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Каренни:
Кая — один из народов Мьянмы, также именуемый «каренни» и «красные карены».
Каренни — язык кая, краснокаренский язык. | wiki |
Over the Hill may refer to:
Film and television
Over the Hill (1917 film), an American silent drama film
Over the Hill to the Poorhouse or Over the Hill, a 1920 American silent film
Over the Hill (1931 film), an American drama film
Over the Hill (1992 film), an Australian film
Over the Hill (TV series), a 1994–1995 Australian television series on the Seven Network
“Over the Hill”, an episode of the 20th series of the UK/US children’s tv series Thomas & Friends
Other uses
Over the Hills, a 2007 album by Lucy Kaplansky
"Over the Hill", a 1973 song by John Martyn from Solid Air
"Over the hill", the route over the Patchen Pass between Santa Cruz and the Santa Clara Valley, California
See also
Over the Hills and Far Away (disambiguation) | wiki |
Pam Smith est une athlète américaine née le . Spécialiste de l'ultra-trail, elle a notamment remporté la Miwok 100K Trail Race en 2011, l'American River 50 Mile Endurance Run et la Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run en 2013 ainsi que l'Angeles Crest 100 Mile Endurance Run en 2014.
Résultats
Références
Liens externes
.
Coureuse d'ultra-trail américaine
Vainqueur de la Western States Endurance Run
Naissance en septembre 1974 | wiki |
Brazilians (, ) are the citizens of Brazil. A Brazilian can also be a person born abroad to a Brazilian parent or legal guardian as well as a person who acquired Brazilian citizenship. Brazil is a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many ethnic origins, and there is no correlation between one's stock and their Brazilian identity.
Being Brazilian is a civic phenomenon, rather than an ethnic one. As a result, the degree to which Brazilian citizens identify with their ancestral roots varies significantly depending on the individual, the region of the country, and the specific ethnic origins in question. Most often, however, the idea of ethnicity as it is understood in the anglophone world is not popular in the country.
In the period after the colonization of the Brazilian territory by Portugal, during much of the 16th century, the word "Brazilian" was given to the Portuguese merchants of Brazilwood, designating exclusively the name of such profession, since the inhabitants of the land were, in most of them, indigenous or Portuguese born in Portugal or in the territory now called Brazil.
However, long before the independence of Brazil, in 1822, both in Brazil and in Portugal, it was already common to attribute the Brazilian gentile to a person, usually of clear Portuguese descent, resident or whose family resided in the State of Brazil (1530–1815), belonging to the Portuguese Empire. During the lifetime of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1822), however, there was confusion about the nomenclature.
Definition
According to the Constitution of Brazil, a Brazilian citizen is:
Anyone born in Brazil, even if to foreign born parents. However, if the foreign parents were at the service of a foreign State (such as foreign diplomats), the child is not Brazilian;
Anyone born abroad to a Brazilian father or a Brazilian mother, with registration of birth in a Brazilian Embassy or Consulate. Also, a person born abroad to a Brazilian father or a Brazilian mother who was not registered but who, after turning 18 years old, went to live in Brazil;
A foreigner living in Brazil who applied for and was accepted as a Brazilian citizen.
According to the Constitution, all people who hold Brazilian citizenship are equal, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender or religion.
A foreigner can apply for Brazilian citizenship after living for four uninterrupted years in Brazil and being able to speak Portuguese language. A native person from an official Portuguese language country (Portugal, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, and East Timor) can request the Brazilian nationality after only 1 uninterrupted year living in Brazil. A foreign born person who holds Brazilian citizenship has exactly the same rights and duties of the Brazilian citizen by birth, but cannot occupy some special public positions such as the Presidency of the Republic, Vice-presidency of the Republic, Minister (Secretary) of Defense, Presidency (Speaker) of the Senate, Presidency (Speaker) of the House of Representatives, Officer of the Armed Forces and Diplomat.
In 2021, the population in Brazil is 214 million people. The number is updated live by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE - Census).
History and overview
Brazilians are mostly descendants of Portuguese settlers, post-colonial immigrant groups, enslaved Africans and Brazil's indigenous peoples. The main historic waves of immigration to Brazil have occurred from the 1820s well into the 1970s, most of the settlers were Portuguese, Italians, Germans, and Spaniards, with significant minorities of Japanese, Poles, Ukrainians and Levantine Arabs.
Ancestry of Brazilians
The first inhabitants of what would become Brazil were people whose ancestry can be traced back to Asian populations that crossed the Bering Strait, passing from Siberia to the Americas. There are indications of the presence indigenous peoples in the current Brazilian territory dating from 16,000 BC. in Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais), from 14,200 BC. in Rio Claro (São Paulo) and from 12,770 BC. in Ibicuí (Rio Grande do Sul). It is difficult to pinpoint the number of Native Americans that were living in present-day Brazil in 1500, with estimates varying between 1 and 5 million. They were divided into two major language families: Macro-Jê and Macro-Tupi. With the arrival of the Portuguese in present-day Brazil, in 1500, a significant part of the indigenous population perished, mainly due to contamination by Eurasian diseases to which the Indians had no biological immunity, such as smallpox, measles, yellow fever or flu. In most cases, these contaminations were involuntary; however, there are also reports of intentional infection. Despite this, millions of Brazilians have indigenous ancestry. In Brazilian history, the practice of "cunhadismo" was very common; it was an ancient indigenous practice of incorporating strangers into their community, through the delivery of indigenous girls as wives. In this context, many Portuguese settlers had relationships with indigenous women, whose descendants make up a large part of the current Brazilian population.
The European ancestry of Brazilians is mainly Portuguese. Between 1500 and 1822, Brazil was a Portuguese colony and the number of Portuguese who emigrated to Brazil, during this period, is estimated at between 500,000 and 700,000. According to IBGE, in the first two centuries of colonization (16th Century – 17th Century), 100,000 Portuguese emigrated to Brazil. However, according to research by historians James Horn and Philip D. Morgan, the number would have been much higher, 250,000. At that time, Brazil was the largest producer of sugar in the world (specifically the northeastern captaincies of Pernambuco and Bahia), and this economic growth attracted many Portuguese immigrants. However, it was in the 18th century that the greatest number of Portuguese arrived in colonial Brazil. According to the IBGE, 600,000 Portuguese emigrated to Brazil, between 1701 and 1760. James Horn and Philip D. Morgan pointed to smaller numbers: 250,000 between 1700 and 1760 and 105,000 between 1760 and 1820. Celso Furtado estimated, for the entire 18th century, that between 300,000 and 500,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil. Maria Luiza Marcilio pointed to an intermediate number: 400,000. Considering that Portugal only had 2 million inhabitants in 1700, it was a mass emigration. The reason for this mass emigration lies in the discovery of gold in Minas Gerais, which led to a period of economic prosperity not only in the Minas Gerais region, but also on the Brazilian coast.
As a result of the Atlantic slave trade, from the mid-16th century until 1855, millions of African slaves were brought to Brazil. Based on information from slavevoyages.org, 4,864,375 slaves from Africa landed in Brazil between the 16th century and the mid-19th century, around 40% of all slaves brought to the Americas. The African ancestors of Brazilians were brought mainly from West-Central Africa. Of the total, 3,396,910 were brought from this area. The region used to be known as Congo Angola, roughly corresponding to the territories of present-day Angola, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon. The second most important region was the Bight of Benin, from which 877,033 Africans came. This region corresponds to present-day southeastern Ghana, Togo, Benin, and southwestern Nigeria.
Slave labor was the driving force behind the growth of the sugar economy in Brazil, and sugar was the colony's main export product, from 1600 to 1650. Gold and diamond deposits were discovered in Brazil from 1690 onwards, which generated an increase in the importation of slaves, to supply labor in mining. The demand for slaves did not suffer from the decline of the mining industry in the second half of the 18th century. Livestock and food production proliferated along with population growth, both heavily dependent on slave labor. The rise of coffee economy after the 1830s further expanded the Atlantic slave trade to Brazil.
When Brazil was a Portuguese colony, the number of Africans who entered Brazil was much greater than that of Europeans. According to Historians James Horn and Philip D. Morgan, between 1500 and 1820, 605,000 Portuguese emigrated to Brazil, against 3.2 million Africans brought, a number 5 times greater. However, this does not mean that over time the population of African origin remained greater than that of Portuguese origin in the same proportion, given the differences in birth rate. In Brazil, the mortality rate was much higher among slaves than among the free; the infant mortality of the children of slaves was very high, due to malnutrition and unhealthy conditions. During most of Brazil's history, the rate of natural increase of the slave population was negative, that is, there were more deaths than births.
Many Brazilians are also descendants of immigrants who arrived in the last two centuries. Brazil received more than 5 million immigrants after its independence from Portugal in 1822, most of whom arrived between 1880 and 1920. Latin Europeans accounted for 80% of arrivals (1.8 million Portuguese, 1.5 million Italians and 700,000 Spaniards). The other 20% came mainly from Germany, Eastern Europe, Japan and the Middle East. In the Brazilian 1920 census, more than 90% of foreigners were concentrated in the states of the Southeast and South regions and more than 70% were in just two regions: São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. A large part of this immigration was encouraged by the Brazilian government and was linked to the production of coffee. At the end of the 19th century, Brazil was the largest coffee producer in the world and a significant part of the financial health of the Brazilian government depended on coffee exports. After the abolition of slavery in the 1880s and fearing a shortage of workers in coffee cultivation, the state of São Paulo began to subsidize immigration for European workers. The Brazilian government paid for ship's passage for entire immigrant families to work on coffee plantations during a period of about five years, after which they were free to work elsewhere.
Another model of immigration encouraged by the Brazilian government was aimed at agricultural colonization, mainly in the South of the country, where access to small rural properties for European immigrants was facilitated, mainly as a way of filling demographic voids and overcoming the constant threats of food shortages in Brazil.
However, many of these immigrants arrived spontaneously, without any help from the Brazilian government, and were attracted by the increase in urban dynamism, mainly in the Southeast region, largely linked to the surplus of wealth produced by the coffee activity, giving rise to an incipient process of industrialization and expansion of trade and the service sector.
From 1500 to 1972, of all people who entered Brazil, 58% came from Europe, 40% from Africa and 2% from Asia. Most Brazilians have a mixed race ancestry. Genetic studies have shown that Brazilians, whether classified as "brown", "white" or "black", usually have all three ancestries (European, African and indigenous), varying only in degree.
Foreign-born population
From 2011 to 2019, 1,085,673 immigrants came to Brazil, mostly from Venezuela (142,250), Paraguay (97,316), Bolivia (57,765), Haiti (54,182) and Colombia (32,562).
In 2021, Brazil was home to 1.3 million foreign-born people.
Refugees
In 2021, there were 60,011 people recognized as refugees in Brazil.
Between 2011 and 2020, recognitions of refugee status in Brazil by the National Committee for Refugees (Conare) were mostly to Venezuelans (46,412 recognitions), Syrians (3,594) and Congolese (1,050).
Dispersal of races and colors in the country
In the Brazilian census, respondents must choose their color or race from 5 categories: Branca, Preta, Amarela, Parda or Indígena, which can be translated to White, Black, Yellow, Brown or Indigenous. The answers are based on self-declaration. According to the census manual, the Yellow category is "For the person of oriental origin: Japanese, Chinese, Korean, etc".
Considering that the Brazilian census is based on the racial self-declaration of the interviewees, the data may present inconsistencies. For example, in the 2010 census, especially in the state of Piauí, many people who had no Oriental origin for some reason classified themselves as "Yellow" in the census. As a consequence, Piauí and other states appeared ahead of the state of São Paulo when it comes to their Yellow proportion, even though it is historically known that most Asian immigrants, mostly Japanese, settled in São Paulo.
Racial classifications in Brazil are fluid. Many Brazilians "change" their race throughout their lives. According to a study, in the analyzed period of nine months, between 2002 and 2014, 22.9% of Brazilians "changed" their race. For example, 19.6% of the people who said they were Brown in a first interview reclassified themselves as White and 8% reclassified themselves as Black in the second interview (only 72% remained Brown). These data come from the Brazilian government.
In the 2010 census, 47.51% of Brazilians classified themselves as White, 43.42% as Brown, 7.52% as Black, 1.10% as Yellow, 0.43% as Indigenous and 0.02% did not answer.
The color or racial composition of Brazilians varies significantly from region to region. For example, in the 2010 census, 83.9% of the population in the southern state of Santa Catarina was classified as White, compared to only 20.9% in the northern state of Roraima. The table below shows the color or racial distribution in the Federative units of Brazil:
Although most Brazilians identify as white, brown or black, genetic studies shows that the overwhelming majority of Brazilians have some degree of a triracial admixture, having European, African and Indigenous ancestry.
São Paulo state has the largest absolute number of Whites, with 30 million Whites, followed by Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and Paraná, while Santa Catarina, where 83% of the population was classified as White, reaches the highest percentage.
The cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Curitiba, Brasília and Belo Horizonte have the largest populations of Ashkenazi Jews.
Most East Asians, especially Japanese Brazilians, the largest group, live in São Paulo and Paraná.
Northern Brazil, largely covered by the Amazon Rainforest, is mostly brown, due to a stronger Amerindian influence.
The two remaining South Eastern states and Central-Western Brazil have a more balanced ratio among racial groups (around 50% White, 43% Pardo, 5% Black, 1% Yellow (East Asian)/Amerindian).
White Brazilians
Brazil has the second largest White population in the Americas, after only the United States, with around 91,051,646 people, and White Brazilians make up the third largest White population in the world, after only the United States and Russia, also counting in total numbers.
Brown people
Brown Brazilians constitute the second largest group of Brazil, with around 84.7 million people.
Black Brazilians
Blacks constitute the third largest ethnic group of Brazil with around 14.5 million citizens or 7.6% of the population.
Yellow Brazilians (East Asians)
In Brazil, the term amarela (yellow) refers to East Asians. The largest group of East Asian ancestry in the country is the Japanese community.
The number of Japanese Brazilians revolves around 2 million descendants and the Japanese community also comprises around 50 thousand Japanese nationals.
Indigenous people
Indigenous people constitute the fifth largest ethnic group of Brazil, with around 800,000 individuals. This is the only category of the Brazilian "racial" classification that is not based on a skin color, but rather on cultural and ethnic belonging.
Genetic studies
Genetic studies have shown the Brazilian population as a whole to have European, African and Native Americans components.
Autosomal studies
A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analyzed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).
An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1,300 samples from all of the Brazilian regions, found a pred. degree of European ancestry combined with African and Native American contributions, in varying degrees. Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%).
The populations in the North consisted of a significant proportion of Native American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution. Conversely, in the Northeast, Center-West and Southeast, African ancestry was the second most prevalent. At an intrapopulation level, all urban
populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation in ancestry proportions was observed between individuals within each population rather than among population.
An autosomal DNA study (2011), with nearly 1000 samples from every major race group ("whites", "pardos" and "blacks", according to their respective proportions) all over the country found out a major European contribution, followed by a high African contribution and an important Native American component.
"In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South". The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood donors (the lowest classes constitute the great majority of blood donors in Brazil), and also public health institutions personnel and health students.
According to an autosomal DNA study from 2010, a new portrayal of each ethnicity contribution to the DNA of Brazilians, obtained with samples from the five regions of the country, has indicated that, on average, European ancestors are responsible for nearly 80% of the genetic heritage of the population.
The variation between the regions is small, with the possible exception of the South, where the European contribution reaches nearly 90%. The results, published by the scientific magazine American Journal of Human Biology by a team of the Catholic University of Brasília, show that, in Brazil, physical indicators such as skin color, color of the eyes and color of the hair have little to do with the genetic ancestry of each person, which has been shown in previous studies (regardless of census classification).
Ancestry informative SNPs can be useful to estimate individual and population biogeographical ancestry. Brazilian population is characterized by a genetic background of three parental populations (European, African, and Brazilian Native Amerindians) with a wide degree and diverse patterns of admixture.
In this work we analyzed the information content of 28 ancestry-informative SNPs into multiplexed panels using three parental population sources (African, Amerindian, and European) to infer the genetic admixture in an urban sample of the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. The SNPs assigned apart the parental populations from each other and thus can be applied for ancestry estimation in a three hybrid admixed population.
Data was used to infer genetic ancestry in Brazilians with an admixture model. Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations".
It is important to note that "the samples came from free of charge paternity test takers, thus as the researchers made it explicit: "the paternity tests were free of charge, the population samples involved people of variable socioeconomic strata, although likely to be leaning slightly towards the pardo group".
An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found a similar profile "all the Brazilian samples (regions) lie more closely to the European group than to the African populations or to the Mestiços".
According to another autosomal DNA study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65.90% of ancestry of the population, followed by the African contribution (24.80%) and the Native American (9.3%). A more recent study, from 2013, found the following composition in São Paulo state: 61.9% European, 25.5% African and 11.6% Native American.
A 2014 autosomal DNA study, which analysed data from 1594 samples from all of the Brazilian regions, found that Brazilians show widespread European ancestry with the highest levels being observed in the south. African ancestry is also widespread (except for the south) and reaches its highest values in the East of the country. Native American ancestry is highest in the north-west (Brazilian Amazon).
MtDna and y DNA studies
Haplogroup frequencies do not determine phenotype nor admixture. They are very general genetic snapshots, primarily useful in examining past population group migratory patterns. Only autosomal DNA testing can reveal admixture structures, since it analyses millions of alleles from both maternal and paternal sides. Contrary to yDNA or mtDNA, which are focused on one single lineage (paternal or maternal) the autosomal DNA studies profile the whole ancestry of a given individual, being more accurate in describing the complex patterns of ancestry in a given place.
According to a genetic study in 2000 who analysed 247 samples (mainly identified as "white" in Brazil) who came from four of the five major geographic regions of the country, the mtDNA pool (maternal lineages) of present-day Brazilians clearly reflects the imprints of the early Portuguese colonization process (involving directional mating), as well as the recent immigrant waves (from Europe) of the last century.
According to a study in 2001, the vast majority of Y chromosomes (male lineages) in white Brazilian males, regardless of their regional source, is of European origin (>90% contribution), with a very low frequency of sub-Saharan African chromosomes and a complete absence of Amerindian contributions. These results configure a picture of strong directional mating in Brazil involving European males, on one side, and European, African and Amerindian females, on the other.
In a study from 2016, the authors investigated a set of 41 Y-SNPs in 1217 unrelated males from the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. A total of 22 haplogroups were detected in the whole Brazilian sample, revealing the three major continental origins of the current population, namely from America, Europe and Africa. The genetic differences observed among regions were, however, consistent with the colonization history of the country.
The Central-Western and Southern samples showed the higher European contributions (95.7% and 93.6%, respectively). The Southeastern region presented significant European (86.1%) and African (12.0%) contributions. Portugal was estimated to be the main source of the male European lineages to Central-West, Southeast and South Brazil.
The North and the Northeast showed the highest contribution from France and Italy, respectively. The highest migration rate from Lebanon was to the Central-West, whereas a significant migration from Germany was observed to the Central East, Southeast and South. The sample from the Northern region presented the highest Native American ancestry (8.4%), whereas the more pronounced African contribution could be observed in the Northeastern population (15.1%).
In the Brazilian "white" and "pardos" the autosomal ancestry (the sum of the ancestors of a given individual) tends to be in most cases predominantly European, with often a non European mtDNA (which points to a non European ancestor somewhere down the maternal line), which is explained by the women marrying newly arrived colonists, during the formation of the Brazilian people.
See also
Lists of Brazilians
Brazilian diaspora
Immigration to Brazil
Demographics of Brazil
Pardo (Brown) Brazilians
European immigration to Brazil
White Brazilians
Portuguese Brazilians
Italian Brazilians
Spanish Brazilians
German Brazilians
Arab Brazilians
Confederados
History of the Jews in Brazil
Native Brazilians
Afro-Brazilians
Asian Brazilians
Japanese Brazilians
Racial whitening
Romani people in Brazil
Brazilian Americans
Lusitanics
Brazilians in Japan
Brazilians in Portugal
Notes
References
Works cited
External links
Lusotopia
Brazilian people
Ethnic groups in Brazil
South American people by nationality | wiki |
Godhead (or godhood) refers to the essence or substance (ousia) of God in Christianity — God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
Appearance in English Bibles
John Wycliffe introduced the term godhede into English Bible versions in two places, and, though somewhat archaic, the term survives in modern English because of its use in three places of the Tyndale New Testament (1525), the Geneva Bible (1560/1599), and King James Version (1611). In that translation, the word was used to translate three different Koine Greek words:
See also
God in Christianity
Godhead in Judaism
Trinity
References
Christian terminology
God in Christianity
Trinitarianism
Conceptions of God
Nature of Jesus Christ | wiki |
MeshLab is a 3D mesh processing software system that is oriented to the management and processing of unstructured large meshes and provides a set of tools for editing, cleaning, healing, inspecting, rendering, and converting these kinds of meshes. MeshLab is free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2 or later, and is used as both a complete package and a library powering other software. It is well known in the more technical fields of 3D development and data handling.
Overview
MeshLab is developed by the ISTI - CNR research center; initially MeshLab was created as a course assignment at the University of Pisa in late 2005. It is a general-purpose system aimed at the processing of the typical not-so-small unstructured 3D models that arise in the 3D scanning pipeline.
The automatic mesh cleaning filters includes removal of duplicated, unreferenced vertices, non-manifold edges, vertices, and null faces. Remeshing tools support high quality simplification based on quadric error measure, various kinds of subdivision surfaces, and two surface reconstruction algorithms from point clouds based on the ball-pivoting technique and on the Poisson surface reconstruction approach. For the removal of noise, usually present in acquired surfaces, MeshLab supports various kinds of smoothing filters and tools for curvature analysis and visualization.
It includes a tool for the registration of multiple range maps based on the iterative closest point algorithm. MeshLab also includes an interactive direct paint-on-mesh system that allows users to interactively change the color of a mesh, to define selections and to directly smooth out noise and small features.
MeshLab is available for most platforms, including Linux, Mac OS X, Windows and, with reduced functionality, on Android and iOS and even as a pure client-side JavaScript application called MeshLabJS. The system supports input/output in the following formats: PLY, STL, OFF, OBJ, 3DS, VRML 2.0, X3D and COLLADA. MeshLab can also import point clouds reconstructed using Photosynth.
MeshLab is used in various academic and research contexts, like microbiology, cultural heritage, surface reconstruction, paleontology, for rapid prototyping in orthopedic surgery, in orthodontics, and desktop manufacturing.
Additional images
See also
Geometry processing
3D scanner
List of free and open-source software packages
References
External links
Github repository for Meshlab
MeshLabJS homepage of the experimental, client based, JavaScript, version of MeshLab that runs inside a browser.
MeshLab Stuff Blog Development blog, with tutorials and example of use of MeshLab.
MeshLab for iOS page dedicated to the iPad and iPhone version of MeshLab.
MeshLab for Android page dedicated to the Android version of MeshLab
2005 software
3D graphics software
3D graphics software that uses Qt
3D modeling software for Linux
Computer-aided design software
Computer-aided design software for Linux
Free 3D graphics software
Free computer-aided design software
Free graphics software
Free software programmed in C++
Video game development software | wiki |
Recruitment is the process of filling job vacancies with people.
Recruitment or recruiting may also refer to:
Recruitment (biology), the process of developing the next generation of organisms
College recruiting, the process in college athletics whereby coaches add new players to their roster
Military recruitment, the process of requesting people to join a military voluntarily
Motor unit recruitment, the progressive activation of a muscle
The 17th century English process of filling vacant parliamentary seats during recruiter elections
Recruitment (medicine), a medical condition of the inner ear that leads to reduced tolerance of loudness
See also
Recruit | wiki |
The Ford SAV (an acronym for Sports Activity Vehicle, not to be confused with BMW's term for SUVs) is a seven-seater large MPV concept car developed by Ford Europe. It was first displayed to the public at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show and was intended as a styling exercise to show the new direction for Ford's designs in the European market. Ford introduced this model one year later as the Ford S-MAX with slight modifications for mass production. The S-MAX is sportier than the Ford Galaxy and feels closer to the large family car Ford Mondeo.
Being larger than the Mondeo and smaller than the Galaxy, it was designed with flexibility of use in mind. The seating uses the "Business Class" flexible rear seating design first seen on the Ford Focus C-MAX; electric motors allow easy rearrangement of the rear seating for passenger comfort or adjusting them to permit for more cargo room. Exterior, the design was intended to bring a more aggressive feel to the current Ford design philosophy. It has a steeply sloped windscreen and an arching roofline that blurs the line between minivan and sport utility vehicle.
References
SAV | wiki |
Spinal precautions, also known as spinal immobilization and spinal motion restriction, are efforts to prevent movement of the spine in those with a risk of a spine injury. This is done as an effort to prevent injury to the spinal cord. It is estimated that 2% of people with blunt trauma will have a spine injury.
Uses
Spinal immobilization was historically used routinely for people who had experienced physical trauma. There is; however, little evidence for its routine use. Long spine boards are often used in the prehospital environment as part of spinal immobilization. Due to concerns of side effects the National Association of EMS Physicians and the American College of Surgeons recommend its use only in those at high risk. This includes: those with blunt trauma who have a decreased level of consciousness, pain or tenderness in the spine, those with numbness or weakness believed to be due to a spinal injury, and those with a significant trauma mechanism that are intoxicated or have other major injuries. In those with a definite spinal cord injury immobilization is also recommended.
Neck
There is little high quality evidence for spinal motion stabilization of the neck before arrival at a hospital. Using a hard cervical collar and attaching a person to an EMS stretcher may be sufficient in those who were walking after the accident or during long transports. In those with penetrating neck or head trauma spinal immobilization may increase the risk of death. If intubation is required the cervical collar should be removed and inline stabilization provided.
