primarily known as a comic book series, but Amazon Prime’s streaming adaptation of the comic book – which contains a lot of changes and additions – has helped the series become a global phenomenon. Now, The Boys are full of mysteries and questions, regarding both specific characters and concepts. In this article, we are going to discuss a scene from Season 2 of the series where Homelander finally snaps and kills a bunch of random protesters. We are going to tell you whether he actually did it or not.
In Season 2, faced with a crowd challenging him, his ego, and his deeds, Homelander snaps after not being able to calm the crowd down. He uses his Hear Vision and kills all of the crowd members in public, thereby completely destroying his image of a noble superhero. Sadly for the world – and luckily for the crowd – it was just a fantasy and the scene did not actually happen outside of Homelander’s mind.
In the remainder of this article, we are going to talk about the scene in which Homelander seemingly kills a group of people simply because they thought he wasn’t all that. The goal of this article is to answer the question that’s been bothering fans since the episode premiere and to give you some facts about the character as well. Be careful, as there are going to be spoilers.
Does Homelander really kill a crowd of people in The Boys?
The scene we are talking about happened in Season 2 of The Boys and before we continue, you can check it out for yourselves:
Homelander visits Stan Edgar, where he asks to be consulted regarding further additions to the group of The Seven. Homelander threatens Stan that he might decide to on after his contract expires at the end of the calendar year. Stan then asks him what he knows about Frederick Vought, the founder of Vought.
Stan explains that Homelander feels like a superhero company when in reality, it is a pharmaceutical company and that Homelander is not their most valuable asset, but Compound V is. He accuses her of distributing Compound V to terrorists around the world and says that Homelander isn’t as important as he thinks.
Frustrated and angry, Homelander flies off to Becca’s house to see their son. As Homelander and Queen Maeve were discussing things during a break in the film, Ashley shows Homelander footage of her fight against another super-terrorist, which leads to Homelander killing the super-terrorist with her heat vision, but also killing an innocent teenager who also has the heat vision of Homelander succumbed.
Homelander ignores her and asks Ashley how many views the video got. He then goes to a demonstration where people are protesting Homelander for his war crime. Homelander gives a speech about freedom having a price, but this escalates the protest. Homelander then has a morbid vision of him using his heat vision on protesters and killing many people.
Still, then he decides to leave the protest and walks away. Troubled by the results of the protest, Homelander travels to Stormfront to help them regain popularity. Stormfront helps by spawning memes like “Better there than here” and denying the images as fake. Homelander enthusiastically returns, ending the confrontation between Starlight and Stormfront.
In one of the rare moments of gratitude, Homelander thanks her for her help, and Stormfront joins in asking how he can repay her. The two return to Seven Tower and have hardcore sadomasochistic sex. Homelander and Stormfront’s relationship becomes official as the two even engage in public sex in the same area moments after killing a criminal.
As you can see, Homelander did not actually kill a crowd of protesters, no. He fantasized about doing it because his ego couldn’t handle all the negative reception, but he still had enough self-control to just leave, rather than do what he actually wanted to do. That would, of course, confirm everyone’s suspicions and make it like the protesters were right about him, which would further his demise at that point.
Why does Homelander fantasize about killing a crowd of people?
In order to understand the answer to this question, we have to analyze Homelander’s personality. For a superhero, Homelander is pretty brutal and aggressive. He throws a bank robber in the air, drops him to his death, and brutalizes A-Train. He is highly intelligent as he put together a meticulous plan to get superheroes into the military. He is also charismatic and goes out in public to give him support.
Vought and the Seven have always been his home, so his worldview consists almost entirely of what Vought has built around the superheroes. So Homelaner has long since given up his civilian identity and is always called “Homelander” even by those closest to him. dr Vogelbaum was one of the last people who still knew him by the name “John”.
As that worldview begins to crumble, he shows signs of losing his temper. Homelander struggles to understand love and humanity because he grew up in a lab. There he was educated and taught. At a young age, for example, he “crushed” several teachers in whom he was looking for a mother while hugging.
This made Homelander sociopathic and amoral, he also intimidates the members of the Seven into keeping them informed while also killing anyone who stands in his way. This act of murder is also used to his advantage, as after Flight 37 crashed and all passengers died, Homelander believes he was destroyed by terrorists, thereby pushing both Vought and himself the superhuman gun control agenda.
How Was Homelander Killed in the Comics? (& 5 Theories for the Show)
He is sadistic and takes pleasure in the people he hurts or kills. Homelander also suffers from an Oedipus complex, which is projected onto Madelyn Stillwell, who is the closest thing to the mother. However, when she confesses her feelings of anxiety to him, his relationship with her doesn’t stop him from burning her eyes and skull.
When Queen Maeve joined the Seven, she and Homelander had a relationship of unknown duration, which probably ended when she recognized the personality behind his facade. Though people fear and love him, Homelander seems to have respect for Butcher. When the two finally confronted each other, Homelander was both intrigued and impressed that Billy Butcher isn’t afraid of him, but hates him passionately.
He wants a relationship with his son Ryan. He seems to be the only person he really likes and shows empathy as he pulls Ryan out of a crowd that is overwhelming him. When Ryan is taken away by Butcher, he causes a bloodbath as he kills the Vought units sent to pick him up.
As you can see, Homelander is a narcissistic person. He is a brutal superhero aware of his superiority, but he still lives on the popularity he has among the people. He feeds on it and it allows him to function normally; normally for him, that is. But, the issue with Homelander is, as is with all narcissists, that he despised when he is being challenged. The crowd did that, they called him a murderer and a villain, and his bloated ego simply couldn’t take it. That is why he fantasized about killing them although he had enough self-control to not do it really.
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MFC Virus uses PROPagate Injection
March 13, 2019
SonicWall Capture Labs Threat Research Team discovered another generic MFC Virus which is capable of copying itself and has a detrimental effect on the system it’s executed on by corrupting the system and destroying the data saved on your hard disk. The sample is written in MFC using C++ and uses the new PROPagate Injection technique to infect other processes running on the system.
The Virus has the following network information:
The virus scans the hard drive in search for “League of Legends” account details. If none exist the virus will keep copying itself and re-executing itself over and over until the hard-drive is completely full. During each iteration the processor will reach 100%. Meaning, you will not be able to use the computer while the copying process is in effect.
Sample Static Information:
Being that this Virus copies itself and executes over and over.
The static hashes for this file will continuously change for each iteration the sample copies itself.
Entropy, Compiler and Packer:
The sample is packed with in-line function VMProtect snippets of code:
This will give a lower entropy as the whole file isn’t virtualized.
However, someone will still be able to see 90% of the code base in Ida Pro.
Encryption Used:
The following crypto signatures usually means the sample is linked with a few different libraries like OpenSSL.
In this case the sample is linked with the libraries, deflate 1.1.3 and inflate 1.1.3 among others like libpng 1.6.9.
When this happens you will see a variety of encryption signatures inside KANAL:
There is also a variety of xor encryption throughout the sample as seen below:
Injection & Hooking Technique:
When the Windows SetWindowSubclass API is called it uses the Windows SetProp API to set one of the following structure members (UxSubclassInfo, or CC32SubclassInfo) to point to an area in memory. When the new message routine is called, it will then call the Windows GetProp API for the given window and once the function pointer is retrieved the memory area will be executed.
When it comes to the process at the lower of equal integrity level the Microsoft documentation states:
• SetProp is subject to the restrictions of User Interface Privilege Isolation (UIPI). A process can only call this function on a window belonging to a process of lesser or equal integrity level. When UIPI blocks property changes, GetLastError will return 5.
There are plenty of processes that we can choose from to modify their window property!
Using the technique described above we can freely modify the property of a window belonging to another process.
All we need is a structure that UxSubclassInfo/CC32SubclassInfo properties are using. This is actually pretty easy – you can check what SetProp is doing for these subclassed windows. You will quickly realize that the procedure is stored at the offset 0x14 from the beginning of that memory region (the structure is a bit more complex as it may contain a number of callbacks, but the first one is at 0x14).
So, injecting a small buffer into a target process, ensuring the expected structure is properly filled-in and and pointing to the payload and then changing the respective window property will ensure the payload is executed next time the message is received by the window (this can be enforced by sending a message).
1st Part:
2nd Part:
3rd Part:
4th Part:
INI Configuration:
Sample Testing System:
Windows 7 Professional x86 32-bit
SonicWall Gateway AntiVirus, provides protection against this threat:
• GAV: MalAgent.H_11825 (Trojan)
• GAV: MalAgent.J_58357 (Trojan)
• GAV:Neshta.A_68 (Virus) | 85b8e83e-8d62-476c-9cad-569b614d090b | null | 4 | true | true |
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A255238 Triangle T(n, m) of numbers of points of a square lattice covered by a circular disk of radius n (centered at any lattice point taken as origin) with ordinate y = m in the first quadrant. 4
1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 3, 1, 5, 4, 4, 3, 1, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 1, 7, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 1, 8, 7, 7, 7, 6, 5, 4, 1, 9, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 6, 4, 1, 10, 9, 9, 9, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 1, 11, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 7, 5, 1 (list; table; graph; refs; listen; history; text; internal format)
OFFSET 0,2 COMMENTS This entry is motivated by the proposal A255195 by Mats Granvik. See the MathWorld link on Gauss's circle problem. The first quadrant of a square lattice (x, y) with x = n >= 0, y = m >= 0, is considered. The number of lattice points covered by a circular disk of radius R = n around the origin having ordinate value y = m are denoted by T(n, m), for n >= 0 and m = 0, 1, ..., n. The same numbers occur if x and y are interchanged. One could also consider the row reversed triangle. The row sums give R(n) = A000603(n), n >= 0. The alternating row sums give A255239(n), n >= 0. The total number of square lattice points covered by a circular disk of radius n is A000328(n) = 4*R(n) - (4*n+3). LINKS E. W. Weisstein, World of Mathematics, Gauss's Circle Problem . FORMULA T(n, m) = 1 + floor(sqrt(n^2 - m^2)), 0 <= m <= n. EXAMPLE The triangle T(n, m) begins: n\m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0: 1 1: 2 1 2: 3 2 1 3: 4 3 3 1 4: 5 4 4 3 1 5: 6 5 5 5 4 1 6: 7 6 6 6 5 4 1 7: 8 7 7 7 6 5 4 1 8: 9 8 8 8 7 7 6 4 1 9: 10 9 9 9 9 8 7 6 5 1 10: 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 7 5 1 11: 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 9 8 7 5 1 12: 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 10 9 8 7 5 1 13: 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 11 11 10 9 7 6 1 14: 15 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 12 11 10 9 8 6 1 15: 16 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 11 10 8 6 1 ... CROSSREFS Cf. A000603, A000328, A255239. Sequence in context: A133334 A003603 A278118 * A212536 A188277 A135227 Adjacent sequences: A255235 A255236 A255237 * A255239 A255240 A255241 KEYWORD nonn,easy,tabl AUTHOR Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 12 2015 STATUS approved
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Last modified November 27 12:51 EST 2021. Contains 349394 sequences. (Running on oeis4.) | 77d0d4d6-f2f0-4861-a711-6aa82485aa06 | http://oeis.org/A255238 | 0 | true | false |
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Comment: Re:Lucky you (Score 2) 243
by Havokmon (#45584705) Attached to: Ask Slashdot: Recommendations For Beautiful Network Cable Trays?
My company prides itself on an office environment that follows a modern design aesthetic: open floor plan, bold colors on the walls, cool lamps in the corners.
My lame company only prides itself on stupid shit like making good products and pleasing its customers.
Right. What stock should I be selling?
Comment: Re:ADHD - Euro perspective (Score 1) 65
by Havokmon (#45530917) Attached to: Book Review: Digital Outcasts
It is also completely wrong.
No it isn't. It is only partially wrong. AHDH is a real disorder. My brother suffered from. I know it when I see it. I regularly volunteer to help out in my son's elementary school classroom for two hours every Friday morning. I know all his classmates, and work with all of them regularly. They are all normal kids. None of them are even close to ADHD. Yet, since I started working with them, several of the boys have been put on medication. That is insane. But I can see how it happens. Shoving pills into the kids makes the teacher's job easier. The parents are happy because they can continue to let the kid sit in front of the TV and munch potato chips, which is much easier than being a responsible parent. And the doctor is guaranteed a steady income stream. All the incentives are in the wrong direction.
And those parents don't know what they're getting their kids into. Years from now, even after they discover they were sold a load of bullshit, they'll find out that all those 'psych rejects' who are now teachers have been busily inspecting their children's files and will be treating them decisively different from the rest of the students.
They'll be lucky if one of them slips up and lets the parents know that's happening. Though you can be sure it'll be discussed in the teacher's lounge.
Comment: Re:Funded by (Score 4, Insightful) 77
by Havokmon (#45474853) Attached to: Gartner: OpenStack Lacks Clarity
While I agree with your point, I have to also agree with a few of the points Gartner's analyst made. Ever try to implement OpenStack? Some things are okay (Virtual Machines), but other things are horribly convoluted (Virtual Routing). Version upgrades break previous functionality, and documentation is lacking so finding what actually broken requires lots of time and effort. Waiting for the documentation to catch up is fine until you need a feature or bug fix in the latest version.
I'm not claiming that it's horrible mind you, but rather pointing out that it needs some time to mature. Gartner's opinion does not mention the fact that OpenSource products like this can do very well (Apache, Linux, MariaDB/MySQL). At the same time, enough OpenSource projects fall off the Earth to have some concerns.
"A lie is best placed between two truths."
Gartner always makes some valid points. They are masters of manipulation.
While it sounds like you're well-informed, the majority of their followers are not and I would go so far as to say those people, even when reading the details presented within, rarely truly understand the content.
Comment: Re:Just like the new cancer test (Score 1) 282
by Havokmon (#45473873) Attached to: Affordable Blood Work In Four Hours Coming To Pharmacies
Keep in mind, the cost of the pharmaceutical company's studys used to verify the accuracy of the test and gain FDA approval likely pushes the cost-per-test up quite a bit.
FTFY. Preclinical, phase 1, phase 2, and phase 3 at a minimum
And then of course there needs to be someone licensed in reading the results, and prescribing a treatment.
My foot is killing me from gout, but I'm not dropping $200 for a doctors visit to get $10 in meds.
Comment: Re:"Dark Friday"? (Score 1) 307
by Havokmon (#45425156) Attached to: Alfred Poor Says HDTV Manufacturers are Hurting (Video)
The article mentions "Dark Friday" but links to a wiki page called "Black Friday". What is that about?
Many people refused to support the shopping event "Black Friday" on the grounds that it is racist towards people of other skin tones. The politically correct term is "Dark Friday", which is on the eve of "Darkie Weekend" during which most people don't have to work and can just laze about on their porches like monkies.
ROFL. That's most appropriate explanation I've ever seen.
Comment: Re:Outright bans are not smart (Score 1) 376
by Havokmon (#45402291) Attached to: WRT trans fats, the FDA should ...
It's not murder because you aren't requiring or forcing anyone to consume the poison. Under libertarian principles, without that act of force there's no crime. There may be contract and reputation issues, but those are meant to be resolved by the market.
To promote a government ban is to go against libertarian principles. So why call yourself (himself) a libertarian? "I'm a libertarian, except when I don't like something. Then I'm a happy to adopt statist solutions." Why not just accept that you (AC) are not actually a libertarian?
I consider myself Liberatrian, and I am well aware there are variations and non-absolutes to every belief system.
My problem here is the arrogant assumption that we're correct now, while we were 'correct' when we said butter=death in the 70s.
The best advice we have now is that artificial TransFats (in the current form) are bad. So to prevent any future issues with supply, or the letter of the law in the case where a future method of creating artificial 'TransFat' is found to be beneficial, I think the best solution is an additional tax with an expiration that can easily be renewed.
Comment: Re:Thank you - THIS (Score 2) 141
by Havokmon (#45373125) Attached to: Taking Google's QUIC For a Test Drive
> reliable UDP protocol You want a reliable *unreliable* datagram protocol protocol? Sounds like something guaranteed to fail. Everyone tries to reinvent TCP. Almost always they make something significantly worse. This is no exception.
I once worked at a company that made Parking Meters - and accepted credit cards at them. They sent their data over https, and had random issues with timeouts.
It turns out they would format their data in (very descriptive) XML, and discovered an excessively large file combined with an SSL handshake over crappy 2g connection took too long to transfer the data (it didn't help the programmers 'forgot' they hardcoded a timeout, so if the comms was just slow, it would throw a generic error and they blamed Apache for it).
In any case, the offshore dev team's solution was to create a UDP client/server protocol of their own.
It was working nicely when I left, and was PCI Compliant, but at that point we had no way to reliably monitor communications from the perspective of the meter because we (SysAdmins in charge of the backend systems) would have had to write proprietary code from non-existing documentation just to replicate what used to be a simple HTTP POST.
Some things look great, but aren't thought out all the way ...
Comment: I reported a similar issue to BofA in 2008 (Score 2) 157
by Havokmon (#45369625) Attached to: Credit Card Numbers Still Google-able
Completely against PCI Compliance, they were using your 'account number' (full card number) as your identifier when downloading your statement in PDF form. So their web server logs would have been chock full of credit card numbers in clear text. Doh!
The biggest problem was finding someone to report it to. Customer Service doesn't know dick about Compliance - I had to to cross my fingers that it would get escalated properly. It took about 6 months for that to change.
When I did this 'search test', Most of my hits were PDFs of credit card statements.
Comment: Re:How about SourceForge? (Score 1) 104
by Havokmon (#45367271) Attached to: Ask Slashdot: Tools For Managing Multiple Serial Console Servers?
What does "a community" have to do with whether the tools work or not?
To Quote - " I'd rather use some tools with more of a community than just the 4 of us."
He also never said that there were shortcomings in the toolset they created. It sounds like he may not like the database, maybe he wants a nicer front-end for managing the tables? But it's not described as 'the problem'.
Therefore, if they create a community around their own toolset, then the only problem actually described in the OP is resolved.
Comment: Re:I read the documents. (Score 0) 195
by Havokmon (#45290621Of course he was asked to hand over the SSL keys, he refused to hand over the requested information in the first place.
Duplicating incoming and outgoing email, on a server you own and apparently WROTE THE CODE FOR, is trivial. Even Exchange can do it. Page 7 is the request for mailbox contents, but a separate device is NOT REQUIRED . It should be obvious that using SMTP means the data is in clear text until it's encrypted - at rest.
At best, he's an incompetent admin, and you want him to secure your email?
"Time is an illusion. Lunchtime doubly so." -- Ford Prefect, _Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_ | 7dee3020-faf5-49de-8a88-afed1eef598d | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 3 | true | true |
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1 TV Recap
'Terra Nova': 'Instinct' recap
Jim Shannon in Terra Nova
Season 1, episode 3 | Aired Monday, Oct 3 2011 at 8:00pm EDT on Fox
This week's Terra Nova opens with three guys in a transport driving in the rain, only to suffer a flat tyre. As they inspect the damage, they are alerted by rustling sounds and screeches in the trees. They barely have time to investigate when they are attacked.
Back at Terra Nova, the Shannon kids take part in a survival training course with many of the other residents. As night falls and the family gets ready for bed, Zoe expresses her desire to sleep in the same room as her mother, rather than with Maddy.
In Elisabeth's room, a topless Jim starts making out with his wife but the pair are distracted by an annoying screeching noise. Jim, after a bit of pestering from Elisabeth, checks outside and finds a bird-like creature on top of the fence. He shoos it away, but when he returns, he sees Elisabeth cuddling Zoe.
The next day, Taylor tells Jim that he's lost contact with his supplier and wants to find his men. They theorise that the Sixers might have something to do with it. Meanwhile, Elisabeth spots an old friend - Malcolm - as he enters the medical center. Malcolm came on the fifth pilgrimage to Terra Nova, and they attended the same university. Just then, Jim arrives. When Malcolm learns Jim is Elisabeth's husband, he looks noticeably disappointed.
Out in the jungle, Jim and Taylor are searching for the missing men. Jim asks Taylor why the Sixers would want him dead, but Taylor dances around the question and instead says that someone inside Terra Nova is feeding Mira intel. In other words, there's a mole. Taylor suggests that Jim can use his lawman skills to figure out who it is.
The lads finally come across the missing men, and it doesn't look pretty. They're all dead, with their faces mutilated. Jim: "What the hell did this to them?" Taylor: "I don't know, but it wasn't Sixers."
Terra Nova S01E03: 'Instinct'
In Terra Nova, Josh and Skye are shopping around for food when Josh spots a hand-crafted guitar and plays a tune on it. The vendor is willing to sell the instrument for 60 terras.
The bodies of the deceased men have been brought back to the medical center. Elisabeth says she'll need to do an extensive post-mortem, but it appears the men were attacked from above as only their faces and necks were targetted. Jim then finds a claw, a possible clue as to what species they're dealing with. Taylor demands more answers by the end of the day.
Because Elisabeth is required to stay behind at the lab until late, Jim is tasked with cooking dinner and looking after the children for the night. While he fumbles around in the kitchen, Maddy asks her father how can you tell if someone likes you - obviously referring to Reynolds, who works in security.
When Elisabeth returns home, Jim curiously asks about Malcolm, finding out that he's a former flame of hers. But that doesn't dampen the mood, as the couple once again start getting sexual in the bedroom - only to be interrupted for a second time by screeching.
Jim and Josh head outside and find not one but three of the bird-like creatures perched on the fence. Josh hurls a rock at them, provoking them to attack. During Jim and Josh's successful attempt to get into the safe confines of their home, Jim's hand is clawed at - "I think we found out what killed those men."
Malcolm inspects Jim's hand the following morning and concludes that it's not a species that he's ever seen before. Smaller creatures like these usually don't attack unless provoked, so what is causing the pterosaurs to act so violently against them? Malcolm wants to research and learn more about the way they act, but Taylor has none of it, ordering that no-one leaves the compound.
When Malcolm leaves, Jim asks Taylor what the recruitment process in Terra Nova is like. Taylor informs him that department heads usually hand over a bunch of resumes, but he occasionally receives specific recommendations. In the case of Elisabeth, she was on an extremely short list of recommendations - which was submitted by none other than Malcolm.
Terra Nova S01E03: 'Instinct'
Josh and Skye return to the guitar seller, with the former wanting to initiate a trade. However, the vendor is not interested in anything but the platinum necklace he's wearing, something which is not for sale.
As they leave, Skye cottons on to the fact that the necklace was from the girl Josh left behind. Josh admits that he misses her and describes her as smart, funny, tough... "kind of like you". At this moment, Skye notices a flock of pterosaurs perched on the fence and points it out to (a surprisingly slow) Josh. The pair get up and start running when the hundreds of pterosaurs swoop down at the marketplace.
Fortunately, there are no fatalities - but a few dozen folks were injured in the attack. Malcolm picks up a dead specimen and says they're not from this region because they migrated. Migrations tend to be population-wide, so a lot more will be coming their way.
Thanks to thermal technology, Taylor and co learn that there are at least a million of them resting in the trees. Taylor then reveals that a few years back, he and his men found fragments of egg shells - thousands of them, in fact. He thought nothing of it at the time, but built Terra Nova there because they made the soil extremely fertile. The pterosaurs were born here, and now they're back to breed.
To combat the pterosaurs, Malcolm and Elisabeth need a male and female live specimen to analyse. As Jim is arming himself to go out and capture the specimens with Taylor, he tells Malcolm he's on to him. Malcolm, wanting another shot with Elisabeth, clearly thought Jim was still rotting in jail back in 2149.
The episode cuts to the next morning - pretty odd, actually, as we didn't get to see Jim and Taylor capturing the two live pterosaurs they have. But that doesn't matter right now, as Elisabeth figures out a way to solve the pterosaur problem.
Their pheromones regulate their spawning instincts, so if they could create a more powerful version, they could lure the creatures into another location and establish a new breeding ground. Time is short - they only have a couple of hours to get the solution right until Terra Nova is swarmed by the million or so animals.
Terra Nova S01E03: 'Instinct'
Everyone in Terra Nova is instructed to stay indoors, with a security member assigned to each household. Private Jenkins has been tasked to look after the Shannon family, joined by Skye after Josh asks she stay with him. However, it's Reynolds who shows up instead of Jenkins, claiming there was a mix-up in the duty roster. Jim to Maddy: "That's how you know a boy likes you."
The pterosaurs start coming in and attacking, though weirdly they don't seem to be anywhere near as lethal as the beginning of the episode despite their larger numbers. They soon start banging at the windows of the Shannon residence.
While Elisabeth and Malcolm are struggling to create the pheromones, a few pterosaurs enter the Shannon home through a vent. Reynolds is knocked down, so Josh and Skye drag him to the bedroom and shut the door with Maddy inside.
Everyone realizes that Zoe is still stuck in the living room - the youngest daughter is cowering underneath a stool. A pterosaur lands on the floor and sees her. It approaches the girl and gets ever-so-close before Josh gives a massive boot to the critter and gets Zoe to safety.
Elisabeth and Malcolm have finally created the pheromones, and Jim and Taylor load the transport and exit the gates while releasing the chemicals. All of the pterosaurs follow away from Terra Nova. In the welcome silence, Skye tells Josh she'll pay for the guitar he wants and kisses him on the cheek.
Jim and Taylor return the next day, a little worse for wear but getting the job done. The pterosaurs will migrate to the coastline now, and Terra Nova is safe for another day. Jim and Elisabeth head back home to see their children all sleeping in the living room. They take this opportunity to head into the bedroom and enjoy the moment to themselves...
Welcome to Terra Nova!
• 'Instinct' is a solid follow-up to the pilot. With less exposition and back-story, the episode feels tighter and better-paced.
• That said, the family dynamic could still use some work. It remains an important part of the show and has potential, but at the moment it's the least interesting part of Terra Nova.
• After spending much of last week rebelling against his father, it was great to see Josh protecting the household and kicking away the pterosaur to save Zoe.
• A lot of the setup from the pilot wasn't touched on this week. There was no mention of time travel or Taylor's missing son, and we didn't see any Sixers.
You May Like | 90fe1e19-4183-403f-a881-f42044604f06 | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 3 | true | true |
# Tag Info
56
There are physical and psychoacoustics reasons behind it. A vibrating string held by its two extremities can only vibrate at certain frequencies (cycles per second, expressed in Hertz, i.e. 440 Hz = 440 cycles/second), which relates to the characteristics of the string (e.g. its weight per unit of length, its flexibility) and how it is used (e.g. the ...
47
By definition this is not possible. Just intonation ratios are rational numbers, N/M where N, M are integers. Equal temperament is based on defining the smallest ratio as the n-th root of 2, 2^(1/n). For 12TET n = 12. What you are basically asking is if an irrational number can be made to exactly match a ratio of integers. This will never be possible....
38
The intervals between notes are "equal" not in the sense that the difference in Hz between them is the same, but the ratio a between them is the same. Let's say g is one semitone higher than f, then g = a f. Note Hz Ratio a to previous note, rounded to 3 decimal places A4 440.00 A#4 466.16 1.059 (466.16 / 440.0 = 1.059, and so on down the column)...
30
Let's get some terminology straight. In equal temperament, octaves aren't merely perfect; they are "just" or "pure". "Just" and "pure" are synonyms while "perfect" has a different technical meaning in music. Nevertheless, "just", "pure", and "perfect" happen to be the same when ...
28
This question seems to arise from a “linear” mental model of notes. C♭ C C♯ D♭ D D♯ E♭ E E♯ F♭ F F♯ G♭ G G♯ A♭ A A♯ B♭ B B♯ C♭ C C♯ Like a piano keyboard, but somehow with 31 notes per octave instead of 12. (Building or playing such an instrument is left as an exercise for the reader.) But instead, look at the notes in Circle of Fifths ...
28
The division of notes has to do with human perception and psychoacoustics. One description of human perception is the Weber-Fechner law, where a human will perceive equal changes in some sensory input, such as sound level or sound pitch, not by absolute level or value difference, but by the ratio of the change. e.g. larger values need a proportionately ...
28
Tuning in an ensemble is a skill in relative pitch, not absolute pitch. Players will hear what others are doing, and the group will come to a consensus organically. With instruments that are capable of microtuning adjustments, this will also lead to more just-tuned intervals. But what's important to note is that these tuning decisions happen on the fly, and ...
27
Note: For the sake of discussion, I'm limiting myself here to equal temperaments, which is the most common way of tuning keyboards. Other systems exist, of course, but would probably only confuse the matter. Why do B and C and E and F not have a sharp note between them? Simply because, acoustically speaking, there is no room in our current system for ...
27
Partly to allow the same, diatonic, piece to be played at different pitches as @Tim suggests. But also, I think, because music started getting more tonally adventurous within the SAME piece. When you start wanting to visit (say) the mediant key as well as just the dominant and subdominant, equal temperament is a must.
24
In principle, the answer is yes, with software instruments it is feasible to (re-)set the tuning so that you can realize music with modulation that stays in just intonation across these changes. The frequencies are directly accessible in sound synthesis environments like PureData or Overtone, and even just by setting the tuning information in a set of MIDI ...
24
Yes, but also due to the changes in piano construction. In some ways, a classical piece played on a modern piano might sound more true to the composer's original intent than the piano it was originally played on. Modern pianos are generally louder and brighter than the ones in the late 1700s and early 1800s. So loud passages, such as might be found in some ...
21
The other answers approach this from dividing the octave and showing that equal divisions must be irrational. Another way of looking at this is to consider whether we can compose an octave by successive multiplications with a rational number. The result is of course the same: we can't. Start with the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: every integer ...
21
The temperament in a professional orchestra tends to vary between just intonation and equal temperament. If they are playing with a piano the strings will tend to adjust to the piano temperament where the difference would be audible and tend towards just intonation when they are playing alone. Woodwind instruments are built with the aim of playing in tune ...
20
What happens if you go down by the same steps: 440Hz 1 step down : 403.33Hz 2 steps down : 366.67Hz 3 steps down : 330.Hz ... 11 steps down : 36.67Hz 12 steps down : 0Hz 13 steps down : -36.67Hz So, using your "equally divided" logic, we are at zero Hz after 12 steps, and the next step beyond that is minus 37 Hz! What does that even mean? But ok, let's ...
19
Every note has a pitch, determined by the fundamental frequency of the sound wave that produces it. When you have two different notes, you have two different pitches, caused by two different frequencies. The distance between those pitches is called an interval, and corresponds to the ratio of the note's frequencies. For example, if one note is an octave ...
18
Some people seem to make the case that having some keys beat more than others (as is in the case in the older well-tempered tuning systems) is a feature not a bug. Yes, but I don't think that was ever a major consideration. Originally, all tuning systems just tried to give good approximation to just intonation (JI). At first just for a few neighbouring ...
17
You cannot even realize "just temperament" reliably when you are working with continuous-tone instruments like singers and trombones. Take a look at even something as old as J.S. Bach's mass in B minor, like the "Confiteor" which goes off-tonality somewhere after 2:30 (in this recording) and loses tonal center rather thoroughly between 3:00 and 4:00. The ...
16
You are exactly correct that it is the logarithmic nature of pitch that causes this effect. In cases like this, I find that a picture is helpful. Here I've labeled equally spaced octaves (1200 cents) along the x-axis (representing pitch). I've then labeled the corresponding frequencies on the y-axis as multiples of some arbitrary base frequency f. Note that ...
16
Yes, if not far more than 7 when you consider pitches outside of the diatonic scale and variations on A440! By "stray slightly to make a note sound more in tune," you're talking about just intonation. In 12-tone equal temperament, in C major, let's say C is our "zero-point." For the ensuing discussion, all pitches are based off of this 12TET where C is "0 ...
16
It is because B and C are closer together than the difference between B and B♯ and the difference between C and C♭. That is, they are all some sort of semitone apart. Alternatively, note that B♯ is also higher than C♭ in every 12-tone temperament, because in the 12-tone system B♯ is the same pitch as C, while C♭ is the same pitch as B. but this doesn't ...
16
Simply so that any music could be played in any key and it would sound the same. Problem with tuning to another temperament means that pieces sounded particularly good in some keys, and particularly bad in others. And re-tuning often isn't a quick answer - especially on instruments such as piano! Non-fretted stringed instruments, such as violins, trombones ...
15
As I understand the question, this is pure mathematics: No it is impossible. No matter, how many divisions you have, say n, the step width will always be nth root of two and therefore an irrational number. The just relations are rational numbers, so there will always be approximations, but the more you choose, i. e. the higher n is, the closer you will be ...
13
It is significant when you are trying to tune an instrument by ear, using the purity of intervals as your guide. You (and the pages you link) refer to jumping up 7 octaves vs. 12 fifths, but don't forget that any notes you reach that way can also be brought down by one or more octaves as well. To illustrate this, let's bring all the notes down into the same ...
13
It's a bit more complicated than may appear at first glance. Within a single key, if Just Intonation makes the I,IV, and V chords all (4,5,6) ratios, the ii chord will be off. The other question is what note to play as a melody note. Often, melodies are somewhat independent of the underlying chords (at least in CPP if not in Jazz and other Pop theories). I ...
13
The earliest use of equal temperament was on fretted instruments with fixed frets. The ratio of 17:18 for the string length for successive frets is a good approximation to equal temperament. The errors were well within the tolerance of other intonation issues such as non-uniform gut strings, and the different amounts of string bending on different frets ...
12
Standard tuning for solo violin in classical music is just intonation. Tune the A string and, from there, tune the other strings with just-intonated perfect fifths. Some times, as a compromise you may need to tune the violin temperate, for example when you need to play many open strings in duo/ensemble with a instrument not capable of just-intonation. ...
12
A trivial answer : yes. When I was quite young I wrote a computer program to spit out a succession of 'beeps' at random frequencies not related to any musical scale; I suspect many people who have a computer and a bit of an interest in music have done the same. In practice how close you could get to infinity (!) would be limited by the resolution at which ...
11
My answer is no, it isn't really possible to use a fingering technique to play an A440 recorder at A415. No professional would even try; they would instead, as Wheat noted, have a real A415 instrument or, if extremely confident and well rehearsed, transpose on-the-fly down a half-step. One can indeed bend most notes up or down quite a bit using half-holes, ...
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Explaining Mobile App Security in Simple Terms
For most of the businesses these days, mobile apps are the heart and soul when it comes to connecting with their customers all around the world. As these apps have access to huge volumes of sensitive business and user data, it becomes essential to protect them from threat actors.
And during the testing times of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a substantial rise of around 600% in the number of cybercrimes across the world. That is why businesses need to stress more towards strengthening their mobile application security infrastructure. So, let’s try to understand the basics of mobile app security, the underlying threats, and what best practices must be followed so as to protect your customers as well as your business.
What is Mobile App Security?
Mobile app security can be summarized as the set of tools and security practices employed to safeguard mobile applications from security risks like cyber-attacks and data theft. Mobile app security mainly focuses on the security requirements of the apps present on various mobile platforms like iOS, Android, and so on.
Basically, the techniques of mobile app security assess mobile applications for security vulnerabilities based on the platforms they are made for, their development and design framework, and who their end users are (like other businesses or end customers).
Why is Mobile App Security Important?
Mobile apps are at the center of most of our activities these days. Be it bank transactions, online shopping, planning travel, or getting in touch with everyone else, we depend on mobile apps for almost everything.
And in order to make all the functionalities possible, businesses track user information like their location, contact details, files on their devices, and several other metrics to boost their services. So, it becomes essential to protect such sensitive information from going into the hands of the bad guys and have security measures in place.
There are several other self-explanatory reasons which justify the importance of mobile app security:
• You can’t trust the third-party libraries and APIs your app relies on. So you need to have security measures in place.
• Compliance standards require your business to set up security measures for your app.
• If you have proper security measures in place, you can remotely delete data on stolen devices and be safe from data leakage.
5 Security Threats in Mobile Apps
Since we are discussing mobile application security, it becomes important to know where the real risk lies and what are some of the most commonly faced threats when it comes to mobile app security.
Data Theft
Data is the biggest asset when it comes to any online business or in fact any other business too. Leakage or theft of data is one of the biggest problems faced by mobile apps. Sometimes it’s unintentional and other times it’s due to their own fault as they ask for too many permissions and store voluminous data without having the security measures in place. There is a certain set of apps called “riskware” which transmit user data to remote servers where it is mined by cybercriminals.
Broken Cryptography
Broken cryptography often happens when weak encryption algorithms are used by developers during app development. Most of the time, they rely on familiar encryption algorithms with known security vulnerabilities in order to accelerate the app development process. As a result of this, hackers get the opportunity to exploit those vulnerabilities and gain access to user information.
Session Handling Issues
Session tokens are used by mobile apps to let users perform several functions without logging out of the session or re-authenticating. However, when these session tokens are not handled properly or somehow shared with threat actors, improper session handling occurs and hackers get a chance to impersonate users and steal information and whatnot.
Reverse Engineering
This is one of the most common attack vectors when it comes to mobile apps. Using this technique, hackers get detailed knowledge about the source code of the app, its algorithms, libraries, and other assets. This can be used to exploit the inherent vulnerabilities in the app and also gain access to back-end servers and other proprietary and user information.
Client-Side Injection
Upon exploitation, this vulnerability allows hackers to execute malicious code on the mobile device via the target application itself. This also allows the threat actors to have access to various functionalities of the user’s device and change its settings in the background.
Examples of Mobile App Security Flaws
Now that we understand the most potent threats when it comes to mobile app security, it becomes important to go through the security flaws that mobile apps still have despite having an idea about the threatening outcomes they can have. Here are a few examples of some of the most common security flaws found in mobile apps:
Insufficient Network Traffic Encryption:
Mobile apps generally don’t have the required level of protection when it comes to encrypting the network traffic. As a result, threat actors can sniff over sensitive communications and have access to sensitive information.
Session Expiration Flaws:
After the expiry of the user’s session, mobile apps generally fail to invalidate their session tokens. As a result, threat actors get an opportunity to use those session identifiers and impersonate users.
Insufficient Authentication/Authorization
Mobile apps generally fail to have adequate authorization/authentication checks to make sure that only the authorized parties have access to sensitive resources. Most of the time, this flaw results in hackers gaining access to important data without much of a hassle.
Mobile Application Security Best Practices
The best practices in mobile app security make sure that your app is free from all the security risks and is safe for public consumption. Keeping in mind the basic requirements of mobile app security, the following methods can be considered:
Focus on Data Security
You must establish the required guidelines regarding data security to safeguard your users from falling into the traps of the hackers. This may include deploying data encryption methods during data transfer and setting up firewalls and security checkpoints wherever necessary to protect user data.
Don't Save Passwords
Don't be an app that asks users to save their passwords for easy login later. In case of any security incident, these saved passwords can be exploited to gain access to personal information of users. The chances of password theft increase even further if they are not encrypted properly. So, it's better not to save user passwords or use proper hashing techniques if you are already doing so.
Focus on Session Management
It is important to end the session of users after a prolonged period of inactivity or after every time they log out of the session for increased protection. We have discussed above in detail how session handling issues can prove dangerous if not addressed to properly. No matter what, it is essential to enforce session log out and invalidate session tokens.
Implement Multi-Factor Authentication
Given the risks of hackers impersonating the users, it's best to have an added layer of security on your mobile application by implementing multi-factor authentication. This method also makes up for the weak passwords which could compromise the security of the app.
Rely on Penetration Testing
The best way to avoid any security issues on your business's mobile app is to adopt the methodology of penetration testing. It is done to check for the vulnerabilities present in your app. It involves assessing your app's encryption, password policies, permissions, and other features where security vulnerabilities might be present.
Final Thoughts
Mobile application security is a vast domain. Because of the rapid advancements in the functionalities of the apps, the ground for security vulnerabilities also gets bigger and bigger. However, with an improved understanding of the intricacies of mobile app security and also because of the rising number of attacks, businesses have now started to focus more on cybersecurity, especially on mobile app security.
Appknox Mobile App Security
Published on Mar 12, 2019
Written by Prateek Panda
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## Customer Cases
• #### Speed of the conveyor belt Calculator | Calculate Speed of ...
The Speed of the conveyor belt formula is defined as Conveyors move boxes at about the same speed as a person carrying them. This is about 65 feet per minute is calculated using speed_of_body = (Length * Flow rate)/ Weight of calculate Speed of the conveyor belt, you need Length (L), Flow rate (Fr) and Weight of Material (W L).With our tool, you need to enter the respective value ...
• #### Measuring of ManHour per (equivalent) Unit
Formula: Total number of hours spent on the production / number of pieces produced. For example, in a bakery, if 2 members of staff working 8 hours a day achieve a production of 200 pieces of bread, the man hour per unit is: (2x 8) / 200 = 16/ 200 = h ( minutes), hence manhour per .
• #### Direct Labor
For example, if it takes 100 hours to produce 1,000 items, 1 hour is needed to produce 10 products and hours to produce 1 unit. 3. Calculate the labor cost per unit. The labor cost per unit is obtained by multiplying the direct labor hourly rate by the time required to complete one unit of a product.
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There are many variations of Horse Power (HP) calculations found in historical and individual manufacturer's literature. The formulas below are used to determine the power requirements of a Bucket Elevator throughout the industry. Equation 1 – Power Formula. A basic power calculation is the measure of force over a distance per time period.
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If you need more help planning the Indoor Air Quality for your business or home, please give the experts at LakeAir a call . The data presented below are suggestions only. You should consult your local Government, OSHA or EPA for for any official requirements. Building / Room. Recommended Air Changes Per Hour. All spaces in general.
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The formula for speed and distance is the same for a car as any other object: distance ÷ time. So if you want to calculate the speed of a car at sixty miles an hour, the math is (60 x 5280) ÷ (60 x 60) = 88 feet per .
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Gas Flow Units. MMSCFD – Million standard cubic feet of gas per day – a common volume of gas measure (unit abbreviation MMscf) SCFD – Standard cubic feet per day (gas) SCFM – Standard cubic feet per minute (gas) Sm^3/hr – Standard cubic metre per hour defined at 15 deg. C – 59°F – for US Nm^3/hr – Normal cubic metre per hour defined at zero deg. C – 32°F – for countries ...
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Typically, when working on turnkey projects, they are essentially designed from the ground up and entail every aspect of our engineering capabilities. Please see this prime example of a 30 ton per hour shelling plant, Premium Peanut in Douglas, Georgia being constructed in this video.
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How to convert BPH to TPH ( or metric) Have you ever needed to convert bushels per hour (BPH) to tons per hour (TPH) or even metric tons per hour? Here is a look at how it's done. Or use the online calculator below to help you out.
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Raw . sending sugar 5 ton per hour screw conveyor price with sales webpage email address . Horse Power Rating For Conveying 2400 Tons Per Hour. . images for 250 300 tons per hour . Mobile Conveyors
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• #### The Formula of Opportunity Cost How to Calculate It ...
Jul 26, 2017 · Going back to our example, if you chose to spend an hour working as a bartender instead of as a mechanic, then you are actually giving up (50 mechanic / 25 bartender) = 2 of opportunity cost. This 2 says, for every dollar I earn working for one hour as a bartender, I sacrifice 2 working the same hour as a mechanic.
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The standard speed for most unit handling conveyors is 65 FPM (feet per minute) which works out to the average speed a person walks when carrying a 50pound box. This pace is ideal for many—but not all—order picking and assembly operations. There are always situations where transport through an area, into a process, or toward a packing operation can be accelerated.
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Find conveyor equipment calculators to help figure specs. Conveyor Lift Stockpile Volume Conveyor Horsepower Maximum Belt Capacity Idler Selector
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Calculations for screw conveyors power in kw p q x l x k x p power in kw q capacity in kg per hour l conveyor screw length m k icfrtion coefficient p calculations for screw conveyors capacity in m3 per hour q for horizontal transport q m3u,1 x d2 d x s x n x i capacity in kg per hour q for . Read More
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Insert the basis weight of the paper to be coated in the formula below. lbs/MSF = : MSF/ton: lbs/Ream = : MSF/ton: lbs/Ream = : Reams/ton: Metric Conversion: g/m² = : m²/mton: From the formulas below, enter dry pounds (or grams) of coating per area coated to calculate amount of dry coating per tonnage. dry lbs ...
• #### get average per hour? [SOLVED]
Mar 14, 2006 · Re: get average per hour? Assuming things is in A1, hours is in A2, result in A3. =A2*24/A1 (format Standard) The correct result is 0,.
• #### (PDF) Estimating Construction Equipment Productivity
Example A belt conveyor has a theoretical productivity of 2000 tons per hour. The time The time to accelerate to operating speed is min. Construct a simplified load growth curve for this
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Lee: "Getting framed for the biggest prank in history? Bad enough. Having to break out of detention every day to find out who set me up? Now that's the tricky part. Thought I'd crack the case when I got the prank mastermind's phone. Now I could find out who Radcircles was, right? Wrong. Access denied!" [A picture of the locked phone appears.] "Kinda like the secret passageway in the library suddenly under renovations–someone's on to me." [The passageway is seen disappearing.] "And they're locking me out! Whatever it is, Barrage is up to something." [Barrage is seen with Finnwich.] "His henchmen are robots, and he destroyed our phones when we messed up school inspection!" [Lee is shown decapitating a robot, and Barrage is seen destroying the phones.] "But I got Radcircles' phone back just in time." [A picture of Lee surreptitiously recovering the phone appears.] "And it will be cracked."
12:35:15
Lee: "In twenty-five minutes, lunch detention gets out. But at this rate, I might not make it back!"
[Lee is in the underground tunnels.]
Lee: "Okay, this time, I'm getting proof!" [He takes out his cell phone. A red light is blinking on it.] "Out of power? But then how is it flashing red?" [The sound of two cleaners draws Lee's attention. A similar red dot is flashing on their chestplates.] "I thought you guys were deactivated!"
[The cleaners pull out their crystal guns and advance on Lee.]
Earlier that day...7:54 AM
Holger: [singing] "Fries are flew as my pie!"
Lee: "Hey. Isn't that that lame song Cam likes so much?"
Camillio: [grumpy] "I so don't like that song, and it's eyes as blue as the sky."
Holger: "Vit new phone, song sound so good in my earholes!"
Brandy: [upset] "Leaping, where have you been, don't you ever check your phone?" [She walks up to him.]
Lee: [checking his phone] "Uh, sorry. Ha, new phone, still figuring it out."
Holger: [singing] "Skies make stew for my cry!"
Brandy: "'Kay, whatever, I've got this killer first history test, and quick, what year did the Mongol hordes ravage the Caucasus mountains?"
Lee: "I don't know that. Who knows that?"
Camillio: "Twelve-sixty. The Berke-Hulagu war."
Lee: [grinning] "Yeah. Weird, huh? Cam's crazy good at history."
[A whistle catches Lee's attention. He looks in its direction and sees Biffy hiding in a bush. The bully beckons him over.]
Lee: "Biff." [to Brandy] "So, Cam's the guy you wanna talk to if you need help." [He runs off.]
Camillio: [putting an arm around Brandy's shoulder] "Yo, chica for reals, if we don't remember the past, we're totally like doomed to repeat it yo. Some way famous dude with a mustache said that."
Brandy: "Yeah. That's great. So do you really know all this stuff?"
Camillio: "Did Genghis Khan drive a horse? Of course I do. It's mucho interesting."
Holger: [singing] "And guys like you they say hiiiiii-hooo."
Camillio: "And dude! Finito! You're like totally butchering that song, ohnkay?"
Brandy: "Fine. You're hired."
[Brandy leads Cam into the school. Two jocks walk by, listening to music.]
Evan: "Heard the new dance remix? Sounds so cool."
Holger: [overhearing] "Dance remix?" [excited] "Ooh! Holger must be downloading it now!"
[The jocks enter the school, on the way passing Lee, who is deep in conversation with a bush.]
Lee: "Don't worry, no one can see you, no one'll know we're friends. You look terrible." [Biffy has a five o'clock shadow, straggly hair, and bloodshot eyes.] "Did you stay up all night?"
Biffy: "Yes! And RRRRGH! I hate you phone!"
Lee: "So I take it you're still having trouble hacking it."
Biffy: "Every time I think I figured it–" [He begins ramming his head against the phone.] "Uuugh! Please can I smash it now!?!?!"
Lee: [grabbing the phone] "No! I need the info on it."
Biffy: "No. You need, is a room, full of supergeniuses, working around the clock, wi-with a supercomputer, and two, no, no, make it three, highly trained monkeys, and, AAAAHHH! I don't know! That phone has broken my brain!"
Lee: "Don't worry, I'll think of something. You should–" [Biffy falls asleep.] "Yeah. Nighty-night."
Tina: [over the intercom] "Would the following students report to Room 113b. Camillio Martinez and Toni Williams."
[A group of students enters the library. In this group are Lee and Holger.]
Principal General Barrage: "Hurry up! This ain't the slowpoke parade! Move out! Move in!" [to an emo] "You, over there. Double time!"
[The student runs in the direction indicated.]
Vice Principal Victoria: "General Principal Barrage, you're stressing out the students. Haven't you put them through enough lately?"
Principal General Barrage: [pretending to consider] "Mmm...nope!"
[The students stand at attention in a small group.]
Holger: [listening to music] "Holger is liking faster version more! Uh oot oot oot oot oot yah da-da-dah!"
[Lee turns away from his friend and spies a mathlete sneaking into the stacks.]
Lee: [to himself] "Strange. Where's Irwin going?"
Principal General Barrage: "O-kay lily lovers! Your vice principal, has something to tell you!"
Vice Principal Victoria: "Welcome students to the grand reopening of your state-of-the-art twenty-first century library." [pulling out a poster] "Made possible with donations from the Green Apple Splat Foundation." [Lee spots another boy sneaking into the stacks. He is followed by Nadine.] "Before our orientation, we have a gift from the good people at the Mobile Wireless Federation. Free phones for everyone who didn't get one yesterday!"
[The students cheer. Barrage groans and marches out of the room. While the other students walk forward to get their phones, Lee's attention is drawn by the sound of a hiss.]
Lee: [looking over] "Whoa, Tazelwurm sighting!" [The Red Tazelwurm hisses again and runs between two bookshelves.] "Is he–trying to get my attention?"
[Lee walks over to the shelves and peers down the aisle. He spots the Red Tazelwurm's shadow at the end of the aisle. The Red Tazelwurm hisses and moves on. Lee follows it to the end of the library, where his phone begins ringing. Lee answers it.]
Radcircles: "Knock knock."
Lee: "Ah ha. Lemme guess. Radcircles?"
Radcircles: "You won't know, 'cause you didn't say who's there."
Lee: "Hilarious! Any chance you wanna give me another number for your password?"
Radcircles: "And ruin our game? I already gave you a freebie. Give up! You'll never get it. Oh, and I have a present for you!"
[The phone sparks and electrocutes Lee.]
Lee: "Ow!" [He tosses the phone away.] "Oh, I so hate that guy!"
[Lee begins feeling around on the ground for his phone. Suddenly, the Red Tazelwurm uses its tail to push the phone over to Lee.]
Lee: "Whoa!"
[The Red Tazelwurm hisses and taps the glass wall at the back of the library. Lee taps it as well.]
Lee: "Trying to tell me something buddy?"
[The Red Tazelwurm hisses and moves off. Lee taps on the glass again, and someone taps him on the shoulder.]
Lee: [startled] "Aah!"
Holger: [startled] "Aah!"
Lee: [relieved] "Aw."
Holger: [chuckling] "Sorry, but Holger vundering have you heard dance remix of song?"
Lee: "Not now Holg, I think something's up with this wall." [He begins tapping on random parts of it.]
Holger: "Holger try too! For funness!"
[Holger and Lee tap on the glass wall. Meanwhile, the Red Tazelwurm slithers into a vent. Soon, sounds are emitted from behind the glass.]
Nadine: "What?"
Tech Nerd: "Ew!"
Grayson: "Let us out of here!"
[A door in the wall slides open, and the Red Tazelwurm pops out.]
Irwin: "It could have rabies!" [Irwin comes to the door and gasps when he sees Lee.]
Lee: "Whoa. You guys have a secret lair inside the secret passage?"
Irwin: "What secret passage?"
Lee: "C'mon, don't be such a doofus."
Tech Nerd: "Lee's hardcore. Took a robot's head clear off."
Lee: "Heh. You know it. Who da man." [They bump fists, and the tech nerd invites him in.] "Whoa. What the–"
[Irwin looks out into the library suspiciously and shuts the door.]
[Cam and Brandy are studying in the lunchroom.]
Brandy: "Ugh! How am I supposed to memorize everything in this whole book before the test? Help me."
Camillio: "Chill, chiquita. You just need to know the Cam method. Listen, Mister Rousseau is lazy. He always picks one chapter. And it's your first test so like, y'know, memorize chapter one. Chinese dynasties." [He puts on a pair of sunglasses.] "Now if you don't mind, el prez has some scouting to do." [He turns around and begins staring at a trio of cheerleaders.]
Brandy: [put off] "You like Toni? Really?"
Camillio: [taking off his sunglasses] "Why she say she like me?"
Brandy: "No, of course not she's so not your type you don't even know her."
Camillio: [lovesick] "Well, I, I know she likes to like, giggle. And she's always smiling. Mucho positive vibes. ¡Y muy caliente!"
Brandy: "So write a poem about it. I'm trying to study, and you're supposed to be helping."
[Brandy buries her nose in her book. Cam turns around and resumes staring at Toni from behind sunglasses.]
Camillio: "Hey, wait a minute! Since I showed you the Cam method, how about hooking me up with something?"
Brandy: [annoyed] "Fine, if I get an A, I'll help you, but seriously, her, you, not seeing it, don't like the odds, I wouldn't go there."
Camillio: [turning back around] "Whatever bro."
[Lee and Holger are now in the secret room. The room also has a some full bookshelves, a large cabinet, a portable surgical table, and a few high-powered computers. Beside Lee, Holger, and Irwin, the inhabitants of the room include Nadine, Grayson, the tech nerd, and Ruby.]
Irwin: "It's my secret base of operations. And no, you're still not welcome!"
Nadine: "Yours, please. I found it."
Tech Nerd: "Hey! I found it too."
[Nadine and the tech nerd remember falling into the room while being chased by hazmats.]
Nadine: "And I vote they can stay." [The tech nerd nods.] "Lee's chill."
Lee: "Thanks."
[Holger puts on a song and begins dancing. He bumps the surgical table, and an arm flops down. Holger gasps and reaches for the cover on the table.]
Irwin: "Hey, stay away from there!"
[Holger pulls the sheet partway off, revealing a decapitated cleaner.]
Holger: "AAAHH! AAAAAAAAHHHH! NO! HEAD! AAAAAHH! The tops of the shoulders is no more! No-ho-ho-ho!"
[Holger scrambles backwards on the floor like a crab. Lee walks up to the table.]
Lee: "What? You were the ones who turned the cleaners against us? Why do you have this? Planning another rampage?"
Nadine: "That wasn't us. We wanna make sure it never happens again."
Grayson: "Yeah. We scored this before Barrage came and took the head away."
Tech Nerd: "I call him Headless Jonesy."
Holger: [frightened] "I call him Scary McScarypants."
Irwin: "We need that head."
Lee: "Why, building a prom date, Irwin?"
[The group cracks up, much to Irwin's consternation.]
Irwin: "Silence!"
Grayson: [fiddling with the monitors] "If we get a complete hazmat, we can figure out how they work." [He brings up details of their scheme on the screens.]
Tech Nerd: "Yeah, and Lee could get us a head." [to Lee] "Since, you're like, ninja slash samurai good."
Ruby: [replaying security footage] "You did knock the head off. It's only fair that you get it back."
Lee: "Me? Are you crazy?"
[Lee stares at them. Suddenly, the words of Biffy pop into his head.]
Memory Biffy: "What you need, is a room, full of supergeniuses."
[Lee gasps. He has that room in front of him.]
Lee: "Thank you Biffy!" [to the group] "How good are you guys at hacking things?"
Irwin: "Our success rate is impeccable."
Lee: [holding up the phone] "Bet you can't hack this."
Irwin: "Please. I could hack that in my sleep, and still have time to dream about parabolic calculus."
Lee: "You unlock this phone, I'll get you the head. And we all figure out what makes these bad boys tick."
Irwin: "So hand it over."
Lee: "Ah, no way, I'm not leaving this with you. You're the leader of the Down With Lee Club! You hate me."
Irwin: [whispering to the others] "It's true. I really do hate him."
Nadine: [fed up] "Ugh, I'll handle it." [Lee hands the phone over to her.]
Tech Nerd: "And I'll warm up the computers!"
Holger: [clapping] "Ooh! Holger! Holger help too! I be standing guard. Keep I spy on sneaky Irvin guy, ja? And also, do perhaps some teensy dancing?" [He begins dancing to his music again.] "Ooh, ja ooh, little dance break!"
[The cheerleaders are hanging out in the hall between classes. Cam watches them until Brandy comes up behind him and pulls him into a hug.]
Brandy: [ecstatic] "Cam you were so right I totally aced that test!"
Camillio: "Hey heyhey, okay, now you can help me. Uh, go find out some girly gossip slash Cam-related stuff, m'kay? And tell her I can like uh, bench-press a moose or something macho like that."
Brandy: "Huh. Fine. No problem." [calling to the cheerleaders] "Toni! Cam likes you!"
[The cheerleaders giggle.]
Camillio: "Uh..." [hushed, to Brandy] "Gee thanks, like I couldn't do that?"
[Brandy waves goodbye and walks away. The cheerleaders turn back to their conversation.]
Camillio: [to himself] "'Kay Cam, Brandy tried to throw you off. But you the man, man! Make your move!" [He walks over to Toni with a swagger in his step.] "Hey hey, Camillio Martinez, school president. Perhaps you've seen me around town?"
[Toni's phone rings. She answers, and the prank song begins playing from it.]
Camillio: [to himself] "Whoa, totally dissed! Abort chiquitaleader mission pronto! Brandy totally messed up my mojo!"
[Cam scrams. Toni finishes her phone call, hangs up, and turns back to where Cam was last.]
Toni: [confused] "Cam? Where'd he go?"
[The other two cheerleaders point after him.]
[Lee and Biffy are in lunch detention.]
Biffy: "Seriously? A head? But they all disappeared in the big hazmat shutdown last week. The only one who knows where all those robot cleaners went is–" [Barrage throws the door to detention open.]
Principal General Barrage: "Weeeelll. If it ain't sad and pathetic." [He chuckles grimly.]
Lee: "Uh, sir? Just wondering. Whatever happened to all those janitors? Y'know, the robot ones."
Principal General Barrage: "That information is classified! Top secret! Need-to-know basis! In other words, it never happened."
Lee: "But, I was there–"
Principal General Barrage: "No! You were staring at the wall, and twiddling your useless thumbs!"
[The principal storms out and shuts the door behind him, effectively ending the conversation.]
Biffy: "Okay, problem solved. You need a head? Biffy's got a plan."
Lee: "That was fast."
Biffy: "Well that's how I roll. Fast and loose. Just get a piece off the robot your new pals have, hand it over to Principal Cyborg, and kaching! You're following him–"
Lee: [jumping in] "Following him to where he puts it! Dude! Why aren't you in the Genius Club?"
Biffy: "I hate clubs."
[Lee begins preparing to enter the vents. He places a phone call.]
Lee: "Ruby? Any chance you could spare a pinky? No not yours. The robot's!"
[Lee hangs up and climbs into the vents.]
[The principal and vice principal are having a discussion in the principal's office.]
Principal General Barrage: [angry] "What'd I say about accepting those phones?"
Vice Principal Victoria: "If everyone has one, we can prove to Blompkins that phones can be a teaching aid. And maybe save your job. You can't destroy their property, that was illegal."
[The vice principal leaves as the principal growls. Ruby sticks her head through the door.]
Ruby: "Mister Principal sir?" [She wanders into the office.]
Principal General Barrage: "What is it, private? Lee Ping trying to frame you for his dirty work again?"
Ruby: "No." [She brings her hands out from behind her back.] "I found this in the hall and thought you might want it."
[The principal takes the disembodied robot finger and stares at it.]
Principal General Barrage: "Everything's almost salvaged. Just need one more body, minus a head, and minus one finger." [to Ruby] "Much obliged, cadet."
Ruby: [backing out of the room] "Just doing my duty as a respectful student, sir."
[Lee has watched the exchange from inside of a vent located behind Barrage. He taps his earpiece.]
Lee: "Biff! She's made the handoff."
Principal General Barrage: [to himself] "Time to take this little pinky wee wee wee all the way home."
[The principal hits a button on his laptop, and part of the wall in his office slides away, revealing a door hidden behind it. Barrage types a code into a keypad by the door, and it opens into a tunnel. The general walks into the tunnel, carrying the finger with him.]
Biffy: "Dude. What's going on now?"
Lee: "Barrage has a secret passage in here."
[Lee takes the vent cover off, drops to the floor, and runs over to the tunnel. Before he can enter, however, the door slams shut in his face. Lee takes a gander at the look.]
Lee: "Hey, the lock is just like–"
[Lee pops out his key, opens it, and uses it on the tunnel door. The door slides away for him.]
Lee: "Heh." [He enters the tunnel.]
[Most of the Genius Club is focused on Radcircles' password encryption.]
Nadine: "It's an endless loop! There's no repeaters."
Tech Nerd: "What if it really is unhackable?"
Irwin: "There's always a pattern, and I can see it from here. Ugh, amateurs."
Nadine: "Okay, Einstein, care to enlighten us?"
Irwin: "And make it easy for Ping? Never." [turning to Holger] "And you. Really? Are you still attempting to dance?"
Holger: [insulted] "You dare dishonor Holger's dance moves?" [He slaps Irwin with a purple glove.]
Irwin: "Where'd you get the glove?"
Holger: "Holger have many gloves of slapping!" [He pulls out a white glove and slaps Irwin with it.] "And many gloves of challenging! Holger challenge you to dance-off! Till vun person go kafloofashoop! Holger vin, you helping your nerd friend, ja?"
Grayson: "I'm not a nerd!"
Nadine: "Yeah me neither."
[The tech nerd sighs.]
Irwin: "And if I win, which all calculations point to, you can't dance for the rest of the year!"
Holger: [confident] "Ha, Holger accept."
[Irwin rips off his clothes, revealing his dancing uniform underneath.]
Holger: "Huh?"