Mid and low back
Spinal motion stabilization is not supported for penetrating trauma to back including that caused by gun shot wounds.
Cervical spine clearance
Paramedics are able to accurately determine who needs or does not need neck immobilization based on an algorithm. There are two main algorithms, the Canadian C-spine rule and NEXUS. The Canadian C-spine rule appears to be better. However, following either rule is reasonable.
Side effects
Concern with use include: pain, agitation, and pressure ulcers. A systematic review found cervical collar related skin ulcers from the devices in 7 to 38%.
If a longboard is used, cushioning it is useful to decrease discomfort due to pressure. A vacuum mattress and scoop board typically results in lower pressures.
Mechanism of action
Studies with volunteers have found that using a hard collar, head stabilization with rolled up towels, and a long board decrease movement of the board. What impact this has is unclear.
References
First aid
Injuries
Vertebral column disorders | wiki |
Andrew Haydon may refer to:
Andrew Haydon (senator) (1867–1932), member of the Senate of Canada
Andrew S. Haydon (fl. 1970s–1990s), politician in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton
See also
Andrew Hayden-Smith (born 1983), actor | wiki |
Memorial Building may refer to:
Canada
East and West Memorial Buildings, Ottawa
Malta
Church of St Anne, Fort St Elmo, Valletta
United States
Places on the National Register of Historic Places
Memorial Building (Dyersville, Iowa)
Memorial Building (Topeka, Kansas)
Memorial Building (Ironwood, Michigan) | wiki |
A navel piercing (also referred to as a belly button piercing) is a type of piercing located through the skin of the navel. It is most commonly located on the upper fold of skin, but can also be effected underneath or around the edges of the navel. It may heal quickly and with no irritations, like an ear piercing, or may heal more like a surface piercing with the associated extended healing time. Healing usually takes around 6–12 months, but varies by person due to differences in physiology.
Navel piercings reject less frequently than most other surface piercings, but the rejection rate is nonetheless higher than non-surface piercings. A properly effected navel piercing involves piercing the skin surrounding the navel with the initial wound inside of the navel canal. This can be done at any angle where there is a clear flap of skin, but the most prevalent form of navel piercing is through the upper rim of the navel.
History and culture
The history of navel piercing has been misrepresented, as many of the myths promulgated by Doug Malloy in the pamphlet Body & Genital Piercing in Brief continue to be reprinted. For instance, according to Malloy's colleague Jim Ward, Malloy alleged that navel piercing was popular among ancient Egyptian aristocrats and was depicted in Egyptian statuary, an allegation that is widely repeated. In spite of its currency, other sources deny that the historical record supports the allegation.
The navel piercing is one of the most prevalent body piercings today. Pop culture has played a large role in the promotion of this piercing. The navel piercing first hit the mainstream when model Christy Turlington revealed her navel piercing at a fashion show in London in 1993. The popularization of the piercing, however, is accredited to the 1993 Aerosmith music video for their song "Cryin'," wherein Alicia Silverstone has her navel pierced by body piercer Paul King.
According to a 2005 survey of 10,503 people in England, the navel was the top body piercing site at 33% of people.
Jewelry
The jewelry used here is commonly called as "belly rings". Belly rings are a midriff-revealing version of earrings.
Navel jewelry has become more extensive in recent years. Many new designs, such as the ancient Bali jewelry designs, have been added to modern navel cultures. Curved barbells remain the most commonly used jewelry, but captive bead rings, and other rings can be used as well. Due to the amount of movement in this area, and the common swelling, they are not recommended. The world's first huggy was designed and patented by TummyToys belly rings. Vogue published an article in 2015 about the circular captive bead belly rings and TummyToys snap lock clasps becoming the latest trend for navel piercings. Most kinds of ring or bar jewelry can be worn in a navel piercing. Navels are most often pierced with a 14g curved barbell, which is recommended to be worn until the piercing has completely healed, the healing time is typically anywhere between 6 – 12 months. A wide variety of embellished jewelry is available for navels - simple curved barbells, captives, TummyToys huggies, flexible PTFE and deluxe long length styles with dangling pendants. Currently, real diamond and solid gold belly rings are also available in a wide range of styles. Most kinds of ring or bar jewelry can be worn in a navel piercing, both for top and bottom piercings.
There has been a special standard established for navel barbells (also called "bananabells" or "bananabars", a reference to their curved shape). The standard barbell is 1.6 mm (1/16") thick and 9.5 mm (3/8") or 11.1 mm (7/16") long and is most commonly referred to as a 14-gauge post. The silver caps on the barbell post usually measure 5 mm in diameter for the upper and 8 mm in diameter for the lower.
Although navel bananabells are different from full rings, such as captive bead rings, which can also be worn in navel piercings, online body jewelry retailers and wholesalers tend to refer to these barbells as "belly rings".
A new version of navel jewelry is on the market for those without pierced navels, which is based on the idea of clip-on earrings.
Risks
Navel piercings can be one of the slowest piercings to heal, with sources reporting a range of six months to two full years.
Navel piercings carry several risks, including:
Infection: A new piercing may take up to 6–12 months before it can be taken out, during which time sweat, bacteria, and friction may lead to infection. A piercer cannot properly tell you whether a piercing is infected, but can give advice and recommend medical advice when needed. Infected navel piercings can result in sepsis and possibly death.
Scarring: Skin tissue rarely heals to match the surrounding tissue. It heals in varying thickness, and size. It is likely that any piercing worn for a significant time (months to years) will leave a scar if removed.
Rejection: Rejection is when the body pushes out a piercing in order for the wound to properly heal. This can happen even if the wearer takes very good care of the navel piercing. There is no way to stop rejection, as it is just the body's natural healing process. It can be prevented, though, by maintaining proper aftercare, preventing it from getting pulled at or tugged on, and being pierced in the correct spot by a reputable piercer. If rejection occurs, the jewelry should be removed as soon as feasible to minimize the scarring.
Migration: Migration can happen many ways, and for many different reasons. It may be that the amount of movement in the area pushed the piercing to a spot where it would be easier to heal, trauma from pulling or tugging on the piercing could have added excess scar tissue, or it was improperly pierced, making the body push it to a more comfortable spot.
Death: An estimated 9 women have died in the United States between 2006 and 2019 from infections caused by navel piercing, according to the Office of National Statistics Records.
References
External links
The Association of Professional Piercers aftercare instructions.
Body piercing
Surface piercings
Navel
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion | wiki |
The following is a list of Air Force bases in Mexico:
Campo Militar No. 1, Mexico City
Base Aérea Militar No. 1, Santa Lucía, Estado de Mexico
Base Aérea Militar No. 2, Ixtepec, Oaxaca
Base Aérea Militar No. 3, Ciprés, Baja California
Base Aérea Militar No. 4, Cozumel, Quintana Roo
Base Aérea Militar No. 5, Zapopan, Jalisco
Base Aérea Militar No. 6, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas
Base Aérea Militar No. 7, Pie de la Cuesta, Guerrero
Base Aérea Militar No. 8, Mérida, Yucatán
Base Aérea Militar No. 9, La Paz, Baja California Sur
Base Aérea Militar No. 10, Culiacán, Sinaloa
Base Aérea Militar No. 11, Santa Gertrudis, Chihuahua
Base Aérea Militar No. 12, Tijuana, Baja California
Base Aérea Militar No. 13, Chihuahua, Chihuahua
Base Aérea Militar No. 14, Apodaca, Nuevo León
Base Aérea Militar No. 15, Sn. Juan Bautista la Raya, Oaxaca
Base Aérea Militar No. 16, Cd. Pemex, Tabasco
Base Aérea Militar No. 17, Copalar, Chiapas
Base Aérea Militar No. 18, Hermosillo, Sonora
Bases
Military installations of Mexico | wiki |
Modeste, Louisiana is an unincorporated village in Ascension, Parish, Louisiana. The community is located along the Mississippi River on Louisiana Highway 405, north of the parish seat of Donaldsonville, between Hohen Solms (area of the Germania-Elise Plantation), and Philadelphia Point, due south and across the river from Geismar.
Modeste was the home of sugar cane plantation owner Leonard Julien (1910-1994) that invented a sugarcane-planting machine Julien lived in the old Babin Place that he purchased from Dr. John Harvey Lowery.
References
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
Populated places in Ark-La-Tex
Unincorporated communities in Ascension Parish, Louisiana | wiki |
The Sean Salisbury Show is a television show hosted by Sean Salisbury. It airs on beIN Sports.
References
American sports television series | wiki |
Ray Sorensen may refer to:
Ray Sorensen (gymnast)
Ray Sorensen (politician) | wiki |
The Men's team kumite competition at the 2021 World Karate Championships was held from 18 to 21 November 2021.
Results
Finals
Repechage
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
External links
Draw
Men's team kumite | wiki |
Procrastination is the action of unnecessarily and voluntarily delaying or postponing something despite knowing that there will be negative consequences for doing so. The word has originated from the Latin word procrastinatus, which itself evolved from the prefix pro-, meaning "forward," and crastinus, meaning "of tomorrow." Oftentimes, it is a habitual human behaviour. It is a common human experience involving delay in everyday chores or even putting off salient tasks such as attending an appointment, submitting a job report or academic assignment, or broaching a stressful issue with a partner. Although typically perceived as a negative trait due to its hindering effect on one's productivity often associated with depression, low self-esteem, guilt and inadequacy, it can also be considered a wise response to certain demands that could present risky or negative outcomes or require waiting for new information to arrive.
From a cultural and a social perspective, students from both Western and non-Western cultures are found to exhibit academic procrastination, but for different reasons. Students from Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid doing worse than they have done before or from failing to learn as much as they should have, whereas students from non-Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid looking incompetent, or to avoid demonstrating a lack of ability in front of their peers. It is also important to consider how different cultural perspectives of time management can impact procrastination. For example, in cultures that have a multi-active view of time, people tend to place a higher value on making sure a job is done accurately before finishing. In cultures with a linear view of time, people tend to designate a certain amount of time on a task and stop once the allotted time has expired.
A study of behavioral patterns of pigeons through delayed gratification suggests that procrastination is not unique to humans, but can also be observed in some other animals. There are experiments finding clear evidence for "procrastination" among pigeons, which show that pigeons tend to choose a complex but delayed task rather than an easy but hurry-up one.
Etymology
Latin: procrastinare, pro- (forward), with -crastinus, (until next day) from cras, (tomorrow).
Prevalence
In a study of academic procrastination from the University of Vermont, published in 1984, 46% of the subjects reported that they "always" or "nearly always" procrastinated writing papers, while approximately 30% reported procrastinating studying for exams and reading weekly assignments (by 28% and 30% respectively). Nearly a quarter of the subjects reported that procrastination was a problem for them regarding the same tasks. However, as many as 65% indicated that they would like to reduce their procrastination when writing papers, and approximately 62% indicated the same for studying for exams and 55% for reading weekly assignments.
A 1992 study showed that "52% of surveyed students indicated having a moderate to high need for help concerning procrastination."
A study done in 2004 showed that 70% of university students categorized themselves as procrastinators while a 1984 study showed that 50% of the students would procrastinate consistently and considered it a major problem in their lives.
In a study performed on university students, procrastination was shown to be greater with tasks that were perceived as unpleasant or as impositions than with tasks for which the student believed they lacked the required skills for accomplishing the task.
Another point of relevance is that of procrastination in industry. A study from the State of the Art journal "The Impact of Organizational and Personal Factors on Procrastination in Employees of a Modern Russian Industrial Enterprise published in the Psychology in Russia", helped to identify the many factors that affected employees' procrastination habits. Some of which include intensity of performance evaluations, importance of their duty within a company, and their perception and opinions on management and/or upper level decisions.
Behavioral criteria of academic procrastination
Gregory Schraw, Theresa Wadkins, and Lori Olafson in 2007 proposed three criteria for a behavior to be classified as academic procrastination: it must be counterproductive, needless, and delaying. Steel reviewed all previous attempts to define procrastination, and concluded in a 2007 study that procrastination is "to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay." Sabini and Silver argued that postponement and irrationality are the two key features of procrastination. Delaying a task is not deemed as procrastination, they argue, if there are rational reasons behind the delay. Further, in a study conducted by Pogorskiy and Beckmann, learners' procrastination is characterised by stable sequential patterns in learners' web navigation behaviour.
An approach that integrates several core theories of motivation as well as meta-analytic research on procrastination is the temporal motivation theory. It summarizes key predictors of procrastination (expectancy, value, and impulsiveness) into a mathematical equation.
Psychological perspective
The pleasure principle may be responsible for procrastination; one may prefer to avoid negative emotions by delaying stressful tasks. In 2019, a research conducted by Rinaldi et al. indicated that measurable cognitive impairments may play a role in procrastination. As the deadline for their target of procrastination grows closer, they are more stressed and may, thus, decide to procrastinate more to avoid this stress. Some psychologists cite such behavior as a mechanism for coping with the anxiety associated with starting or completing any task or decision. Piers Steel indicated in 2010 that anxiety is just as likely to induce people to start working early as late, and that the focus of studies on procrastination should be impulsiveness. That is, anxiety will cause people to delay only if they are impulsive.
Coping responses
Negative coping responses of procrastination tend to be avoidant or emotional rather than task-oriented or focused on problem-solving. Emotional and avoidant coping is employed to reduce stress (and cognitive dissonance) associated with delaying intended and important personal goals. This option provides immediate pleasure and is consequently very attractive to impulsive procrastinators, at the point of discovery of the achievable goals at hand. There are several emotion-oriented strategies, similar to Freudian defense mechanisms, coping styles and self-handicapping.
Coping responses of procrastinators include the following:
Avoidance: Avoiding the location or situation where the task takes place.
Denial and trivialization: Pretending that procrastinatory behavior is not actually procrastinating, but rather a task which is more important than the avoided one, or that the essential task that should be done is not of immediate importance.
Distraction: Engaging or immersing oneself in other behaviors or actions to prevent awareness of the task.
Descending counterfactuality: Comparing consequences of one's procrastinatory behavior with others' worse situations.
Valorisation: Pointing in satisfaction to what one achieved in the meantime while one should have been doing something else.
Blaming: Delusional attributions to external factors, such as rationalizing that the procrastination is due to external forces beyond one's control.
Mocking: Using humor to validate one's procrastination.
Task- or problem-solving measures are taxing from a procrastinator's outlook. If such measures are pursued, it is less likely the procrastinator would remain a procrastinator. However, pursuing such measures requires actively changing one's behavior or situation to prevent and minimize the re-occurrence of procrastination.
In 2006, it was suggested that neuroticism has no direct links to procrastination and that any relationship is fully mediated by conscientiousness. In 1982, it had been suggested that irrationality was an inherent feature of procrastination. "Putting things off even until the last moment isn't procrastination if there is a reason to believe that they will take only that moment". Steel et al. explained in 2001, "actions must be postponed and this postponement must represent poor, inadequate, or inefficient planning".
Cultural perspective
According to Holly McGregor and Andrew Elliot (2002); Christopher Wolters (2003), academic procrastination among portions of undergraduate students has been correlated to "performance-avoidance orientation" which is one factor of the four factor model of achievement orientation. Andrew Elliot and Judith Harackiewicz (1996) showed that students with performance-avoidance orientations tended to be concerned with comparisons to their peers. These students procrastinated as a result of not wanting to look incompetent, or to avoid demonstrating a lack of ability and adopt a facade of competence for a task in front of their peers.
Gregory Arief Liem and Youyan Nie (2008) found that cultural characteristics are shown to have a direct influence on achievement orientation because it is closely aligned with most students' cultural values and beliefs. Sonja Dekker and Ronald Fischer's (2008) meta-analysis across thirteen different societies revealed that students from Western cultures tend to be motivated more by "mastery-approach orientation" because the degree of incentive value for individual achievement is strongly reflective of the values of Western culture. By contrast, most students from Eastern cultures have been found to be "performance-avoidance orientated". They often make efforts to maintain a positive image of their abilities, which they display while in front of their peers. In addition, Hazel Rose Markus and Shinobu Kitayama (1991) showed that in non-Western cultures, rather than standing out through their achievements, people tend to be motivated to become part of various interpersonal relationships and to fit in with those that are relevant to them.
Research by Sushila Niles (1998) with Australian students and Sri Lankan students confirmed these differences, revealing that Australian students often pursued more individual goals, whereas Sri Lankan students usually desired more collaborative and social goals. Multiple studies by Kuo-Shu Yang and An-Bang Yu (1987, 1988, 1990) have indicated that individual achievement among most Chinese and Japanese students were measured by a fulfillment of their obligation and responsibility to their family network, not to individual accomplishments. Yang and Yu (1987) have also shown that collectivism and Confucianism are very strong motivators for achievement in many non-Western cultures because of their emphasis on cooperation in the family unit and community. Guided by these cultural values, it is believed that the individual intuitively senses the degree of pressure that differentiates his or her factor of achievement orientation.
Health perspective
To a certain degree it is normal to procrastinate and it can be regarded as a useful way to prioritize between tasks, due to a lower tendency of procrastination on truly valued tasks. However, excessive procrastination can become a problem and impede normal functioning. When this happens, procrastination has been found to result in health problems, stress, anxiety, a sense of guilt and crisis as well as loss of personal productivity and social disapproval for not meeting responsibilities or commitments. Together these feelings may promote further procrastination and for some individuals procrastination becomes almost chronic. Such procrastinators may have difficulties seeking support due to procrastination itself, but also social stigmas and the belief that task-aversion is caused by laziness, lack of willpower or low ambition. In some cases, problematic procrastination might be a sign of some underlying psychological disorder.
Research on the physiological roots of procrastination have been concerned with the role of the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain that is responsible for executive brain functions such as impulse control, attention and planning. This is consistent with the notion that procrastination is strongly related to such functions, or a lack thereof. The prefrontal cortex also acts as a filter, decreasing distracting stimuli from other brain regions. Damage or low activation in this area can reduce one's ability to avert diversions, which results in poorer organization, a loss of attention, and increased procrastination. This is similar to the prefrontal lobe's role in ADHD, where it is commonly under-activated.
In a 2014 U.S. study surveying procrastination and impulsiveness in fraternal and identical twin pairs, both traits were found to be "moderately heritable". The two traits were not separable at the genetic level (rgenetic = 1.0), meaning no unique genetic influences of either trait alone was found. The authors confirmed three constructs developed from the evolutionary hypothesis that procrastination arose as a by-product of impulsivity: "(a) Procrastination is heritable, (b) the two traits share considerable genetic variation, and (c) goal-management ability is an important component of this shared variation."
Correlates
Procrastination has been linked to the complex arrangement of cognitive, affective and behavioral relationships from task desirability to low self esteem and anxiety to depression. A study found that procrastinators were less future-oriented than their non-procrastinator counterparts. This result was hypothesized to be in association with hedonistic perspectives on the present; instead it was found procrastination was better predicted by a fatalistic and hopeless attitude towards life.
A correlation between procrastination and eveningness was observed where individuals who had later sleeping and waking patterns were more likely to procrastinate. It has been shown that Morningness increases across lifespan and procrastination decreases with age.
Perfectionism
Traditionally, procrastination has been associated with perfectionism: a tendency to negatively evaluate outcomes and one's own performance, intense fear and avoidance of evaluation of one's abilities by others, heightened social self-consciousness and anxiety, recurrent low mood, and "workaholism". However, adaptive perfectionists—egosyntonic perfectionism—were less likely to procrastinate than non-perfectionists, while maladaptive perfectionists, who saw their perfectionism as a problem—egodystonic perfectionism—had high levels of procrastination and anxiety. In a regression analysis study from 2007, it was found that mild to moderate perfectionists typically procrastinate slightly less than others, with "the exception being perfectionists who were also seeking clinical counseling".
Academic
According to an Educational Science Professor, Hatice Odaci, academic procrastination is a significant problem during college years in part because many college students lack efficient time management skills in using the Internet. Also, Odaci notes that most colleges provide free and fast twenty-four-hour Internet service which some students are not usually accustomed to, and as a result of irresponsible use or lack of firewalls these students become engulfed in distractions, and thus in procrastination.
Student syndrome is the phenomenon where a student will begin to fully apply themselves to a task only immediately before a deadline. This negates the usefulness of any buffers built into individual task duration estimates. Results from a 2002 study indicate that many students are aware of procrastination and accordingly set binding deadlines long before the date for which a task is due. These self-imposed binding deadlines are correlated with a better performance than without binding deadlines though performance is best for evenly spaced external binding deadlines. Finally, students have difficulties optimally setting self-imposed deadlines, with results suggesting a lack of spacing before the date at which results are due. In one experiment, participation in online exercises was found to be five times higher in the final week before a deadline than in the summed total of the first three weeks for which the exercises were available. Procrastinators end up being the ones doing most of the work in the final week before a deadline. Additionally, students can delay making important decisions such as “I’ll get my degree out of the way first then worry about jobs and careers when I finish University”.
Other reasons cited on why students procrastinate include fear of failure and success, perfectionist expectations, as well as legitimate activities that may take precedence over school work, such as a job.
Procrastinators have been found to receive worse grades than non-procrastinators. Tice et al. (1997) report that more than one-third of the variation in final exam scores could be attributed to procrastination. The negative association between procrastination and academic performance is recurring and consistent. The students in the study not only received poor academic grades, but they also reported high levels of stress and poor self-health. Howell et al. (2006) found that, though scores on two widely used procrastination scales were not significantly associated with the grade received for an assignment, self-report measures of procrastination on the assessment itself were negatively associated with grade.
In 2005, a study conducted by Angela Chu and Jin Nam Choi and published in The Journal of Social Psychology intended to understand task performance among procrastinators with the definition of procrastination as the absence of self-regulated performance, from the 1977 work of Ellis & Knaus. In their study they identified two types of procrastination: the traditional procrastination which they denote as passive, and active procrastination where the person finds enjoyment of a goal-oriented activity only under pressure. The study calls this active procrastination positive procrastination, as it is a functioning state in a self-handicapping environment. In addition, it was observed that active procrastinators have more realistic perceptions of time and perceive more control over their time than passive procrastinators, which is considered a major differentiator between the two types. Due to this observation, active procrastinators are much more similar to non-procrastinators as they have a better sense of purpose in their time use and possess efficient time-structuring behaviors. But surprisingly, active and passive procrastinators showed similar levels of academic performance. The population of the study was college students and the majority of the sample size were women and Asian in origin. Comparisons with chronic pathological procrastination traits were avoided.
Different findings emerge when observed and self-reported procrastination are compared. Steel et al. constructed their own scales based on Silver and Sabini's "irrational" and "postponement" criteria. They also sought to measure this behavior objectively. During a course, students could complete exam practice computer exercises at their own pace, and during the supervised class time could also complete chapter quizzes. A weighted average of the times at which each chapter quiz was finished formed the measure of observed procrastination, whilst observed irrationality was quantified with the number of practice exercises that were left uncompleted. Researchers found that there was only a moderate correlation between observed and self-reported procrastination (r = 0.35). There was a very strong inverse relationship between the number of exercises completed and the measure of postponement (r = −0.78). Observed procrastination was very strongly negatively correlated with course grade (r = −0.87), as was self-reported procrastination (though less so, r = −0.36). As such, self-reported measures of procrastination, on which the majority of the literature is based, may not be the most appropriate measure to use in all cases. It was also found that procrastination itself may not have contributed significantly to poorer grades. Steel et al. noted that those students who completed all of the practice exercises "tended to perform well on the final exam no matter how much they delayed."
Procrastination is considerably more widespread in students than in the general population, with over 70 percent of students reporting procrastination for assignments at some point. A 2014 panel study from Germany among several thousand university students found that increasing academic procrastination increases the frequency of seven different forms of academic misconduct, i.e., using fraudulent excuses, plagiarism, copying from someone else in exams, using forbidden means in exams, carrying forbidden means into exams, copying parts of homework from others, fabrication or falsification of data and the variety of academic misconduct. This study argues that academic misconduct can be seen as a means to cope with the negative consequences of academic procrastination such as performance impairment.
Management
Psychologist William J. Knaus estimated that more than 90% of college students procrastinate. Of these students, 25% are chronic procrastinators and typically abandon higher education (college dropouts).
Perfectionism is a prime cause for procrastination because pursuing unattainable goals (perfection) usually results in failure. Unrealistic expectations destroy self-esteem and lead to self-repudiation, self-contempt, and widespread unhappiness. To overcome procrastination, it is essential to recognize and accept the power of failure without condemning, to stop focusing on faults and flaws and to set goals that are easier to achieve.
Behaviors and practices that reduce procrastination:
Awareness of habits and thoughts that lead to procrastinating.
Seeking help for self-defeating problems such as fear, anxiety, difficulty in concentrating, poor time management, indecisiveness, and perfectionism.
Fair evaluation of personal goals, strengths, weaknesses, and priorities.
Realistic goals and personal positive links between the tasks and the concrete, meaningful goals.
Structuring and organization of daily activities.
Modification of one's environment for that newly gained perspective: the elimination or minimization of noise or distraction; investing effort into relevant matters; and ceasing day-dreaming.
Disciplining oneself to set priorities.
Motivation with enjoyable activities, socializing and constructive hobbies.
Approaching issues in small blocks of time, instead of attempting whole problems at once and risking intimidation.
To prevent relapse, reinforce pre-set goals based on needs and allow yourself to be rewarded in a balanced way for accomplished tasks.
Making a plan to complete tasks in a rigid schedule format might not work for everyone. There is no hard-and-fast rule to follow such a process if it turns out to be counter-productive. Instead of scheduling, it may be better to execute tasks in a flexible, unstructured schedule which has time slots for only necessary activities.
Piers Steel suggests that better time management is a key to overcoming procrastination, including being aware of and using one's "power hours" (being a "morning person" or "night owl"). A good approach is to creatively utilize one's internal circadian rhythms that are best suited for the most challenging and productive work. Steel states that it is essential to have realistic goals, to tackle one problem at a time and to cherish the "small successes". Brian O'Leary supports that "finding a work-life balance...may actually help us find ways to be more productive", suggesting that dedicating leisure activities as motivation can increase one's efficiency at handling tasks. Procrastination is not a lifelong trait. Those likely to worry can learn to let go, those who procrastinate can find different methods and strategies to help focus and avoid impulses.
After contemplating his own procrastination habits, philosopher John Perry authored an essay entitled "Structured Procrastination", wherein he proposes a "cheat" method as a safer approach for tackling procrastination: using a pyramid scheme to reinforce the unpleasant tasks needed to be completed in a quasi-prioritized order.
Severe and negative impact
For some people, procrastination can be persistent and tremendously disruptive to everyday life. For these individuals, procrastination may reveal psychiatric disorders. Procrastination has been linked to a number of negative associations, such as depression, irrational behavior, low self-esteem, anxiety and neurological disorders such as ADHD. Others have found relationships with guilt and stress. Therefore, it is important for people whose procrastination has become chronic and is perceived to be debilitating to seek out a trained therapist or psychiatrist to investigate whether an underlying mental health issue may be present.
With a distant deadline, procrastinators report significantly less stress and physical illness than do non-procrastinators. However, as the deadline approaches, this relationship is reversed. Procrastinators report more stress, more symptoms of physical illness, and more medical visits, to the extent that, overall, procrastinators experience more stress and health problems. This can cause quality of life to decrease significantly along with overall happiness. Procrastination also has the ability to increase perfectionism and neuroticism, while decreasing conscientiousness and optimism.
Procrastination can also lead to insomnia, Alisa Hrustic said in Men's Health that "The procrastinators—people who scored above the median on the survey—were 1.5 to 3 times more likely to have symptoms of insomnia, like severe difficulty falling asleep, than those who scored lower on the test." Insomnia can even add more problems as a severe and negative impact.
See also
References
Further reading
Procrastination
We're Sorry This Is Late ... We Really Meant To Post It Sooner: Research Into Procrastination Shows Surprising Findings; Gregory Harris; ScienceDaily.com; Jan. 10, 2007 (their source)
Why We Procrastinate And How To Stop; ScienceDaily.com; Jan. 12, 2009
Perry, John (2012). The Art of Procrastination: A Guide to Effective Dawdling, Lollygagging and Postponing. New York: Workman.
Impulse control
Look Before You Leap: New Study Examines Self-Control; ScienceDaily.com; June 2, 2008
Motivation
External links
CalPoly – Procrastination
Habits
Anxiety
Motivation
Psychological stress
Time management
Waste of resources | wiki |
The largest small octagon is the octagon that has the largest area among all convex octagons with unit diameter. The diameter of a polygon is the length of the longest segment joining two of its vertices. The exact value of the area of the largest small octagon lies between 0.72686845 and 0.72686849, and is approximately 2.8% larger than the area of the regular octagon. This octagon was found in 2002 using global optimization algorithms. The optimal hexagon was found in 1975 by finding the roots of a degree 10 polynomial.
See also
Biggest little polygon
References
External links
2010 Toulouse Global Optimization Workshop
Optimal hexagon at Wolfram MathWorld
Combinatorics
Types of polygons | wiki |
Escatawpa River is a river in the states of Alabama and Mississippi. It is a tributary of the Pascagoula River.
Escatawpa is a name derived from the Choctaw language meaning "where cane is cut".
See also
List of rivers of Alabama
List of rivers of Mississippi
References
Rivers of Alabama
Rivers of Mississippi
Alabama placenames of Native American origin
Mississippi placenames of Native American origin | wiki |
Kaal Bhairav Mandir may refer to any temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Kaal Bhairav, including:
Kaal Bhairav Mandir, Varanasi, India
Kal Bhairav temple, Ujjain, India
Kal Bhairab Temple, Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh
See also
List of Bhairava temples
Kaal Bhairav Rahasya | wiki |
Ted's Montana Grill is an American restaurant chain. The company was founded by media mogul and bison rancher Ted Turner along with restaurateur George McKerrow Jr. with the help of corporate chef Chris Raucci as a for-profit effort to stop the extinction of the American bison. The first Ted's Montana Grill opened in January 2002 in Columbus, Ohio. Today it has 39 restaurants in 16 states. Its first Montana location opened at the Baxter Hotel in Bozeman in June 2008. The company is based in Atlanta.
All bison served is National Bison Association-certified; the menu includes several other kinds of meats and vegetables. As part of the restaurant's unusual but aggressive approach to environmentalism, it "re-introduced the paper straw" which has not been produced in the United States since 1970 to avoid using plastic. They have also eco-friendly bathrooms, using dual flush toilets and eco-friendly soap.
The restaurants routinely use $1 coins and $2 bills when they give change to customers.
On November 15, 2010, Ted's Montana Grill abruptly exited the Kansas City market, closing its three area restaurants. On that same date a total of nine Ted's Montana Grill restaurants nationwide closed. The chain closed its two Wichita, Kansas locations, its only Nebraska location, which was in Omaha, and its only Raleigh, North Carolina location. It also closed one restaurant in the Chicago area and one in the Washington, D.C. area.
Locations
References
External links
Official website
Restaurant chains in the United States
Companies based in Atlanta
Restaurants in Georgia (U.S. state)
Restaurants established in 2002
2002 establishments in Ohio | wiki |
Gilda Texter (born November 26, 1946) is an American costume designer, wardrobe supervisor and actress.
Career
Gilda Texter is a costume designer who worked in the costume and wardrobe departments of over 40 movies and television productions.
Her feature film debut was in the 1971 cult movie Vanishing Point, where she appeared nude riding a motorcycle, and was credited as "Nude Rider" (her character was never named).
Texter appeared in two other movies, also released in 1971: Angels Hard as They Come and Runaway, Runaway.
Filmography
Costume Supervisor
Romancing the Stone (1984)
Air America (1990)
Revenge (1990)
Snake Eyes (1998)
The Green Mile (1999)
Love Don't Cost a Thing (2003)
Garfield: The Movie (2004)
Lonely Hearts (2006)
Costumer
The Majestic (2001)
Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005)
Actress
The Gun Runner (1969) - Gilda
House of Zodiac (1969)
Vanishing Point (1971) - Nude Rider
Angels Hard as They Come (1971) - Astrid
Runaway, Runaway (1971) - Rikki (final film role)
References
External links
Living people
American film actresses
1946 births
American costume designers
Nudity
21st-century American women | wiki |
The eleventh series of Geordie Shore, a British television programme based in Newcastle upon Tyne was confirmed on 23 May 2015 when it was confirmed that MTV had renewed the series for a further three series. The show began on 20 October 2015. This is the first series not to include original cast member James Tindale after he departed at the beginning of the previous series. Ahead of the series it was confirmed that the series would be filmed in Greece. In September 2015 when the series premiere was announced, it was confirmed that the cast members would air for 10 episodes, making it the longest series to date. It was also confirmed that the cast had travelled to Zante, Malia, Mykonos, Ios as well as Athens for the series.
Cast
Aaron Chalmers
Charlotte-Letitia Crosby
Chloe Ferry
Gary Beadle
Holly Hagan
Kyle Christie
Marnie Simpson
Nathan Henry
Scott Timlin
Duration of cast
= Cast member is featured in this episode.
= Cast member leaves the series.
= Cast member does not feature in this episode.
Episodes
Ratings
References
2015 British television seasons
Series 11 | wiki |
12 Metre World Championship is a World Championship sailing regatta in the 12 Metre class organised by the International 12 Metre Association (Website).
Editions
Medalists
References
12 Metre competitions
World championships in sailing
Recurring sporting events established in 1979 | wiki |
A lathe () is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation, facing, and turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.
Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying, reclamation, and glass-working. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the Potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The workpiece is usually held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can typically be moved horizontally to accommodate varying workpiece lengths. Other work-holding methods include clamping the work about the axis of rotation using a chuck or collet, or to a faceplate, using clamps or dog clutch.
Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include screws, candlesticks, gun barrels, cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, pens, musical instruments (especially woodwind instruments), and crankshafts.
History
The lathe is an ancient tool. The earliest evidence of a lathe dates back to Ancient Egypt around 1300 BC. There is also tenuous evidence for its existence at a Mycenaean Greek site, dating back as far as the 13th or 14th century BC.
Clear evidence of turned artifacts have been found from the 6th century BC: fragments of a wooden bowl in an Etruscan tomb in Northern Italy as well as two flat wooden dishes with decorative turned rims from modern Turkey.
During the Warring States period in China, c. 400 BC, the ancient Chinese used rotary lathes to sharpen tools and weapons on an industrial scale.
The first known painting showing a lathe dates to the 3rd century BC in ancient Egypt.
The lathe was very important to the Industrial Revolution. It is known as the mother of machine tools, as it was the first machine tool that led to the invention of other machine tools. The first fully documented, all-metal slide rest lathe was invented by Jacques de Vaucanson around 1751. It was described in the Encyclopédie.
In 1718 Russian engineer Andrey Nartov invented one of the first lathes with a mechanical cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears (also known as a compound rest or slide rest) with the first to invent such a lathe probably being Leonardo da Vinci.
An important early lathe in the UK was the horizontal boring machine that was installed by Jan Verbruggen in 1772 in the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich. It was horse-powered and allowed for the production of much more accurate and stronger cannon used with success in the American Revolutionary War in the late 18th century. One of the key characteristics of this machine was that the workpiece was turning as opposed to the tool, making it technically a lathe. Henry Maudslay, who later developed many improvements to the lathe, worked at the Royal Arsenal from 1783, being exposed to this machine in the Verbruggen workshop. A detailed description of Vaucanson's lathe was published decades before Maudslay perfected his version. It is likely that Maudslay was not aware of Vaucanson's work, since his first versions of the slide rest had many errors that were not present in the Vaucanson lathe.
During the Industrial Revolution, mechanized power generated by water wheels or steam engines was transmitted to the lathe via line shafting, allowing faster and easier work. Metalworking lathes evolved into heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts. Between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, individual electric motors at each lathe replaced line shafting as the power source. Beginning in the 1950s, servomechanisms were applied to the control of lathes and other machine tools via numerical control, which often was coupled with computers to yield computerized numerical control (CNC). Today manually controlled and CNC lathes coexist in the manufacturing industries.
Design
Components
A lathe may or may not have legs, which sit on the floor and elevate the lathe bed to a working height. A lathe may be small and sit on a workbench or table, not requiring a stand.
Almost all lathes have a bed, which is (almost always) a horizontal beam (although CNC lathes commonly have an inclined or vertical beam for a bed to ensure that swarf, or chips, falls free of the bed). Woodturning lathes specialized for turning large bowls often have no bed or tail stock, merely a free-standing headstock and a cantilevered tool rest.
At one end of the bed (almost always the left, as the operator faces the lathe) is a headstock. The headstock contains high-precision spinning bearings. Rotating within the bearings is a horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the bed, called the spindle. Spindles are often hollow and have an interior Morse taper on the spindle nose (i.e., facing to the right / towards the bed) by which work-holding accessories may be mounted to the spindle. Spindles may also have arrangements for work-holding on the left-hand end of the spindle with other tooling arrangements for particular tasks. (i.e., facing away from the main bed) end, or may have a hand-wheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end. Spindles are powered and impart motion to the workpiece.
The spindle is driven either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by a belt or gear drive from a power source such as electric motor or overhead line shafts. In most modern lathes this power source is an integral electric motor, often either in the headstock, to the left of the headstock, or beneath the headstock, concealed in the stand.
In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to convert the motor speed into various spindle speeds. Various types of speed-changing mechanism achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is essentially a low range, similar in net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire gear train similar to that of a manual-shift automotive transmission. Some motors have electronic rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears.
The counterpoint to the headstock is the tailstock, sometimes referred to as the loose head, as it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed by sliding it to the required area. The tail-stock contains a barrel, which does not rotate, but can slide in and out parallel to the axis of the bed and directly in line with the headstock spindle. The barrel is hollow and usually contains a taper to facilitate the gripping of various types of tooling. Its most common uses are to hold a hardened steel center, which is used to support long thin shafts while turning, or to hold drill bits for drilling axial holes in the work piece. Many other uses are possible.
Metalworking lathes have a carriage (comprising a saddle and apron) topped with a cross-slide, which is a flat piece that sits crosswise on the bed and can be cranked at right angles to the bed. Sitting atop the cross slide is usually another slide called a compound rest, which provides 2 additional axes of motion, rotary and linear. Atop that sits a toolpost, which holds a cutting tool, which removes material from the workpiece. There may or may not be a leadscrew, which moves the cross-slide along the bed.
Woodturning and metal spinning lathes do not have cross-slides, but rather have banjos, which are flat pieces that sit crosswise on the bed. The position of a banjo can be adjusted by hand; no gearing is involved. Ascending vertically from the banjo is a tool-post, at the top of which is a horizontal tool-rest. In woodturning, hand tools are braced against the tool rest and levered into the workpiece. In metal spinning, the further pin ascends vertically from the tool rest and serves as a fulcrum against which tools may be levered into the workpiece.
Accessories
Unless a workpiece has a taper machined onto it which perfectly matches the internal taper in the spindle, or has threads which perfectly match the external threads on the spindle (two conditions which rarely exist), an accessory must be used to mount a workpiece to the spindle.
A workpiece may be bolted or screwed to a faceplate, a large, flat disk that mounts to the spindle. In the alternative, faceplate dogs may be used to secure the work to the faceplate.
A workpiece may be mounted on a mandrel, or circular work clamped in a three- or four-jaw chuck. For irregular shaped workpieces it is usual to use a four jaw (independent moving jaws) chuck. These holding devices mount directly to the lathe headstock spindle.
In precision work, and in some classes of repetition work, cylindrical workpieces are usually held in a collet inserted into the spindle and secured either by a draw-bar, or by a collet closing cap on the spindle. Suitable collets may also be used to mount square or hexagonal workpieces. In precision toolmaking work such collets are usually of the draw-in variety, where, as the collet is tightened, the workpiece moves slightly back into the headstock, whereas for most repetition work the dead length variety is preferred, as this ensures that the position of the workpiece does not move as the collet is tightened.
A soft workpiece (e.g., wood) may be pinched between centers by using a spur drive at the headstock, which bites into the wood and imparts torque to it.
A soft dead center is used in the headstock spindle as the work rotates with the centre. Because the centre is soft it can be trued in place before use. The included angle is 60°. Traditionally, a hard dead center is used together with suitable lubricant in the tailstock to support the workpiece. In modern practice the dead center is frequently replaced by a running center, as it turns freely with the workpiece—usually on ball bearings—reducing the frictional heat, especially important at high speeds. When clear facing a long length of material it must be supported at both ends. This can be achieved by the use of a traveling or fixed steady. If a steady is not available, the end face being worked on may be supported by a dead (stationary) half center. A half center has a flat surface machined across a broad section of half of its diameter at the pointed end. A small section of the tip of the dead center is retained to ensure concentricity. Lubrication must be applied at this point of contact and tail stock pressure reduced. A lathe carrier or lathe dog may also be employed when turning between two centers.
In woodturning, one variation of a running center is a cup center, which is a cone of metal surrounded by an annular ring of metal that decreases the chances of the workpiece splitting.
A circular metal plate with even spaced holes around the periphery, mounted to the spindle, is called an "index plate". It can be used to rotate the spindle to a precise angle, then lock it in place, facilitating repeated auxiliary operations done to the workpiece.
Other accessories, including items such as taper turning attachments, knurling tools, vertical slides, fixed and traveling steadies, etc., increase the versatility of a lathe and the range of work it may perform.
Modes of use
When a workpiece is fixed between the headstock and the tail-stock, it is said to be "between centers". When a workpiece is supported at both ends, it is more stable, and more force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, without fear that the workpiece may break loose.
When a workpiece is fixed only to the spindle at the headstock end, the work is said to be "face work". When a workpiece is supported in this manner, less force may be applied to the workpiece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, lest the workpiece rip free. Thus, most work must be done axially, towards the headstock, or at right angles, but gently.
When a workpiece is mounted with a certain axis of rotation, worked, then remounted with a new axis of rotation, this is referred to as "eccentric turning" or "multi-axis turning". The result is that various cross sections of the workpiece are rotationally symmetric, but the workpiece as a whole is not rotationally symmetric. This technique is used for camshafts, various types of chair legs.
Sizes
Lathes are usually 'sized' by the capacity of the work that they may hold. Usually large work is held at both ends either using a chuck or other drive in the headstock and a centre in the tailstock. To maximise size, turning between centres allows the work to be as close to the headstock as possible and is used to determine the longest piece the lathe will turn: when the base of the tailstock is aligned with the end of the bed. The distance between centres gives the maximum length of work the lathe will officially hold. It is possible to get slightly longer items in if the tailstock overhangs the end of the bed but this is an ill-advised practice.
The other dimension of the workpiece is how far off-centre it can be. This is known as the 'swing' ("The distance from the head center of a lathe to the bed or ways, or to the rest. The swing determines the diametric size of the object which is capable of being turned in the lathe; anything larger would interfere with the bed. This limit is called the swing of the bed. The swing of the rest is the size which will rotate above the rest, which lies upon the bed.") from the notion that the work 'swings' from the centre upon which it is mounted. This makes more sense with odd-shaped work but as the lathe is most often used with cylindrical work, it is useful to know the maximum diameter of work the lathe will hold. This is simply the value of the swing (or centre height above the bed) multiplied by two. For some reason, in the U.S. swing is assumed to be diameter but this is incorrect. To be clear on size, it is better, therefore, to describe the dimension as 'centre height above the bed'. As parts of the lathe reduce capacity, measurements such as 'swing over cross slide' or other named parts can be found.
Varieties
The smallest lathes are "jewelers lathes" or "watchmaker lathes", which, though often small enough to be held in one hand are normally fastened to a bench. There are rare and even smaller mini lathes made for precision cutting. The workpieces machined on a jeweler's lathe are often metal, but other softer materials can also be machined. Jeweler's lathes can be used with hand-held "graver" tools or with a "compound rest" that attach to the lathe bed and allows the tool to be clamped in place and moved by a screw or lever feed. Graver tools are generally supported by a T-rest, not fixed to a cross slide or compound rest. The work is usually held in a collet, but high-precision 3 and 6-jaw chucks are also commonly employed. Common spindle bore sizes are 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm. The term WW refers to the Webster/Whitcomb collet and lathe, invented by the American Watch Tool Company of Waltham, Massachusetts. Most lathes commonly referred to as watchmakers lathes are of this design. In 1909, the American Watch Tool company introduced the Magnus type collet (a 10-mm body size collet) using a lathe of the same basic design, the Webster/Whitcomb Magnus. (F.W.Derbyshire, Inc. retains the trade names Webster/Whitcomb and Magnus and still produces these collets.) Two bed patterns are common: the WW (Webster Whitcomb) bed, a truncated triangular prism (found only on 8 and 10 mm watchmakers' lathes); and the continental D-style bar bed (used on both 6 mm and 8 mm lathes by firms such as Lorch and Star). Other bed designs have been used, such as a triangular prism on some Boley 6.5 mm lathes, and a V-edged bed on IME's 8 mm lathes.
Smaller metalworking lathes that are larger than jewelers' lathes and can sit on a bench or table, but offer such features as tool holders and a screw-cutting gear train are called hobby lathes, and larger versions, "bench lathes" - this term also commonly applied to a special type of high-precision lathe used by toolmakers for one-off jobs. Even larger lathes offering similar features for producing or modifying individual parts are called "engine lathes". Lathes of these types do not have additional integral features for repetitive production, but rather are used for individual part production or modification as the primary role.
Lathes of this size that are designed for mass manufacture, but not offering the versatile screw-cutting capabilities of the engine or bench lathe, are referred to as "second operation" lathes.
Lathes with a very large spindle bore and a chuck on both ends of the spindle are called "oil field lathes".
Fully automatic mechanical lathes, employing cams and gear trains for controlled movement, are called screw machines.
Lathes that are controlled by a computer are CNC lathes.
Lathes with the spindle mounted in a vertical configuration, instead of horizontal configuration, are called vertical lathes or vertical boring machines. They are used where very large diameters must be turned, and the workpiece (comparatively) is not very long.
A lathe with a tool post that can rotate around a vertical axis, so as to present different tools towards the headstock (and the workpiece) are turret lathes.
A lathe equipped with indexing plates, profile cutters, spiral or helical guides, etc., so as to enable ornamental turning is an ornamental lathe.
Various combinations are possible: for example, a vertical lathe can have CNC capabilities as well (such as a CNC VTL).
Lathes can be combined with other machine tools, such as a drill press or vertical milling machine. These are usually referred to as combination lathes.
Uses
Woodworking
Woodworking lathes are the oldest variety. All other varieties are descended from these simple lathes. An adjustable horizontal metal rail, the tool rest, between the material and the operator accommodates the positioning of shaping tools, which are usually hand-held. After shaping, it is common practice to press and slide sandpaper against the still-spinning object to smooth the surface made with the metal shaping tools. The tool rest is usually removed during sanding, as it may be unsafe to have the operators hands between it and the spinning wood.
Many woodworking lathes can also be used for making bowls and plates. The bowl or plate needs only to be held at the bottom by one side of the lathe. It is usually attached to a metal face plate attached to the spindle. With many lathes, this operation happens on the left side of the headstock, where are no rails and therefore more clearance. In this configuration, the piece can be shaped inside and out. A specific curved tool rest may be used to support tools while shaping the inside. Further detail can be found on the woodturning page.
Most woodworking lathes are designed to be operated at a speed of between 200 and 1,400 revolutions per minute, with slightly over 1,000 rpm considered optimal for most such work, and with larger workpieces requiring lower speeds.
Duplicating
One type of specialized lathe is duplicating or copying lathe also known as Blanchard lathe after its inventor Thomas Blanchard. This type of lathe was able to create shapes identical to a standard pattern and it revolutionized the process of gun stock making in the 1820s when it was invented.
Patternmaking
Used to make a pattern for foundries, often from wood, but also plastics. A patternmaker's lathe looks like a heavy wood lathe, often with a turret and either a leadscrew or a rack and pinion to manually position the turret. The turret is used to accurately cut straight lines. They often have a provision to turn very large parts on the other end of the headstock, using a free-standing toolrest. Another way of turning large parts is a sliding bed, which can slide away from the headstock and thus open up a gap in front of the headstock for large parts.
Metalworking
In a metalworking lathe, metal is removed from the workpiece using a hardened cutting tool, which is usually fixed to a solid moveable mounting, either a tool-post or a turret, which is then moved against the workpiece using handwheels or computer-controlled motors. These cutting tools come in a wide range of sizes and shapes, depending upon their application. Some common styles are diamond, round, square and triangular.
The tool-post is operated by lead-screws that can accurately position the tool in a variety of planes. The tool-post may be driven manually or automatically to produce the roughing and finishing cuts required to turn the workpiece to the desired shape and dimensions, or for cutting threads, worm gears, etc. Cutting fluid may also be pumped to the cutting site to provide cooling, lubrication and clearing of swarf from the workpiece. Some lathes may be operated under control of a computer for mass production of parts (see "Computer numerical control").
Manually controlled metalworking lathes are commonly provided with a variable-ratio gear-train to drive the main lead-screw. This enables different thread pitches to be cut. On some older lathes or more affordable new lathes, the gear trains are changed by swapping gears with various numbers of teeth onto or off of the shafts, while more modern or expensive manually controlled lathes have a quick-change box to provide commonly used ratios by the operation of a lever. CNC lathes use computers and servomechanisms to regulate the rates of movement.
On manually controlled lathes, the thread pitches that can be cut are, in some ways, determined by the pitch of the lead-screw: A lathe with a metric lead-screw will readily cut metric threads (including BA), while one with an imperial lead-screw will readily cut imperial-unit-based threads such as BSW or UTS (UNF, UNC). This limitation is not insurmountable, because a 127-tooth gear, called a transposing gear, is used to translate between metric and inch thread pitches. However, this is optional equipment that many lathe owners do not own. It is also a larger change-wheel than the others, and on some lathes may be larger than the change-wheel mounting banjo is capable of mounting.
The workpiece may be supported between a pair of points called centres, or it may be bolted to a faceplate or held in a chuck. A chuck has movable jaws that can grip the workpiece securely.
There are some effects on material properties when using a metalworking lathe. There are few chemical or physical effects, but there are many mechanical effects, which include residual stress, micro-cracks, work-hardening, and tempering in hardened materials.
Cue lathes
Cue lathes function similarly to turning and spinning lathes, allowing a perfectly radially-symmetrical cut for billiard cues. They can also be used to refinish cues that have been worn over the years.
Glass-working
Glass-working lathes are similar in design to other lathes, but differ markedly in how the workpiece is modified. Glass-working lathes slowly rotate a hollow glass vessel over a fixed- or variable-temperature flame. The source of the flame may be either hand-held or mounted to a banjo/cross-slide that can be moved along the lathe bed. The flame serves to soften the glass being worked, so that the glass in a specific area of the workpiece becomes ductile and subject to forming either by inflation ("glassblowing") or by deformation with a heat-resistant tool. Such lathes usually have two head-stocks with chucks holding the work, arranged so that they both rotate together in unison. Air can be introduced through the headstock chuck spindle for glassblowing. The tools to deform the glass and tubes to blow (inflate) the glass are usually handheld.