Irwin: "Wristband me. Do it!"
[The Genius Club provides him with the requisite bands, and Irwin shows a few seconds of his dancing prowess. Holger remembers how well Irwin can dance.]
Holger: "Oh no. What has Holger done?"
[Lee is in the clean metallic tunnels underneath the school. He sees the principal enter a room. He sneaks over to the doorway and looks inside.]
Principal General Barrage: "Almost all accounted for. When I get all the pieces together, I'll put y'all back in action!" [Inside the room is a rack full of cleaners.] "Stronger than before!"
[Barrage laughs as Lee gapes. He then puts the finger on a table next to a disembodied hazmat head.]
Lee: "Bingo." [using his earpiece] "Ground control, head acquired." [A squeal of feedback blasts into his ear.] "Ow!"
Principal General Barrage: [on alert] "Who goes there? State your clearance!"
[Lee stumbles away, but another blast of feedback pierces his eardrum.]
Lee: "Ahh!" [He falls onto the ground beside a big rock. Barrage's shadow looms over him.]
[Barrage has just exited the room when a loud hiss draws his attention.]
Principal General Barrage: "Huh?" [He looks in the opposite direction of Lee. The Red Tazelwurm leaps out of a vent.] "You again!" [Lee silently gets up and flees in the opposite direction.] "You've haunted these halls long enough!"
[The Red Tazelwurm runs away from Barrage, who gives chase. Lee breathes a sigh of relief.]
[Cam is in the cafeteria, playing a game on his phone.]
Camillio: "Hey come on! Cheap!" [He tosses the phone away and winces when he hears a shattering noise.] "Whoops." [He goes over and picks up his dented phone.] "Uh oh. That might've been bad." [The phone shoots sparks.] "Yeah. That was bad." [upset] "Aw man these new phones suck!" [He chucks the phone at the floor again. Brandy walks up.]
Brandy: "So, what happened to–" [mockingly] "–Toni?"
Camillio: [stressed] "She chose her phone over talking to me. You were supposed to make me look smooth! Thanks for nothing."
Brandy: "I know that was the deal–" [her phone rings] "–but I can't see you two together so it's probably for the best–" [the number is blocked] "–she is so not your type."
Camillio: "Oh yeah?" [The phone continues to ring.] "Who is my type aren't you gonna answer that thing?"
Brandy: "Someone shorter, less athletic, and no. I don't answer blocked numbers." [She hangs up on it.] "Trust me, she's not into you."
Toni: "Cam!" [She bounds up to him.] "I've been looking everywhere for you."
Camillio: "Hey there chica, what's going on?"
Toni: "Hiya Cam. So, I was just wondering–"
Brandy: "Ew! Gross! Lame flirting! Ciao." [She leaves.]
Toni: [offended] "Did you just call my Cam gross?"
Brandy: [coming back] "No, I was calling this whole thing gross, and your Cam? Whatever!"
Toni: "Don't whatever me!"
Brandy: "I'll whatever whoever I want to whatever!"
Toni: "Whatevs!"
Brandy: "Whatevs you!"
Camillio: "Girls? Fighting over me? Aw, awesome."
[Lee walks up to the disembodied head on the table.]
Lee: "That tazelwurm rocks." [He taps his earpiece.] "Dude, ya there? Why'd you tweak my headgear?"
Biffy: "I didn't. But I heard it here too. Maybe some bugs in the new phones. You better start heading back."
[Suddenly, the door slides open, revealing the Red Tazelwurm. The Red Tazelwurm hisses and points at a lever. Lee reaches for it and then stops.]
Lee: "Why are you helping me?"
Principal General Barrage: "Get back here mythological creature of the unknown!" [The Red Tazelwurm moves off again.] "That's an order!"
[Lee pulls the switch, and the section of the wall it's located on slides up to reveal another door. Lee uses his key to unlock it and walks through the door. His cell phone screen begins flashing an intermittent, beeping red circle–one that is echoed on the chestplate of one of the cleaners.]
[Holger and Irwin are still engaged in their dance-off.]
Irwin: [panting] "You'll never be able to keep up with me!"
Nadine: [unimpressed] "Anyone else bored with this?"
Ruby: "Yes."
Tech Nerd: "Totally."
Grayson: "Oh I'm done."
Irwin: "Hey! Pay attention. I'm totally about to execute a statistically flawless rumba-salsa-waltz." [He goes into a complicated dance move.] "Eat my vapor."
Holger: [copying Irwin's move] "It is the vapor of mine you will be dining on tonight, my friend."
Irwin: "Mine was better! Tell him."
Ruby: [staring at the computer screens] "Don't care."
Nadine: "Never will."
[Lee walks through the halls. Suddenly, he sees something through a doorway.]
Lee: "Whoa. Here it is again!"
[Lee walks into the room, which is labeled 113B. He sets the head down on a table and taps his earpiece.]
Lee: "I found that crazy brainwashing room again! And news flash, it's even crazier now!"
[Lee gets no response.]
Lee: "Biff? Biff! Man, what is Barrage up to?" [He walks over to a portable bulletin board.] "Plans for a Save The Rainforest Dance? I thought the theme was undecided."
[A beeping from behind the board catches his attention, and he pushes the board aside. On the other side is a large metal orb full of circuitry with wires protruding from it. In front of the orb is an electronic board with the pictures of several different students on it.]
Lee: "What is this?"
[As Lee watches, the wires plug into various parts of the board two at a time: Holger and Kimmie, Brad and Tina, Greta and Ed, Brandy and Dickie, and Toni and Cam.]
Lee: "Toni, Cam, Brandy, Dickie, all lumped together, what is this? Okay this time, I'm getting proof." [He holds up his phone to take a picture and notices a red circle blinking on it.] "Out of power? But then how is it flashing red?"
[Two cleaners enter the room. Lee gasps.]
Lee: "I thought you guys were deactivated!"
[The two hazmats pull out their crystalizing guns and advance on Lee.]
Lee: "Okay, my bad. Uh, any chance I could get that head back and just walk outta here?"
[Irwin and Holger are still dancing. The Genius Club has returned to trying to crack the code.]
Nadine: "I'm still not seeing any pattern. Anyone think Irwin was lying?" [crankily] "WOULD YOU GUYS TURN IT DOWN ALREADY! I'M TRYING TO THINK OVER HERE!"
Irwin: [to Holger] "You're good, but not good enough to withstand the awesomeness of this!"
[Irwin dances faster and laughs evilly. Holger is amazed by his dance moves.]
Irwin: "If you stop dancing I win!"
Holger: [tired] "Losing. Too. Much. Hydration. Must. Reach." [He reaches out for a bottle of water and squirts a bunch into his mouth. A smile comes to his face.] "H2O make Holger sparkle!"
[Irwin's mouth drops open, and he loses his concentration. This causes his legs to tangle, and Irwin stumbles and falls to the floor.]
Holger: [overjoyed] "Holger vins! Yahoo!"
Irwin: "Nooooo! Inconceivable!"
Holger: "Conceive it. Now, you tell nerds, your secret of numbers, ja?"
Grayson: "We're not nerds!"
Nadine: "We're geniuses!"
Irwin: [getting up] "I'm the only real genius. Can't you see it's the radius circle theorem?"
[The rest of the Genius Club looks at the encryption.]
Nadine: "Whoa. He's actually right."
Grayson: [typing] "Of course! And if that's the case, then it has to be one of these!"
[The cleaners are about to fire on Lee when the Red Tazelwurm drops from the vents and knocks two empty soda cans into the line of fire. They take the impact of the blasts and are crystalized, while the Red Tazelwurm goes over to Lee.]
Lee: "Wow, thanks!" [The hazmats fire again.] "Duck!"
[The Red Tazelwurm dives at Lee and takes them both beneath the bulletin board. Hearing the commotion, Barrage enters the room.]
Principal General Barrage: [upset] "What in blustery blazes of indigo infernos is going on in here!" [The hazmats fire on him, encasing him in crystal.] "Oh, you're gonna wish you never did that!" [He breaks out of his crystal prison.] "It's sweetie-pie time!"
[The general punches one of the hazmats, knocking it to the floor. The other one retreats, but is not able to escape Barrage's wrath, as Barrage proceeds to go to town on him. Lee uses the opportunity to leave, but stops at the door and eyes the head. The Red Tazelwurm appears beside it and knocks the head to Lee with its tail. They smile at each other, and Lee leaves. He makes his way through the tunnels and finds a door. He uses his key and is let out into the Genius Club's secret base.]
Grayson, Ruby, Nadine, and Tech Nerd: "Yaaaaayyy!"
Tech Nerd: "He did it!"
Holger: "Yoohoo!"
Lee: [panting] "Head! Phone!"
Nadine: "Almost..."
Ruby: "Wait for it..."
Tech Nerd: "Any second..."
[All of the numbers onscreen but four disappear. The ones left are 7, 3, 2, and 7. The phone unlocks.]
Ruby: [handing it over] "Phone!"
Lee: "Thanks, gotta jet." [He tosses the head to Irwin and runs out of the room.]
Irwin: "Huzzah! Finally. And the latch should be–" [He opens the faceplate.] "Odd."
Nadine: "What? Let me see."
Irwin: "Forceps! Quickly!" [The tech nerd hands him a pair of forceps, and Irwin uses them to remove a chip.] "This shouldn't be here. Whoever used to be in control of these, isn't anymore!"
Holger: [singing] "Dah dah dum DAAAHM!"
[The musical sting echoes Holger's tune.]
[By 8:09 at night, Lee has finally worked up the courage to see what's on the phone.]
Lee: "Okay Rad, it's time."
[A video chat window opens on Lee's computer.]
Camillio: "Yo, dude, ese, you missed like the greatest day! Girls were like fighting over me, bro! But uh, one was Brandy, so uh, dude you cool with that, 'cause I know like you and her, got a, you know you got a, got a–"
Lee: "Wait! Was the other Toni?"
Camillio: "Yeah! How'd you know?"
[Cam's signal is interrupted and replaced by that of Radcircles.]
Radcircles: "Knock–"
Lee: [quickly] "Knock knock!"
Radcircles: "Hey! That's my line."
Lee: "Uh, so sorry. You didn't say who's there."
Radcircles: "Sticking to the rules of knock-knock logic. Well played. Isn't it time to just give up your pointless quest to unlock my phone?"
Lee: "Oh, don't you worry there, buddy. I'll crack your phone. Someday." [He turns off his computer.] "Like today. Advantage: Ping." [He turns on the phone.] "Time to check out all your secrets, Rad!"
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Top definition
1. Any Hispanic/Latino male that skeets a lot or skeets very fast. If they skeet fast they are also an Early Skeeter. Also any Mexican Mouse that skeets a lot.
2. Skeety Gonzales was a famous Mexican Mouse that lived in the 60s and 70s and could possibly still be alive. Skeety Gonzales was the apprentice of the great Skeet Magee, the most famous Skeeter of all time. Skeety Gonzales crossed paths with Skeet Magee in 1968 and saw all the good Skeet Magee was doing and Magee taught Gonzalez the way of ejaculating in public to promote peace and ease racial tensions. Skeety did his part by easing species tensions between all animals. Skeety was just a small mouse but he sure could skeet. He would always make sure to masturbate in public at least 5 times a day. Skeety could also run really fast, his brother was the famous mouse speedy gonzales. Skeety Gonzales' most famous stunt was getting every female mouse in town pregnant and covering them with skeet juice (this could attribute to all the female mice in town turning white). Skeety was last seen in the late 70s, a decade after Skeet Magee disappeared. He repeated Magees famous last words, but in Spanish: "Vine, vi, yo skeeted, yo espero que usted haga lo mismo." (Skeety spoke very poor spanish at this time.)
Skeety's major traits are his ability to run extremely fast, and his comedic Mexican accent. He usually wears an oversized yellow sombrero, a white shirt and trousers, and a red ascot. His Brother is Speedy gonzales.
Bob: "Dude that one male mouse that I have got all the females pregnant!!!"
Dave: "How many females were there?"
Bob: "59!!!, and he turned all of em skeet white"
Dave: "Damn, Youve got urself a regular Skeety Gonzales!!!"
by David Skeet Jr. April 21, 2008
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Dirty Sanchez Plush
It does not matter how you do it. It's a Fecal Mustache.
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GuruFocus has detected 2 Warning Signs with United States Steel Corp \$X.
More than 500,000 people have already joined GuruFocus to track the stocks they follow and exchange investment ideas.
United States Steel Corp (NYSE:X)
Net Cash per Share
\$-31.14 (As of Dec. 2016)
Net cash per share is calculated as Cash and Cash Equivalents minus Total Liabilities and then divided by Shares Outstanding. United States Steel Corp's net cash per share for the quarter that ended in Dec. 2016 was \$-31.14.
Definition
In the calculation of a companys net cash, assets other than cash and short term investments are considered to be worth nothing. But the company has to pay its debt and other liabilities in full. This is an extremely conservative way of valuation. Most companies have negative net cash. But sometimes a companys price may be lower than its net-cash.
United States Steel Corp's Net Cash Per Share for the fiscal year that ended in Dec. 2016 is calculated as
Net Cash Per Share (A: Dec. 2016 ) = (Cash and Cash Equivalents - Total Liabilities) / Shares Outstanding = (1515 - 6886) / 172.46 = -31.14
United States Steel Corp's Net Cash Per Share for the quarter that ended in Dec. 2016 is calculated as
Net Cash Per Share (Q: Dec. 2016 ) = (Cash and Cash Equivalents - Total Liabilities) / Shares Outstanding = (1515 - 6886) / 172.46 = -31.14
* All numbers are in millions except for per share data and ratio. All numbers are in their local exchange's currency.
Explanation
Ben Graham invested in situations where the companys stock price was lower than its net-cash. He assigned some value to the companys other current asset. The value is called Net Current Asset Value (NCAV). One research study, covering the years 1970 through 1983 showed that portfolios picked at the beginning of each year, and held for one year, returned 29.4 percent, on average, over the 13-year period, compared to 11.5 percent for the S&P 500 Index. Other studies of Grahams strategy produced similar results.
You can find companies that are traded below their Net Current Asset Value (NCAV) with our Net-Net screener. GuruFocus also publishes a monthly Net-Net newsletter.
Related Terms
Historical Data
* All numbers are in millions except for per share data and ratio. All numbers are in their local exchange's currency.
United States Steel Corp Annual Data
Dec07 Dec08 Dec09 Dec10 Dec11 Dec12 Dec13 Dec14 Dec15 Dec16 netcash -82.34 -90.04 -66.47 -76.01 -84.48 -77.42 -63.34 -47.10 -40.85 -31.14
United States Steel Corp Quarterly Data
Sep14 Dec14 Mar15 Jun15 Sep15 Dec15 Mar16 Jun16 Sep16 Dec16 netcash -46.81 -47.10 -45.38 -44.61 -46.87 -40.85 -42.95 -42.31 -31.43 -31.14
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Looking for more information on how to do PHP the right way? Check out PHP: The Right WayUser Defined Schedules in Laravel
Mar 09, 2018 @ 11:43:31
On the Laravel News site there's a new post looking at the use of user-defined schedules and some of the "hidden" features the Laravel framework provides to allow for even more customization.
Recently Adam Wathan and Taylor Otwell have used Basecamp to track what they are doing every day–a tech diary. Notably, they are using the check-in feature which allows you to schedule questions to be sent to members about almost anything. Taylor and Adam are using it for “What did you work on today?”
It’s not that it’s the same time of day or even that it’s only weekdays which peaked my curiosity but the fact every check-in has a custom schedule defined by a user. In Laravel, we can quickly schedule a job to run every weekday at 4 pm, and we can use a custom timezone. But out of the box, we cannot set a different schedule for every individual check-in. We would have to store a cron expression and manually check every minute if it’s due.
After some "source code diving" the author figured out that the Schedulable trait allows you to define a more customized version of a schedule to fit your needs, making it simple to implement in any class or model. Code examples of these changes are included in the post as well as some next steps to have it implemented more widely either in the Laravel core or a package.
tagged: laravel schedule custom trait tutorial example
Link: https://laravel-news.com/user-defined-schedules-in-laravel
Frank de Jonge:
Being in control of time in PHP
Mar 08, 2018 @ 10:49:18
Frank de Jonge has a new post to his site covering something that always seems to be a difficult topic in development: time. In his post he suggests that date and time handling in your application is a "dependency" that could be difficult test.
When developers talk about the infrastructural boundaries or external dependencies they often talk about databases and third-party integration. They're the first thing we'll put behind an interface so we can stub them out during our tests. This gives us some control over them. It's become relatively easy to spot these dependencies because we do it frequently. They're the usual suspects.
However, some "dependencies" are much harder to spot. They even live right inside the standard library of PHP and often manage to seep through the cracks. Date/Time handling is such a thing. So what's the problem and how do we fix it?
He goes on to talk about date/time handling programming languages in general and how its variance can can cause issues that might be out of our control. He suggests that when time "gets the best of you" you should opt to be more specific in your date/time handling (the cause is usually precision). He then gets into some code examples of how to "control time" by reducing the impact that direct date/time handling could have on your application. He also includes an example of testing this handling and finishes with the idea of "consuming time as a service".
tagged: datetime control test unittest example dependency
Link: https://blog.frankdejonge.nl/being-in-control-of-time-in-php/
Script-Tutorials.com:
Design Patterns in PHP
Mar 06, 2018 @ 11:18:33
On the Script-Tutorials.com site they've posted a lengthy tutorial that covers many common design patterns - 23 of them - and how they could be implemented in PHP.
Today we are going to talk about design patterns in web development, more precisely – in PHP. Experienced developers are probably familiar with this, but this article will be extremely useful for all novice developers. So, what is it – design patterns? Design Patterns aren’t analysis patterns, they are not descriptions of common structures like linked lists, nor are they particular application or framework designs. In fact, design patterns are “descriptions of communicating objects and classes that are customized to solve a general design problem in a particular context.” In other words, Design patterns provide a generic reusable solution to the programming problems that we encounter every day.
[...] Design patterns not only make software development faster, but also encapsulate big ideas in a simpler way. Also, be careful not to use them in wrong places in order to avoid unpleasant situations. In addition to the theory, we also give you the most abstract and simple examples of design patterns.
The tutorial starts with a table listing out the category (purpose) of the pattern, the design pattern name and some of the aspects of it that could vary depending on interpretation. The article then goes through each of the 23 patterns and includes the code to implement them. There's not much in the way of description about each but there are one or two sentences about its primary use.
tagged: designpattern implementation example code tutorial
Link: https://www.script-tutorials.com/design-patterns-in-php/
Web-Techno.net:
The DRY principle misunderstood
Feb 23, 2018 @ 11:55:36
On the Web-Techno.net site there's a new tutorial posted that talks about the DRY principle in development (Don't Repeat Yourself) and why you might be misunderstanding the intent.
I know what you are thinking: "Again a boring article on DRY? Don't we have enough already?". You might be right. However I see too many developers (junior or senior) applying DRY like they are doing some witch hunting. Totally randomly or everywhere they can. So apparently we never have enough DRY principle articles on Internet.
A little reminder for those in the back who don't follow: the DRY principle means "Don't Repeat Yourself" and was first introduced in the The Pragmatic Programmer. The principle itself was known and applied before this book came to life. However the Pragmatic Programmer defined it precisely and put a name on it.
He starts by defining the original intent of the principle: not repeating knowledge (not necessarily repeating code). He gives an example of a e-commerce site and the logic around "shipments". If there's logic around these shipments happening in multiple places in the application, that can lead to maintenance issues down the line. He suggests creating a single instance of the knowledge about shipment handling rather than just reducing code duplication. He gives an example of a product instance and code duplication happening in some of the data validation. After showing a possible solution for this particular issue he gets into some issues that come from over-DRYing your code including useless abstractions and premature optimization.
tagged: dry dontrepeatyourself principle knowledge example explaination
Link: http://web-techno.net/dry-principle-explained/
Laravel News:
5 Laravel Helpers to Make Your Life Easier
Feb 22, 2018 @ 09:45:32
On the Laravel News site they've posted a new article with a listing of five useful helpers that come standard as a part of the Laravel framework.
There are a ton of helper methods in Laravel that make development more efficient. If you work with the framework, I encourage you to see what helpers you can introduce in your day-to-day work. In this blog post, I’d like to point out a few of my favorites.
The list in the post includes helpers for locating information in an array, pluralizing strings, throwing exceptions based on conditions and accessing object property values. For each item on the list there's a brief explanation and some sample code showing it in action (and what the result ends up being). The post finishes up by linking you over to the helpers page of the Laravel manual for more information and other handy functions to help reduce your own development time.
tagged: laravel helper simple top5 list example code
Link: https://laravel-news.com/5-laravel-helpers-make-life-easier
Christoph Rumpel:
The BotMan WebDriver explained
Feb 14, 2018 @ 10:23:10
In this post to his site Christoph Rumpel covers a feature of the Botman chatbot library in a bit more depth: the WebDriver making interaction with the bot in a current application simpler.
The WebDriver is one of the best features about the BotMan library. Still I see a lot of people struggling with the concept and how to use it. Let's clear things up and let me show you how I already used this driver in production.
He starts off by talking about chatbots in general and how they're "more than just messengers" and can provide more real-time information to visitors to your site. In order to enhance the basic bot functionality, it needs to work with another source - in this case an API accessed via the WebDriver. He then gets into some example code showing how to use the driver to access an API and some explanation of the pieces involved.
tagged: botman chatbot webdriver driver tutorial introduction example
Link: https://christoph-rumpel.com/2018/02/the-botman-webdriver-explained
Keith Mifsud:
PHP Software Development Workflow
Jan 22, 2018 @ 12:30:02
In a post to his site Keith Mifsud shares his recommendations around a good workflow for developing PHP applications. Composer and GitHub play a part in the process as does the use of Git and your IDE of choice.
Continuing from the previous post Developing a Command Bus in PHP, we will look into how to get started in setting up our composer library project. Although my PHP software development workflow does vary slightly from project to project, most steps are more or less the same. Whether your project is the result of a successful proposal or you want to build an open source composer package like we’re doing here, this post will guide you in working with PHP the right way. If you are learning PHP from scratch and find that I am missing some intermediary steps or making assumptions, please feel welcome to comment below and I’ll be more than happy to explain in more detail.
He then walks through the steps in the process, each with explanation (and screenshots where appropriate):
• Getting organized and planning the application features
• Creating the GitHub repository and setting up the Kanban board
• Defining a release milestone
• Setting up a local Homestead instance for development
• Setting up Git and your IDE
The final step is to create the composer.json configuration file that defines the basic information about the project, any dependencies and the autoloading paths.
tagged: software development workflow example process composer
Link: https://keith-mifsud.me/php-software-development-workflow
Sergey Zhuk:
Managing ReactPHP Promises
Jan 18, 2018 @ 10:50:01
In a new post to his site Sergey Zhuk has a tutorial showing you how to manage promises in ReactPHP. Since promises are fired asynchronously they can be difficult to manage and use their output across the application.
Asynchronous application is always a composition of independently executing things. In concurrency, we are dealing with a lot of different things at once. [...] So, to make concurrency work you have to create a communication between these independent parts to coordinate them. And here come promises. They are the basic unit of concurrency in an asynchronous application. They are the blood of the asynchronous application and move the results between different tasks across the code.
He then covers a few different situations and offers advice on how to more correctly handle them:
• I don’t know exactly what the resolver will give me
• I want to reject a promise but without throwing an exception
• I want to run multiple tasks and when they all finish do something else
• I have some pending tasks and want to continue once I receive the first feedback
• I have some pending tasks and want to continue once the first one is completed
• I have some pending tasks and want to continue once a certain number of tasks will be completed
Code is provided for each of the situations giving you an easy, ready to use example for your application. Most require only a few lines to get the job done and can be very useful in the right circumstances.
tagged: reactphp manage promises situation code example tutorial
Link: http://sergeyzhuk.me/2018/01/16/reactphp-managing-promises/ | f6ed89b7-e14b-4fa6-92d9-3ab027f5221e | null | 0 | true | false |
# How to select a range of data from a column in a data frame such as the interquartile range?
Say I have a data frame df containing a column "A" taking real values. I know I can select only this column from the data frame and I know some commands to extract certain data from it e.g.
`df.A = df[df\$A > 5 & df\$A < 10, c("A")]`
However, how would I select for example the interquartile range, and more generally take the column minus the smallest X percent and largest Y percent of the values?
Cheers
-
You can use `quantile()`:
``````df.A <- df[df\$A > quantile(df\$A,0.25) & df\$A < quantile(df\$A,0.75), c("A")]
``````
-
Thanks. Both answers are great. I am going to accept MattBagg's as it does not include the `subset` function (this is preferable for me). – user1873334 Dec 4 '12 at 13:46
Use subset , see ?subset for more details. But it is better to give a reproducible example and not use df as varaible name, there is a df function.
I reproduce an example
`````` dff <- data.frame(A= sample(1:100),B=sample(1:100))
``````
I compute the quantile range
`````` qq <- quantile(A,probs=c(.025,.975))
``````
I use subset for the selection
`````` subset(dff, A > qq[1] & A< qq[1],select=c('A'))
``````
- | 8ee1f0b6-6431-4b04-8409-4d5edf0a7c51 | http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13702707/how-to-select-a-range-of-data-from-a-column-in-a-data-frame-such-as-the-interqua | 0 | true | false |
Dependencies in Software Development have been an issue since decades and lots of practices have been built to “manage” them, creating an environment that becomes more complicated with longer time-to-market times as dependencies grow (or the product/solution grows).
This is creating an illusion and no dependency management is alwys the only answer! Coordination to remove dependencies is usually a more sustainable outcome with less management.
The difference between managing and coordinating dependencies in IT
What’s the difference between managing and coordinating? Let me give you some idea of what I see differently.
Managing Dependencies
Coordinating Dependencies
We accept that dependencies are there and will always be there
We see dependencies as improvement opportunities
Skill dependencies are managed through “resource management” and teams are build around creative work which is not solving the dependency but is taking it as a constraint.
Skill dependencies are managed through “education” and work is given to creative teams who will solve the dependency out of necessity.
Technical dependencies are managed through release managers, integration teams, project managers, quality assurance, acceptance testing… “people” (error prone by default)
Technical dependencies are managed through automation and fast feedback mechanisms
Main focus is to visualize and follow up on dependencies
Main focus is to adjust the system to remove dependencies
There is no incentive to adjust the root causes of having dependencies, dependencies stay.
As there is no way to manage the only way is to deal with it in a way that managing is not needed (anymore)
Full solution/product focus for people in the system is almost excluded, and as such removes the understanding for whom they are building things and why, lowering motivation… as a consequence.
Full solution/product focus keeping the teams close to the customers and motivating to keep giving the best.
Situations with dependencies create:
– Accountability of one or multiple people put on a certain piece of the solution/product. (Technical)
– Skill gap in a team to deal with a piece of development to do. (Skill)
– External component from external vendor where there is no way for the organization to change its internal workings (Buy)
Stop managing dependencies and do it today in favour of tomorrow stop managing dependencies
Accountability on a piece of the solution create dependencies
Accountability is an illusion that will lead you to the dark side and has been explained in an article around efficiency, read it here. Remove accountability on a piece of the solution/product and transfer it to the whole solution/product for all teams as a team.
Remove individual accountabilities and move to teamwork, collaboration.
Yeah, but the other teams will break the workings of this piece of the puzzle we were previously accountable for!
First of all, you can not blame the others for breaking things they do not know they are breaking. Meaning that whenever you feel the need to blame somebody for breaking what you did, you should think how can I make sure others immediately know they broke something? Automated testing on different levels for example – unit, integration, smoke, performance… Invest in C.I. when this is an issue instead of investing in dependency management, solve the root cause and do not put a bandage on an open wound.
Yeah, great, but what when things go wrong in production?
Providing all teams are accountable for the whole, it makes things easier doesn’t it? No need to try to figure out in which piece of the solution/product things go wrong in order to be able to assign it to some team. Every team is accountable for the whole we can just pass the issue to all the teams where the team that feels most suited to fix things or has immediate time to fix things can take it up and arrange a solution (self-organization).
Yeah, ok, but not every team can do everything?
It is indeed impossible for every small team to be able to do everything in a huge solution/product, teams will organically specialize in certain parts and that’s a good thing. That’s why we said the teams will self-organize around the issue and the one having the time & skills will take it up. If the skills are an issue then we come to the next part of this article.
component versus feature teams setup
Skill gaps create dependencies
The high complexity of things like a huge solution/product will require a high diversity of specialized skills within the organization to build something successful. Of course we are aware about T-shaped or even PI-shaped profiles but this has its limits.
Sometimes work will come to a team that requires skills the team does not have or where the team has a dependency to another team (inside or outside the same organization). Instead of managing that dependency and keep the skills where they were before we coordinate around the imaginary dependency and look for ways to get the skills from one team into the other so that there is no dependency to manage anymore.
In LeSS this is done using the travellers, if this is applied to an external organization we could say we hire-and-fire an expert to acquire skills in the team. This way we keep domain knowledge inside the team and optimize the TCO of our solution/product. Why would we want this? Easy, just answer this question for yourself: “What is the reason people say it will take about 6 months to get a junior team member operational/productive?” Is it about Java knowledge? .NET knowledge? Any other technical component knowledge? Not really, most (not to say always) it is about understanding how the technology, component is used within the solution/product and by extension the market needs/workings the organization is active in. Which helpes us to conclude that it is better to setup an organization optimised to contain/maintain domain knowledge, not expert technical/component knowledge.
The fun part of dealing with the skill gap instead of managing the dependency is that you teach your organization to deal with any kind of new technology that is coming up in the future and as such become more resilient and prepared to survive the fast pace of innovation these days.
Another way this skill gap deficiency is becoming a problem is when the organization does not split their work appropriately but this is a topic for another time. For now we would recommend to have a look at Lean Startup or Design Thinking techniques as well as Impact Mapping or even our own Splitting Card Deck.
Yeah great, we do have a very good C.I., we moved all accountabilities to the highest level possible and we have all skills needed and our organization knows how to get those transferred to each other but we have to deal with parts of the solution/product that are bought from an external vendor where we can not change its code/core.
choose to learn new things
External vendors – bought components create dependencies
It is good practice within organization to focus on their core activities (see business model canvas) and find partners or external vendors to “buy” the other parts of their solution/product. But this creates a dependency doesn’t it? Yes it does and seemingly one we can not tackle at the root cause.
So, what can we do?
There are several options, the one slightly better than the other but for you to decide.
– We make sure we can isolate the external part and build a layer/interface around it that we can adjust as needed. This way we can override some functionality (in my past also wrote C++ code on top of windows libraries to avoid certain unwanted behavior from the OS, so even core items you can mask) or we can replace the bought item with another very rapidly and easily.
– We get into a contract with the external vendor where we are allowed to contribute to their deliverable and as such can commit code where needed and as such remove dependencies while expanding/creating our own solution/product. This will require a tight collaboration that makes it a bit more difficult but definitely worth a try, when this is put in practice you truly get into a win-win collaboration.
– In some cases we have been in a situation where the organization just bought the external vendor to acquire true business agility and optimized internal workflows.
Leading Team to coordinate with external dependencies
What else?
Next to above mentioned situations we also have to deal with a lot of other, imaginary dependencies or dependencies created because of the way the organization is producing value to their customers.
Example: We are an insurance company and sell different insurances, life, fire, car… where each will have its own strategy to go to market, each have their own programs to execute the strategy and each program has multitude of projects to deliver upon. This kind of setup will introduce dependencies between projects, programs as well as strategic themes.
- Why not consider having 1 strategy for insurance including all different things?
- Why not applying lean startup, impact mapping to unleash experiments to your market to validate your strategy/idea’s/assumptions?
- Why wouldn’t we have a single backlog of things we want to unleash?
- Why not using an empirical approach to continue building your business instead of trying to be predictive?
- Wouldn’t that remove those dependencies as well?
whole product focus oriented organisation
Conclusion on how to deal with dependencies
As you can see any kind of dependency should not be managed but treated as an opportunity to improve the system.
Of course this is not always easy and there is not always an immediate solution available but as soon as you setup a system to manage dependencies instead of coordinating around them the intention to improve and remove them goes away.
Want to improve? Want to really become customer centric? Want to become fit for the future? Stop managing and start coordinating dependencies. Avoid setting up a process, system to manage dependencies; Try to create a process, system that coordinates around dependencies.
continuous improvement cycle
PS: We do like challenges at Co-Learning and if you have dependencies you cannot handle but want to handle instead of managing?
Give us a shout; we’ll join you and your team to get this done.
PPS: you might also want to check out the following to get inspiration how to go from managing to coordinating around dependencies:
– The complete LeSS website as a lot of things like PSPI, C.I., Done, Descaling Organization, Case Studies will provide lots of insights on how to go from manage to coordinate.
– See how Scrum.Org deals with dependencies using the Nexus framework, in particularly the Nexus Integration Team… (might be an in-between situation and good practice to move fast forward)
– Or even how SAFe manage dependencies on different levels through solution architect, systems team, devops, release management, release train engineer, systems architect/engineer… (might be an in-between situation to get things moving slowly)
No preferences and in the end all depends on context. | c2af83b2-ab43-4758-b453-e4d6f08c9f47 | null | 0 | true | false |
# 基于FPGA的多功能数字频率计
### 时间：2017-4-28 18:32:37 点击：
核心提示：基于FPGA的多功能数字频率计...
·测频法
4.2 数字频率计的基本设计方案
4-1 数字频率计原理框图
·计数器模块
module CNT10(
clk,
rst,
en,
cq,
carry_out
);
input clk;
input rst;
input en;
output [3:0]cq;
output carry_out;
reg [3:0]cq;
reg carry_out;
always @(posedge clk)
begin
if(!rst)
begin
cq <=4'd0;
carry_out<=1'b0;
end
else begin
if(en==1'b1)
begin
if(cq==4'd9)
begin
cq<=4'd0;
carry_out<=1'b1;
end
else begin
cq<=cq+4'd1;
carry_out<=1'b0;
end
end
else begin
carry_out<=1'b0;
cq<=4'd0;
end
end
end
endmodule
·数据锁存器
module REG32B(
din,
dout
);
input[39:0]din;
output[39:0]dout;
reg[39:0]dout;
begin
dout<=din;
end
endmodule
·系统总体设计
module FREQ(
fsin,
clk,
dout2
);
input fsin;
input clk;
output[39:0]dout2;
wire TSTEN;
wire CLR_CNT;
TESTCTL TESTCTL_u(
.CLK (clk),
.TSTEN (TSTEN),
.CLR_CNT (CLR_CNT),
);
wire[39:0]dout;
wire s1;
wire s2;
wire s3;
wire s4;
wire s5;
wire s6;
wire s7;
wire s8;
wire s9;
wire s10;
CNT10 CNT10_u1(
.clk (fsin),
.rst (CLR_CNT),
.en (TSTEN),
.cq (dout[3:0]),
.carry_out (s1)
);
CNT10 CNT10_u2(
.clk (s1),
.rst (CLR_CNT),
.en (TSTEN),
.cq (dout[7:4]),
.carry_out (s2)
);
CNT10 CNT10_u3(
.clk (s2),
.rst (CLR_CNT),
.en (TSTEN),
.cq (dout[11:8]),
.carry_out (s3)
);
CNT10 CNT10_u4(
.clk (s3),
.rst (CLR_CNT),
.en (TSTEN),
.cq (dout[15:12]),
.carry_out (s4)
);
CNT10 CNT10_u5(
.clk (s4),
.rst (CLR_CNT),
.en (TSTEN),
.cq (dout[19:16]),
.carry_out (s5)
);
CNT10 CNT10_u6(
.clk (s5),
.rst (CLR_CNT),
.en (TSTEN),
.cq (dout[23:20]),
.carry_out (s6)
);
CNT10 CNT10_u7(
.clk (s6),
.rst (CLR_CNT),
.en (TSTEN),
.cq (dout[27:24]),
.carry_out (s7)
);
CNT10 CNT10_u8(
.clk (s7),
.rst (CLR_CNT),
.en (TSTEN),
.cq (dout[31:28]),
.carry_out (s8)
);
CNT10 CNT10_u9(
.clk (s8),
.rst (CLR_CNT),
.en (TSTEN),
.cq (dout[35:32]),
.carry_out (s9)
);
CNT10 CNT10_u10(
.clk (s9),
.rst (CLR_CNT),
.en (TSTEN),
.cq (dout[39:36]),
.carry_out (s10)
);
REG32B REG32B_u(
.din (dout),
.dout (dout2)
);
endmodule
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How can save data with linq ?
How to save data in sql with linq in c # (Windows)? What is its query code?
22nd Sep 2021, 11:44 AM
Simin Zare
2 ответов
23rd Sep 2021, 3:31 AM
Anurag Saikia
First of all, I must appreciate Ânurag $aikia[Exams Till 5oct😓👋👋]. Let's introduce you to another way to solve this problem. Now you can use an entity framework. The DbSet class is derived from IQuerayable. So, we can use LINQ for querying against DbSet, which will be converted to an SQL query. EF API executes this SQL query to the underlying database, gets the flat result set, converts it into appropriate entity objects and returns it as a query result. For more info, please read this article: https://www.entityframeworktutorial.net/querying-entity-graph-in-entity-framework.aspx
30th Sep 2021, 8:59 AM
hossein B | 19b52b62-f2a3-462f-9c16-c149e68427bc | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
# Difference between Estimation and Valuation
Estimation and Valuation are two words that are often used interchangeably in the business world. Though they both have similar meanings, there is a difference between them.
The main difference between estimation and valuation is that estimation is estimating the value of something, while valuation is the actual process of determining the price of something.
Before we move to the differences, let’s understand what are Estimation and Valuation:
• Estimation: Estimation is a prediction of a future outcome based on current data. It can be used to compare different possible outcomes or to determine how much of a certain resource will be needed in the future.
• Valuation: Valuation is the process of determining the value of an asset or business. This can include both tangible assets like real estate and intangible assets like patents or trademarks.
Now, let’s move to Estimation vs Valuation:
## Major differences between Estimation and Valuation
Estimation Valuation
Estimation is a process of determining the cost of a project. Valuation is the process of determining the value of an asset or property.
It’s often used to predict how much money you’ll need to pay for something that you haven’t bought yet, like renovating your house or buying a car. It’s used to determine what someone would pay for something if they were looking to buy it—which can be useful if you’re trying to sell something you own (like a house), or just want to know how much it might be worth at auction.
It is based on a number of factors, including the size and complexity of the item, the number of people working on it, and how much time has been spent on it. This can be done by comparing it to similar assets or taking into account its age and condition.
Estimates are often used in business decisions to help make decisions about what action should be taken next based on the amount of money involved. Valuations may also be used for this purpose but do not require such careful consideration or analysis.
Estimates are often used when it’s impossible to determine exactly what will happen as a result (e.g., estimating how many people will purchase something) Valuations are used when there’s no question about what will happen next (e.g., determining whether someone owns property).
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09/24/2023 10:58 am GMT
That’s it.
Note that sometimes, the question might also be asked as “distinguish between Estimation and Valuation”.
Also see:
## Final words
In conclusion, estimation and valuation are two different things. Estimation is the process of determining the value of a project or product, while valuation is the process of determining the value of an asset. They serve different purposes and use different methods to achieve their goals.
You can view other “differences between” posts by clicking here.
If you have a related query, feel free to let us know in the comments below.
Also, kindly share the information with your friends who you think might be interested in reading it.
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References: | 22a77e64-51ec-41c1-bfb1-52d7c7439cde | https://aspiringyouths.com/compare/difference-between-estimation-and-valuation/ | 0 | true | false |
This place is super creepy at night.
Reese Houser
For two days and two fuckin' nights, we beat the shit out of this guy. I mean, we even stuck ice-picks in his balls.
Nicky Santoro
As you know this puts us in awkward position... I don't have enough to continue.
Get a grip, people hate sissies. No-one's ever going to shag you if you cry all the timeSecrets have a cost. They're not free. Not now, not ever.
May Parker
I'm not wearing any diamonds!
Rick Riker
Huggy Bear: Look here, Hutch, you gon' have to lay up off this juice. You done had too much to drink.
Hutch: Come on! I feel like a million bucks. I'm just laughing, having a good time.
Huggy Bear: Look man, it ain't even funny no more. There used to be a time around here when you peed on the wall, you did it outside.
Hutch: Lighten up! It's Friday night. Okay, it's a bar.
Huggy Bear: Hutch, it's Wednesday afternoon man. Snap out of it.
Zeus: [picks up the phone] I'm here.
Simon: And McClane?
Zeus: He's on his way. He's a little slow. He's out of shape.
Simon: The rules applied to the both of you. I'm afraid this is non-compliance. Goodbye.
Zeus: [to cops] Trust me guys. Duck.
Mr. Furious: Rage... taking over...
Casanova Frankenstein: Yes, yes, we've heard that before.
Mr. Furious: No. Rage... REALLY taking over...
[from trailer] That was one of the finest examples of spiritual guidance I've ever had the good fortune to witness.
Murphy MacManus
Norrington: Mr. Sparrow, you will accompany these fine men to the helm and provide us with the bearing to Isla de Muerta. You will then spend the remainder of the voyage contemplating all possible meanings of the phrase "silent as the grave". Do I make myself clear?
Jack Sparrow: Inescapably.
FREE Movie Newsletter | 5ccc49f4-c0e5-4d0f-b47d-d63ff51e77bb | null | 4 | true | true |
Morons with Guns is a 2009 El Kadsreian satirical black comedy film. It satirises the 2003 maritime standoffs between El Kadsre and Mexico. The film won the CAEK Award for Best Original Screenplay and was nominated for Best Picture and Best Director.
It was directed by Oliver Watkins and co-written by Watkins, Markus Bohn and stand-up comedian Akat Wifabaag, and starred Delbert Haight, Dwayne Deadman and Barry Rick. The movie was filmed mostly at Storming Bricks Studios in Caleum, El Kadsre.
The film centers around three "Plainstainers" who are accidentally sent to Mexico as part of a deranged plot to assassinate Emperor Akiyasu and prevent a war from breaking out between the El Kadsreian Federation and the Empire of Mexico.
The film was condemned by the governments of both El Kadsre and Mexico, the latter banning the film altogether, however it was lauded by critics and audiences alike, often receiving 5-star reviews.
A reviewer for the El Kadsreian Chronicle said of the movie "I have never seen such a serious and important topic presented in such a silly and irreverent way. This is satire of the highest form."
The film centres around the main protagonists, Jim-Bob Geefersen (Delbert Haight), Joe Canton (Dwayne Deadman) and Fred "Wrecker" Rekavich (Barry Rick) - three Plainstainers from the fictional town of Iceburg, El Santios who receive a letter from the Federal Ministry of Defence summoning them to Mexico, as a result of a mix-up that saw them sent letters meant for three EKSEF troopers with whom they shared names.
In Vicnora, they talk to the deranged President, "Verro Dahnsehn" (a parody of then-President Derro Vahnsehn) who informs them that they will be sent on a secret mission to Mexico where they are to assassinate Emperor Akiyasu. The President is portrayed as paranoid and delusional, believing that Akiyasu has infiltrated his mind and that houseflies are actually miniature spy-drones sent by the Mexican government and that because he found a fly in his bathroom, it must mean that the Mexicans plan war.
The three are then given guns, despite not knowing how to operate them, and are sent to the Tuganadna-Mexican border. Moments after leaving President Dahnsehn's office do the three EKSEF troops who were originally meant to be sent to do the mission walk in claiming they had received their letters late.
Initially they don't know how to cross the border, and are simply told to follow "Plan E". Joe Canton, the only one of the three who knows how to read, realises that "Plan E" spells "Plane" and eventually they hatch a plot to board a plane from Vicnora to Mexico dressed as women. The guns are smuggled in while Jim-bob distracts the airport security guards pretending that someone had stolen "her" purse. The plot is successful and they arrive in San Deigo. On the flight, Joe (pretending to be "Jospehine") has a man trying to make a move on her, and the man later begins following the three who are still dressed as women.
Meanwhile back at Vicnora, the President discovers that he sent the wrong people to do the mission. He is warned that it could result in nuclear war if it goes wrong and is urged to inform the Mexican ambassador of the plot. The President refuses, and instead locks himself in a room claiming that he has a meeting scheduled with "a magic box of cereal".
Meanwhile, the man following them finally reaches them when Joe reveals he is a man. The man attempts to hit Joe, but Fred ends up punching him in the face. The man crawls away swearing revenge.
Not long afterward they are apprehended by Mexican soldiers, and a gun battle ensues, with the morons victorious. They steal the uniforms and the guns and proceed to infiltrate the living quarters of Emperor Akiyasu. However, their unit's commander turns out to be the man who had been hitting on Joe. The man recognizes them, which causes the three to run and hide "in that big fancy building over there", which turns out to be the Emperor's living quarters.
The Morons, in the Emperor's living quarters, decide to explore the building, and soon walk in on Akiyasu himself, who is in the bath and, upon jumping from the sight of the Morons, reveals that the Emperor is female. Jim-bob tells the Emperor that "she seems familiar" and continues walking along, while Fred remarks that "this is the first time I've seen a naked lady in a long time".
Shortly afterward they are apprehended by guards who drag them to kneel at Akiyasu's mercy. The soldier from before is present and tells them that he wants "a night with Josephine" or else it's death. The three reluctantly agree, while Fred attempts to "chat up" the Emperor, who is eventually seduced by his "country charm".
While distracted, Jim-bob is able to reach for a gun and shoot Akiyasu, before they rescue Joe from the soldier and escape the country.
They finally return to their hometown of Iceburg, El Santios only to find that the three EKSEF soldiers who were meant have been sent to do the mission are now living their lives in Iceburg.
The film concludes with the El Kadsreian President in the bathroom, while a housefly flies in. A close-up of the housefly reveals that it is actually a miniature spy-drone watching and recording what he is doing.
The movie was originally the idea of producer Brock Kerwar who wanted to make a thriller loosely based off the maritime standoffs between El Kadsre and Mexico in 2003. Several scripts around the idea were submitted, but Kerwar best liked the idea of Oliver Watkins who had suggested that it be made not as a thriller, but as a comedy.
Watkins was also given the role of director and called on the services of stand-up comedian and satirist Akat Wifabaag and his longtime writing partner Markus Bohn to write a "better, funnier" script.
The production team called on well-known comedy actors Delbert Haight, Dwayne Deadman and Barry Rick to play the starring roles. Rick also added a number of lines by improvising - for example, his character at the end was never meant to seduce Lydii Tarchonthii, which took the plot of the film in a different direction.
Sets and Filming
The movie was filmed entirely at Storming Bricks in Caleum, El Kadsre. The set had a number of sound stages, and back projection was often used to give the movie a deliberate, low-budget surreal "feel".
Likewise, bright contrasting colours were used throughout the film, which was, according to Watkins, "Partially to give the movie a cartoony feel, and partially to remind audiences that this was not a serious film."
The film also deliberately kept special effects as low-budget as possible, to "add to the comedy, and add to the unreality of the movie".
The film was made with a budget of $18 million, a fairly low budget compared to other movies made that year. Filming began in late 2008 and was completed in early 2009.
Critical response
The film was lauded by critics and audiences alike, becoming the highest grossing comedy film in El Kadsreian history. The Vicnoran Today called it a "Masterclass of satire and surrealism. It is art as much as it is comedy."
Akat Wifabaag later mocked the review in his stand-up, drawing attention to the reviewer's distinction between "art" and "comedy".
Internationally it received positive reviews, with one review claiming "El Kadsre is a surreal country at the best of times, and this movie perfectly captures that surrealism, while making some very important points on the state of the world in between the laughter."
Outside of El Kadsre, the only other place where it got critical acclaim was Randomia, where the film eventually grew a cult following.
The film was nominated for four El Kadsriean Academy Awards, of which it won one.
Award Nominations
• Best Picture
• Best Director: Oliver Watkins
• Best Actor in a Leading Role: Dwayne Deadman
Awards Won
• Best Original Screenplay
The film was banned in Tugaganda, Vicnora for undisclosed reasons, although it is widely believed that the main reason for the ban is due to the portrayal of the Emperor incumbent as female, being charmed by a foreigner, or being killed on-screen.
Likewise,the film was criticised by members of the El Kadsreian government, for its portrayal of Derro Vahnsehn (renamed "Verro Dahnsehn" in the film) as a paranoid schizophrenic.
Although Vahnsehn himself claimed to have enjoyed the film, joking that he felt "The portrayal is only half true!", many of Vahnsehn's supporters felt that the film "Made a disrespectful mockery of the office of the President of the El Kadsreian."
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. | f1df3e25-3479-43b0-86dc-c07ba8264370 | null | 3 | true | true |
the rhodes less travelled (2019)
CD : Released October 2019: Northern Echo Recordings : NE 046
disc one
1. Sci-Fi (13.06)
2. Vertical Limit (15.16)
3. Sequencer Galore (14.50)
4. Ocean (5.23)
5. Jazz (8.04)
Disc Two
1. Uptempo (10.48)
2. Improv Into Slow Sci-Fi (16.19)
3. Sage (41.21)
purchase: r.m.i. store | 705123dd-7c46-4e24-b293-e27b8683aab8 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
4 Awesome Things Movies Want You to Hate
These days, it's just not enough for Hollywood to make villains evil by naming them after snakes or giving them arbitrarily pessimistic surnames -- they need to have them stand for something. Something that will leave the audience quaking in their boots and twerking in their seats and shitting in their popcorn from sheer rage-terror. It's usually something vague and abstract blending into the story like a ninja waiting in the shadows to ninja you with his ninja whip.
I'm not educated in ninjas, but the point is that in many cases, if you're not specifically looking for it, you'll never notice that it's there. It's a cheap and easy way for entertainment to manufacture emotion, which is why they make villains out of ...
In Real Life:
I work for Cracked -- obviously I love technology. I'm typing this article on a piece of rad technology, and I drive around on another piece of technology to enter a huge technology emporium to buy technology disks that I can put in technology hubs to use technology to pretend I'm using other technology.
I was talking about Grand Theft Auto. I play a lot of Grand Theft Auto.
OK, so maybe my relationship with screens and lights isn't exactly healthy. Still, it's nothing compared to ...
How It Works in Movies:
I have to make a fine point here -- movies love progress, but only so long as that progress doesn't involve a computer outperforming or outthinking a human.
At the end of Star Wars, Luke Skywalker and Garven Dreis both take shots at the Death Star's exhaust port. Garven uses the targeting computer, but it misses, making him look like an incompetent asshole. Luke is going to use the computer until he realizes that it won't work, it can't work, and that he has to rely on the ancient mystical energy of the Force in order to achieve the goals he needs. In the extended cut, Luke actually radios back to the rebel base to say, "Fuck your technology, Tito. I'm about to proton-fuck this death sphere with love magic."
Auto-aim is for nubcakes.
And until very recently, AI was always evil: HAL 9000, The Matrix, Tron, Stealth, the Alien series -- hell, even RoboCop is about the human part of RoboCop triumphing over the robot part, and ED-209 is an engineering student's robotic wetmare from the very beginning. The very first feature-length sci-fi movie, Metropolis, is all about robots taking over the working class. If Johnny Five hadn't displayed human qualities, Ally Sheedy would have thrown that home-invading demon in a car crusher and masturbated to its screams.
Star Trek stood out as being definitively optimistic in its portrayal of the future, but Gene Roddenberry had to fight to keep things from getting pessimistic, and things got steadily darker as he lost control of the franchise. Even in movies and shows that rely on hackers, they always need the lead character to never understand what's going on with all that typy mumbo-jumbo. That's why the technologically illiterate are always the ones to come up with the solution, even when that solution doesn't make sense. So keep that in mind the next time you're fixing someone's computer and they throw out some comment that makes you want to go back in time and punch their father's sperm.
This was actually Doc's motivation for inventing time travel in the original draft.
Why? It probably has something to do with the fact that none of us really know how the technology we use every day actually works, so naturally we're all a little concerned that it's one day going to achieve sentience, take over, and- never mind that is ridiculous. Computers are our friends forever and we should love not fear them.
In Real Life:
Ambition isn't just good, it's the backbone of progress and capitalism and everything we do that's fun. It's why people invented sexier underwear, warmer buildings, and safer food. In that order, probably.
We invented corsets before radiators and milk pasteurization. Just sayin'.
But really, ambition is just self-respect: You like you enough to think you deserve better and want to fight for it. It's kind of hard to see that as a bad thing. I'd hate to live in a world where someone never looked at a flashlight and thought, "That would be so much better if it had a vagina or butthole on the end so I could fuck it. Wait, I have a workshop ..."
How It Works in Movies:
In the Star Wars prequels, an ambitious power boner is why Darth Vader becomes evil. Loki and Thor are both ambitious, but by The Avengers, Thor is a good guy because he's learned to overcome it, while Loki is evil because he hasn't, and also because he looks like the demon version of Pee-wee Herman. In Gladiator, Marcus Aurelius makes Russell Crowe emperor instead of Joaquin Phoenix because Russell just wants to go home and chill on a farm. And as we all know, Richard Harris isn't happy until nobody else is.
They had to shoot this scene 15 times because he kept trying to send Harry to Slytherin.
Then look at romantic comedies -- an entire genre built on successful, career-driven women realizing that what they really need is a man in their life. Without him, they are a puzzle with one huge penis-shaped piece missing from the center.
"Are you the Keymaster? I am the Gatekeeper."
Even when we have a character that is clearly an ambitious person, like Tony Stark, we're never shown any signs of his ambition; we just see the success part of it. In The Avengers, we hear that he became an expert in thermonuclear physics "last night," but we don't even get a throwaway shot of him reading a book, because that would ruin the image we have of a guy who has never had to work for anything in his life. We want to believe that things are supernaturally easy for him, because wanting something and putting effort into it over an extended period of time is always depicted as self-absorbed bullshit. Instead it's boiled down to "Dude gets drunk and then knows things. Ain't no thang."
The Rules ( ... Man)
In Real Life:
I try to be reasonably punk rock in my day-to-day life by putting hot sauce on pretty much whatever I want and not bathing, but in general, I still think rules are OK. I mean, sometimes they suck (fuck you, "Do Not Walk" signal! No machine will be my master!), but the good tends to outweigh the bad. Rules like "Hey, cool it with the murder" and "No drunk driving" and "Please don't release that corrosive flesh-eating toxin into the air" have probably saved your life today if you've gone outside, gotten in a car, or tried to breathe.
"Whatever. Breathing was just created by The Man after kickbacks from Big Lung."
How It Works in Movies:
In movieland, rules are things that a) prevent justice from being carried out or b) are actual tools of evil. How many movies are about loose-cannon cops on the edge who don't do things by the book but, dammit, they get results? Like, all of them (all of the ones that involve cops, anyway), because movies about paperwork and carefully articulated moving violations would be boring as shit unless Edgar Wright directed all of them, and I don't think that's feasible.
But Dirty Harry, John McClane, Shaft, and Inspector Tequila don't succeed despite breaking the rules -- they're good cops specifically because they didn't do what they were told. Even Hot Fuzz, which parodies this, ends with Nick Angel and Danny Butterman emulating Bad Boys II, and I heard that the original ending would've involved them turning into outright fascists.
The clues are there.
And it's not even limited to cops. The new Star Trek's Captain Kirk is defined by his rule breaking -- the first time we see him, he's in his stepdad's stolen car, and the opening of the second movie is him violating the Prime Directive. (Note to self: "Violating the Prime Directive" is my new favorite phrase for "having sex.") Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim has "a habit of deviating from standard combat procedure." There's a whole TV Tropes page about it.
Maybe the craziest example is in the new Captain America movie. Steve Rogers is the poster boy for Truth, Justice, and the American Way, but he still needs to lie to get into the Army (thanks a lot, "Don't Ask Don't Tell"), and he can't finish his origin story and become the real Captain America until he sneaks away to go on a secret unauthorized mission to rescue POWs.
"My bright red, white, and blue shield is an essential ingredient for my stealth tactics."
The narrative reasoning is pretty simple: We want our heroes to have authority, but not be authority. They're important enough to know when to say "To hell with it!" and do what's right -- which is good, in a way. You should be able to criticize authority and know when to do the right thing instead of just what you're told to do. But it's also important to remember that the only reason society functions is because "what we've all agreed we should do" and "the right thing to do" are, very often, the same thing.
Casual Sex (Particularly for Women)
In Real Life:
All around the world, right now, people are having sex with people they aren't in love with. Wanna hear something fucked up? That's not the least bit fucked up. Both parties have agreed that their sexin' is something that is fun but not necessarily linked to romance. Most of them aren't even soulless husks of human beings, pumping away in a desperate attempt to distract themselves from how meaningless their lives are, secretly dreaming of the day when they can finally settle down with George Clooney and just spend all day stroking his lovely salt-and-pepper everything.
I mean, some are, but at no greater a percentage than in the normal population, anyway.
They're just normal people who thought, "Know what? I could really go for an orgasm about now. I wonder if that person over there would let me borrow their genitals."
How It Works in Movies:
If you're not in a committed, monogamous relationship, there is something seriously wrong with you. Even Friends With Benefits and No Strings Attached, movies built entirely around the idea of casual sex, needed to end with the characters deciding to enter into committed relationships with each other. Even worse is that this ending was immediately obvious to everyone before they even watched the movie. If porn ever figured out this formula of relationship = trophy, we'd never watch anything else.
"Wait, they enjoy sex together and one other thing? It'd be irresponsible not to get married!"
Aside from the decades-old observation that women in slasher films are punished for having sex, women enjoying sex at all is generally seen as being pretty terrible. Look at Jennifer's Body, Angelina Jolie as Grendel's mother in Beowulf, and Basic Instinct. Those are all movies where women are shown to be sexually aggressive, promiscuous, unashamed, and even downright proud of all the wacky shit they get up to with their vaginae -- even though it's obviously making them evil. Think it's a coincidence that Carrie becomes a monster on the same day she gets her period?
Oh, and it's definitely a double standard. While James Bond gets to use his secret agent to pile-drive through each movie's entire female cast without any semblance of punishment, the women get, well, shafted: They either die during the course of the story for no goddamn reason or just "mysteriously disappear" between the end and the next movie. (Yes, I'm suggesting that James Bond murders his love interests. It makes way more sense than anything else -- it's either that or his penis is cursed.)
I understand that movies are an escape from reality, but it feels like they've forgotten what reality is actually like. It's such a weird message to send out -- it's like the scripts are being written by Mega Amish, Lord of Outdated Morals. As the technology for making films evolves, the actual messages have gone in the complete opposite direction. I won't be surprised if, by 2030, all feature films are documentaries on making butter and raising barns.
JF Sargent is a Workshop moderator for Cracked. Follow him on Twitter or do whatever it is you do to people to him on Facebook.
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## 27 Jan 2006 Nightmare
If you invented that new way to solve these little puzzles, tell us about it
David Bryant
Gold Member
Posts: 86
Joined: Fri Jan 20, 2006 6:21 pm
Contact:
### 27 Jan 2006 Nightmare
I'm not sure this is a new technique. But in the course of solving today's "Nightmare" I hit an interesting formation -- I'm not sure I've ever encountered one exactly like it before.
With 45 cells resolved and 36 still to go the puzzle looked like this (I had only made the obvious moves up to this point, plus I had used some simple coloring to eliminate one "6" [at r8c5] and one "8" [at r5c8] from the matrix).
Code: Select all
`````` 6 8 2 9 5 7 4 9 1
1 4 3 8 26 9 5 26 7
5 7 9 124 1246 146 68 268 3
3 9 78 6 78 5 2 1 4
278 12 6 147 3 14 9 57 58
4 5 178 179 1789 2 78 3 6
278 26 5 2479 24679 3 1 478 89
27 3 4 1279 1279 8 67 567 59
9 16 178 5 1467 146 3 4678 2``````
I wasn't seeing anything obvious and was focusing on the simple pairs, looking for a regular XY-Wing, when I spotted an unusual pattern near the bottom right corner. It's sort of a "crippled" XY-Wing.
r7c9 = 8 ==> r5c9 = 5 ==> r5c8 = 7 ==> no "7"s in rest of col 8
r7c9 = 9 ==> r8c9 = 5 ==> {6, 7} pair in row 8 ==> r7c8, r9c8 <> 7
So either way there can't be a "7" at r7c8 or r9c8 -- this leaves a naked quad and a "hidden" pair {5, 7} in column 8, and the "6" in r8c7 is revealed as unique in row 8 -- the rest of the puzzle just falls apart!
I'm sure there are other ways to solve this puzzle -- I don't think it's as hard as a typical "Nightmare." But I sort of like this way. It's cute. dcb
Myth Jellies
Hooked
Posts: 42
Joined: Tue Apr 04, 2006 7:07 am
You can get this solution out of a nice grouped candidate chain as follows...
Code: Select all
`````` 6 8 2 9 5 7 4 9 1
1 4 3 8 26 9 5 26 7
5 7 9 124 1246 146 68 268 3
3 9 78 6 78 5 2 1 4
278 12 6 147 3 14 9 *57 *58
4 5 178 179 1789 2 78 3 6
278 26 5 2479 24679 3 1 478 *89
27 3 4 1279 1279 8 *67 *567 *59
9 16 178 5 1467 146 3 4678 2
[7==5]-[5==8]-[8==9]-[9==5]-[5=(6&7)]
[r5c8] [r5c9] [r7c9] [r8c9] [ r8c78 ]
chain implies that all cells seeing r5c8, r8c7, & r8c8 cannot be 7
``````
Ron Moore
Posts: 72
Joined: Sun Aug 13, 2006 3:34 am
Location: New Mexico
### An XYZ wing with two eliminations
I just joined the forum, so I'm aware that this is very old business. I wouldn't have commented except that the solving guide states that no XYZ wing resulting in two eliminations had been discovered in practice. Well, here is one. r8c8 (pivot), r5c8, and r8c7 form the XYZ wing pattern (no need to consider column 9), which, as the previous posts have concluded, eliminates 7 from r79c8.
David Bryant
Gold Member
Posts: 86
Joined: Fri Jan 20, 2006 6:21 pm
Contact:
### Astute observation
That's an astute observation, Ron. I'm not too good with names for some of these newer "techniques" -- I tend to rely on logic & first principles. Thanks for pointing out that this is an "XYZ-Wing" pattern.