In diamond turning, a computer-controlled lathe with a diamond-tipped tool is used to make precision optical surfaces in glass or other optical materials. Unlike conventional optical grinding, complex aspheric surfaces can be machined easily. Instead of the dovetailed ways used on the tool slide of a metal-turning lathe, the ways typically float on air bearings, and the position of the tool is measured by optical interferometry to achieve the necessary standard of precision for optical work. The finished work piece usually requires a small amount of subsequent polishing by conventional techniques to achieve a finished surface suitably smooth for use in a lens, but the rough grinding time is significantly reduced for complex lenses.
Metal-spinning
In metal spinning, a disk of sheet metal is held perpendicularly to the main axis of the lathe, and tools with polished tips (spoons) or roller tips are hand-held, but levered by hand against fixed posts, to develop pressure that deforms the spinning sheet of metal.
Metal-spinning lathes are almost as simple as wood-turning lathes. Typically, metal spinning requires a mandrel, usually made from wood, which serves as the template onto which the workpiece is formed (asymmetric shapes can be made, but it is a very advanced technique). For example, to make a sheet metal bowl, a solid block of wood in the shape of the bowl is required; similarly, to make a vase, a solid template of the vase is required.
Given the advent of high-speed, high-pressure, industrial die forming, metal spinning is less common now than it once was, but still a valuable technique for producing one-off prototypes or small batches, where die forming would be uneconomical.
Ornamental turning
The ornamental turning lathe was developed around the same time as the industrial screw-cutting lathe in the nineteenth century. It was used not for making practical objects, but for decorative work: ornamental turning. By using accessories such as the horizontal and vertical cutting frames, eccentric chuck and elliptical chuck, solids of extraordinary complexity may be produced by various generative procedures.
A special-purpose lathe, the Rose engine lathe, is also used for ornamental turning, in particular for engine turning, typically in precious metals, for example to decorate pocket-watch cases. As well as a wide range of accessories, these lathes usually have complex dividing arrangements to allow the exact rotation of the mandrel. Cutting is usually carried out by rotating cutters, rather than directly by the rotation of the work itself. Because of the difficulty of polishing such work, the materials turned, such as wood or ivory, are usually quite soft, and the cutter has to be exceptionally sharp. The finest ornamental lathes are generally considered to be those made by Holtzapffel around the turn of the 19th century.
Reducing
Many types of lathes can be equipped with accessory components to allow them to reproduce an item: the original item is mounted on one spindle, the blank is mounted on another, and as both turn in synchronized manner, one end of an arm "reads" the original and the other end of the arm "carves" the duplicate.
A reduction lathe is a specialized lathe that is designed with this feature and incorporates a mechanism similar to a pantograph, so that when the "reading" end of the arm reads a detail that measures one inch (for example), the cutting end of the arm creates an analogous detail that is (for example) one quarter of an inch (a 4:1 reduction, although given appropriate machinery and appropriate settings, any reduction ratio is possible).
Reducing lathes are used in coin-making, where a plaster original (or an epoxy master made from the plaster original, or a copper-shelled master made from the plaster original, etc.) is duplicated and reduced on the reducing lathe, generating a master die.
Rotary lathes
A lathe in which wood logs are turned against a very sharp blade and peeled off in one continuous or semi-continuous roll. Invented by Immanuel Nobel (father of the more famous Alfred Nobel). The first such lathes in the United States were set up in the mid-19th century. The product is called wood veneer and it is used for making plywood and as a cosmetic surface veneer on some grades of chipboard.
Watchmaking
Watchmakers lathes are delicate but precise metalworking lathes, usually without provision for screwcutting, and are still used by horologists for work such as the turning of balance staffs. A handheld tool called a graver is often used in preference to a slide-mounted tool. The original watchmaker's turns was a simple dead-center lathe with a moveable rest and two loose head-stocks. The workpiece would be rotated by a bow, typically of horsehair, wrapped around it.
Transcription or recording
Transcription or recording lathes are used to make grooves on a surface for recording sounds. These were used in creating sound grooves on wax cylinders and then on flat recording discs originally also made of wax, but later as lacquers on a substratum. Originally the cutting lathes were driven by sound vibrations through a horn in a process known as acoustic recording and later driven by an electric current when microphones were first used in sound recording. Many such lathes were professional models, but others were developed for home recording and were common before the advent of home tape recording.
Performance
National and international standards are used to standardize the definitions, environmental requirements, and test methods used for the performance evaluation of lathes. Election of the standard to be used is an agreement between the supplier and the user and has some significance in the design of the lathe. In the United States, ASME has developed the B5.57 Standard entitled "Methods for Performance Evaluation of Computer Numerically Controlled Lathes and Turning Centers", which establishes requirements and methods for specifying and testing the performance of CNC lathes and turning centers.
See also
Diamond turning
Gun drill
Mandrel
Segmented turning
Solid of revolution
Unimat
References
Further reading
Oscar E. Perrigo. Modern American Lathe Practice. A New, Complete and Practical Work on the "king of Machine Shop Tools.", 1907.
Joshua Rose. The Complete Practical Machinist: Embracing Lathe Work, Vise Work, Drills, etc., Philadelphia: H.C. Baird & Co., 1876; 2nd ed. 1885.
External links
Lathe Machine Operations
Machine Tool Archive
Early Wood-Working
Spring pole lathe
Modern Machine Shop Practice a historic Victorian text describing lathe design, construction and use in the 1880s.
"The Forgotten Power Tool." Popular Science, December 1959, pp. 149–152.
Disc Cutting and Recording Lathes
History of the Lathe
Egyptian inventions | wiki |
Fetch TV est un fournisseur australien de télévision IPTV qui offre un service de télévision par abonnement sur le service Internet régulier d'un utilisateur. Fetch TV a été lancé en 2010, soutenu par sa maison mère malaisienne Astro All Asia Networks, qui détient 75% de l'entreprise.
Fetch TV fournit un set top box avec un accordeur TV numérique, un enregistreur vidéo personnel et jusqu'à 45 canaux d'abonnement, des vidéos à la demande, des films à la carte, des applications web et une application mobile.
Le service est fourni par HLS adaptatif bitrate streaming. La vitesse minimale de synchronisation Internet requise varie selon la méthode de livraison des FAI. La majorité du contenu De Fetch TV n'est pas mesurée lorsqu'elle est fournie sur une connexion haut débit par un partenaire fainétisme Fetch TV.
Notes et références
https://www.finder.com.au/10-all-access-joins-fetch-tv
Entreprise des médias ayant son siège en Australie
Entreprise du divertissement ayant son siège en Australie
Entreprise ayant son siège à Sydney | wiki |
A list of orders, deliveries, and current and previous operators of the Airbus A310 .
References
operators
Airbus A310
el:Χρήστες του Airbus A310 | wiki |
Physiculus argyropastus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van diepzeekabeljauwen (Moridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1894 door Alcock.
Diepzeekabeljauwen | wiki |
Shrewsbury sauce is an English savoury pouring sauce, thought to have originated in the west midland town of Shrewsbury. The main ingredients to the sauce are red wine, redcurrants, tomato puree (giving the sauce its traditional, bright red appearance), rosemary, mustard (powder) and stock. Traditionally used as an accompaniment for lamb, the sauce has since found use in other dishes due to its popularity.
See also
List of sauces
References
Sauces
British condiments | wiki |
The International Staff (IS) is a body situated at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) headquarters (HQ) that provides advice, guidance, and administrative support to the national delegations and the North Atlantic Council (NAC).
See also
International Military Staff
References
External links
NATO headquarters | wiki |
Jump start or Jump Start may refer to:
Jump start (vehicle), a method of starting an automobile
Jump start (motorsport)
Operation Jump Start
Arts and entertainment
Jump Start (comic strip), a daily comic strip by cartoonist Robb Armstrong
"Jump Start", a song by Greg Howe from his 1993 album Introspection
"Jump Start", a song by The Hang Ups that appeared in the 1997 film Chasing Amy
"Jump Start", a song by Natalie Cole from her 1987 album Everlasting
"Jump Start", a song by Jethro Tull on the album Crest of a Knave
Organizations
Jumpstart for Young Children, a nonprofit organization
Jump$tart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy, a non-profit organization
Jumpstart (Jewish), a California organization
Technology
JumpStart, an educational software series
JumpStart (Solaris), a computer network installation tool
Jumpstart Technologies
Other uses
Jumpstart, a space mission of the United States Operationally Responsive Space Office
See also
Jumper (disambiguation)
Jumper cable, electric cables which connect two rail or road vehicles | wiki |
The Shot was a basketball play by Michael Jordan during Game 5 of the 1989 NBA Eastern Conference First Round.
The Shot may also refer to:
Basketball
The Shot (Duke–Kentucky), by Christian Laettner of Duke during the Elite Eight of the 1992 NCAA Tournament against Kentucky
The Shot (Valparaiso University), by Bryce Drew of Valparaiso during the first round of the 1998 NCAA Tournament against Mississippi
Television
The Shot (TV series), an American reality competition show
"The Shot" (BoJack Horseman), a television episode
"The Shot" (Rugrats), a television episode
Other uses
"The Shot" (Pushkin), an 1831 short story by Aleksandr Pushkin
The Shot (1969 film), a 1969 Swedish film
The Shot, a 2003 short film by Puven Pather
The Shot, backing group for Graham Parker on his 1985 album Steady Nerves
See also
Shot (disambiguation)
Shot heard round the world, a phrase referring to several historical incidents
Shoot (disambiguation) | wiki |
This article is about cod and other cod-like fishes from the family of Gadidae, such as haddock, pollock, and whiting, regarded as food.
Cod
Cod is popular as a food with a mild flavour and a dense, flaky white flesh. Young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod. Cod's soft liver can be canned or fermented into cod liver oil, providing an excellent source of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA). Cod flesh is moist and flaky when cooked and is white in colour. In the United Kingdom, Atlantic cod is one of the most common ingredients in fish and chips, along with haddock and plaice. Cod can be easily turned into various other products, such as cod liver oil, omega pills, etc.
Other cod-like fish
Haddock
Haddock is a very popular food fish, sold fresh, smoked, frozen, dried, and, to a small extent, canned. Haddock, along with cod and plaice, is one of the most popular fish used in British fish and chips.
Fresh haddock has a clean white flesh and can be cooked in the same ways as cod. Freshness of a haddock fillet can be determined by how well it holds together, as a fresh one will be firm; also, fillets should be translucent, while older fillets turn a chalky hue. Young, fresh haddock and cod fillets are often sold as scrod in Boston, Massachusetts; this refers to the size of the fish which have a variety of sizes, i.e. scrod, markets, and cows. Haddock is the predominant fish of choice in Scotland in a fish supper. It is also the main ingredient of Norwegian fishballs (fiskeboller).
Unlike the related cod, haddock does not salt well and is often preserved by drying and smoking.
The smoking of haddock is something that was highly refined in Grimsby. Traditional Grimsby smoked fish (mainly haddock, but sometimes cod) is produced in the traditional smoke houses in Grimsby, which are mostly family-run businesses that have developed their skills over many generations. Grimsby fish market sources its haddock from the North East Atlantic, principally Iceland, Norway and Faroe. These fishing grounds are sustainably managed and have not seen the large scale depreciation in fish stocks seen in EU waters.
One popular form of haddock is Finnan haddie, named for the fishing village of Finnan or Findon in Scotland, where it was originally cold-smoked over peat. Finnan haddie is often served poached in milk for breakfast.
The town of Arbroath on the east coast of Scotland produces the Arbroath Smokie. This is a hot-smoked haddock which requires no further cooking before eating.
Smoked haddock naturally has an off-white color; it is very often dyed yellow, as are other smoked fish. Smoked haddock is the essential ingredient in the Anglo-Indian dish kedgeree.
In 2010, Greenpeace International has added the haddock to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."
Pollock
Atlantic pollock is largely considered to be a whitefish, although it is a fairly strongly flavored one. Traditionally a popular source of food in some countries, such as Norway, in the United Kingdom it has previously been largely consumed as a cheaper and versatile alternative to cod and haddock. However, in recent years pollock has become more popular due to over-fishing of cod and haddock. It can now be found in most supermarkets as fresh fillets or prepared freezer items. For example, it is used minced in fish fingers or as an ingredient in imitation crab meat.
Because of its slightly gray color, pollock is often prepared, as in Norway, as fried fish balls, or if juvenile sized, breaded with oatmeal and fried, as in Shetland. Year-old fish are traditionally split, salted and dried over a peat hearth in Orkney, where their texture becomes wooden and somewhat phosphorescent. The fish can also be salted and smoked and achieve a salmon-like orange color (although it is not closely related to the salmon), as is the case in Germany where the fish is commonly sold as Seelachs or sea salmon. In Korea, pollock may be repeatedly frozen and melted to create hwangtae, half-dried to create ko-da-ri, or fully dried and eaten as book-o.
In 2009, U.K. supermarket Sainsbury's renamed pollock 'Colin' in a bid to boost ecofriendly sales of the fish as an alternative to cod. The supermarket also suggested some shoppers may be too embarrassed to ask for the species under its proper title, due to its reputation as an inferior fish, and its similarity to a popular English swear word (bollocks). Sainsbury's, which said the new name was derived from the French for cooked pollock (colin), launched the product under the banner "Colin and chips can save British cod."
Dishes
See also
Alaska pollock as food
Arbroath smokie
Boknafisk
Cod liver oil
Dried and salted cod
Stockfish
Filet-O-Fish
List of smoked foods
Notes
References
O'Clair, Rita M. and O'Clair, Charles E., "Pacific herring," Southeast Alaska's Rocky Shores: Animals. pg. 343–346. Plant Press: Auke Bay, Alaska (1998).
External links
Long term trends in Norwegian cod fisheries – the pioneers
Species factsheet on cod from the UK Sea Fish Industry Authority (PDF, 2MB)
Commercial fish
Smoked fish | wiki |
A set is artificially constructed scenery used in theatre, film and TV. In the latter two cases there are many reasons to build or use a set instead of travelling to a real location, such as budget, time, the need to control the environment, or the fact that the place does not exist. Sets are normally constructed on a film studio backlot or sound stage, but any place that has been modified to give the feel of another place is a set.
Gallery
See also
Location shooting
Theatrical scenery
Set construction
References
Film and video terminology
Scenic design | wiki |
Robert or Bob Spears may refer to:
Robert Spears (minister) (1825–1899), British Unitarian minister
Robert Spears (cyclist) (1893–1950), Australian cyclist
Robert Spears (naturopath) (1894–1969), naturopath
Robert R. Spears Jr. (1908–2008), American Christian clergyman
See also
Robert Spear (disambiguation) | wiki |
Marsh hen may refer to:
Marsh Hen, an American sailboat design
Marsh Hen Mill, an American company
Moorhen, sometimes called a marsh hen, a species of bird
See also
Marshbird
Marsh (disambiguation)
Hen (disambiguation) | wiki |
Bill Fritschy, pilote de rallyes britannique
Martina Fritschy (née en 1983), coureuse suisse de course d'orientation | wiki |
Waistline may refer to:
Waist, the narrow point of the human body between the ribcage and hips
Waistline (clothing), the line of demarcation between the upper and lower portions of a garment | wiki |
Up in Mabel's Room (1926), een film van E. Mason Hopper
Up in Mabel's Room (1944), een film van Allan Dwan | wiki |
Dance Dance Revolution is a music video game series by Konami. It may also refer to the following articles.
Video games
Dance Dance Revolution (1998 video game), a 1998 music arcade game and ported to PlayStation in 1999
Dancing Stage (video game) also known as Dance Dance Revolution, a 2001 video game for PlayStation
Dance Dance Revolution (2010 video game), a 2010 game for Wii, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360
Dance Dance Revolution (2013 video game), a 2013 music arcade game
Others
"Dance Dance Revolution" (song), song by DDR All Stars from the music video game Dance Dance Revolution Extreme
Dance Dance Revolution (book), an anthology of poems by Cathy Park Hong
See also
Dance Revolution, a 2006 television series based on the video game series | wiki |
In chess and other similar games, the endgame (or end game or ending) is the stage of the game when few pieces are left on the board.
The line between middlegame and endgame is often not clear, and may occur gradually or with the quick exchange of a few pairs of pieces. The endgame, however, tends to have different characteristics from the middlegame, and the players have correspondingly different strategic concerns. In particular, pawns become more important as endgames often revolve around attempting to promote a pawn by advancing it to the eighth . The king, which normally should stay hidden during the game should become active in the endgame, as it can help escort pawns to the promotion square, attack enemy pawns, protect other pieces, and restrict the movement of the enemy king.
All chess positions with up to seven pieces on the board have been solved, that is, the outcome (win, loss, or draw) of best play by both sides is known, and textbooks and reference works teach the best play. Most endgames are not solved, and textbooks teach useful strategies and tactics for them. The body of chess theory devoted to endgames is known as endgame theory. Compared to chess opening theory, which changes frequently, giving way to middlegame positions that fall in and out of popularity, endgame theory is less subject to change.
Many endgame studies have been composed, endgame positions which are solved by finding a win for White when there is no obvious way to win, or a draw when it seems White must lose. In some compositions, the starting position would be unlikely to occur in an actual game; but if the starting position is not so exotic, the composition is sometimes incorporated into endgame theory.
Chess players classify endgames according to the type of pieces that remain.
Categories
Endgames can be divided into three categories:
Theoretical endgames – positions where the correct line of play is generally known and well-analyzed, so the solution is a matter of technique
Practical endgames – positions arising in actual games, where skillful play should transform it into a theoretical endgame position
Artistic endgames (studies) – contrived positions which contain a theoretical endgame hidden by problematic complications.
This article generally does not consider studies.
The start of the endgame
An endgame is when there are only a few pieces left. There is no strict criterion for when an endgame begins, and different experts have different opinions. Alexander Alekhine said "We cannot define when the middle game ends and the end-game starts". With the usual system for chess piece relative value, Speelman considers that endgames are positions in which each player has thirteen or fewer points in (not counting the king). Alternatively, an endgame is a position in which the king can be used actively, but there are some famous exceptions to that. Minev characterizes endgames as positions having four or fewer pieces other than kings and pawns. Some authors consider endgames to be positions without queens (e.g. Fine, 1952), while others consider a position to be an endgame when each player has less than a queen plus rook in material. Flear considers an endgame to be where each player has at most one piece (other than kings and pawns) and positions with more material where each player has at most two pieces to be "Not Quite an Endgame" (NQE), pronounced "nuckie".
Alburt and Krogius give three characteristics of an endgame:
Endgames favor an aggressive king.
Passed pawns increase greatly in importance.
Zugzwang is often a factor in endgames and rarely in other stages of the game.
Some problem composers consider that the endgame starts when the player who is about to move can force a win or a draw against any variation of moves.
Mednis and Crouch address the question of what constitutes an endgame negatively. The game is still in the middlegame if middlegame elements still describe the position. The game is not in the endgame if these apply:
better ;
open for attacking;
vulnerable king position;
misplaced pieces.
General considerations
In endgames with pieces and pawns, an extra pawn is a winning advantage in 50 to 60 percent of cases. It becomes more decisive if the stronger side also has a positional advantage. In general, the player with a advantage tries to exchange pieces and reach the endgame. In the endgame, the player with a material advantage should usually try to exchange pieces but avoid the exchange of pawns. There are some exceptions to this: (1) endings in which both sides have two rooks plus pawns – the player with more pawns has better winning chances if a pair of rooks are not exchanged, and (2) bishops on opposite color with other pieces – the stronger side should avoid exchanging the other pieces. Also when all of the pawns are on the same side of the board, often the stronger side must exchange pawns to try to create a passed pawn.
In the endgame, it is usually better for the player with more pawns to avoid many pawn exchanges, because winning chances usually decrease as the number of pawns decreases. Also, endings with pawns on both sides of the board are much easier to win. A king and pawn endgame with an outside passed pawn should be a far easier win than a middlegame a rook ahead.
Usually in the endgame, the stronger side (the one with more using the standard piece point count system) should try to exchange pieces (knights, bishops, rooks, and queens), while avoiding the exchange of pawns. This generally makes it easier to convert a material advantage into a won game. The defending side should strive for the opposite.
Usually the first person to make a queen in the endgame wins if the opponent is unable to promote the turn immediately after.
With the recent growth of computer chess, a development has been the creation of endgame databases which are tables of stored positions calculated by retrograde analysis (such a database is called an endgame tablebase). A program which incorporates knowledge from such a database is able to play perfect chess on reaching any position in the database.
Max Euwe and Walter Meiden give these five generalizations:
In king and pawn endings, an extra pawn is decisive in more than 90 percent of the cases.
In endgames with pieces and pawns, an extra pawn is a winning advantage in 50 to 60 percent of the cases. It becomes more decisive if the stronger side has a positional advantage.
The king plays an important role in the endgame.
Initiative is more important in the endgame than in other phases of the game. In rook endgames the initiative is usually worth at least a pawn.
Two connected passed pawns are very strong. If they reach their sixth they are generally as powerful as a rook.
Common types of endgames
Endings with no pawns
Basic checkmates
Many endings without pawns have been solved, that is, best play for both sides from any starting position can be determined, and the outcome (win, loss, or draw) is known. For example, the following are all wins for the side with pieces:
king and queen against a king—A queen, with its king, can easily checkmate a lone king.
king and rook against a king
king and two bishops of opposite colour against a king
king, bishop, and knight against a king
See Wikibooks – Chess/The Endgame for a demonstration of the first two checkmates, which are generally taught in textbooks as basic knowledge. The last two are sometimes taught as basic knowledge as well, although the procedure for mate with bishop and knight is relatively difficult and many tournament players do not know it.
Other endings with no pawns
The ending of king and bishop versus king is a trivial draw, in that checkmate is not even possible. Likewise for king and knight versus king.
Two knights cannot force checkmate against a lone king (see Two knights endgame). While there is a board position that allows two knights to checkmate a lone king, such requires a careless move by the weaker side to execute. If the weaker side also has material (besides the king), checkmate is sometimes possible. The winning chances with two knights are insignificant except against a few pawns. () The procedure can be long and difficult. In competition, the fifty-move rule will often result in the game being drawn first.
The endgame of king and three knights against king will not normally occur in a game, but it is of theoretical interest. The three knights win.
Two of the most common pawnless endgames (when the defense has a piece in addition to the king) are (1) a queen versus a rook and (2) a rook and bishop versus a rook. A queen wins against a rook — see pawnless chess endgame#Queen versus rook. A rook and bishop versus a rook is generally a theoretical draw, but the defense is difficult and there are winning positions (see Rook and bishop versus rook endgame).
King and pawn endings
King and pawn endgames involve only kings and pawns on one or both sides. International Master Cecil Purdy said, "Pawn endings are to chess as putting is to golf." Any endgame with pieces and pawns has the possibility of into a pawn ending.
In king and pawn endings, an extra pawn is decisive in more than 90 percent of the cases. Getting a passed pawn is crucial (a passed pawn is one which does not have an opposing pawn on its file or on adjacent files on its way to promotion). Nimzovich once said that a passed pawn has a "lust to expand". An is particularly deadly. The point of this is a decoy – while the defending king is preventing it from queening, the attacking king wins pawns on the other side.
Opposition is an important technique that is used to gain an advantage. When two kings are in opposition, they are on the same (or ) with one empty square separating them. The player having the move loses the opposition. That player must move the king and allow the opponent's king to advance. Note however that the opposition is a means to an end, which is penetration into the enemy position. The attacker should try to penetrate with or without the opposition. The tactics of triangulation and zugzwang as well as the theory of corresponding squares are often decisive.
Unlike most positions, king and pawn endgames can usually be analyzed to a definite conclusion, given enough skill and time. An error in a king and pawn endgame almost always turns a win into a draw or a draw into a loss – there is little chance for recovery. Accuracy is most important in these endgames. There are three fundamental ideas in these endgames: opposition, triangulation, and the Réti manoeuvre.
King and pawn versus king
This is one of the most basic endgames. A draw results if the defending king can reach the square in front of the pawn or the square in front of that (or capture the pawn). If the attacking king can prevent that, the king will assist the pawn in being promoted to a queen or rook, and checkmate can be achieved. A is an exception because the king may not be able to get out of the way of its pawn.
Knight and pawn endings
Knight and pawn endgames feature clever manoeuvring by the knights to capture opponent pawns. While a knight is poor at chasing a passed pawn, it is the ideal piece to block a passed pawn. Knights cannot lose a tempo, so knight and pawn endgames have much in common with king and pawn endgames. As a result, Mikhail Botvinnik stated, “A knight ending is really a pawn ending.”
Knight and pawn versus knight
This is generally a draw since the knight can be sacrificed for the pawn, however, the king and knight must be covering squares in the pawn's path. If the pawn reaches the seventh rank and is supported by its king and knight, it usually promotes and wins. In this position, White to move wins: 1. b6 Nb7! 2. Ne6! Na5 3. Kc8! N-any 4. Nc7#. If Black plays the knight to any other square on move 2, White plays Kc8 anyway, threatening b7+ and promotion if the knight leaves the defense of the b7 square. Black to move draws starting with 1... Nc4 because White cannot gain a tempo.
Bishop and pawn endings
Bishop and pawn endgames come in two distinctly different variants. If the opposing bishops go on the same color of square, the mobility of the bishops is a crucial factor. A is one that is hemmed in by pawns of its own color, and has the burden of defending them.
The adjacent diagram, from Molnar–Nagy, Hungary 1966, illustrates the concepts of good bishop versus bad bishop, opposition, zugzwang, and outside passed pawn. White wins with 1. e6! (vacating e5 for his king) 1... Bxe6 2. Bc2! (threatening Bxg6) 2... Bf7 3. Be4! (threatening Bxc6) 3... Be8 4. Ke5! (seizing the opposition [i.e. the kings are two orthogonal squares apart, with the other player on move] and placing Black in zugzwang—he must either move his king, allowing White's king to penetrate, or his bishop, allowing a decisive incursion by White's bishop) 4... Bd7 5. Bxg6!