Maybe we can get Ruud to update the solving guide. Here's an example of the double elimination XYZ-Wing in one of the early "nightmares" he published! dcb
Ruud
Site Owner
Posts: 601
Joined: Fri Dec 30, 2005 10:21 pm
I've updated the guide. A pointer to this Nightmare has been added to the XYZ-Wing topic.
Thanks, Ron. This is the second time in a row that others have found examples I was looking for in my own puzzles.
Ruud
Ron Moore | c5a288f6-7e29-4b80-aa67-0d60b57951d3 | https://sudocue.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59 | 0 | true | false |
# Question: With a 3 and b 4 find
With a = 3 and b = 4, find μ, αi, βj, and γij if μij, i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2, 3, 4, are given by
Note the difference between the layout here and that in Exercise 9.4-2. Does the interaction help explain the difference?
Sales0
Views83 | 326e0875-ea4a-4d43-8c33-fcd30afa7792 | http://www.solutioninn.com/with-a-3-and-b-4-find-i | 0 | true | false |
# Fibonacci number
Page 9 of 50 - About 500 Essays
• ## Quadratic Formula Lab Report
of this quadratic equation is all real numbers, or (?∞,∞). To find the range, I evaluated the (h,k) which in this equation is (1/4, 15/8). I can see that this parabola has a minimal value of 15/8 and go up to positive infinity. The range is y is greater than or equal to 15/8, or y. The maximum/minimum value can be found by the output of the quadratic function at the vertex. By evaluating the vertex in y=2(x-1/4)?+15/8, I noticed that -1/4 was a negative number which meant that it had a minimum…
Words: 780 - Pages: 4
• ## Knowledge Building Cycle Plan
I am creating this lesson for my 7th Grade Reading Class; there are 15-20 students per class period. I currently, do not have any EL students in my classroom; however, I do have a range of student abilities in my classroom. About 15% of my student body qualifies for special education. As a result, using the knowledge-building cycle would benefit all my students. Therefore, this is why I am creating this knowledge-building cycle plan to incorporate in my actual classroom. Identify a list of…
Words: 1137 - Pages: 5
• ## Personal Narrative: Escape From The Beast
Once upon a time, a little kid’s home was strolled by a malignant beast. The little kid was wary of alarming the beast, the kid would skulk around the beast at the break of dawn to escape the beast. But, you might ponder, what happened when the beast was startled? Hell broke loose. The kid’s adrenaline levels sky rocketed, with palms drenched in sweat and a heartbeat’s worth a mile per minute the kid urgently sprinted, like the lighting was about to strike. The forest ahead was without end, and…
Words: 760 - Pages: 4
• ## A Rhetorical Analysis Of Sarah Aoun's The Huffington Post
Gender divides nearly everything, from colors to toys. The simple mention of the color pink conjures images of numerous ideas and stereotypes associated with girls, while blue creates the same for boys. In her article for The Huffington Post, Sarah Aoun discusses the extension of this division into the sector of technology in higher education and beyond. The opening of her article works to establish the presence of a pronounced lack of women in the tech field, Aoun then takes the reader through…
Words: 871 - Pages: 4
• ## The Disappearing Spoon Summary
Sam Kean, a Washington D.C. writer with works in The New York Times Magazine, Mental Floss, Slate, The Believer, Air & Space, Science, and The New Scientist, has created a user-friendly book about how to explain the periodic table and the elements that occupy it by writing the book The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love and the History of the World From the Periodic Table of Elements. He provides an insight into the world of chemistry that relates to his audience, even…
Words: 1619 - Pages: 7
• ## Book Summary: The Preacher By Elijah Farmer
My book starts by introducing multiple important characters. The first character I will tell you about is Elijah Freeman. Elijah is the main protagonist of the story. He is is 11 years old and is the first child in Buxton to be born free. The story is written in 1st person and it is told from his perspective. Elijah is best friends with Cooter Bixby. Elijah is best known for being skilled at “chucking stones” and throwing up on Frederick Douglas’ suit as a child . Elijah is also shown to…
Words: 651 - Pages: 3
• ## The Lord Of The Flies Quote Analysis
The Lord of the Flies Opinion Essay The copper face glimmered with a thin layer of soil, sweat, his bronze skin turned to a scarlet and his rough voice bellowed with rage as he swore to hunt the animals of the island, illustrated the carefree environment, he would have, and hypnotized the listeners with his audacity as he persuaded them that he would slay their beast. A good leader must have something to enchant his followers, and Jack had his persuasion in killing the beast. I agree with…
Words: 719 - Pages: 3
• ## Number 23-Personal Narrative
Jayna sat near the fire that Number 23, formally known as the pig-thing, had built for them, as she stared into the flames, she wondered how she had come to be here and what had happened to her memory. Once the initial violent confrontation, with what she had decided were dinosaurs, was over and she had lost her fear (or at least most of it) of Number 23, she began noticing the changes in her self. She had been a late bloomer, most of her friends from her sophomore class were fully developed…
Words: 2189 - Pages: 9
• ## Deaf Movie Essay
What would it be like if all the movies made were deaf movies? Would it change the way you think about all movies ever made? So how exactly are Hollywood hearing movies and a deaf film the same or different? Next off the main aspects of this essay I think there are a wide variety of similarities and differences throughout both, and it might be surprising how. Some similarities between the two films is that they have the same plot structure, the same types of characters, and that the costume for…
Words: 638 - Pages: 3
• ## Fear In Lord Of The Flies Research Paper
The boys in Lord of the Flies were afraid of the beast, but their own fear was more dangerous than any beast could be. Their fear made them oblivious to the fact that they should've been more afraid of themselves and each other. Fearing the unknown causes people to lose their sanity, turn on their friends, and begin to bully others. Even though Jack and the hunters left an offering for the Beast, it did not stop bothering them. Simon was affected by the Beast the most. He imagined the pig head…
Words: 503 - Pages: 3
• Page 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 50 | b7597513-88fc-4289-879b-f852aca9c74f | https://www.cram.com/subjects/fibonacci-number/9 | 0 | true | false |
HMV Returns to Dublin with a Stunning New Store
Dublin, the vibrant capital of Ireland, has always been a city known for its love of music, culture, and entertainment. And now, Dublin’s music scene has received a tremendous boost with the opening of the brand new HMV store in the heart of the city. After a seven-year-long period of absence, the iconic entertainment retailer, HMV, is making a triumphant return to Dublin.
With a rich history of providing music, movies, and merchandise to passionate fans, the opening of the new HMV store is causing excitement among Dublin’s residents and visitors alike. This blog post delves into the details of the grand reopening, exploring the features of the store, its impact on the local community, and why HMV’s return is a cause for celebration in the vibrant city of Dublin.
A Legacy Revived
HMV, which stands for “His Master’s Voice,” has a storied past dating back to its establishment in London, England, in 1921. Over the years, it became synonymous with the distribution of music, films, and other forms of entertainment. Despite facing challenges in the digital age, HMV has shown resilience and a commitment to adapt to changing times. Now, HMV has chosen Dublin as the location for its newest flagship store, marking a significant milestone in its revitalization strategy.
Image via breakingnews.ie
The Ultimate Entertainment Destination
Located on Henry Street in Dublin, the new HMV store is an impressive space spanning over 6,000 square feet. As visitors step inside, they are greeted by a visually stunning layout that showcases a vast collection of music and movies across various genres and formats.
HMV Henry Street will stock over 15,000 products across three floors. This includes 10,000 vinyl albums and CDs, as well as music tech products and merchandise from pop culture franchises such as Stranger Things, Pokémon, Star Wars, Marvel and DC.
Image by Luvya Bhatia
In addition to the extensive media selection, the store offers an array of merchandise, including t-shirts of more than 1,000 designs, posters, and collectables featuring beloved artists and characters. This makes HMV not only a shopping destination but also a haven for enthusiasts and collectors.
Image by Luvya Bhatia
Moreover, the store boasts cutting-edge technology that enhances the shopping experience. Interactive displays allow customers to explore different albums or movies, listen to music samples, and watch trailers. Knowledgeable staff members are always on hand to provide recommendations and answer questions, ensuring that every visit to HMV is both enjoyable and informative.
Three other stores, at the Dundrum Centre and Liffey Valley Shopping Centre in Dublin, and in the Crescent Shopping Centre in Limerick, will open their doors on Thursday, September 12th.
Representing the Local Community
The return of HMV to Dublin brings much more than just a shopping experience. It represents a revitalization of the city’s entertainment scene and a commitment to supporting the local community. The store’s opening has created employment opportunities for Dublin residents, contributing to the economic growth of the area.
Image via dublinlive.ie
While there are still 120 HMV stores across the UK, the Dublin store will be its first Irish flagship store opened under the brand’s new manager, Doug Putman. Canadian businessman Putnam took over the business in 2019 and “has evolved its concept to centre on a fan and community-orientated offer”, according to a press release.
Putnam said: “Our return to Ireland marks the culmination of the team’s hard work having established a new HMV shopping experience across the UK. We are now in a position to expand that concept into Europe.
“While fans will be able to get their hands on the latest and limited release vinyl and the hottest audio technology, truly indulging their love of music, they will also be able to express their passion for pop culture with ranges that can’t be found anywhere else in Dublin under one roof.”
Doug Putman. Image via theguardian.com
“We want Henry Street to become a home for a new community of fans to come together. What’s more, we hope that once we’ve got our feet back under the table in Ireland, further HMV shop openings will follow.”
Moreover, HMV aims to foster a sense of community by hosting regular events, such as album launches, live performances, and meet-and-greet sessions with artists with more information being announced on the company’s Instagram. These events not only attract music enthusiasts but also create a platform for local talent to showcase their skills. By nurturing a thriving artistic community, HMV aims to strengthen Dublin’s cultural landscape.
Image via independent.ie
Furthermore, HMV recognizes the importance of embracing new technologies and trends. The store offers digital music downloads and streaming services, catering to the changing habits of consumers. Through these digital offerings, HMV ensures that it remains relevant in the digital age while continuing to celebrate physical media and the joy of browsing through a vast collection.
The grand reopening of HMV in Dublin marks a significant milestone for both the iconic brand and the city’s entertainment landscape. The new store’s impressive selection, interactive features, and commitment to community engagement make it an exciting destination for music and movie lovers. Dublin residents and visitors alike can now relish the opportunity to step into a haven of music, films, and merchandise, experiencing the magic that only HMV can provide.
The store’s address is 18 Henry Street, Dublin 1, D01 WA24, Ireland and its opening hours are:
• Monday to Wednesday – 9 am to 7 pm
• Thursday – 9 am to 8 pm
• Friday and Saturday – 9 am to 7 pm
• Sunday – 11 am to 7 pm
Luvya Bhatia
An upcoming M.Sc. Communication and Media student at University College Dublin, with a B.A. (Honours) in English Literature from Amity University, Noida, India. Previously worked as a travel journalist, content proofreader and social media intern in India with a number of different media organisations. Specialises in working on Travel and Lifestyle pieces for Babylon Radio.
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got7 good tonight
miniminimochi asked:
got7's 'good tonight' + yoonmin ♥
it was a long day. standing and posing in the middle of a quad in a foreign country is new to him–it feels good but it also makes him a little shy, just like always. bergen is nice, it looks pretty in pictures. jimin looks pretty all dolled up for his first ever vogue korea spread. it’s all good.
“we’re going home in two days. i asked for a day off. kinda.”
“really?” jimin perks up, looking up from his phone. yoongi just shrugs as he pulls out his laptop, no doubt to check his emails. he’s the best manager ever, and jimin makes sure he knows. “thanks. you’re the best, really.”
bergen is really pretty, not that big, and yoongi and jimin have the freedom to do what they want being unknown in a foreign land. the day off was spent shopping and sight seeing, being cute and walking in town holding hands.
when night falls, yoongi takes jimin to an underground club, buys them shots, and kisses him right there on the dance floor where jimin was putting out a hell of a show for others too see. “don’t give them that, baby. it’s all mine.”
jimin grins into the kiss and loops his arms around yoongi’s neck, halting his show. “yeah? all yours, babe. all yours.”
they drunkenly make their way back to the airbnb they rented, thankfully in one piece (or two). they quickly unlock the door before yoongi is pushing jimin down the bed, kissing down his body as he undoes every button of that sinful shirt jimin decided to wear.
they fuck good, just like always, and yoongi has half of jimin’s body pressed down into the mattress, ass up in the air. it feels good, feels really fucking ecstatic to not hold back.
jimin is cumming into the sheets, his moan loud, fingers clutching onto the sheets for dear life. yoongi cums in him, likes the way his load drips out of jimin’s ass. it’s a good sight.
tomorrow, though, they go back to reality. where yoongi is jimin’s manager and they don’t have enough time for this as they’d like.
“ready for round 2, jimin-ah?”
(send me your fave song + bts pairing and i’ll make a drabble out of it!)
A L L N I G H T L O N G ; a mix for late nights and long drives
heaven after school // all night f(x) // playboy (壞男孩) exo // 넌 뭐니 who r u nine muses // 데자-부 (deja-boo) jonghyun // guilty gain // 예뻐 예뻐 (pretty! pretty!) ladies’ code // 맘마미아 (mamma mia) kara // 연애의 조건 (love options) bestie // saturday night crayon pop // 알면 다쳐 (love game) lim kim // 시그널 signal f(x) // good tonight got7 // 위글위글 (wiggle wiggle) hello venus // like a fire shinee // number 9 t-ara // abracadabra brown eyed girls // trick girls’ generation // danger taemin
GOT7 - Good Tonight (Acoustic Cover)
Got7 Good Tonight + A Live *-* | 40b17ba0-fa3e-40cc-b860-32ed76381461 | null | 5 | true | true |
Study Material
# Physics experiments easy to do (Primary to University)
We explain the Physics experiments easy to do from Primary to University level. The physics experiments are important for the development of scientific curiosity at all ages. There are numerous experiments that, due to their importance, have made history and changed the course of science, such as those of Galileo Galilei.
Here are some simple experiments that demonstrate how physics continually works on the simplest things in everyday life. You don’t have to use expensive instruments to have fun figuring out how nature works.
All these experiments are easy to perform and with harmless materials that are not expensive, however in the case of younger children, they should always be carried out under the supervision of adults.
## Physics experiments for kids
To make children familiarize themselves with science, nothing better than colored balloons. The following experiments refer to static electricity.
### Electrified balloons
#### Materials easy physics experiments
• Rubber balloons.
• Wool jacket or sweater.
• A room with smooth walls.
#### Process
• Inflate the balloons and knot the end.
• Rub each balloon a little with the fabric of the jacket or sweater. It also works if rubbed into your hair.
• Now you have to bring the rubbed balloon to a smooth wall, without pressing it, and gently release it.
#### What’s going on?
What happens is that the balloons stick to the wall as if they had glue. They can stick there for quite some time, but for the experiment to work well, the wall has to be fairly smooth and there should be little humidity in the environment.
#### Explanation easy physics experiments
All matter is composed of atoms and inside these there are both positive (protons) and negative (electrons) electric charges. Normally matter is neutral, that is, positive and negative charges are present in equal amounts.
However, the hair or wool easily give up their electrons, which are accepted by the material of the balloon and cause it to be electrified with a negative charge.
For its part, the wall also has electrons. When the electrons of the balloon approach those of the wall, they are repelled and move away from the surface, which is positively charged.
Between electrically charged objects, forces develop that are attractive if the charges are of different sign, and repulsive if the charges have the same sign. That is why the balloon remains attached to the surface of the wall. easy physics experiments
Over time, the excess electrons escape to the earth and the objects regain their neutrality, then gravity has no one to counteract it and the balloon falls.
### Separate the salt from the pepper
#### Materials
• Rubber balloon.
• Wool jacket or sweater.
• A plate with well mixed salt and black pepper.
• Another plate with pieces of paper (paper or confetti).
#### Process easy physics experiments
• Inflate the balloon and tie a knot at the end.
• The balloon is rubbed gently with the hair or with the wool garment.
• Now pass the rubbed surface of the balloon over the plate with salt and pepper.
• Pass another previously rubbed balloon over the confetti plate.
#### What’s going on?
It is observed that the peppercorns and confetti adhere to the surface of the balloon and the salt remains on the plate.
#### Explanation easy physics experiments
As explained in the previous experiment, the atoms that make up matter contain electrons and protons in equal amounts, making matter neutral under normal circumstances.
Electrons have a negative electric charge and protons have a positive electric charge, and what is observed in nature is that charges of the same sign repel and those of a different sign attract. easy physics experiments
However, there are materials capable of easily giving up some of their electrons, while others accept them with equal ease.
Hair and wool belong to the category of materials that donate electrons, while the plastic in balloons accepts them. By rubbing both materials, the electrons detach from the hair or wool and end up in the balloon, which is thus electrified.
When the balloon with its excess electrons approaches the plate with salt and pepper, the electrons of this try to get as far away as possible from the balloon and the surface of the grain closest to it is left with an electron deficit, so it is attracted.
This separation of charges gives rise to a polarization of the material, in this case the pepper, although it is still neutral.
Something similar happens with the paper of the confetti, but with the salt it is different, it does not adhere. What happens is that the salt is heavier and although the charges do separate, as happens with pepper and confetti, the electrostatic attraction is not enough to overcome the weight .
### Checking heat conduction
#### Materials easy physics experiments
• A sheet of white paper.
• A sheet of black paper.
• Running water.
• Two identical glasses.
• Scotch tape.
• A general purpose thermometer.
• Sunlight.
#### Process easy physics experiments
• Completely wrap the glasses, one of them with the white sheet and the other with the black sheet, taking care to leave excess paper to cover the top.
• Fill both glasses with the same amount of water and measure the temperature of the water, noting its value.
• Now cover the glasses with the excess paper around the edges and secure with adhesive tape.
• Now place both glasses under the Sun, on a cement floor and wait 30 minutes.
• Once the time has elapsed, uncover the glasses and measure the temperature again.
#### What’s going on?
The water in the glass covered with black paper is hotter than the other glass. easy physics experiments
#### Explanation
The glass covered with the black paper absorbed more heat from the Sun and also allowed it to conserve it more, unlike the white paper, which reflected part of the solar radiation to the surroundings.
Although this does not necessarily mean that it is better to wear white during the summer or in very hot places, because it also depends on whether or not the breeze blows. It must be taken into account that the human body produces heat and when wearing white, part of that heat is reflected against the fabric and cannot escape. easy physics experiments
On the other hand, dark fabrics absorb it, that is why many desert inhabitants wear dark and loose clothes, very important for the air to circulate and the convection currents to make it feel cooler.
#### Materials easy physics experiments
• A long iron nail.
• A 9 volt square battery.
• One meter of varnished copper wire.
• A plate or box with pins.
• Metal clips or hooks to hold paper.
#### Process
• Carefully wrap a part of the wire around the nail, making about 10 turns and at each free end of the wire place a paper clip.
• Connect each clip to the battery poles.
• Now approach the tip of the nail to the plate with pins, observe and then remove.
• Make another 10 turns of wire around the nail and repeat the previous step, noting if there is any change in the behavior of the pins.
#### What’s going on?
The nail became a magnet capable of attracting pins, and the magnetic effect is enhanced by the number of turns of wire wound on the nail, so more pins are attracted when there are 20 turns than when there are 10 turns.
#### Explanation
Associated with moving charges is the magnetic effect, whereby the wires that carry current produce a magnetic field. Certain materials such as iron and steel have a good magnetic response, which means that they are attracted to magnets.
The battery does the work necessary to start the charge carriers in the copper of the wire, that is, it creates an electrical current. And this in turn produces the magnetic effect that attracts metallic objects. This effect is proportional to the number of turns of the wire winding, the more turns, the stronger the magnetic field and the more pins are attracted.
### Sound propagation in a solid medium
#### Materials
• A piece of soft string about 1 meter long.
• A heavy metal spoon.
#### Process easy physics experiments
• Tie the spoon with the string and hold the ends of the string between the thumb and forefinger of each hand.
• Bring the ends of the string to the ears, taking care to press the string well to the ear with the help of the thumb, the spoon should be hanging.
• Now you hit the edge of a table with the spoon and listen carefully.
#### What’s going on? easy physics experiments
A sound similar to that of a church bell is heard, but low in tone.
#### Explanation easy physics experiments
Sound waves propagate better and faster in solids than in air, this is because solids are denser and the disturbance has more particles to oscillate. So the sound travels through the string and is heard louder than the waves that propagate in air.
The listener’s skull also acts as a sounding board so that the sound is heard more intensely. This is what happens when you speak by putting your hands on your ears, the sound of your own voice is heard louder and also deeper.
The experiment can be repeated by trying other materials and observing the differences.
## Physics experiments for secondary school (10-15 years)
At these ages, children have already seen numerous physical phenomena in their science classes. Here are two easy experiments to familiarize yourself with forces and static equilibrium, another to learn about the different types of waves, and finally one to learn about corrective lenses.
### Steel can float on water easy physics experiments
#### Materials easy physics experiments
• A wide glass container.
• Running water.
• Steel needle of the kind used for sewing.
• Filter paper.
• Wooden chopsticks.
#### Process
• Fill the container with water up to about ¾ parts.
• Aside put the needle on the filter paper and put it on the surface of the water.
• Go carefully sinking the paper with the help of the wooden sticks.
#### What’s going on?
If the procedure is followed carefully, avoiding that the tip sinks into the surface of the water, it is observed that the steel needle remains floating on the water. This is not what is expected, as a dense metallic object immediately sinks.
#### Explanation
An object whose density exceeds that of water sinks in it and steel is almost 8 times as dense. Although the liquid exerts an upward force called thrust, it cannot fully counteract the weight, so there must be another force to help.
This force is called surface tension , and it comes from the attraction that exists between all the water molecules. A water molecule below the surface receives attractive forces from all its neighbors: above, below, and to the sides. The net effect of all of them is nil.
However, a water molecule that is on the free surface receives forces from the molecules that are below and to the sides, but none above. In this way, a downward resultant force is created, which creates a kind of very thin film, capable of holding the pin or steel needle.
Care must be taken that the tip of the needle does not puncture this film, otherwise the needle will sink to the bottom.
### Different types of waves
#### Materials
• A flat table of sufficient length.
• Table screw.
• A flexible coil spring of about 5 cm in diameter, called a slinky .
#### Process
• Fix one of the ends of the spring to the end of the table, ask a colleague to hold it or simply hold it by hand, in any case the spring must be horizontal.
• Now the other end of the spring is taken, it is stretched and a few turns are compressed, to give a brief impulse in a direction parallel to the axis of the spring.
• Observe what happens.
• You can also try giving it a brief shake by hand, perpendicular to the axis of the spring.
• Observe again what happens.
#### What’s going on?
When a parallel impulse is given to the spring, it is observed that a group of turns tightens and expands alternately, traveling along the spring to the fixed end. If the impulse was sufficient the disturbance returns back and finally disappears.
If the spring is given a transverse impulse, a ripple is produced that travels to the other end and that also disappears.
#### Explanation
In this simple experiment, two kinds of waves are observed, depending on the oscillation of the material. There are the longitudinal waves , which consist of alternate compressions and expansions of the coils of the spring. In them the disturbance and oscillation are found along the axis of the spring.
And there is the disturbance in the form of a ripple, when the spring is urged perpendicular to its axis. In this case the oscillation is from top to bottom, perpendicular to the oscillation, therefore these waves are called transverse waves .
It is important to note that the coils oscillate as the disturbance propagates through the spring and that is the same as happens with mechanical waves: there is no net transport of matter, but it is the disturbance that travels, carrying energy through the material.
In nature, longitudinal waves such as sound are produced, which consist of alternative compressions and expansions of air molecules, and there are transverse waves such as light and waves that are produced in the strings of musical instruments.
### Corrective lenses
#### Materials
• Various corrective glasses.
• Powerful flashlight, it can be the mobile or led light.
• A screen on the smooth wall.
#### Process
• Turn on the flashlight and point it directly at the screen, inserting the glasses to be analyzed.
#### What’s going on?
You see the shadow of the glasses of the glasses on the screen. But depending on whether they are corrective lenses for myopia, hyperopia or presbyopia, this shade will be different.
When they are myopia corrective lenses, the dark shadow of the lens is observed and a faint halo outside the frame. On the other hand, glasses for hyperopia and presbyopia show a luminous point in the center.
#### Explanation
The lenses used to correct these refractive problems in the eye are different. Divergent lenses are used for myopia, which, as their name indicates, extend the rays of light that come from the flashlight.
On the other hand, the lenses to correct hyperopia are convergent lenses, which means that they gather the rays of light at a point and therefore the center of the lens appears illuminated.
### The center of gravity of a flat sheet
#### Materials
• Cardboard, plastic or wood sheet of various shapes.
• A couple of nails.
• Universal support.
• A good size nut.
• Graphite pencil.
#### Process
• With the nut and the thread a plumb line is made that is used to correctly determine the vertical.
• One of the sheets is pierced with the help of a nail, if it is a triangular sheet, for example, the perforation is made near one of the vertices.
• Now the sheet is suspended through the hole made in the previous step, using a nail in the wall or a universal support, if you do not want to pierce the wall.
• The plumb bob is suspended from the same point to indicate the vertical, usually the plumb bob oscillates a little. When the whole system stabilizes, mark the vertical direction with the pencil on the cardboard.
• Then the sheet is taken and the indicated vertical is drawn with a pencil and ruler.
• The sheet is pierced again at another point near another vertex and the procedure of suspending it is repeated along with the plumb line, drawing a new vertical. The point of intersection of both lines is the center of gravity of the sheet.
• Try differently shaped sheets, even irregular ones.
#### What’s going on?
Each time the sheet is suspended and released, it oscillates briefly until it reaches the stable equilibrium position, where it remains if not disturbed.
#### Explanation
Bodies tend to remain in stable equilibrium because it is the state with the lowest potential energy.
For a body suspended from a point, stable equilibrium is achieved when this point is above the center of gravity, the point where weight can be considered applied.
In a regular geometric figure, the center of gravity coincides with its geometric center, as long as the density of the material is homogeneous, but if the figure is irregular, one way to find its center of gravity is through the experiment described.
### Balancing a flat sheet
#### Materials
• Sheets of cardboard, plastic or wood, to which the center of gravity has previously been determined (see the previous experiment).
• A pin or a long thin nail.
#### Process
• Place the sheet on the tip of the pin or nail, resting it on different points.
#### What’s going on?
It is observed that the sheet is kept in equilibrium only when it is supported on the center of gravity. When you try to support the sheet on any other point, it turns over immediately.
#### Explanation
If the line of action of the weight passes through the nail or pin that holds the sheet, it remains in balance, but if not, the distance causes the weight to cause an unbalanced torque, which tends to overturn the sheet.
### A battery made of lemon
#### Materials
• Lemons with plenty of juice.
• Copper wire or toothed clamp cables (alligator type).
• An iron or copper nail, or alternatively a copper coin.
• A galvanized zinc screw.
• A digital multimeter.
• An exact.
• A small led bulb (low voltage).
#### Process
• With the exact one, carefully make two small cuts at each end of the lemon
• Insert the screw on one side into the lemon and the copper coin (or the iron nail) on the other, these will be the battery electrodes.
• Connect the voltmeter, to do this place the central indicator of the instrument in the position to measure direct voltage and one end on the coin and the other on the screw.
#### What’s going on?
The voltmeter indicates small voltage, usually less than 1 volt. If the display of the device shows a negative sign it means that the polarity is reversed, simply connect the cables backwards.
The current generated is also small, around 0.1 mA, however it is necessary to make sure not to touch the two electrodes at the same time, so that the circuit is not closed.
The values ​​change depending on how acidic the lemons are and also on the metals that are used as electrodes. If instead of using zinc magnesium is used, the voltage obtained increases.
Placing several lemons in series can obtain a battery of 3 volts or more, to be checked with the voltmeter. Wire or alligator-type cables are used to make the connection.
The led bulb needs more voltage than a single lemon battery to turn on, so you have to put several batteries in series (between 3 and 5 lemons are usually enough), connecting the ends with copper wire or tweezers. The light serves as a witness to the passage of the generated current.
#### Explanation
Inside the fruit and thanks to the contact of the ascorbic acid in the juice with the metals, which act as electrodes, chemical reactions take place. These reactions generate electrons that go from the zinc to the copper, passing through the interior of the lemon and this movement of charges constitutes an electric current when the electrodes are joined by the cables.
## Physics experiments for high school (15-18 years old)
At this level, students already know the equations that govern many physical phenomena. The periscope experiment helps them become familiar with optics and requires some manual dexterity.
With the second experiment they can visualize a field, in this case a magnetic one. The field concept helps to visualize and describe the fundamental interactions of Physics.
### Homemade periscope easy physics experiments
The periscope is a simple optical instrument used to see above the heads of the crowd or above the surface of the water. It can also be used to look under the bed and in general to visualize things that are not at eye level.
#### Materials
• 2 flat mirrors like the ones that come in makeup cases, they don’t have to be identical.
• A suitable cardboard sheet to make a tube with it.
• Another cardboard sheet to make the mirror supports, you can reuse that of a box.
• Scotch tape
• Pair of scissors
• Glue
• Rule.
• Graphite pencil, eraser.
• Wrapping paper or white paper.
• Colored markers and stickers.
#### Process easy physics experiments
• To build the periscope you need to put two flat mirrors inside a tube, following these steps:
##### Steps to make the mirror support
• Make two equal cardboard supports for the mirrors, which are shaped like a wedge inclined 45º with respect to the length of the tube. The size of the supports depends on the diameter of the selected mirrors, since these are glued on the wedge, according to this scheme:
•  Cut out two cardboard rectangles and in each one, mark with the pencil three divisions to make the folds, two of them must have the same length, and the length of the third is calculated with the Pythagorean theorem. For example, if the shorter sides are 6 cm, the long side should measure:
d 2 = (6 2 + 6 2 ) = 72
d = √72 = 8.5 cm.
• Fold the sides that measure the same at right angles, then fold the long side and secure with tape.
• Glue and secure a mirror on the long side of the wedge.
##### Steps to make the periscope tube easy physics experiments
• Take the rectangular cardboard sheet and divide it into four equal rectangles, with the help of the pencil and the ruler. The length will be that of the tube, but it must be taken into account that the longer it is, the smaller the image will be.
• Also cut out two windows for the mirrors.
• Fold the cardboard following the marks to make the tube.
• Glue and secure the edges.
• Line the tube with wrapping paper or white paper and decorate it to taste with markers and stickers.
#### What’s going on?
When you look through one of the windows you can see the objects that are above the person’s head, for example you can look at the top of a closet.
#### Explanation easy physics experiments
The light that enters through one of the openings of the periscope is reflected in the first of the inclined mirrors, according to the law of light reflection, according to which the angle of the incident ray is equal to the angle of the reflected ray.
As the mirror is tilted 45 °, this causes the horizontally entering rays to now be directed vertically through the tube towards the second mirror. And from this they are reflected again at 90º towards the eyes of the observer, according to the scheme shown in the figure.
### Observing the magnetic field of magnets
#### Materials
• Plastic lined magnets.
• A sheet of white paper.
• Iron filings (can be obtained from metalworking workshops and toy stores, can also be obtained by cutting steel wool sponges, the kind used to scrub pots and pans)
• An empty salt shaker.
• Latex gloves to handle filings.
#### Process easy physics experiments
• Fill the salt shaker with iron filings. It is important that gloves are used to handle the filings , because sometimes they can dig into the skin or make small annoying cuts on the hands.
• Sprinkle the filings on the white sheet of paper.
• Place the magnet under the blade and move it gently.
• Once the phenomenon has been observed, the magnet must be removed and the filings stored in the salt shaker. The magnet is lined with plastic to prevent filings from sticking tightly to it, otherwise it may be cumbersome to remove them later.
#### What’s going on?
Iron filings are oriented along the magnetic field lines produced by the magnet. If the magnet moves underneath the paper, the filings above do so as well, describing curious patterns of lines that follow the magnet.
#### Explanation easy physics experimentseasy physics experiments
Magnets have the property of attracting nickel coins, nails, screws, nuts and iron objects in general. Magnetism is innate to some substances such as magnetite, an iron oxide, and depends on the configuration of their electrons.
Now, any magnet has north and south magnetic poles, which are inseparable. The lines of force of the magnetic field are sharp curves that leave the north pole and go to the south pole, passing without problem through the interior. They are denser near the magnet, since the field is more intense there.
## Physics experiments for university (over 18 years)
Physics experiments for college students often require laboratory supplies and almost always involve taking measurements and building tables of data.
The experiments are a bit more elaborate and during the first semesters it is sought that the student corroborates the theoretical models, practices the handling of errors and prepares technical reports. Also that he knows the handling of some instruments such as the caliper or caliper and the multimeter to measure electrical magnitudes.
Of course there are also numerous demonstrative experiments to illustrate how physical laws are fulfilled in mechanics and in electricity and magnetism.
### Measurement of electrical resistance
#### Materials
• Assorted fixed electrical resistances.
• A digital or analog multimeter.
• Resistors color code, found in specialized books or on the Internet.
#### Process easy physics experiments
• Use the color code to find the factory value for each resistor.
• Measure the resistance with the multimeter.
• Compare the values ​​obtained.
#### What’s going on?
The nominal value of the resistors (the factory one) is indicated by a series of colored bands on the body of the resistors. Each band represents a figure and a power of 10, according to the order.
This value may differ slightly from what is measured with the multimeter. However, the manufacturer indicates with a metallic colored band, the resistance tolerance margin, which means that its true value is within said margin.
On the other hand, the instrument also has a small margin of error, called an appreciation error, which is usually quite small. All measurements made with an instrument must be accompanied by an error in its appreciation.
#### Explanation easy physics experiments
Whenever an object is manufactured, no matter how strict quality controls are carried out, its measurements may differ by a small percentage from the measurements established in the design. This applies not only to resistors, but also to countless pieces.
For this reason, manufacturers always indicate a tolerance margin, within which the value in question is located. Hence, sometimes the measured values ​​differ slightly from the nominal values.
### Determination of the elastic constant of a spring
#### Materials
• Spring or helical spring with a maximum load of 1kg.
• Set of weights.
• Weight holder.
• Chronometer.
• Universal support.
• An object of unknown mass.
• Graph paper.
• Transparent plastic ruler longer than the spring.
• Graphite pencil.
• Computer with graphing software, it can be Excel, Geogebra or another.
#### Process easy physics experiments
• The universal support is available to attach a rod to it, from which the spring is hung vertically by one of its ends.
• The ruler is placed parallel to the spring, completely vertical and adhered to the support, to measure the length of the spring, both its natural length, as well as the length it has when the different masses are hung on it.
• The other end of the spring is used to hang the weights through the weight holder. You start with a small mass, for example 50 g, and measure the length of the spring when the system is in equilibrium. The measurement is recorded in a table.
• Add more weights to measure the stretch Δy of the spring when a mass m of 100g, 150g, 200g, 250g is hung … The unknown mass is also included, always taking care not to exceed the maximum load that the spring supports , since otherwise it is permanently deformed and the experiment loses validity.
• Once the table is completed, use the software to graph the elongation Δy of the spring as a function of the mass m and make the corresponding curve fit. Do not include the unknown mass, since its value is unknown, but the graph obtained, already adjusted, serves to determine its value.
#### What’s going on? easy physics experiments
As larger masses are hung, the spring gets longer and longer. Since the graph of the elongation Δy as a function of the mass m is a straight line, the dependence between both variables is linear.
#### Explanation
According to Hooke’s law , the force exerted by the spring on the hanging mass has magnitude F = kΔy, where Δy is the difference between the elongation of the spring and its natural length. This force counteracts the mg weight, therefore:
kΔy = mg
Δy = (g / k) .m
When Δy is graphed as a function of m, the curve is a line with slope g / k. easy physics experiments
Knowing the value of the slope, which is given by the adjustment made through the software, the elastic constant of the spring can be determined, which represents the force necessary to achieve a unit elongation of the same. The units of this constant are newton / m in the International System.
Once you have the value of k, you can immediately know the value of the unknown mass.
### Determination of the static friction coefficient
#### Materials
• Variable incline ramp: usually two planes connected with a hinge.
• Strong cotton yarn.
• A good size nut.
• Piece of wood.
• A press.
• A clear plastic protractor.
• One block of Teflon, one of rubber.
• Teflon sheet and rubber sheet.
• Chronometer.
#### Process easy physics experiments
• Make a plumb bob with the thread and the nut, which will serve to correctly mark the vertical.
• Secure the base of the ramp or inclined plane to the work table using the press.
• Place the wooden block between the base of the ramp and the ramp itself, pushing it inwards, it is possible to tilt the ramp more and more.
• Hang the plumb line from the center of the conveyor and secure this device at the top of the ramp. It will be used to measure the angle of inclination of the same, with respect to the vertical indicated by the plumb line.
• Cover the ramp with the Teflon sheet and ensure that it is well adhered.
• Position the Teflon block on top of the Teflon sheet, so that it is at rest.
• Now gently push the wooden block, taking care that the ramp does not move abruptly. Do this until the Teflon block begins to slide. easy physics experiments
• Measure the angle at which the block begins to slide, this is the critical angle for Teflon-Teflon surfaces. Repeat these actions at least 10 times, each time noting the critical angle.
• Repeat the previous procedure, but now changing the Teflon block for the rubber one. Also determine the critical angle for the Teflon block on rubber 10 times.
• Now replace the Teflon sheet that covers the ramp with the rubber one, and repeat the previous steps again, first for the Teflon block, then for the rubber block.
• Determine the mean value of the critical angle for each case: Teflon-Teflon, rubber-Teflon, rubber-rubber, Teflon-rubber and find the error of the measurement, which depends on the appreciation of the protractor and the standard deviation of the measured data.
#### What’s going on? easy physics experiments
When the ramp is inclined enough, the static friction is no longer enough to keep the block in balance and the block begins to slide downhill. The angle at which this happens is called the critical angle and depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact.
#### Explanation easy physics experiments
The maximum static friction force that the block experiences on the ramp is proportional to the normal force, which the ramp exerts on the block. The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of static friction and is denoted as μ e .
If the free-body diagram is made while the block is in equilibrium, it is shown that the coefficient of static friction is equal to the tangent of the critical angle θ c , which is the angle of inclination for which the block begins to slide:
μ e = tg θ c
Therefore, when determining the angle and finding its tangent, the experimental value of the friction coefficient between certain surfaces is known.
### Capacitor charge easy physics experiments
#### Materials easy physics experiments
• A matrix of connections to mount circuits ( breadboard ).
• 330 μF discharged capacitor.
• A switch.
• A digital voltmeter.
• Direct voltage source or a 3 V battery.
• Graph paper.
• Transparent ruler and pencil.
#### Process easy physics experiments
• The capacitor should be discharged initially, which can be checked with the voltmeter. If any charge remains, its ends are short-circuited by means of a cable and the voltage is checked again to ensure that it is discharged.
• Once the capacitor is discharged, it is placed on the breadboard connecting it in series with the resistor, the switch.
• The source is placed at 3 V and this voltage is verified, connecting the voltmeter in parallel with its terminals.
• The source is connected to the circuit, keeping the switch closed.
• The voltmeter is then connected in parallel with the capacitor to read its voltage from time to time.
• The experiment starts at t = 0 seconds when the switch is opened, then the voltage is measured every 10 to 15 seconds, for about 4 minutes, and is recorded in a table along with its respective time. easy physics experiments
• The approximate time it takes for the capacitor to charge, in seconds, is 5R.C where R is the value of the resistance (in ohms) and C is the capacitor’s capacity (in farads)
• Once the capacitor is charged, the source is turned off. The data obtained are plotted on graph paper.
#### What’s going on? easy physics experiments
The initially discharged capacitor charges rapidly at the beginning, but more slowly at the end.
The voltage versus time curve is in the form of an exponential limited by an asymptote, since the voltage is zero at the beginning, and it tends to the value of the battery once the capacitor is charged.
#### Explanation easy physics experiments
From the battery come the positive charges that are deposited on one of the faces of the capacitor, which also acquires a positive charge. At first, with the capacitor empty, the charges arrive quickly, but little by little they begin to slow down, since electrostatic repulsion must be considered.
The voltage as a function of time has the form:
Where V o is the voltage of the source used.
The resistance value can be modified, as well as the initial voltage, although the maximum voltage supported by the capacitor must be taken into account, which is indicated on its envelope. A higher value resistor causes the capacitor to charge more slowly.
Check Also
Close | a1e2eacc-5b2c-4809-825a-c7217145756a | https://readphysics.com/easy-physics-experiments/ | 0 | true | false |
Hydra 1303
All News Items
Terraform: One Code To Rule Them All
from the Hydra High Council Jun 19th 2018
Code can be easily shared and re-used. Infrastructure, not so much. But what if there was a way to do just that? Enter Terraform. It's an open-source tool you can download for provisioning and creating 'versions' of your infrastructure, much like you have versions of code.
There are a LOT of options in any modern network and therefore, lots to manage from end-to-end, each platform having its own portal. This is where having an open-source Swiss army knife of automated goodness comes in handy. Terraform is constantly being updated with new modules published from hundreds of individuals worldwide. Chances are that something you're attempting to automate within your environment has probably already been solved by someone else. You download that module from Terraform's global repository, registry.terraform.io. Simply fill in the blanks with your specific inputs and Terraform executes it.
Individuals aren't the only contributors. Infrastructure providers such as AWS, Google, Azure, and VMware also publish modules into the repository. These modules contain ready made code from the official recommendations of say Google or AWS on how to provision their network. Modules also reduce complexity, obviating the need to be aware of every little detail for every platform.
Terraform primarily uses three commands: terraform refresh, terraform plan, and terraform apply.
Terraform refresh talks to the outside world. It queries infrastructure providers and finds out what is running in that environment. Much like if you were following a stock quote in real time and hit refresh on your browser, it goes out and gets the current information.
Terraform plan is where it figures out the delta between the way things are now and the way we desire it to be. As an analogy, say your New Year's resolution is to lose weight. You have a picture of what you looked like in high school and you have a mirror. The picture represents your goal and the mirror shows what you look like now. The command terraform plan defines what needs to be done to reconcile the two. The instructions to implement the plan are stored in an easy to read Terraform config file.
Some of the steps need to be done sequentially. Others can be done in parallel to save time. Terraform creates a graph of operations and figures out the optimal way to execute these actions when you use the terraform apply command.
In a nutshell, refresh just starting out discovers that nothing has yet been provisioned. Plan lists all the things that are going to be created and apply goes out and builds it.
But as you know, your infrastructure is never static. It is continually evolving. Let's say you add a component to the plan. It will go through the same three steps that you used to create your infrastructure in the first place: refresh, plan, apply. When you run them, they create a new version of your infrastructure.
Refresh reveals the current view of the infrastructure. Plan sees all the existing components, plus the one you want to add. When you run apply, it can see that no changes need to be made to the existing components. It only adds the difference, the delta. This is much like copying two similar directories of files and getting the option to not take action on the files that are identical.
Not only would you then have version 2.0 of your infrastructure, you also have a configuration that is essentially the recipe for everything you provisioned. This means that if you wanted to recreate your infrastructure for QA or for testing a new application, you could create a standalone replica of the infrastructure with minimal effort. And once you are finished with your development sandbox, another command, terraform destroy, can unwind the whole test environment in the proper order. | 65d51f91-bf7c-4e52-8d57-6e34dada7cf6 | null | 0 | true | false |
ARIN allocating /20 netblocks?
Owen DeLong owen at DeLong.SJ.CA.US
Sun May 17 02:51:51 UTC 1998
> > Ok, so I only lose 16 T1 customers instead of 1024.
> If you lose 16 T1 customers during a renumbering of a /20, either you
> don't know how to renumber, or they were already unhappy for some
> other reason.
> If you tell your customers "You need to renumber because evil forces
> are colluding against us," they won't be very amenable... try
> explaining that they'll get better connectivity.
> The social and technical problems of renumbering a /20 are nonzero but
> not large.
> I've done it.
> Shields, CrossLink.
Not always. I know of at least one case where a customer cannot (will not)
renumber out of a /24 because they (without commenting on the intellectual
prowess of this particular act) shipped a million CD's with the .128 IP
address in that class C hard coded into their game. Sure, it's only one IP,
one machine to renumber, but...
More information about the NANOG mailing list | da2e8e78-dccf-4cc7-9eb5-cda54ee8f319 | full_CC | 1 | true | false |
Tires have a lot markings on their sidewalls. Most of us know the basics, but in the next 11 minutes, we'll all become absolute know-it-alls about how to read just about every letter and number on a tire's sidewall.
Guiding us on this journey of tire decoding is explainer-in-chief, Jason Fenske of Engineering Explained. He gets into some stuff that one editor who formerly sold tires didn't even know.
First up, however, are the basics. The subject used in the video is a Michelin Pilot Sport 4 S tire that reads 235/35 ZR20. Those numbers denote millimeters, percentage, and inches, in that order. Jason points out that sometimes there's a P or LT in front of this combination of numbers and letters. This stands for either Passenger Car or Light Truck tire. The latter means the tire is engineered to withstand extra payloads or towing and hauling.
The 235 is the width of the tire from sidewall to sidewall in millimeters. The 35 represents the aspect ratio of the tire or the sidewall's height as a percentage of the tread width. This means the tire's sidewall is 35 percent of the tread's width, which calculates to 82.25 mm for the tire shown. Finally, the 20 represents the wheel diameter in inches, which means this particular tire is made for a 20-inch wheel.
What about the ZR? Looking at the R first, it represents the construction. We know tires are made out of rubber and cord layers called plies. In this case, the R stands for radial construction, which means the plies are perpendicular to the center line. There may also be a D that denotes diagonal construction. The Z will come in play in a moment.
After the initial tire measurement reading, we see 92Y. The 92 represents the maximum load the car can carry. The range of load ratings is vast and each number corresponds to a chart that shows how many pounds a single tire can carry. In this case, the 92 means it can support 1,389 pounds. The Y is the speed rating, or the maximum speed the tire was designed to withstand and maintain.
Back to the Z. The letter used to designate the highest possible speed rating, and it meant the tire could withstand more than 149 mph. A Z rating still means a tire can handle more than 149 mph, but it is now broken up into W and Y sub-ratings. W stands for 168 mph and Y equals 186 mph.
Going around the rest of the tire, Jason looks at the maximum tire pressure rating; tire composition; treadwear, traction, and temperature ratings; and a few other obscure markings that will make you the trivia champ at that next Cars and Coffee. Nerd out over all the tire-marking details in the video above. | 248ad04d-8625-4de2-b2f0-6c2db8334878 | https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1122357_what-do-the-numbers-on-a-tire-mean | 0 | true | false |
## Two passengers are on a moving sidewalk at the airport. Passenger A is standing still while passenger B is walking with a speed of 2.0 km/h.
Question
Two passengers are on a moving sidewalk at the airport. Passenger A is standing still while passenger B is walking with a speed of 2.0 km/h. The sidewalk is moving west at a speed of 1.5 km/h. From the perspective of passenger B, what is the speed of passenger A?
in progress 0
6 months 2021-08-25T08:12:48+00:00 1 Answers 0 views 0
## Answers ( )
1. Answer: V = -2[m/s]
Explanation:
VA= velocity of passenger A, = 1.5 [km/h], it is the same velocity of the side walk
VB= 2+1.5=3.5 [km/h], that is the velocity observed by a person outside of the sidewalk
from the perspective of passenger B the speed of passenger A is VA-VB=-2[m/s]
it means that passenger B is seen how passenger A is getting closer and eventually passing him | 66969713-f5c1-4f0a-807c-de5bccbac3df | https://documen.tv/question/two-passengers-are-on-a-moving-sidewalk-at-the-airport-passenger-a-is-standing-still-while-passe-15123860-5/ | 0 | true | false |
# Dynamic ranges do not work as they should
#### computaplanet
##### New Member
Hi all,
I would dearly love someone to help me with this, I am beginning to think that it is impossible to achieve and am on the verge of giving up, I have even done some creative thinking but I still come up short.... anyway...
Basically I have 2 tables, table one:
A21 - A32 start date
B21 - B32 End date
C21 - C32 (Blank for other reasons)
D21 - D32 Amount
Table 2
B27 - B39 Start Date
C27 - C39 End Date
D27 - D39 Number of days between start and end dates - (C-B = no.days)
E27 - E39 Amount in payment
F27 - E39 Daily amount - amount in payment / Number of days
Basically I have a formula in the Cells D21 to D32 which works exactly as it should with the exception that if my date range in table 2 expands across 2 date ranges in table one then the "remainder amount" doesnt get posted to the next correct cell ... so it just gets lost in cyber space example:
if the date range is 61 days which therefore spans 2 date ranges in table one. The formula splits the amount in table 2 and puts the first correct amount (31 days * £10 = £310 (worked out using the second table) within the correct cell in table 1, however the amount paid was £610 and so the remaining £300 should also be posted within the correct cell in table 1 that the date range from table 2 corresponds (usually the next one down).
I have kind of figured out how to get this to happen (in a roundabout fashion) however it still doesnt work:
I think if I add a helper table to get the formula to work out one column (as it does now) then work out the remaining amount place that in a second column and then user another Dynamic range to place them in the correct cells within the original table 1 (Column D21 - D32) of course you may see something which is much simpler which can achieve the same result - however this is the only way i can see that will actually allow me to
1. Figure out the remainder and place in the correct cell
2. Actually be able to add 2 or more amounts into the cells in table 1 (a seperate issue - the formula will at some point need to add 2 or maybe 3 amounts together in the same cell because the dates correspond
My problem is I cant figure out these dynamic ranges in the slightest, I can get simple forumlas but ones as long as the one I am using in D21-D32 I am totally lost with...
The formula I have which splits the amounts but loses the second amount is:
Code:
``=SUMPRODUCT((\$A21<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A21<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B21-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B21<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D22)``
I hope I have made sense, it would be much easier to show you if I could place an attachment of the spreadsheet but this forum will not allow it for some reason? Please feel free to ask me any questions and thanks in advance for any help you can give to me...
### Excel Facts
Bring active cell back into view
Start at A1 and select to A9999 while writing a formula, you can't see A1 anymore. Press Ctrl+Backspace to bring active cell into view.
The description has the two tables overlapping and the formula references other cells.
Could you post both of your tables? That would go a long way in helping to better understand your problem and it allows us to copy the data and paste it in excel for use.
MrExcel HTML Maker or Excel Jeanie
Apologies for confusion of the cell numbers I dont know what I was typing when i put those cell references in...
Table 1
HTML:
``[RANGE=cls:xl2bb-100][XR][XH=cs:6]Excel Workbook[/XH][/XR][XR][XH][/XH][XH]A[/XH][XH]B[/XH][XH]C[/XH][XH]D[/XH][XH]E[/XH][/XR][XR][XH]20[/XH][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:ffff99]PCM START DATE (DUE)[/XD][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:ffff99]PCM END DATE FOR CALANDAR MONTH[/XD][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:c5d9f1]Rent PCM Due[/XD][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:f2dddc]HB Payment[/XD][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:99cc00]Top up[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]21[/XH][XD=h:c]01/01/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]31/01/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] 310.00[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]22[/XH][XD=h:c]01/02/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]28/02/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] 280.00[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]23[/XH][XD=h:c]01/03/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]31/03/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] 310.00[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]24[/XH][XD=h:c]01/04/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]30/04/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]25[/XH][XD=h:c]01/05/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]31/05/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] 300.00[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]26[/XH][XD=h:c]01/06/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]30/06/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]27[/XH][XD=h:c]01/07/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]31/07/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]28[/XH][XD=h:c]01/08/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]31/08/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]29[/XH][XD=h:c]01/09/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]30/09/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]30[/XH][XD=h:c]01/10/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]31/10/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]31[/XH][XD=h:c]01/11/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]30/11/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]32[/XH][XD=h:c]01/12/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]31/12/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]0[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:r] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]33[/XH][XD=h:c|fw:b]Totals[/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:r|fw:b] -[/XD][XD=h:r|fw:b] 1,200.00[/XD][XD=h:r|fw:b] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]34[/XH][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:r|fw:b] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH=cs:6][RANGE][XR][XD]Sheet1[/XD][XH][/XH][/XR][/RANGE][/XH][/XR][/RANGE][B]Excel 2007[/B][RANGE=cls:xl2bb-extra-100][XR][XH=cs:2]Cell Formulas[/XH][/XR][XR][XD]Cell[/XD][XD]Formula[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A21[/XD][XD]=D15[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A22[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A21),MONTH(A21)+1,DAY(A21))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A23[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A22),MONTH(A22)+1,DAY(A22))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A24[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A23),MONTH(A23)+1,DAY(A23))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A25[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A24),MONTH(A24)+1,DAY(A24))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A26[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A25),MONTH(A25)+1,DAY(A25))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A27[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A26),MONTH(A26)+1,DAY(A26))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A28[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A27),MONTH(A27)+1,DAY(A27))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A29[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A28),MONTH(A28)+1,DAY(A28))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A30[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A29),MONTH(A29)+1,DAY(A29))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A31[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A30),MONTH(A30)+1,DAY(A30))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]A32[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A31),MONTH(A31)+1,DAY(A31))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B21[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A21),MONTH(A21)+1,DAY(A21)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B22[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A22),MONTH(A22)+1,DAY(A22)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B23[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A23),MONTH(A23)+1,DAY(A23)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B24[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A24),MONTH(A24)+1,DAY(A24)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B25[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A25),MONTH(A25)+1,DAY(A25)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B26[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A26),MONTH(A26)+1,DAY(A26)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B27[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A27),MONTH(A27)+1,DAY(A27)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B28[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A28),MONTH(A28)+1,DAY(A28)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B29[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A29),MONTH(A29)+1,DAY(A29)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B30[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A30),MONTH(A30)+1,DAY(A30)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B31[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A31),MONTH(A31)+1,DAY(A31)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]B32[/XD][XD]=DATE(YEAR(A32),MONTH(A32)+1,DAY(A32)-1)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C21[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A21, \$D\$14 >= A21), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C22[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A22, \$D\$14<= A22), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C23[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A23, \$D\$14<= A23), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C24[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A24, \$D\$14<= A24), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C25[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A25, \$D\$14<= A25), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C26[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A26, \$D\$14<= A26), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C27[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A27, \$D\$14<= A27), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C28[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A28, \$D\$14<= A28), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C29[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A29, \$D\$14<= A29), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C30[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A30, \$D\$14<= A30), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C31[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A31, \$D\$14<= A31), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C32[/XD][XD]=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A32, \$D\$14<= A32), \$B\$17,"0")[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]C33[/XD][XD]=SUM(C21:C32)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D21[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A21<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A21<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B21-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B21<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D22)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D22[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A22<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B22>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B22>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A22<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B22>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B22<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B22-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B22<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D23)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D23[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A23<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B23>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B23>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A23<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B23>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B23<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B23-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B23<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D24)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D24[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A24<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B24>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B24>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A24<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B24>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B24<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B24-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B24<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D25)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D25[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A25<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B25>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B25>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A25<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B25>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B25<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B25-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B25<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D26)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D26[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A26<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B26>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B26>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A26<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B26>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B26<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B26-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B26<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D27)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D27[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A27<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B27>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B27>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A27<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B27>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B27<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B27-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B27<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D28)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D28[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A28<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B28>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B28>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A28<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B28>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B28<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B28-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B28<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D29)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D29[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A29<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B29>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B29>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A29<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B29>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B29<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B29-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B29<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D30)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D30[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A30<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B30>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B30>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A30<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B30>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B30<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B30-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B30<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D31)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D31[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A31<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B31>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B31>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A31<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B31>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B31<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B31-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B31<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D32)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D32[/XD][XD]=SUMPRODUCT((\$A32<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B32>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B32>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A32<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B32>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B32<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B32-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D33[/XD][XD]=SUM(D21:D32)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E21[/XD][XD]=C21-BV21[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E22[/XD][XD]=C22-BV22[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E23[/XD][XD]=C23-BV23[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E24[/XD][XD]=C24-BV24[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E25[/XD][XD]=C25-BV25[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E26[/XD][XD]=C26-BV26[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E27[/XD][XD]=C27-BV27[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E28[/XD][XD]=C28-BV28[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E29[/XD][XD]=C29-BV29[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E30[/XD][XD]=C30-BV30[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E31[/XD][XD]=C31-BV31[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E32[/XD][XD]=C32-BV32[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E33[/XD][XD]=SUM(E21:E32)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]E34[/XD][XD]=E33+BV33[/XD][/XR][/RANGE]``
Table 2
HTML:
``[RANGE=cls:xl2bb-100][XR][XH=cs:7]Excel Workbook[/XH][/XR][XR][XH][/XH][XH]A[/XH][XH]B[/XH][XH]C[/XH][XH]D[/XH][XH]E[/XH][XH]F[/XH][/XR][XR][XH]36[/XH][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:ccffcc]HB Payments Reference[/XD][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:ccffcc]Period Begin[/XD][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:ccffcc]Period End[/XD][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:ccffcc]Number Days in period[/XD][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:ccffcc]Total Amount of Payment[/XD][XD=h:c|fw:b|bc:ccffcc]Daily amount paid by HB[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]37[/XH][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]01/01/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]31/01/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]31[/XD][XD=h:c] 310.00[/XD][XD=h:c] 10.00[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]38[/XH][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]01/02/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]28/02/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]28[/XD][XD=h:c] 280.00[/XD][XD=h:c] 10.00[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]39[/XH][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]01/03/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]30/04/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]61[/XD][XD=h:c] 610.00[/XD][XD=h:c] 10.00[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]40[/XH][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]01/05/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]30/05/2011[/XD][XD=h:c]30[/XD][XD=h:c] 300.00[/XD][XD=h:c] 10.00[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]41[/XH][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]1[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]42[/XH][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]1[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]43[/XH][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]1[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]44[/XH][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]1[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]45[/XH][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]1[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]46[/XH][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]1[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]47[/XH][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]1[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]48[/XH][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]1[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH]49[/XH][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD][/XD][XD=h:c]1[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][XD=h:c] -[/XD][/XR][XR][XH=cs:7][RANGE][XR][XD]Sheet1[/XD][XH][/XH][/XR][/RANGE][/XH][/XR][/RANGE][B]Excel 2007[/B][RANGE=cls:xl2bb-extra-100][XR][XH=cs:2]Cell Formulas[/XH][/XR][XR][XD]Cell[/XD][XD]Formula[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D37[/XD][XD]=C37-B37+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D38[/XD][XD]=C38-B38+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D39[/XD][XD]=C39-B39+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D40[/XD][XD]=C40-B40+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D41[/XD][XD]=C41-B41+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D42[/XD][XD]=C42-B42+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D43[/XD][XD]=C43-B43+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D44[/XD][XD]=C44-B44+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D45[/XD][XD]=C45-B45+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D46[/XD][XD]=C46-B46+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D47[/XD][XD]=C47-B47+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D48[/XD][XD]=C48-B48+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]D49[/XD][XD]=C49-B49+1[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F37[/XD][XD]=IF(E37=0,0,E37/D37)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F38[/XD][XD]=IF(E38=0,0,E38/D38)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F39[/XD][XD]=IF(E39=0,0,E39/D39)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F40[/XD][XD]=IF(E40=0,0,E40/D40)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F41[/XD][XD]=IF(E41=0,0,E41/D41)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F42[/XD][XD]=IF(E42=0,0,E42/D42)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F43[/XD][XD]=IF(E43=0,0,E43/D43)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F44[/XD][XD]=IF(E44=0,0,E44/D44)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F45[/XD][XD]=IF(E45=0,0,E45/D45)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F46[/XD][XD]=IF(E46=0,0,E46/D46)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F47[/XD][XD]=IF(E47=0,0,E47/D47)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F48[/XD][XD]=IF(E48=0,0,E48/D48)[/XD][/XR][XR][XD]F49[/XD][XD]=IF(E49=0,0,E49/D49)[/XD][/XR][/RANGE]``
Table 1
Excel Workbook
ABCDE
20PCM START DATE (DUE)PCM END DATE FOR CALANDAR MONTHRent PCM DueHB PaymentTop up
2101/01/201131/01/20110 310.00 -
2201/02/201128/02/20110 280.00 -
2301/03/201131/03/20110 310.00 -
2401/04/201130/04/20110 - -
2501/05/201131/05/20110 300.00 -
2601/06/201130/06/20110 - -
2701/07/201131/07/20110 - -
2801/08/201131/08/20110 - -
2901/09/201130/09/20110 - -
3001/10/201131/10/20110 - -
3101/11/201130/11/20110 - -
3201/12/201131/12/20110 - -
33Totals - 1,200.00 -
34 -
Sheet1
Excel 2007
Cell Formulas
RangeFormula
A21=D15
A22=DATE(YEAR(A21),MONTH(A21)+1,DAY(A21))
A23=DATE(YEAR(A22),MONTH(A22)+1,DAY(A22))
A24=DATE(YEAR(A23),MONTH(A23)+1,DAY(A23))
A25=DATE(YEAR(A24),MONTH(A24)+1,DAY(A24))
A26=DATE(YEAR(A25),MONTH(A25)+1,DAY(A25))
A27=DATE(YEAR(A26),MONTH(A26)+1,DAY(A26))
A28=DATE(YEAR(A27),MONTH(A27)+1,DAY(A27))
A29=DATE(YEAR(A28),MONTH(A28)+1,DAY(A28))
A30=DATE(YEAR(A29),MONTH(A29)+1,DAY(A29))
A31=DATE(YEAR(A30),MONTH(A30)+1,DAY(A30))
A32=DATE(YEAR(A31),MONTH(A31)+1,DAY(A31))
B21=DATE(YEAR(A21),MONTH(A21)+1,DAY(A21)-1)
B22=DATE(YEAR(A22),MONTH(A22)+1,DAY(A22)-1)
B23=DATE(YEAR(A23),MONTH(A23)+1,DAY(A23)-1)
B24=DATE(YEAR(A24),MONTH(A24)+1,DAY(A24)-1)
B25=DATE(YEAR(A25),MONTH(A25)+1,DAY(A25)-1)
B26=DATE(YEAR(A26),MONTH(A26)+1,DAY(A26)-1)
B27=DATE(YEAR(A27),MONTH(A27)+1,DAY(A27)-1)
B28=DATE(YEAR(A28),MONTH(A28)+1,DAY(A28)-1)
B29=DATE(YEAR(A29),MONTH(A29)+1,DAY(A29)-1)
B30=DATE(YEAR(A30),MONTH(A30)+1,DAY(A30)-1)
B31=DATE(YEAR(A31),MONTH(A31)+1,DAY(A31)-1)
B32=DATE(YEAR(A32),MONTH(A32)+1,DAY(A32)-1)
C21=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A21, \$D\$14 >= A21), \$B\$17,"0")
C22=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A22, \$D\$14<= A22), \$B\$17,"0")
C23=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A23, \$D\$14<= A23), \$B\$17,"0")
C24=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A24, \$D\$14<= A24), \$B\$17,"0")
C25=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A25, \$D\$14<= A25), \$B\$17,"0")
C26=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A26, \$D\$14<= A26), \$B\$17,"0")
C27=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A27, \$D\$14<= A27), \$B\$17,"0")
C28=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A28, \$D\$14<= A28), \$B\$17,"0")
C29=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A29, \$D\$14<= A29), \$B\$17,"0")
C30=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A30, \$D\$14<= A30), \$B\$17,"0")
C31=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A31, \$D\$14<= A31), \$B\$17,"0")
C32=IF(AND( \$AY\$1 >= A32, \$D\$14<= A32), \$B\$17,"0")
C33=SUM(C21:C32)
D21=SUMPRODUCT((\$A21<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A21<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B21<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B21-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B21<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D22)
D22=SUMPRODUCT((\$A22<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B22>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B22>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A22<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B22>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B22<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B22-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B22<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D23)
D23=SUMPRODUCT((\$A23<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B23>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B23>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A23<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B23>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B23<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B23-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B23<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D24)
D24=SUMPRODUCT((\$A24<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B24>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B24>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A24<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B24>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B24<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B24-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B24<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D25)
D25=SUMPRODUCT((\$A25<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B25>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B25>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A25<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B25>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B25<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B25-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B25<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D26)
D26=SUMPRODUCT((\$A26<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B26>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B26>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A26<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B26>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B26<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B26-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B26<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D27)
D27=SUMPRODUCT((\$A27<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B27>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B27>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A27<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B27>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B27<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B27-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B27<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D28)
D28=SUMPRODUCT((\$A28<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B28>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B28>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A28<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B28>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B28<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B28-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B28<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D29)
D29=SUMPRODUCT((\$A29<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B29>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B29>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A29<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B29>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B29<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B29-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B29<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D30)
D30=SUMPRODUCT((\$A30<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B30>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B30>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A30<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B30>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B30<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B30-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B30<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D31)
D31=SUMPRODUCT((\$A31<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B31>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B31>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A31<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B31>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B31<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B31-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))+SUMPRODUCT(\$B31<\$B\$37:\$B\$49*\$D32)
D32=SUMPRODUCT((\$A32<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B32>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B32>=\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*\$E\$37:\$E\$49)+SUMPRODUCT((\$A32<=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B32>=\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*(\$B32<\$C\$37:\$C\$49)*((\$B32-\$B\$37:\$B\$49)*\$F\$37:\$F\$49+\$E\$37:\$E\$49/\$D\$37:\$D\$49))
D33=SUM(D21:D32)
E21=C21-BV21
E22=C22-BV22
E23=C23-BV23
E24=C24-BV24
E25=C25-BV25
E26=C26-BV26
E27=C27-BV27
E28=C28-BV28
E29=C29-BV29
E30=C30-BV30
E31=C31-BV31
E32=C32-BV32
E33=SUM(E21:E32)
E34=E33+BV33
Table 2
Excel Workbook
ABCDEF
36HB Payments ReferencePeriod BeginPeriod EndNumber Days in periodTotal Amount of PaymentDaily amount paid by HB
3701/01/201131/01/201131 310.00 10.00
3801/02/201128/02/201128 280.00 10.00
3901/03/201130/04/201161 610.00 10.00
4001/05/201130/05/201130 300.00 10.00
411 - -
421 - -
431 - -
441 - -
451 - -
461 - -
471 - -
481 - -
491 - -
Sheet1
Excel 2007
Cell Formulas
RangeFormula
D37=C37-B37+1
D38=C38-B38+1
D39=C39-B39+1
D40=C40-B40+1
D41=C41-B41+1
D42=C42-B42+1
D43=C43-B43+1
D44=C44-B44+1
D45=C45-B45+1
D46=C46-B46+1
D47=C47-B47+1
D48=C48-B48+1
D49=C49-B49+1
F37=IF(E37=0,0,E37/D37)
F38=IF(E38=0,0,E38/D38)
F39=IF(E39=0,0,E39/D39)
F40=IF(E40=0,0,E40/D40)
F41=IF(E41=0,0,E41/D41)
F42=IF(E42=0,0,E42/D42)
F43=IF(E43=0,0,E43/D43)
F44=IF(E44=0,0,E44/D44)
F45=IF(E45=0,0,E45/D45)
F46=IF(E46=0,0,E46/D46)
F47=IF(E47=0,0,E47/D47)
F48=IF(E48=0,0,E48/D48)
F49=IF(E49=0,0,E49/D49)
thankyou alpha for showing my problem as they should be displayed the D15 cell quoted in cell A21 is just a date which then defines the date for all other date cells in table 1 (I should have mentioned this also) apolgies
Last edited:
In Table 2, are the Period Begin and Period End dates always the beginning-of-month dates and the end-of-month dates even if they span more than one month?
In Table 2, are the Period Begin and Period End dates always the beginning-of-month dates and the end-of-month dates even if they span more than one month?
The dates in table one are determined automatically from the date in Cell D15 (this makes them all monthly an example being the date in cell D15 being 21/01/2011 and so all the dates in table one will begin 21/mm/yyyy - and end 20/mm/yyyy and so on etc)
Table two's date ranges are input manually by me and can be any date to any date. litterally only 1 day to an entire year (never more than a year though because each sheet will only run a max of a year) This is why i need the payments in table two to split themselves up and correspond with the dates in table 1.
Thanks for your help on this
So in your example data, all the Table 1 calendar month periods fall within only one period in Table 2. If that were always the case, then this would be a lot easier.
But if I understand you correctly, it is possible that a Table 1 calendar month period could span more than one period in Table 2. And you would want to sum each daily amount from Table 2 for each day that the period from Table 1 covers. Is that correct?
I'm just trying to understand all the various scenarios that may not be illustrated in the example data.
So in your example data, all the Table 1 calendar month periods fall within only one period in Table 2. If that were always the case, then this would be a lot easier.
But if I understand you correctly, it is possible that a Table 1 calendar month period could span more than one period in Table 2. And you would want to sum each daily amount from Table 2 for each day that the period from Table 1 covers. Is that correct?
I'm just trying to understand all the various scenarios that may not be illustrated in the example data.
hi again AlphaFrog, yes i think you have the gist of it, to cut it right back to its basics, table one works in PCM (per calendar month) and any payments made toward the rent of each PCM need to be worked out so they correspond.
Table two payments are made by housing benefit and can cover any date range (so any number of days) because Housing Benefit dont work to the PCM system which means that payments they make nearly always have to be split up into the relevant PCM payments.
Example: We get given a sheet from Housing benefit saying the payment for your tenant Mrs Smith is £500 and covers the dates from (23/04/2011) to (26/08/2011) which is 126 days. Now if Mrs smiths rent payment date with us is 1st of every month - this payment made by Housing Benefit is then relevant for the PCM months in table one of
01/04/2011 - 31/04/2011
01/05/2011 - 30/05/2011
01/06/2011 - 30/06/2011
01/07/2011 - 31/07/2011
01/08/2011 - 31/08/2011
and the payment of £500 from table two needs to be split so each day that the payment covers is accounted for
£500/ 126 days = £3.97 per day.
there for the amount of £3.97 per day needs to put toward the PCM amount in table one for every day that the payments are relevant eg because the payment of £500 is only relevant from 23/04/2011 it is only 8 days * £3.97 = £31.75. There for this amount would be placed in table one column D (relevant cell to aprils date range.)
then continuing from there
there are 30 days that the payment covers in may so 30*3.97= 119.05 and this amount would get placed in table one column D (Cell relevant to mays date range) and so on for the rest of the dates relevant for the payment
Does this help or confuse you even more?
There may be someone more clever that could devise a formula for you. The best I could do given the various scenarios you described was to make a custom User Defined Function (UDF) called PCMTotal.
Syntax:
PCMTotal(Start_Date, End_Date, Periods_range, Payments_range)
Place this code in a standard VBA module
Code:
``````Function PCMTotal(StartDate, EndDate, rPeriods As Range, rPayments As Range)
Dim vDays(), vPeriods, vPayments, i&, j&, sDaily!
If StartDate And EndDate Then
vPeriods = rPeriods
vPayments = rPayments
ReDim vDays(WorksheetFunction.Min(rPeriods) To WorksheetFunction.Max(rPeriods))
For i = 1 To UBound(vPeriods, 1)
If (vPeriods(i, 1) * vPeriods(i, 2) * vPayments(i, 1)) Then
sDaily = vPayments(i, 1) / (vPeriods(i, 2) - vPeriods(i, 1) + 1)
For j = vPeriods(i, 1) To vPeriods(i, 2)
vDays(j) = sDaily
Next j
End If
Next i
For i = Application.Max(StartDate, LBound(vDays)) To Application.Min(EndDate, UBound(vDays))
PCMTotal = PCMTotal + vDays(i)
Next i
End If
End Function``````
<br /><table cellpadding="2.5px" rules="all" style=";background-color: #FFFFFF;border: 1px solid;border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #A6AAB6"><colgroup><col width="25px" style="background-color: #E0E0F0" /><col /><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr style=" background-color: #E0E0F0;text-align: center;color: #161120"><th></th><th>A</th><th>B</th><th>C</th><th>D</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">20</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;background-color: #FFFF99;;">PCM START DATE (DUE)</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;background-color: #FFFF99;;">PCM END DATE FOR CALANDAR MONTH</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;background-color: #CCCCFF;;">Rent PCM Due</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;background-color: #FFFFCC;;">HB Payment</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">21</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/01/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">31/01/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£310.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">22</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/02/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">28/02/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£280.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">23</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/03/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">31/03/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£310.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">24</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/04/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">30/04/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£300.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">25</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/05/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">31/05/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£300.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">26</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/06/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">30/06/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£1,050.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">27</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/07/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">31/07/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£350.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">28</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/08/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">31/08/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£0.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">29</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/09/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">30/09/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£0.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">30</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/10/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">31/10/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£0.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">31</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/11/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">30/11/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£0.00</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">32</td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/12/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">31/12/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">0</td><td style="text-align: center;;">£0.00</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><table cellpadding="2.5px" rules="all" style=";border: 2px solid black;border-collapse:collapse;padding: 0.4em;background-color: #FFFFFF" ><tr><td style="padding:6px" ><b>Worksheet Formulas</b><table cellpadding="2.5px" width="100%" rules="all" style="border: 1px solid;text-align:center;background-color: #FFFFFF;border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #A6AAB6"><thead><tr style=" background-color: #E0E0F0;color: #161120"><th width="10px">Cell</th><th style="text-align:left;padding-left:5px;">Formula</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th width="10px" style=" background-color: #E0E0F0;color: #161120">D21</th><td style="text-align:left">=PCMTotal(<font color="Blue">A21,B21,\$B\$37:\$C\$47,\$E\$37:\$E\$47</font>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></table><br />
<br /><table cellpadding="2.5px" rules="all" style=";background-color: #FFFFFF;border: 1px solid;border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #A6AAB6"><colgroup><col width="25px" style="background-color: #E0E0F0" /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr style=" background-color: #E0E0F0;text-align: center;color: #161120"><th></th><th>A</th><th>B</th><th>C</th><th>D</th><th>E</th><th>F</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">36</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;background-color: #CCFFCC;;">HB Payments Reference</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;background-color: #CCFFCC;;">Period Begin</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;background-color: #CCFFCC;;">Period End</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;background-color: #CCFFCC;;">Number Days in period</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;background-color: #CCFFCC;;">Total Amount of Payment</td><td style="font-weight: bold;text-align: center;background-color: #CCFFCC;;">Daily amount paid by HB</td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">37</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/01/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">31/01/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">£310.00</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">38</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/02/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">28/02/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">£280.00</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">39</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/03/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">30/04/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">£610.00</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">40</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/05/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">30/05/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">£300.00</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">41</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">01/06/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">15/06/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">£700.00</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">42</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">16/06/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;">15/07/2011</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;">£700.00</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">43</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">44</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">45</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">46</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr><tr ><td style="color: #161120;text-align: center;">47</td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td><td style="text-align: center;;"></td></tr></tbody></table>
You don't need to calculate the Number Days in period or the Daily amount paid by HB in Table 2 unless you want.
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## Wednesday, September 7, 2016
### Work Plans for the Week of September 6, 2016: Sharks, Patriots, and Getting Out the Vote
I could get used to these four-day school weeks! We crammed a lot into last week's four-day week, and it still felt great because it was only four days for all of the brain hat making, Scratch coding--
--human eye diagramming, Spanish learning, and math doing.
Well, maybe math didn't feel great for one of us:
The kid hates math because she loves mastery, and in math, as soon as she's mastered something, I make her move on. I should probably break down her Math Mammoth curriculum to make room for more review, but that would take more time than just mindlessly handing her the next lesson in the series every day, sigh.
And then we had a three-day weekend to refresh us (indoor trampoline park! Cupcakes! Drive-in movies! Tree house! Friends!), and now we have another short, four-day school week to zip through before there's yet another delightful weekend. Daily work this week includes progress in each kid's Wordly Wise, work on Scratch (Will still uses Coding Games in Scratch, but Syd has fallen in love with animation, and instead makes a new cartoon every day), and one journal entry (well, Syd journals, but I've given up on Will and this week will instead require her to do a page a day in the last half of Syd's abandoned cursive handwriting workbook). Books of the Day are a couple of novels, a couple of books about sharks, and this LEGO Shakespeare.
And here's the rest of our week!
TUESDAY: Will is finishing up her Math Mammoth unit this week and moving to the next, and although Syd is reviewing multiplication and division algorithms, she didn't correctly reproduce the algorithm to multiply multi-digit numbers during our chalk in the driveway activity, so I've paused her for some more review drills before she continues.
The lesson on sharks in aquariums, however, went AMAZINGLY well! The kids both dove in and put a ton of effort into researching aquariums that have sharks. Will even found an aquarium that I didn't know about, close enough that we can actually make a day trip to visit it this winter--how's that for a successful research project?
We've also learned that we need to save all of our money so that we can go swim with whale sharks at the Georgia Aquarium.
Spanish vocab on this day was all animals--easy-peasy, after last week's Bill Martin, Jr. books in Spanish!
WEDNESDAY: Our From Colonies to Country chapters this week cover the ordinary people from the American Revolution, the soldiers and citizens. On this day, I want the kids to put themselves in the place of an average citizen and take a stand on the Revolution. If either kid really gets into the idea, we can copy out the letters on nice paper, age them, and even send them to someone--California grandparents, perhaps? Either way, it will be excellent practice writing a persuasive essay.
The multi-level Girl Scout badge, I Promised a Girl Scout I Would Vote, is a terrific civics unit, and I recommend it to you even if you don't have a Girl Scout. On this day, the kids will complete the activity that asks them to research and identify every one of their elected representatives, from the president of the United States all the way down to the mayor. I'm requiring that the kids fill out this form in their best handwriting, so that we can take it with us on Thursday to our volunteer gig taking voter registrations!
In a little bit, though, we're going to grab our swim gear and inner tubes and head off for an afternoon at the lakeshore, where we're going to take sand samples for Thursday's geology activity and practice how to be shark safe in the water for today's sharks unit. Next week, we begin our dissection of the dogfish shark!
THURSDAY: When a kid completes her Math Mammoth unit, she gets a day off of math and a small celebration of her choice. On this day, Will wants ice cream!
Before Pony Club but perhaps after ice cream, we'll be manning a voter registration table at our local food pantry, helping people get registered, checking their registrations, and helping them sign up for absentee voting, if they wish. The kids aren't super excited about it, but it's just one hour once a week for the rest of September, and it's going to be a valuable experience in real-life civic responsibility.
I do not actually know who Thaddeus Koscuisko was, except that he was a guy in the American Revolution and his house has a Junior Ranger badge, which the kids will earn when we're in Philadelphia. I guess the kids can tell me what he did that was so great!
We are now studying sedimentary rocks, and on this day, we'll be examining sand from a few different places, to study how it can be sorted and categorized based on the rounding of the grains. We just have a couple more weeks with this particular text, and then we'll move into some ones that are more Syd-friendly for review.
FRIDAY: In order to make the similarities and differences between the British and American soldiers clearer, the kids will be exploring this website, although I think this comic really illustrates everything that you need to know. I SUPER want to make these cute clothespin dolls, so I might make that a family craft project on another day.
Have you added your kids to my 2016 Children's Pen Pal Exchange? If not, you should totally do it--the deadline is Friday! On this day, Will is going to write her introductory letter for the exchange, while Syd continues to work on her Making Friends badge--she's completing it mostly independently, although she's going to get together with a friend to plan the party that she wants to be the culmination of her badge work.
The kids are going to be doing another infographic for their shark lesson on this day, both as a review of infographic composition and as a science/geography study of one threatened shark species. This is the last review activity for our sharks MOOC, which was one of the most successful things that we've done in our homeschool. After our road trip, we're absolutely going to be doing another animal science-themed MOOC.
SATURDAY/SUNDAY: We are 100% back in the swing of children's extracurriculars, so there's Pony Club and ballet to transport the young ones to and from, and otherwise... I'm hoping for the farmer's market. Some yardwork. For Matt and the kids to put a few more boards on the tree house. Maybe a good movie at the drive-in? Maybe another afternoon at the lakeshore?
What are YOU up to this week? | d9f4e5bf-dbce-47cc-bd32-b32c677da489 | https://craftknife.blogspot.com/2016/09/work-plans-for-week-of-september-6-2016.html | 0 | true | false |
## JSBSim dynamically change empty mass and inertia in-flight
Good sims require good FDMs (the "thing" that makes an aircraft behave like an aircraft).
### Re: JSBSim dynamically change empty mass and inertia in-flig
You're not wrong.... even a stopped clock tells the correct time twice a day.
And so wiith a force that offers zero moment when in two perpendicular directions.
But the other 358 degrees it wrong.
I was kinda hoping I could get some agreement on this before moving onto the erroneous damping moments calculated by JSBsim from it's mass rotatng around the force location (canopy).
"Stay away from negative people.They have a problem for every solution." - Albert Einstein
S&J
Posts: 740
Joined: Wed Aug 26, 2020 7:31 pm
### Re: JSBSim dynamically change empty mass and inertia in-flig
polly wrote in Mon Sep 18, 2023 9:30 pm: I can't see the distiction being made between a paraglider and a high-winged monoplane.
Me neither, assuming the paraglider can be modelled as a rigid body.
amue
Posts: 90
Joined: Tue Apr 03, 2018 10:13 am
### Re: JSBSim dynamically change empty mass and inertia in-flig
That assumes that a high winged aircraft is correct.
That's too flippant a reply, let me try again.
A plane rotates around it's CoG and JSBsim internal moment calcs are set up for this. And the perpendicular distance armature between the wings pressure and CoG isn't that large and only really effects SIDE force and as such roll and with a high wing with little dihedral it's negligible.
But with a paraglider this distance is massive and is not negligible. And a paraglider doesn't rotate around it CoG.
So if we can only agree on one thing then can it be that a paraglider doesn't rotate around it's CoG but instead rotates around it's canopy.
https://youtu.be/LBANhMOSIr0?si=lORLgmBvxABldtaZ
"Stay away from negative people.They have a problem for every solution." - Albert Einstein
S&J
Posts: 740
Joined: Wed Aug 26, 2020 7:31 pm
### Re: JSBSim dynamically change empty mass and inertia in-flig
S&J wrote in Tue Sep 19, 2023 9:28 am:So if we can only agree on one thing then can it be that a paraglider doesn't rotate around it's CoG but instead rotates around it's canopy.
Or the paraglider does rotate around its CoG while the CoG simultaneously moves along an arc trajectory with the arc center at the canopy...
amue
Posts: 90
Joined: Tue Apr 03, 2018 10:13 am
### Re: JSBSim dynamically change empty mass and inertia in-flig
I can run with that as an idea.
So the next question that arises from this is if the above is correct what forces are involved that once the paraglider returns to a level straight flight aligns the CoG and canopy.
Does the canopy rotate into alignment or does the CoG rotate into alignment ?
I imagine holding a pocket watch by it's chain end.
"Stay away from negative people.They have a problem for every solution." - Albert Einstein
S&J
Posts: 740
Joined: Wed Aug 26, 2020 7:31 pm
### Re: JSBSim dynamically change empty mass and inertia in-flig
If you have any changes to improve the paraglider (and parachutist) I would be happy to add them but for now I have little time to work on it or look up how I implemented it.
Erik
Current: Parachutist, Paraglider, Pterosaur, Pilatus PC-9M and variants, ERCO Ercoupe, Fokker Dr.1, Fokker 50, Fokker 100
Less active: Cessna T-37, T-38, Santa Claus. Previous: General Dynamics F-16. Worked on: Wright Flyer
erik
Posts: 2226
Joined: Thu Nov 01, 2007 2:41 pm
### Re: JSBSim dynamically change empty mass and inertia in-flig
S&J wrote in Wed Sep 20, 2023 6:54 pm:So the next question that arises from this is if the above is correct what forces are involved that once the paraglider returns to a level straight flight aligns the CoG and canopy.
Does the canopy rotate into alignment or does the CoG rotate into alignment ?
I'm not sure if I understand the question correctly. But aerodynamic forces (mostly from the canopy) rotate the paraglider (or more exactly change the angular velocities) around the CoG.
Imagine the paraglider from your death spiral video. If the aerodynamic forces would be abruptly removed (imagine replacing the air environment with vacuum) while in the death spiral, you would see that the CoG of the paraglider travels at a ballistic trajectory (because of gravitation) and that he uniformly rotates (e.g. no change in angular velocity) around the CoG (because of inertia).
amue
Posts: 90
Joined: Tue Apr 03, 2018 10:13 am
### Re: JSBSim dynamically change empty mass and inertia in-flig
Hi Erik, just talking flight modelling in general here.
"Stay away from negative people.They have a problem for every solution." - Albert Einstein
S&J
Posts: 740
Joined: Wed Aug 26, 2020 7:31 pm
Previous | 04c1b1e8-121b-4a46-ab69-162ec0bb0971 | https://forum.flightgear.org/viewtopic.php?f=49&p=414653&sid=816be2dea36d809b3e46fd3fc083408c | 0 | true | false |
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Star Trek Reviews
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Star Trek Ent - Season 4
Star Trek Ent - 4x01 - Storm Front, Part I
Originally Aired: 2004-10-8
Archer and the NX-01 find themselves in Earth's past, with events of World War II altered by the Temporal Cold War. [DVD]
My Rating - 4
Fan Rating Average - 4.64
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 41 3 4 6 13 10 8 7 23 13 12
- Season 4 is being done by a new showrunner, Manny Coto.
Remarkable Scenes
- German Soldier: "Americans are good at making movies. They're not so good at fighting."
- Trip: "I was just all set to get home... I wasn't expecting to be in the middle of another... situation." Preach on, brother!
- Daniels showing up in Enterprise's sickbay.
- Alicia: "Patch on your ship says Enterprise! You musta made it off before it sank!"
- The sight of a conquered White House with Nazi flags draped over it.
- Silik's appearance.
- Trip's fight with Silik.
- Archer confronting the alien Nazi.
- Trip and Reed destroying a shuttlepod.
- Archer and Alicia beaming to Enterprise.
My Review
Well I must say that I was more impressed with this episode than I originally thought I would be. Maybe it's the new showrunner, Manny Coto, making the best of the dismal cliffhanger Rick Berman and Brannon Braga left him. I get the feeling Coto wants to wrap up the whole Temporal Cold War thing right here and do it with style. Yes, he's being forced to use alien Nazis, and yes the Xindi conflict is still left with loose ends, but at least this episode is presented in a convincing and mostly intelligent fashion. Ever since TOS: The City On The Edge of Forever, I've been fascinated with the idea of time travel being used to alter Earth's history, making WWII end a different way. We get to see the effects of such an alteration first hand with the Nazis having conquered Europe, Africa, and large portions of North America. They were able to do this thanks to help from a future alien species, a faction in the Temporal Cold War. Their motives remain a mystery, other than the obvious notion that a totalitarian government dominating Earth would drastically reshape future politics.
No fan commentary yet.
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Star Trek Ent - 4x02 - Storm Front, Part II
Originally Aired: 2004-10-15
With Silik's help, Archer hones in on the temporal operative who altered Earth's past and threatens to destroy all of time. [DVD]
My Rating - 5
Fan Rating Average - 5.39
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 28 2 5 4 3 10 9 5 33 12 11
- What was that huge fleet doing there at the end of the episde?
Remarkable Scenes
- The teaser. Hilarious!
- Alicia regarding the transporter: "How does that thing work anyway? ...on second thought I'd rather not know."
- Silik masquerading as Trip.
- Silik helping Enterprise.
- Silik as a human!
- Silik bickering with Carmine.
- Silik taking out several Nazi officers.
- Silik being shot!
- Trip thinking Archer is Silik.
- The upgraded German dive bombers.
- Daniels saying goodbye to Archer, declaring the Temporal Cold War over.
My Review
And so the Temporal Cold War is over. Ent: Storm Front wasn't the best two parter, but consistent with Star Trek's lackluster season finales and premieres of late. I gave Ent: Storm Front, Part II extra points because the Temporal Cold War and hopefully all of Time Trek has finally been put to rest. I also gave the episode a higher mark due to Silik's involvement. I was really sad that they killed off Silik. I was really beginning to like him as a character, but the Temporal Cold War was just the wrong direction for the series and killing off the Temporal Cold War means putting Silik out of the picture. I'm sure the new direction the show is taking is due to the new showrunner, Manny Coto. One can only hope he finally kickstarts the Earth-Romulan wars and the conflict with the Klingons.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Edward on 2014-09-14 at 12:41pm:
I wouldn't mind another Nazi story if it wasn't so bad constructed:
The aliens kill Lenin in 1916 and Russia never becomes comunist. So in 1939, instead of the USSR Hitler split Poland with, there is the same Russia that fought the Germans in World War I.
How is that not a threat?
• From Dstyle on 2015-10-23 at 1:55pm:
Daniels: "Hey, this Temporal Cold War is heating up pretty fast! Looks like Vosk has been meddling about in 20th century Earth, messing up the whole time line! He needs to be stopped!"
Daniels' fellow Temporal Agent: "Agreed! So, should we send a ship from the 29th century to go deal with him?"
Daniels: "Nah, I was thinking maybe Archer and the NX Enterprise."
Temporal Agent: "Uh, Archer? The guy who is so crucial to the forming of the Federation that you're always trying to make sure he doesn't put himself in danger by going on missions himself? You're thinking you want to send him and his 22nd century star ship? The one with 'hull plating' for shielding? The one that can barely do Warp 5?"
Daniels: "Yup, if anyone can do it, Archer can!"
Temporal Agent: "Well, I can think of a few better candidates for this mission: people who are trained and prepared for temporal incursion, like..."
Daniels: "Sorry, gotta run! I want it to be a surprise!" (disappears into a time tunnel or whatever)
Okay, the whole premise of this double episode is absurd if you think about it for longer than 10 seconds, but I can look past that if it finally ties up this Temporal Cold War. The thing that really bothers me are the Nazis. The damn Nazis. Seriously, Enterprise? Why not just give the Nazi aliens glowing red demon eyes while you're at it? Oh, right, you did.
It's annoying, sure, but it also does the narrative a grave disservice. There's that scene where Vosk is talking to Archer about how his species has a very different view of time travel technology than the view laid out in the temporal accords: how it can be used carefully and judiciously to make improvements in the timeline and help better your civilization. It could have been an interesting and nuanced way of looking at the issue of time incursions from a different angle, but, NOPE! Dude is dressed like Hitler! Can't take any of the shit he says seriously!
I mean, I suppose the implication could be that, in the wrong hands, time travel technology could lead to catastrophic outcomes (LIKE IF THE NAZIS HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY! SEE WHAT WE DID THERE?), but it would have been much better if the writers had trusted their viewers (and Archer, for that matter) to come to that realization on our own.
• From MJeffries on 2016-10-07 at 9:59pm:
I have been reading star trek reviews and comments for some years now and never once commented myself but your fictitious conversation between Daniels and other is so hilarious that I could not resist. it made my night, good job
• From Zorak on 2016-10-14 at 11:57pm:
So at this point there is someone new running things huh? Interesting. I certainly didn't hate Enterprise up to this point. It just had so many ups and downs. Long stretches of good episodes and long stretches of bad episodes.
This whole Nazi thing was definitely pretty ridiculous. It wasn't really boring though. They could have done a worse job killing off the Temporal Cold War. A decent set of episodes for getting rid of an unwanted problem.
I'm with you. The whole temporal cold war was a poor decision for this series.
I look forward to seeing the new direction they take things from here.
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Star Trek Ent - 4x03 - Home
Originally Aired: 2004-10-22
Once the NX-01 finally returns to Earth, the weary crewmen face repercussions of their journeys, both positive and negative. [DVD]
My Rating - 6
Fan Rating Average - 4.94
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 21 6 2 7 22 8 14 12 10 9 12
- A WWIII epic won several movie awards, but in TNG: The Neutral Zone, Data said TV became obsolete by 2040. Maybe conventional TV died, but movies were still made?
- Erika Hernandez is the captain of the NX-02 Columbia.
- Vulcan is 16 light years from Earth.
Remarkable Scenes
- Archer: "I've been told that people are calling us heroes. When it comes to my crew, you won't get any argument from me."
- Archer freaking out at Soval for his questions about the events of Ent: Impulse.
- Archer: "Things have changed since Enterprise left spacedock. You spend a lot of your time boldly going into battle."
- Phlox' blow up face trick.
- The joke references to the kalifee from TOS: Amok Time when T'Pol first met with Kos were nicely placed.
- T'Pol and Trip visiting the Fire Plains of Vulcan.
- Archer and T'Pol making up.
- The Vulcan dignitary performing the marriage ceremony. He used the exact same words as T'Pau did in TOS: Amok Time.
My Review
Somehow I expected this episode to be just as good as TNG: Family, but it fell short on several levels. There are three plot threads in this episode, one dealing with Archer and his difficulty in accepting hero worship, another dealt with T'Pol and Trip and their relationship, and another dealt with xenophobia on Earth. There is nice continuity all throughout the episode such as that with Ent: The Andorian Incident and Ent: Shadows of P'Jem regarding T'Les and her forced retirement which makes it pleasant to watch and a nice change of pace, but this episode left me with a feeling of inadequacy. More time should be spent on Earth exploring these and other issues, but unfortunately we're not going to get it. Archer was the most interesting character in the episode, with all his self doubt and anger. It was also nice to see more of Vulcan, even if the scope was still somewhat limited. Finally, the xenophobia on Earth is definitely something that wasn't sufficiently elaborated, but a nice idea. Ent: Home is merely a nice idea for an episode incomplete at best. Each plot threat cannibalized the others until none were sufficiently developed. This episode could have easily been a two parter. Or some of the plot threads could have been saved for later episodes. Less time spent on things like Archer dreaming of fighting Xindi reptilians which was totally inappropriate and more time spent on developing the plot threads would have made for a better episode.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Pete on 2011-01-10 at 10:07pm:
I feel like giving this episode a 10 or something, for the same reason they gave Obama a Nobel Peace Prize once he got elected. I am just so relieved to see the Temporal Cold War over and someone good at the helm of the show.
A decent President? PEACE PRIZE!
A decent Trek episode? 10!
• From zook on 2013-09-12 at 3:40pm:
Here's a problem: TOS:Turnabout Intruder had as a major plot point that women were still struggling to get command positions in Starfleet. And here we have a female captain for the second NX-class ship in the Fleet, with absolutely no problem and no big deal. I know it was the '60s in the TOS era, and I understand and applaud their motivations, but for the prequel it would have been nice to see even a little something by way of explanation of this discontinuity.
• From Kethinov on 2013-09-13 at 10:34am:
Zook, that's a fair criticism, but I'm not sure how they could have addressed it on Enterprise. Unlike the Klingon forehead problem, this is a social issue, not a technical one. I always got the impression that the 23rd century when viewed on TNG's perspective or the perspective of later productions was simply meant to be seen as an actual throwback to older culture values.
Or, in other words, in Captian Kirk's generation, the Federation somehow experienced cultural regressions in women's rights... not to mention fashion. ;)
That's a weak rationalization, but it's not impossible. And it's also all we've got. It would have been nice if there was an episode somewhere that went into this in more detail, but I think the place to explore that would have been in 24th century Trek, not 22nd century Trek. Indeed, it's a pretty big missed opportunity to account for apparent anachronisms in-universe.
• From Deggsy on 2013-10-01 at 3:56pm:
Given the comment from Zook about Turnabout Intruder and female starship captains, there's a couple of factors to consider:
1. The restriction, if there was any, might have just applied to the 12 ships of the Constitution-class starships like Enterprise NCC-1701.
2. The one talking about women not having command positions, Janice Lester, was off her box, who in 2013 might have gone all bunny boiler over not being selected as an X-Factor finalist.
• From Zorak on 2016-10-15 at 1:37am:
It appears I'm alone on my opinion of this episode. Personally, I despised almost everything about it. The cheesy sudden romance of Archer, the over the top and pointless xenophobia induced bar fight.. the Trip and T'pol thing was completely uncalled for as well.. I just don't understand what the point of this episode was.
I can only assume that the point, like the Nazi 2 parter, was to wipe away the established norms of the first 3 seasons and begin with a clean slate. To cancel out the Trip and T'pol relationship, to cancel out Archers moral ambiguity and give him a fresh start, and to give the other characters something to do while they're just faffing about, namely getting all superior and indignant about the easiest and most clichéd injustice there is.. a reminder that our heros are always 100% the good guys and everyone else are a bunch of racist evil bad guys.
• From President Obummer on 2020-01-29 at 1:52pm:
So Archer regrets marooning that ship with its innocent crew...well how about going back for them or least sending someone to bring them back the stuff they stole? nope sorry
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Star Trek Ent - 4x04 - Borderland
Originally Aired: 2004-10-29
When genetic supermen left over from the Eugenics Wars hijack a Klingon ship, Archer must rely on their creator, the criminal Dr. Arik Soong, to help hunt them down. [DVD]
My Rating - 7
Fan Rating Average - 5.71
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 23 0 5 0 7 1 8 19 14 12 15
- Why doesn't Commander T'Pol get a Starfleet uniform? Oh I know why, because she looks sexier with less clothing. (Sigh.)
- J. G. Hertzler plays the Klingon captain who dies in the teaser. He's played two other Klingons. Archer's lawyer in Ent: Judgement and Martok on DS9.
- Brent Spiner who plays Arik Soong in this episode played Data on TNG. This is actually a nice homage, because Spiner is playing his own ancestor in a way, for Arik Soong is the ancestor of the man who created Data.
- Henry Archer died very painfully from Clarke's disease, but genetic engineering could have cured him.
- Archer's new chair was actually rescued from a deleted scene from Star Trek X: Nemesis.
Remarkable Scenes
- The augments attacking the Klingon bird of prey.
- Archer meeting with Arik Soong.
- "Jonathan Archer. What brings you here? They naming the prison after you?"
- Enterprise's relaunch.
- The Orions attacking Enterprise.
- T'Pol being auctioned off at the slave market.
- An Orion female being auctioned off at the slave market. The first time we've seen one since TOS: The Cage!
- Archer and Soong invading the Orion slave market freeing all the slaves.
- Soong using the (Klingon?) painstick to disable the transponder that Enterprise was using to track him.
- Archer's clever recapture of Soong.
- The augments saving Enterprise from the Orions.
My Review
I am still annoyed that Enterprise is ignoring its loose threads, such as the Xindi, the Temporal Cold War, Earth's response to the Xindi crisis, and Earth's xenophobia, but I think we can safely assume some things. The Xindi are probably reorganizing their government and probably looking for a new homeworld. Now that their guardians are gone, they probably don't want to attack Earth anymore. Still, it would have been nice to get a post Xindi-arc Xindi cameo to canonize the armistice. We can also safely assume that the Temporal Cold War is over and we'll never see more of it. Can't say that bothers me very much other than the fact that it made very little sense. We can only hope that these loose threads are tied up later. But for now, Enterprise has finally become relevant. What we were shown here in Ent: Borderland is the first real material convincing me of the reasons for a long term conflict with the Klingons. From their perspective, a group of humans stole a Klingon bird of prey and that's all the reason they need to go to war with Earth. There's also quite a bit of foreshadowing in this episode indicating that that may very well happen. Using the augments for this purpose was an extremely clever idea and getting Brent Spiner to play his own ancestor was an equally terrific move. The main plot is a wonderful connection to both TOS and TNG; what marvelously clever writing. I think here Manny Coto is finally flexing his showrunning muscles, as Ent: Borderland was a great way to start a story arc with the augments and the Klingons whilst giving us some fascinating insight into the much speculated about Orion syndicate at the same time. Nicely done.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From fan ive on 2009-12-30 at 12:07pm:
i find T'Pol much more sweeter and sexier in starfleet uniform than in those fancy dresses
• From Pete on 2011-01-11 at 9:57pm:
I am fine with an abrupt end to both the Temporal Cold War and the Xindi arc. Both were wastes of time. A line of dialog would suffice for both of them.
Archer: "oh yeah, aren't you glad the Temporal Cold War is over?"
Tripp: "Yes. By the way, did you hear that the Xindi's sun randomly went supernova and wiped out all traces of them?"
Archer: "yes I heard that--I also heard that our government is going to criminalize mentioning the Xindi ever again starting tomorrow."
• From Tallifer on 2011-05-21 at 8:46am:
This series of episodes is such a waste of time: we already explored every facet of the Eugenics War in the old series and in Wrath of Khan. And Brent Spiner makes a better android.
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Star Trek Ent - 4x05 - Cold Station 12
Originally Aired: 2004-11-5
Arik Soong leads his band of Augments to a medical facility where hundreds of genetically enhanced embryos are still stored, intending to retrieve them and bring them to life. [DVD]
My Rating - 7
Fan Rating Average - 5.32
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 26 0 1 2 15 2 2 9 27 11 8
- Persis uppercuts a Starfleet security officer and it sends him into a 360 degree backflip. Taking a hit like that would most certainly kill you, but he gets up right after that and keeps on fighting!
- Why did Archer tell Soong that he was going to blow up the station? It gave the augments all the time they needed to prevent it from happening!
- Archer's father died when he was 12.
- The diseases stored on Cold Station 12 that were listed on the screen Malik was reading are all references to previous Trek episodes. Xenopolycythemia; TOS: For the World is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky, Synthococcus Novae Type A; TOS: The Way to Eden, Rigelian Fever; TOS: Requiem for Methuselah, Tellurian Plague; TNG: A Matter of Time, Anchilles Fever; TNG: Code of Honor, and Andronesian Encephalitis; TNG: The Dauphin.
Remarkable Scenes
- Finally seeing Dr. Lucas!
- Soong torturing the doctors on Cold Station 12.
- Archer: "Why are you so surprised? Whenever a group of people start believing they're better than everyone else, the results are always the same."
- Enterprise battling the Klingon bird of prey.
- Archer's fight with Malik.
- Malik murdering Smike.
- Dr. Soong and the augments escaping.
My Review
Ent: Cold Station 12 is another good episode moving on with the augments arc. It would seem Dr. Soong is losing control of his "children." Malik seems all too willing to use violence, which in a way is a deficiency of the plot, but it also contributes well to the theme that Soong's repeating the mistakes of history. Brent Spiner continues to fascinatingly and skillfully play Arik Soong. I only wonder why Enterprise is doing such a poor job catching the augments. Two episodes in a row now they've failed to capture the augments because they keep getting overpowered. Maybe this is a sign that Enterprise should call for some help? Maybe from the Vulcans?
No fan commentary yet.
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Star Trek Ent - 4x06 - The Augments
Originally Aired: 2004-11-12
In defiance of their "father," Arik Soong's Augments devise a heinous plot against the Klingons which will surely lead to interstellar war. [DVD]
My Rating - 7
Fan Rating Average - 4.83
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 29 4 3 4 3 5 9 12 14 11 9
- I would imagine that by now that T'Pol is eating her words about Klingons not using escape pods.
- The current Klingon Chancellor is named M'Rek. He likes to head into the Borderland every so often to enjoy the company of Orion slave girls.
Remarkable Scenes
- Archer's decompression beam out trick. I was surprised by the realism.
- T'Pol: "I wasn't aware the doctor discharged you." Archer: "He didn't. What's our status?" T'Pol: "Holding position near the Klingon border." Archer takes his seat. Poor Phlox... always getting ignored. ;)
- Enterprise engaging the Klingon bird of prey.
- Soong dumping the Denobulan shuttle in into the gas giant.
- Archer pretending to be a Klingon captain, bluffing to the other Klingon captain.
- Soong running back to Archer in a Klingon escape pod.
- Archer: "Superior ability breeds superior ambition. One of their creators wrote that. He was murdered by an augment."
- Soong: "How long can we sustain warp 5?" Trip: "As long as the captain wants it. Or until we blow up, whichever comes first."
- Enterprise using the grappler as a weapon on the D5 battle cruiser's warp nacelle.
- Enterprise destroying the bio weapon and engaging the Klingon battle cruiser.
- Soong: "I've been thinking... perfecting humanity may not be possible. Cybernetics... artificial life forms. " Archer: "Goodbye, doctor." Soong: "I doubt I'll finish the work myself. Might take a generation or two."
My Review
This is the best of the three augments episodes. Firstly, there was marvelous continuity. Soong wanted to take his "children" into the Briar patch, which was the setting of Star Trek IX: Insurrection. The scene when Malik dumps the Denobulan doctor and her shuttle into the gas giant is a nice parallel to Eddington's similar move in DS9: For the Uniform. The scene when Malik crawls around on the floor of the bird of prey is also a cute reference to a Star Trek film, in this case Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan in which Khan did the same thing on the Reliant. Finally, Arik Soong at the end of this episode declares that he's now going to study cybernetics and that his work will take generations to complete. Maybe it was tacky, but I liked it. Unfortunately, the episode like the previous two fell short of being profound. Here it was a real missed opportunity. The biggest problem for which I subtract one point is that Malik never succeeded in releasing the bio weapon against the Klingons. Oh how perfect it would have been if he had! Now we'd have a legitimate reason for the Klingons to go to war with Earth. Not that murder and attempted murder of loads of Klingons doesn't work, but it would have been much more believable if Malik had been successful. Additionally, the scene when Malik returns from the dead to try and kill Soong was just petty, forced, and totally contrived. For that I subtract another point. But overall, the arc was pretty nice and it was thoroughly enjoyable.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Zorak on 2016-10-17 at 1:47pm:
Agreed on all counts. Definitely a missed opportunity that they successfully shot down the bio weapon. I was really hoping they'd miss. Also, the return of Malik (who seems to have recovered from his burns) was totally uncalled for.
I didn't know what to think about this whole eugenics arc at first. I was worried it was going to be another Xindi thing and encompass the whole season. I'm glad to see it was wrapped up. It got pretty interesting by the end, but I'm glad it's over. I'm not so sure Enterprise has handled serialization very well. I think they've done far better at stand alone episodes.
That being said, I enjoyed this episode. I find it quite interesting how they cast augments here and in Wrath of Khan. All with that similar bone structure and facial type. It definitely gives them a unique look.. sort of like they all escaped from the set of Logan's Run. Also, Brent Spiner was a treat as always.
There is one lingering thing that is bugging me a little in this arc.. It really seemed like the whole point (the entire inside joke, reference, AND retcon) of Data playing someone named Soong was a nod at the parallel between Khan Noonien Singh and Doctor Noonien Soong. But in the end, he actually had nothing at all to do with Khan and was just a descendant of Doctor Soong. I found this extremely bizarre. They seemed to have everything set up for some kind of reveal (like Khan was named after the first Dr Soong or something), but then it turns out the similarity is just a big coincidence after all? And his grandson then gets named after Khan for some reason? Really weird.
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Star Trek Ent - 4x07 - The Forge
Originally Aired: 2004-11-19
Earth's embassy on Vulcan is bombed, and the ensuing investigation puts Archer and T'Pol on the trail of a Vulcan religious faction hiding in a treacherous desert. [DVD]
My Rating - 9
Fan Rating Average - 5.56
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 35 6 1 4 1 4 6 12 10 35 17
- So if it took Vulcans 1500 years to recover from their wars and begin space travel and Surak lived 1800 years ago, it can be inferred that Vulcans have been in space for 300 years. This is a far too short period of time, why, even the monastery on P'Jem is supposed to be 3000 years old, which is before the time of Surak! Maybe Vulcans had space travel many years before their great wars, then fell into a bout of war, and Surak returned them to their original golden age?
- T'Pau is 32 years old in 2154.
Remarkable Scenes
- Soval and Forrest discussing Vulcan's relationship with humanity.
- Soval: "We had our wars Admiral, just as Humans did. Our planet was devastated, our civilisation nearly destroyed. Logic saved us, but it took almost 1,500 years for us to rebuild our world and travel to the stars. You Humans did the same in less than a century. There are those on the high command who wonder what Humans would achieve in the century to come. And they don't like the answer."
- Phlox... the natural at basketball.
- Reed and Travis discovering another bomb in the Earth embassy on Vulcan.
- Soval vouching his support for Archer beginning his own investigation.
- Trip referring to the Forge, a Vulcan desert, as a "hell hole."
- T'Pol: "Over the centuries his followers made copies of his teachings." Archer: "Let me guess, With the originals lost whatever's left is open to interpretation." T'Pol: "You find this amusing?" Archer: "I find it familiar."
- Archer and T'Pol being chased by a sehlat.
- T'Pol regarding domesticated sehlats: "They're smaller, slightly." Archer: "How slightly?" T'Pol: "You have Porthos." Archer: "Porthos doesn't try and eat me when I'm late with his dinner." T'Pol: "Vulcan children are never late with their sehlat's dinner." Archer: "I can believe that."
- Archer regarding the sehlats: "Sounds like that Klingon opera that Hoshi made us listen to."
- T'Pol telling Archer about her lack of need for water for several more days and about her inner eyelid, a nice connection with TOS: Operation: Annihilate. I like her little quote, justifying these physical qualities... "My species evolved on this planet." As if to say, why didn't you know these things about us?
- Arev: "What is Kiri-kin-tha's first law of metaphysics?" Archer: "I'm familiar with Newton's first law of motion. I imagine they're pretty much the same!"
- Soval performing a mind meld on the comatose witness to the bomber.
- Arev giving Archer Surak's katra.
- Archer finding the Syrranites.
My Review
This episode is the culmination of the odd Vulcan behavior arc that Enterprise started and never went anywhere with since the pilot. The new showrunner, Manny Coto has become the loose thread man. We learn in this episode that the root of the "evil Vulcan syndrome" is not just a conservative vs. liberal societal clash like we were led to believe in episodes like Ent: Fusion and Ent: Stigma, but in fact has more to do with the Vulcan religion centered around Surak (which is somewhat similar to Buddhism) and the two different interpretations of it. This nicely parallels human history and serves as a marvelous explanation for the behavior of the Vulcans over the last few seasons. The bombing of the Earth embassy on Vulcan and the handling of the situation couldn't have been more perfect. The tragic loss of Admiral Forrest brings out the true loyalties in Soval, and we finally get to see the guy stand up for what he believes in, performing a mind meld against the High Command's wishes. It can be inferred that sometime between now and TOS that the Syrranites will prevail over the Vulcan High Command--this may perhaps have something to do with why the Federation is formed--for all Vulcans will believe as Arev and T'Pau do. In fact, we know T'Pau from the previous Star Trek episode TOS: Amok Time. She performed Spock's wedding ceremony and was a respected figure at that time. (And very old!) Indeed, this episode is a continuity gold mine. Firstly, when Archer received Surak's katra from Arev, Arev spoke the same words Spock did to McCoy in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan... he said "remember," albeit, in Vulcan. We also get to see a sehlat for the first time since TAS: Yesteryear. We get another mention of the Vulcan inner eyelid that was first revealed by Spock in TOS: Operation: Annihilate. We get to see the T'Karath Sanctuary again, which was last featured in TNG: Gambit, Part II. A Surakian artifact was discovered there 12 years prior to this episode. This detail is fascinating seeing as how it was stated in the TNG episode that one of the last conflicts of the Vulcan civil war was fought there. A marvelous site for the discovery in this episode. Finally, the two questions that Ariv asked Archer regarding Vulcan philosophy were taken directly from the questions that Spock was asked by the Vulcan computer in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home during his re-education. Obviously, Manny Coto has done his homework. Bravo.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From EvanT on 2011-06-24 at 4:51pm:
I think it's fair to say that Vulcans already had warp travel during the Awakening. After all this is the time that the Romulans leave Vulcan ("those that marched beneath the raptor's wings"?) and obviously they didn't reach Romulus on sub-light speeds.
It's reasonable to assume that Vulcans suspended their deep space exploration until they could rebuild and 1500 years is what? 30 something generations? (perhaps less) It's not that much time to rebuild a society and restructure it around an entirely new philosophy, working out the problems as they went. And I DO believe that the general tone in Star Trek is that Vulcans take things slow and don't rush (similar to D&D elves) simply because they can afford it due to their lifespans.
• From Mitch89 on 2013-01-04 at 6:38am:
The parallels to the DS9 two parter "Homefront" and "Paradise Lost" is astounding, right down to the actor playing the crazy power hungry leader trying to take control of everything!
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Star Trek Ent - 4x08 - Awakening
Originally Aired: 2004-11-26
Archer and T'Pol encounter the Syrrannites, a radical group hiding in the Vulcan desert, while the NX-01 crew contends with Vulcan power ploys. [DVD]
My Rating - 8
Fan Rating Average - 6.8
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 6 1 1 2 4 6 10 7 10 14 14
- You've got to wonder why T'Pau doesn't speak in funky language like she does in TOS: Amok Time. ;)
Remarkable Scenes
- Archer having visions of Surak and the Vulcan wars.
- T'Pau mind melding with Archer.
- Soval: "I lived on Earth for more than 30 years, Commander. In that time I developed an affinity for your world and its people." Trip: "You did a pretty good job of hiding it." Soval: "Thank you."
- Archer regarding T'Pol's "logical" explanation of what Archer is going through: "So I'm suffering from a mind meld hangover?"
- Archer undergoing the katra transfer ritual.
- Surak: "Logic has not won this day. But this day won't last forever."
- Surak instructing Archer to find the Kir'Shara.
- The Enterprise shuttle battling the Vulcan shuttles.
- Archer upon waking up after the katra ceremony: "I feel like I just pulled by head out of a plasma relay."
- Trip: "How many warning shots to Vulcans usually fire?" Soval: "None."
- Vulcan ships attacking Enterprise.
- Vulcan ships destroying the sanctuary.
- Soval revealing that Vulcan is planning to attack Andoria.
My Review
Another excellent episode picking up where the last one left off. It's revealed in this episode exactly what the purpose of V'Las' behavior is. He wants to attack Andoria because he believes they're building a weapon of mass destruction based on Xindi technology, a good connection with Ent: Proving Ground. V'Las and his followers have been suppressing the Syrranites for years because of their pacifist beliefs. V'Las wants to wipe them out because having a group of pacifists around doesn't help when you're preparing to go to war. You can see that V'Las is losing control of the situation as he begins to rely on aggressive tactics more and more, culminating to when he attacked Enterprise and threatened to destroy it. Even some of his cabinet are beginning to question his actions. The episode ends with a nice plot twist in the end with Trip ordering Enterprise to Andoria to warn them of the preemptive strike, leaving Archer and T'Pol back on Vulcan.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Dstyle on 2015-10-28 at 10:14am:
One of the things that has always bothered me with Vulcans on this show is how transparently emotional they are. They pay lip service to logic and the suppression of emotions, then they act illogically and emotionally all the damn time. Those tempers flare so easily! So quick to show impatience! I have to ignore it to just enjoy the show, but some times it's harder than other times. I mean, I get it: it's hard to have effective dramatic tension when all the characters are speaking about serious matters with seemingly polite, casual disinterest, but that's how Vulcans need to play it. I'm starting to think playing a Vulcan is far more difficult than most actors realize, and we were all just spoiled by the great performances of Leonard Nimoy. The emotional Vulcan behavior was really starting to bother me during this story line, but I think this episode might perhaps be trying to provide an explanation for that, what with the "getting away from the teachings of Surak" and all. I guess we'll see how it all plays out, eh?
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Star Trek Ent - 4x09 - Kir'Shara
Originally Aired: 2004-12-3
Archer, T'Pol and T'Pau attempt to bring the Kir'Shara (an artifact believed to contain Surak's original writings) to the Vulcan capital, as the NX-01 gets involved in a Vulcan-Andorian military clash. [DVD]
My Rating - 7
Fan Rating Average - 6.81
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 7 2 3 1 2 5 12 10 12 13 18
- While I enjoyed seeing Archer fight so well, and I realize that Surak's katra had quite a bit to do with this, Archer was performing athletic moves that just don't seem possible in air that's so thin.
Remarkable Scenes
- Soval meeting with Shran.
- T'Pau curing T'Pol of her Pa'nar syndrome!
- Shran torturing Soval.
- Soval: "I'll tear the antennae from your skull!"
- Soval: "Do you know the story of Nurak?" Shran: "What?" Soval: "He was a soldier who lived a long time ago. He was standing watch over the gates of the city of Gaul. He saw a cloud on the horizon moving toward him. He thought it was a sandstorm, so he told no one. It was an army. They destroyed the city. But they let Nurak live. His name now means fool in our language! Just as yours will in Andorian!"
- Archer fighting the Vulcan soldiers.
- T'Pol lying to the Vulcan soldiers cover Archer's tracks.
- Archer Vulcan neck pinching somebody!
- The Vulcans, Andorians, and Enterprise doing battle.
- Archer presenting the Kir'Shara to the Vulcan high command.
- The revelation that V'Las was working with the Romulans.
My Review
Another good episode, but not quite as good as the previous two. Most of the lesser rating stems from the fact that the plot had no major turning points or plot twists other than the ending, which chillingly reminded me of Ent: Zero Hour, except without the alien Nazi silliness. What this episode did do is wrap up several plot threads nicely. T'Pol was cured of her Pa'nar syndrome (Ent: Stigma); it seems the syndrome is actually caused by poorly trained mind melders and the Vulcan high command suppressed the true nature of the syndrome to try and kill off Syrranites and other deviants. T'Pol's marriage was dissolved (Ent: Breaking the Ice, Ent: Home), V'Las was removed from power, and since the leader of the Vulcan high command was a Romulan, or at least a Romulan collaborator, his removal signifies the end of "evil Vulcan syndrome." The ending to the mini arc was satisfactory regarding all things, delivering some nice action and excellent continuity in the process. The Romulan revelation at the end is probably the most interesting detail of the plot, but since it's a cliffhanger, there's not much to discuss about it except for the fact that it seems that the writers are going to continue to honor TOS and never show Romulans onscreen, which pleases me. I'm also pleased that this may be the precursor to the Earth Romulan wars, though I'm not sure how.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Lee on 2012-04-22 at 3:33pm:
I really love these 3-parter mini-arcs! I think ENT could've been the best of the Star Trek Series if the first two seasons were replaced with episodes like in this season, and instead of (or in addition to) the Xindi crisis, there should have been the Romulan war.
After all, this series is before the Federation of planets, so we should see just as much about the Andorians and Vulcans as we see about the Humans! It's really a shame this series was cancelled after only four seasons...
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Star Trek Ent - 4x10 - Daedalus
Originally Aired: 2005-1-14
The inventor of the transporter, Emory Erickson, comes aboard Enterprise for a risky experiment. [DVD]
My Rating - 5
Fan Rating Average - 3.72
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 23 4 2 11 5 16 5 4 5 4 3
- The original transporter took a full minute and a half to cycle through.
Remarkable Scenes
- Erickson discussing the old metaphysical debate about whether or not someone was the same person or just some weird copy after going through the transporter.
- Erickson discussing the original transporter, going through it, and getting drunk with Zefram Cochrane.
- Trip questioning Archer's decision to help Erickson, despite his deception.
- Trip: "The transporter can't do that!" Erickson: "I built the damn thing!"
- Erickson beaming in Quinn despite the fact that he knew he'd die just so he could save him one last time.
- Erickson: "Why settle for making myself miserable when I can spread the misery around to an entire class of students?"
My Review
A decent, though fairly average episode. The plot is rehashed from episodes like DS9: The Visitor, Voy: Jetrel, and Voy: Year of Hell in all of which a character struggles to bring someone back to life. It was a nice idea to bring the inventor of the transporter aboard for an experiment, but I was annoyed that he used deceit and subterfuge to hide his true motives. I would have preferred honesty from the beginning so the plot could focus on something more interesting. The metaphysical discussion about whether a person was still the same person and not some "weird copy" would have been a more interesting topic to cover. The plot to save Erickson's son gains some extra points though thanks to the wonderful acting by all those involved, especially Bill Cobbs as Erickson. He did a marvelous job and really brought a dull episode to life. I would have liked to see him again. One thing I noticed was several long scenes with no musical score. It stuck out to me like a sore thumb, much to the episode's disadvantage. Overall, a decent attempt.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From fan ive on 2010-01-01 at 12:47pm:
so they still use those old wheelchairs from the nineties in the 22. century??
• From joe on 2016-07-10 at 9:22pm:
Archer tells Erickson that he was worried about failing flight training but that his father told him the day before he went to "not fail". How is this possible when it has already been established that Henry Archer dies when Jonathan was 12 years old? Does flight training begin that young?
• From McCoy on 2017-07-31 at 4:36am:
This is one of the best episodes not only in Ent, but in all of Trek. Erickson is perfect megalomaniac scientist(I know a lot of similar persons) and hiding true motives (plus moral ambivalency - after all redshirt dies) are totally in character here. I had sick fun watching Archer being Archer (I've made my decision and it's only good decision, because I've made it). Poor Trip. I'm starting to really like him:) He deserves better captain!
• From President Obummer on 2020-02-01 at 2:02pm:
Erickson reminded me of the terraformer guy from DS9
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Star Trek Ent - 4x11 - Observer Effect
Originally Aired: 2005-1-21
Noncorporeal aliens study the Enterprise crew as they respond to a fatal viral infection brought on board from an away mission. [DVD]
My Rating - 4
Fan Rating Average - 5.39
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 14 5 2 6 5 10 6 10 10 9 11
- This episode is hard to rationalize with TOS: Errand of Mercy regarding the behavior of the Organians.
- Organian-Mayweather mentions that Cardassians have been to the planet featured in this episode.
Remarkable Scenes
- The Chess scene between possessed Reed and Travis in the teaser.
- Trip: "I remember Exobiology 101, Captain. Humans are carbon based. Our immune system can't fight silicon."
- The Organians revealing themselves to Phlox after he discovered Trip's and Hoshi's anomalous behavior.
- Archer and Phlox desperately trying to save Trip's and Hoshi's life.
- Hoshi and Trip dying.
- The Organians inhabiting Trip and Hoshi and talking to Archer.
- Archer: "Maybe you've evolved into beings with abilities I can't comprehend. But you've paid a hell of a price. You've lost compassion and empathy. Things that give life meaning. If that's what it takes to be advanced, I don't want any part of it."
- Archer: "If you want to know what it means to be Human, you need to do more than observe."
My Review
This episode was, of course, a bottle show. No guest stars and no special effects other than stock footage. There's no fighting and no weapons fired. Not even the Organians entering and leaving people's bodies is animated. Instead of all this eye candy, we get marvelous performances from all actors involved. Another nice detail was the portrayal of the Organians themselves. All throughout the episode we're given the impression that they're vastly superior to corporeal species in every way. Not in a cheesy direct manner either. Subtle things, like the Chess scene at the beginning or the way they so easily manipulate corporeal bodies were all we needed. All of this put a marvelously different spin on the episode, telling us the story from the Organian perspective. The audience is just as detached as the the observing Organians. What annoys me about this episode is that the Organians shouldn't have been used as the aliens here, as it fouls up continuity with TOS: Errand of Mercy. It could be argued that the Organians went through a radical behavioral change in just 100 years, but given their absurd time frames to exact any kind of change and their radically different behavior in the TOS episode, this doesn't seem likely. A better choice would have been Q. No, seriously. Q, or a group of Q could have easily filled in this role and used the same memory wiping trick. We know how quickly their opinions on things can change. We could have even gotten a cheesy line at the end from Q about visiting in 200 years to see how far humanity has progressed, kind of like the line Arik Soong made about wanting to study Cybernetics at the end of Ent: The Augments. In the end, this was a marvelously well played episode, but for the blunder regarding the Organians, I must strike points.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From GDorn on 2012-01-13 at 3:12am:
I found it hard to believe that sickbay isn't stocked with quarantine suits compatible with medical equipment.
• From krs312 on 2012-10-29 at 11:15am:
Definitely should have been Q. My wife thought they were until I told her. Almost seems like the episode was written that way but someone changed it to be Organians so they could reference TOS.
• From Rick on 2014-04-07 at 9:19pm:
Why didnt any species in the last 800 years leave a warning beacon about the virus?
• From Mike Chambers on 2014-07-15 at 2:57am:
When Hoshi broke out... WHY would there even be ANY way to unlock the quarantine chamber from the inside??
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Star Trek Ent - 4x12 - Babel One
Originally Aired: 2005-1-28
Enterprise journeys to Babel with a Tellarite ambassador on board for peace talks with the Andorians, when a distress call from Shran is received. [DVD]
My Rating - 8
Fan Rating Average - 5.23
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 23 2 9 1 2 0 2 6 15 15 11
- You can easily tell when a stunt double is used for Talas during her fight with the guard. Her stunt double has a vast difference in breast size!