Bishop and pawn versus bishop on the same color
Two rules given by Luigi Centurini in the 19th century apply:
The game is a draw if the defending king can reach any square in front of the pawn that is opposite in color to the squares the bishops travel on.
If the defending king is behind the pawn and the attacking king is near the pawn, the defender can draw only if his king is attacking the pawn, he has the opposition, and his bishop can move on two diagonals that each have at least two squares available (other than the square it is on). This is the case for and the whose promotion square is not the same color as the bishop.
The position in the second diagram shows a winning position for White, although it requires accurate play. A always wins if the defending bishop only has one long diagonal available.
This position was reached in a game from the 1965 Candidates Tournament between Lajos Portisch and former World Champion Mikhail Tal. White must defend accurately and utilize reciprocal zugzwang. Often he has only one or two moves that avoid a losing position. Black was unable to make any progress and the game was drawn on move 83.
Bishops on opposite colors
Endings with bishops of opposite color, meaning that one bishop works on the light squares, the other one working on dark squares, are notorious for their character. Many players in a poor position have saved themselves from a loss by trading down to such an endgame. They are often drawn even when one side has a two-pawn advantage, since the weaker side can create a blockade on the squares on which his bishop operates. The weaker side should often try to make their bishop by placing their pawns on the same color of their bishop in order to defend their remaining pawns, thereby creating an impregnable fortress.
Bishop versus knight endings (with pawns)
Current theory is that bishops are better than knights about 60 percent of the time in the endgame. The more symmetrical the pawn structure, the better it is for the knight. The knight is best suited at an outpost in the center, particularly where it cannot easily be driven away, whereas the bishop is strongest when it can attack targets on both sides of the board or a series of squares of the same color.
Fine and Benko give four conclusions:
In general the bishop is better than the knight.
When there is a material advantage, the difference between the bishop and knight is not very important. However, the bishop usually wins more easily than the knight.
If the material is even, the position should be drawn. However, the bishop can exploit positional advantages more efficiently.
When most of the pawns are on the same color as the bishop (i.e. a bad bishop), the knight is better.
Bishop and pawn versus knight
This is a draw if the defending king is in front of the pawn or sufficiently close. The defending king can occupy a square in front of the pawn of the opposite color as the bishop and cannot be driven away. Otherwise the attacker can win.
Knight and pawn versus bishop
This is a draw if the defending king is in front of the pawn or sufficiently near. The bishop is kept on a diagonal that the pawn must cross, and the knight cannot both block the bishop and drive the defending king away. Otherwise, the attacker can win.
Rook and pawn endings
Rook and pawn endgames are often drawn in spite of one side having an extra pawn. (In some cases, two extra pawns are not enough to win.) An extra pawn is harder to convert to a win in a rook and pawn endgame than any other type of endgame except a bishop endgame with bishops on opposite colors. Rook endings are probably the deepest and most well studied endgames. They are a common type of endgame in practice, occurring in about 10 percent of all games (including ones that do not reach an endgame). These endgames occur frequently because rooks are often the last pieces to be exchanged. The ability to play these endgames well is a major factor distinguishing masters from amateurs. When both sides have two rooks and pawns, the stronger side usually has more winning chances than if each had only one rook.
Three rules of thumb regarding rooks are worth noting:
Rooks should almost always be placed behind passed pawns, whether one's own or the opponent's (the Tarrasch rule). A notable exception is in the ending of a rook and pawn versus a rook, if the pawn is not too far advanced. In that case, the best place for the opposing rook is in front of the pawn.
Rooks are very poor defenders relative to their attacking strength, so it is often good to sacrifice a pawn for activity.
A rook on the seventh rank can wreak mayhem among the opponent's pawns. The power of a rook on the seventh rank is not confined to the endgame. The classic example is Capablanca versus Tartakower, New York 1924 (see annotated game without diagrams or Java board)
An important winning position in the rook and pawn versus rook endgame is the so-called Lucena position. If the side with the pawn can reach the Lucena position, he wins. There are several important drawing techniques, however, such as the Philidor position, the back-rank defense (rook on the first rank, for and only), the frontal defense, and the short-side defense. A general rule is that if the weaker side's king can get to the queening square of the pawn, the game is a draw and otherwise it is a win, but there are many exceptions.
Rook and pawn versus rook
Generally (but not always), if the defending king can reach the queening square of the pawn the game is a draw (see Philidor position), otherwise the attacker usually wins (if it is not a rook pawn) (see Lucena position). The winning procedure can be very difficult and some positions require up to sixty moves to win. If the attacking rook is two files from the pawn and the defending king is cut off on the other side, the attacker normally wins (with a few exceptions). The rook and pawn versus rook is the most common of the "piece and pawn versus piece" endgames.
The most difficult case of a rook and pawn versus a rook occurs when the attacking rook is one file over from the pawn and the defending king is cut off on the other side. Siegbert Tarrasch gave the following rules for this case: For a player defending against a pawn on the fifth or even sixth ranks to obtain a draw, even after his king has been forced off the queening square, the following conditions must obtain: The file on which the pawn stands divides the board into two unequal parts. The defending rook must stand in the longer part and give checks from the flank at the greatest possible distance from the attacking king. Nothing less than a distance of three files makes it possible for the rook to keep on giving check. Otherwise it would ultimately be attacked by the king. The defending king must stand on the smaller part of the board.
(See the short side defense at Rook and pawn versus rook endgame.)
Quotation
"All rook and pawn endings are drawn."
The context of this quote shows it is a comment on the fact that a small advantage in a rook and pawn endgame is less likely to be converted into a win. Mark Dvoretsky said that the statement is "semi-joking, semi-serious". This quotation has variously been attributed to Savielly Tartakower and to Siegbert Tarrasch. Writers Victor Korchnoi, John Emms, and James Howell, attribute the quote to Tartakower, whereas Dvoretsky, Andrew Soltis, Karsten Müller, and Kaufeld & Kern attribute it to Tarrasch. John Watson attributed to Tarrasch "by legend" and says that statistics do not support the statement. Benko wonders if it was due to Vasily Smyslov. Attributing the quote to Tarrasch may be a result of confusion between this quote and the Tarrasch rule concerning rooks. The source of the quote is currently unresolved. Benko noted that although the saying is usually said with tongue in cheek, it is truer in practice than one might think.
Queen and pawn endings
In queen and pawn endings, passed pawns have paramount importance, because the queen can escort it to the queening square alone. The advancement of the passed pawn outweighs the number of pawns. The defender must resort to perpetual check. These endings are frequently extremely long affairs. For an example of a queen and pawn endgame see Kasparov versus the World – Kasparov won although he had fewer pawns because his was more advanced. For the ending with a queen versus a pawn, see Queen versus pawn endgame.
Queen and pawn versus queen
The queen and pawn versus queen endgame is the second most common of the "piece and pawn versus piece" endgames, after rook and pawn versus rook. It is very complicated and difficult to play. Human analysts were not able to make a complete analysis before the advent of endgame tablebases. This combination is a win less frequently than the equivalent ending with rooks.
Rook versus a minor piece
The difference in between a rook and a is about two points or a little less, the equivalent of two pawns.
A rook and a pawn versus a minor piece: normally a win for the rook but there are some draws. In particular, if the pawn is on its sixth rank and is a or , and the bishop does not control the pawn's promotion square, the position is a draw. See Wrong bishop.
A rook versus a minor piece: normally a draw but in some cases the rook wins, see pawnless chess endgame.
A rook versus a minor piece and one pawn: usually a draw but the rook may win.
A rook versus a minor piece and two pawns: usually a draw but the minor piece may win.
A rook versus a minor piece and three pawns: a win for the minor piece.
If both sides have pawns, the result essentially depends on how many pawns the minor piece has for the exchange:
No pawns for the exchange (i.e. same number of pawns on each side): the rook usually wins.
One pawn for the exchange (i.e. minor piece has one more pawn): the rook usually wins, but it is technically difficult. If all of the pawns are on one side of the board it is usually a draw.
Two pawns for the exchange: this is normally a draw. With a bishop either side may have winning chances. With a knight, the rook may have winning chances and the defense is difficult for the knight if the pawns are scattered.
Three pawns for the exchange: this is normally a win for the minor piece.
Two minor pieces versus a rook
In an endgame, two are approximately equivalent to a rook plus one pawn. The pawn structure is important. The two pieces have the advantage if the opponent's pawns are weak. Initiative is more important in this endgame than any other. The general outcome can be broken down by the number of pawns.
The two pieces have one or more extra pawns: always a win for the pieces.
Same number of pawns: usually a draw but the two pieces win more often than the rook.
The rook has one extra pawn: usually a draw but either side may have winning chances, depending on positional factors.
The rook has two additional pawns: normally a win for the rook.
Queen versus two rooks
Without pawns this is normally drawn, but either side wins in some positions. A queen and pawn are normally equivalent to two rooks, which is usually a draw if both sides have an equal number of additional pawns. Two rooks plus one pawn versus a queen is also generally drawn. Otherwise, if either side has an additional pawn, that side normally wins. While playing for a draw, the defender (the side with fewer pawns) should try to avoid situations in which the queen and rooks are forcibly traded into a losing king and pawn endgame.
Queen versus rook and minor piece
If there are no pawns, the position is usually drawn, but either side wins in some positions. A queen is equivalent to a rook and bishop plus one pawn. If the queen has an additional pawn it wins, but with difficulty. A rook and bishop plus two pawns win over a queen.
Queen versus rook
Without pawns, the queen normally wins but it can be difficult and there are some drawn positions (see Philidor position#Queen versus rook).
If the rook has one pawn drawing positions are possible, depending on the pawn and the proximity of the rook and king. See fortress (chess)#Rook and pawn versus queen. Otherwise the queen wins.
If the rook has two connected pawns the position is usually a draw. For any other two pawns, the queen wins except in the positions where a fortress with one pawn can be reached.
If the rook has three or more pawns the position is usually a draw but there are cases in which the queen wins and some in which the rook wins.
If the queen also has a pawn or pawns it wins except in unusual positions.
Piece versus pawns
There are many cases for a lone piece versus pawns. The position of the pawns is critical.
Minor piece versus pawns: A minor piece versus one or two pawns is normally a draw, unless the pawns are advanced. Three pawns either draw or win, depending on how advanced they are. Three connected pawns win against a bishop if they all get past their fourth rank. A knight can draw against three connected pawns if none are beyond their fourth rank.
Rook versus pawns: If the rook's king is not near, one pawn draws and two pawns win. If the rook's king is near, the rook wins over one or two pawns and draws against three. Four pawns usually win but the rook may be able to draw, depending on their position. More than four pawns win against the rook.
Queen versus pawns: A queen can win against any number of pawns, depending on how advanced they are. The queen would win against eight pawns on the second rank but one pawn on the seventh rank may draw (see Queen versus pawn endgame) and two advanced pawns may win.
Positions with a material imbalance
A rook is worth roughly two pawns plus a bishop or a knight. A bishop and knight are worth roughly a rook and a pawn, and a queen is worth a rook, a (bishop or knight) and a pawn (see Chess piece relative value). Three pawns are often enough to win against a minor piece, but two pawns rarely are.
However, with rooks on the board, the bishop often outweighs the pawns. This is because the bishop defends against enemy rook attacks, while the bishop's own rook attacks enemy pawns and reduces the enemy rook to passivity. This relates to Rule 2 with rooks (above).
A bishop is usually worth more than a knight. A bishop is especially valuable when there are pawns on both wings of the board, since it can intercept them quickly.
Effect of tablebases on endgame theory
Endgame tablebases have made some minor corrections to historical endgame analysis, but they have made some more significant changes to endgame theory too. (The fifty-move rule is not taken into account in these studies.) Major changes to endgame theory as a result of tablebases include the following:
Queen versus rook (see Philidor position#Queen versus rook). There are two changes here enabling the rook to put up a better defense, but the queen still wins. (a) People usually opt for a second-rank defense with the rook on the second rank and the king behind it (or symmetrical positions on the other edges of the board). Tablebases show that a third-rank defense takes a while to breach, which is difficult for a human to do. (b) People had assumed that the rook needs to stay as close to the king for as long as possible, but tablebases show that it is best to move the rook away from the king at some earlier point.
Queen and pawn versus queen. Tablebases have shown that this can be won in many more positions than was thought, but the logic of the moves is presently beyond human understanding.
Queen versus two bishops. This was thought to be a draw due to the existence of a drawing fortress position, but the queen can win most of the time by preventing the bishops from getting to the fortress. However, it can take up to 71 moves to force a win.
Queen versus two knights. This was thought to be a draw, but the queen has more winning positions than was previously thought. Also, many analysts gave a position (see diagram) that they thought was a draw but it is actually a win for the queen. In the diagram, White checkmates in 43 moves, starting with 1. Qc7 (the only winning move). Note that Nunn says "The general result is undoubtedly a draw, but there are many losing positions, some of them very lengthy." On the other hand, 73.44% of positions are won by the queen, almost all of the remainder being positions where the side with two knights can immediately capture the queen – 97.59% of positions with the side with the queen to move are won by that side. However, these percentages can be misleading, and most "general results" are based on the analysis of grandmasters using the tablebase data. For instance, although nearly 90 percent of all of these positions are wins for the queen, it is generally a draw if the king is not separated from the knights and they are on reasonable squares.
Two bishops versus a knight. This was thought to be a draw but the bishops generally win. However, it takes up to 66 moves. The position in the diagram was thought to be a draw for over one hundred years, but tablebases show that White wins in 57 moves. All of the long wins go through this type of semi-fortress position. It takes several moves to force Black out of the temporary fortress in the corner; then precise play with the bishops prevents Black from forming the temporary fortress in another corner. Before computer analysis, Speelman listed this position as unresolved, but "probably a draw".
Queen and bishop versus two rooks. This was thought to be a draw but the queen and bishop usually win. It takes up to 84 moves.
Rook and bishop versus bishop and knight, bishops on opposite colors. This was thought to be a draw but the rook and bishop generally win. It takes up to 98 moves. Magnus Carlsen successfully converted this configuration within the 50-move limit against Francisco Vallejo Pons in 2019. Even with best play from the starting RB v BN position, the stronger side would have won a piece well within 50 moves.
Rook and bishop versus rook. The second-rank defense was discovered using tablebases.
Longest forced win
In May 2006 a record-shattering 517-move endgame was announced (see first diagram). Marc Bourzutschky found it using a program written by Yakov Konoval. Black's first move is 1... Rd7+ and White wins the rook in 517 moves. This was determined using the easier-to-calculate depth-to-conversion method, which assumes that the two sides are aiming respectively to reduce the game to a simpler won ending or to delay that conversion. Such endgames do not necessarily represent strictly optimal play from both sides, as Black may delay checkmate by allowing an earlier conversion or White may accelerate it by delaying a conversion (or not making one at all). In September 2009, it was found that the distance to mate (not conversion) in that position was 545 (see the first diagram). The same researchers later confirmed that this (along with variations of it) is the longest 7-man pawnless endgame, and that, with pawns, the longest 7-man endgame is the one depicted in the second diagram. White takes 6 moves to promote the pawn to a Knight (leading to a position similar to the first diagram), after which it takes another 543 moves to win the game.
The fifty-move rule was ignored in the calculation of these results and lengths, and as of 2014, these games could never occur, because of the seventy-five move rule.
Endgame classification
Endgames can be classified by the material on the board. The standard classification system lists each player's material, including the kings, in the following order: king, queen, bishops, knights, rooks, pawn. Each piece is designated by its algebraic symbol.
For example, if White has a king and pawn, and Black has only a king, the endgame is classified KPK. If White has bishop and knight, and Black has a rook, the endgame is classified KBNKR. Note that KNBKR would be incorrect; bishops come before knights.
In positions with two or more bishops on the board, a "bishop signature" may be added to clarify the relationship between the bishops. Two methods have been used. The informal method is to designate one color of squares as "x" and the other color as "y". An endgame of KBPKB can be written KBPKB x-y if the bishops are opposite-colored, or KBPKB x-x if the bishops are same-colored. The more formal method is to use a four digit suffix of the form abcd:
a = number of White light-squared bishops
b = number of White dark-squared bishops
c = number of Black light-squared bishops
d = number of Black dark-squared bishops
Thus, the aforementioned endgame can be written KBPKB_1001 for opposite-color bishops, and KBPKB_1010 for same-color bishops.
In positions with one or more rooks on the board and where one or both players have one or both castling rights, a castling signature may be added to indicate which castling rights exist. The method is to use a one to four character suffix formed by omitting up to three characters from the string KQkq.
Thus the endgame where White has bishop and rook and Black has a rook can be written KBRKR if no castling rights exist or KBRKR_Kq if White may castle on the king's side and Black may castle on the queen's side. In case the position also has two or more bishops the castling signature follows the bishop signature as in KBBNKRR_1100_kq.
GBR code is an alternative method of endgame classification.
The Encyclopedia of Chess Endings (ECE) by Chess Informant had a different classification scheme, somewhat similar to the ECO codes, but it is not widely used. The full system is a 53-page index that was contained in the book The Best Endings of Capablanca and Fischer. The code starts with a letter representing the most powerful piece on the board, not counting kings. The order is queen, rook, bishop, knight, and then pawn. (Figurines are used to stand for the pieces.) Each of these has up to 100 subclassifications, for instance R00 through R99. The first digit is a code for the pieces. For instance, R0 contains all endgames with a rook versus pawns and a rook versus a lone king, R8 contains the double rook endgames, and R9 contains the endings with more than four pieces. The second digit is a classification for the number of pawns. For instance, R30 contains endgames with a rook versus a rook without pawns or with one pawn and R38 are rook versus rook endings in which one player has two extra pawns.
Frequency table
The table below lists the most common endings in actual games by percentage (percentage of games, not percentage of endings; generally pawns go along with the pieces).
Quotations
"[I]n order to improve your game, you must study the endgame before anything else; for, whereas the endings can be studied and mastered by themselves, the middlegame and the opening must be studied in relation to the endgame." (Emphasis in original.)
"... the endgame is as important as the opening and middlegame ... three of the five losses sustained by Bronstein in his drawn ... match with Botvinnik in 1951 were caused by weak endgame play."
"Studying the opening is just memorizing moves and hoping for traps, but studying the endgame is chess." – Joshua Waitzkin
"If you want to win at chess, begin with the ending." – Irving Chernev
"Repeating moves in an ending can be very useful. Apart from the obvious gain of time on the clock one notices that the side with the advantage gains psychological benefit." – Sergey Belavenets
"It cannot be too greatly emphasized that the most important role in pawn endings is played by the king." – Siegbert Tarrasch
"After a bad opening, there is hope for the middle game. After a bad middle game, there is hope for the endgame. But once you are in the endgame, the moment of truth has arrived." – Edmar Mednis
"Patience is the most valuable trait of the endgame player." – Pal Benko
Literature
There are many books on endgames, see Chess endgame literature for a large list and the history. Some of the most popular current ones are:
Basic Chess Endings, by Reuben Fine and Pal Benko, 1941, 2003, McKay. . The 1941 edition by Fine was the first of the modern endgame books in English. It was recently revised by Benko.
Dvoretsky's Endgame Manual, second edition, by Mark Dvoretsky, 2006, Russel Enterprises. . A modern manual book by a noted chess teacher.
Encyclopedia of Chess Endings III – Rook Endings 2, Andras Adorjan, Alexander Beliavsky, Svetozar Gligorić, Robert Hübner, Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov, Viktor Kortchnoi, Anthony Miles, Nikolay Minev, John Nunn and Jan Timman., 1986, Chess Informant, . Comprehensive book with 1746 endings divided in groups according to ECE classification. Annotated in System of chess signs .
Essential Chess Endings: the Tournament Player's Guide, by James Howell, 1997, Batsford. . A small but comprehensive book.
Fundamental Chess Endings, by Karsten Müller and Frank Lamprecht, 2001, Gambit Publications. . Highly regarded – comprehensive and modern.
Grandmaster Secrets: Endings, by Andrew Soltis, 1997, 2003, Thinker's Press, . An elementary book.
Just the Facts!: Winning Endgame Knowledge in One Volume, Lev Alburt and Nikolai Krogius, 2000, Newmarket Press. . A good introductory book.
Pandolfini's Endgame Course, by Bruce Pandolfini, 1988, Fireside, . Many short elementary endgame lessons.
Silman's Complete Endgame Course: From Beginner To Master, Jeremy Silman, 2007, Siles Press, . Has a unique approach, it presents material in order of difficulty and the need to know of various classes of players. It starts with material for the absolute beginner and progresses up to master level material.
Winning Chess Endings, by Yasser Seirawan, 2003, Everyman Chess. . A good introductory book.
One Pawn Saves the Day: A World Champion's Favorite Studies, by Sergei Tkachenko, 2017, Limited Liability Company Elk and Ruby Publishing House . 100 studies whose common theme is that white ends up with just one pawn in the finale, yet manages to win or draw.
One Knight Saves the Day: A World Champion's Favorite Studies, by Sergei Tkachenko, 2017, Limited Liability Company Elk and Ruby Publishing House . 100 studies whose common theme is that white ends up with just one knight in the finale, yet manages to win or draw.
One Bishop Saves the Day: A World Champion's Favorite Studies, by Sergei Tkachenko, 2017, Limited Liability Company Elk and Ruby Publishing House . 100 studies whose common theme is that white ends up with just one bishop in the finale, yet manages to win or draw.
One Rook Saves the Day: A World Champion's Favorite Studies, by Sergei Tkachenko, 2017, Limited Liability Company Elk and Ruby Publishing House . 100 studies whose common theme is that white ends up with just one rook in the finale, yet manages to win or draw.
See also
Outline of chess: Endgame topics
Checkmate
Chess middlegame
Chess opening
Chess terminology
Endgame topics
Chess endgame literature
Corresponding squares
Endgame study
Endgame tablebase
Endgame theory
Fortress
Opposition
Pawnless chess endgame
Prokeš maneuver
Tarrasch rule
Triangulation
Wrong bishop
Wrong rook pawn
Zugzwang
Specific endgames
Bishop and knight checkmate
King and pawn versus king endgame
Lucena position
Opposite-colored bishops endgame
Philidor position
Queen and pawn versus queen endgame
Queen versus pawn endgame
Réti endgame study
Rook and bishop versus rook endgame
Rook and pawn versus rook endgame
Saavedra position
Two knights endgame
References
Bibliography
The last part (pages 197–257) is a supplement containing Troitzky's analysis of two knights versus pawns.
Further reading
External links
Interactive Endgames Simulator
endgame lessons
Basic Endgame Mates
Basic chess endgames practice
Chess terminology
Chess theory | wiki |
In solid mechanics, quasistatic loading refers to loading where inertial effects are negligible. In other words, time and inertial force are irrelevant.
References
Solid mechanics | wiki |
This list is about the meanings of the letters used in mathematics, science and engineering. SI units are indicated in parentheses. For the Unicode blocksee Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.
Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
Some common conventions:
Intensive quantities in physics are usually denoted with minusculeswhile extensive are denoted with capital letters.
Most symbols are written in italics.
Vectors can be denoted in boldface.
Sets of numbers are typically bold or blackboard bold.
Latin
Greek
More
See also
Blackboard bold letters used in mathematics
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
Latin letters used in mathematics
Mathematics-related lists
Physics-related lists | wiki |
Digitally Controlled Amplifier (DCA) är en förstärkare vars förstärkning styrs av ett binärt tal. DCO är mycket vanlig i hybridsynthesizers.
Se även
Digitally Controlled Oscillator (DCO)
Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
Lågfrekvensoscillator (LFO)
Voltage-controlled filter (VCF)
Voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA)
Elektronik
Ljudteknik | wiki |
The 2mm Pinfire is a pistol cartridge for small 2 mm-chambered pinfire guns.
Many rifles, single-shot pistols and revolvers are made in limited quantities as collectors' items (one notable one is the Xythos revolver). Pistols are generally around 1.5 inches in length, and discharge a small lead bullet at a speed of around 500 feet per second. Despite the relatively high velocity, its kinetic energy is less than 1 Joule due to the light projectile.
See also
2 mm caliber
References
Pistols | wiki |
Glytpolepis is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to:
Glyptolepis (fish) - an extinct genus of porolepiform lobe-finned fish from the Middle to Late Devonian
Glyptolepis (plant) - a morphogenus for ovulate conifer cones from the Late Triassic | wiki |
A race track is a purpose-built facility for the conducting of races.
Race track or racetrack may also refer to:
Racetrack (film), a 1933 American pre-Code drama
Racetrack (game), a paper and pencil game
Racetrack memory, a device for storing bits in a magnetic racetrack
Racetrack Records, an American record label
Places in the United States
Racetrack, Montana, a census-designated place
Racetrack, North Bergen, a neighborhood in Hudson County, New Jersey
Racetrack Playa, an area of moving rocks in Death Valley, California
See also
RaceTrac, a discount brand of gasoline and chain of convenience stores situated across the United States | wiki |
Thanks Badge may refer to:
Thanks Badge (GSUSA) and Thanks Badge II used by the GSUSA
Thanks Badge (Scouting) used by the Scouting Association prior to World War II | wiki |
SES S.A. is a Luxembourgish satellite telecommunications network provider supplying video and data connectivity worldwide to broadcasters, content and internet service providers, mobile and fixed network operators, governments and institutions.
SES is one of the world's leading satellite owners and operators with over 70 satellites in two different orbits, geostationary orbit (GEO) and medium Earth orbit (MEO). These include the well-known European Astra TV satellites, the O3b and O3b mPOWER data satellites and others with names including AMC, Ciel, NSS, Quetzsat, YahSat and SES.
Based in Betzdorf, Luxembourg and founded in 1985 as Société Européenne des Satellites, the company was renamed SES Global in 2001 and has been simply "SES" since 2006. The company's stock is listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange and Euronext Paris with ticker symbol SESG and is a component of the LuxX, CAC Next 20 and Euronext 100 stock market indexes.
A book, High Above, telling the story of the founding of SES and the development of its first Astra satellites was published in 2010 to mark the company's 25th Anniversary, and was followed by Even Higher in 2012 and Beyond Frontiers in 2016.
Business and services
SES provides services through two business units, SES Video and SES Networks, for video-centric and data-centric markets, respectively.
SES Video
(52% of revenue)SES Video's business comprises video distribution and video services. Video distribution delivers video content via Direct-to-Home, Direct-to-Cable and Internet Protocol television (IPTV) platforms, and includes wholly owned subsidiary HD+, the direct-to-consumer high-definition digital satellite TV platform in Germany. Video services encompasses technical ground services, such as content management, playout, encryption, satellite uplinks and interactive services, to broadcasters worldwide.
SES has been a major player in the development of the direct-to-home market in Europe and the cable TV and Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) markets in the United States. SES satellites transmit a variety of digital formats from radio to Ultra High Definition TV (UHDTV) and the company has been instrumental in defining technical standards for broadcast and interactive media.
At the end of 2021, SES satellites carried over 8400 TV channels, including 3130 HD and UHD channels, to more than 1 billion people in 366 million homes globally, or regionally as follows:
In March 2022, SES reported that the breakdown of revenue to SES Video by different sectors was as follows:
SES Networks
(48% of revenue)SES Networks provides managed connectivity services to customers in markets including telecommunications, Cloud computing, commercial air and shipping, holiday cruises, energy, mining, and government and institutional areas, with end users of the technology including internet users in remote regions, air and at sea travellers, windfarms, mines, defence and humanitarian missions.
SES Networks includes the O3b satellites (originally owned and operated by O3b Networks), GovSat (a public-private partnership with 50% SES participation) and SES subsidiary, SES Space & Defense (previously, SES Government Solutions).
Services include capacity-on-demand, and mobile backhaul solutions anywhere on the planet for telcos and Mobile Network Operators, reliable network connections for mining and energy companies in remote occasions, and critical connectivity that is rapidly deployable, even in challenging and remote situations, for 62 government defence, civil, and humanitarian operations in 28 countries.
SES Networks delivers broadband connectivity for maritime vessels in any body of water or port in the world and in-flight services to aircraft ranging from secure cockpit communications to passenger connectivity and entertainment, through providers such as Global Eagle Entertainment, Gogo, Thales and Panasonic Avionics.
Using medium Earth orbit satellites, SES Networks is able to supply these services with a low-latency (less than 150 ms), scalable satellite-based communications and network services worldwide.
In March 2022, SES reported that the breakdown of revenue to SES Networks by different sectors was as follows:
Innovations
SES has pioneered many industry technological developments, including DTH transmission, co-location of satellites, free-to-air broadcast neighbourhoods, digital broadcasting, HDTV and 3DTV. SES has also helped develop innovative reception technology such as the first home dish LNBFs, Universal LNBs, optical fibre signal distribution and the Sat-IP system for receiving and distributing satellite signals over home computer networks.
SES has pioneered the broadcast of Ultra High Definition TV (UHDTV) and helped to establish the international technical standards for UHDTV broadcast and reception. SES first produced demonstration UHDTV broadcasts in 2012, transmitted the first HEVC-standard UHDTV in 2013, via Astra 19.2° East, and the first next generation 8K Ultra HD demo in May 2018, via the Astra 3B satellite at 23.5°E. SES broadcast the first live UHDTV satellite broadcast in November 2014 (Linkin Park’s concert at the O2 World in Berlin) and Europe's first free-to-air Ultra HD channel, Pearl TV, launched in September 2015 via Astra 19.2° East A continuous UHDTV demonstration channel has broadcast to Europe from SES's Astra 19.2° East satellite position since 2014 and SES now delivers 12 demo channels via its main orbital positions across the globe. As of 2020, SES was broadcasting over 50 Ultra HD channels worldwide.
SES-8 was the first geostationary satellite to be launched (in 2013) by SpaceX. The SES-10 satellite, was launched in March 2017 (delayed from October 2016 due to a pad explosion and subsequent loss of a Falcon 9 booster in September 2016) on the first SpaceX launch with a 'flight-proven' (reused) Falcon first stage, recovered from a previous launch. The SES-12, SES-14 and SES-15 satellites (launched in June 2018, January 2018 and May 2017, respectively) are constructed with an electric plasma propulsion system for orbit raising and in-orbit manoeuvres to save weight and enable a larger communications payload to be included. SES reckons that SES-12 would weigh some 4700 kg more with a conventional chemical propulsion system.
SES operates the world’s first multi-orbit communications satellite network, combining geostationary orbit satellites’ wide coverage and reliability, and a medium Earth orbit satellite constellation's low latency and high data throughput. In conjunction with Kythera Space Solutions, SES developed Adaptive Resource Control (ARC) software to dynamically control and optimise power, throughput, and beam and frequency allocation across the multi-orbit network of the O3b and forthcoming O3b mPOWER medium Earth orbit satellite system, and SES-17 and future geostationary high-throughput satellites.
SES is the first commercial customer for Space Infrastructure Servicing (SIS) future satellite life extension mission, following an agreement in June 2017 with MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates (MDA). The SIS craft was being built by Space Systems/Loral (SSL), a manufacturing subsidiary of MDA, for the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)'s Robotic Servicing of Geosynchronous Satellites (RSGS) programme, and will refuel an SES satellite running low on propellant while still in orbit to lengthen its service life. SSL (as Maxar) abandoned the DARPA contract in 2019.
Corporate structure
Corporate management
SES is managed by the Senior Leadership Team which comprises:
Steve Collar – CEO
John-Paul Hemingway - Chief Strategy and Product Officer
John Baughn - Chief Services Officer
Christophe De Hauwer – Chief Development Officer
Sandeep Jalan - Chief Financial Officer
Ruy Pinto - Chief Technology Officer
Pan Macdonald - Chief People Officer
Thai Rubin - Chief Legal Officer
In 2002, the then CEO, Romain Bausch was awarded 'Satellite Executive of the Year'. Current CEO, Steve Collar was awarded 'Satellite Executive of the Year' for 2019.
History
Early years
SES was formed on the initiative and support of the Luxembourg Government in 1985 as Société Européenne des Satellites (SES). The Luxembourg State remains a major shareholder. In 1988, as Europe's first private satellite operator, SES launched its first satellite, Astra 1A, to the 19.2° East orbital position. Rupert Murdoch's Sky TV, along with German broadcasters Pro7, Sat.1, and RTL were among Astra's first major customers.
By 1990, Astra was broadcasting to 14 million cable and DTH (Direct to Home) viewers. SES was the pioneer of 'co-location' by which several satellites share the same orbital position to provide mutual backup and increase the number of channels available to a fixed receiving dish, creating what became known as a 'satellite neighbourhood'. Astra's prime slot, 19.2° East, saw as many as eight satellites sharing the position simultaneously and helped to build up Astra's reputation for reliability.
Rapid growth in Germany, in what would become Astra's largest European market, was helped by the German government's decision to liberalize the installation of dishes in 1991. In this time SES became the leading satellite system providing direct-to-home transmission, and became the world's largest satellite platform for TV distribution.
In 1996, after the launch of Astra 1E, SES pioneered digital satellite transmission with the French Canal+. In 1998, SES launched Astra 2A for the UK market, transmitting at the new orbital position 28.2° East, and eventually moving all of its United Kingdom and Ireland transmission capacity to this orbital slot. In the same year, SES went public on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange trading as SESG (in 2005 SES would also list on the Paris Euronext).
Global expansion
From 1999, SES began a period of ambitious global expansion beyond its European home market. Geographic expansion went hand-in-hand with the diversification of SES' services beyond just TV broadcasting, to cover telecommunication services for businesses, telecommunications companies and government customers, as well as broadband access and technical consultancy services.
In 1999, SES acquired a 34.13% stake in Hong Kong-based satellite operator AsiaSat and took a foothold in Asia and the Pacific region. A year later, SES acquired 50% of Scandinavian satellite broadcaster Nordic Satellite AB (NSAB), later renamed SES Sirius, which strengthened SES' coverage in northern and eastern Europe. The same year, SES also took a participation of 19.99% in Brazilian satellite operator Star One, gaining a first presence in Latin America.
In 2001, SES bought 28.75% of Argentina's Nahuelsat and acquired GE Americom, giving it a solid presence in the important North American market. This resulted in the formation of SES Global, a corporate entity with two operating companies, SES Astra and SES Americom. Altogether, SES operated a fleet of 41 geostationary satellites, the largest in the world in 2001.
Further acquisitions followed. In 2003, SES' stake in NSAB was increased to 75% and in 2005 SES acquired a participation in Canadian satellite operator Ciel and in Mexico's Quetzsat, as well as the divestment from Nahuelsat.
SES acquired services provider, Digital Playout Centre GmbH (later Astra Platform Services, then SES Platform Services, then MX1, now merged into SES) in 2005. and in 2006 SES also acquired ND SatCom, a German provider of government services, developing a services portfolio beyond just bandwidth provision.
Also in 2006, SES acquired New Skies Satellites, later renamed SES New Skies, adding six satellites to the SES fleet and strengthening coverage in Asia, the Middle East and Africa.
In 2007, SES divested from its holdings in AsiaSat and Star One in a complex transaction with General Electric which itself divested from SES.
In 2008, SES increased its stake in NSAB to 90%. and merged its two international operating units, SES Americom and SES New Skies into a new segment which was branded SES World Skies in September 2009.
In 2009, SES and Middle East satellite operator Yahsat announced the formation of a joint venture, YahLive, to commercialise 23 Ku-band transponders on Yahsat 1A, serving the Middle East, North Africa and Western Asia with direct-to-home TV services. Also in 2009, SES announced its investment in O3b Networks a project to build a medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite constellation to deliver high-speed, low-latency, fibre-like internet broadband trunking to the world's emerging regions ("the Other 3 billion").
In 2010, SES grew its stake in SES Sirius to 100% and closed the acquisition of the in-orbit satellite Protostar-2/Indostar-2, renaming it SES-7 and integrating it into its fleet covering India and Southeast Asia.
In May and September 2011, SES restructured and rebranded the company to streamline the organisation's activities under a single management team and one main brand (SES), incorporating the company's two previous operating entities, SES Astra and SES World Skies.
Global operator
In August 2011, the Astra 1N satellite was launched to the 28.2° East orbital position, and in September 2011, the QuetzSat 1 satellite was launched to 77.0° West
In February 2012, SES-4 was successfully launched to become SES' 50th satellite and the largest, heaviest and most powerful in the fleet. In July 2012, SES-5, the 51st SES Satellite was launched from Baikonur, Kazakhstan to 5.0° East with 36 Ku-band transponders to provide coverage over Sub-Saharan Africa and the Nordic and the Baltic regions in Europe, and 28 C-band transponders for Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
In September 2012, Astra 2F was successfully launched from Kourou in French Guiana, the first of three "next generation" satellites at the second Astra orbital position at 28.2° East. The satellite has Ku-band coverage of all Europe, the British Isles and sub-Saharan Africa for DTH television, and Ka-band coverage of Central Europe for the SES Broadband satellite internet service.
SES-6 was launched from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on 3 June 2013 to 40.5° East, to replace NSS-806 and provide continuity of service and expansion capacity in C-band for Latin America and the Caribbean. The satellite has 43 C-band and 48 Ku-band transponders with comprehensive coverage of North America, Latin America, Europe and the Atlantic Ocean.
Astra 2E was launched to the Astra 28.2° East position from Baikonur in Kazakhstan on 30 September 2013 to provide free-to-air and encrypted DTH digital TV and satellite broadband services for Europe and the Middle East. The successful launch followed a 10-week delay due to the postponement of all launches by launch services provider ILS after a catastrophic failure of the rocket in a previous launch.
In December 2013, SES-8 was launched from Cape Canaveral using a SpaceX Falcon 9 v1.1, the first geostationary satellite to be launched with a SpaceX rocket.
In March 2014, Astra 5B was launched as SES' 56th satellite to the Astra 31.5° East position from Kourou in French Guiana to provide transponder capacity and extend geographical reach over Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) for DTH, direct-to-cable and contribution feeds to digital terrestrial television networks.
In April 2014, Romain Bausch stepped down as president and CEO of SES, a position he had held since 1995 overseeing the growth of the company from a European Direct-to-Home satellite system with four satellites into a global satellite industry leader operating a fleet of more than 50 satellites. Bausch continues to serve SES as a non-executive Director, and is elected to take the role of Chairman at the start of 2015. He was succeeded as CEO by Karim Michel Sabbagh.
In May 2014 SES announced that the engineering services division, SES TechCom had joined with the Luxembourg Government and the Minister for Cooperation and Humanitarian Action, and five Non-governmental organisations (NGO) – Archemed, Fondation Follereau, Friendship, German Doctors and Médecins Sans Frontières to form Satmed, an eHealth platform to improve public health in emerging and developing countries, especially in remote areas with poor connectivity.
In July 2014, SES announced that nearly half of the SES satellite fleet is controlled from the new satellite operations center (SOC) opened at its sales and engineering offices in Princeton, New Jersey. 23 satellites are controlled from Princeton with the remainder operated from SES's global headquarters in Luxembourg.
Astra 2G, the final "next generation" satellite for the 28.2° East orbital position was launched from the Baikonur in December 2014 to deliver broadcast, VSAT and broadband services to Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and to connect West Africa to Europe via Ka-band.
On 13 January 2015, SES announced that it plans to procure and launch a satellite in partnership with the Luxembourg Government, to be called GovSat-1. Jointly owned, the satellite is launched in 2017 to an orbital position above Europe and provide governmental and military communications in the X-band and Ka-band with coverage of Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia-Pacific.
In February 2016, it was announced that, subject to regulatory approvals, subsidiary, SES Platform Services would purchase RR Media, a global digital media services provider to the broadcast and media industries, based in Israel. In July 2016, SES announced that the acquisition was complete and that the merged company would be known as MX1.
In March 2016, the SES-9 satellite was successfully launched by a Falcon 9 Full Thrust rocket from Cape Canaveral after four previous attempts on 24 February, 25 February, 28 February, and 1 March 2016 - all aborted due to weather and launcher problems. The satellite used electric propulsion to reach geostationary orbit and will be positioned at 108.2° East to provide 81 Ku-band transponder equivalents for pay-TV, data and mobility across Northeast Asia and South Asia, and Indonesia.
In April 2016, SES announced that (subject to regulatory approvals which are expected to be completed by the end of 2016) it will pay US$20 million to increase its fully diluted ownership of O3b Networks from 49.1% to 50.5%, taking a controlling share in the company. In May 2016, SES said it would raise another US$710 million to purchase 100% of O3b Networks, exercising a call option with O3b minority shareholders and eliminating the possibility of an O3b stock offering, and then subsequently announced the completion of the capital raising and completion of the acquisition.
In May 2016, Modern Times Group, owner of the Viasat DTH platform announced that the Viasat Ultra HD channel would launch in the autumn on the SES-5 satellite at 5.0° East, as the first UHD channel for the Nordic region and the first UHD Sports channel in the World. The channel will feature selected live sport events especially produced in Ultra HD and Viasat will also be launching an Ultra HD set-top box from Samsung and a TV-module to enable existing UHD TVs to display the channel. SES claimed the launch of Viasat Ultra HD will bring the number of UHD channels (including test channels and regional versions) carried on SES satellites to 24, or 46% of all UHD channels broadcast via satellite worldwide.
On 30 March 2017, the SES-10 satellite was successfully launched from Cape Canaveral by a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket using a refurbished first stage booster that had been previously used to launch a SpaceX Dragon cargo ship to the International Space Station for NASA in April 2016 and then landed and recovered. This is the first time that a rocket booster has been reused in this way. Both the Falcon 9 first stage and the payload fairing were successfully recovered after the SES-10 launch for subsequent reuse. SES-10 is positioned at 67.0° West to serve Latin America.
In April 2017, the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs extended the contract with SES to maintain, support, and continue to develop the Satmed eHealth platform to improve public health in remote areas of developing countries until 2020, extending the provision of satellite connectivity over Africa, the Philippines and Bangladesh.
In May 2017, SES announced the successful integration with the SES-14 satellite of the NASA Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) scientific hosted payload built by the University of Colorado Boulder Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. The first scientific payload carried by an SES satellite, GOLD was integrated with SES-14 at Airbus Defence and Space in Toulouse, France ahead of its launch to 47.5° West in late 2017 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 Full Thrust from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
In June 2017, SES announced the start of a 30-month project by the Satellite and Terrestrial Network for 5G (SaT5G) consortium for the seamless, and economically viable, integration of satellite (such as SES' geostationary orbit and medium Earth orbit high throughput satellites) into future 5G networks, improving the ubiquity, resilience and efficiency of 5G services, and opening new markets in media distribution, transport and underserved areas. The consortium is funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme and comprises 16 members, including SES and Airbus Defence and Space, Avanti Communications, British Telecom, Broadpeak, Gilat Satellite Networks, OneAccess, Thales Alenia Space, TNO, University of Surrey, and Zodiac Inflight Innovation.
In September 2017, SES announced the next generation of O3b satellites and service. Named O3b mPOWER, the new constellation of (initially) seven MEO satellites built by Boeing Satellite Systems will deliver 10 terabits of capacity globally through 30,000 spot beams for broadband internet services. O3b mPOWER is expected to launch in 2021.
On 11 October 2017, a flight-proven (refurbished) SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched the SES-11 satellite to the geostationary orbital position of 105.0° West. The launch was originally set for late 2016 but suffered a year-long delay because of SpaceX's September 2016 Falcon 9 explosion. SES-11 was built by Airbus Defence and Space and is a dual mission satellite, with 24 Ku-band transponders marketed by EchoStar as EchoStar 105 to replace capacity on SES' AMC-15 satellite, and 24 C-band transponders marketed by SES as SES-11 for replacement capacity for AMC-18 delivering video, especially HD and UHD, to the United States, Mexico and the Caribbean. Following positioning at 105.0° West and in-orbit testing, SES-11 was declared fully operational on 29 November 2017.
In February 2018, SES teamed up with Intelsat (later joined by Eutelsat in July 2018) for a proposal to United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to form a consortium of satellite service providers to protect the quality and reliability of existing video and audio services to United States households downlinking in the 3700-4200 MHz C-band spectrum while enabling wireless operators to access 100 MHz of C-band spectrum for deployment of next generation 5G services in the United States.
In March 2018, Saint Martin-based satellite TV provider KiwiSAT launched a new DTH platform to deliver about 130 channels (including 90 HD channels) of TV entertainment to consumers across the Caribbean using the SES-10 satellite at 67.0° West.
In May 2018, SES broadcast an 8K television signal via its satellite system for the first time, as part of its Industry Days conference at the Luxembourg HQ. The 8K demonstration content, with a resolution of 7680 x 4320 pixels, a frame rate of 60 frames per second and 10-bit colour depth, was encoded in HEVC and transmitted at a rate of 80 Mbit/s via the Astra 3B satellite.
In September 2018, in response to a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking of July 2018 from the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to make the 3.7 to 4.2 GHz spectrum available for next-generation terrestrial fixed and mobile broadband services, SES, along with Intelsat, Eutelsat and Telesat - together providing the majority of C-band satellite services in the United States, including media distribution reaching 100 million United States households - established the C-Band Alliance (CBA). The consortium's proposal to the FCC is to act as a facilitator for the clearing and repurposing of a 200 MHz portion of C-band spectrum to accelerate the deployment of next generation 5G services while protecting incumbent users and their content distribution and data networks in the US from potential interference.
In April 2019, four O3b medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites were launched by Arianespace at the Centre Spatial Guyanais in Kourou, French Guiana to complete the constellation of 20 first generation satellites for the SES-owned network communications service provider.
In May 2019, for the first time in Europe, 8K demonstration content was received via satellite without the need for a separate external receiver or decoder. At the 2019, SES Industry Days conference at Betzdorf, Luxembourg broadcast quality 8K content (with a resolution of 7680 x 4320 pixels at 50 frames/s) was encoded using a Spin Digital HEVC encoder (at a bit rate of 70 Mbit/s), uplinked to a single 33 MHz transponder on SES' Astra 28.2°E satellites and the downlink received and displayed on a Samsung 82in Q950RB production model TV.
In September 2019, SES announced it had partnered with satellite payload and network management systems developer, Kythera Space Solutions to develop the ARC (Adaptive Resource Control) software to enable the dynamic control and optimisation of power, throughput, beams and frequency allocation on O3b mPOWER, SES-17 and other future high-throughput satellites and their networks, autonomously optimizing space and ground resources, on-the-fly, in accordance with customers' changing needs.
In September 2019, SES became a Microsoft Azure ExpressRoute services partner to provide dedicated, private network connectivity from sea vessels, aircraft, and industrial or government sites anywhere in the world to the Azure cloud computing service, via both its geostationary and O3b medium Earth orbit satellites.
In September 2019, SES announced a new Free-to-view DTH platform on Astra 1N at 19.2° East, encrypted using Verimatrix and carrying 30-40 channels from Russian-language OTT broadcaster Kartina TV for Russian-speaking diaspora across Europe with limited broadband connectivity.
In September 2019, the media technical services provider MX1, a wholly owned subsidiary of SES, was merged into the SES Video division, dropping the MX1 brand and providing all broadcast and streamed content management, playout, distribution, and monetisation services under the SES name.
In May 2020, SES released the results of the 2019 Satellite Monitor TV reception survey, which for the first time covered the Philippines. The survey found satellite TV is the second-most popular mode of TV reception in the Philippines with 17% of over 20.8 million TV households, behind terrestrial TV (66%), and that broadcasts from SES satellites reach 98% of Filipino satellite TV households.
On 26 May 2020, SES elected to clear a portion of the C-Band spectrum in the United States, currently used for satellite TV services, in accordance with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) order for the accelerated release of the 3.7-4.0 GHz portion of the band for 5G mobile broadband services. The SES Board of Directors approved US$1.6 billion for the procurement and launch of new satellites and other equipment and services for the migration of existing customers using the spectrum, which will be reimbursable through the FCC Clearinghouse. In June 2020, SES announced that four new C-band satellites had been ordered for this purpose from United States manufacturers, Boeing and Northrop Grumman. SES-18 and SES-19 will be GEOStar-3 satellites designed, assembled, and tested by Northrop Grumman, and SES-20 and SES-21 will be all-electric 702SP satellites from Boeing. Each satellite will have ten 36 MHz C-band transponders for delivery of digital TV and data services, and will be launched in 2022 to orbital slots at 103.0° West, 131.0° West and 135.0° West.
In July 2020, SES launched a free-to-air information channel, Fight COVID-19, across several satellites to combat the global coronavirus pandemic. Available to millions of households across Africa, Europe, and Asia-Pacific, and providing underserved and rural communities with critical information about how to limit the spread of the virus, the content is provided by trusted organisations such as UNICEF, AFP and other international and regional organisations. The channel is broadcast from SES-5 (5.0° East) for Sub-Saharan Africa, Astra 4A (5.0° East) for Europe and Ukraine, Astra 2F (28.2° East) for West Africa, NSS-12 (57.0° East) for Ethiopia and adjacent countries, and SES-9 (108.2° East) for the Philippines.
In August 2020, SES ordered two C-Band geostationary TV satellites from Thales Alenia Space. SES-22 and SES-23 are the last of six satellites SES needs to relocate existing C-band services from a portion of the C-band spectrum in accordance with the Federal Communications Commission's plans to repurpose the frequencies for 5G cellular networks.
In August 2020 SES contracted Boeing to build four O3b mPOWER satellites in addition to the seven already under construction. SpaceX was contracted for an additional two launches, to make four launches for the whole O3b mPOWER constellation in 2021–2024.
In September 2020, SES and Microsoft announced that SES was the medium Earth orbit connectivity partner for the Microsoft Azure Orbital ground station service that enables network operators to control their satellite operations and capacity from within the Azure cloud computing service. Under their agreement, SES and Microsoft will jointly invest in Azure Orbital ground stations for the MEO and Earth Observation segments, initially in the US, which will be installed and managed by SES. Also, satellite telemetry, tracking and control systems and data ground stations for the forthcoming O3b mPOWER satellites will be located with Microsoft's Azure edge sites to provide O3b mPOWER customers with ‘one-hop’ access to Azure cloud services.
In February 2021, SES agreed multi-year extension capacity contracts worth over €66 million with European public service broadcasters including ARD, BBC, BVN, France 24, TV5Monde and ZDF
In March 2021, the Luxembourg government further extended the contract with SES to provide the Satmed satellite eHealth platform to improve public health in remote areas of developing countries until 2024, with a €6.5 billion budget and plans for additional functionalities and deployments, and new partnerships with both more NGOs and supranational organisations to provide regional or cross-country support.
In June 2021, SES joined the Amazon Web Services Direct Connect Delivery Partner programme, to provide customers access to AWS cloud-based applications and services from locations around the world with limited or no terrestrial communications, claiming to be the first satellite operator to do so. The service is provided via SES' geostationary satellites and the O3b medium Earth orbit satellites and also gives cloud providers a backup network if their infrastructure fails.
In July 2021, SES entered into a capacity agreement with Indian public sector enterprise, NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) for 9 transponders on the SES-8 satellite at 95°E, for distribution of satellite TV services across India and the thriving direct-to-home market.
In August 2021, Microsoft became the first cloud computing provider customer for SES' O3b medium Earth orbit satellite system, with Microsoft buying managed satellite connectivity services from SES for the Microsoft Azure cloud service. Microsoft is initially using the existing first generation O3b satellites, before upgrading to the faster broadband speeds from the forthcoming O3b mPOWER satellites when they come into operation in 2022.