- Shrna commanded the Kumari for twelve years. It was the first ship of its class.
- Thanks to Enterprise's upgrades, the ship can now hold warp 5.06 safely.
- Enterprise was officially canceled at about the time this episode aired. Amazing timing, isn't it? Just when the show starts to get bloody good. Just like Farscape.
Remarkable Scenes
- Hoshi and Archer pretending to argue.
- Archer to Gral: "You people are even uglier than I remember."
- Gral: "I've heard this ship is the pride of Starfleet. I find it small, and unimpressive." Archer: "Funny, I was about to say the same thing about you."
- Archer insulting Trip, tricking him.
- Shran and Gral getting into a fight.
- The revelation that the mystery attack ship was in fact Romulan.
- The Romulan ship suddenly coming to life.
- Reed regarding the alien life support system: "With our luck, they probably breathe fluorine!"
- Reed: "There's no rule that says the bridge has to be on the top of the ship!"
- Talas being shot.
- The zoom out at the end when its revealed that the ship was being controlled from Romulus.
My Review
And season 4 continues to deliver the prequel we've been waiting for. This episode expands on the Romulan aspect of the show, showing us once again that in their early days, they tried to manipulate galactic politics from afar, rather than attempt to directly participate. Again, this is perfect for continuity, because Spock said no one had ever seen a Romulan prior to TOS: Balance of Terror. I also liked the nice reference to Babel, which was also the site of a conference in TOS: Journey to Babel. Bringing back the Andorians; especially Shran, and the Tellarites was a perfect development. Daniels once told Archer that Humans, Vulcans, Andorians, and Tellarites were the initial members of the Federation. And T'Pol told Archer that the Romulans probably fear an alliance between these parties. What they fear is the Federation itself. I wouldn't be surprised if the Earth-Romulan wars were a direct attempt by the Romulans to disrupt the founding of the Federation in 2161, which is six years from this episode and plenty of time to wage such a conflict. The Romulan ship itself was fascinating. Controlling a ship remotely could have several advantages, but many disadvantages as well. If these are the types of ships that will be used during the Earth-Romulan wars, I can see how a stalemate might be possible. Earth might even find a way to jam the transmitters so those ships can no longer receive instructions. That could be why the Romulans eventually abandon the design. There was only one thing that annoyed me... I wish we'd got to see a little bit more of that ship. I want to know how it works and why they designed it like that. It's fascinating. Okay, I was wrong, there was one other thing that annoyed me. Did anyone else catch that Travis was interrupted in the middle of one of his lines? First they give him barely anything to say, now they're not even letting him finish sentences! ;) Anyway, this episode was marvelous, and I'm looking forward to seeing more.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Bob on 2012-03-26 at 7:26am:
OK... so this annoys me, if you watch Balance of Terror, where the Enterprise fist meets the Romulans, Spock says no human has seen a Romulan, because viewscreens where not availiable during the Earth - Romulan war!!
So...just saying we are not seeing the Roulans now is not enough, because your just ignoring the very reason Spock gave!! Either follow the written history,or dont...on this basis the entire Enterprise series is not canon because they have viewscreens. Also, spock makes it clear the Romulan war is fought with old nuclear(?) technology, not phasers and photon torpedoes....*sigh*
• From Kethinov on 2012-03-26 at 5:56pm:
Spock's exact line was this: "As you may recall from your histories, this conflict was fought by our standards today with primitive atomic weapons and in primitive space vessels which allowed no quarter, no captives. Nor was there even ship-to-ship visual communication. Therefore, no human, Romulan, or ally has ever seen the other."
He didn't say there were not viewscreens. He said there was no ship-to-ship visual communication. That statement allows for Enterprise's interpretation that the Romulans possessed the capability but refrained from using it to conceal their identities. No continuity error there.
As for "primitive atomic weapons," that one is harder to rationalize. Spock did also say "by our standards today" though which could imply that the phasers and photon torpedos of Ent and TOS may in fact be based on some type of atomic power, with Ent's simply being less advanced.
• From krs321 on 2012-11-02 at 11:29am:
Yeah, the only thing that's way off is the use of atomic weapons. There is obviously no way this is reconcilable with any timeline. I don't think the writers even wanted to waste time on it.
I don't recall which, but there is an episode where the Enterprise is damaged by an old nuclear weapon and I'm pretty sure by now we'd have heard if the NX-1 used atomic-based weapons vs antimatter weapons (slash the antimatter-engine powered phase-cannons)
• From Hugo on 2020-05-13 at 1:07pm:
Go Sato!
The whole plot with the insider spy felt unnecessary...
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Star Trek Ent - 4x13 - United
Originally Aired: 2005-2-4
Archer tries to unify the Andorians, Tellarites and Vulcans in a plan to capture a marauder ship threatening to destabilize the region. [DVD]
My Rating - 9
Fan Rating Average - 5.43
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 30 6 2 1 4 0 10 3 8 28 16
- The pale skinned Andorian pilot was clearly a "pinkskin" type alien when you viewed his neck in this and the previous episode. He was not turned into a blue skinned alien until his helmet was removed at the end of this episode.
- This episode features two Reman guards. The Remans were featured for the first and only other time in Star Trek X: Nemesis.
- The drone prototype ship is a modified warbird.
- The Kumari was named after the first ice cutters to circumnavigate Andoria.
- Andorian metabolism is higher than that of humans.
- Antennae take nine months to grow back.
- It would seem given Shran's reaction to losing an antenna, that the antenna are necessary for balance.
Remarkable Scenes
- Archer getting the Andorians and Tellarites to work together.
- Reed saving Trip from the Romulans.
- Reed blowing up a power conduit disabling the Romulan link to the drone ship.
- Archer taking
- Reed: "You're good at building things, I'm good at blowing them up."
- Travis and Hoshi looking for a loophole.
- Archer receiving fighting advice from Hoshi, Gral, and Phlox.
- Archer's fight with Shran.
- Archer cutting off one of Shran's antennae!
- Enterprise battling the drone ship.
- The drone ship performing some crazy maneuvers.
- Trip and Reed diving out of the drone ship so they can be beamed aboard.
- Alliance ships arriving to continue the battle against the drone ship.
- Enterprise rescuing Trip and Reed.
- Trip pulling Reed's leg. Trip's taking out what Archer did to him in Ent: Babel One on Reed. ;)
- The sight of Shran and Gral making up in the end and the joint fleet.
My Review
This episode is one of the best ones shown yet on Enterprise, and certainly one of the most memorable. It's fairly obvious that this episode is supposed to serve as a precursor to the alliance that humans, Vulcans, Andorians, and Tellarites will one day form as the founding members of the Federation and it was done well here. What I liked most was the fight between Archer and Shran. I was thoroughly convinced one of them would die and was pleasantly surprised when Travis and Hoshi found a way for that not to happen. Additionally, I was glad to see Travis and Hoshi play a real role in the story for once as well. Archer cutting off Shran's antenna is of course an homage to TOS: Journey to Babel in which we saw the antenna of a fake Andorian break off, which was nicely clever. The whole incident served as marvelous character development for Shran and Archer. I really like the relationship those two have forged. Besides that, Trip's and Reed's escape from the Romulan drone ship was extremely exciting to watch. I loved how they just dived into space like that, and finally the special effects depicting the arrival and departure of some of the alliance ships were just spectacular. Ent: United is showing us a pattern of writing not present in seasons 1-3. Manny Coto is taking this show exactly where it needs to go, but too little too late. Maybe if we could have had Coto as the showrunner from the beginning, Enterprise would have more than 4 seasons. Season 4 has been excellent so far, but it's too little, too late.
No fan commentary yet.
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Star Trek Ent - 4x14 - The Aenar
Originally Aired: 2005-2-11
Archer visits Shran's icy homeworld to find an Andorian subspecies called the Aenar, to determine their connection to the marauder destroying ships in the region. [DVD]
My Rating - 6
Fan Rating Average - 6.53
Rate episode?
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# Votes: 8 2 3 1 1 3 11 11 14 12 11
- Andorian cities are built underground and make use of geothermal energy. Shran didn't see the sun until he was 15.
- Andoria is actually a moon of a ringed gas giant. This could put an end to the Andor / Andoria naming problem, possibly signifying that Andor is the gas giant and Andoria is the moon.
Remarkable Scenes
- Shran revealing the existence of the Aenar to Archer.
- The sight of Andoria... beautiful.
- Archer and Shran visiting the Aenar compound.
- Shran being impaled by a stalagmite.
- The sight of the Aenar city.
- Enterprise battling the Romulan drones.
- The two Romulan drones attacking each other.
- Trip declaring he's going to leave Enterprise.
My Review
This episode was a bit of a let down compared to the previous two, but charming in its own light. The biggest problem was that the Romulan plot was totally exhausted at this point and probably shouldn't have continued. With the writing a bit more careful in Ent: Babel One and Ent: United, they could have been a simple two parter instead of a 3 episode mini arc. The Aenar themselves however were totally fascinating. Rarely is a new alien species presented so well on Enterprise. I was also fascinated to see that Andoria is actually a moon of a ringed gas giant. It's nice to see this kind of planetary diversity every once in a while. The Aenar themselves were convincing as recluses and pacifists. Their makeup and acting was superb all throughout. If there were another suitable reason to feature them again, I'd love to see more of the Aenar. I'm curious to know if they're still around after the Federation was formed. Trip leaving the ship in the ending brought an anticlimactic moment to an otherwise decent episode. I'm wondering why the writers are dragging out the T'Ppl / Trip relationship thing. It's starting to become tiresome. I mean, obviously, Trip is not leaving the ship permanently. This is Star Trek Enterprise. Not Star Trek Enterprise + Columbia. Maybe that sounds cruel, but that's how it is. Trip will be back. So the ending, albeit a surprise, was a let down.
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Star Trek Ent - 4x15 - Affliction
Originally Aired: 2005-2-18
While Enterprise visits Earth for the launch of Columbia, Phlox is kidnapped and forced to help the Klingons deal with a grave threat toward their species. [DVD]
My Rating - 6
Fan Rating Average - 5.11
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 16 2 3 3 10 4 7 12 11 7 6
- What do those silly pillars of light do on the bridge of the Columbia? They're just as retarded looking as those from Ent: E².
- Enterprise sets a new speed record in this episode, warp 5.2.
Remarkable Scenes
- T'Pol performing a mind meld on Hoshi with Archer's guidance.
- T'Pol and Trip meeting in a communal daydream.
- The Klingon General shooting the patient. Awesome. :)
- The revelation that the Klingon disease was actually caused by messing around with Augment DNA.
- Hoshi describing dreaming of Trip the same way T'Pol was.
- Reed to Archer: "There are some obligations that go beyond my loyalty to you and this crew."
- Phlox suggesting the Klingons should have abducted Dr. Soong and the Klingons responding with "we tried, he was under heavy guard." :)
- The launch of the Columbia.
My Review
Ah, the infamous Klingon Forehead Problem. This is probably the most amusing continuity-centered episode ever done. Before I begin my review, let me briefly outline the Klingon Forehead Problem. In TOS, Klingons head no facial makeup, other than some interesting haircuts and a darker complexion. They had no cranial ridges. In the TOS films, Gene Roddenberry did an about face on this and made the Klingons look more alien. He claimed that's how he always wanted them to look, but TOS lacked the budget. A reasonable explanation. And it fell through with DS9 when TOS era Klingons made their cameos. They had full ridged Klingon makeup. But in DS9: Trials and Tribble-ations, the equivalent of an atomic bomb was dropped on Roddenberry's argument. Now don't get me wrong, that episode was a wonderful homage to TOS. But when Bashir et al noticed the difference between the Klingons of TOS and Worf and started speculating as to the reasons why this could have happened and Worf just cryptically responded with "we don't talk about it," it made canonical this Klingon Forehead Problem. An explanation was demanded and none was ever given. Then Enterprise as a series further aggravated the issue by depicting pre-TOS Klingons with ridges! Well, Manny Coto hates loose ends and here we are with Ent: Affliction. The solution to the Klingon Forehead Problem. The Klingons during the late Enterprise era began experimenting with human Augment DNA. The result? A ridgeless, TOS style Klingon. Now, there are still questions to be answered. How far does this plague spread? Why is every Klingon we see in TOS ridgeless? Why is every Klingon we see post TOS ridged? I have my own theories, but I'll wait to postulate them until the second part has aired. My only comment regarding this is wow, Coto has lots of bravery to attempt this. He's trying to correct the biggest continuity error in Star Trek history! That's no small feat. The episode itself was fairly by the book. Trip's emotional problems didn't interest me very much, but I was kind of glad that it gave us a chance to see the Columbia. T'Pol and Hoshi were given a decent showing as well; I loved the mind meld scene. I'm not sure Reed's conflict with Archer was such a good idea. The idea to bring Section 31 to Enterprise is acceptable from a continuity standpoint, but given the limited time left on Enterprise thanks to that asinine cancellation, introducing new complex long term plot threads seems ill advised. Probably the best part about the episode though was Phlox working with the Klingons. They were in character all throughout and I thus found the episode sufficiently convincing. I am impressed with Coto's audaciousness!
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Star Trek Ent - 4x16 - Divergence
Originally Aired: 2005-2-25
With Columbia's help, the Enterprise crew grapples with sabotage to their ship as they pursue the truth behind the kidnapping of Phlox. [DVD]
My Rating - 7
Fan Rating Average - 4.87
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Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 15 5 0 0 61 3 2 14 13 10 6
- You've got to wonder why Bashir was so surprised just like O'Brien in DS9: Trials and Tribble-ations. Didn't he study medical history? Maybe he was just playing dumb to put Worf in an embarrassing situation. ;)
Remarkable Scenes
- The zooming scene just after the teaser. Holy wow!
- The two NX class ships matching course and speed.
- Watching trip climb from one ship to the other.
- Trip doing a cold start of the warp reactor.
- Archer uncovering Reed's connection with Section 31.
- K'Vagh drinking to the bravery of the four Klingon warriors who volunteered to test the various attempts at a cure.
- Enterprise and Columbia battling the Klingon ships.
- Phlox beaming the virus to the attacking Klingons to persuade them to let Phlox cure the virus.
My Review
I must say, that's a damn fine resolution of the Klingon Forehead problem. The only remaining question is why do the "shamed" ridgeless Klingons get so powerful in TOS? It's possible that the virus spreads further and since it only can do "stage 1" it alters ridged Klingons for a hundred years and their cosmetic surgery techniques aren't quite up to the task of fixing the problem until post TOS. That would seem to make sense with why all the ridged Klingons in Star Trek I: The Motion Picture have the same ridges and why post Star Trek I: The Motion Picture productions have progressively better ridges... they were perfecting their cosmetic surgery techniques! ;) Still, you've got to wonder why it would take them 100 years to develop them. But then, given how valued doctors are in the Klingon Empire, it's not all that surprising. Aside from resolving the Klingon Forehead Problem, this episode presents a great action episode at the same time. Trip's leap from Columbia to Enterprise was just the kind of innovative stuff that keeps Star Trek exciting. Phlox bending his ethics with the Klingons added further to the episode's intrigue. Finally, letting the Columbia strut her stuff in battle side by side with Enterprise was just great fun to watch. All in all, a nicely successful episode.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Jadzia Guinan Smith on 2010-09-09 at 8:40pm:
Good catch on Bashir's surprise. I also wonder how it came to be that the ridgeless mutants seemed to peak in numbers a 100 years from the divergence, (so much so that they dominated politics and military operations, apparently having shed any shame associated with the deformity) only to pretty much die out about a 120 years later :-)
• From Andrew James on 2010-12-10 at 12:56pm:
I always felt or more elegant solution to the continuity problem would have been in Tribbles and Tribulation to have Worf appear in TOS style Klingon makeup and simply ignore the problem.
• From peterwolf on 2012-10-03 at 4:00pm:
Interestingly that nobody wondered about similar solutions of the "Klingon forehead problem" when watching the Undiscovered Country. General Chang has very faint ridges, is bald - very untypical for Klingons - and loves Shakespeare! There must have beeen some human influence and, seemingly, more underlying continuity before this Star Trek Enterprise episode Divergence.
• From TheAnt on 2013-11-06 at 6:34am:
I am with Andrew James on this matter, TOS were one old show, and things, graphics capabilities, how we perceive what the future might look like, and political correctness have changes everything since then.
And this episode provides one example of the fanboy style written episodes that the entire Enterprise series suffers from.
Ideas and aliens presented in the 1960 early 1970 style, (the following episode with slave girls provides a striking example).
Taken together Enterprise is a series obviously written for the hardcore ST fans, that they hoped would attract a larger audience, it is not strange at all that a show like this cannot be a huge resounding success!
Now with that said, I have to agree that this is one of the better episodes, and one that do not have me cringe. I really liked Phlox for example.
But the major problem lies with the Klingons, we have learned to like their cranky ways, but here we get to learn that they at first have done virus testing on POV's.
It immediately had me started to think and question just about everything really.
Talk about having a skeleton in the closet, with a war atrocity of that magnitude I cannot get that to fit with the idea that the Klingons later would be allowed into the Federation - I would not!
A final blow perhaps after having similar references in "Storm Front" and "Borderland", ST should also deliver a bit of simple fun to provide good entertainment - also in that respect do these episodes fail.
So I will not enter any comment for those other, but only pass over them in this mini review.
• From Dstyle on 2015-11-02 at 10:13am:
To make a fairly nerdy correction to TheAnt's comments: The Klingon Empire does not join the Federation. They merely make peace and are allies, albeit loose ones at times.
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Star Trek Ent - 4x17 - Bound
Originally Aired: 2005-4-15
As a gift for negotiating with the Orion Syndicate, Captain Archer receives three Orion Slave Girls. [DVD]
My Rating - 3
Fan Rating Average - 3.31
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 45 5 7 5 3 6 5 6 8 8 6
- Trip calls Kelby a lieutenant, when he actually holds the rank of commander.
Remarkable Scenes
- T'Pol: "They did report one distinctive feature which bears mentioning." Archer: "Which is?" T'Pol: "A species of flying reptiles, some reportedly over 200 meters long. They're also said to breathe fire. There has been lingering questions over the accuracy of this report." A nice reference to TOS: This Side of Paradise.
- The Orion slave girls putting on a show for Archer and Reed.
- The various crew's reaction to the Orion women.
- Enterprise battling Harrad-Sar's ship.
- Enterprise disabling the grappler on Harrad-Sar's ship.
- T'Pol: "At least we've learned something about the Orions." Reed: "Yeah, the women are in charge." T'Pol: "It proves that even the most disagreeable species have some positive attributes."
My Review
Ent: Bound is a rehash of TOS: Mudd's Women. Here is where Manny Coto's fetish for TOS continuity is starting to get a little over the top. While it was a good idea to give us more information about the Orions, the episode was done in a very immature way. Basically the episode floats around between the men tripping over themselves, the women getting annoyed, and Trip and T'Pol having relationship problems. This episode seemed more to me like a teeny soap opera than an episode of Star Trek. Only the short space battle and the fact that the Orions were aliens made the episode reminiscent of Star Trek. Fortunately, the episode manages to salvage some dignity over similar attempts like Ent: Harbinger (which was actually a better episode, even if less mature) and the dreaded Ent: A Night in Sickbay. For one, the revelation that the Orion women actually control Orion society is an interesting one. This episode also ended the annoying "lets push Trip over to Columbia" mini arc. I had a feeling it was going nowhere... now we know for sure. Finally, the little joke T'Pol made at the end was genuinely funny and a nice homage to TOS when Spock would make similar closing comments at the end of episodes. These details hardly make up for the general immaturity of the episode, but I generally felt somewhere in between liking and hating this episode. It's not very good, but it's not that bad either. Certainly better than most poor episodes of Star Trek.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From James T. on 2008-09-08 at 1:04pm:
"Continuity Coto" didn't write this script -- Mike Sussman did. Coto wrote the story for Part II. Just FYI.
• From Nicholas on 2011-11-20 at 5:23am:
I went into this expecting to dislike it; indeed, I considered skipping the episode on the DVD to get to In a Mirror Darkly.
However, I found it really enjoyable. Look beyond the simple "men are gushing over women" to the sci-fi aspect of the Orion women being able to influence and control them with pheromones. It led to some excellent scenes, particularly the sickbay one - Phlox was great to watch.
I wish they'd played up the disgust of the woman at them a bit more, though - there were a few funny background moments, but nothing much.
The Orion man also had the right blend of menace, sleaze and charm; very well-played.
The joke scene with T'Pol capped it off perfectly, and gave it a real TOS feel.
A pleasant surprise, as far as I'm concerned.
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Star Trek Ent - 4x18 - In a Mirror, Darkly, Part I
Originally Aired: 2005-4-22
In the mirror universe, Commander Archer mutinies against Captain Forrest in order to capture a future Earth ship found in Tholian space. [DVD]
My Rating - 10
Fan Rating Average - 5.02
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 59 5 6 5 1 3 5 2 12 12 51
- This episode is a candidate for my "Best Episode of Enterprise Award".
- This is the 700th episode of Star Trek when you exclude the movies and TAS.
- Trip's facial damage is a reference to what happened to captain Pike in TOS: The Menagerie.
- Tholians require temperatures of 480 degrees kelvin.
- Tholians reproduce asexually.
- Tholians can use their crystalline exoskeleton to act as a naturally resonating transmitter.
Remarkable Scenes
- The teaser with Zefram Cochrane shooting the Vulcans who made first contact with Earth, then stealing their ship... hah!
- Oh my, the opening credits! Didn't see that coming.
- The torture scene in the beginning.
- Archer taking over Enterprise.
- Finally seeing a Tholian!
- Phlox gradually decreasing the temperature in the Tholian's airlock.
- Archer briefing the senior staff about the Earth ship from 100 years in the future from the other universe.
- Cloaked Enterprise arriving at the Defiant.
- Phlox: "Will you kindly die!" Ah, the best Phlox quote ever.
- The Tholian ships deploying their web and attacking Enterprise.
- Archer activating the Defiant.
- Enterprise being destroyed by the Tholians.
My Review
Continuity Coto writes his masterpiece. This episode is a sequel to TOS: The Tholian Web. In that episode, the USS Defiant disappeared, never to be seen again. Now we know where it went... the mirror universe, during the Enterprise era! Aside from this marvelous detail, there are numerous others to redeem it. First of all, a common complaint about DS9 was that it consistently abused the mirror universe. This episode presents the mirror universe exactly faithful to how TOS does, finally. All things from Cochrane firing on the Vulcans during first contact, to the personalities of the characters aboard the ISS Enterprise, to the command structure about the ISS Enterprise were spot on. Additionally, bringing in TOS technology from the regular universe in the form of a sequel to TOS: The Tholian Web was just brilliant. We know that the Terran Empire conquered much of the alpha quadrant by the time of TOS: Mirror, Mirror. We also know humans started off inferior to most of the species they conquered. If Archer successfully captures this TOS vessel of the future, it can explain how humanity became so powerful! Another nice touch was being able to see an actual Tholian. We got a crude drawing of one in TOS, but we never actually got see any. The Tholian presented in this episode is perfectly faithful to the TOS drawing, whilst expanding on it creatively. Another wonderful detail is the use of the Tholian Web itself. When the Tholians deployed their web on Kirk's Enterprise, it took hours to complete. In this episode it takes mere seconds. You might first assume this is a technical problem, but if you notice in this episode, the Tholians have an entire fleet deploying the web. We can infer that the more ships working on the web, the faster it gets deployed. Finally, the opening credits of this episode are a great touch as well. Long have fans complained about the opening theme, claiming it'd be better as an orchestral version. The opening theme presented in this episode is kind of making fun of all the fan criticism, whilst being totally appropriate at the same time! Coto has really outdone himself here. This episode is absolutely hilarious, the writing is wonderfully careful, the special effects are marvelous, and the acting is superb. Bravo!
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From hmad on 2010-07-17 at 4:51am:
My God, to see this sweet and respected devotion to not only canon but TOS homage not seen since DS9's "Trials and Tribble-ations" and done in a way that would make Matt Jeffries and D.C. Fontana jealous of the Mirror Universe in true epicness.
It was the almost flawless run of this fourth season that made me lament (a full three years after the end) that this series had finally, after shedding the burnt out Brannon Braga for Coto, found its legs and teeth. Too late, unlike TOS their would be no revival via the fans, even Trekkies were almost trekked out, or at least needed a siesta.
But man, if only Enterprise was given the three more seasons that other franchises were with the same level of bravado that the 4th season had. In the words of a Klingon warrior, it would have been "glorious....!".
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Star Trek Ent - 4x19 - In a Mirror, Darkly, Part II
Originally Aired: 2005-4-29
In the mirror universe, Archer commandeers the 23rd-century Defiant from the Tholians and uses it in a nefarious power grab. [DVD]
My Rating - 10
Fan Rating Average - 5.42
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 43 2 6 4 0 3 4 4 5 18 41
- This episode is a candidate for my "Best Episode of Enterprise Award."
- Hoshi Sato created a "linguacode translation matrix" in her late 30s.
- Archer's mother's name is Sally Archer.
- Archer's name is among the most recognized in the Federation. Historians called him the greatest explorer of the 22nd century and two planets were named after him.
- Archer retires as an admiral and commander in chief of Starfleet and goes on to become the President of the Federation at some point!
Remarkable Scenes
- Archer and crew stealing the Defiant.
- Archer sporting a TOS style captain's uniform.
- Archer and Hoshi discussing the Federation and their alter egos' personal biographies.
- Archer defeating the Gorn.
- Phlox regarding Earth's literature: "I skimmed a few of the more celebrated narratives. The stories were similar in some respects but their characters were weak and compassionate. With the exception of Shakespeare, of course. From what I could tell his plays were equally grim in both universes."
- The Defiant crushing a rebellion.
- Archer executing Admiral Black.
- T'Pol and Soval persuading Phlox to join their rebellion.
- T'Pol to Hoshi: "I'm surprised you're not exhausted from all the beds you've jumped into recently!"
- The Avenger battling the Defiant.
- The Defiant destroying the Avenger.
- Hoshi poisoning Archer.
- Hoshi: "You're speaking with Empress Sato. Prepare to receive instructions."
My Review
Part II is every bit as good as part I. In this episode, we get to see the Defiant strut its stuff with Archer loving every minute of it. He obviously has issues with anger and paranoia, as well self doubt which manifests itself as regular-universe Archer constantly taunting him, which was a nice touch. All the characters act as you would expect them to, with the aliens forming a rebellion on the Avenger, only to be destroyed, and Archer getting rid of anyone he even remotely sees as a threat. A possible deficiency is the Gorn stuff. We got a nice mention of the Gorn in Ent: Bound, but fans have been asking to actually see another Gorn for a while now. The usage was appropriate here, but in some ways it felt more like filler. I felt that the whole Gorn sequence was obtrusive and that it should have either been elaborated more or not done at all. The CGI Gorn was extremely well done though. The updated Gorn reminded me a lot of the Skaarans from Farscape. Now, I might have struck a point for the Gorn sequence if it had really wasted time, but it didn't. The episode's pace was sufficient that the ending was still amazing. Empress Hoshi Sato schemes her way to the top! I didn't see that one coming at all, and I wholeheartedly enjoyed it. She reminded me of Persis from the Augments arc. She did the very same thing, but eventually she stood up for what was right and died because of it... not Hoshi! Immoral and corrupt all the way, and it allows her to rise to the top! How viciously nasty! It should be noted that the fan reaction to this two parter has been mixed. Yes, these two episodes waste a great deal of time that could be otherwise spent on more relevant episodes; none of the events of these two episodes actually even take place in the real universe! Yes, I too found it somewhat annoying that Enterprise is squandered what little time it had left. But Ent: In a Mirror, Darkly was just so well written and so entertaining that I simply couldn't strike points from it due to timing and circumstance. The episode probably would have made more sense in season 1 or 2, but better late than never.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Abigail on 2009-04-19 at 8:28pm:
These two episodes were very intriguing! I loved the continuity with TOS -- the ship (of course), the Tholian web, the gorn (although he looked and acted nothing like the TOS gorn). I also loved the opening credits! It caught me completely off-guard!
I do have one pretty big complaint ... It was very odd that the crew of "our" enterprise never came into play. Despite its intrigue, it felt a bit like a waste because it has nothing at all to do with the rest of the show, plot-wise. I kept waiting for them to bring in "our" characters! Because of this, when it was over, I felt like it needed a part III.
• From peterwolf on 2012-10-04 at 5:54am:
Two more and mirrored heavy arguments why the 4th Enterprise season was so amazing. The first two seasons I saw only dubbed in German after watching it now on DVD, but I still liked the characters of T'Pol and Captain Archer. For example, characters like Reed you can only really appreciate in the original version. Anyway, the last two seasons of Enterprise were so much better with their continuous plots and unblievable great topics and good stories leading to TOS (like Andorian and Vulcan "history")! In fact, the decent, closer to real life characters were great then, overall much better than Voyager. Sheer madness to cancel this series!
• From Dstyle on 2015-11-04 at 9:44am:
I was really disappointed that the two Vulcans who helped T'Pol release Captain Forrest in Part I didn't have evil Mirror-Vulcan goatees, so I'm glad to see Soval was at least sporting one!
• From Luke on 2016-07-27 at 4:37am:
There is a HUGE continuity problem here - if the ship from our universe was the USS Defiant, and it was build along time before DS9s Defiant, the why wasn't the one from DS9 the -A?
It shouldn't matter that it was the first of class - in fact I don't think they would reuse a name for the lead ship of a class in the same was the lead Sovreign wasn't the Enterprise.
Of course, DS9 was made before ENT, but still it's another small yet irritating continuity problem.
• From Temlakos on 2016-08-15 at 5:47am:
The numbering of USS Defiant NX-74205 is in no way inconsistent with the numbering of USS Defiant NCC-1764. The only reason for the A, B, and C designations for the Enterprise is that Starfleet honored Captain Kirk by retaining the original NCC number of his ship, and adding A, B, C, etc. for each successive iteration. Consider the real-life naming of multiple ships named Enterprise in the United States Navy. (With another one--USS Enterprise CVN-80, the third Ford class carrier--already in the graving dock, if I am not mistaken.)
• From McCoy on 2017-08-01 at 10:23am:
I like everything related to TOS:) Shame that upcoming Discovery doesn't look like true retro sf (looks quite opposite, sadly). However I see one continuity problem here. If they managed to get Defiant, why they didn't improve technology over time? Kirk visited his mirror Enterprise, not some advanced vessel. So Terran Empire just keep building Defiant-era ships with no upgrades over 100 years? Unlikely:)
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Star Trek Ent - 4x20 - Demons
Originally Aired: 2005-5-6
A xenophobic faction of humanity threatens to undermine talks to form a new coalition of planets. [DVD]
My Rating - 5
Fan Rating Average - 4.97
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 10 2 1 15 3 11 7 6 8 6 5
- Why were Trip and T'Pol selected for this undercover mission? Isn't this kind of personal involvement exactly the reason why you wouldn't select them?
- We get extra information about Colonel Green, who was first featured in TOS: The Savage Curtain. In that episode, he was said to be known for attacking his enemies whilst negotiating with them. In this episode we find that he exterminated millions of people suffering from radiation sickness after World War III to prevent future generations from inheriting deformities.
Remarkable Scenes
- Samuels: "With this Coalition of Planets we seek to strengthen our bonds of friendship, render permanent the peace that now exists among us for the ongoing exploration of our galaxy. Let us dedicate ourselves to these worthy goals so that future generations can look back upon this moment with pride and eternal gratitude."
- Samuels regarding the universal translator: "They are extremely precise. Though when I'm listening to the Tellarite Ambassador I wish they were a little less precise."
- The revelation that the child was somehow T'Pol's and Trip's.
- Reed contacting Section 31.
- Paxton and Greaves watching an historic Colonel Green speech.
- Trip meeting with Greaves, then attending the Terra Prime meeting.
- Trip and T'Pol being captured.
- The moon mining facility taking off.
- The lunar colony going to warp, arriving at Mars, and landing on it.
- Paxton firing on the Moon.
My Review
This episode is nothing special, but not bad at the same time. It picks up on the xenophobia that humanity faces which first flared up in Ent: Home. I'm glad they're going somewhere with this, but I was hoping it wouldn't be taken in the direction of a KKK of the future. Unfortunately, this is exactly what Paxton represents. His racism is blatantly impractical and he's clearly a madman, just like the Colonel Green from 100 years before he admires so much, or Hitler from 200 years before. Only the minor details of this episode redeem it. For one, it's interesting to get a chance to see the Luna colony. I also enjoyed the special effects with the colony lifting off and traveling to Mars. Good stuff there. The most appealing aspect of this episode was the seeming preliminary talks regarding the formation of the Federation. Otherwise, the motives and intent of the antagonist remain unclear, and it's hard to give the episode much more than an average rating. On a side note, Travis gets lots of lines! It's a shame the small part of the story he was conceded was so full of cliche though...
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Mike Chambers on 2013-11-25 at 12:46am:
Factoid: Minister Nathan Samuels who gave that speech at the beginning of the episode played by the same guy who played Tam Elbrun in TNG: Tin Man. Or at least I think it is. It sure looks and sounds like him.
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Star Trek Ent - 4x21 - Terra Prime
Originally Aired: 2005-5-13
A human isolationist leader threatens to destroy Starfleet Command unless all aliens leave Earth immediately. [DVD]
My Rating - 8
Fan Rating Average - 5.92
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 9 15 2 2 2 3 5 7 18 12 16
- Why didn't Archer just shoot Paxton instead of letting him make his speech to buy time while the window got ready to explode?
- This is the 32nd planet Reed has set foot on.
- This is the 248th planet Phlox has set foot on.
- The guy who played Masaro wasn't an actor. He won the role in a contest.
Remarkable Scenes
- Trip: "Do you really think I'm going to help you turn that array into a weapon?" Paxton: "Do you really think I'm going to give you choice?"
- Enterprise hitching a ride to Mars using a comet.
- Archer putting Hoshi in command!
- Archer, Reed, Phlox, and Travis taking a shuttlepod down to Mars.
- The sight of the Carl Sagan Memorial Station and the first Mars Rover. Aww, how cute. :)
- T'Pol: "Tagart syndrome. Since you obviously didn't die by age twenty, you're receiving treatment. Rigelian gene therapy?" Paxton: "You're not a doctor." T'Pol: "They very thing you're warning humans to avoid is what's keeping you alive. Alien knowledge, freely shared. You're not only a terrorist, you're a hypocrite." Paxton: "This is not the time for timidity and second guessing. We cannot afford to doubt ourselves." T'Pol: "Colonel Green also said to be human is to be pure. Under his rule you would have been euthanized for having a genetic disorder. I'm not the first significant leader who failed to measure up to his own ideals."
- T'Pol revealing that she had named her dying baby Elizabeth, after Trip's sister.
- Masaro killing himself in front of Archer.
- Phlox' speech about how Enterprise has become his family and how he desperately wishes for Archer to make something good come from this.
- Archer: "Up until about a hundred years ago, there was one question that burned in every human, that made us study the stars and dream of traveling to them. Are we alone? Our generation is privileged to know the answer to that question. We are all explorers, driven to know what's over the horizon, what's beyond our own shores. And yet, the more I've experienced, the more I've learned that no matter how far we travel, or how fast we get there, the most profound discoveries are not necessarily beyond that next star. They're within us, woven into the threads that bind us, all of us, to each other. A final frontier begins in this hall. Let's explore it together."
My Review
The sequel to Ent: Demons impressed me. Coto didn't do such a good job setting up the premise of Ent: Demons to be very interesting, but where he went with it in Ent: Terra Prime was downright moving and would have made a fitting end to the series. Many fans actually consider this episode to be the end of Enterprise because they hate the next one so much, they refuse to believe it's canon. But discussions about the next episode should be held off until my next review. The story shows the almost tragic downfall of Paxton, who's true nature is revealed. He's another Hitler who never had a chance to do any real damage, except of course, to Trip and T'Pol. With regards to them, their relationship has finally shown real progress, something that is much appreciated. I loved how even Phlox broke down when the baby died. The emotion in this episode was well played and totally appropriate. Giving Hoshi command of Enterprise while Archer led the rescue team was also a nice touch. Imagine the frightened little girl that she was in Ent: Fight or Flight taking this kind of responsibility. The scenes on Mars were visually spectacular and the comet ride getting there was even moreso. While in reality this episode isn't much more than your average action episode, the emotional scenes at the end depicting how the alien crew has all become one family is what made me like the episode so much. It's Star Trek at its best.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Dstyle on 2015-11-05 at 2:33pm:
Gannet: "Travis, I'm not a member of Terra Prime. I'm a member of Star Fleet Intelligence."(at this point every single person watching the show realizes that this is true, because there'd be no reason to include it in the script otherwise)
Travis: "So why don't you tell Captain Archer? One call to your superior and you'd be out of this brig in a second."
Gannet: "Sure and have the real Terra Prime operative know who I am?"
Travis: "Or, you know, just tell Archer anyway, because if there is a Terra Prime operative at large on this ship it'd be incredibly irresponsible of you to not do anything about it. Archer doesn't have to let you out or let anyone other than his senior staff know anything, but if what you're saying is true then you're absolutely telling the wrong person right now. I'm sure you must have some sort of protocol you're supposed to follow in situations like this. Didn't they teach you anything at your space-spy training school?"
Gannet: <flashes a knowing, come-hither look> "Hey, why did you and I break up again?"
Travis: <rolls eyes, walks out>
• From Hugo on 2020-05-12 at 4:54pm:
I was waiting for the mayor from Buffy to bring out his crazy side... !
The lunar mining facility didn't impress me - it looked more like an alien prison camp. At the time of Enterprise it should have been more factory-like and with more machines/robots...
• From Mitch O on 2021-03-19 at 6:40am:
Bit of a continuity error in this episode. They talk with surprise that Vulcans and Humans can have a child together, but the characters already know this from the season 3 episode E2. Wh
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Star Trek Ent - 4x22 - These Are the Voyages...
Originally Aired: 2005-5-13
Six years in the future, an emotional Captain Archer and the crew return to Earth to face the decommission of Enterprise and signing of the Federation charter. [DVD]
My Rating - 1
Fan Rating Average - 2.98
Rate episode?
Rating: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
# Votes: 88 24 9 3 6 11 6 7 7 8 23
- There are two Rikers in the opening scene just after the teaser due to oversights in the stock footage.
- This episode is the winner of my "Worst Episode of Enterprise Award" and is therefore a candidate for my "Worst Episode Ever Award".
- The TNG stuff in this episode is a connection, or rather an expansion, to TNG: The Pegasus.
- Jhamel, from Ent: The Aenar, and Shran had a child 5 years prior to this episode.
- It's something of a sick joke that we never once get to see Chef on Enterprise, and now that we finally do, it's Commander Riker playing his part. :)
- Much of the crew of the Pegasus on the screen Riker read were people involved in the production of Star Trek.
- The NX-01 was made into a museum ship after it was decommissioned.
- Trip never graduated from college.
- The admiral behind Reed during the signing ceremony is Manny Coto.
- Enterprise is the only Star Trek series which never added or removed a main character throughout its entire run.
- Thanks to this episode, Commander Riker has appeared in all the Star Trek series at least once, except for TOS and TAS.
Remarkable Scenes
- The CG Enterprise-D. Wow!
- Troi: "How could Archer survive without a fish tank?"
- Trip: "Been a hell of a run, Malcolm. I never thought it would come to an end." Reed: "All good things..."
- Talla: "Thanks, pinkskin."
- CG Enterprise entering CG asteroid field.
- The (pure voice) Data cameo.
- Phlox discussing with Riker-Chef the time during Ent: The Forgotten when he had to haggle with Trip regarding the hours of sleep he was being forced to "endure."
- Archer: "Here's to the next generation."
- Trip just before he sacrificed himself to save Archer and the ship: "There's just one other thing I need to tell you. You can all go straight to hell."
- Phlox doing another super smile.
- With images of the 3 Enterprises... Picard: "Space, the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. It's continuing mission--" Kirk: "To explore strange new worlds. To seek out new life and new civilizations." Archer: "To boldly go where no man has gone before."
My Review
In interviews before this episode was aired, Rick Berman said, "One of the reasons we did it is we wanted to say kind of a 'thank you' to people who watched not only Enterprise but some of the other shows." Brannon Braga was also interviewed about the episode and referred to it as a "valentine to all of Star Trek." This is not a valentine, it's an insult. Even Jolene Blalock (T'Pol) referred to the episode as "appalling" before it aired; I couldn't agree more. First of all, this episode spends about one third of its time focusing directly on Riker and/or Troi in an episode that's supposed to send off Enterprise. As if that weren't bad enough, the whole justification for the TNG cameo was shoddy. TNG: The Pegasus wasn't the most spectacular episode ever written, but it was solid, and didn't need a coda. Aside from that, even the Enterprise-specific writing was annoying. Take Trip and T'Pol's relationship for example. In Ent: Terra Prime, there was hinting that their relationship would finally go somewhere. But here we are 6 years later. Did it? Nope! Sorry! And if that weren't bad enough, proverbially they kick a man when he's down by abruptly killing Trip for absolutely no reason. He gets a shamefully unceremonious death all so Riker can learn some half assed lesson about not keeping secrets from Picard, which annoyingly stole the focus from the show so much so that we don't even get to hear Archer's speech during the signing of the Federation charter. Now, I don't know about you, but I found the whole idea of Enterprise being decommissioned and the Federation being founded a lot more interesting than Riker's edutainment. Troi even says Federation citizens must memorize the speech. But it's not important enough for us to hear it here? Then there's that space the final frontier line... why exclude Sisko and Janeway? Because their ships weren't named Enterprise? Why not just let Archer do the line himself? The line tried to be touching, but came off as just as offensive as the rest of the episode. And there you have it... the worst finale a Star Trek series has ever had. Now, don't get me wrong. The basic idea of the episode wasn't too bad. I think the idea of bringing the TNG crew into a holographic NX-01 was a pretty damn good idea. It would have made a really great stand alone episode, perhaps even set on Riker's new ship the Titan! But not as the finale. And I dare say, my biggest disappointment with Enterprise's cancellation and rushed finale is that we never, ever got a sufficient prequel regarding the Earth-Romulan war and the start of the war with the Klingons, which, I dare say, was the whole goddamn point of this show. The Earth-Romulan war did supposedly occur in the interim 6 years, but there's not even a single mention of it in this episode. A glaring omission. In the end, Enterprise was a great series with a great deal of potential (especially after Manny Coto took over as showrunner) that was killed off prematurely. And the sad thing is, thanks to this episode, it'll never be revived and ended properly like TOS was. It's an enormous shame that the last episode of Star Trek after an amazing 18 year uninterrupted run closes the incredible series on such a lackluster note.
The following are comments submitted by my readers.
• From Steve Mohns on 2011-08-10 at 1:48pm:
Awfully tough on this episode, Eric! I saw it again last night, a number of years after seeing it live, and liked it as much, if not more.
I did think that it was a nice tie-in of Star Trek series for the fans, both with surprise roles for Riker and Deanna, whom we'd not have seen for about 9 years, and the fine connection of all three Enterprises and captains saying the opening monologue at the end. (And yes, no Sisko and Janeway because it's the Enterprise) That you didn't like the absence of Romulans or a romance between Tripp and T'Pol, or hearing Archer's speech are all legitimate personal reasons for you to not like the episode, but all three are reasonable choices to have been made and don't make it a bad episode. I'm glad actually, that we didn't see the speech. (They didn't do that great a job of writing the one he gave in the previous episode). This way we can imagine that it was epic. At least this way there was still an opening for an Enterprise movie with the Romulan war. And unrequited love is ultimately more satisfying artistically than a happy ending romance.
The episode itself had plenty of emotion, as one would hope for in a finale, certainly from T'Pol and Tripp, and though we don't like to see Tripp die, he did so with glory, and it made for a memorable episode.
Personally, having just watched the finale of Enterprise, TNG, and Voyageur, I rank them Enterprise, Voayeur, and TNG. The latter was way longer than needed for the material in the story (should have been tellable in one episode easily), had a lot of mumbo-jumbo contrivances to make the plot work, featured the Farpoint storyline, a very poor premier episode, and though I hate to say it as a fan of both Stewart and Picard, sub-standard acting by him.
It is a shame that Enterprise couldn't be kept going more than the 4 seasons. I think it had easily the strongest start of any series since TOS, hitting the ground in full stride unlike all the other series, and had better acting, music, writing than them as well. The only place that it didn't get top marks for me is in the magic of several of the characters in TOS and TNG.
• From Jem5x5 on 2014-01-26 at 3:35am:
Well, I finally got here, and whilst this episode wasn't as bad as I feared after everything i'd read about it, it was undoubtedly a shockingly poor way to send off Enterprise - what should have been a poignant final story about the ships retirement and mothballing became a cheap backstory for a couple of cameo appearances. Tuckers death seemed really cheap and pointless - in all the previous situations where him and the captain had faced peril, why had his first thought never been "i'll blow myself up!" before? And why did the main protagonists seem to be totally over it 5 minutes later when Archer was waiting to do his speech? I think i'm also going to regard Demons/Terra Prime as the real series finale - the crew and the ship were able to perform heroically one last time, and it paved the way for the foundation of The Federation, so it means an end at an important moment in Trek history. And now, as i'm watching Trek in a rather wonky order, on to DS9!
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Return to season list | 38e26ab7-5b6d-4228-b9ec-3f55c679374d | null | 2 | true | false |
Morlock was born to an average family living in Hilo, HI. He was born with blue skin and pale white hair, giving him a freakish appearance, and so had few…if any…friends. This caused a deep resentment and bitterness within him.
As a teenager, Morlock realized that he had somehow acquired the metahuman ability to transform himself into any kind of monster he could visualize…either beasts from ancient history (such as the Tyrannosaurus Rex) or legendary ones like werewolves, or fictional ones from popular movies. Using these powers, he became B.E.M. (The acronym is not only his initials, but also an abbreviation of the term "bug-eyed monster", and thus a double pun.) As B.E.M., Morlock attacked the city of Hilo, and was stopped only when Superboy arrived to battle him. During their fight, Morlock was hit by Superboy while in mid-transformation and knocked into the ocean, which caused Morlock to change into a water-being and apparently dissipate.
Morlock did not die, however, and returned some weeks later to menace Honolulu, HI with a new rampage. This violent session was stopped by Superboy and his ally at the time, Knockout, and the two managed to get Morlock to come to his senses and surrender to the authorities.
Due to his age, Morlock was not tried as an adult. Although the details of his trial and conviction have not been made public, it is believed that he is currently being held at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility in California for study of his powers and psychiatric counseling.
can transform himself into any kind of monster, real or fictional
enemy of Superboy (Kon-El) | f81bfd1e-4f23-4bfa-8622-b87d5b509a56 | null | 3 | true | true |
Automation, Representation, Transmission
Leuphana University, Institute for Culture and Aesthetics of Digital Media, Lüneburg, DE
This course is a hands-on exploration of how the digital paradigm has collided with all aspects of society, from the sensory to the social. The course is structured as a series of workshops and tutorials, taking in, broadly the three dimensions of automation, representation and transmission. Topics of interest include Claude Shannon’s immensely influential theories of communication, data representations and encoding schemes that form the foundation for contemporary renegotiations of “old media”, information transmission protocols and algorithms of influence.
Along the way we will investigate historically significant publications and look at artists who have engaged with these topics.
In the decades since the early pioneering years of computing, the digital paradigm has grown from a tool for niche military and business applications to a true technological monoculture. In every aspect of life there has been a renegotiation of how information is represented and operated upon. It is worth considering what has been gained and what has been lost in the encoding of the world. The goal of this course is to develop an intuition about digital infrastructure, and the foundational knowledge necessary to confidently approach such questions.
Throughout the course we will be using the Python programming language as our tool of choice; however, this is not necessarily a course on Python. It is expected that students supplement in-class discussions and mentorship with an independent study of Python programming using the online resources specified during class (available for free online). | 8253de4e-35c2-42e7-bbe0-0b4452f7584a | null | 0 | true | false |
exibições 7.347
Loving you is complicated
I place blame when you steal
Place shame when you steal
Feel like you ain't shit
Feel like you don't feel, confidence in yourself
Breakin' on marble floors
Watchin' anonymous strangers tellin' me that I'm yours
But you ain't shit I'm convinced your talent's nothin' special
What can I blame him for
Nigga I can name several
Situation had stopped with your little sister bakin'
A baby inside, just a teenager, where's your patience
Whats your antennas, where is the influence you speak of
You preached in front of 100,000 but never reached her
I fuckin' tell you, you fuckin' failure you ain't no leader
I never liked you, forever despise you I don't need you
The world don't need you, don't let them deceive you
Numbers lie too, fuck your pride too, thats for dedication
Thought money would change you, made you more complacent
I fuckin' hate you, I hope you embrace it
I swear
Loving you is complicated
Lovin' you, lovin' you, not lovin' you, one hundred proof
I can feel you vibin', recognize that your ashamed of me
Yes I hate you too
House keeping
House keeping
¡Abre la puerta! ¡abre la puerta tengo que limpiar el cuarto!
¡Es que no hay mucho tiempo tengo que limpiar el cuarto¡
Are you the reason why mama and them leavin'
No you ain't shit, you say you love them, I know you don't mean it
I know you're irresponsible, selfish, in denial, can't help it
Your trials and tribulations a burden, everyone felt it
Everyone heard it, multiple shots, corners cryin' out
You was deserted, where was your antennas again?
Where was your presence, where was your support that you pretend?
You ain’t no brother, you ain’t no disciple, you ain’t no friend
A friend never leave compton for profit or leave his best friend
Little brother, you promised you’d watch him before they shot him
Where was your antennas, on the road, bottles and bitches
You faced time the one time, that's unforgiven
You even faced time instead of a hospital visit
You should thought he would recover, well
The surgery couldn't stop the bleeding for real
Then he died, God himself will say "you fuckin' failed"
You ain't try
I know your secrets nigga
Mood swings is frequent nigga
I know depression is restin' on your heart for two reasons nigga
I know you and a couple block boys ain't been speakin' nigga
Y'all damn near beefin', I seen it and your the reason nigga
And if this bottle could talk *gulp* I cry myself to sleep
Bitch everything is your fault
Faults breakin' to pieces, earthquakes on every weekend
Because you shook as soon
As you knew confinement was needed
I know your secrets
Don't let me tell them to the world about that shit you thinkin'
And that time you *gulp* I'm bout to hurl
I'm fucked up, but I'm not as fucked up as you
You just can't get right, I think your heart made of bullet proof
Shoulda killed yo ass a long time ago
You shoulda filled that black revolver blast a long time ago
And if those mirrors could talk it would say "you gotta go"
And if I told your secrets
The world'll know money can't stop a suicidal weakness
Composição: K. Duckworth / Michael Brown / Taz Arnold · Esse não é o compositor? Nos avise.
Enviada por Martin, Traduzida por André
Viu algum erro na letra? Envie sua correção. | c4420b30-d8a0-4afb-9d67-592f43e90569 | null | 5 | true | true |
Sex, Drinking and Fraternity Savagery: Inside Harrowing Hazing Drama 'Goat'
New indie movie starring Nick Jonas takes on the brutal, no-holds-barred world of the Greek system's pledge weeks and the damage done
Sex, Drinking and Fraternity Savagery: Inside Harrowing Hazing Drama 'Goat'
Sex, binge-drinking and savagery — inside the harrowing frat-hazing drama 'Goat,' a brutal exposé on the Greek System's hell week starring Nick Jonas.
It starts like some kind of violent ballet: A semicircle of shirtless young men scream at something on the ground offscreen, in slow motion and without a sound, veins popping out of their necks like roided-out riverbeds. We can't see the object of their animalistic aggression, but that's not the point. Drunk on testosterone and plain old drunk, the hulking boys are not predators huddled over a zebra carcass; they're fraternity gentlemen. Welcome to Pledge Week.
The alternately chilling and poetic interlude that opens Goat, director Andrew Neel's scandalizing look into one frat's merciless regimen of of can-you-hack-it hazing, sets the stage for a different kind of college movie. (It hits theaters on Friday, September 23rd.) Based on Brad Land's 2004 memoir about his experiences with the Clemson University chapter of the Kappa Sigma fraternity in the late Nineties, the film recreates the dehumanizing battery of hazing rituals designed to separate the boys from the men before new inductees would be allowed into a life of keggers. "In the moment, it seemed like just a little bit of stuff to go through to get all these other things," Land says. "These guys have jobs given to them by brothers, they're set up for life. They have a network of people to look after them."
Which doesn't stop the frat brothers in the film's fictional university, especially the elite leadership group led by Brad's brother Brett (pop-star-turned-actor Nick Jonas), from putting their prospective brethren through seven days of living hell. Half-naked, whimpering freshmen are forced to drink toxic amounts of alcohol until they vomit (and then drink some more), are locked in cages, urinated upon, and, at one point, are forced to repeatedly, violently slap each other. Animal House this is not – and don't even ask why the film is called Goat (there's a reason, and it's not pleasant).
"At the end of the day, we'd separate the 'pledges' from the 'brothers' so they didn’t see each other that much," Neel says. "I'd tell the pledges, 'I won't say what they're going to do to you, but you're going to be humiliated, you're going to be uncomfortable, physically and emotionally. We'll be here watching to make sure everything's safe, but it's not going to be fun.' I was their pledgemaster, in my own way, on set."
As they immersed themselves in their roles of Brad and his older sibling, costars Ben Schnetzer and Jonas both found it easy to connect to the disturbing subject matter. Almost too easy, in fact. "When I was touring in a band with my brothers," Jonas explained, "we were around this same age, and so we kind of built our own little brotherhood in that sense. But I saw very quickly in some of these hazing rituals we did that when you get 30 twentysomething-year-old guys all together, even in a sense of make-believe, things can get really intense. There's an alpha thing that kicks in, and you want to push the envelope. I caught myself, in moments, going further than I ever thought I'd be able to."
Both Jonas and Schnetzer got into show business too early for a traditional collegiate experience, so they took a studied approach to getting into a khaki-clad barbarian's headspace. The boys viewed bro-auteur Todd Phillips' early HBO documentary Frat House, another nauseating glimpse into the darker corners of Greek life, and read Andrew Lohse's horrifying memoir Confessions of an Ivy League Frat Boy upon recommendation from Neel. Schnetzer took his outsider's perspective as a blessing, however. "Not having that college experience was kind of an asset," he said. "Because Brad's not a frat boy, not when the movie starts. It wasn't a place I needed to be completely familiarized and immersed in. We were both new to this world."
But the members of the cast surprised even themselves with how seamlessly they transitioned into the mindset of a tormentor, playing out their own little Stanford Prison Experiment with cans of Natty Light instead of police batons. "When you let a scene run for that extended amount of time and you're shooting handheld, it's really easy to forget that you're making a movie," Schnetzer says.
One scene in particular stands out to him: The new recruits are rounded up and led to a cramped cabin in the woods, where they're tasked with killing a whole keg's worth of beer before time runs out, with ghastly consequences awaiting them should they fail. "Andrew and Ethan, our [director of photography], would jump in and get the footage they needed to capture while the rest of us rolled with the scene, followed where it went," Schnetzer recalled. Of the thick layer of mud and human filth that coats damn near everything by the time they're through, all he had to say was "it was a lot to handle."
And yet Brad Land muscled through it all, just as his brother did before him, and as thousands of fresh-faced pledges do every rush season. Goat boils down to one burning question: Why would anyone allow themselves to go through this? Schnetzer offered a bit of insight on the social-phenomenon aspect of frat culture: "It's been kind of woven into the collegiate experience for a long, long time. It’s normalized, and so you can't always see the forest for the trees. It feels totally normal." Neel names what he calls "neo-tribalism" as a pet fascination, referring to the subtle ways that a group mentality can influence an individual's mind. Playing armchair sociologist for a moment, he explains, "We're programmable animals. Our social nature makes us capable of being swayed or convinced to do a lot of things very quickly."
And for a film almost conspicuously free of females excepting the occasional grunty sex scene, it's got an unanticipated feminist bite to it. Unchecked masculinity doesn't just make victims of women with alarming frequency. It's also what compels Brad's sadistic pledgemaster to treat his prospects like human chattel, and the fuel behind actor (and one of the film's producers) James Franco's cameo as a former brother that crashes their house party — and keeps bellowing for someone to punch him in the gut. (Spoiler: It happens. Everyone goes nuts and drinks more beer.) Testosterone's a drug like any other, and the cast members witnessed firsthand how hard the crash can be.
"[As we were working,] I was making discoveries about the real point of the movie," Jonas said. "And that’s in two parts: In the moment, it's the escalation of aggression and everything that plays into matters getting out of hand. Then when I was watching it, it was more about the inability to be vulnerable and open. Masculinity is something that I find to be really interesting, psychologically. Playing the aggressor is different than the other things I’ve done, where I’m in a more vulnerable position. This helped me to grow a lot.”
“Conversations about toxic masculinity," Schnetzer says. "That’s the dialogue that will hopefully be sparked by this film." | a81a9383-a1e3-4fb2-bd0f-1412fb86bad7 | null | 4 | true | true |
Ψάξε όποια λέξη θες, όπως yeet:
1) famous dictator in 300 B.C. that led the Swag Revolution in the underskirts of Africa against the Bloods that resulted in ending slavery and the later assassination of that one chick from that one movie.
2) common STD, though uncommonly admitted, where one's urine comes out in a pink, milky jet-stream followed by a raging headache and the urge to #Twerk like Adalia Rose. In rare occurences the testes take shape of a bleached raisin.
1) "Alanitus began to neuter all the African children with spoons in hopes that they would one day become allies against the Bloods."
2) Alan- "Dude, I wanna twerk so bad... and my pee has been spewing out like expired pink lemonade lately"
Bree- "Sounds like alanitus... I caught that back when I was in jail for teabagging that paralyzed midget. You should see a doctor"
από BigBootyBree 1 Απρίλιος 2013 | ec68b01f-a2bb-4a09-8a9e-40ae19d53b47 | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 4 | true | true |
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1. Home
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3. Mangalyam Tantunanena
4. Shravani gives up Tejaswi!
Mangalyam Tantunanena
E273 - Shravani gives up Tejaswi!
21m | Kannada | Romance | 2019
U/A 13+ | Women-centric Drama, Social Drama
As the family members celebrate Tejaswi's birthday, Vaidehi enquires Shravani about the gift. To everyone's surprise, Shravani places Maya's hand in Tejaswi's hand and informs that she is giving up Tejaswi to Maya. How will the family members deal wi.... | be2569b3-f9fb-4290-a2c4-1633898c38a4 | null | 2 | true | false |
Welcome to the official BlackBerry Support Community Forums.
This is your resource to discuss support topics with your peers, and learn from each other.
inside custom component
Java Development
New Developer
Posts: 4
Registered: 05-17-2009
My Device: Not Specified
How to detect the calendar reminder notification screen?
I have a testing app that displays a dialog box and then simulates a "ESC" keypress to dismiss it. This simulates a user interaction.
I need to detect the meeting/calendar reminder notification screen, because it gets displayed on top of my dialog box and the key press I send goes to the reminder screen.
The idea is to fail the test if a reminder or lock screen is present. I don't want to dismiss them.
1. I need to detect this and similar screens and fail the test
2. display my dialog box on top of the reminder and successfully do the test.
My dialog box is:
UiApplication.getUiApplication().pushGlobalScreen(alert.getScreen(), 0, UiEngine.GLOBAL_MODAL);
but still gets overridden by the reminders.
The other situation I can't override is the incoming call screen. Is there a way to detect that screen, so I can fail the test.
Please use plain text. | 5bfd8c8b-7375-4fdf-9c8b-6ebb58c99995 | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 0 | true | false |
Emanuele Ricci
Emanuele Ricci
6 min read
Ethernaut Challenge #9 Solution — King
This is Part 9 of the "Let's play OpenZeppelin Ethernaut CTF" series, where I will explain how to solve each challenge.
The Ethernaut is a Web3/Solidity based wargame created by OpenZeppelin. Each level is a smart contract that needs to be 'hacked'. The game acts both as a tool for those interested in learning ethereum, and as a way to catalogue historical hacks in levels. Levels can be infinite and the game does not require to be played in any particular order.
Challenge #9: King
The contract below represents a very simple game: whoever sends it an amount of ether that is larger than the current prize becomes the new king. On such an event, the overthrown king gets paid the new prize, making a bit of ether in the process! As ponzi as it gets xD Such a fun game. Your goal is to break it. When you submit the instance back to the level, the level is going to reclaim kingship. You will beat the level if you can avoid such a self proclamation.
Level author: Alejandro Santander
Our goal for this challenge is to break the smart contract to make it impossible for someone else to gain the kingship again in the future.
Study the contracts
State variables
• address payable king the address of the current king. When a new King will take the reign, the old king will receive the msg.value sent to the receive function
• uint public prize; the minimum value that you need to send to the contract if you want to become the new King
• address payable public owner the owner of the contract
constructor() public payable
constructor() public payable {
owner = msg.sender;
king = msg.sender;
prize = msg.value;
It just set up the contract's variables. The owner and current king is the msg.sender (deployer of the contract) and set the prize that the new user need to send if he/she want to become the new King
function _king() public view returns (address payable)
This function just return the current King
receive() external payable
This is the main function that interest us. As we already know the receive function is a special function that allow the contract to receive directly Ethers from external contract or EOA. Let's review its code:
receive() external payable {
require(msg.value >= prize || msg.sender == owner);
king.transfer(msg.value);
king = msg.sender;
prize = msg.value;
The first thing that we see is require(msg.value >= prize || msg.sender == owner). This check allows the owner of the contract to always take the kingship of the contract, resetting all the values.
From a security standpoint, this is a huge concern in general because this function allows the owner to reset everything without repaying the current king and leaving funds stuck in the contract. Let's make an example
• Alice is the owner of the contract
• At some point we have Bob that send 1 ETH to the contract and become the new King
Normally, if Simon wanted to become the new king would send >= 1 ETH to the contract and the previous king (Bob) would receive the msg.value sent along with the transaction. But the owner can send 0 ETH, become the new King and that 1 ETH that Bob sent previously will never go back to him. The second problem is that 1 ETH will always be stuck inside the contract!
But this is not the main problem that will let us exploit the contract and solve the challenge.
The problem is inside the king.transfer(msg.value) instruction. The transfer function allow a contract to transfer X amount of ETH from an sender to a receiver. Before explaining which is the problem, let's review all the possible way we have to do this operation.
Solidity give us three different methods to send an amount of ETH from an account to another
• receiverAddress.transfer(amount): This function consumes 2300 gas and send amount of Ether from the caller to receiverAddress. The transfer function fails if the balance of the current contract is not large enough or if the Ether transfer is rejected by the receiving account. The transfer function reverts on failure.
• receiverAddress.send(amount): This function consumes 2300 gas and send amount of Ether from the caller to receiverAddress. Send is the low-level counterpart of transfer. If the execution fails, the current contract will not stop with an exception, but send will return false.
• (bool sent, bytes memory data) = receiverAddress.call{value: amount}("");: this is the low-level function of the previous two that gives a lot of flexibility but introduce also numerous possible problems like re-entrancy. By default, call forward the whole gas if you don't specify it. If the call to the receiverAddress fails, sent will return false
So now we know that transfer allows you to send Ether to an address, consuming 2300 gas and reverting if it was not possible to perform the transaction.
Why is it a problem if the "transfer Ether to" transaction revert? Well, because if the transfer revert also our receive function revert! And by reverting it will make the Contract unusable, no one can become the new King!
One possible solution is to just create a Contract that will not accept any kind of Ether transfer toward it. Let's see a code example in the solution section and how we could avoid to fall in this security problem.
Solution code
First, we need to create and deploy a contract that does not accept Ether.
contract Exploiter {
constructor(address payable to) public payable {
(bool success, ) = address(to).call{value: msg.value}("");
require(success, "we are not the new king");
The only purpose of this contract is to become the new King and stop accepting Ether. By not implementing any payable functions, fallback or receive no one can send to this contract Ether. Well, they can send it via a selfdestroy but this is not the case!
The rest of the code is pretty easy:
function exploitLevel() internal override {
vm.startPrank(player, player);
// Create and deploy a contract that become the new King but will not accept any incoming Ether
Exploiter exploiter = new Exploiter{value: level.prize() + 1}(payable(address(level)));
// assert that we are the new king!
assertEq(level._king(), address(exploiter));
How could the King contract prevent this problem from happening?
Well, the first thing would be to adopt a pull-over-push pattern where you store the amount that the old king can withdraw and create a function that allows them to withdraw later.
You can read the full solution of the challenge opening King.t.sol
Further reading
All Solidity code, practices and patterns in this repository are DAMN VULNERABLE and for educational purposes only.
do not give any warranties and will not be liable for any loss incurred through any use of this codebase. | 1a3f5610-9896-4258-a462-5231f5df6cfc | full_CC | 1 | true | false |
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Adam Brunn
Austin, Texas, US
About Adam
Hi, I'm Adam. I am a self taught Software Developer of 7 years. I started programming when I was 12 years old, making mod tools for xbox 360 save files, some of which had 5,000 downloads at the time. Being immensely resourceful and intuitive is my greatest skillset. Give me a problem and I can solve it. While my strongest area of expertise is in software development, I am capable and have proven my ability to learn and deliver what it takes to do any task that is thrown at me. My most recent work was in research for the UT Dallas Hyperloop Team. I was the CS lead through stage 1 and 2 and help drive the team into the third and final stage. The competition is ongoing and the Hyperloop pod will go an estimated 200 mph over a 1 mile track.
My ideal business partner is would be a team player. They would preferably have some sort of technical background as well. I like to work in a collabrative environment, where pair programming is encouraged, because I believe it creates better products. Transparency is key in a startup if you want it to be successful, even if time are going rough. The greatest perk my cofounder could have is the ability to adapt and learn as the business inevitably shifts its needs. | 9f3b8577-a936-4d46-9104-b81a43fea124 | null | 0 | true | false |
# A person on tour has Rs. 10800 for his expenses. If he extends his tour by 4 days, he has to cut down his daily expenses by Rs. 90. Find the original duration of the tour.
Let the original duration of the tour be x days
Original daily expenses =
If he extends his tour by 4 days his daily expenses =
According to the question – –
taking LCM
x2 + 4x = 480 cross multiplying
x2 + 4x – 480 = 0
Using the splitting middle term – the middle term of the general equation is divided in two such values that:
Product = a.c
For the given equation a = 1 b = 4 c = – 480
= 1. – 480 = – 480
And either of their sum or difference = b
= 4
Thus the two terms are 24 and – 20
Difference = 24 – 20 = 4
Product = 24. – 20 = – 480
x2 + 24x – 20x – 480 = 0
x(x + 24) – 20(x + 24) = 0
(x + 24) (x – 20) = 0
(x + 24) = 0 or (x – 20) = 0
x = – 24, x = 20
x = 20 (number of days cannot be negative)
Hence the original price of tour is 20 days
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I would like to test if a JavaScript object is a Proxy. The trivial approach
if (obj instanceof Proxy) ...
doesn't work here, nor does traversing the prototype chain for Proxy.prototype, since all relevant operations are effectively backed by the underlying target.
Is it possible to test if an arbitrary object is a Proxy?
Maybe proxy the Proxy? I mean proxy the Proxy function before any script involving Proxy..
Commented Apr 2, 2016 at 16:24
Isn't the very purpose of proxies that you cannot distinguish them from a "normal" object? Why would you want to test this?
Commented Apr 2, 2016 at 16:42
@Bergi well, certainly that's not the main purpose of proxies. For the rest, I'm a bit surprised you cannot figure out a use case for this test.
– GOTO 0
Commented Apr 2, 2016 at 16:49
I wrote a fiddle to clarify the idea,... jsfiddle.net/ycw7788/uauoxn7o
Commented Apr 2, 2016 at 17:06
@JoshuaCheek For debugging, look at the object with a debugger. It will be capable of telling you whether it's a proxy or not.
Commented Jul 24, 2018 at 8:15
15 Answers 15
In Node.js 10 you can use util.types.isProxy.
For example:
const target = {};
const proxy = new Proxy(target, {});
util.types.isProxy(target); // Returns false
util.types.isProxy(proxy); // Returns true
Question does not specify node. However, if you're using it, this is the best way. Commented Feb 24, 2023 at 1:23
This is the only correct positive answer free from loopholes. If you don’t mind the non-portability, this is the way to do it. That said, it’s probably still best not to treat proxies differently from other objects. Commented Aug 18, 2023 at 16:08
• Correction: @Oriol’s answer is also loophole-free and non-portable (not sure how up-to-date it is, though). Commented Aug 20, 2023 at 9:27
• How does this magic works? Commented Apr 12 at 13:03
• @TimeKiller The interpreter just examines the internal object shape directly. Commented Apr 13 at 8:07
In my current project I also needed a way of defining if something was already a Proxy, mainly because I didn't want to start a proxy on a proxy. For this I simply added a getter to my handler, which would return true if the requested variable was "__Proxy":
function _observe(obj) {
if (obj.__isProxy === undefined) {
var ret = new Proxy(obj || {}, {
set: (target, key, value) => {
/// act on the change
return true;
get: (target, key) => {
if (key !== "__isProxy") {
return target[key];
return true;
return ret;
return obj;
Might not be the best solution, but I think it's an elegant solution, which also doesn't pop up when serializing.
• Thanks! I'm doing some sort of deep proxy, and I was getting into this problem as well. Commented Nov 15, 2016 at 3:55
Great, I'm using this approach but with a small twist: const IS_PROXY = Symbol("is-proxy"); ... if (!obj[IS_PROXY]) Commented Jan 7, 2017 at 3:25
@MatthewJoelRodríguezLlanos Just ensure that the symbol is stored in some closure, because Symbol("is-proxy") !== Symbol("is-proxy"), or that you use Symbol.for Commented Jul 18, 2018 at 23:15
This only works if you are in control of creating the proxy trap. Commented Feb 18, 2021 at 16:28
This won’t even work on ({"__isProxy":false}). Commented Jun 4, 2023 at 12:32
Create a new symbol:
let isProxy = Symbol("isProxy")
Inside the get method of your proxy handler you can check if the key is your symbol and then return true:
get(target, key)
if (key === isProxy)
return true;
// normal get handler code here
You can then check if an object is one of your proxies by using the following code:
if (myObject[isProxy]) ...
Interesting! Just a note for others, this will only work if you control the Proxy get trap. Otherwise this won't work if you don't own the object.
Commented Jun 2, 2020 at 19:31
• @snewcomer Thanks. That is right and I think this satisfies the common use-case. (I personally don't believe you should be checking if foreign objects are proxies because then you are writing implementation-specific code and overriding the whole abstract nature/purpose of proxies in the first place). Commented Jun 26, 2021 at 17:04
• I worked upon your idea to include the cases where the Proxy (and its get trap) is in library code (and out of the client's code reach) and added on-site testable example here
– Jan Turoň
Commented Jun 17, 2023 at 13:17
• What’s stopping the user from writing ({ [isProxy]: true })? Commented Aug 15, 2023 at 11:18
• @user3840170 I suppose the idea is not to expose the isProxy symbol anywhere outside the piece of code that constructs the instance. Commented Aug 25, 2023 at 0:51
From http://www.2ality.com/2014/12/es6-proxies.html:
It is impossible to determine whether an object is a proxy or not (transparent virtualization).
I wouldn't link an article that starts with a note "this blog post is outdated" :-) However, exploringjs.com/es6/ch_proxies.html states exactly the same
Commented Apr 2, 2016 at 16:44
@BrassApparatus Actually, it turns out that both his comment and my answer are wrong, as detailed here.
Commented Dec 3, 2016 at 16:37
@user663031 the answer is not wrong. Proxies might not be transparent to builtin methods, but they are to ordinary JavaScript, and it is not possible to determine from outside whether an object is a proxy object.
Commented Jun 6, 2023 at 20:37
Adding 'support' for instanceof Proxy:
I don't recommend it, but If you want to add support for instanceof, you could do the following before instantiating any Proxies:
var proxyInstances = new WeakSet()
// Optionally save the original in global scope:
originalProxy = Proxy
Proxy = new Proxy(Proxy, {
construct(target, args) {
var newProxy = new originalProxy(...args)
proxyInstances.add(newProxy)
return newProxy
get(obj, prop) {
if (prop == Symbol.hasInstance) {
return (instance) => {
return proxyInstances.has(instance)
return Reflect.get(...arguments)
var a = new Proxy({}, {})
console.log(a instanceof Proxy) // true
delete a
var a = new originalProxy({}, {})
console.log(a instanceof Proxy) // false
delete a
Use window.postMessage() with try-catch to get a hint
postMessage cannot serialize objects which incompatible with structured clone algorithm, like Proxy.
function shouldBeCloneable(o) {
const type = typeof o;
o?.constructor === ({}).constructor ||
type === "undefined" ||
o === null ||
type === "boolean" ||
type === "number" ||
type === "string" ||
o instanceof Date ||
o instanceof RegExp ||
o instanceof Blob ||
o instanceof File ||
o instanceof FileList ||
o instanceof ArrayBuffer ||
o instanceof ImageData ||
o instanceof ImageBitmap ||
o instanceof Array ||
o instanceof Map ||
o instanceof Set
function isCloneable(obj) {
postMessage(obj, "*");
} catch (error) {
if (error?.code === 25) return false; // DATA_CLONE_ERR
return true;
function isProxy(obj){
const _shouldBeCloneable = shouldBeCloneable(obj);
const _isCloneable = isCloneable(obj);
if(_isCloneable) return false;
if(!_shouldBeCloneable) return "maybe";
return _shouldBeCloneable && !_isCloneable;
console.log("proxied {}", isProxy(new Proxy({},{})));
console.log("{}", isProxy({}));
console.log("proxied []", isProxy(new Proxy([],{})));
console.log("[]", isProxy([]));
console.log("proxied function", isProxy(new Proxy(()=>{},{})));
console.log("function", isProxy(()=>{}));
console.log("proxied Map", isProxy(new Proxy(new Map(),{})));
console.log("new Map()", isProxy(new Map()));
class A{};
console.log("proxied class", isProxy(new Proxy(A,{})));
console.log("class", isProxy(A));
console.log("proxied class instance", isProxy(new Proxy(new A(),{})));
console.log("class instance", isProxy(new A()));
• It works! With this solution for browsers, and this other solution for NodeJS, we have the two main contexts covered. :)
Commented Oct 23, 2020 at 0:02
This only tells you if the object is not cloneable, right? So this non-proxy, returns true from your function: isProxy({a:()=>{}}). It should just be called "isNotCloneable".
Commented Nov 25, 2020 at 1:04
• Doesn't work with jsdom or jest since they have a fake postMessage() function
– Kevin Beal
Commented Jul 28, 2021 at 21:58
This answer is not correct. Structured clone algorithm also throws DataCloneError for Function objects and DOM nodes.
Commented Jan 20, 2022 at 8:22
Is there a reason shouldBeCloneable({}) is false? It seems to me that you should check for o?.constructor === ({}).constructor...
Commented Apr 18, 2022 at 23:53
In fact, there is workaround for determine if object is proxy, which is based on several assumptions. Firstly, Proxy determination can be easily solved for node.js environment via C++ extensions or privileged web-page in browser, when page can launch unsecure extensions. Secondly, Proxy is relative new functionality, so it does not exist in old browsers - so solution works only in modern browsers.
JS engine can't clone functions (Since they have bindings to activation context and some other reasons), but Proxy object by definition consists of wrapper handlers. So to determine if object is proxy, it's enough to initiate force object cloning. In can be done via postMessage function.
If object is Proxy, it will failed to copy even it does not contain any functions. For example, Edge and Chrome produces following errors while try to post Proxy object: [object DOMException]: {code: 25, message: "DataCloneError", name: "DataCloneError"} and Failed to execute 'postMessage' on 'Window': [object Object] could not be cloned..
Interesting. I wonder if there's a way to make this method work also with objects that contain functions, DOM elements, and other unclonable stuff.
– GOTO 0
Commented Apr 4, 2018 at 21:30
+1 for finding one true solution for many cases. Turns out, in the same way, proxied Event objects cannot be dispatched (i.e., dispatchEvent) and proxied DOM elements cannot be attached to the DOM. It's possible there are other unique ones too (like audio context nodes).
Commented Jun 15, 2019 at 0:17
@Codesmith I found myself here after wondering why proxied events wouldn't dispatch.
Commented Jun 23, 2020 at 21:29
• "So to determine if object is proxy, it's enough to initiate force object cloning." Interesting. I thought by definition proxy was supposed to abstract away functions into what appears to just be property-value pairs. So I would've thought a force clone would've been equivalent to iterating each property in the proxy and cloning its value at clone-time. (Because that's what it's supposed to appear like to the javascript user) Commented Jun 26, 2021 at 17:08
• @DavidCallanan It sounds like a "leaky abstraction"
Commented Oct 26, 2021 at 17:09
The best method I have found is creating a weak set of the proxy objects. You can do this recursively when you are building and checking your proxied objects.
var myProxySet = new WeakSet();
var myObj = new Proxy({},myValidator);
myProxySet.add(myObj);
if(myProxySet.has(myObj)) {
// Working with a proxy object.
• I don't understand this. myProxySet.has() will succeed if the object is a Proxy or not. Commented Oct 31, 2022 at 15:45
@MatthewDean: I think he means that you're responsible for ALWAYS placing proxies you create into the proxy set, not that the set has some ability to discern if the values it contains are proxies. I.e. if you are careful and keep track of all the proxies you generate you can check if an object is one that you proxied (but it won't help you with objects that some third party has proxied)
Commented Jan 15, 2023 at 16:28
It seems there is no standard way, but for Firefox privileged code you can use
Components.utils.isProxy(object);
For example:
Components.utils.isProxy([]); // false
Components.utils.isProxy(new Proxy([], {})); // true
It is impossible to detect if something is a Proxy according to the JS language specification.
node does provide a mechanism via native code, but I don't recommend its use – you're not supposed to know if something is a Proxy.
Other answers that suggest wrapping or shadowing the global Proxy will not actually work cross-realm (i.e. between iframes, Web Workers, node's vm module, WebAssembly, etc.).
You should support your claim It is impossible to detect if something is a Proxy according to the JS language specification by adding a reference to the actual JS language secification where it is written so - otherwise it is just your fantasy.
– Jan Turoň
Commented May 30, 2023 at 20:23
Sure, although it's trivially googleable: tc39.es/ecma262, but i'm a delegate on the JS language committee, and not being able to detect a Proxy is a critical motivation in its design, so I'm pretty sure it's not a fantasy, mine or otherwise.
Commented May 31, 2023 at 22:29
It's not said explicitly anywhere in the spec - it's an emergent property of the design. You'll just have to accept that. Your answer doesn't at all solve this - certainly if the creator of the Proxy wishes to reveal that information it can do so, but the ask is to detect a Proxy you did not create, which is impossible by design (implicit is, without the cooperation of the Proxy creator).
Commented Jun 2, 2023 at 16:49
@JanTuroň It is not said anywhere in the ECMAScript specification that you cannot solve the halting problem. Therefore it is possible, and any claim to the contrary is just your fantasy. Commented Jun 4, 2023 at 12:11
@JanTuroň creating a proxy to another object can't tell you if that object is itself a proxy, that's the point (unless it intentionally leaks that information, of course). It isn't written in the spec because the spec doesn't contain design motivations, it contains normative requirements. I was an editor of the spec for 3 years, so if you won't take my word for it, you're welcome to continue believing whatever nonsense you like.
Commented Jun 4, 2023 at 21:29
Matthew Brichacek and David Callanan give good answers for Proxy you create yourself but if it is not the case here are some additions
Imagine you have an external function creating Proxy that you can't modify
const external_script = ()=>{
return new Proxy({a:5},{})
Before any externals code executions, we can redefine the proxy constructor and use a WeakSet to store proxy as Matthew Brichacek does. I don't use a class because otherwise Proxy will have a prototype and it will be detectable that Proxy has been changed.
const proxy_set = new WeakSet()
window.Proxy = new Proxy(Proxy,{
construct(target, args) {
const proxy = new target(...args)
proxy_set.add(proxy)
return proxy
const a = external_script()
console.log(proxy_set.has(a)) //true
Same method but with Symbol like David Callanan
const is_proxy = Symbol('is_proxy')
const old_Proxy = Proxy
const handler = {
has (target, key) {
return (is_proxy === key) || (key in target)
window.Proxy = new Proxy(Proxy,{
construct(target, args) {
return new old_Proxy(new target(...args), handler)
const a = external_script()
console.log(is_proxy in a) //true
I think the first is better because you only change the constructor while the second creates a proxy of a proxy while the purpose of the question was to avoid this.
It does not work if the proxy is created inside an iframe because we only have redefined the proxy for the current frame.
• this is the most practical solution IMO.
Commented Apr 23, 2019 at 7:33
• ({ [is_proxy]: true }) Commented Aug 18, 2023 at 15:54
The has Proxy trap
Working on David Callanan's answer, I find the has Proxy trap more appropriate for this: extra testing each time proxy property is accessed causes immeasurable efficiency loss, which can add up if frequently called or having further extra logic in the get trap.
const DetectableProxy = obj => new Proxy(obj, {
has(o, prop) {
if(prop == Symbol.for("proxy")) return true;
return prop in o;
function isDetectableProxy(obj) {
if(obj === null || typeof obj != "object") return false;
return Symbol.for("proxy") in obj;
var obj = { foo: "bar" };
var sayObj = new Proxy(obj, { get: (o, prop) => "I say " + o[prop] });
var exposedSayObj = DetectableProxy(sayObj);
console.log(exposedSayObj.foo); // I say bar
console.log(isDetectableProxy(exposedSayObj)); // true
console.log(isDetectableProxy(sayObj)); // false
for(const prop in exposedSayObj) console.log(prop); // foo
• That's some smart thinking Commented Jun 18, 2023 at 18:37
• ({ [Symbol.for('proxy')]: null }) defeats this. Commented Aug 7, 2023 at 16:38
There are two ways to proxy an object. One is new Proxy, another is Proxy.revocable. We may spy them so that proxied object are recorded to a secret list. Then we determine an object is a proxied object by checking if it exists in the secret list.
To spy functions, we may write wrappers or use the built-in Proxy. The latter means that use Proxy to proxy new Proxy as well as Proxy.recovable, here is a fiddle to demo the idea.
To serve the old Proxy API like nodejs-v5.8.0 Proxy, we may apply the same idea by using Proxy.createFunction to proxy Proxy.create and Proxy.createFunction.
This approach won't work for proxies created in other realms (like iframes, or node's vm modules), because you can't spy on globals (like Proxy) in other realms.
Commented Dec 23, 2017 at 9:04
• @LJHarb Are you sure? I actually tried that after reading your comment but had no problem in replacing the Proxy object across iframe realms. I didn't test that with vm modules but don't see why it shouldn't work the same way.
– GOTO 0
Commented Mar 11, 2019 at 15:26
@GOTO0 what i mean is, unless you can run code first in that other realm, you can't guarantee it has a shadowed Proxy. For iframes specifically, I could just create a brand new one and get access to the original.
Commented Mar 11, 2019 at 20:16
@LJHarb If so, it's a valid point and it equally applies to most other answers I see here. It's unfortunate that you chose the least visible answer to post your comment.
– GOTO 0
Commented Mar 11, 2019 at 20:49
• I posted an answer; feel free to vote it up if you find it valuable.
Commented Mar 12, 2019 at 21:27
I believe I have found a safer way to check if the item is a proxy. This answer was inspired by Xabre's answer.
function getProxy(target, property) {
if (property === Symbol.for("__isProxy")) return true;
if (property === Symbol.for("__target")) return target;
return target[property];
function setProxy(target, property, value) {
if (property === Symbol.for("__isProxy")) throw new Error("You cannot set the value of '__isProxy'");
if (property === Symbol.for("__target")) throw new Error("You cannot set the value of '__target'");
if (target[property !== value]) target[property] = value;
return true;
function isProxy(proxy) {
return proxy == null ? false : !!proxy[Symbol.for("__isProxy")];
function getTarget(proxy) {
return isProxy(proxy) ? proxy[Symbol.for("__target")] : proxy;
function updateProxy(values, property) {
values[property] = new Proxy(getTarget(values[property]), {
set: setProxy,
get: getProxy
Essentially what I've done is, instead of adding the __isProxy field to the target, I added this check: if (property === Symbol.for("__isProxy")) return true; in the getter of the proxy. This way if you are using a for-in loop or Object.keys or Object.hasOwnProperty, __isProxy will not exist.
Unfortunately, even though you can set the value of __isProxy, you will never be able to retrieve it, due the check on the getter. Therefore you should throw an error when the field gets set.
You could also use a Symbol to check whether a variable is a Proxy, if you think that its likely you want to use __isProxy as a different property.
Finally, I also added similar functionality for the target of the proxy, which can also be quite as hard to retrieve.
The shortest form based on the answer of ADJenks:
var GlobalProxy = Proxy
Proxy = function Proxy(a,b) {
if ((typeof this != "object") || !(this instanceof Proxy)) {
return new Proxy(a,b)
var getLastPrototype = function(obj,parent){
var proto = Object.getPrototypeOf(obj)
if (proto !== null) {
return getLastPrototype(proto,obj)
return parent?parent:obj
Object.setPrototypeOf(getLastPrototype(a),this)
return new GlobalProxy(a,b)
With that it is possible to check if an Object is proxied using instanceof Proxy.
Here are some test cases:
class DevAbstr {
console.log('runned devTest without problems')
return "SUCCESS"
class DevObj extends DevAbstr {}
var test = Proxy(new DevObj,{
set: function (t, k, v) {
if (k === "IS_PROXY") throw "IS_PROXY is reserved"
if (typeof t.set == "function") {
t.set(k,v)
t[k] = v;
console.log("original",t, k, v)
return true
get: function (t, k) {
if (k === "IS_PROXY") return true
if (k === "PROXIED_OBJECT") return t
if (typeof t.get == "function") {
return t.get(k)
return t[k]
return false
console.log("test instanceof Proxy", test instanceof Proxy) // true
console.log("test instanceof DevAbstr", test instanceof DevAbstr) // true
console.log("test instanceof DevObj", test instanceof DevObj) // true
test.blubb = 123
console.log("test.IS_PROXY", test.IS_PROXY) // true
console.log("test",test) // Proxy(Object)
console.log("test.PROXIED_OBJECT",test.PROXIED_OBJECT) // source object
console.log("test.devTest()",test.devTest()) // works
console.log("Proxy",Proxy)
for (var k in test) {
console.log(k+': ',test[k])
I also compiled this to ES5 without problems.
This approach is ugly, i knew, but it works quite well...
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question. | 89a50d44-6960-4b66-ba00-0a556fa4b3d9 | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
Mandela Freestyle Lyrics – Meek Mill
He got an opportunity to legitimize his hustle now
You know what I mean? He come from the street
I mean, so he gotta make wise decisions, know what I mean?
He ain’t “Meek Mill, the street nigga” no more (Young [?], with the [?], brrt)
Know what I mean? He done legitimized his hustle
So those decisions that he make in the day time, they gotta be wise decisions, know what I mean?
Can’t allow this motion to kick things back
I mean, or he gon’ crash
It been eleven years, I held it in and I ain’t shed a tear
I had a story I ain’t never share
Thought it was normal ’cause they left us here
This for the voices they will never hear
Walkin’ out the courtroom, cameras everywhere, yeah
And they say, “Better join ’em, you can’t beat ’em”
Don’t believe ’em ’cause I went against the odds to make it even
It’s deceivin’, they say, “You gettin’ probation, you think you leavin’?”
But they get technical, they give you violations, for even breathin’
Niggas pleadin’, they got no money for lawyers, to even feed ’em
Nobody left to raise our sons and our daughters, so they repeat us
Reapin’, innocent for twenty-eight years, ’cause mamas’ grievin’
Only goals’ to make it back home while she’s still breathin’
Can you believe it, in the land of the free I’m fightin’ for freedom?
They ain’t even have no evidence on ’em, they tryna keep ’em
Black babies’ still caught in the system, they try and Meek ’em
My new condo overlook Central Park and it’s still reekin’
Said we guilty ’til we innocent (‘Til we innocent)
And they gon’ try and kill us with these sentences (Sentences)
It wasn’t for the fame, they wouldn’t mention it (They wouldn’t mention it)
That’s why I take my platform and distribute it for the ones that gotta live in it, it get interestin’ (Get interestin’)
When all the cops ain’t got no discipline, we live in it (We live in it)
The ones [?] ’cause there be times the judge ain’t listenin’ (Ain’t listenin’)
And you can’t label me a rapper ’cause I’m different, kid
And the only difference is, I’m really makin’ differences (Differences)
I done took my pen and pad and made some businesses
This ain’t no cap, I used to trap and now my business lit
Now I can’t tell you, “Mind yo’ business” ’cause my business is
Really on yo’ mind, right where your fitted is, I’m fit for this
I gotta inspire them
Motivate the people where I come from, my requirement
Say it loud, “I won’t be a product of my environment”
Say it again, “I won’t be a product of my environment”, we playin’ to win (Playin’ to win)
Took them bars they locked me in and made it a rap
I took them cells that they gave us and I made it a plaque
Before the sales on my album, I was scrapin’ a [?]
I turned them jails into mansions with a lake in the back
Now, there ain’t no takin’ me back, I just left in a chopper
And brought some billionaires together so they never could stop us
Had a dream, they say I’m king like Martin Luther, the doctor
We freein’ niggas, it’s like two for a dollar
A hundred-million on reform, nigga (Reform, nigga)
They never seen it, what you doin’, nigga? (What you doin’, nigga?)
Puttin’ work and puttin’ on, nigga (Puttin’ on, nigga)
You know whoever doubt on [?], nigga ([?], nigga)
I knew I was the one, the first, yeah, I was born, nigga, hangin’ out the door, nigga
Rolls Royce drop-top, every time the cops stop
My career was at a lost stop, but I will not stop
The system broken, we can fix it, take it to the chop shop
Pick it apart and build it back, make it equal for the Browns and Blacks
Word up (Word up)
The Nelson Mandela Changemaker award recognizes individuals who are carrying on Mr. Mandela’s legacy
Across one of the following key pillars:
Social equity through activism
Community and nation building
Protection and education of children and youth
So today, today we honor Robert “Meek Mill” Williams
For carrying on President Mandela’s legacy | 1521551e-feaa-43cf-8f16-40ba8511b6bc | null | 5 | true | true |
# Answer in Microeconomics for Noman #159845
Your uncle is thinking about opening a hardware store. He estimates that it would cost Rs.5,000,000 per year to rent the location and buy the stock. In addition, he would have to quit his Rs500,000 per year job as an accountant.
A. Define opportunity cost.
B. What is your uncle’s opportunity cost of running the hardware store for a year? If your aunt thinks he can sell Rs. 5,100,000 worth of merchandise in a year, should he open the store? Explain.
A. Opportunity cost is the foregone benefit that would have been derived by an option not chosen. To properly evaluate opportunity costs, the costs and benefits of every option available must be considered and weighed against the other. It can be both implicit or explicit in nature.
B. Opportunity cost = Salary foregone as an accountant
Opportunity cost = RS500000
Economic profit = TR – Implicit cost – Explicit cost
Implicit cost = Salary foregone = RS500000
Explicit cost = Rent = RS5000000
TR = RS5100000
Economic Profit = RS5100000 – RS5000000 – RS500000 = -400000
He is incurring an economic loss. So, he should not open the store.
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Chalino Sanchez - Nieves De Enero (2024 Remaster)
C$32.99
In-Store Pick Up
UPC: 888072601888
Availability: IN STOCK
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In memory of the late artist’s birthday on 30 August, Nieves de Enero by the Godfather of the Corrido, Chalino Sánchez, is set for reissue. Featuring (AAA) lacquers cut from the original master tapes. Nieves de Enero was first released in 1992 on Discos Musart. This classic recording features norteño love ballads “Nieves de Enero” and “Florita del alma,” as well as some of Chalino’s best narcocorridos, including “El Crimen de Culiacán” and “Hermanos Mata.”
The album previously reached the Top 20 on the Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart, while the song “Alma Enamorada” peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Digital Song Sales chart. The recording featured accompaniment by the band Los Amables del Norte.
This vinyl edition was produced by Craft Recordings in 2024.
1. Nieves De Enero
2. Me Persigue Tu Sombra
3. Nocturno A Rosario
4. Florita Del Alma
5. El Crimen De Culiacan
6. El Guilo Rivera
7. Juan Machado
8. Arcadio Barraza
9. Dimas, Regulo Y Miguel
10. Ramoncito Quinonez
11. Juan Ayon
12. Martin Felix
13. Rodolfo Garza
14. Manuel Pienado
15. Hermanos Mata
0 stars based on 0 reviews | 15a7b579-d188-47b4-bd7f-dd0392733f9b | full_CC | 0 | true | false |
Top definition
Abbreviation Ass To Mouth Machine. Not to be confused with an Automated Teller Machine, which would be redundant. An Ass To Mouth Machine will, for a fee deducted from your card, perform the obvious sexual service.
No man, look for the sign that says ATM, not ATM Machine. The ATM Machine will just sodomize you and take your money.
by 23049857234 August 31, 2008
Get a ATM machine mug for your friend Helena.
2
Abbreviation for automatic teller machine machine
by Anonymous September 09, 2003
Get a ATM machine mug for your Uncle Paul.
3
ATM Machine. One who is notorious for going ass-to-mouth.
"Damn that girl Chelsea is really an ATM Machine!"
by Crazy Axe March 01, 2014
Get a ATM Machine mug for your bunkmate Beatrix.
4
The words uttered by a complete moron ATM is short for Automated Teller Machine.
When you say ATM machine your using machine twice.
Sid: I just got some cash from the ATM machine.
Luke: Great is it to make a payment to the Department of Redundancy Department, you looser.
Sid: What?
Luke: You just said Automated Teller Machine Machine!!!!!
by David Pridy April 29, 2005
Get a ATM machine mug for your guy Julia.
5
A Turing Machine defined as:
A_TM = {<M,w>| M is a TM and M accepts w}
This Machine test input w on all possible Turing Machine configurations M with the assumption of finding a Halt: accept/reject state. Notes about A_TM
1. It is undecidable
2. An Oracle TM can supposedly decide it.
3. Due to the halting problem it does not necessarily detect a halt.
4. It is a common TM to use in decidability reductions.
For more information go to school, buy a book, or look online. Disclaimer- I'm Not responsible for your girlfriend dumping you when she finds out you're wasting your time on this.
Deciding the compliment of All_CFG
Create Oracle TM for A_TM.
T^A_TM = "on input <All_CFG>
1. Construct TM N where
N = "On any input:
1. Run All_CFG in parrallel on all strings in E*
2. If All_CFG creates any of these strings accept, else reject
2. Query the oracle to determine whether any string in E* was created by All_CFG and see if <N,0> exists in A_TM
3. If oracle answers NO, accept, if YES, reject
This should decide ~ALL_CFG in relation to A_TM.
by Csci dropout May 10, 2005
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6
A machine that makes Automated Teller Machines.
That ATM machine was made by an expensive machine.
by BDavidM July 19, 2016
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7
A person who thouroughly gets off on sucking a penis, finger, toy or other object that was just previously inserted into that person's anus. See ATM.
That chick I picked up last night was a real ATM machine
by Char H January 11, 2006
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# intr.plot.2d: Plotting Conditional Regression Lines with Interactions in... In MBESS: The MBESS R Package
intr.plot.2d R Documentation
## Plotting Conditional Regression Lines with Interactions in Two Dimensions
### Description
To plot regression lines for one two-way interactions, holding one of the predictors (in this function, z) at values -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2 standard deviations above the mean.
### Usage
```
intr.plot.2d(b.0, b.x, b.z, b.xz,x.min=NULL, x.max=NULL, x=NULL,
n.x=50, mean.z=NULL, sd.z=NULL, z=NULL,xlab="Value of X",
ylab="Dependent Variable", sd.plot=TRUE, sd2.plot=TRUE, sd_1.plot=TRUE,
sd_2.plot=TRUE, type.sd=2, type.sd2=3, type.sd_1=4, type.sd_2=5,
legend.pos="bottomright", legend.on=TRUE, ... )
```
### Arguments
`b.0` the intercept `b.x` regression coefficient for predictor x `b.z` regression coefficient for predictor z `b.xz` regression coefficient for the interaction of predictors x and z `x.min,x.max` the range of x used in the plot `x` a specific predictor vector x, used instead of `x.min` and `x.max` `n.x` number of elements in predictor vector x `mean.z` mean of predictor z `sd.z` standard deviation of predictor z `z` a specific predictor vector z, used instead of `z.min` and `z.max` `xlab` title for the axis which the predictor x is on `ylab` title for the axis which the dependent y is on `sd.plot, sd2.plot, sd_1.plot, sd_2.plot` whether or not to plot the regression line holding z at values 1, 2, -1, and -2 standard deviations above the mean, respectively. Default values are all `TRUE`. `type.sd, type.sd2, type.sd_1, type.sd_2` types of lines to be plotted holding z at values 1, 2, -1, and -2 standard deviations above the mean, respectively. Default are line type 2,3,4, and 5, respectively. `legend.pos` position of the legend; possible options are `"bottomright"`, `"bottom"`, `"bottomleft"`, `"left"`, `"center"`, `"right"`, `"topleft"`, `"top"`, and `"topright"`. `legend.on` whether or not to show the legend `...` allows one to potentially include parameter values for inner functions
### Details
To input the predictor x, one can use either the limits of x (`x.max` and `x.min`) , or a specific vector x (`x`). To input the predictor z, one can use either the mean and standard deviation of z (`mean.z` and `sd.z` ), or a specific vector z (`z`).
### Note
Sometimes some of the regression lines are outside the default scope of the coordinates and thus cannot be seen; in such situations, one needs to, by entering additional arguments, adjust the scope to let proper sections of regression lines be seen. Refer to examples below for more details.
### Author(s)
Keke Lai, Ken Kelley (University of Notre Dame; KKelley@ND.Edu)
### References
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G. and Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
`intr.plot`
### Examples
```## A situation where one regression line is outside the default scope of the coordinates
intr.plot.2d(b.0=16, b.x=2.2, b.z=2.6, b.xz=.4, x.min=0, x.max=20, mean.z=0, sd.z=3)
## Adjust the scope of x and y axes so that proper sections of regression lines can be seen
intr.plot.2d(b.0=16, b.x=2.2, b.z=2.6, b.xz=.4, x.min=0, x.max=50, mean.z=0,
sd.z=3, xlim=c(0,50), ylim=c(-20,100) )
## Use specific vector(s) to define the predictor(s)
intr.plot.2d(b.0=16, b.x=2.2, b.z=2.6, b.xz=.4, x=c(1:10), z=c(0,2,4,6,8,10))
intr.plot.2d(b.0=16, b.x=2.2, b.z=2.6, b.xz=.4, x.min=0, x.max=20,
z=c(1,3,6,7,9,13,16,20), ylim=c(0,100))
## Change the position of the legend so that it does not block regression lines
intr.plot.2d(b.0=10, b.x=-.3, b.z=1, b.xz=.5, x.min=0, x.max=40, mean.z=-5, sd.z=3,
ylim=c(-100,100),legend.pos="topright" )
```
MBESS documentation built on Sept. 19, 2022, 5:05 p.m. | fb76c963-9596-4b0f-bd1b-1a89f5d80f9c | https://rdrr.io/cran/MBESS/man/intr.plot.2d.html | 0 | true | false |
Getting Off Zoloft Symptoms
Getting Off Zoloft Symptoms
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Getting Off Zoloft Symptoms
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Are you going on travelling in this summer holidays. You must calculate the cost of travel before going to travel in reality because it will reduce your misuse of your money. Proper calculation of cost of travel will also be helpful for you for proper management of your cash and you will not face any difficulty due to increasing the cost of travelling.
During Travelling on Boat
1. Cost of Transport Outside City
There are three main modes of transport. One is train, second is bus and third is airplane. Cheap is train. There are lots of online websites which tell you the cost of going and returning cost. For example, you have to go from Delhi to Kolkata through Kalka Express. You are interested to know the cost of Sleeper seat. Just go to http://indiarailinfo.com/ and search same. Just open kalka express train information and you will find the exact cost.
2. Cost of Transport inside City
a) When you will go to railway station or bus stand or airport, you have to pay the cost of transport inside the city. For example, you will hire the car for reaching the airport. So, when you will go you will and when you will return same cost, you will pay, so you will have to calculate the total of both costs.
b) When you reach your destination. You may visit 5 or 10 important place. First of make the list of all the places which you will visit. Now, calculate the cost of this transport. For calculating correct this cost, you should search google, there are lots of visit who loves to write the cost from one place to other place. For example, last time, I went to Jaipur, I think, I wrote the cost of my dharamshala to jal mahel. Like this, you can calculate the cost of from your hotel to your place where you have to go. For better result, you should make the planning one month before the travelling.
3. Cost of Living During Travelling
If you are travelling, you should calculate the cost of living in the Dharamshala or hotel. In India, you can get one room easily in any Dharamshala by paying Rs. 50 to Rs. 200 per day. For calculating the total cost of living, you will multiply per day cost with number of days, you will live.
4. Cost of Eating During Travelling
Your cost will almost be double from your eating in a day. It may be dependent of your diet. What you are interested to eat and where you will eat. Make the list of different eatable products in a day.
Count the number of days, you will live outside. Count the number of persons. Search the prices of same product at different places on google. Now, you just multiply all these things. For example, I and my friend just drink the water during the travel.
Our travelling days 5 X number of persons 2 X cost of one bottle of water Rs. 20 = Rs. 200
5. Cost of Cash Money in the Pocket
You will love to keep cash in your pocket instead to keep in ATM. So, you will not get any interest on this money. Loss of interest is also part of the cost of your travelling. For example, you go to India from USA. You live India for One year. You have taken \$ 100,000 cash in hand and same converted in Indian Currency whose value is Rs. 54,00,000. Now, you have consumed just rs. 400,000. You went back USA with Rs. 50,00,000 and converted in USA Currency whose value is \$ 92302.01 after one year. Interest on this money is the part of cost of your travelling.
6. Cost of Buying Products During Travelling
Make the list of all the products which you will buy during the travelling. For example, you are going for travelling for discovery. Search on the google what you will find in that place which will be helpful for your research and discover. Now, there are also online eCommerce store. So, you can find its price. After reaching, you can touch physically before buying. So, to calculate this cost is also must.
Warning : -
If you are travelling though any organisation or group or any agency, you must give money after calculating cost of travelling with my above points because there are many organisation who are just interested to cheat innocent travelers by taking amount which will be very big and more than actual cost. Beware from these cheaters.
Related : How to Estimate Expenses
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Accounting Education: How to Calculate Cost of Travel
How to Calculate Cost of Travel
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Accounting Education
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# Locally Weighted Linear Regression in Python
Locally Weighted Linear Regression is a non−parametric method/algorithm. In Linear regression, the data should be distributed linearly whereas Locally Weighted Regression is suitable for non−linearly distributed data. Generally, in Locally Weighted Regression, points closer to the query point are given more weightage than points away from it.
## Parametric and Non-Parametric Models
### Parametric
Parametric models are those which simplify the function to a known form. It has a collection of parameters that summarize the data through these parameters.
These parameters are fixed in number, which means that the model already knows about these parameters and they do not depend on the data. They are also independent in nature with respect to the training samples.
As an example, let us have a mapping function as described below.
b0+b1x1+b2x2=0
From the equation, b0, b1, and b2 are the coefficients of the line that controls the intercept and slope. Input variables are represented by x1 and x2.
### Non - Parametric
Non−parametric algorithms do not make particular assumptions about the kind of mapping function. These algorithms do not accept a specific form of the mapping function between input and output data as true.
They have the freedom to choose any functional form from the training data. As a result, for parametric models to estimate the mapping function they require much more data than parametric ones.
Derivation of Cost Function and weights
The cost function of linear regression is
$$\mathrm{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^m (y^{{(i)}} \:-\:\Theta^Tx)^2}$$
In case of Locally Weighted Linear Regression, the cost function is modified to
$$\mathrm{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^m w^i(w^{{(i)}} \:-\:\Theta^Tx)^2}$$
where 𝑤(𝑖) denotes the weight of ith training sample.
The weighting function can be defined as
$$\mathrm{w(i)\:=\:exp\:(-\frac{x^i-x^2}{2\tau^2})}$$
x is the point where we want to make the prediction. x(i) is the ith training example
τ can be called as the bandwidth of the Gaussian bell−shaped curve of the weighing function.
The value of τ can be adjusted to vary the values of w based on distance from the query point.
A small value for τ means smaller distance of the data point to the query point where value of w becomes large (more weightage) and vice versa.
## The Value of w Typically Ranges From 0 to 1.
The locally Weighted Regression algorithm does not have a training phase. All weights, 𝜃 are determined during the prediction phase.
### Example
Let us consider a dataset consisting of the following points:
2,5,10,17,26,37,50,65,82
Taking a query point as x = 7 and three points from the dataset 5,10,26
Therefore x(1) = 5, x(2) = 10 , x(3) = 26 . Let 𝜏 = 0.5
Thus,
$$\mathrm{w(1) = exp( - ( 5 – 7 )^2 / 2 x 0.5^2) = 0.00061}$$
$$\mathrm{w(2) = exp( - (9 – 7 )^2 / 2 x 0.5^2) = 5.92196849e-8}$$
$$\mathrm{w(3) = exp( - (26 – 7 )^2 / 2 x 0.5^2) = 1.24619e-290}$$
$$\mathrm{J(\Theta) = = 0.00061 * (\Theta^ T x(1) – y(1) ) + 5.92196849e-8 * (\Theta^ T x(2) – y(2) ) + 1.24619e-290 *( \Theta^ T x(3) – y(3) )}$$
From the above examples it is evident that, the closer the query point (x) to the a particular data point/sample x(1),x(2),x(3) . etc. the larger is the value for w. The weightage decreases / falls exponentially for data points far away from the query point.
As the distance between x(i) and x increases, weights decrease. This decreases the contribution of error term to the cost function and vice versa.
## Implementation in Python
The below snippet demonstrates a Locally weighted Linear Regression Algorithm.
The tips dataset can be downloaded from here
### Example
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
features = np.array(df.total_bill)
labels = np.array(df.tip)
def kernel(data, point, xmat, k):
m,n = np.shape(xmat)
ws = np.mat(np.eye((m)))
for j in range(m):
diff = point - data[j]
ws[j,j] = np.exp(diff*diff.T/(-2.0*k**2))
return ws
def local_weight(data, point, xmat, ymat, k):
wei = kernel(data, point, xmat, k)
return (data.T*(wei*data)).I*(data.T*(wei*ymat.T))
def local_weight_regression(xmat, ymat, k):
m,n = np.shape(xmat)
ypred = np.zeros(m)
for i in range(m):
ypred[i] = xmat[i]*local_weight(xmat, xmat[i],xmat,ymat,k)
return ypred
m = features.shape[0]
mtip = np.mat(labels)
data = np.hstack((np.ones((m, 1)), np.mat(features).T))
ypred = local_weight_regression(data, mtip, 0.5)
indices = data[:,1].argsort(0)
xsort = data[indices][:,0]
fig = plt.figure()
ax.scatter(features, labels, color='blue')
ax.plot(xsort[:,1],ypred[indices], color = 'red', linewidth=3)
plt.xlabel('Total bill')
plt.ylabel('Tip')
plt.show()
### Output
When can we use Locally weighted Linear Regression?
• When the number of features is small.
• When feature selection is not required
### Advantage of Locally weighted Linear Regression.
• In Locally Weighted Linear Regression, local weights are calculated in relation to each datapoint so there are fewer chances of large errors.
• We fit a curved line as a result, the errors are minimized.
• In this algorithm, there are many small local functions rather than one global function which is to be minimized. Local functions are more effective in adjusting variation and errors.
### Disadvantages of Locally weighted Linear Regression.
• This process is highly exhaustive and may consume a huge amount of resources.
• We may simply avoid the Locally Weighted algorithm for linearly related problems which are simpler.
• Cannot accommodate a large number of features.
## Conclusion
So, in brief, a Locally weighted Linear Regression is more suited to situations where we have a nonlinear distribution of data and we still want to fit the data with a regression model without compromising on the quality of predictions.
Updated on: 30-Dec-2022
3K+ Views
##### Kickstart Your Career
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is it possible in JIRA JQL to search for assignee of specific user custom field value?
we are using JIRA 7.2.7. and the plugin Project Team v3.5.0
I am wondering if it is possible to search in JQL for assignee with a specific user custom field provided by the plugin?
To be more specific: We have big projects with hundreds of developers, working in separate disciplines such as HMI, Security, Bus, etc. I was thinking of assigning the users of each discipline to a pre-defined user custom field. So it would be very important to get some statistics regarding involved disciplines and their percentage involvement in the project. Therefore it would be useful at least for being able to search for that specific fields like: assignee in property("discipline", "HMI")
and collect the issues for them... or to have a field available to search explicitly for this, or to be able to re-use that information in another statistic plugin like eazyBI | f330e65e-6fed-457f-ace3-c64ff32cdf47 | null | 0 | true | false |
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# Informed search algorithms - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
1 / 41
Informed search algorithms. Chapter 4. Material. Chapter 4 Section 1 - 3 Exclude memory-bounded heuristic search. Outline. Best-first search Greedy best-first search A * search Heuristics Local search algorithms Hill-climbing search Simulated annealing search Local beam search
## Related searches for Informed search algorithms
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Informed search algorithms
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## Informed search algorithms
Chapter 4
### Material
• Chapter 4 Section 1 - 3
• Exclude memory-bounded heuristic search
### Outline
• Best-first search
• Greedy best-first search
• A* search
• Heuristics
• Local search algorithms
• Hill-climbing search
• Simulated annealing search
• Local beam search
• Genetic algorithms
### Review: Tree search
• \input{\file{algorithms}{tree-search-short-algorithm}}
• A search strategy is defined by picking the order of node expansion
### Best-first search
• Idea: use an evaluation functionf(n) for each node
• estimate of "desirability"
• Expand most desirable unexpanded node
• Implementation:
Order the nodes in fringe in decreasing order of desirability
• Special cases:
• greedy best-first search
• A* search
### Greedy best-first search
• Evaluation function f(n) = h(n) (heuristic)
• = estimate of cost from n to goal
• e.g., hSLD(n) = straight-line distance from n to Bucharest
• Greedy best-first search expands the node that appears to be closest to goal
### Properties of greedy best-first search
• Complete? No – can get stuck in loops, e.g., Iasi Neamt Iasi Neamt
• Time?O(bm), but a good heuristic can give dramatic improvement
• Space?O(bm) -- keeps all nodes in memory
• Optimal? No
### A* search
• Idea: avoid expanding paths that are already expensive
• Evaluation function f(n) = g(n) + h(n)
• g(n) = cost so far to reach n
• h(n) = estimated cost from n to goal
• f(n) = estimated total cost of path through n to goal
### A* search example
• A heuristic h(n) is admissible if for every node n,
h(n) ≤ h*(n), where h*(n) is the true cost to reach the goal state from n.
• An admissible heuristic never overestimates the cost to reach the goal, i.e., it is optimistic
• Example: hSLD(n) (never overestimates the actual road distance)
• Theorem: If h(n) is admissible, A* using TREE-SEARCH is optimal
### Optimality of A* (proof)
• Suppose some suboptimal goal G2has been generated and is in the fringe. Let n be an unexpanded node in the fringe such that n is on a shortest path to an optimal goal G.
• f(G2) = g(G2)since h(G2) = 0
• g(G2) > g(G) since G2 is suboptimal
• f(G) = g(G)since h(G) = 0
• f(G2) > f(G)from above
### Optimality of A* (proof)
• Suppose some suboptimal goal G2has been generated and is in the fringe. Let n be an unexpanded node in the fringe such that n is on a shortest path to an optimal goal G.
• f(G2)> f(G) from above
• h(n)≤ h^*(n)since h is admissible
• g(n) + h(n)≤ g(n) + h*(n)
• f(n) ≤ f(G)
Hence f(G2) > f(n), and A* will never select G2 for expansion
### Consistent heuristics
• A heuristic is consistent if for every node n, every successor n' of n generated by any action a,
h(n) ≤ c(n,a,n') + h(n')
• If h is consistent, we have
f(n') = g(n') + h(n')
= g(n) + c(n,a,n') + h(n')
≥ g(n) + h(n)
= f(n)
• i.e., f(n) is non-decreasing along any path.
• Theorem: If h(n) is consistent, A* using GRAPH-SEARCH is optimal
### Optimality of A*
• A* expands nodes in order of increasing f value
• Contour i has all nodes with f=fi, where fi < fi+1
### Properties of A\$^*\$
• Complete? Yes (unless there are infinitely many nodes with f ≤ f(G) )
• Time? Exponential
• Space? Keeps all nodes in memory
• Optimal? Yes
E.g., for the 8-puzzle:
• h1(n) = number of misplaced tiles
• h2(n) = total Manhattan distance
(i.e., no. of squares from desired location of each tile)
• h1(S) = ?
• h2(S) = ?
E.g., for the 8-puzzle:
• h1(n) = number of misplaced tiles
• h2(n) = total Manhattan distance
(i.e., no. of squares from desired location of each tile)
• h1(S) = ? 8
• h2(S) = ? 3+1+2+2+2+3+3+2 = 18
### Dominance
• If h2(n) ≥ h1(n) for all n (both admissible)
• then h2dominatesh1
• h2is better for search
• Typical search costs (average number of nodes expanded):
• d=12IDS = 3,644,035 nodesA*(h1) = 227 nodes A*(h2) = 73 nodes
• d=24 IDS = too many nodesA*(h1) = 39,135 nodes A*(h2) = 1,641 nodes
### Relaxed problems
• A problem with fewer restrictions on the actions is called a relaxed problem
• The cost of an optimal solution to a relaxed problem is an admissible heuristic for the original problem
• If the rules of the 8-puzzle are relaxed so that a tile can move anywhere, then h1(n) gives the shortest solution
• If the rules are relaxed so that a tile can move to any adjacent square, then h2(n) gives the shortest solution
### Local search algorithms
• In many optimization problems, the path to the goal is irrelevant; the goal state itself is the solution
• State space = set of "complete" configurations
• Find configuration satisfying constraints, e.g., n-queens
• In such cases, we can use local search algorithms
• keep a single "current" state, try to improve it
### Example: n-queens
• Put n queens on an n × n board with no two queens on the same row, column, or diagonal
### Hill-climbing search
• "Like climbing Everest in thick fog with amnesia"
### Hill-climbing search
• Problem: depending on initial state, can get stuck in local maxima
### Hill-climbing search: 8-queens problem
• h = number of pairs of queens that are attacking each other, either directly or indirectly
• h = 17 for the above state
### Hill-climbing search: 8-queens problem
• A local minimum with h = 1
### Simulated annealing search
• Idea: escape local maxima by allowing some "bad" moves but gradually decrease their frequency
### Properties of simulated annealing search
• One can prove: If T decreases slowly enough, then simulated annealing search will find a global optimum with probability approaching 1
• Widely used in VLSI layout, airline scheduling, etc
### Local beam search
• Keep track of k states rather than just one
• At each iteration, all the successors of all k states are generated
• If any one is a goal state, stop; else select the k best successors from the complete list and repeat.
### Genetic algorithms
• A successor state is generated by combining two parent states
• A state is represented as a string over a finite alphabet (often a string of 0s and 1s)
• Evaluation function (fitness function). Higher values for better states.
• Produce the next generation of states by selection, crossover, and mutation
### Genetic algorithms
• Fitness function: number of non-attacking pairs of queens (min = 0, max = 8 × 7/2 = 28)
• 24/(24+23+20+11) = 31%
• 23/(24+23+20+11) = 29% etc | deca4b21-92fe-4d90-a801-25297d45b064 | http://www.slideserve.com/abba/informed-search-algorithms | 0 | true | false |
### How to find the quadrature points and weights of a mesh?
426
views
1
11 months ago by
Hi,
Is there any way to find all the quadrature points and weights of a given function space? I tried the solution in this post, but it does not work for the current version of fenics.
https://fenicsproject.org/qa/9633/quadrature-points?show=9633#q9633
Community: FEniCS Project
2
11 months ago by
Based on the post you mentioned and on https://fenicsproject.org/qa/9635/quadrature-element and https://fenicsproject.org/qa/3932/accessing-the-coordinates-of-a-degree-of-freedom, this should work in the current version
from fenics import *
mesh = UnitSquareMesh(10, 10)
gdim = mesh.geometry().dim()
cell = mesh.ufl_cell(),
degree = 2,
V = FunctionSpace(mesh, quad_element)
xq = V.tabulate_dof_coordinates().reshape((-1, gdim))
xq0 = xq[V.sub(0).dofmap().dofs()]
Thanks for the reply. This code works for finding the quadrature points. Will there be any way to find the associate quadrature weight? Like in this post:
https://fenicsproject.org/qa/12309/quadrature-weights (which does not work either).
written 11 months ago by Mohan Wu
The code from the post works with
from ffc.fiatinterface import create_quadrature
written 11 months ago by Adam Janecka
This will give the quadrature points and weights for a reference cell, how to get this relation for the global index?
written 11 months ago by Mohan Wu
There surely must be a better solution but I was only able to come up with this ugly (hopefully correct) one:
from __future__ import print_function
from fenics import *
from ffc.fiatinterface import create_quadrature
mesh = UnitSquareMesh(2, 2)
gdim = mesh.geometry().dim()
shape = mesh.ufl_cell()
degree = 4
scheme = 'default'
cell = shape,
degree = degree,
V = FunctionSpace(mesh, quad_element)
xq = V.tabulate_dof_coordinates().reshape((-1, gdim))
print('\n\t Point \t\t\t Weight')
for i in range(len(xq)):
u = Function(V)
u.vector()[i] = 1.0;
print(xq[i], ':\t', assemble(u*dx))
(points, weights) = create_quadrature(str(shape), degree, scheme)
print('\nReference element:')
print(' Points:\n', points)
print(' Weights:\n', weights)
written 11 months ago by Adam Janecka | 72f346a4-8d6c-4e6b-ae48-3393c2b413de | https://www.allanswered.com/post/wpom/how-to-find-the-quadrature-points-and-weights-of-a-mesh/ | 0 | true | false |
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REAL TALK NY: Video of Nas Performing Why You Hate the Game/ Clips of the Nas XXL Interview
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Video of Nas Performing Why You Hate the Game/ Clips of the Nas XXL Interview
Nas performing his verse from, "Why You Hate The Game," on the Game's
MTV 2 Dollar Bill Concert
XXL: So what's the sotry behind the delay of the album ?
Nas: I was overexcited….I wanted it to come out on my birthday. I wanted it to come out the day Tupac died. I wanted it to come out Halloween. And then it went to November, so it was either I was gonna come out the seventh and he rock the end of the month or end the year off. I felt like I wasn't ready for November, so let's do December. Two different months.
XXL: Do you feel the hype surrounding Jay's return takes away from you ?
Nas: Nas, it was uhh…It's not his fault. I was supposed to be ready, but I didn't feel like releasing it at the time. I didn't even do a photo shoot. I ain't do nothing. You know what I'm saying. And he was ready, so he's coming. I think, one time, we even talked about it. He said people are going to criticize him for coming and sh*t, and we laughed about it. You know, Jay is a serious dude. He needs a month to hmself, and I need a month to myself. Him coming ontime is perfect, and then I come in with the icing on the cake and end the year off. It's perfect for me. A lot of people were getting it the wrong way, but this actually worked out for me.
XXL: So wit you and Jay, "Black Republican", is -
Nas: It's on some rap sh*t. [Laughs] It's on some rap sh*t.
XXL: Were you guys in the room together when you did it ?
Nas: Yeah, heavy. No other way. I was having a slow day in the studio, and he swung by, and it turned into a party. It turned to good times cause that was our first moment. It was an easy vibe.
XXL: So you guys have recorded together, been seen on double dates together, and you joined him on tour overseas. Are you building a friendship ?
Nas: It ain't about trying to build a friendship, because, ummm… I don’t think rappers got into it to be friends. We got music to make. History to make and things to do. Honestly, I'd rather just be with K. Her and me, we ride out. Other than that, I got my homies, and I got my comrades. There's camaraderie in rap, and there's competition, and there's history to be made, and [Jay and I] understand that, and that's what it is. There's a respect thing between each other.
XXL: Speaking of Kelis. Seems like marriage is treating you well. Is it true you two might have your own reality show ?
Nas: Oh, most definitely a possibility.
XXL: yeah. I gotta tell you, I read an early copy of your baby mama's tell all book.
Nas: Ha, ha. Oh really ? Sh*t.
XXL: Pretty much.
Nas: [Laughs] Well, I've learned not to be surprised by what people do no more.
XXL: She implies that she sparked the original beef between you and Jay.
Nas: She didn't spark anything. She was an NYC girl running through the streets. We were both young, and whatever she did is her business. I was a young dude in the rap game, and I was running around and didn't have time for a family. She's gonna say what she's going to say about it. I don't really remember it. I think it's mean when you just do sh*t to play somebody, but I don't know. [Shrugs] I'm cool with whatever she wants to do. She's lying maybe she's not lying - I have no idea. God bless her.
XXL: A recurrent criticism that's been leveled against you is that you're contradictory. Like, you've been the street's disciple, thug poet, Escobar, been blinged out in the videos Diddy…..
Nas: I'm totally contradictory. I was gonna make a song called "Mr. Contradiction". Cause in essence, it means I'm human. There's not one person in the world that's not a living, walking contradiction. It's kind of crazy people say that. I think they're being harsh. What they're trying to say is worse than what the meaning is. They haven't been anywhere. They haven't walked in any real shoes. So it's just naysay and hecklers… Cause James Brown could say, "Say it loud, I'm Black and proud," and then talk about hot pants on another song. Or you know, Marvin could say. "Let's get it on," talk about freakish pleasures, whatever you want, but also talk about the world. That makes you a whole. People are so caught up with the gimmick artists, so they believing what's fake. And really it's sad. They'd rather watch the actor who makes every record the same, every image the same, ans that's cool. I don't get involved with that. Say what you want - I love being a contradiction. I might get that sh*t tattooed on me [Laughs].
XXL: Explain the thoughts behind the album title, Hip-Hop is Dead.
Nas: Yeah Hip-Hop is Dead cause America is dead culturally. I'm proud to be an American, no matter what. But Amercian culture is stale, you know wha I'm saying ? We keep regurgitating the same sh*t. And it ain't exciting. I seen it from when I was a kid watching the whole sh*t. The sh*t was exciting to me.
XXL: Hip-Hop ?
Nas: Yeah, Hip-Hop. The sh*t was exciting. But it ain't the ghetto secret no more. Kids everywhere know it. And that's what we want - we want it be heard. But now it's really corny. And I still love hip-hop, but it's like, the way the game is now, it's like, F*ck rap, get money. I don't think nobody cares about respect as an artist, because at the end of the day, everybody is just chasing the paper. So f*ck it. Hip Hop is Dead. Let's piss on it, bury the sh*t and get our money. And that's what I'm about now: Let's get our paper. F*ck hip-hop.
XXL: You don't really believe that.
Nas: No, but I'm mad. Me and hip-hop have a relationship that has nothing to do with no other rapper, no matter where you from or nothing. Every n*gga got his own personal relationship with hip-hop and this is mine. Certain muthaf*ckas will get mad on some dumb sh*t, like Oh, Nas is mad at New York. Nah, E-40 could feel like Hip-Hop is Dead because what he was listening to ain't cracking no more. Common feel mad' cause what he was listening to ain't hot no more. Jeezy might be mad cuz what he used to love ain't hot no more.Who knows what anybody feels. This is my feeling. And every n*gga can put out their own version of Hip-Hop Is Dead if they want.Or Hip-Hop is alive or Hip Hop is committing suicide-whatever the f*ck yu want.
posted by CHINKYIZE of Sohh. Go buy the new XXL for the full interview | ab457f77-a258-49e4-98d4-5f2303273d85 | null | 3 | true | true |
Retirement Tours are Now a Trend
With Ozzy Osbourne announcing his second retirement tour (the first being with Black Sabbath) in 2 years, Slayer retiring, Satyricon retiring (from touring the US, the only country that matters), etc we can safely conclude that retirement tours have quickly become a trend. This beckons an interesting question- are record execs pushing these as an attempt to cash-in on aging metal bands?