In September 2021, the wholly-owned direct-to-consumer HD service in Germany, HD+ launched the HD+ ToGo app for Android and iOS smartphones and tablets giving existing subscribers access to the platform's 50 HD channels, along with catch-up services and online functions, on mobile devices for an additional fee.
In October 2021, the SES-17 satellite was launched from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, SES's first geostationary Ka-band high-throughput satellite. SES-17 has an all-electric propulsion system and will reach its 67.1°W position in geostationary orbit in mid-2022, providing coverage for aeronautical, maritime, enterprise, and government markets across the Americas, the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean. It has a fully digital payload with nearly 200 reprogrammable spot beams that can be freely interconnected and changed in power and frequency in real-time to adapt to changing customer demands, and will operate in conjunction with SES's forthcoming O3b mPOWER medium Earth orbit satellites as a multi-orbit system.
In November 2021, SES ordered two replacement satellites from Thales Alenia Space for launch in 2024 to SES's original orbital position at 19.2°E and service well into the 2040s. Like the satellites currently at the Astra 19.2°E slot (Astra 1KR, Astra 1L, Astra 1M, and Astra 1N - all launched 10–15 years ago, with the older two at the end of their planned life), Astra 1P will provide direct-to-home broadcast TV to Europe, in particular Germany, France and Spain. Astra 1Q is a reconfigurable software defined satellite with both wide beams for broadcast TV and high-throughput spot beams for video and data customers.
In November 2021, SES announced that wholly owned subsidiary HD+, the premium HD and UHD satellite TV service for German users, would start a new service, HD+ IP, in December 2021 to stream HD+ channels to viewers' TV sets through a smart TV app without the need for a dish or set-top box, for a subscription of €6 per month.
In December 2021, SES's wholly owned subsidiary SES Government Solutions (now SES Space & Defense) announced that the US Army has conducted trials of commercial satellite constellations in multiple orbits, including SES's O3b medium Earth orbit satellites, as part of the effort to establish Multi-Domain Operations.
In December 2021, Honeywell, Hughes Network Systems and SES demonstrated multi-orbit high-speed airborne connectivity for military customers using Honeywell's JetWave MCX terminal and a Hughes HM-series modem, and SES satellites in both medium Earth orbit (MEO) and geostationary orbit (GEO). The tests achieved full duplex data rates of more than 40 megabits per second via a number of SES' (GEO) satellites including GovSat-1, and the high-throughput, low-latency O3b MEO satellite constellation, with connections moving between GEO/MEO links in under 30 sec.
Recent Events
In February 2022, SES formed a joint venture with India's biggest telco, Jio Platforms (JPL). The newly formed Jio Space Technology Limited will deliver broadband services in India of up to 100Gbit/s capacity, using the SES-12 high-throughput geostationary satellite and the forthcoming O3b mPOWER medium Earth orbit satellite constellation, to extend JPL's terrestrial network, enhancing access to digital services in unconnected areas within India and the region. JPL and SES will own 51% and 49% equity stake respectively in the new company.
In February 2022, Orange announced that, along with SES, it will deploy and manage the first gateway in Africa for SES's forthcoming O3b mPOWER medium Earth orbit satellite constellation, to provide high-speed, low-latency, and cloud-optimised connectivity services across Africa, and to support telemetry, tracking and command functions for the satellites. The gateway will be located at the Sonatel teleport in Gandoul, Senegal.
In March 2022, SES announced a deal with mobile operator, Verizon to speed up deployment of 5G services in the US. Under the agreement, SES will install filters and other equipment to Earth Stations across the entire country, to give Verizon access to the 3.7-3.8 GHz C-band spectrum in key regions ahead of the deadlines for relocation of existing satellite services set out in the FCC's order to make part of the C-Band spectrum available for 5G terrestrial fixed and mobile broadband services.
In March 2022, SES announced the agreement to acquire DRS Global Enterprise Solutions (GES), a US-based subsidiary of defence contractor, Leonardo DRS for US$450 million. GES provides managed satcom services to the US Defence Department and other government agencies, and when the transaction is concluded (expected towards the end of 2022 after regulatory approvals) the business will be combined with SES subsidiary, SES Government Solutions (now SES Space & Defense), doubling its revenue from the US government and further expanding market access for SES's next-generation Medium Earth orbit network, O3b mPOWER, which will begin operation at that time.
In March 2022, SES extended the November 2021 order for two satellites from Thales Alenia Space with a third satellite, SES-26. With both Ku-band and C-band transponders, the reconfigurable software-defined satellite will replace NSS-12 at 57°E, providing content delivery and connectivity across Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia-Pacific.
In May 2022, SES subsidiary, SES Government Solutions (now SES Space & Defense), in partnership with Earth imaging company, Planet Labs PBC, was awarded a US$28.96 million contract from NASA's Communications Services Project for real-time, always-on low-latency connectivity services to NASA spacecraft, using SES's geostationary orbiting C-band satellites and medium Earth orbiting Ka-band satellites, including the forthcoming O3b mPOWER constellation.
In May 2022, in conjunction with Kazakhstani mobile network operator, Kcell, SES used the O3b satellite constellation to demonstrate that medium Earth orbit satellites could be used to provide high-speed 3G and 4G connectivity to remote regions of Kazakhstan for reliable video calling, conferencing and streaming, and web browsing, with a latency five times lower than on the existing platform based on geostationary orbit satellites.
In June 2022, the SES-22 satellite was successfully launched from the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station by a SpaceX Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket. SES-22 will operate at 135° W, and is the first to launch of SES's six geostationary C-band satellites (SES-18, SES-19, SES-20, SES-21, SES-22, and SES-23) that will enable existing TV and radio services to be moved from the lower 300 MHz of the C-band spectrum to the upper 200 MHz, as part of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) programme to make room for the deployment of 5G services across the US.
In August 2022, SES completed the US$450 million acquisition of DRS Global Enterprise Solutions (GES) from US defence contractor, Leonardo DRS, after obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals. The business will be combined with SES subsidiary, SES Government Solutions (now SES Space & Defense) to create a “scaled solutions provider serving the multi-orbit satellite communications needs of the US Government” and SES’s largest data business segment by revenue.
In October 2022, the SES-20 and SES-21 satellites were successfully launched on an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral. The two Boeing-built C-band satellites are part of SES’s programme to clear part of the C-band spectrum for 5G services. SES-20 and SES-21 will be positioned at 103° West and 131° West, respectively, to provide a continued service of TV and radio broadcasts to the US. The satellites were expected to begin operations in November 2022. SES-21 became operational at 131° West on 1 December 2022. SES-20 arrived at the 103° West orbital slot on 5 January 2023 where it will serve as an in-orbit spare satellite in case of failure of other SES satellites used in the C-band clearance programme.
In October 2022, SES announced that it had launched a content distribution platform dedicated to sports and events, providing coverage over Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, for customers including broadcasters, professional sports leagues, national and international sports associations, and sports rights holders.
In December 2022, following the acquisition of DRS Global Enterprise Solutions in August 2022, and its merger into SES Government Solutions, the combined subsidiary company was renamed SES Space & Defense, and restructured into two business units, Space Initiatives (using SES's multi-orbit satellite fleet and infrastructure) and Defense Networks (providing multi-operator managed services and end-to-end mission communications).
On 16 December 2022, the first two O3b mPOWER satellites were successfully launched from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida at 5:48 pm local time. It is expected to take approximately six months for each satellite to reach its designated medium Earth orbit and for commissioning, and the O3b mPower service to start in Q3 2023.
In January 2023, SES announced an agreement with High View, the Munich-based owner of the Deluxe Music channel, to lease additional capacity on the Astra 19.2°E satellites for four new music channels, Deluxe Dance by Kontor, Deluxe Flashback, Deluxe Rock and Deluxe Rap. Aimed at German-speaking viewers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, the new channels started on 1 February 2023 and broadcast free-to-air. In February, High View announced that its streamed travel and documentary channels, Xplore, Hip Trips and One Terra will also broadcast free-to-air via Astra 19.2°E from 1 March 1 2023.
On 26 January 2023, the Astra 2D satellite was decommissioned and retired to a graveyard orbit more than 22 years after its launch in December 2000. Astra 2D was built for SES by Hughes Space and Communications (now Boeing Satellite Development Center) with a design life of 15 years providing direct-to-home digital TV distribution from the Astra 28.2°E orbital position. It was the last commercial spin-stabilised spacecraft built by Hughes and, at the time of its retirement, the only one still in operation.
In February 2023, SES notified the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) that the deployment plan for the SES-18 and SES-19 satellites (to be launched as part of the C-band clearance programme) had been revised from the FCC licence granted in March 2022. SES-18 would now be positioned at 103°W (previously to be deployed at 131°W) and SES-19 will be at 135°W (previously 103°W).
Satellite fleet
The following active satellites are owned and operated by SES, .
Future satellite launches
Hosted payloads
SES is active in the hosted payload market, selling space on planned and under-construction satellites to governments and institutions. SES-2 (launched September 2011) carries the US Air Force's Commercially Hosted Infrared Payload (CHIRP), a wide field-of-view, passive infrared sensor to provide early warning of missile launches, the first time a US Air Force payload has been hosted on a commercial mission.
The SES-5 and Astra 5B satellites (launched July 2012 and March 2014, respectively) incorporate European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) payloads, a supplementary network to the Global Positioning System (GPS) and GLONASS navigation systems.
SES-15 (launched May 2017) includes the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) air navigation aid to augment the Global Positioning System (GPS), with the goal of improving its accuracy, integrity and availability.
SES-14 (launched January 2018) hosts the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission for NASA to investigate the Sun's impact on the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere.
Teleports
SES, and its subsidiary companies has teleports across the world, including:
SES Space & Defense (previously SES Government Solutions) operates Earth stations at the following United States Government locations:
See also
Astra satellite family
HD+
O3b
O3b mPOWER
Companies now merged into SES
MX1
O3b Networks
SES Americom
SES Platform Services
SES Sirius
SES World Skies
References
External links
SES fleet information and map
SpaceX Falcon 9 SES-9 Mission Briefing, Martin Halliwell, Chief Technology Officer, 23 February 2016. Includes strategic and technical outlook.
Telecommunications companies of Luxembourg
Direct broadcast satellite services
Betzdorf, Luxembourg
Telecommunications companies established in 2001
Communications satellite operators
2001 establishments in Luxembourg
Multinational companies headquartered in Luxembourg
Companies listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange
Companies listed on Euronext Paris | wiki |
Landsforrådt as an adverb in the Norwegian language:
"Landsforrådt" is a relatively new term in the Norwegian language. It means "to be betrayed by your country of origin." Examples of "landsforrådt" are:
A person who is denied their legal rights by their government.
A person whose existence is not acknowledged by their country of origin.
A person who is denied entry to or in exile from their country of origin without proper justification and/or notification.
A person who is deprived by their government, of their identity (and or merits). A person whose property, rights or own physical body is not protected by the law of the land, when exposed to danger or injustice.
One or more of these criteria qualifies as a violation of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
References
Norwegian words and phrases | wiki |
mm kan betyde flere ting:
mm – Millimeter
Mm – Megameter
mM – milli-Mol
MM – Romertal for 2000
MM (musikmagasin) – et musikmagasin.
M&M's – navnet på en type chokolade -knapper
m.m. – forkortelse for med mere | wiki |
The Ochoan is a stage in the Permian stratigraphy (and an age in the geologic timescale) of North America. The Ochoan age is roughly simultaneous with the Changhsingian age in the timescale of the ICS. This post-Guadalupian stage is known for high levels of evaporite deposits.
Permian geochronology | wiki |
Application may refer to:
Mathematics and computing
Application software, computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks
Application layer, an abstraction layer that specifies protocols and interface methods used in a communications network
Function application, in mathematics and computer science
Processes and documents
Application for employment, a form or forms that an individual seeking employment must fill out
College application, the process by which prospective students apply for entry into a college or university
Patent application, a document filed at a patent office to support the grant of a patent
Other uses
Application (virtue), a characteristic encapsulated in diligence
Topical application, the spreading or putting of medication to body surfaces
See also
Apply | wiki |
Inline engine may refer to:
In general use it refers to any type of straight engine
In US aviation use it refers to an inline non-radial reciprocating cylinder engine: Inline engine (aeronautics) | wiki |
Are the Kids Alright? is a documentary film which explores mental health care for children and youths at risk in Texas. The filmmaker, Ellen Spiro, gained unprecedented access to troubled children and their families, as well as the judicial, psychiatric and correctional institutions. By following several different families, the filmmakers document the results of the decline in the availability of mental health services for the youth who most desperately need it.
Awards and conference screenings
Emmy for Outstanding Documentary (2005)
Texas Mental Health Association Award
Best of Austin / Most Pertinent Media
United Nations Association Film Festival
Merit Award, Superfest International Disability Film Festival
Western Psychological Association
Picture This... Disability Film Festival
Articles
Geisler, Erin, "Professor’s documentary wins Emmy award", University of Texas at Austin press release, October 18, 2005. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
"Documentary Illustrates Issues of Children’s Mental Health in Texas", HF News, vol. 38, Spring/Summer 2004, Hogg Foundation for Mental Health. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
External links
Are the Kids Alright? official website
2004 television films
2004 films
American documentary films
Documentary films about mental health
Documentary films about children
Documentary films about health care
2004 documentary films
Films directed by Ellen Spiro
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | wiki |
Sierra is a fictional character portrayed by Dichen Lachman in the Fox science fiction series Dollhouse, created by Joss Whedon. Within the series' narrative, Sierra is an "Active" or a "doll", one of a group of men and women who can be programmed with memories and skills to engage in particular assignments; in their default state, Actives are innocent, childlike and suggestible. Before having her memories wiped, Sierra's name was Priya Tsetsang. Although Sierra does not exhibit the same self-awareness that Echo has, she develops feelings such as love in her doll state.
Character
Before the Dollhouse
Prior to entering the Dollhouse, Priya Tsetsang is an Australian who is possibly travelling around the United States. During which time she visited Venice, Los Angeles, California and was selling bohemian artworks by the beachside.
In the Dollhouse
Sierra makes her first appearance in the pilot episode "Ghost" as the Dollhouse's newest Active. She is seen, apparently in significant pain, as Topher Brink maps her body tissue in preparation for her imprinting. She reappears later in the same episode, imprinted with a military persona directed to forcefully extract Echo and a client from a hostage situation.
After this, Sierra is commonly deployed to assist Echo on engagements, while in their doll states the two begin to develop a connection. The episode "Stage Fright" sees the beginning of a friendship emerging between the dolls. The two are shown exercising together, and when Sierra stumbles Echo moves to help her, explaining, "I didn’t want you to get hurt. You're my friend." Sierra agrees that "friends help each other out". Later the two are imprinted and deployed on an engagement together, which goes badly wrong when Sierra is kidnapped. Although the imprints have met only briefly, Echo shows great concern for Sierra. Apparently speaking of the client she insists that she "[has] to help her", but her words take on a double meaning as she is shown to be staring at a picture of Sierra. In enacting her plan to rescue her fellow Active, Echo repeats Sierra's earlier remark, although her imprint ought not remember it: "Friends help each other out."
Sierra's friendship with both Echo and Victor become more apparent in subsequent episodes. In "Gray Hour", Topher and Boyd Langton observe that the three dolls have developed the habit of eating lunch together at the same table every day. Boyd wonders if they may be remembering each other, but Topher cites "herding instinct" and compares them to bison, flocking together in instinctual survival patterns that go deeper than memory. Through "True Believer" and "Man on the Street" Sierra and Victor are shown to be developing a sexual attraction in their mind-wiped state.
In "Man on the Street", Sierra has an uncharacteristic outburst while in the Dollhouse, screaming in terror when Victor touches her shoulder from behind. Further investigation finds that she has been crying in her sleeping pod each night, and a medical examination reveals that Sierra has had sexual intercourse while in the Dollhouse. The suspicion naturally falls on Victor, whose attraction to Sierra has not escaped the notice of the staff. Ultimately, however, it emerges that Sierra's handler, Hearn, has been raping her in her doll state. Hearn is apprehended and the traumas wiped from Sierra's mind, although later episodes she experiences flashbacks to the rape, demonstrating that the wipe was not entirely successful.
Background Story/Re-entering the Dollhouse
In the episode "Belonging", Sierra's past, and the story of how she came to be in the Dollhouse, is explored. It emerges that Sierra is an Australian artist called Priya Tsetsang, who sells her work by Venice Beach in Los Angeles. In the course of this she meets Nolan Kinnard (first seen in "Needs"), a wealthy doctor who develops a fascination with both Priya and her artwork. In an attempt to seduce Priya, Nolan commissions a large painting from her and arranges an elaborate showing of the finished artwork in his house. To further impress her he employs the services of the Dollhouse, which sends Echo and Victor to the showing, both imprinted to enthuse about Nolan to Priya. However, Priya is discomforted by the lavish party, and more interested in Victor than in Nolan. She attempts to leave with Victor, which culminates in a confrontation with Nolan. Rejecting his increasingly threatening advances, Priya leaves the party.
Some time later, the Los Angeles Dollhouse is searching for a new Active candidate and has located a young, apparently-paranoid schizophrenic woman who appears to meet their specifications. The woman is revealed to be Priya, and her debilitating mental condition has left her a patient in a psychiatric hospital run by Nolan. Upon meeting with Topher, Priya insists that she is a prisoner, having been kidnapped, tortured and poisoned in a plot to drive her crazy. Topher assumes these claims to be a part of her schizophrenic delusions, and Priya is brought to the LA Dollhouse to become the Active Sierra.
Topher is only driven to investigate Priya's history further after being confronted by Echo, who presents him with a painting of Sierra's dominated by a threatening black shape. Echo insists that Sierra is haunted by a "bad man". When Topher re-examines Priya's original brain scan he discovers that it is not, as he had initially concluded, the brain of a paranoid schizophrenic, but rather that of a healthy brain suffering from the effects of misapplied anti-psychotic medication, inducing a psychotic state. Nolan, it emerges, had manufactured Priya's condition in order to create a pretext for sending her to the Dollhouse. As an Active programmed to desire him, Priya cannot reject Nolan's advances, and since her entry into the Dollhouse he has been hiring her for frequent sexual engagements.
When Adelle DeWitt learns of this, she confronts Nolan, but he, having powerful connections within the Rossum Corporation, responds by demanding that he be given Sierra with a permanent imprint, lest he have DeWitt fired. Left without a choice, DeWitt orders Topher to go through with the imprint, but Topher instead imprints Sierra with Priya's original personality. Priya confronts Nolan and ultimately kills him in a heated exchange. Boyd and Topher help cover up the murder and Sierra re-enters the Dollhouse voluntarily, begging Topher, that when her body is returned to her, he withhold the memories of the murder.
Relationships
Victor
In the episode "True Believer" it comes to the attention of both Topher and Dr. Saunders that Victor is having erections. Upon further investigation, it is shown that Victor is actually attracted to Sierra. While being interviewed after Sierra was raped, Victor was asked how Sierra made him feel. He states that she makes him feel better.
Dr. Saunders has also observed Victor's feelings towards Sierra. During the self-fulfillment exercise Sierra needed to confront Nolan for putting her in the Dollhouse. Victor accompanies her. During their time together they remember details about their doll state. Sierra recalls how Victor always makes sure she is fine before they go to sleep in the pods. They swear to each to keep looking out for each other before sharing a kiss. Boyd wonders what Victor's self-fulfillment was. Dr. Saunders believes he loves her.
Sierra has seemingly reciprocated feelings towards Victor. In the closing scenes of the episode "Vows" they walk past each other and Sierra notices the scars on Victor's face are gone. They hold hands and walk off together.
Priya admits she is in love with Victor in the episode "Belonging." When Sierra was due for a treatment, Victor attempted to come with her, however Topher stops Victor and he waits for Sierra to return. Priya states to Nolan she is in love with someone she does not even know. Upon seeing Victor back in the Dollhouse, she asks Topher if the love is real. He says it is and that the feelings are mutual. After being wiped Sierra and Victor walk off holding hands and are eventually seen sleeping in a pod together.
In Epitaph 2: Return it is revealed that Priya and Victor have a child, "T", and she is furious over Victor's decision to leave them and become a Techhead. At the end they are a family once more and were last seen reading a story to T while waiting underground in the Los Angeles Dollhouse.
Echo
Echo first saw Sierra while Sierra was undergoing a tissue mapping procedure by Topher. Echo inquires about her pain but Topher implies they are helping her and she will have a new friend shortly.
Echo always seems to look out for Sierra. When Sierra was being raped by Hearn, she told Boyd that Sierra cries while she is in the Pod. Also, at the end of "Stage Fright", in order to protect Sierra, she shrugs off Sierra as she tries to greet her in the presence of Hearn. Echo was also the one to bring Nolan to the attention of Topher.
Topher has noted that Echo is "mother-hen about Sierra".
See also
List of Dollhouse characters
References
Science fiction television characters
Characters created by Joss Whedon
Fictional Australian people
Fictional artists
Fictional slaves
Fictional prostitutes
Television characters introduced in 2009 | wiki |
Telephone numbers in Cuba all have the same format, consisting of the country code (53), followed by an area code.
Phone numbers in Cuba have up to eight digits. The first one to two are the area code, the remaining digits are the subscriber number.
Calls between different area codes are prefixed with the trunk prefix 0, followed by the area code.
The international call prefix is 00.
(https://it.granma.cu/cuba/2019-04-26/etecsa-installera-il-codice-daccesso-00)
The mobile numbers format is 5xxx xxxx.
List of area codes in Cuba
The Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, operated by the United States Navy, has an unofficial area code of 99, which is only dialable from within the United States. Dialing 011 53 99 returns a second dial tone, after which the local number at the naval base can be dialed.
See also
Communications in Cuba
References
External links
Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba, SA - ETECSA website
Cubacel (Mobile phones administration) Cubacel website
CubaSMS (Text messages to cuban mobile phones) CubaSMS website
Cuba
Telecommunications in Cuba
Cuba communications-related lists | wiki |
Audit Commission can refer to:
Audit Commission (Hong Kong)
Commission of Audit (Macau)
Commission on Audit of the Philippines
Audit Commission (United Kingdom) | wiki |
Gate Bridge may refer to:
The Golden Gate Bridge, a suspension bridge in San Francisco, United States
The Hell Gate Bridge, a steel through arch bridge in New York City, United States
The Lions' Gate Bridge, a suspension bridge in British Columbia, Canada
The McKay-Carter Intergalactic Gate Bridge in the Stargate fictional universe
The West Gate Bridge, a large cable-stayed box girder bridge in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
See also
Sather Gate and Bridge, landmark in Berkeley, California, USA
Charlottenburg Bridge and Gate, in Berlin, Germany
Toll bridge, a type of bridge typically having toll gates
Drawbridge, a type of bridge stereotypically employed as a gate | wiki |
La United States Air Force Weapons School (USAF Weapons School) ou anciennement United States Air Force Fighter Weapons School est une école de pilotage américaine institué le , l'équivalent pour l'United States Air Force de la United States Navy Fighter Weapons School. Elle est située basé à Nellis Air Force Base (Nevada).
Unité de l'United States Air Force
École militaire aux États-Unis | wiki |
Portuguese Africans () are Portuguese people born or permanently settled in Africa (they should not be confused with Portuguese of Black African ancestry). The largest Portuguese African population lives in Portugal numbering over 1 million with large and important minorities living in South Africa, Namibia and the Portuguese-speaking African countries (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Equatorial Guinea).The descendants of the Portuguese settlers who were born and "raised" locally since Portuguese colonial time were called crioulos. Much of the original population is unnumbered having been assimilated into Portugal, Brazil, and other countries.
Guinea-Bissau became an independent country in 1974, followed by the rest of the colonies in 1975. Most Portuguese residents, for this reason, returned to Portugal, where they were called retornados. Some from Angola or Mozambique went to South Africa, Malawi, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana or the United States and Brazil or Europe.
When the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries was founded in 1996, some Portuguese and a number of Brazilians of Portuguese racial background arrived for economic and educational aid to the Portuguese-speaking African countries. Some of these Portuguese adopted them as their permanent home.
Most Portuguese Africans are Portuguese-South Africans, and Portuguese Angolans, mainly as a result of direct migration from Portugal, namely from Madeira.
As shown below, there are 64,000 estimated Portuguese Africans in African countries (except for South Africa) not being PALOP members.
Populations by country
See also
Portuguese Americans
Portuguese Angolans
Portuguese Guineans
Portuguese Mozambicans
Portuguese-South Africans
References
+
+ | wiki |
CNPA may refer to:
Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan
Carolina Nature Photographers Association
California Newspaper Publishers Association | wiki |
Web User, branded as WebUser, was a fortnightly magazine published in the United Kingdom from 2001 until 2020. It covered topics relating to computing. Its sister magazine was ComputerActive.
Overview
Web User was founded by IPC Media in 2001. The first issue appeared on 22 March. The bulk of the magazine's content consisted of internet news, website reviews and features on web-related topics. It also featured product reviews, free software, free apps, step-by-step workshops, and hints and tips for using computer software, hardware, and websites. The magazine was complemented by a website, launched in tandem in 2001. It was sold in 2010 to Dennis Publishing. It ceased publication after 516 issues in December 2020.
Topics covered include free software; PC security and maintenance; browser add-ons; the best Google tools; and the latest web trends and developments, such as Web 2.0 and social networking.