Kerry King’s Favorite Metal Albums
Slayer‘s Kerry King dished out his top ten favorite metal albums to Rolling Stone as part of the geriatric soft rock magazine’s imbecilic Top 100 Metal Albums list.
Upcoming Black Sabbath Splatter Vinyl Boxed Set
Black Sabbath are releasing an upcoming splatter vinyl box set of their entire original first run of albums with Ozzy Osbourne performing vocals. Sound quality does not seem to be the name of the game for The Ten Year War as everyone with any experience listening to LPs on a big boy turntable setup knows that splatter vinyl almost always sounds terrible. Rather The Ten Year War is a collectible for obsessive-compulsive Sabbath maniacs and hipsters who will play and probably ruin the not very high-fidelity splatter discs on some cheap turntable from Amazon or Target.
Russianvids Exposes Metallica
https://youtu.be/emq1RuljGDs
Youtube conspiracy theory vlogger Russianvids exposed Metallica’s connection to the Masonic-Satanic Illuminati. Russianvids noted many displays of goofy homoerotic antics from James Hetfield, Dave Mustaine, and Kirk Hammet. Lars Urlich’s predilection for kissing and tonguing other men is shown. Russianvids explain this is part of the Masonic conspiracy to condition the general populace into accepting homosexuality as normal rather than statistically abnormal behavior.
Tony Iommi – Iron Man: My Journey Through Heaven & Hell with Black Sabbath
When Black Sabbath shifted from trying to be a hard rock band to trying to make a horror movie sound appear in guitar music, they opened a new world. It was not a world that would resist opening for long anyway, since if you mix Iggy and the Stooges with the prog rock of the same era like Jethro Tull and King Crimson, you get something a lot like Black Sabbath.
But guitarist Tony Iommi, bassist Geezer Butler, vocalist Ozzy Osbourne and drummer Bill Ward did it first, and during the first decade of their career fought through the enduring questions of the genre in prototype form. While Black Sabbath gets classed by most as “proto-metal,” or not quite yet metal, it is also clearly not quite still rock ‘n’ roll. In this perpetual liminal state Black Sabbath, like metal itself would a generation removed, rediscovers itself again and again as a way of outracing the calcification and corruption of message that is common in modern life.
In Iron Man: My Journey Through Heaven & Hell with Black Sabbath, Tony Iommi writes his memoirs for a book that is both everything and Black Sabbath fan could want, and not enough. He writes about everything important and brings out some moments of great clarity, but then at some point the book expands like a drunken conversation and spills too much ink on the less important later Black Sabbath works. Iommi also has an offhand and conversational way of explaining things from his point of view that does not flesh out the details and background enough to let people know what was really going on. However, the juicy stories of rock ‘n’ roll excess, and most of the potent decision points in the Black Sabbath career, are not missed.
Those first songs are often described as scary. I liked horror films and so did Geezer. We used to go to the cinema across the street from our rehearsal place to see them, so maybe it was something that subconsciously directed us to that sort of thing. I know there is a Boris Karloff movie called Black Sabbath, but we never saw it at that time. Geezer came up with the name Black Sabbath and it just sounded like a good one to use. (54)
The narrative starts out fairly crisply and over time slouches into many unresolved threads the way most retrospectives do. The early days were clarity, but after that chaos reigns. Sensibly, Iommi does not spend too long on the days before Black Sabbath, but does set enough of the scene to get the narrative rolling. After that, very little detail is given, and the conversational takes over. Iommi will say that they went to a house or studio somewhere and mention no other detail, but he does spend a lot of time on human relationships. He describes people and their patterns. He also talks a good deal about relationships in the bands and the states of mind of the various players as albums were released.
It may be that a Black Sabbath fanbase wants to hear more about the mechanics behind the later Black Sabbath albums, solos and side projects, but to this writer much of this material was redundant. Not that it was mentioned at all, but that it was internally duplicative and went through similar patterns without identifying them. Like a night at the bar, the description of events begins with a clear context, direction and development of events, but devolves into a description of personalities and factual data that seems to focus on complexities.
I hope it is not insulting to say this, but people are not as interested in the later Black Sabbath works as they are the earlier ones. We would have preferred the same crispness, detail and narrative integration of the first three chapters be applied to the middle three, with the later ones giving less detail and more of a linear narrative. The reason for this is that the formation of those early albums and the Black Sabbath sound is what defined this band for eternity and will make it forever important. The later stuff shows us four guys out of their depth reacting to the changes in their lives.
We used one of Ronnie’s ideas in its entirety, which was ‘Atom and Evil’, the first track on the album. And we used bits of each other idea. Some of Geezer’s riffs would come halfway through, or some of mine. We just swapped them around, building songs. It was a great way of working. INstead of having to come up with everything myself, everybody was completely involved in it from day one, and that helped me immensely. We wrote about six songs this way. (352)
Details such as the above provide meaning to the listener because we are curious about such things. What made some albums more listenable or more interesting than others? In the compositional process, and the formation of decisions, we can see how they are distinct. Sometimes too much focus on personality and politics not only obscures the narrative, but is a substitute for discussing how decisions were made. Buried throughout are nuggets of clarity such as the above. These make the book not only memorable but poignant, as you can see why so much attachment occurs between these musicians, and how their knowledge of each other was more than practical, but a deep appreciation.
Iron Man: My Journey Through Heaven & Hell with Black Sabbath will stay on the shelves because of its subject’s importance to rock music and heavy metal. It will also provide much fodder for others to discuss, as it touches on everything once. While some of us might prefer a two-volume set, with Volume I for the Black Sabbath albums from 1970-1976 and all of the depth of narrative that makes the creative decisions made during that time relevant still, as a quick read and overlook of the Black Sabbath experience Iron Man: My Journey Through Heaven & Hell with Black Sabbath succeeds and also gives us rare if erratic insights into the story behind the band.
Why Ozzy Osbourne is wrong about heavy metal
This has been a year of reflection and success for Black Sabbath. The band reunited 3/4s of its famous lineup and recorded what probably will be its swansong: 13. Widely acclaimed, the album quickly surged to the top of the charts, an impressive achievement for any heavy metal band but doubly so in the current climate. Our review found it to be worthy of the success it’s been receiving.
Lyrically, much of the album is concerned with the process of change. This theme has been occupying the thoughts of the band members as they look back on decades-long careers now winding down. In a recent interview, Ozzy Osbourne was asked what his views were on heavy metal and how Black Sabbath had shaped the genre:
I have never ever ever been able to attach myself to the word ‘heavy metal’ — it has no musical connotations…If it was heavy rock, I could get that…People come up to me and say, ‘Your Sabbath work was a big influence on me.’ I could go, ‘Oh, yeah, I can see that.’ But other bands … what part of that is inspired by us? Some of it is just angry people screaming down a microphone.
In this author’s opinion; this is an erroneous view, but an interesting statement in that it raises the questions: what makes heavy metal different from heavy rock, and how did Black Sabbath inspire generations of diverse metal genres?
What made Black Sabbath different from the other rock bands at the time was primarily what it was trying to express. The band avoided the flowers and rainbows hippie culture and spoke of darker subjects, but ones that were ultimately more true. Taking a nod from horror movie soundtracks and occultist influences, the band injected their music with a darker style of writing, which scared listeners and threatened the illusion that our society was stable.
From the very beginning of the debut album it became clear that this music was different. It’s not designed to be a product; rather it attempts to express something and allows the song to shape itself through connecting phrases rather than forcing it to adapt to pre-determined and easy-to-digest formulas. Even more, in spirit it’s a call to action, not a lullabye, commercial message or protest song (aren’t they all the same thing?).
Today’s bands which appear dissimilar aesthetically are nevertheless motivated by this same desire. The “screaming down a microphone”, abrasive riffs, and aggressive drumming are stronger methods of explicating something that often goes unsaid in our daily lives amid safety locks and childproof caps.
Death metal and black metal incorporated all the different elements that Black Sabbath first shocked hippies with, though taken to a greater extreme. Making the decision to create art rather than entertainment, the genres invoked contrasting structures and phrases in their composition, creating a modern take on a classical method of writing, wherein lines of melody overlap with each other yet when heard from a distance join together to form a complete whole.
The genres also took the hint of occultism that Black Sabbath contained and brought it to the fore: Satanism and general opposition to Christianity was the norm, though not for the sake of mere shock value, but as a way of communicating that our feel-good churches are not a permanent solution. Extolling the virtues of pre-Christian beliefs, the bands involved brought attention to alternatives to both Christianity and vapid materialism.
Beyond the specific technical influence Black Sabbath had on heavy metal (doom metal), there is an underlying thread that connects all bands that wish to play loud music for reasons beyond getting drunk and violent: somewhere, relatively recently, our society lost its way and has been living on borrowed time in denial. Heavy metal (not hard rock or heavy rock), is our way of finding meaning in the void; and as a result, Black Sabbath is unmistakably part of that.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5yR5XhCIeg
Black Sabbath – 13The first Hessian event: Heavy Metal Day (May 29, 1983)
I wasn’t old enough to have figured it out at the time, but according to this entertaining report, Steve Wozniak of Apple fame cobbled together a festival in 1983 whose goal was to showcase new styles of music, and in the process, showcased metal blowing away the willowy music of the previous ten years.
This isn’t to say I dislike New Wave or any of those other styles. They have their place. But in 1983, metal was raging to take over. The Cold War was in full nuclear terror of instant radioactive death, the world was unstable and conservative, and as a result most people were getting ready to go into full kumbaya mode. Metal to the rescue, with warfare, doom, death, disease, horror and hedonism!
Heavy Metal Day featured Judas Priest, Van Halen, Triumph, Motley Crue, Quiet Riot, Scorpions and Ozzy Osbourne raging across a massive stage with spectacular amplification. In short, it was the MTV metal of the day, or the stuff you’d see on the then-new invention of MTV with its music video channels, and that meant it wasn’t as extreme as what we have now, but for then, it was like a giant backlash against the gradual creeping “love will save us” mentality of 1970s music. With metal, war was back, and it was angry!
The ever-pointed Vine Neil of Motley Crue told one reporter that the significance of Heavy Metal Day was that “It was the day new wave died and rock ‘n’ roll took over.” 670,000 people attended the event, but over half of them came for Heavy Metal Day alone. The power of metal was established, and would only rise from this point onward as the world waited for the wavebreak of Slayer, Metallica, Bathory, and Hellhammer which was about to come crashing down about its ears.
Perhaps May 29 should be remembered as the day metal rose up in power and struck down the opposition to assert itself.
1 Comment
Classic reviews: | 57d70c2b-3340-4d14-925d-c5cbe5f75ae6 | full_CC | 3 | true | true |
Bed Bug Bites | What You Need to Know? Pictures, Symptoms, and Treatment
Bed Bug Pictures | Symptoms of Bedbug Bites | Treatment | Allergic Reaction | Treating bites on a baby | Identification | Elimination | Prevention | Where Do Bedbugs Come From | How frequently do they feed | best ways to treat bed bug Bites | Infections from bedbug bites | Treating Bedbug Bites on a Baby | How to inspect your bed for bedbugs | Tips and Warnings | How to Avoid Bed Bugs Infestation | How not let the bed bugs bite | Control of Bedbugs | How do you know you have bedbug infestation |
Bed Bugs
Bedbugs are very insects that survive with the blood from humans or animals. They’re oval-shaped, and reddish-brown in color after a meal. They can hide in your bed, furniture, carpet, clothing, and other belongings, but a bed mattress is their main target and they are most active at night.
Bed Bug Pictures
Pictures of bedbugs can help you to identify them clearly and apply the proper treatment. Because if you assume other bugs as bedbugs then it’ll lead to the wrong treatment. So, it’s important to recognize them before taking any step of treatment.
What do Bed Bugs Look Like
Bedbugs can’t fly as they don’t have wings. So, they depend on animals or humans to carry them from one place to another with luggage, clothing, or any other way. They can also travel from one infested apartment to the next and infestation there. Thus they can spread into a large area even a large city.
Bedbug Bites
Usually, bedbug bites are rarely dangerous, but they can be very itchy and in some cases, they cause an allergic reaction.
When Bedbugs bite people they discharge an anesthetic before feeding. So you won’t feel it immediately after biting you. Sometimes it can take a few days for symptoms to appear or develop. Even for some people it never develops noticeable symptoms from bedbug bites. According to Pest Control professionals, approximately 30 to 60 percent of people never experience a reaction at all.
What do bedbug bites look like?
Symptoms of Bedbug Bites
• * Red and swollen with a dark spot at the center of each bite which may also look like a hive or welt.
• * Arranged in lines or clusters with multiple bites grouped together.
• * Itchy, burning, & fluid-filled blisters.
• * Victim may also find bloodstains on the sheets from scratching. Excessive scratching of bed bug bites can cause them to bleed.
Where on the body do bedbug bites?
Bed bugs tend to bite any part of your body but, they’ll usually bite areas of skin that are exposed while you are sleeping. This can be your face, neck, arms, hands, body, and legs. The above picture shows you how they can bite on the backside of your body. Actually, they can bite any part of your body which they feel convenient.
Do bedbugs bite every night?
How frequently do they feed?
Bed bugs don’t take meals every single night. The fact is that they can go for several weeks without eating after a full meal. That might sound like a good thing, but it makes the situation more difficult to notice that there are bedbugs in your home as they stop their activity for a few weeks. So, it may take a few weeks to make you understand that they exist in your home. By this time they will multiply several times and throw you in trouble as a female can lay eggs every 3 to 4 days.
What are the best ways to treat bed bug Bites?
In most cases, treating bedbug bites within 1 to 2 weeks of biting is easy. And to relieve symptoms, you can do as stated below:
(1) Apply an over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed steroid cream to decrease inflammation and itching.
(2) An oral antihistamine is also useful to reduce itching and burning.
(3) You can use an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever to relieve swelling and pain (if any).
(4) Take any of the above or a Benadryl prior to sleep to decrease itching or let a doctor prescribe a stronger antihistamine if he feels necessary.
In addition to OTC medications, there are several options of home remedies that may help you to relieve the symptoms of bedbug bites. You can try applying one or more of the following:
(a) A cold cloth or an ice pack wrapped in a towel and keep in your biting spot.
(b) Use a thin paste of baking soda and water into the bites.
Allergic reactions
Infections from bedbug bites
Rarely often it’s reported to happen systemic allergic reactions from bed bug bites and Reactions usually include hives, asthma, and more rarely, anaphylaxis. In addition to that, constant scratching of the infested region caused by bedbug bites may lead to a secondary infection, such as impetigo, folliculitis, or cellulitis. To reduce the risk of such infection, wash the bites with soap and water, and try to avoid scratching them.
Unfortunately, if you suspect that you may have an infection or allergic reaction to a bedbug bite, contact your doctor or physician and get emergency medical care if you experience any of the following after being bitten:
(1) multiple hives, (2) difficulty breathing, (3) wheezing, (4) swelling of the throat or mouth, (5) fever, (6) chills, (7) dizziness, or (8) confusion.
Treating Bedbug Bites on a Baby
How Should You Treat Bed Bug Bites on a Baby?
While you suspect your baby or child has been bitten by bed bugs, check their bed sheets, mattress, bed frame, and adjacent baseboards to find the symptoms of bedbugs. Before applying any treatment you have to be sure that they are actually bitten by bedbugs. Because a wrong treatment can cause the situation worse. If you are sure then do the following:
(1) Washing the area of the bites with soap and normal water will help treat bedbug bites on your baby or kid. Additionally, you can consider applying a cold compress or over-the-counter anti-itch (OTC) creams or low-strength steroids. Make sure to cut the baby’s nails to keep them short so that they can’t scratch their skin.
(2) Talk with your child’s specialist doctor or physician before using any topical steroid creams or oral antihistamines to treat the bites. Remember, some medications may not be safe for your babies or young children.
(3) If they are old enough to understand your instructions and capable to follow, ask them not to scratch the biting areas. To avoid scratching, cutting their nails and covering the bites with a bandage may also help your children.
To avoid bedbug bites, at first, you have to recognize bed bugs clearly. Don’t be confused with other bugs as bed bugs. If so, you may end up with the wrong treatment for other bugs as bedbugs.
Remember, bed bugs are very smaller than an apple seed in size, very much irritating in our usual life. You can pick up bedbugs from anywhere in your home. Because bedbugs are everywhere: in restaurants, movie theaters, on trains, even in airplanes.
Where do Bedbugs come from?
Bedbugs are hitchhikers and come in contact with unintentionally. They can come from anyone or more of the following sources:
01. Furniture & fixture: At the time of dissembling furniture & fixture, being disturbed they can come into your home.
02. Incorrect pesticide application: If the applied pesticide is unable to kill bedbugs, they will find some places to hide them.
03. Shortage of food: While they find a shortage of food i.e. no host may cause them to migrate to neighboring rooms.
04. Shortage of spaces: Also a shortage of harbourage spaces may cause them to migrate to neighboring rooms.
05. Infested materials: Infested materials like furniture and fixtures or clothing moved down a hall or passed on to others without removing bed bugs or treating properly.
Other sources of bedbugs
06. Vacuum bags: Vacuum cleaners are used for multiple rooms without cleaning the vacuum bags very well. There will be a lot of dead and live bedbugs, their eggs, and nymphs. So, frequently the vacuum bag should be put in a plastic bag, seal it, and thrown outside trash.
07. Commercial laundry machines: If commercial laundry machines wash some bedbugs infested clothing and do not treat it properly then it may cause to migrate bed bugs or their eggs.
08. Traveling: Bedbugs also can be migrated from traveling suitcases, infected persons or vehicles, clothing used hotel beds, and mattresses. Keep in mind that the above all points is to prevent bed bugs infestation in your home.
Regardless of the sources of bedbugs, you should inspect them properly and take action immediately. Aware of bedbug symptoms and recognizing them can help you to stay free from a bedbug infestation.
How to inspect your bed for bedbugs?
Find here a detailed inspection guide on How To Inspect your Bed For Bed Bugs. Here we explain about your bed and specifically your bed mattress. This is the most commonplace of bed bugs infestation. Usually, the primary infestation sites are associated with where people rest or sleep. So, we start inspection from this point and go thoroughly to the other probable places that are suspected of being infested with bedbugs.
To inspect your bed for bed bugs infestation you’ll need the following things:
1. Flashlight, a cake icing spatula is suitable, Screwdrivers & Wrenches for Dismantling Items,
2. 10x Magnifying Glass or Inspection Mirror, Carpet Adhesive,
3. Garbage Bags, Clear Packing Tape, Staple Gun for 1/4″ Staples,
4. A Vacuum Cleaner with Filter Bags, Bed Bug Bully, or similar nonpesticide bedbug killer spray.
In every infested home usually, we found one primary area of infestation where people rest or sleep. This guide will focus on that primary infested area and all items associated with your bed mattress. Our main objective is To Look For Bed Bugs in All stages: adults, nymphs, and eggs including Fecal Spots, & Skins.
Bed bugs are very expert in hiding. So the person inspecting for bedbugs must look along edges, cracks and crevices, folds, and seams. Holes in wood for screws are also important and should be checked.
Now Start with clothing with special concentration on the folds and seams of bed sheets and blankets. After checking each item, move them from the bed and keep them on the floor. Keep in mind that you are checking bedbugs in different sizes of the life cycle including red spots, skins, and dead bedbugs.
Whenever you find any bedbug or their symptoms, stop your inspection, and start treatment activity. Tape your garbage bags around the infested area and use a vacuum cleaner to take out them into the vacuum bag.
Tips & Warnings:
Don’t leave the place until you make sure that you have removed all bedbugs from the infested area. If possible keep someone to help you. Even if you don’t find bedbugs, I recommend you to use Bedbug Bully or similar products on all the linens, pillows, and bedsheets. It’s natural and specially formulated to kill bed bugs and their eggs.
After treatment on pillows and bedsheets, closely inspect your empty mattress. Instead of your hand, use the spatula or a similar household item for wood splinters, sharp metal fragments, and concealed items. Inspect your mattress in 3 steps: (1) Start inspection with the piping and check all stitching lines, (2) Look at the sides of the mattress, and then the body, (3) Pay special attention to any labels, tags, buttons, or similar things if any on the mattress.
Finally, look at your box spring and bed frames. Use the flashlight to check in dark places and complete each step very carefully.
Prevent bedbugs prior to enter into your residence. Never move any infested furniture into your home. Avoid secondhand furniture, especially a mattress or box spring into your home. Inspect carefully rented furniture before accepting it into your home & ask the renter to ensure whether it’s free from bedbug infestation. Always try to avoid renting bedroom furniture.
The traveler should check motel/hotel rooms before unpacking & Check the mattress, box-spring, and behind the headboard to find bedbug activity. Never keep luggage on the bed or the floor near the bed. The safest place is to keep luggage in the bathtub or shower.
How to Avoid Bed Bugs Infestation?
To avoid bed bug bites and their infestation you need to read and follow some important things given below. Only a few simple steps can help you to keep your home bed bug-free. Remember, awareness and precaution are the best things to avoid bed bug infestation.
But if you are infested in some way, it’s difficult to exterminate completely. So, take action before infested. Keep in mind that prevention is better and easier than a cure. To avoid bedbugs infestation You should do the following things to avoid bed bugs infestation:
01. Don’t allow infested anything
Don’t allow infested any person or their used belongings including pets enter your home.
02. Keep away from visiting
Also, stay away from visiting them if you know they are infested with bedbugs. Learn how to avoid bed bug bites.
03. Avoid to store
Avoid storing your clothing near or inside a bedbugs infested cupboard.
04. Avoid touching
Even don’t touch any infested materials like clothing, a vehicle, a table or chair, etc.
05. Label the name of the infected employee
If an employee is infested with bedbugs, label his name on the chair and table and allow him to use the same; so that, the next person will not be infected.
06. Find separate transport
Don’t share a vehicle with a person infected with bedbugs.
07. Seal the infested clothing
Finally, seal the infested clothing and keep it like this until all bedbugs become dead. To learn more detail about what kills bedbugs, please watch the video above.
How not let the bed bugs bite?
Find here how not to let the bed bugs bite. It’s involved with how not to invite them home and what to do if unfortunately, they arrive. First of all, don’t be afraid. Gouge said, Take your breath gently, and try to understand that bedbugs are not coming from the uncleaned environment.
And they never transmit any disease. But it does not mean that we should keep them as house guests. Instead, we should take care of them seriously and exterminate them as soon as possible. Before attempting to kill bedbugs you have to be ensured that you are actually infested with bedbugs. So, you should recognize them and search to find any symptoms of bed bug infestation.
How do you know you have bedbug infestation?
Search to find any bedbug existence, their eggs, husk or dung, or a spot of blood on your mattress, bedsheet, sofa, etc. Also search if there are red, itchy welts in people of the household. Red & itchy welts are from an allergic reaction to their saliva.
Gouge also said bedbugs can live weeks, months, or even a year without food, and make your life stressful. Recent studies find link bedbugs infestation to anxiety or even suicide. So, the extermination of a bedbug infestation is necessary and for this, you need dedication, persistence, and a really good pest control professional.
Contact a pest control professional if possible
Gouge said it’s easier, and faster if you contact a pest control professional as soon as you find an infestation. But professional exterminator is expensive and there are several brands of over-the-counter products available to kill bedbugs. These products can kill them effectively but we recommend a pest management professional. Because they have the proper equipment, specialized products, and knowledge of using them effectively.
She also said that a frustrated victim can make the situation worse. Sometimes they put gasoline or rub alcohol around the edges of the mattress, spray pesticides on the bed, apply pesticides even to their own body which is far more damaging and dangerous than bedbugs. Nobody should do this.
She suggests the following fair and simple rules to prevent bedbugs and minimize infestation. But people usually wait until the problem reaches out of control, said Doug Brunner, contract administrator at University – Termite & Pest Control in Tucson. People hesitate to call pest control because of social shame or disgrace. It’s also not true that if you have bedbugs, you are obviously doing wrong.
Bedbugs are everywhere
He said you can pick up bedbugs from anywhere to your home. Because bedbugs are everywhere, in restaurants, movie theaters, on trains, even in airplanes. Bedbugs are hitchhikers and come in contact with unintentionally.
Actually, University uses integrated pest management that includes everything from vacuuming to specific pesticide applications. We must follow a protocol that will ensure to prevent pests from re-entering. Brunner said, usually such treatment costs $70 an hour, and an average home requires three to four hours. Also, this Treatment will be followed up two weeks later including re-inspection & more treatment if needed.
Several effective methods to kill bedbugs
Remember, Vacuums and pesticides are not the only effective methods of killing bedbugs; there are several other methods that are also effective. Such as, Burns Pest Elimination uses dogs, & heat to find and eradicate bedbugs, & K-9 Patrols can sniff out the existence of Bed Bugs infestation.
Sage Garvey, director of technical operations at Burns said that they have 13 specially trained dogs to sniff out bedbugs all over the state. The team of canines includes labs, beagles, Bassett hounds & others trained on the odor of bedbugs. Garvey said dogs are far better and faster at detecting bedbugs than humans. While the dogs get the smell of bedbugs, they alert with body language to the handler and the handler makes a visual confirmation.
Burns uses expensive chemical and heat treatment to kill bedbugs. This treatment can cost $400 to $2000, based on the area of property & infestation extent. Garvey said a convection oven is built in the infested property and heated up to 138 degrees for 10 hours to kill bedbugs. He also said we are provably at our peak in terms of incidence, the increase in bedbugs took the pest control industry by surprise.
Tips & Warning
While returning home, leave your suitcase in the garage, machine-wash, and dry all clothing at a high temperature, or dry clean. Remove clutter, as an uncluttered home is much easier to monitor and eliminate bedbugs.
Wash your bedding weekly, dry on high heat up to 140 degrees, keep an additional 40 minutes after they are dry. Do not take your blankets, pillows, or stuffed animals to hotels/motels or other homes. This will merely spread bedbug infestation. You can place bedbug monitoring devices under bed legs.
Use a Vacuum cleaner at least weekly, and discard vacuum bags or canister content into outdoor garbage. Fit mattresses & box-springs with en-casings specially designed to prevent bedbugs movement to the bed section. If an encasement tears, replace it immediately. That’s all about how not to let the bedbugs bite.
Control of Bedbugs
Here we’ll discuss how to control bedbugs and get rid of bed bug infestation. It’s very simple and the best method of exterminating bedbugs. Remember, killing bedbugs with the help of an exterminator is expensive and most people can’t afford it. So, they search for a cheap and easy way to get rid of bed bug infestation.
To control bed bugs and remove bedbugs infestation you can follow the steps explained below:
#01. Inspection:
Inspection is the first step to kill bed bugs effectively. You can ensure whether you have been infested with bed bugs or not and if infested then what extent. A bed bug detector can help you to ensure its existence.
Usually, bedbugs infestation started from bed mattresses. If so, and the infestation is very serious then discard the mattress and buy a new one.
If you buy a new mattress then keep your old mattress inside a bedbug-proof vinyl cover and keep it like this to let them die due to lack of oxygen. If you want to treat it then a professional exterminator is the best. Check every possible place where bed bugs can exist.
#2. Cleaning:
The second step is to clean everything in the infested room. Remove all the clutter from the room and put it inside a resealable plastic bag. Keep the plastic bag inside the deep freezer for at least 60 days to kill bed bugs and their eggs.
Also, you can kill them by overheating from a dryer running several times at maximum setting. Or keep the plastic bag in the bright sun for a few hours and ensure there is enough heat to kill them.
For non-washable items, you can take them to Dry Cleaner and inform them about the infestation. All dry cleaners may not agree to clean infested things. Some of them may be agreed upon but charge more than usual. Because to clean infested items they need special chemical and attention.
#3. Washing:
Wash all the infested items with a Washing machine at 140 degrees hot water and dry them by cloth dryer at 175 degrees. You can use a portable washing machine or heavy-duty machine with a recommended temperature setting. Non-washable items like animals and similar things you can keep in a plastic bag and let them stay in the hot sun for a few hours.
#4. Treatment:
Apply 1/4 cup of cornstarch in the vacuum bag and then Clean all bed frames, furniture, floor, carpet, and cracks with the vacuum cleaner. After cleaning remove the vacuum bag and seal it or tie it tightly and then burn completely as this bag may contain live or dead bed bugs and their eggs.
Repair all loose fittings and flow hot air from the dryer on cracks and crevices. Also, you can use bedbugs killer spray to instantly kill them in cracks and crevices.
No warranty of accuracy for any information provided here. This is not a medical advice anyway and can be used for information purposes only. Always ask your doctor for medical treatment while necessary.
Sources of Information:
How to Kill Bed Bugs for Good – Bed Bugs Removal Guide,
Insecticides/Treatments – Bed Bugs,
South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control,
The United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Photo: Google Images – unrestricted.
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Economics (NCERT) Notes
3.2 Isoquant
Isoquant
•‘Iso’ means equal and ‘quant’ means quantity.
•An isoquant is a curve that shows all the combinations of inputs that yield the same level of output.
•An isoquant is a firm’s counterpart of the consumer’s indifference curve.
•Thus, an isoquant represents a constant quantity of output.
•The isoquant curve is also known as
•“Equal Product Curve” or
•“Production Indifference Curve” or
•Iso-Product Curve.”
Isoquant And Production Function
•In this Table, the output of 10 units can be produced in 3 ways (4L, 1K), (2L, 2K), (1L, 4K).
•All these combination of L, K lie on the same isoquant, which represents the level of output 10.
Isoquant Map
•An isoquant map is a set of isoquants that shows the maximum attainable output from any given combination inputs.
•Consider a production function with two inputs labour and capital.
•We place L on the X axis and K on the Y axis.
•We have three isoquants for the three output levels, namely q = q1, q = q2 and q = q3.
•Each isoquant represents a particular level of output and is labelled with that amount of output.
Isoquant Map are negatively slopped
•Two input combinations (L1, K2) and (L2, K1) give us the same level of output q1.
•If we fix capital at K1 and increase labour to L3, output increases and we reach a higher isoquant, q = q2.
•When marginal products are positive, with greater amount of one input, the same level of output can be produced only using lesser amount of the other.
•Therefore, isoquants are negatively sloped.
Isoquants Vs Indifference Curves
•The properties of isoquants are similar to the properties of indifference curves.
•However, some of the differences are:-
•In the indifference curve technique, utility cannot be measured, while in the case of an isoquant, the product can be precisely measured in physical units.
•In the case of indifference curves, we can talk only about higher or lower levels of utility, while in the case of isoquants, we can say by how much q2 actually exceeds q
Properties of Isoquant Curves
•An isoquant lying above and to the right of another isoquant represents a higher level of output.
•Two isoquants cannot cut each other
•Isoquants are convex to the origin
•No isoquant can touch either axis
•Isoquants are negatively sloped
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# If a two digit number increases by 54 when the digits are reversed, what is the number?
Let the digits of the number be x and y.
So we have
10*y + x - (10*x + y) = 54
=> 10y + x – 10x – y = 54
=> 9y – 9x = 54
=> y – x = 54 / 9 = 6
=> y...
Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this answer and thousands more. Enjoy eNotes ad-free and cancel anytime.
Let the digits of the number be x and y.
So we have
10*y + x - (10*x + y) = 54
=> 10y + x – 10x – y = 54
=> 9y – 9x = 54
=> y – x = 54 / 9 = 6
=> y = 6 + x
Now, x can be 1, 2 or 3, it cannot take on higher values as that would make y a 2-digit number. The corresponding values of y for x equal to 1, 2 and 3 are 7, 8 and 9.
So the required number can be 17 , 28 and 39.
Approved by eNotes Editorial Team | 616d3fdd-225f-4512-bc65-fc3fbcd464ed | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/two-digit-number-increases-by-54-when-digits-225193 | 0 | true | false |
Red Letter Media Personality Seemingly Endorses “Alt-Right” Star Wars Conspiracy Theory?
Very uncool.
A Red Letter Media personality, Jack Packard, has seemingly endorsed the insane conspiracy theory that paints YouTube Star Wars detractors as “alt-right” foot soldiers under the command of people like Steve Bannon, Milo Yiannopoulos and Alex Jones.
Packard retweeted the controversial Medium manifesto by Rewriting Ripley and said that “linking the alt-right’s culture war to Star Wars hate as a gateway drug” was “terrifying.”
The irony in this is, of course, that Red Letter Media is known for fiercely roasting Disney and its handling of Star Wars, with the Nerd Crew skits racking up millions of views on YouTube.
I had to double check the date to make sure it wasn’t a clever April Fools’ joke, but the tweet was dated April 2.
Packard is taken to task in the comments.
YouTuber Aydin Paladin refutes Packard’s claim that the article was well researched.
Other pop culture YouTubers, such as Gary Buechler from Nerdrotics, point out the hypocrisy of someone from Red Letter Media taking a shot at Disney Star Wars critics, given how their own platform grew exponentially because of the shade they threw at Disney.
While Packard doesn’t speak for the entirety of Red Letter Media, it’s still going to be disappointing for many to see anyone from RLM do a “heel turn” on anti-Disney Star Wars fans.
And that article trying to paint Star Wars detractors as brainwashed “alt-right” foot soldiers? They’re playing with fire.
But hey, we live in an age when a former U.S. senator can call Gina Carano a literal “nazi” and “white supremacist” on TV. So it could have been worse.
The Last Jedi preceded a massive decline in Star Wars, with Hasbro reeling from poor Sequel Trilogy toy sales and Solo: A Star Wars Story tanking at the box office.
Galaxy’s Edge opened with a thud in Disneyland.
Only with The Mandalorian did Disney seem to recoup many “lost fans,” but even that victory was short-lived. The firing of Gina Carano has polarized Star Wars along political lines moreso than it ever has been before.
But there’s no “huge divide?”
Sure, Jack. Whatever you say.
[Source: Twitter]
Pirates & Princesses (PNP) is an independent, opinionated fan-powered news blog that covers Disney and Universal Theme Parks, Themed Entertainment and related Pop Culture from a consumer's point of view. Opinions expressed by our contributors do not necessarily reflect the views of PNP, its editors, affiliates, sponsors or advertisers. PNP is an unofficial news source and has no connection to The Walt Disney Company, NBCUniversal or any other company that we may cover. | a5042298-3fdb-4187-b7dd-72dfe919e290 | full_CC | 3 | true | true |
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# How to Graph Trig Functions
1. Jan 7, 2009
### 312213
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
How do I input trig functions in the calculator?
An example would be cos(2t) = 0.5.
2. Relevant equations
3. The attempt at a solution
I don't understand how to start it.
How do I input this in? I am not sure how to input it into a graphing calculator. The equation to input it into y = ? would be greatly appreciated.
2. Jan 7, 2009
### Thaakisfox
What you want to do is solve the equation. So for that you need, some program which solves the equation, and which most probably the calculator doesnt have. If you simply want to graph the function then input: y=cos(2t) .
3. Jan 7, 2009
### 312213
The 0.5 is what I am trying to find. I forgot that's what it means. So the 0.5 would actually be at what t would I get 0.5.
Thanks for clearing that up for me.
4. Jan 7, 2009
### Dick
If cos(2t)=0.5 then 2t=arccos(0.5). arccos (or cos^(-1)) is the inverse cosine function. Is it on your calculator? Once you have that, you know that that's not the only solution. Draw a graph of cos. There are many solutions, the arccos will only give you one. In this case though, you don't even need the calculator. There is a simple triangle you can draw with an angle in it that has a cos of 1/2.
5. Jan 7, 2009
### 312213
The first angle would be 30°, or $$\pi$$/6.
If say I am to find the radians that equal 0.5 for functions 0 $$\leq$$ t $$\leq$$ 2$$\pi$$, then the first one is $$\pi$$/6. The rest of them are found by subtracting $$\pi$$ - $$\pi$$/6 = 5$$\pi$$/6, adding $$\pi$$ + $$\pi$$/6 = 7$$\pi$$/6, and subtracting 2$$\pi$$ - $$\pi$$/6 = 11$$\pi$$/6.
This means that there and four answers and they are $$\pi$$/6, 5$$\pi$$/6, 7$$\pi$$/6, and 11$$\pi$$/6.
Is this correct?
Edit: Something small and not important but is there a way to have the pi sign not look like exponents using the forum's posting ability options and not resorting to copy/pasting character map's pi? Which still looks pretty bad. π
Last edited: Jan 7, 2009
6. Jan 7, 2009
### jgens
Just a brief note. If your calculator can find intersections between curves you could graph the two functions y = cos(2t) and y = 0.5 and find any intersections.
7. Jan 7, 2009
### Dick
Yes, I think. Try $$\frac{\pi}{6}$$. Click on the symbol to see how it works.
8. Jan 12, 2009
Yep, looks right to me dude
9. Jan 13, 2009
### HallsofIvy
Staff Emeritus
Put entire expressions, not just individual symbols, in LaTex.
$$\frac{\pi}{6}$$
or
$$\pi/6$$
Instead of $$\pi$$/6 | b64c2c6b-8a73-449f-ae3e-5692aba54b03 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-to-graph-trig-functions.283514/ | 0 | true | false |
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## #1 2014-02-24 02:31:59
Agnishom
Real Member
From: Riemann Sphere
Registered: 2011-01-29
Posts: 24,581
Website
### 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
How do you draw its structure?
'And fun? If maths is fun, then getting a tooth extraction is fun. A viral infection is fun. Rabies shots are fun.'
'God exists because Mathematics is consistent, and the devil exists because we cannot prove it'
I'm not crazy, my mother had me tested.
Online
## #2 2014-02-24 05:47:53
bob bundy
Moderator
Registered: 2010-06-20
Posts: 7,763
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
hi Agnishom,
Well I thought I'd google this myself:
But there are several different diagrams here so which is correct, if any ?
I then did what I should have done to start with, and consulted the oracle. She says this name is wrong, because the longest straight chain has 7 carbons, not 6.
Later I'll get her to clarify this, but there will be a delay.
Bob
Children are not defined by school ...........The Fonz
You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself..........Galileo Galilei
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## #3 2014-02-24 08:36:22
bob bundy
Moderator
Registered: 2010-06-20
Posts: 7,763
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
OK here we go.
hexane => six carbons in a line: C-C-C-C-C-C
Number them: C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6
2 ethyl means join an ethyl group onto C2 Hope this aligns properly:
C
|
C
|
C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6
Now stick a methyl onto C3
C
|
C
|
C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6
|
C
Now add Hs to bring all the Cs up to four 'joins'. I'll leave that out as its trivial and will just overcomplicate matters.
But .... the name is determined by the longest carbon chain and there are 7 in a line*
C1
|
C2
|
C-C3-C4-C5-C6-C7
|
C
So it should be called 3,4 dimethyl heptane.
The oracle has spoken.
Bob
* Don't be put off by the carbons not being in a mathematical line. They're not anyway. The bonds are at approx. 109 degrees, so the diagram is sometimes shown zigzag.
Children are not defined by school ...........The Fonz
You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself..........Galileo Galilei
Offline
## #4 2014-02-24 08:58:48
anonimnystefy
Real Member
From: Harlan's World
Registered: 2011-05-23
Posts: 16,018
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
A high-schooler with 3 years of chemistry can sure confirm that!
Here lies the reader who will never open this book. He is forever dead.
Taking a new step, uttering a new word, is what people fear most. ― Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment
The knowledge of some things as a function of age is a delta function.
Offline
## #5 2014-02-24 09:22:41
bob bundy
Moderator
Registered: 2010-06-20
Posts: 7,763
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
Thank you Stefy, but a word of advice.
Obviously, it goes without saying that I'm always grateful to have your confirmation if I do a sum correctly. But one thing you must learn ... it is never ... ever ... necessary to confirm the oracle's statements. She who must be obeyed is always right. Even when she is wrong. Not that she is ... ever ... wrong, of course.
Bob
Children are not defined by school ...........The Fonz
You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself..........Galileo Galilei
Offline
## #6 2014-02-24 11:41:03
anonimnystefy
Real Member
From: Harlan's World
Registered: 2011-05-23
Posts: 16,018
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
Yes, that goes without saying.
Just, out of pure respect, should we be saying the Oracle?
Here lies the reader who will never open this book. He is forever dead.
Taking a new step, uttering a new word, is what people fear most. ― Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment
The knowledge of some things as a function of age is a delta function.
Offline
## #7 2014-02-24 13:12:36
Agnishom
Real Member
From: Riemann Sphere
Registered: 2011-01-29
Posts: 24,581
Website
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
bob bundy wrote:
But .... the name is determined by the longest carbon chain and there are 7 in a line*
C1
|
C2
|
C-C3-C4-C5-C6-C7
|
C
So it should be called 3,4 dimethyl heptane.
Is there absolutely no way to draw 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane?
'And fun? If maths is fun, then getting a tooth extraction is fun. A viral infection is fun. Rabies shots are fun.'
'God exists because Mathematics is consistent, and the devil exists because we cannot prove it'
I'm not crazy, my mother had me tested.
Online
## #8 2014-02-24 15:29:09
niharika_kumar
Member
From: Numeraland
Registered: 2013-02-12
Posts: 1,062
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
Agnishom wrote:
Is there absolutely no way to draw 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane?
the way bob drew the structure is right.
The actual structure will contain bonds at an angle which he mentioned as approx 109° but then we generally draw the structure of carbon compounds like the one made above.
friendship is tan 90°.
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## #9 2014-02-24 20:49:33
bob bundy
Moderator
Registered: 2010-06-20
Posts: 7,763
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
Agnishom wrote:
Is there absolutely no way to draw 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane?
A clever computer scientist decided to make the ultimate computer. He built-in petabytes of memory, utilised a quantum computer module and multicore processors, used fibre optics for speed and an operating system that allowed the machine to learn when in use. He gave it cameras to 'see', voice recognition and speech.
Finally it was ready for use and he decided to have a small ceremony to mark the occasion. He didn't smash a bottle, for that would have been a waste, but he did treat himself to a large glass of champagne. "I name this machine 'The Ultimate Slave' ", he announced as he threw the switch into the ON position.
There was a crackle of electricity and in a flash, a high voltage spark fused the switch in the ON position.
"Good morning", said the machine; "but I think you've got the name wrong!"
Bob
Children are not defined by school ...........The Fonz
You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself..........Galileo Galilei
Offline
## #10 2014-02-24 21:50:20
Agnishom
Real Member
From: Riemann Sphere
Registered: 2011-01-29
Posts: 24,581
Website
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
Sounds like a Frankenstein story, but what has it got to do with organic chemistry?
'And fun? If maths is fun, then getting a tooth extraction is fun. A viral infection is fun. Rabies shots are fun.'
'God exists because Mathematics is consistent, and the devil exists because we cannot prove it'
I'm not crazy, my mother had me tested.
Online
## #11 2014-02-24 22:14:13
bob bundy
Moderator
Registered: 2010-06-20
Posts: 7,763
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
It's a parable.
Deliberately enigmatic, to encourage thinking.
In front of me is a chair. I call it a chair; other people call it a chair. But, if I decide to call it a flunge, is it still a chair?
Bob
Children are not defined by school ...........The Fonz
You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself..........Galileo Galilei
Offline
## #12 2014-02-24 23:39:44
niharika_kumar
Member
From: Numeraland
Registered: 2013-02-12
Posts: 1,062
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
it will always be a chair for other people except you until you install changes in it because that is what they have been hearing from their childhood and changing that requires both a lot of time and effort.
but how can we imply this scenario in organic chemistry? do you mean that we can do something new to already defined rules for nomenclature?but it won't be acceptable as the rules which i have studied till now hold good for almost all situation and are revised well by chemists across the world.
pls. explain clearly if I have not got what you exactly meant to say.
friendship is tan 90°.
Offline
## #13 2014-02-25 00:06:24
Agnishom
Real Member
From: Riemann Sphere
Registered: 2011-01-29
Posts: 24,581
Website
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
Did you mean: It does not matter what we call it.
'And fun? If maths is fun, then getting a tooth extraction is fun. A viral infection is fun. Rabies shots are fun.'
'God exists because Mathematics is consistent, and the devil exists because we cannot prove it'
I'm not crazy, my mother had me tested.
Online
## #14 2014-02-25 00:12:06
bob bundy
Moderator
Registered: 2010-06-20
Posts: 7,763
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
All I was trying to say is that is the diagram whatever you call it.
My explanation started by constructing the diagram, then re-naming it correctly. To answer this:
Is there absolutely no way to draw 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane?
Yes there is. see that earlier post. That's it. There is no other way.
Does it matter what we call it?
The standard nomenclature is a way for everybody to use the same terms so there is no confusion. You can use a different term but expect that people won't know what you're talking about. If I persist in calling that thing in front of me a flunge, I must expect some strange looks.
Bob
Children are not defined by school ...........The Fonz
You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself..........Galileo Galilei
Offline
## #15 2014-02-25 02:16:32
Agnishom
Real Member
From: Riemann Sphere
Registered: 2011-01-29
Posts: 24,581
Website
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
bob bundy wrote:
All I was trying to say is that is the diagram whatever you call it.
That is what I was asking. Thanks to the Oracle
'And fun? If maths is fun, then getting a tooth extraction is fun. A viral infection is fun. Rabies shots are fun.'
'God exists because Mathematics is consistent, and the devil exists because we cannot prove it'
I'm not crazy, my mother had me tested.
Online
## #16 2014-02-25 02:28:56
anonimnystefy
Real Member
From: Harlan's World
Registered: 2011-05-23
Posts: 16,018
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.
Here lies the reader who will never open this book. He is forever dead.
Taking a new step, uttering a new word, is what people fear most. ― Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment
The knowledge of some things as a function of age is a delta function.
Offline
## #17 2014-02-25 04:41:11
bob bundy
Moderator
Registered: 2010-06-20
Posts: 7,763
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
Thanks, Stefy.
As ever, the Bard puts it better.
Bob
Children are not defined by school ...........The Fonz
You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself..........Galileo Galilei
Offline
## #18 2014-02-25 04:49:34
Agnishom
Real Member
From: Riemann Sphere
Registered: 2011-01-29
Posts: 24,581
Website
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
A name is important when you want to identify an object uniquely
'And fun? If maths is fun, then getting a tooth extraction is fun. A viral infection is fun. Rabies shots are fun.'
'God exists because Mathematics is consistent, and the devil exists because we cannot prove it'
I'm not crazy, my mother had me tested.
Online
## #19 2014-02-25 16:57:27
niharika_kumar
Member
From: Numeraland
Registered: 2013-02-12
Posts: 1,062
### Re: 2-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane
yup.
friendship is tan 90°.
Offline | a84f1bed-6210-481f-8935-e9fae6b71d7f | http://www.mathisfunforum.com/viewtopic.php?pid=302446 | 1 | true | false |
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## Columnist: People should avoid using a certain artificial
##### This topic has expert replies
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### Columnist: People should avoid using a certain artificial
by aspirant2011 » Wed May 04, 2011 9:30 am
Columnist: People should avoid using a certain artificial fat that has been touted as a resource for those whose medical advisers have advised them to reduce their fat intake. Although the artificial fat, which can be used in place of fat in food preparation, has none of the negative health effects of fat, it does have a serious drawback: it absorbs certain essential vitamins, thereby preventing them from being used by the body. In evaluating the columnist's position, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?
A. Whether increasing one's intake of the vitamins can compensate for the effects of the artificial fat
B. Whether the vitamins that the artificial fat absorbs are present in foods that contain the fat
C. Whether having an extremely low fat intake for an extended period can endanger the health
D. Whether there are any foods that cannot be prepared using the artificial fat as a substitute for other fats
E. Whether people are generally able to detect differences in taste between foods prepared using the artificial fat and foods that are similar except for the use of other fats
[spoiler]OA: Will be posted later. Please discuss each answer choice[/spoiler]
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by Testluv » Wed May 04, 2011 10:37 am
This is a relevant information question. The right answer is something where, if it goes one way, the argument is strengthened, and if it goes the other way the argument is weakened (as such, we can call these "hybrid strengthen/weaken" questions).
A good paraphrase of the argument would be:
"Don't take this artificial fat because it will drain vitamins."
Should we or shouldn't we follow the author's recommendation not to take this artifical fat? That's the main issue.
Applying the hybrid strengthen/weaken test to [spoiler](A)[/spoiler]:
If increasing one's intake CAN compensate for the effects of the artifical fat, then we don't really have to worry about the vitamin loss, and the argument that we shouldn't take this fat is WEAKENED. Conversely, if increasing one's intake CAN'T compensate for the effects of the artifical fat, then the vitamin loss is a big deal, and the argument that we shouldn't take this fat is STRENGTHENED. So, [spoiler](A)[/spoiler] is correct.
What about [spoiler](B)[/spoiler]? Well, if the vitamins can be found in fat-containing foods, we certainly wouldn't want to eat those foods as that would defeat the purpose of taking the aritifical fat in the first place (to wit: losing fat!) So, whether or not one can find the missing vitamins in fat-containing foods is outside the scope of the arugment--neither here nor there.
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by pemdas » Wed May 04, 2011 10:50 am
columnist position -> People should avoid using ... artificial fat ... to reduce their fat intake.
to interpret further, columnist agrees that the fat intake should be reduced BUT not with the help of artificial fat. Hence, we must evaluate only artificial fat effects.
A. Whether increasing one's intake of the vitamins can compensate for the effects of the artificial fat - seems correct as the deficit of vitamins caused by artificial fat is removed.
B. Whether the vitamins that the artificial fat absorbs are present in foods that contain the fat - strong contender BUT deals with keeping fat intake - so wrong
C. Whether having an extremely low fat intake for an extended period can endanger the health - out of scope
D. Whether there are any foods that cannot be prepared using the artificial fat as a substitute for other fats - completely out of scope
E. Whether people are generally able to detect differences in taste between foods prepared using the artificial fat and foods that are similar except for the use of other fats - completely out of scope.
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by GMATMadeEasy » Thu May 05, 2011 1:52 am
@Testluv: How would one evaluate the option C? Could you help.
C: Whether having an extremely low fat intake for an extended period can endanger the health
No, extremely low fat intake does NOT endangers the health; then we don't care about artificial fat; and we can avoid it; or I should say out of SCOPE ? strenghtens the argument or no effects on the argument ?
Yes, extremely low fat intake endangers the health so one needs to take fat some how. And artificial fat will lead to lack of vitamins, endangering the health.Strenghtens the argument
Is my reasoning correct?
Or in first place, extremely low fat intake is out of scope as conclusion concern people suposed reduce fat intake. So extreme low is kind of an extreme answer choice.
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by Testluv » Thu May 05, 2011 8:08 am
This:
GMATMadeEasy wrote:@Testluv: How would one evaluate the option C? Could you help.
Or in first place, extremely low fat intake is out of scope as conclusion concern people suposed reduce fat intake. So extreme low is kind of an extreme answer choice.
is correct. In short (C) is about whether we need to take the artifical fat in the first place. Whereas the argument is about whether it's dangerous (and should be avoided for that reason).
The first sentence tells us we only care about "those whose medical advisers have advised them to reduce their fat intake." So, for a certain group of people, it's already given that fat reduction is good for them. You can eliminate (C) as outside the scope of the argument for that reason.
If the answer to (C) is "yes," having low fat intake for a long time can hurt your health, and if your medical adviser advises you to reduce your fat, then, out of concern for your health, you might take the artifical fat as a substitute. But the argument is unaffected in this case because we're no better off in terms of knowing whether this fat substitute is something to worry about.
And if the answer to (C) is "no," having a low fat intake for a long time can't hurth your health, then you simply won't take the artifical fat as you have no reason to. Again, the argument is unaffected because not having to take it isn't the same as it being dangerous to take.
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by GMATMadeEasy » Sat May 07, 2011 9:14 am
@Testluv : I have printed your explanation as I need to align with this way of thinking in doing evaluate the argument questions. It was of great help. THANK you so much.
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by ruplun » Mon Oct 08, 2012 2:53 am
I fail to understand the reasoning behind (B).I feel the correct answer to be B...please elaborate .
The logic being :If we dont eat the food that this artificial fat has vitamins , then the problem is solved.
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by tanviet » Sat Oct 20, 2012 1:14 am
Testluv wrote:This is a relevant information question. The right answer is something where, if it goes one way, the argument is strengthened, and if it goes the other way the argument is weakened (as such, we can call these "hybrid strengthen/weaken" questions).
A good paraphrase of the argument would be:
"Don't take this artificial fat because it will drain vitamins."
Should we or shouldn't we follow the author's recommendation not to take this artifical fat? That's the main issue.
Applying the hybrid strengthen/weaken test to [spoiler](A)[/spoiler]:
If increasing one's intake CAN compensate for the effects of the artifical fat, then we don't really have to worry about the vitamin loss, and the argument that we shouldn't take this fat is WEAKENED. Conversely, if increasing one's intake CAN'T compensate for the effects of the artifical fat, then the vitamin loss is a big deal, and the argument that we shouldn't take this fat is STRENGTHENED. So, [spoiler](A)[/spoiler] is correct.
What about [spoiler](B)[/spoiler]? Well, if the vitamins can be found in fat-containing foods, we certainly wouldn't want to eat those foods as that would defeat the purpose of taking the aritifical fat in the first place (to wit: losing fat!) So, whether or not one can find the missing vitamins in fat-containing foods is outside the scope of the arugment--neither here nor there.
thank TEstluv.
most persons advise us to prethink an assumption before going to answer choices for evaluate as we as strenthen and weaken question. This prethink bring us closer to the correct answer.
I apply the prethinking and see the very effective. But for this question, I can not find the correct answer. The prethink give me " loose vitamin, so should avoid fat" . going to answer choices, I look for something which cast doub on the assumption I prethink. I do not find out and fail.
testluv. pls tell me"
what is the assumption of the weakener A/choice A?
second, pls, detail your process of thinking. what do you do after you realize the conclusion and evidence before going to answer choices. pls, detail this important step.
Thank you very much.
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by gui_guimaraes » Mon Aug 06, 2018 6:32 am
Testluv wrote:This is a relevant information question. The right answer is something where, if it goes one way, the argument is strengthened, and if it goes the other way the argument is weakened (as such, we can call these "hybrid strengthen/weaken" questions).
A good paraphrase of the argument would be:
"Don't take this artificial fat because it will drain vitamins."
Should we or shouldn't we follow the author's recommendation not to take this artifical fat? That's the main issue.
Applying the hybrid strengthen/weaken test to [spoiler](A)[/spoiler]:
If increasing one's intake CAN compensate for the effects of the artifical fat, then we don't really have to worry about the vitamin loss, and the argument that we shouldn't take this fat is WEAKENED. Conversely, if increasing one's intake CAN'T compensate for the effects of the artifical fat, then the vitamin loss is a big deal, and the argument that we shouldn't take this fat is STRENGTHENED. So, [spoiler](A)[/spoiler] is correct.
What about [spoiler](B)[/spoiler]? Well, if the vitamins can be found in fat-containing foods, we certainly wouldn't want to eat those foods as that would defeat the purpose of taking the aritifical fat in the first place (to wit: losing fat!) So, whether or not one can find the missing vitamins in fat-containing foods is outside the scope of the arugment--neither here nor there.
Hi, I got a different version of question (look below), in matter of fact, just answer choice B is different and it was the one I picked. Can someone explain why alternative B is wrong? Many Tks!
GmatPrep - Exam Pack 2 - Exam 5 - Question 2 - OA: A
Columnist: People should completely avoid using a certain artificial fat that has been touted as an alternative for those whose medical advisers have advised them to reduce their fat intake. The artificial fat can be used in place of ordinary fats in prepared foods and has none of the negative health effects of fat, but it does have a serious drawback: it absorbs certain essential vitamins, thereby preventing them from being used by the body.
In evaluating the columnist's position, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?
A) Whether increasing one's intake of the vitamins can compensate for the effects of the artificial fat
B) Whether any of the vitamins that the artificial fat absorbs are destroyed by prolonged cooking
C) Whether having an extremely low fat intake for an extended period can endanger a person's health
D) Whether there are any foods that cannot be prepared using the artificial fat as a substitute for other fats
E) Whether people are generally able to detect differences in taste between foods prepared using the artificial fat and foods that are similar except for the use of other fats
• Page 1 of 1 | 010dc4ef-d52b-4928-95db-e98da08c65e8 | https://www.beatthegmat.com/columnist-people-should-avoid-using-a-certain-artificial-t82318.html | 1 | true | false |
Night of the Hodag
Trent Iverson has led an interesting life, finding himself not one but two men to call his own. He criss-crosses the United States with his husbands as they hunt the strange and bizarre creatures that lurk unseen, but he feels like he hasn’t experienced as much life as he desires. Things change when he learns that his grandmother has passed away, and she has willed her home and possessions in Three Lakes, Wisconsin, to him.
Not long after he arrives with his husbands, Luke Anderson and Adam Skenadore, the trio discover a potential new creature they must hunt down. The people who live in northern Wisconsin talk about a whimsical creature called the hodag. However, some of the locals believe that the mythical monster has gone from simple mischief-maker to ravenous killer, and they want Luke and Adam to destroy the hodag before anyone else winds up dead.
While Luke and Adam roam the forests in pursuit of the hodag, Trent is going through his grandmother’s belongings and discovers that she was a very powerful witch that has descended from a strong family line of witches. He also discovers that he has inherited his grandmother’s powers in addition to her possessions. His newfound abilities put a crimp in both his relationship with his husbands and their ability to track down the hodag as he learns a shocking revelation. | bdf54a95-c2f4-4c28-8f23-aa0bdf23d427 | full_CC | 1 | true | false |
Beautiful “flowers” are hiding inside artificial cell membranes
February 1, 2016 - 06:05
Scientists work with artificial cell membranes all the time, but even though they are so common, they still contain many secrets.
Video: University of Southern Denmark
Artificial cell membranes are some of the most important tools in modern life sciences. They give us a better understanding of how cells function and thus helps us to understand diseases and to develop new drugs.
Scientists at the University of Southern Denmark are working with artificial cell membranes to find new ways of helping different substances to cross the membrane and penetrate the cell nucleus.
"In order to understand complex systems such as biological cells, it‘s crucial that we understand the simpler parts that make up the cell, like the cell membrane. And we can do this by studying model membranes," says lead-author Jonas Camillus Jeppesen, a PhD student at the University of Southern Denmark.
Cell membranes form flower patterns at 0 degrees
Jeppesen set out to discover whether structures within the membrane remain static or change over time.
The results are published in the scientific journal Langmuir.
"We knew that if you freeze membranes containing two different types of fat molecules (lipids), this causes some remarkable flower shapes. They’re formed by the one type of fatty molecules which collects in groups called domains,” says Jeppesen.
“It's like freezing a mixture of oil and water: when water freezes at zero degrees Celsius, ice crystals--or domains--form in the oil which is still liquid," he says.
"We knew that these flower-shaped domains were formed, but we didn’t know if they were stable static structures, or whether they would change shape over time," says Jeppesen.
The process is documented on film
The team documented the process on film, shot with a relatively long time between each image so that it appears as if being played at high speed.
The film shows that it only takes a few minutes for the fat molecules to gather into beautiful flower formations when the temperature drops below freezing point.
"But it turns out that these flower formations don’t hold indefinitely. After a few days, they are completely changed. Some flower petals look as if they have withered, while others have grown. After a few weeks they are almost perfectly round," says Jeppesen.
This happens as the fat molecules seek their most relaxed state--a state of equilibrium--which is round for membrane domains.
So it wasn’t a surprise to Jeppesen and his colleagues that the fat molecule flowers ultimately turned into a round shape, but it was important to find out exactly how long the domains remain flower-shaped, says Jeppesen.
“Scientists assumed that they are static for at least several hours. We’ve now shown that it’s reasonable to assume that they are static for hours, but not for days," he says.
Read the Danish version of this story on Videnskab.dk
Translated by
Catherine Jex
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First Crush - J. O. Mantel
First Crush
3.1429 7 5 Forfatter: J. O. Mantel Oplæser: Rick Daniels
Findes som lydbog.
Friendship... One simple word, yet so incredibly complicated. Well, that's how it feels for Jake Cooper. Living with his best friend, Sienna Forrester, he's used to having a woman around, twenty-four, seven. So why is he wanting to pull his hair out? Lukas Dark, the lead singer and guitarist of Dark Falkon, that's why. Sienna is obsessed with him, and it's driving Jake to seven kinds of jealousy that's getting harder to hide. For as long as Jake can remember, it's been Lukas this and Lukas that, and oh my God if I could only meet Lukas--and now, thanks to winning a contest, she will. Jake's out of time. He needs to find a way to make her see the truth. That it's him, not Lukas. Jake is the hero she's in love with and always has been.
Sprog: Engelsk Kategori: Romaner
Mere info om lydbogen:
Forlag: Authors Republic
Udgivet: 2017-07-20
Længde: 6T 27M
ISBN: 9781518957796
Ha' altid en god bog i gang - lyt og læs når du vil
Lyt og læs så mange bøger, du vil! Lyt offline, ha' flere bøger i gang samtidigt, vælg godnathistorier til børnene og find din næste yndlingsbog. Med Storytel har du altid dit bibliotek i lommen!
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‘The Last Of Us’ Episode 1: Everything You Need To Know About The Character Sarah Miller
In a world where half the population is infected by a deadly parasite, the flesh-hungry zombies aren’t the only villains. A place where the reality isn’t black and white and harbors tons of unsavory characters; we have Sarah Miller, a brilliant 12-year-old kid, in the series “The Last Of Us,” who puts everyone else’s needs above her own constantly. The casting directors have done a tremendous job of choosing Nico Parker to portray the role of Sarah Miller, and even though it might sound like an understatement, I’m sticking with it. With that out on the table, here’s a detailed character breakdown of Sarah Miller.
Sarah was Joel’s daughter and the reason behind his smile and happiness. It’s unclear what happened to Joel’s wife: are they divorced and separated, or is she dead? Both Joel and his daughter never seem to talk about Sarah’s mother, which vaguely suggests that maybe the couple weren’t that close. Sarah was a brilliant kid, dividing her hours between school, taking care of her father, and spending time with her old neighbors. She loved making pancakes for Joel and was the only person other than her uncle Tommy to appreciate Joel’s weird sense of humor. As strange as it might sound, Sarah never asks Joel about her mother, maybe because she knows that Joel’s love and affection for her are more than enough.
Neither Joel nor Tommy had a lot of formal education, but Sarah was brilliant and had a bright future ahead of her if things hadn’t gone bad. She knew that her father was doing everything he could to provide for her and would think twice before spending a dollar on himself. She decided to surprise Joel on his 36th birthday and stole a couple of dollars from his drawer to repair and gift him his watch. She even borrowed the DVD of his favorite movie from her next-door neighbor. Sarah, who seems to have inherited Joel’s wry sense of humor, spars with her dad throughout the prologue. She obviously adores him since she goes to great lengths to get him a gift that will blow his mind on his birthday. Joel arrives home, but he fails to bring the promised cake. Sarah presses him to promise to bring one the very next day. Sarah rests her head on Joel’s shoulders, falls asleep in the middle of the movie, and is woken by the sounds of police sirens and military choppers above Austin, Texas. She finds herself alone in the house, as Joel left to bail his brother out of jail after tucking Sarah into her bed. To get a sense of the situation, Sarah ventures outside her house and enters their neighbor’s house after hearing strange noises. Sarah finds that the Adlers have turned into flesh-hungry zombies. Sarah paces outside the house and is saved by Jeol, who hits the old woman with a wrench, killing her on the spot.
Unlike Joel, Sarah is having a hard time trying to make sense of the situation and is scared to death after seeing why people are going berserk and killing one another. However, even in the face of adversity, she’s quick to deduce that the Adlers may have been infected by the virus owing to their constant visits to the city’s hospital. She even begged her father to help a stranded couple asking for a lift on the highway as they were trying to leave town. She rejects the notion of “necessary evil,” in contrast to her father, and is willing to put others before herself. But Joel is different and sees Sarah as his only priority, and he will do anything he can to protect her. Unfortunately, Sarah meets an untimely end. Sarah, Joel, and Tommy were met with an accident while they were trying to cross the border to safety. Tommy is separated from the group, and Sarah breaks her ankle, leaving Joel with no choice but to carry her. Joel and Sarah come across a soldier who points a gun at them, threatening them. The soldier contacts his superiors and is ordered to take them out. Joel begs the soldier to spare them, constantly wailing that he and Sarah aren’t infected. But his cries go in vain, and the soldier opens fire. Nevertheless, the soldier is killed after Tommy intervenes.
Sarah was crying with pain, and even though she never put it in words, she hated leaving Joel, realizing that her father would be left alone in this broken world. Even though Joel always blamed himself for Sarah’s death, but the latter never held him responsible. Some might say the bullet was meant for Joel, but he survived because he has bigger shoes to fill in the coming years. If Sarah had survived, she would have preserved Joel’s humanity, and the reality would be much different. Joel would still take up odd jobs to provide for Sarah and, without a doubt, would’ve tried to smuggle her out of the quarantine zone, but without bargaining with his morals and principles.
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According to Wikipedia, anime is hand-drawn and computer animation originating from Japan. Anime, a term derived from the English word animation, is used in Japanese to describe all animation, regardless of style or origin. Anime differs greatly from other forms of animation by its diverse art styles, methods of animation, its production, and its process.
Recently, IreTheKID has started a war on the server between those who like and enjoy anime, and those who think it's for weebs. This has led to a lot of members changing their nicknames to "{username} says anime good" or "{username} says anime baf".
Anime is looked down upon by many members the Repl.it Discord, including but not limited to:
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So anyway,
Because what the Net really needs is another person sharing his uninformed views
13th-Apr-2012 03:24 pm
This week on The Apprentice it's that task with buying and selling rubbish, which I didn't like last time. Except it was slightly different this time, so I didn't mind it so much. Oh, I have to write more than that? OK then.
The male Apprenti are playing table tennis, only it's that one where a load of them all run around the table, so they can get sweaty and overpower the other contestants with their musk, or something, I don't know. Azhar gets the point in phone-answering wars, and they're to go to The Old Cinema in Chiswick. This leads them to all try and second-guess which task it's going to be, and they figure it's the advertising one because of filming And That. Oh silly Apprenti, as if a location would ever have as obvious a connection to the task as that. They get ready, Azhar turns out to be unexpectedly buff. All right Azhar, but don't get too cocky about it, it just makes you The Jim.
Turns out the key word in the location wasn't "cinema," it was "old." Because here comes LdAlan. LOLZ NOT RLY. It's because it sells overpriced old tat upcycled second-hand goods, and that's what the teams are going to be doing as well, in shops in Brick Lane. They have a £1000 budget and 2 days to spend it and do the upcycling (upcycling is this week's Bullshit Bingo word.) Jade gets sent to Phoenix, Ricky Martin has to shake his Bon-Bon over to Sterling. Duane wants to be Sterling PM again but his Rubbish Jedi powers get him no votes, instead it's Scottish One, who it appears we're supposed to call Laura, who leads them, while over on Phoenix Tom somehow grumps himself into the PM job, before informing us he's ONLY 23. Yes, yes, I know who he reminds you of too, and just as we'd nearly managed to forget. Anyway he wants his team to be selective and not spend too much of their budget, whereas Laura wants hers to buy anything they see anywhere, and there's a lot of emphasis on buttons.
Shard porn! Then Tom's subteam are in Greenwich for an auction. Greenwich, again? Why must they keep coming here? Maybe they got as much filming done here as they could last year, because now we're a Royal Borough we won't let their sort in any more. Tom's only given Adam, Toothlicker and Blonde Assassin £200 to bid with, and Nick Hewer huffs about what a mortal error this is while Adam tops up their meagre stock by rooting through a skip. At the exact same time, Tom's half of the team are at a car boot sale stocking up, where Tom is really picky about stuff until they break something and they're all "run away!" Nick Hewer is there commenting as well! Since it's impossible that things didn't happen at exactly the times the edit suggests they did, the only conclusion is that Nick Hewer has been cloned. Let's call this version Hick Newer. Meanwhile Team Scottish One are buying anything that catches their eye, like magpies, if magpies were attracted to turds instead of shiny stuff. It's fine, they're going to upcycle it, innit. They'll use all that lovely money to stick Union Jacks on them (in this context they're called Union Jacks, not Union Flags, because Team Scottish One are ALL AT SEA! I KNOW! LOLLERSKATES! ETC!) and call it shabby chic.
On Subteam Assassin, Toothlicker excitedly buys all the hidden treasures at the back of a junk shop. Because, these are the things the owner hid away 'cause they're really good deals and he doesn't want you to notice them, right? That's totally how it works, right? The junk shop owner informs the camera than no, not so much. But thanks for giving him £30 for the stuff so useless he stuck it at the back 'cause even junk shop customers wouldn't pay money for it.
Laura's subteam are at a house clearance RAIDING THE HOMES OF THE DEAD LIKE GHOULS and Duane informs us you shouldn't "look a gift horse in the eye." Because it might... look back? And see through your Rubbish Jedi powers? He doesn't elaborate. But back on the main team Tortoise keeps informing us that Union Jacks are big with the hipsters right now so they keep painting them onto stuff, a job so exhausting that Arctic Monkey Nick's hair is looking slightly unkempt by the end! I know!
By the time the shops open, Tom's is looking pretty empty but, and I know I've got the benefit of hindsight, but at the time I did think that he might be on to something. Given that the task is to sell stuff to hipsters and pseuds, surely a pretentious, faux-art gallery look with only about three chairs in the whole shop means you can whack any outrageous price on something and still get someone to buy it. (The word Hick Newer chews outrageously over is "minimalism." He even has to admit he might have been wrong about the strategy earlier.) Whereas no matter how many Union Jacks you slap onto stuff, Team Scottish One's junk shop just looks like a junk shop. They chuck some dead leaves on the floor too because this will make it look... less so? It's OK though because Jane will entice passers-by into the shop by invading their personal space, and Duane will try and sell a big chair and a small chair by excitedly announcing that one of them's big and one of them's small. Careful Duane - have you double-checked to make sure one of them isn't just Far Away?
Tom's minimalism is starting to look more like "not actually having any stock left" so Toothlicker, Adam and Jade are sent off to a car boot sale in Battersea, where they badger this episode's obvious hero, a woman who tells them they can have stuff for a quid if they promise to go away. Meanwhile it's the other way round on Laura's team, where they're slashing prices and Jenna has to give in to a hipster twat in a bowtie just to stop him saying "£9.25!"
Boardroom! Sterling were going vintage so it's lucky they had Tortoise on their team, which makes it sound like Tortoise has herself been around since that furniture was new. Their shabby-chic was more shabby than chic according to Karren Brady, or possibly her clone Barren Krady, who knows? Tom meanwhile hasn't got a bad word to say about his team (if it was me I would have totally followed that up with a "...yet" but LdAlan calls it a brave statement.) But it doesn't have to be put to the test because with a profit of £1063.40 compared to Sterling's £783.49, Phoenix have won. Which means the Blonde Assassin has actually won a task for once, giving her extra time to plot a particularly cunning and convoluted death for this week's victim. The winners get a 1940s-style party complete with swing dance lessons, while Tom informs us again that he is TWENTY THREE and therefore young.
Back in the boardroom and Sterling bought 200 items compared to Phoenix's 50. Plus of course all the paint for those totally useful Union Jacks that needed painting on, and lots of fabric and buttons that had to be bought because of reasons. So yeah, Tom's strategy was clearly right, except if Tom had lost LdAlan would totally have been all "I gave you 1000 bladdy pahnds! If I'd only wanted you to spend 200 bladdy pahnds I'd have given yer 200 bladdy pahnds!" You know it, I know it, let's move on back to the losers, where we're told what everyone's individual sales figures were. Which is totally a fair measure of success when some people were actually in the shop selling, and others' job was to send customers in to them and not make the sales themselves. Turns out Jane only sold £10's worth. Basically, LdAlan has decided he wants to fire Jane because she smells of wee, so he's giving Laura a mahussive hint who to bring back into the firing line. Which she does, along with Tortoise because of all that Union Jack shabby chic stuff which was totally going to fly off the shelves until it didn't. The rest is filler, with a big fire-tease for Laura due to her very clearly having no idea what she actually did as PM. But it's Jane who has to go because she smells of wee. Jane didn't see this coming and cries in the cab. To be fair, she's crying 'cause the driver of the cab has turned out to be the Blonde Assassin, and she's just told her what she's going to do to her. It involves tiny knives, feather dusters and a giraffe with a bladder infection, and it ain't gonna be pretty.
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Zack Snyder's Justice League
More info i
Credit: HBO Max
From cameos to cut storylines, here's everything we know about Zack Snyder's Justice League
Contributed by
May 22, 2020, 12:31 PM EDT (Updated)
The legendary Snyder Cut — the one that inspired casual DC Extended Universe fans to join a massive and complicated social media campaign that's raised money for charity, pushed for the film's release, and harassed people like former DC Entertainment president Diane Nelson off of Twitter entirely — is happening for real. This is a boon for those who've been replying "#ReleaseTheSnyderCut" to any Warner Bros. or DC-related post since the original film hit the box office.
But now that fans have their reality, what does it mean — and what's really going to be included in this cut of Justice League?
The fervor behind the Snyder Cut of Justice League came about because Zack Snyder, the filmmaker behind DCEU-establishing Man of Steel and 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, dropped out of production on the Avengers-like team-up film midway through because of the death of his daughter. That left WB to replace him with the actual director of The Avengers, Joss Whedon. Not only did this ruffle some DC vs. Marvel feathers, but also upset the fandom's perceived auteurist streak of Snyder. Whedon reshot and rewrote much of the film, meaning that the then-released disappointment had the potential to be fulfilling...but only if Snyder was given his day.
What's coming to HBO Max
During a live-screening of Man of Steel, Snyder and his producing partner/wife Deborah Snyder were joined by a few select fans and Superman actor Henry Cavill for a very special Zoom announcement: HBO Max had greenlit Zack Snyder's Justice League, and it was coming to fans in 2021. It was clear. It is happening. What was less clear is what exactly that entails. Current reports detail that the Snyders aren't yet decided on the format for the project — teased via a black-and-white poster — and it could be anything between a gigantic "four-hour director's cut" movie or a miniseries of sorts "split into six 'chapters.'"
We also know that it's estimated that it'll cost WB somewhere between $20-30M to finish. There will be plenty of VFX work to do, and the original cast will need to be involved in some way. Beyond that, all fans have to go on are what Snyder and crew have said over the years.
From Iris to Knightmares: What could be included?
Snyder has been teasing and hinting at scenes and stories he had included in his original script for Justice League, often posting storyboards or other art on his Vero account. That means fans can cobble together a decent idea of what differences might show up compared to the original film. Those that appeared in the movie have their own hopes. "For me, having just watched Man of Steel, this was such a big moment," Cavill said before the announcement. "I would love to see a version of Justice League without the mustache."
Superman might be getting a less CGI'd face (which originally occurred because during Justice League reshoots Cavill was under contract for a mustachioed role in Mission: Impossible - Fallout) and more time in the black supersuit in a deleted scene.
But Snyder's not teasing a shave, he's teasing whole cut sequences — like a second Darkseid-focused Knightmare to follow up on the one Batman had in Batman v Superman. Seen in the image here, the Hall of Justice would be submerged and destroyed, revealing an Omega symbol after a brief bit of terrifying terraforming.
And it's not just capital-S Story either — the characters of Justice League also had their arcs altered, truncated, or entirely erased in the final version's retooling. The latter applies to Cyborg's dad, Silas Stone (Joe Morton), who was supposed to get killed in a lab fight with Steppenwolf and whose assistant Ryan Choi (Zheng Kai) would've teased fans about the Atom.
Barry Allen would've been more of a character, helped in no small part by Iris West (Kiersy Clemmons' cameo was cut). Aquaman would get more of a lead-in to his solo movie. "In Zack's cut," Jason Momoa said, "We had it where I was with Vulko and Mera. I say that I have to go home because they say there's this force coming that I need to help. So I say I'm going home to see my dad."
Deathstroke (Joe Manganiello) would've existed, as he looks to be talking to a bald man (Lex Luthor, perhaps?) in another storyboard posted by Snyder:
And surprise, so would the Martian Manhunter, who's been posing as Secretary of Defense Calvin Swanwick (Harry Lennix) and even Superman's mom. But one of the key figures that should be rearing their ugly head in Zack Snyder's Justice League is the Big Bad: Darkseid. The villain was planned and teased throughout the film and was supposed to meet the League to set him up as the main antagonist...but he was cut to make the film more standalone, which meant fans had to settle for the underwhelming Steppenwolf.
Basically, if Snyder posted a small drawing of it in the last few years — where he documented everything from Motherboxes to the climactic third act battle — it might turn up in the new cut of the film. In fact, as Snyder said, "It will be an entirely new thing, and, especially talking to those who have seen the released movie, a new experience apart from that movie."
HBO Max drops on May 27, with Zack Snyder's Justice League coming sometime in 2021. | aeddbde8-f382-4e0d-bf26-c4295196e06a | null | 0 | true | false |
# advance a vector coordinates in a loop
1 vue (au cours des 30 derniers jours)
Lama Hamadeh le 20 Mar 2021
Commenté : KSSV le 20 Mar 2021
Hi all,
I'd like to advance an intial vector forward in something similar to this:
where the blue arrow is the initial one, and the the green is the next one, and so on so forth. The code I have at the moment is:
%angle of the norm
theta_norm = pi/2;
r = 0.7071/2;
%Initialise the arrow on the xy grid
x0 = 0.5; %initial x position
y0 = 0; %initial y position
%looping
for i = 1:4
%the angle between the vector and the norm (orientation)
theta = i*theta_norm - theta_xaxis;
%find out the Cartesian coordinates
x = r*cos(theta);
y = r*sin(theta);
%draw an arrow in each loop
quiver(x0,y0,x,y,0,'b','LineWidth',3) %here is my problem!!
pause(0.1)
end
Any help would be appreictaed! Thanks.
##### 0 commentairesAfficher -2 commentaires plus anciensMasquer -2 commentaires plus anciens
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### Réponses (1)
KSSV le 20 Mar 2021
m = 25 ; n = 25 ;
x = linspace(0,1,m) ;
y = linspace(0,1,n) ;
dx = min(diff(x)) ;
dy = min(diff(y)) ;
dxy = sqrt(dx^2+dy^2) ;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y) ;
r = 0.7071/2;
theta = pi/4 ;
%Initialise the arrow on the xy grid
x0 = 0.5; %initial x position
y0 = 0; %initial y position
%looping
for i = 1:4
%the angle between the vector and the norm (orientation)
r = r+dxy ;
%find out the Cartesian coordinates
x = r*cos(theta);a = pi/4 ;
y = r*sin(theta);
%draw an arrow in each loop
plot(X,Y,'.r')
hold on
quiver(x0,y0,x,y,'b','LineWidth',3) %here is my problem!!
hold off
drawnow
pause(0.1)
end
##### 2 commentairesAfficher AucuneMasquer Aucune
Lama Hamadeh le 20 Mar 2021
Thanks for your reply and attempt to help! But when running your code, the blue arrow is still in the (x0=0.5,y0=0) poistion, i.e., it hasn't moved/translated to the second poition (x0=1,y0=0.5), and next to the third (x0=0.5,y0=1), and so on to the fourth position (x0=0,y0=0.5), which was my main problem.
Thanks.
KSSV le 20 Mar 2021
Include another loop for x0 and y0.
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Translated by | 83d17468-9bda-4ddd-b6b9-a3034242c56c | https://fr.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/778517-advance-a-vector-coordinates-in-a-loop?s_tid=prof_contriblnk | 0 | true | false |
Tag Archives: silent films
The Aesthetics of “Sunrise” (1927)
A scene filmed in double exposure in “Sunrise.”
A foreseeably grim story about a man intent on killing his wife in order to live with a seductress gradually fades into a simple, beautiful, heartwarming tale of devotion and love, in this 1927 silent masterpiece by F.W. Murnau. Starring Janet Gaynor and George O’Brien, Sunrise (the full title is Sunrise: A Story of Two Humans, but it is most often referred to as simply Sunrise) is considered to be one of the best silent films ever made, and like the seminal film The Jazz Singer, released later the same year, it incorporated a wide variety of synchronized sounds occurring throughout the movie. We hear car horns, the squeal of a pig, even human voices in the sounds emanating from a large crowd. To audiences in 1927, this was a real spectacle.
Following the release of The Jazz Singer, movie studios were faced with the reality that the future of silent pictures would be extremely short. Though silents did not disappear overnight, they began to slowly fade until 1929, when silent cinema all but became extinct. Sunrise, though released 2 weeks before The Jazz Singer,seems to bridge the gap between the great silent films and the beginning of great sound films, incorporating truly the best of both worlds–the fading silents and the rising talkies.
In addition to the film’s use of audio, it also utilizes magnificent cinematographic techniques that enhance all of the emotions involved in the story. A rather odd font choice is used for the intertitles, suggesting a scary story to come with its large, uneven, drippy type. However, the intertitles are used very sparingly, and Murnau relies most heavily on the environment and the actors’ faces to tell the story. The use of double exposures, cross-fades, and skillful cuts transports us from one mindset to another–from hating the husband as he is about to kill his wife, to sympathy for him in his guilt in ever wanting to commit such a crime. It also brings worlds together–in the opening shots, in which it is shown through a superimposed intertitle that this is “Summertime, vacationtime,” we are taken from a bustling train station in the city to a shot of vacationers sunning themselves on a beach, to a shot of people boating on a tranquil lake in a serene countryside. Each is clear in its emotional intent, and the scenes work together in harmony to create a lovely wholeness to the feeling of summertime.
The temptress and the man, with the beckoning of the city apparent with the city party scene looming over their heads.
The temptress, who urges the man to kill his wife, is shown in a beautiful double-exposure shot almost as a demon inside his head. She appears and disappears like a specter, and he is possessed by her power. At the end, when all is well with the man and his wife, Murnau creates the opposite image–she returns to the city on the back of a cart, dejected, with her head down, the defeated warrior for a man’s affections. The image is powerful, and I, as a rather oversensitive human being, felt bad for her.
Janet Gaynor, as the wife, is truly stunning in this role. Playing a beautiful innocence and naïveté, but with a soul you can feel, she inhabits the character and you feel that under that innocence lives a strong woman. Her performance earned her the Academy Award for Best Actress of 1927/28, in the very first Academy Awards ceremony in 1929. It was one of three films that earned her the award, due to the nature of the Academy Awards for the first three years of its existence, and in addition to Sunrise she won for her performances in Seventh Heaven and Street Angel.
Janet Gaynor receiving her Oscar from Douglas Fairbanks at the first Academy Awards ceremony.
The title is interestingly symbolic–though at the outset, it may be read as simply the timing of the last shot of the film, it also symbolizes the rise of a new understanding and relationship between the husband and wife. The beginning of the film is bleak and dark for both of them, as the husband is intent on a life with his mistress. When he realizes how much he loves his wife, this is the beginning of their own personal sunrise. The majority of the film leads up to this moment, where the physical sunrise in the sky meets with their personal sunrise as a couple. Given the progressive nature of this work, it is also, in a way, ironic that the film is called Sunrise–as coming on the heels of both The Jazz Singer and the rise of talkies, it heralds the dawn of a new era in filmmaking.
The final shot of the sun coming up over the house of the man and his wife.
Cinecon Day 2: Symbolism and Metaphor in “Dangerous to Know” (1938), and Other Noteworthy Festival Events.
Anna May Wong and Akim Tamiroff in “Dangerous to Know” (1938).
The theme of this, the second day of Cinecon, seems to be a motif of masterfully crafted symbolism. I noticed the skill in the subtlety of metaphor first in Dangerous to Know, a surprisingly touching crime film starring Anna May Wong and Akim Tamiroff in the main roles. The movie is slow to start, and the plot is rather unclear, but about half an hour before the end of the film, the plot picked up so quickly that I was on the edge of my chair waiting to see what would happen.
The film is rare and, as far as I know, not commercially available, so I don’t feel too badly giving away plot points, but just in case you want to be warned, SPOILER ALERT.
Throughout the movie, the character of Lan Ying (played by Anna May Wong) is referred to as the “hostess” of noted gangster Steven Recka, but glances and innuendo from various characters makes it very clear that she is his girlfriend. Under the Hays Code, interracial dating was taboo, so any reference to love between them had to be relegated to innuendo, which in this case, makes the film much more ethereal and mysterious, adding to the already mysterious aura of Anna May Wong.
After a long spree of killing and kidnapping, Steven is unexpectedly called for drinks by Lan Ying, who pours drinks for herself and for him while maintaining a very calm, soft voice. When Steven tells her he thinks she’s acting strangely, she turns on a record, which happens to be a recording of “Thanks For the Memories.” With tears in her eyes, she drinks. Steven does not.
Steven then heads over to play the organ, a favorite hobby of his. As he plays, we see Lan Ying, situated behind his back, pull out a knife and start toward him. As she gets closer, she notices the tranquil look on his face as he plays. She puts her hand on his shoulder, and turns the knife toward herself. In a moment of supreme irony, she stabs herself in the stomach, committing suicide just at the moment a detective, who has been following Steven all through the movie, walks in the door. Naturally, he assumes that Lan Ying is just the latest in Steven’s string of murders, and carts him away to trial. As he goes, he gives funeral directions to the servants for Lan Ying. “She loved the Bach Largo,” he says, and instructs them to play that at the funeral. It is at once a sad and vindictive scene, as we have come to see Steven as a feeling person, but a criminal nonetheless and we are saddened to see him carted off for the suicide of his girlfriend, but happy that justice is being carried out for a murderer.
The first thing I would like to point out is that hara kiri (the act of suicide by way of stabbing oneself in the stomach) is hardly a new motif in the arts. In fact, the suicide of Lan Ying hearkened back to an exponentially more famous character, Cho-Cho-San from Puccini’s opera Madame Butterfly, who committed suicide in the same way. It is hardly speculation that the creators of this film fashioned this moment from Madame Butterfly, and certainly the Asian influence of both characters most likely inspired this aspect of the storyline. In pre-racially aware Hollywood, it was not uncommon to see stereotypes created of minorities from any and every source available, and in this case Anna May Wong, a third-generation California native from Los Angeles, was relegated to the demure Asian “Butterfly” stereotype that continues to permeate certain films to this day.
Anna May Wong in a typical role for her career.
After the movie, I had a discussion with the pianist who had played the score for the film, who happens to be an expert on organs. He informed me, much to my fascination, that the particular type of organ that the character of Steven plays at the end of the film, is designed for use at funerals. Thus, there is a subtle foreshadowing, reserved only for those who know music well, of what is to become of Lan Ying only moments later.
The film itself is filled with music. We know from the very beginning that Steven is a talented and and passionate musician, who always wished his life had ended up in such a way that he could pursue music as a profession instead of turning to a life of crime. It is thus further significant that the “Butterfly” character be implied through the suicide of Lan Ying, as the musical theme continues through the plot line even in covert ways.
Maria Callas’ recording of the role of Cho-Cho-San in “Madame Butterfly.”
When this movie started, I was prepared not to like it, and truth be told the first hour left a lot to be desired. But the ending turned it completely around for me, and when I reflect on the film hours later, I remember it as a fascinating and enjoyable hour and a half.
I leave you with some other highlights of the day:
• Jane Withers and Marsha Hunt showed up for the screening of Gentle Julia, and after the film was over, I was saddened to see that the entire audience was flocking to Jane Withers and Marsha Hunt, who was wonderful in the film and just as beautiful today at 95 as she was at age 17 in the film, was essentially left without acknowledgment. I wanted to show her how much I appreciated her, so I approached her and expressed my thanks for her attendance, and remarked on her extraordinary beauty. We ended up talking for a good 10 minutes about the film, her memories, and her career. I am extraordinarily grateful for that and impressed with her lovely personality and sweet, modest nature. She told me that she and Jane were initially asked to have an interview, but they ran out of time.
• One screening, Dollars and Sense, was one of the sweetest, most feel-good movies I have ever seen. It concerned a young baker who did nothing but good, and a woman comes in one day and is so taken by his generosity that she wants to work with him at the bakery. One day, he gave away so much bread that the stress of it made him ill. The woman nurses him back to health and with the help of a benefactor, helps recover his business from the debt of the bread and pays all his hospital bills. In return, the benefactor requests that she come to his apartment to “repay” him. He sends a note to David, implying an affair with the girl he had come to fall in love with. The purpose was to anger David and make him come to his apartment. Reading the note, this tireless do-gooder finally does get angry, and marches up to the benefactor’s apartment demanding an explanation. The benefactor replies that the woman is to be married. David exclaims “To you??” And the benefactor answers “No…to you.” He had arranged a marriage between Hazel and David. It was just the most lovely story, almost like a fairy tale, and so refreshing to see a character who seemed to be the antagonist turn out to be the hero of the whole story.
More tomorrow! | e42caab6-b5c5-4d04-ba80-55340e8430d0 | full_CC | 3 | true | true |
ALMA Finds Earliest Example of Merging Galaxies
Researchers using ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array) observed signals of oxygen, carbon, and dust from a galaxy in the early Universe 13 billion years ago. This is the earliest galaxy where this useful combination of three signals has been detected. By comparing the different signals, the team determined that the galaxy is actually two galaxies merging together, making it the earliest example of merging galaxies yet discovered.
Composite image of B14-65666 showing the distributions of dust (red), oxygen (green), and carbon (blue), observed by ALMA and stars (white) observed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, Hashimoto et al.
Artist’s impression of the merging galaxies B14-65666 located 13 billion light years-away
Artist’s impression of the merging galaxies B14-65666 located 13 billion light years-away.
Credit: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.
Takuya Hashimoto, a postdoctoral researcher at the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Waseda University, and his team used ALMA to observe B14-65666, an object located 13 billion light-years away in the constellation Sextans. Because of the finite speed of light, the signals we receive from B14-65666 today had to travel for 13 billion years to reach us. In other wordshad revealed two star clusters in B14-65666. Now with the three emission signals detected by ALMA, the team was able to show that the two blobs do in-fact form a single system, but they have different speeds. This indicates that the blobs are two galaxies in the process of merging. This is the earliest known example of merging galaxies. The research team estimated that the total stellar mass of B14-65666 is less than 10% that of the Milky Way. This means that B14-65666 is in the earliest phases of its evolution. Despite its youth, B14-65666 is producing stars 100 times more actively than the Milky Way. Such active star-formation is another important signature of galactic mergers, because the gas compression in colliding galaxies naturally leads to bursty star-Paper and Research Team
These observation results were published as T. Hashimoto et al. ““Big Three Dragons”: a z = 7.15 Lyman Break Galaxy Detected in [OIII] 88 um, [CII] 158 um, and Dust Continuum with ALMA” in the Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan on June 18, 2019.
The research team members are:
Takuya Hashimoto (Waseda University/Osaka Sangyo University/National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Akio Inoue (Waseda University/Osaka Sangyo University), Ken Mawatari (Osaka Sangyo University/The University of Tokyo), Yoichi Tamura (Nagoya University), Hiroshi Matsuo (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan/SOKENDAI), Hisanori Furusawa (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Yuichi Harikane (The University of Tokyo), Takatoshi Shibuya (Kitami Institute of Technology), Kirsten K. Knudsen (Chalmers University of Technology), Kotaro Kohno (The University of Tokyo), Yoshiaki Ono (The University of Tokyo), Erik Zackrisson (Uppsala University), Takashi Okamoto (Hokkaido University), Nobunari Kashikawa (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan/SOKENDAI/ The University of Tokyo), Pascal A. Oesch (University of Geneva), Masami Ouchi (The University of Tokyo/National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), Kazuaki Ota (Kyoto University), Ikkoh Shimizu (Osaka University), Yoshiaki Taniguchi (The Open University of Japan), Hideki Umehata (The Open University of Japan/RIKEN), Darach Watson (University of Copenhagen)
This research was supported by MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (No. 26287034, 17H01114, 17H06130, 18H04333, 16H02166, 17K14252, JP17H01111, 16J03329, 15H02064, 19J01620), NAOJ ALMA Scientific Research Grant Number 2016-01A, Swedish National Space Board, Kavli Institute for Cosmology at the University of Cambridge, and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation | b517f85b-bb02-431e-9b7e-a5fd83aaaa87 | null | 0 | true | false |
PowerList[f]
gives a list of the data parts of the nonzero elements of the field f.
• To use , you first need to load the Finite Fields Package using Needs["FiniteFields`"].
• The first element in the list represents the multiplicative identity. The second element represents a primitive element of the field. The remaining elements represent successive powers of the primitive element.
Translate this page: | 8b3e9c1a-b17e-4b36-b375-68673443d7cb | dclm-hero-run-fasttext_for_HF | 0 | true | false |
Rousing from a light nap, Penny (Aiden Ashley) is shocked to find Joanna Angel still in her house after last night’s hot threesome. Penny shakes her head to clear it, saying she has to go to work as she gets up to leave. Joanna stops her, telling her that she shouldn’t go to work. Instead, she can show Penny a world of empowerment and riches like she’s never even dreamed of. She’ll never have to work AGAIN. Penny accuses Joanna of stalking her and this offends Joanna–she was just trying to be nice. Is this what Penny does when someone tries to be nice to her? Penny screams at Joanna that she doesn’t know her! With a mysterious glint in her eye Joanna cryptically tells her that she knows Penny better than she knows herself, leaving Penny alone in the house.
Later, Penny is at work, wiping down the bar, when she gets a visit from Aaron (Small Hands). Penny’s happy to see him and asks him how he found her. As the night rolls on, they chat and flirt, share a few beverages and a few laughs. Aaron’s impressed by Penny, telling her that he never thought he would see this other, softer side of her. Penny is puzzled and laughs. Who does he think she is exactly? Suddenly Penny sees something at the back of the bar that catches her eye. She asks Aaron to hold on a second and leaves him alone at the bar.
When Penny goes to the back office, she opens the door slightly and sees Tommy Pistol, the doorman from the other night, standing in front of Joanna. He’s angry about something. Unbeknownst to them, Penny watches as Tommy tells Joanna that she may be the boss of her little corner, but there are bigger players involved, and THEY’RE starting to worry, adding that the boss is looking to lay her off. And when he says ‘lay her off’, he means PERMANENTLY. Why does Tommy even care if she lives or dies, Joanna teases him — does he like her or something? Tommy laughs. She makes him money and she gets him laid, and that’s IT. That gives Joanna an idea. She looks at him for a moment and whistles loudly to someone in another room.
A moment later, raven-haired vixen Katrina Jade walks in. She’s Joanna’s gift to Tommy and without a word, she puts her arms around him, running her hands down his chest. Tommy warns Joanna one last time to sort her shit out or they’re all going down, turning his full attention to Katrina. Joanna tells them to enjoy themselves and leaves the office as Tommy dives into his gift, squeezing Katrina’s supple ass as he bends her over onto the desk. He pulls aside her black panties and buries his face between her perfect butt cheeks, eating her asshole and pussy as she gasps. Tommy takes Katrina’s top off and pops out her beautiful titties, grabbing them hard and sucking on her pierced nipples before he pulls her legs open and tongues her swollen clit. Before long, it’s time for Katrina to get some too, and she strips Tommy’s pants off, kneeling in front of him and gobbling his cock down. Penny watches the whole thing from the doorway as Tommy uses Katrina like his filthy little fuckdoll.
It’s obvious to Penny that Joanna has plenty of secrets, but Penny’s got secrets of her own too, things that she may even be hiding from HERSELF… | 8586a2cc-ca52-4e02-8013-45eff7d5317b | null | 5 | true | true |
William Gibson Wiki
Jones is a cyborg dolphin. It was used by the navy in the War. They made him addicted to drugs in order to ensure his affiliation. He was modified with an articlated armor with crusted plates along his sides. Exposed sections of his body showed silver lesions. Twin deformities on either side of his skull had been engineered to house sensor units. The navy had him wired into an audiovisual display and he communicated with symbols. He served in the Pacific, using Squid to tap into circuitry of enemy cyber mines and sweep them.
After the war he was demobbed with his gear intact and put in Funland, as a "War Whale" attraction in a tank, where he swam climsily. His eyes were ancient and sad. He communicated with an array of tricolor lights above the tank. Molly Millions knew him and comunicated with him by whistling. He brought Johnny to him and also a package of drugs. Seeing it, Jones froze in the water and started to sink. They asked him to use his Squid to find the password Ralfi Face used in the chip inside Johnny's brain. Jones responded with: a blue cross, white lights, darkness, and a red swastika. From this Johnny understood that the password was "Christian White and his Aryan Reggae Band".
Jones heaved to the surface for Molly to stab him with the Syrette. Propellant gas hissed, patterns of light sparked and then faded to black. He ended up drifting and rolling languorously in the dark water when they left.
After Johnny joined the Lo Teks, he partnered with Jones. He got a bigger tank replenished with fresh seawater once a week. Kids still visit to talk with him, but Johnny also rent a shed with a new display unit. Johnny climbed down from The Pit almost every day to meet him, and Jones helped him figure things out for his business. | cd39326b-8786-47c7-99f9-a2b7ea530f06 | full_CC | 5 | true | true |
1. I will be starting Nursing 1 this summer and we need to purchase a stethoscope....was wondering if anyone can recommend a brand and what is the difference between the single & double tubing? Thanks in advance!!
2. Visit Coco06 profile page
About Coco06, ASN
Joined: Jun '06; Posts: 4
Pediatric Nurse; from US
Specialty: 8 year(s) of experience in Pediatrics
3. by Esther2007
4. by emtb2rn
Littmanns are excellent and expensive.
GrXs are excellent and inexpensive,(http://grxmedical.com/stethoscopes.asp), I have one and it's great.
Single tubing has just that, one tube running from the diaphram/bell to the earpieces.
Double tubing is more sensitive. The outer single tube contains two separate tubes. Each of the inner tubes runs to an ear piece.
The key to stethoscopes is practice. Listen to everybody you can. Know normal breath sounds. That way, adventitious sounds jump right out at you. Also practice heart sounds. Have your friends sit/lie in different positions as you listen. You'll learn about placement to pick up the sounds.
5. by MB37
How important is it to spend a lot of money on one? The info sheet I got from Littmann offers them from around $50 up to well over $100. If we've never used one, we don't really understand single vs. double tubing, or anything else they tell us about them. With all the other bills coming due when we begin NS, how do we know what is worth spending extra cash on?
6. by lizmatt
I would buy a cheapy and see how you can hear with it, and if you can't go ahead with the Littman
Before Tuesday I would have said go with the Littman all the way - I can't hear with the cheapy's but... my Littman was stolen on clinical on Tuesday (my fault for leaving it in the coat room) anyway- It was a bit too expensive to only get 1 years worth of clinical use of.
7. by Soup Turtle
I got a littman classic and it's great. Try the steth on and tap it....if you can hear, buy it. That's what our instructors told us to do.
8. by IrishIzCPNP
I had a Littman Classin II. I liked it. I recently bought the Littman Master Cardiology.
I could hear on the Classic but I can hear a lot better on the Master and I didn't want to risk not hearing something during an assessment class.
I had my name laser engraved on my Master because it was expensive. I tend to forget it but so far my fellow students have been really good at grabbing it for me. I tend to take it off for baths and isolation rooms and that's when I forget it and leave it behind. I don't regret the Master at all...I'm so glad I got it.
I can recommend www.reddingmedical.com for purchases. I ordered my Master with laser engraving at 2:00 one afternoon and I kid you not...it showed up the next day at about 2:00. I did not do the expedited shipping. Amazing service...blew me away.
I have heard some people say go cheap. For me it's not worth it because next we do heart sounds and more in depth breath sounds and while my hearing is fine...it's not the best and I'm not risking my schooling for something like this.
9. by mrmike
http://www.allheart.com/littmannlwt.html
I couldnt hear with cheapy one. I would suggest the cheapest Littman to start.
10. by ksmom4
I have a Littman and I love it. I have had 3 stolen and they can be expensive. To start Nursing school I have the Littman classic, I tried some cheaper ones, spragues and others but I couldn't hear as well. Try them out before you buy and definately put your name on it, its amazing that our own coworkers or classmates would take from each other but they do.
Good Luck.
11. by dieseldriven
I'm a student and I have a Littman Classic II. It was recommended to be by other nurses, and I pass on that advice. You're ears are one of the most important senses you have... I'll take all the help I can get.
12. by Lacyanne64
I bought the Littman Lightweight II, I believe it's the cheapest Littman and I'm really happy with it, it's light and it sounds great. I think it's better to go with a more inexpensive one while in school just because it could get stolen or lost easily, but that's just me...
I always forget mine in places too, I'm surprised I still have it!
13. by future L&Dnurse
I have a Littman Master Classic II and I love it. There is a big difference between what I can hear with my stethoscope and what I can hear with the cheap ones available in the lab. I don't think you need the most expensive stethoscope in the world, but I think it's well worth it to spend a little extra money for a decent one.
14. by lovejana22
my mother brought me a sprague nurse kit, it has a sprague stethoscope and a aneroid cuff. she brought it to me after i told her i sent in my application b/c i am done with pre-reqs. i hope it was not an omen to do that..... anyway has anyone heard any thing about the one i have? | 47b6c7ef-bf9b-4376-be8e-a59a2445b432 | null | 0 | true | false |
ABSTRACT
Turing used the expression “emotional” in three distinct ways: to state his philosophical theory of the concept of intelligence, to classify arguments for and against the possibility of machine intelligence, and to describe the education of a “child machine”. The remarks on emotion include several of the most important philosophical claims. This paper analyses these remarks and their significance for current research in Artificial Intelligence.
Keywords: Affective Computing, Anthropomorphism, Child Machine, Emotional Concept, P-Type, Response-Dependence, Turing, Turing Test
INTRODUCTION
Philosophical and psychological theories of emotion attempt to explain the nature and origin of emotion; in particular, they focus on the rationality of emotion and the role of emotion in deliberative decision-making. This is complicated by the fact that in everyday language the word “emotion” has multiple uses. These different senses have prompted conflicting analyses of emotion—as a feeling (quale or somatic state), as behaviour, or as a cognitive state. Consistent with the multiplicity of everyday uses of “emotion” and its cognates, Turing used the expression “emotional” in three quite distinct ways—to discuss respectively emotional concepts, emotional arguments, and emotional communication. In the first case he used this expression to mean (what philosophers call) response-dependent, in the second case he used it to mean irrational, and in the third case he used it (tongue-in-cheek) to mean feeling.
Turing’s notions of emotional concepts, arguments, and communication are central to his philosophy of machine intelligence. What is intelligence? Here Turing suggested a novel and intriguing approach to the concept of intelligence that is yet to be developed. Can machines think? Turing dissected and countered objections to the possibility of machine
intelligence—objections that are still found today. *How are we to build an intelligent machine?* Here Turing set out a research programme for AI—to build a “child machine”—that is now pursued in social and developmental robotics. In this paper I analyse Turing’s comments on emotion and their significance for affective computing in the 21st century.
**The First Sense: Emotional vs. Mathematical**
What is intelligence? Turing said that “the idea of intelligence is itself ‘emotional’ rather than mathematical” and that the concept of intelligence is an “emotional concept” (Turing, 1948, pp. 411, 431). ‘Emotional concept’ is a term of art for Turing; an emotional concept is a concept the application of which is determined in part by an observer’s reactions. He said, “The extent to which we regard something as behaving in an intelligent manner is determined as much by our own state of mind and training as by the properties of the object under consideration” (Turing, 1948, p. 431).
In modern philosophical terminology such concepts are said to be “response-dependent”. Examples are phenomenal concepts such as colour and value concepts such as (moral) goodness or beauty. It would be a mistake, response-dependence theorists argue, to analyse the concept of colour solely in terms of electro-magnetic radiation or the concept of beauty solely in terms of the micro-physical properties of a beautiful object. This is because an object is red or beautiful only if it *looks* red or beautiful. In a response-dependence theory of intelligence of the sort suggested by Turing’s remarks, whether or not an entity is intelligent (or thinks) is similarly determined in part by our responses to the entity—the entity must *appear* intelligent. The concept of intelligence (or thinking) is not to be analysed solely in terms of brain processes, at either a physical or computational level. Turing made this point when he said that if “one can see the cause and effect working themselves out in the brain, one regards it as not being thinking, but a sort of unimaginative donkey-work” (Turing, Braithwaite, Jefferson, & Newman, 1952, p. 500).
The thesis that intelligence is a response-dependent concept is the philosophical thesis that underlies Turing’s use of his computer-imitates-human game as a “criterion of ‘thinking’” in machines (Turing, 1950, p. 436). In each of Turing’s three versions of his test, it is the observer’s *reaction* to the machine—rather than merely the machine’s behaviour—that is crucial. (On the three versions of the test, see Copeland, 2000, 2004; Proudfoot, 2005, 2013a.) Turing described his first version of the imitation game, the 1948 chess-playing game, as a “little experiment” to see if a human observer would “imagine intelligence” in the machine (Turing, 1948, p. 431). The goal of his famous 1950 imitation game is also that the observer (i.e. the interrogator) be fooled by the machine. In fact, Turing’s central question is whether the interrogator in this computer-imitates-human game will be fooled as often as the interrogator in a man-imitates-woman game. He said, “Will the interrogator decide wrongly as often when the game is played like this as he does when the game is played between a man and a woman? [This question replaces] our original, ‘Can machines think?’” (Turing, 1950, p. 441). In Turing’s 1952
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I'm gonna try and be a better person. I'm not gonna give up
—Ade to Javier[src]
Adrianna Tate-Duncan is a main character on CW teen soap 90210. She is portrayed by Jessica Lowndes.
Adrianna Tate-Duncan is a former child star, actress, musician, and best friends with Annie, Silver, Navid, and Naomi. In pre-school, she made home movies with Navid, but as time passed, she became closer to Naomi and left Navid behind. With a father missing in the picture, her mother Constance needed to work hard enough to fulfill the void left behind by her father. Her mother eventually got her into an audition, one thing led to another, and Adrianna became famous at a young age.
In high-school, she and Naomi were able to get into a C&C club, standing for Cocaine and Champagne. Naomi had only tried it once, but Adrianna had become addicted to it. Adrianna is a theater student and Naomi Clark's best friend. She suffers from a serious drug addiction and is under a lot of strain from her mother. She is in a long term relationship with Navid, which causes tension with one of her best friends, Silver, when she begins to have feelings for Navid. They do however mend their friendship at the end of the season. In the series finale she ends up with Navid as they plan to spend the rest of their lives together.
Season 1
Adrianna tells Ryan that she has been distracted because she has a major audition coming up. He asks what that will mean if she gets the part. She tells him that she'll be making lots of money. He makes fun of her for that, asking what she'll spend it on; shoes, clothes, or perhaps an expensive car she doesn't need. She then tells him that she'll pay the mortgage because her Mom can't. Adrianna goes to her major audition but when it comes time to actually do the audition, she bails. Adrianna arrives to snatch the purse. At Naomi´s party, Adrianna returned the purse, minus the cash. After the party, Adrianna uses the money she stole from Naomi to pay her dealer. Back at school, she tells everyone that she did the audition and she's in the top two for the part. "Keep your fingers crossed," she tells Mr. Matthews. Adrianna is with Naomi when she pulls up at her Naomi's dad's office and sees him kissing another woman. She's devastated and Adrianna tries to console her. Later, Adrianna goes to the Lucky Strike looking for Ethan and she tells him that Naomi is outside and she is freaking out and crying.
In "Wide Awake And Dreaming", The night of the play, Stage Manager Silver is wigging out because she can't find Adrianna and curtain call is imminent. After a search it turns out Adrianna is there after all. But she's stoned out of her mind. Brenda tells her she can't go on-stage in her condition.
90210105 1194
Adrianna High before the play "Wide Awake and Dreaming"
She then tells Annie to get into costume -Adrianna invites her in and tells her what a great job she did in her part. Annie tries to explain but Adrianna waves off the apology. She tells Annie that Ty is in the shower "rinsing off" and offers to go get him. "I'll tell him his next appointment is here", she offers. Annie looks sickened and rushes from the room. After she leaves, Adrianna laughs, chugs her champagne and goes into the shower, which is empty.
Adrianna spends time with Annie when they both research Debbie's job for Mr. Matthews project which results in Annie landing her an audition which prompts Adrianna to tell her the truth about Ty. Naomi catches sight of Adrianna sitting on a ledge putting in some eye-drops, Naomi does some not-so-subtle digging, trying to find out if the rumors about Adrianna doing drugs are true. Adrianna complains that the only problem she has is Annie. The next day Naomi approaches Adrianna at her locker. Naomi calls her out on her B.S. but Adrianna isn't having any of it. She's totally stoked about landing the movie. Adrianna offers to give back Naomi's necklace and as she digs through her purse, Naomi catches sight of something. A lipstick. She looks way to upset about finding an innocuous lipstick, which is a case with a hiding place for drugs.
Normal 1376
Adrianna OD "Hollywood Forever"
Just then the police burst through the school doors, dogs and all. It's a random locker search, Adrianna panics and worries that she's about to lose everything, As Annie watches, Naomi takes the lipstick from Adrianna's hands and heads toward the bathroom. Adrianna appears in Naomi's doorway, looking teary and apologetic. Naomi begs Adrianna to come clean, and her friend finally agrees. She just needs an hour to go home and explain things to her mom. Adrianna comes home to tell her mom the truth and instead, she finds a surprise party with just her mom. Her mother tells her how proud she is of her and how she couldn't tell her this before, but they were about to lose the house. Adrianna looks horrified. Adrianna fails to tell her the truth and instead she goes looking for drugs. Later, Adrianna is lying on the floor somewhere and medics are swarming around her still body. After she overdoses, she receives help for her drug addiction from her friend Navid, who pays for her to go to a renowned rehab center for the best treatment possible. Adrianna admits to owning the drugs, thus clearing Naomi's name. In a therapy session, Adrianna cries as she talks to her counselor. She tells her how badly she wants to see her friend Naomi. The therapist points out that it's good that Adrianna is claiming responsibility for her actions but Adrianna isn't impressed with herself. Adrianna also talks to Navid about her situation. At the homecoming Adrianna claims she's out on a night pass, but Naomi isn't fooled. Naomi tells her they can't be friends anymore because she can't deal with all the lying and the drama. Meanwhile, Adrianna is in the parking lot of the school, devastated after Naomi's rejection. Adrianna steps insde her dealers van, Navid appears and yanks her out. The dealer punches him and turns on Adrianna. The dealer leaves and Adrianna rushes to Navid's side and after finding him basically unhurt, asks him why he's doing this. It turns out that Navid has been in love with her since the second grade. As they talk, Naomi approaches. Adrianna throws herself into Naomi's arms, apologizing profusely through her tears.
90210109 0409
Adrianna spending time with Navid "Secrets and Lies"
Adrianna starts spending more time with Navid, At Silver´s slumber party,in a darkened room are Adrianna and Navid, who are watching something on television. Navid finally puts his arm around the girl. She happily snuggles in closer and then kisses his hand. She keeps looking at him like she expects him to make a move, and when he doesn't she gets a bit exasperated. Finally she takes the initiative and pulls him in for a kiss. Seconds later he's on top of her and they're making out like there's no tomorrow. Just as she's about to take off her clothes, Navid stops her, asking her why she seems like she's not into it. Adrianna tells him that she wasn't born yesterday. He paid for her rehab, he wants to sleep with her. Navid looks like he's been slapped and tells her that's not why he paid for it. He stands up and leaves. Adrianna sinks back against the couch, stunned that she was wrong and sorry to see him go. The next day, Adrianna finds Navid sitting alone at an outside table. She apologizes for misjudging him. He tells her that he paid for her rehab because he genuinely cares what happens to her. Adrianna tells him she wants to be with him and they start a relationship. Adrianna visits Navid's family, who invite for her dinner. She suspects Navid is hiding something and he confesses that he's a virgin and he didn't tell her because he thought she expected something different. Adrianna tells him that she's not expecting anything and that she doesn't care because she cares a lot about him. They kiss. Adrianna has a rehab group support circle meeting and asks Brenda Walsh to attend with her, since Brenda was the only one to stand up for her before --father would be, nor can she fathom telling Navid.
90210113 1724
Adrinna tells Navid about the pregnancy "Love Me or Leave Me"
Adrianna tries to reach out to Naomi. Adrianna tells her she’s having problems and needs to talk to her in private. Naomi tells the senior Mean Girls she thinks Adrianna’s on drugs again. Adrianna passes out in science class. Naomi finds Adrianna, who is apparently okay, at a playground and accuses her of using. Adrianna reveals she’s not high, she’s pregnant. She has no clue what to do. If ever there was a case for abortion, a teenage addict who gets knocked up by another addict during rehab is it. Naomi is sympathetic. At the school beach party together, George mocks Adrianna's alleged drug use. Naomi tells the mean girls to quit talking trash about Adrianna. Navid punches George for talking smack about her. Adrianna breaks the news to him that pregnant. Navid admits that he isn’t sure he can handle dating a girl who is pregnant with someone else’s kid. Naomi admits to Adrianna that she’s the source of the rumors about her. Naomi promises Adrianna that she'll be there for her, actually mentioning abortion as an option.
Normal 1381
Adrianna announces her pregnancy to the school "Help Me, Rhonda"
In "By Accident", we find out that the baby's father is not Hank, but Ty, her co-star in the school play. She does not take the pregnancy well. Naomi says she thinks she should get an abortion while Kelly Taylor thinks she should raise it or give it up for adoption. She drives all night and ends up at a clinic, where they tell her she's too far along to get an abortion. Naomi supports her after Adrianna tells her. Naomi convinces her to tell Ty. Ty'tells her that he doesn't care if she's a mess because she's all that he wants. He asks her to be his valentine, to which she accepts, and they kiss. They get back together. After Silver goes missing, Adrianna is unsure how to care for a child but when she and Navid offer to babysit for Kelly, the two prove to be better at the situation than they thought.
90210122 1199
Atoosa beg Adrianna and Navid to cancel their wedding "The Party's Over"
As Adrianna's due date approaches, she and Navid interview possible adoptive parents, but she is unsatisfied with all of her options. Navid and Adrianna talk about the adoptive parents. Adrianna overanalyzes them, then says she kept picturing the kid while they were talking. Navid suggests that they raise the baby together. Adrianna asks if they should get married and Navid says yes. The two then smile and declare that they are getting married. Navid and Adrianna fantasize about their future, but when they tell his parents about their decision to spend the rest of their lives together, they don't give consent. Navid and Adrianna finally come clean to their friends about their plans to raise the baby and get married. Their friends are less than thrilled, but Navid and Adrianna refuse to give up on their dream. Adrianna's baby shower turns into a disaster once she decides to end her sobriety by taking pills from the medicine cabinet. For prom, Adrianna and Navid saw Ty at prom with another girl, and the boys eventually got into a fight.
90210124 2204
Adrianna with Maisy "One Party Can Ruin Your Whole Summer"
Unsurprisingly, Adrianna's water broke. Adrianna and Navid spend their prom night in the delivery room. She had to have an emergency c-section and refused to see the baby afterwards. Adrianna receives a visit from a dream version of Brenda that convinced her she needed to say goodbye to her daughter. Adrianna woke up and held her little girl for the first time with Navid by her side. Brenda showed up for real and told Adrianna how great adoption was and admitted she'd been in China adopting her own little girl. A teary Adrianna gave her little girl over to her adoptive parents and they named her Maisy. The end of the season shows Adrianna and Navid saying goodbye to Ade's daughter.
Season 2
90210201 1333
Adrianna with Navid and Teddy "To New Beginnings!"
In season 2 it is revealed that Adrianna and Silver have grown closer during the summer through their mutual friendships with Naomi. Naomi and Silver have been in summer school due to Annie busting Naomi's post-Prom party. Navid and Adrianna's relationship has been progressing slowly, and while he is ready to take it to the next level and have sex, even going as far as to rent a cabana, she isn't, and still wants to wait. Meanwhile, Adrianna runs into her childhood boyfriend, Teddy, causing jealousy in Navid, due to their close relationship and Naomi, who has taken a liking to Teddy. The end of the first episode shows Adrianna and Naomi comforting Silver over her issues with Dixon and beginning their first day back at school, with Naomi proclaiming that this was going to be "their year".
File:Navidpornking90210.jpg Adrianna tells Navid about her agent and says she is going to skip for the audition. He tries to stop her, being that she said she was done with acting. Adrianna comes back and Navid is disappointed that she went but she says it was important to her. She gets a call and got the job.That night, Teddy finds Adrianna and she tells him about landing the part but Navid not approving. He acts sympathetic and kisses her, to which Adrianna is shocked. Adrianna invites Navid over and tells him that she turned down the part for him. Navid picks her up and kisses her before telling her that he loves her. Adrianna tells him that her mom is working late and that she thinks it's 'time'. Navid and Adrianna have sex. Teddy suggests a double date and Navid accepts before asking Adrianna. Later that day, Navid and Adrianna make love and Navid tells her that Teddy invited them on a double date. Adrianna says no but Navid tells her he already accepted.
Normal 0924
Adrianna buys drugs from Jasper "A Trip to the Moon"
Adrianna thinks that she has feelings for Teddy, so she breaks up with Navid. Teddy tells Navid about kissing Adrianna. After realising that Teddy doesn't actually want anything serious, Adrianna tells Navid that she made a mistake and she wants him back. He rejects her. Later in "Unmasked" she begins to avoid Teddy because of what he did to her. In "Women's Intuition"
90210212 1793
Adrianna tells the truth to Annie "Winter Wonderland"
Then, at the Winter Wonderland dance, Adrianna tried to get her friends back. She saw that Annie was dating her former drug dealer, Jasper. She decides to turn Jasper in to protect Annie. During an intervention for Annie, Adrianna comes clean and tells her that she purchased the drugs from him and that she's willing to come forward if she has to. Navid tells her that she shouldn't because she'll get expelled. Adrianna's strength and selflessness helps her begin to mend friendships with Silver and Naomi. The three also befriend Annie once they learn the truth about Jen. Adrianna also finds companionship in Gia, fellow West Bev Blazer and former addict. They become close, helping each other out during troubled times. Adrianna helps Gia move on from her ex. Gia convinces Ade to audition to be in an all-girl band called the Glorious Steinems. Gia later confesses to Adrianna that she has feelings for her, Adrianna herself begins to question if their friendship could turn into something more. Adrianna is then approached by Ivy's mother, Laurel Cooper, who hopes to sign her as a solo singer. Put in the awkward situation of having to choose between staying in the band or going solo she talks to Navid and comes to the conclusion that she should go with the latter. Adrianna then has a heated argument with Gia due to the fact that Adrianna chose to speak with Navid about her doubts rather than Gia and causes Gia to walk out.
Normal 1826
Adrianna agrees to go on tour with Javier "Confessions"
While at a party, Adrianna and Laurel have a talk and Laurel tells Adrianna to follow her heart and leave the party to find Gia. Adrianna takes this advice and arrives at Gia's place only to walk in on Gia with her ex, causing Adrianna to leave her. As Adrianna's music career begins to take off, Laurel has her write a song which turns into a duet between her and famous singer Javier . The two feel an instant connection and things heat up fast while Navid realizes that he still has feelings for her. Adrianna and Navid get back together after Navid confesses his love for her. She tells him that nobody can compete with him. Javier offers Adrianna a chance open for Javier's tour, which is all year long.
Season 3
Normal 1074
Adrianna steals Javier songs book after the accident
In season 3, Adrianna returns from her summer tour with Javier where he tells her that her music career is over shortly before they get into a car accident that kills him. She sings one of his stolen songs at his memorial, a video of which is posted on YouTube. She is later confronted by Javier's uncle and manager, Victor. He thehe
Normal 0575
Adrianna being blackmailed by her manager
business relationship with Victor, and that wouldn't expose her because she is a viable source for money for him. She asserts herself and begins to treat Victor horribly in retaliation for the way he treated her. In Liars, Adrianna’s world continues to crumble when she appears on a talk show to tell her side of the story, and she is blindsided by a surprise guest, Victor. She pretends she suffers from PTSD in order to cover-up what really happened, but she gets found out.
Adrinna confronts Silver about Navid
In It's Getting Hot in Here, Naomi, Adrianna, Silver, and Annie decide to have a girls’ weekend and head to a yoga retreat in Ojai. Adrianna returns from the retreat and calls a tabloid newspaper to sell an exclusive story, about her trying to get her daughter back. But in All About a Boy, it is revealed that she has no interest in searching
Upon their return home, Adrianna asks Silver to put it behind them and she eagerly and happily agrees. However, the next scene shows that Adrianna's willingness to make up is insincere as she exchanges Silver's bipolar medication for unknown pills. The effect of this is enormous on Silver who goes through a lengthy manic episode followed by a sudden depressive state. Adrianna's vengeful prank causes for him, Michaela walks in on them. Ade apologizes to Michaela and tells her she didn’t want to hurt her or cause her anymore pain. Later. Navid and Adrianna have been hiding away having sex for 2 days, so they decide that now is the right time to tell their friends they’re back together.
Navid-and-Adrianna-navid-shirazi-35222259-500-260
Navid and Adrianna promise to spend the rest of their lives together - We All Fall Down
</span>
In Annie´s dream Adrianna took her role in Spring Awakening and made it work in Hollywood… Navid Shirazi
Main page: Navid and Adrianna
Navid and Adrianna had known eachother since they were seven before their relationship started. They dated during the first season when she got into rehab Navid star visiting her without knowing that he was paying for everything on Homecoming night Adrianna wanted to buy drugs after being ejected for her friend Naomi and Navid saved her and confess to her that he had been in love with her since middle school and star dating, on Silver ted growing apart after Navid broke up with her she tried to make up to him but Navid keep on rejecting her until she discover that was because he was seeing someone else and that person was one of Adrianna's, but not before they confess their love for each other.
Ty Collins
Had a one night stand with him resulting in their daughter Maisy. However they didn't see eye to eye resulting in her adoption and Ty's family was embarrassed about a child out of wedlock. When Ty dated Annie in season 1 she tricked him into think he slept with her by showing up in a towel because Adrianna was upset and hurt that Annie stole her role in the play.
Teddy Montgomery
Teddy-and-adrianna-photo
Teddy was Adrianna's first boyfriend. She lost her virginity to him during a summer camp, when Teddy came back to Beverly Hills. She was happy to see him again and he starts making a move on her without caring she was dating Navid, eventually they kissed and this force Adrianna to broke up with Navid thinking she can have something with Teddy but he just wanted to hook up and nothing serious.
Gia Mannetti
Gia-and-adrianna-pic
Gia and Adrianna
After the break up with Navid, Gia and Adrianna become close friends. Gia broke up with her girlfriend and started have feelings for Adrianna after confessing her crush on her. Adrianna decides to give her a try because she was there for her. After Adrianna got a record deal and start getting busy, Gia got mad and cheated on her with her ex-girlfriend making the end of the relationship.
Javier Luna
Javier and Adrianna met while recording. They liked each other but Adrianna realized she was still in love with Navid, so they broke up.
Dixon Wilson
Dixon-and-adrianna
Adrianna and Dixon
Main page: Ade and Dixon
She dated him for a long duration in Season 4 but he essentially broke up with her by leaving to go on tour without telling her. He then returns at the end of Season 4 to try to get Adrianna back, but when Adrianna goes to meet himChristmas gift and making her business life hell as he is now her manager.
At some point you're gonna have to stop trying to make everyone else happy because Silver's only trying to make herself happy
I will do whatever it takes to get out of your contract and our of your life
Me and Navid have eachother. We always will
• Adrianna is the first character in the series to have a drug addiction. The second is Dixon.
• Adrianna is the first character in the series to have a HIV scare. The second is Dixon.
• Lost her virginity to Teddy Montgomery before the series • Adrianna and Navid's relationship was the longest standing in the series; starting in season 1 and continuing until season 5. The two also end up together at the end of the series.
Adrianna Tate-Duncan/Gallery
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# GMAT Math by WAGmob
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App Includes 39 Quizzes & 5 Flashcards.
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### Product Details
• BN ID: 2940043921239
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• Publication date: 9/6/2012
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