References
External links
Biweekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct computer magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2001
Magazines disestablished in 2020
Magazines published in London
2001 establishments in England
2020 disestablishments in England | wiki |
Volleyball World Cup Detailed Palmares may refer to:
FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup
FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup | wiki |
Worms 3D () — пошаговая трёхмерная видеоигра в жанре артиллерии с элементами стратегии, разработанная британской компанией Team17 и изданная Sega. В Worms 3D были добавлены новые виды оружия, миссии и несколько изменён общий игровой процесс.
Игра была анонсирована в 2002 году как Worms 3, однако с другим логотипом. Изначально она должна была быть издана американской компанией Activision, но через год после начала разработки название было изменено на Worms 3D, и Activision перестала быть издателем. Sega приобрела лицензию на публикацию игры на европейских территориях. Игра была выпущена на платформы Windows, Macintosh, PlayStation 2, Xbox и Nintendo GameCube.
Worms 3D получила смешанные отзывы критиков. Во многих рецензиях отмечалось неудобное управление и не очень хорошая графика, но в то же время некоторые называли это хорошим началом для перехода вселенной в новое измерение.
Игровой процесс
Суть Worms 3D осталась такой же, как и в более ранних играх серии: несколько команд, состоящих из червей, пользуются самыми разными видами оружия (прежде всего, бомбы и огнестрельное оружие), чтобы победить друг друга. Среди других предметов и способностей игрока — реактивный ранец, заморозка, парашют, телепорт, трос, бинокль, ракета, голубь, взрывающиеся овца, бабушка и корова, лишение червя гравитации, дополнительное время, и др. Игрок может создавать свою собственную команду и настраивать её — выбирать любимое оружие и его характеристики, озвучку, задавать собственные имена для каждого червя, выбирать флаг и название своей команды. Игрок управляет одним из своих червей (их количество можно выбрать по желанию), которые разбросаны по всей местности (или по островам). У каждого червя есть время на свой отдельный ход. Персонаж может умереть при полном отсутствии очков здоровья или падении в воду. Как и в предыдущих играх серии, в Worms 3D присутствует разрушаемое окружение. В игре есть три режима камеры: от третьего, первого лица и вид сверху. Есть также погодные эффекты окружающей среды, такие как дождь, снег, день и ночь. Черви богато анимированы, в том числе самыми разными видами смертей и выражениями лиц. По ходу игры с неба будут падать коробки с оружием, аптечкой или прочими полезными предметами.
Всего в Worms 3D существует несколько режимов: кампания, быстрая игра, обучение и соревнования. В кампании червь должен выполнять 36 самых различных миссий (победить нескольких врагов и собрать все ящики; взорвать все могилы на карте с помощью гранаты; выиграть игру под наводнением; добраться до цели, одновременно сражаясь с червём из другой команды; собрать все коробки до того момента, пока у реактивного ранца не закончится заряд; забрать единственный ящик первым; убить всех с помощью базуки). После прохождения каждой миссии игрок может получить достижения в виде бонусов, медалей и секретов. В соревнованиях игроки могут участвовать в задачах, таких как стрельба из дробовика на время, управление супер-овцой, полёт на ранце или парашюте и deathmatch. Существует также игровой автомат Wormpot, который выбирает случайные комбинации ограничений во время матча (время хода, виды оружия, погода). Кроме игры в одиночку, есть возможность коллективной или многопользовательской, в режиме которой до 16 игроков могут соревноваться друг с другом в четырёх командах. Для общения в многопользовательской игре есть чат. Также для игры на расстоянии использовался GameSpy или GameRanger.
Разработка и выпуск
С самого начала игру хотели назвать Worms 3D. Идея создания трёхмерной игры по вселенной Worms возникла у Team17 ещё в 1997 году, после выхода Worms Armageddon. После долгих размышлений они пришли к выводу, что тогдашние компьютеры и приставки не были подходящими для таких игр. К тому же у программистов не было возможности реализовать разрушаемый ландшафт. Через несколько лет, когда пришла эра GeForce и новых приставок PlayStation и Xbox, разработчики вспомнили о своей затее.
Энди Дэвидсон, создатель франшизы Worms, возражал против решения компании разработать игру в 3D. Он утверждал, что Worms и его механика были основаны только на двух измерениях и что добавление ещё одного измерения нарушит большую часть механик. Дэвидсон сказал, что вместо того, чтобы пытаться «воссоздать» Worms, он предпочёл бы начать с нуля и создать трёхмерную игру, обладающую теми же качествами, что и основная серия.
Летом 2002 года игра была анонсирована под именем Worms 3. Издателем игры на PC и нескольких консолях должна была стать Activision. На тот момент компания приобрела права на публикацию и распространение игры по всему миру, за исключением прав на PC в Корее, Тайване и Китае. Её выпуск был запланирован на 2003 год. Уже тогда в игру собирались добавить кат-сцены FMV. Заранее были запланированы идентичные друг другу версии для PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox и PC. Ведущим художником стал Дэвид Смит, ведущим программистом — Чарльз Блессинг, аниматором — Эндрю Моррисс, дизайнером уровней — Келвин Астон, креативным директором — Мартин Браун, а продюсером — Пол Килбурн.
В качестве главной темы для Worms 3D дуэтом Junior Senior была написана песня «». Остальную музыку сочинил Бьёрн Люнне. Одним из предметов в игре, восстанавливающим энергию и жизни червю, стал энергетический напиток Red Bull, логотип которого очень часто появлялся в играх того времени.
В 2003 году игра была анонсирована уже как Worms 3D, и издателем на территории Северной Америки и региона PAL, включая Европу, Австралию и Новую Зеландию, должна была стать Sega. На выставке Electronic Entertainment Expo, проходящей в мае, можно было поиграть в раннюю демо-версию игры. Тогда в ней ещё не было дополнительных режимов и многих видов вооружения. Игра была выпущена в Европе для GameCube, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 и Xbox компанией Sega 31 октября 2003 года. В Северной Америке она была опубликована компанией Acclaim Entertainment 11 марта 2004 года на все платформы, кроме Xbox, для которого Sega выпустила версию 1 марта 2005 года. Версия для Macintosh была издана Feral Interactive 14 мая 2004 года.
Русской локализацией и релизом игры занималась компания «СофтКлаб». В русской озвучке изменили реплики червей (например, появилась фраза «Разрази тебя Касперский!»). На территории России игра вышла 10 ноября 2003 года.
Восприятие
Продажи
Worms 3D выиграла серебряную награду , что свидетельствует о продажах игры в Соединённом Королевстве тиражом в не менее чем 100 000 копий.
Критика
По мнению Марка Робинсона из , многие игры, которые сделали скачок в трёхмерное измерение, заработали плохую репутацию. В обзоре были отмечены «блестящий» 3D-движок и усиленная динамика, но в то же время и отсутствие игры по сети в версиях для PlayStation 2 и Xbox. Версия PS2 по сравнению с другими 3D-играми на этой платформе «хорошо скомпонована и на первый взгляд не содержит каких-либо серьёзных проблем или сбоев».
Мэтт Кассамассина из IGN, как и многие другие обозреватели игр, пожаловался на новую неудобную камеру, которая мешает обзору и не позволяет «правильно воспринимать расстояние». Автор похвалил то, что в свежей игре серии сохранился старый юмор, и то, что поля сражений в полном 3D «позволяют получить более широкий и менее тесный опыт», а также «кажутся более крупными и рассредоточенными»: теперь игроки могут свободно перемещать своих червей в любом направлении — вверх, вниз, влево, вправо, вперёд и назад. Как пишет в своей рецензии Мэтт, режимы от третьего и первого лица «являются неотъемлемой частью точного прицеливания и попадания»; а панорамный обзор «эффективен для обнаружения всех вражеских червей на поле боя». Worms 3D была названа «похвальной первой попыткой перенести франшизу», и по его мнению, эта игру стоит выбрать для многопользовательского режима.
Кит Дурошер в рецензии версии для PC положительно оценил графику и эффективное преобразование в 3D, удобный интерфейс, мультиплеер и звуковые эффекты. Самую низкую оценку получили музыкальное сопровождение и искусственный интеллект. Дурошер похвалил удачную и красочную реализацию игры в новом виде.
Курт Кнюдсен, редактор сайта GamersHell, назвал графику уникальной, а дизайн карт — «возмутительным», хотя в тот же момент хорошо спроектированным. Курт отметил детализацию червей, их эмоции и движения во время игры. Голоса ему также понравились, он назвал их «одними из самых смешных». Кнюдсен, в отличие от Дурошера, похвалил врагов в одиночной игре.
Райан Дэвис из GameSpot говорит о том, что в Worms 3D стала очевиднее тактика выкидывания червя в воду из-за того, что у игрока появилось больше ракурсов для нападения. Журналист похвалил режим кампании и многопользовательскую игру за её возможности. Большим преимуществом версии для компьютера стал доступ к онлайну.
По словам Мартина Тейлора из Eurogamer, интерфейс на консольных версиях раздражает и доставляет неудобство гораздо больше, чем в версии для PC. Он считает, что кампании получились в чём-то лучше, чем одиночная быстрая игра, и что в них приятнее принимать участие. Однако, как он считает, Worms 3D потеряла многие важные элементы оригинала: оружие кажется менее мощным, чем должно быть, а анимация смерти червя стала не такой зрелищной. Версии для консолей, по его мнению, получились не очень хорошими из-за неудобного управления, более грубых визуальных эффектов (особенно на GameCube) и отсутствия поддержки Xbox Live.
Александр Птица из журнала «Домашний ПК», в отличие от иностранных рецензентов, написал, что полное трёхмерное измерение «очень даже помогает грамотно изготовиться к стрельбе». Птица отметил то, что в режиме кампании разработчики «позволили себе „оторваться“ по полной программе» и «спародировали всё и вся». По его мнению, карты, заготовленные для этого режима, получились интереснее и увлекательнее, чем стандартные.
Владимир Красильников под псевдонимом IIID в своём тексте для Absolute Games негативно высказался о «моделях розовых уродцев», цветовой гамме и «весьма бледных эффектах». Несмотря на это, как говорит Красильников, создателям удалось создать «увлекательную и по-детски весёлую атмосферу на гениальных уровнях совсем недетской игры со смешными героями». Владимир похвалил «Червяклопедию», которая помогает новичкам лучше разобраться во вселенной. Неоднозначно он высказался о балансе оружия: промахнуться из дробовика и «Узи» «почти невозможно», но пользоваться гранатами стало очень сложно. Из личного опыта, IIID выявил то, что версия по сети «обременена огромным количеством ошибок» и «всё то, что делало Worms народной любимицей, исчезло». Как и Александру Птице, Владимиру больше всего понравился режим с миссиями. В своём заключении он высказал мнение, что 3D — «самый слабый представитель семейства Worms».
Матвей Кумби из «Игромании» назвал Worms 3D «совсем другой игрой, пусть и с теми же правилами». Он считает, что создателям всё же удалось сохранить старую атмосферу «червей». Матвей также обратил внимание на то, что разработчики издевались над «всевозможными игровыми клише»: первая же миссия на острове называется Wormaha Beach, что является отсылкой на Омаха-Бич. В конце Кумби назвал игру «новорождённым культом».
Сергей Водолеев из 3DNews негативно высказался об игре. Он считает, что данная игра — сырой продукт, не доведённый до ума: графика выглядит «вовсе не так волшебно, как о том можно было бы мечтать». По его словам, разработчики «уделили слишком серьёзное внимание системе разрушаемого ландшафта». Водолеев порекомендовал пройти «замечательно ясное» обучение. Сергей отметил то, что кампанию старались сделать интересной и насыщенной, однако она получилась «не очень в силу специфики самой игры».
По мнению Олега Коровина, редактора «Страны игр», с одной стороны, игра открыла «большой простор для манёвра и планирования», а с другой — из-за трёхмерности игра стала более прямолинейной. В рецензии были отмечены непривычное управление и тот факт, что вместо старых стратегий и тактик, актуальных для двухмерного пространства, надо придумывать новые. Коровин похвалил карты в одиночной игре (в отличие от случайно сгенерированных), их разнообразие и многочисленное количество отсылок: Нью-Йорк с самолётами и «застывшим на небоскрёбе Кинг-Конгом», кладбище, «поле для гольфа», «морковные грядки». Олег считает, что игра получилась хорошей только за счёт художников и дизайнеров, а программистам — «позор».
Андрей Александров написал рецензию на Worms 3D в первом номере российского журнала «PC Игры». В ней он отметил то, что преобразование вселенной в 3D получилось успешным: движок придаёт «симпатичную картинку» и поддерживает разрушение ландшафта. Единственный минус, как отметил Александров, состоит в том, что управлять некоторым оружием стало труднее. Как и многими другими, этим автором была отмечена неудачно реализованная камера. К картам он также отнёсся без всякого позитива. Александров положительно высказался об игровой атмосфере и в итоге написал, что «у Team17 получилась замечательная игра».
Наследие
После Worms 3D, несмотря на многочисленные смешанные и негативные отзывы, Team17 начали продвигаться именно в направлении создания игр в трёхмерном пространстве; они разработали Worms Forts: Under Siege и Worms 4: Mayhem. В 2009 году компания выпустила первую за 6 лет 2D игру — Worms 2: Armageddon, однако она не принесла такого же успеха, как первые игры серии.
В 2011 году была анонсирована и выпущена игра Worms Ultimate Mayhem: по задумке разработчиков, это своеобразное совмещение Worms 3D и Worms 4: Mayhem, включающее в себя новые миссии, головоломки и способы кастомизации. Позднее данная игра вошла в сборник Worms Collection.
Примечания
Ссылки
Официальный сайт Worms 3D
Игры для GameCube
Игры для Windows
Игры для Mac OS
Компьютерные игры 2003 года
Компьютерные игры, изданные Sega
Worms
Игры для PlayStation 2
Игры для Xbox
Компьютерные игры, разработанные в Великобритании
Продолжения компьютерных игр | wiki |
Chess or the King's Game () is a book on chess. It was published in Leipzig in 1616 under the name of Gustavus Selenus ("Gustavus" being an anagram of "Augustus" and "Selenus" referring to the Greek moon goddess Selene, linked to the Latin origin of the name "Lüneburg"), the pen name of Duke Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1579–1666). As a young prince, Augustus probably had learned of the game during his voyages to Italy and purchased numerous chess books from the Augsburg merchant and art collector Philipp Hainhofer. The first textbook on chess in the German language, the work is mainly based on the Libro de la invencion liberal y arte del juego del axedrez written in 1561 by the Spanish priest Ruy López de Segura, but also contains extensive philosophical and historical considerations (e.g. on the "chess village" of Ströbeck).
In addition to chess instruction, the book contained interesting illustrations of contemporary German chess pieces by Jacob van der Heyden et al. The usage for chessmen at the time tended to favor slender designs with nested floral crowns. The book was so successful that pieces of this pattern became known as the "Selenus chess sets”. Over time, pieces became taller, thinner, and more elaborate. Their apparent floral nature lead some to name them "Garden chess sets" or "Tulip chess sets". Selenus pattern sets were commonly made in Germany and Central Europe until about 1914 when they were completely eclipsed by the more playable and stable Staunton chess set Pattern, which was introduced in 1849 by manufacturer Jaques of London.
See also
Courier Chess
References
Chess books
1616 books
17th century in chess
Chess in Germany | wiki |
St Annes-on-the-Sea railway station serves the town of St Annes-on-the Sea, commonly known as St Annes, which is part of the conurbation of Lytham St Annes in Lancashire, England. It is located on the Blackpool South to Preston railway line south-southeast of Blackpool South.
History
The first station to serve the area was opened in 1863 as Cross Slack. It was resited to the present station which opened on 1 November 1873 It was renamed St Annes-on-the-Sea two years later. The station lost its Up Side platform in 1986 (although this is still visible), when the line from Kirkham was reduced to single track (the line west of here had previously been singled in May 1982) and most of the station was demolished. A new, smaller building was erected to house a ticket office, staffed on a part-time basis, which was officially opened in September 1986 by the Area Passenger Manager.
The station is currently served by the Northern East Lancashire Line trains between Blackpool South and Colne.
Facilities
The station has a ticket office which is staffed from the morning peak until early afternoon six days per week. At other times, tickets can be purchased from a vending machine near the entrance (which can also be used to collect pre-paid tickets). Train running information is available via digital display screens, telephone and timetable posters whilst there is a waiting shelter and bench seating on the platform. Step-free access is available from the adjacent street.
Services
From Monday to Saturday, there is generally an hourly service westbound to Blackpool South and eastbound to Preston (and beyond to Blackburn and Colne on Sunday only). The one daily service from St Annes to Manchester Piccadilly was withdrawn at the end of the 2007–08 timetable.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Lytham St Annes
Railway stations in the Borough of Fylde
DfT Category E stations
Former Preston and Wyre Joint Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1876
Northern franchise railway stations
1876 establishments in England | wiki |
White Water – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Oklahoma, w hrabstwie Delaware.
CDP w stanie Oklahoma | wiki |
This article lists the results of the Scotland women's national football team from their first official match in 1972 to 1999. The list excludes unofficial matches, where the opposition did not have full international status or it was played behind closed doors.
1970s
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
See also
Scotland women's national football team 2000–09 results
Scotland women's national football team 2010–19 results
Scotland women's national football team 2020–29 results
References
External links
Women's A Squad Results
Scotland women's national team results summary (since 1982) at worldfootball
1972
1972–73 in Scottish football
1973–74 in Scottish football
1974–75 in Scottish football
1975–76 in Scottish football
1976–77 in Scottish football
1977–78 in Scottish football
1978–79 in Scottish football
1979–80 in Scottish football
1980–81 in Scottish football
1981–82 in Scottish football
1982–83 in Scottish football
1983–84 in Scottish football
1984–85 in Scottish football
1985–86 in Scottish football
1986–87 in Scottish football
1987–88 in Scottish football
1988–89 in Scottish football
1989–90 in Scottish football
1990–91 in Scottish football
1991–92 in Scottish football
1992–93 in Scottish football
1993–94 in Scottish football
1994–95 in Scottish football
1995–96 in Scottish football
1996–97 in Scottish football
1997–98 in Scottish football
1998–99 in Scottish football
1999–2000 in Scottish football | wiki |
Getaway! is a crime-themed, multidirectional-scrolling maze game for the Atari 8-bit family. It was designed by Mark Reid and published by the Atari Program Exchange (APX) in 1982. In Getaway!, the player drives around a large city stealing cash, valuable items, and the contents of armored trucks, then must return the loot to their hideout. Three different police vehicles pursue, getting more aggressive as more crimes are committed.
The game won the 1983 $25,000 Atari Star Award for best APX submission, but promotion of the game was affected by the video game crash of 1983. The Atari Program Exchange also sold 2 × 3 foot posters of the Getaway! city map.
Gameplay
Getaway! takes place on multidirectional-scrolling map of a town, 35 screens in size, containing bridges, factories, neighborhoods, and an airport. The player leaves the hideout and drives around the city using up gasoline in the process. Pausing at a gas station refills the tank. Also in the maze are dollar signs (which give a little money when collected), armored vans (which give a lot of money and immediately alert the police), and three loot items. Completing a level requires collecting all three loot items, then the armored van, and then returning to the hideout. A level must be completed within one day/night cycle.
The more money being carried—displayed as "CASH" below the scrolling maze—the more aggressive the three different police vehicles are. If the player is caught, any cash is lost as well as one of the player's three cars. Cash is locked-in by dropping it off at the hideout, where it becomes part of the permanent stash (shown at the top of the screen) and causes the police to lose interest. This can be done at any time. As the game progresses, police begin setting up roadblocks and stop signs. Hitting a roadblock (a dark yellow “X”) puts a hole in the gas tank, causing it to drain quickly until stopping at a gas station. Running a stop sign (an octagon which blinks on and off) causes all of the cash being carried to be lost.
The value of the dollar signs goes up with each level, in addition to there being new loot items to collect. Each level has an associated rating, starting with "Hoodlum," then "Lowlife," with the seventh level being "The Boss."
Development
Mark Reid, a chemical engineer, had two games published by APX prior to Getaway!: an implementation of Klondike Solitaire, simply titled Solitaire, and the vertically scrolling skiing game Downhill.
Getaway! was inspired the scrolling map of Eastern Front (1941). He wrote an Atari BASIC program to let him draw the city. Getaway! originally contained music from police-themed TV shows, such as Dragnet, but it was removed before submitting the game to APX because Reid did not have permission to use it.
Release
Along with the game, the Atari Program Exchange also sold 2 × 3 foot posters of the Getaway! city map illustrated by Jim M'Guinness. A section of the poster was used for the cover of the Fall 1983 APX catalog. Most APX games were sold exclusively via mail order, but Getaway was included in catalogs from retailers such as Sears.
According to Reid, Atari had "big plans" for the game, then the video game crash of 1983 occurred. When the Atari Program Exchange folded, many games from APX were rereleased by Antic Software, but Reid declined because of the exclusive contract he had signed with Atari, Inc.
Reception
Getaway! won first place in the entertainment category of the quarterly APX awards. It beat three other nominees to win the $25,000 Atari Star award in 1983, following My First Alphabet (1981) and Typo Attack (1982). It was the final such award given before the Atari Program Exchange shut down.
In a 1983 review for COMPUTE! magazine, Steven Levy wrote, "The first time I played Getaway! I was impressed by the detail of the graphics. In fact, I was so intrigued that I put off actually playing until I'd toured the town." He called the game a variation on the maze concept, but added "the difference is that, in Getaway! there is much more variety and detail to deal with." Kyle Peacock of ANALOG Computing pointed out the work that must have gone into constructing the city. He mentioned the armored car as his favorite feature and noted that as the sun sets, driving becomes more difficult.
John J. Anderson, writing for Creative Computing, was enamored with the multidirectional scrolling and concluded, "Getaway is lots of fun".
Legacy
In January 2017, Reid made available a collection of programming documents from when he was working on the game, as well as correspondence with APX and Antic Software.
References
External links
Getaway! at Atari Mania
1982 video games
Atari 8-bit family games
Atari 8-bit family-only games
Atari Program Exchange software
Maze games
Video games about crime
Video games developed in the United States | wiki |
High Heat Baseball 1999, also known as High Heat Baseball or High Heat, is a video game released in 1998, and is the first game in the High Heat Major League Baseball video game series.
Gameplay
Reception
The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.
References
1998 video games
Major League Baseball video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games | wiki |
Cyatta is a genus of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae containing the single species Cyatta abscondita. It is considered the most recent ancestor of all fungus-farming ants and a living fossil.
Etymology
Cyatta is a neologism constructed in part from the Brazilian Tupi language word Cy, meaning "sister," referring to its status, along with the genus Kalathomyrmex, as the sister clade to the remaining genera of the informal clade Neoattini, to which the genus Atta, the most conspicuous member of the Neoattini, belongs. The specific name abscondita refers to the exceedingly secretive nature of this species, which, after being recognized from a few rare specimens, proved frustratingly elusive during multiple attempts to locate it in the field.
Discovery history
In 2003, a single stray worker of C. abscondita was taken in a pitfall trap as part of an ant survey conducted at the Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Serra das Almas, Crateús, Ceará, Brazil, a relatively undisturbed area of Caatinga, a biome characterized by deciduous thorny woodland vegetation. The specimen was deposited in the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (MZUSP) ant collection, where it was at first associated with the Mycetophylax species group, but subsequently recognized as a new neoattine genus. This isolated specimen inspired the first attempt to locate C. abscondita in the field in Serra das Almas in 2009. Unfortunately, it was the end of the rainy season and the soil was covered by a dense layer of grass, impairing observations of all small and inconspicuous ants. Visual searching and leaf-litter extraction failed to locate additional specimens, as did subsequent surveys at the same locality.
In 2008, two workers were taken in pitfall traps in the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) Cerrado preserve, near Fazenda Água Limpa (FAL) in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil. These specimens, deposited in the MZUSP, inspired attempts to locate the species at this locality beginning in 2009. The first such attempt yielded only the collection of a series of stray workers and an unsuccessful nest excavation; however, subsequent visits resulted in the excavations of multiple nests and collections of gynes, larvae, and cultivated fungi.
The only known male of the species was collected in 2011 from two nests of C. abscondita while excavating a nest of Mycocepurus goeldii in the Broa Preserve, Itirapina, São Paulo, Brazil.
The earliest known collection of C. abscondita was that of a stray worker taken in a leaf-litter sample in Paineiras, Minas Gerais, in 1999, only recently discovered in the entomological collection at MZUSP and recognized as belonging to this species. Most recently, in 2011, two workers of C. abscondita were recovered from pitfall traps in fragments of semideciduous forests in the Sales and Pindorama municipalities in northwestern São Paulo state. This history of discovery indicates that C. abscondita is rarely collected by traditional methods. The cryptic nature of foragers and of nest entrances makes it almost invisible to traditional hand collecting. The rarity of individuals in pitfall and leaf-litter samples remains puzzling, since the concentrations of nests encountered at FAL and Broa Preserve suggest that it is locally abundant.
Phylogeny
Results of molecular phylogenetic analyses incorporating four nuclear gene sequences from Cyatta abscondita confirm the previous finding that the tribe Attini is divided by an ancient divergence into two major clades, the Paleoattini and the Neoattini. Cyatta abscondita occupies a relatively isolated position in the latter clade, distantly related to the monotypic genus Kalathomyrmex, the result of an early divergence in the Neoattini. Its phylogenetic position, nested well within the paraphyletic group of "lower attine ants," strongly supports the hypothesis that C. abscondita practices "lower attine agriculture".
References
Myrmicinae
Insects described in 2013
Monotypic ant genera | wiki |
Too Young to Fall in Love è un singolo della band statunitense Mötley Crüe dell'album Shout at the Devil del 1983.
Formazione
Vince Neil - voce
Mick Mars - chitarra
Nikki Sixx - basso
Tommy Lee - batteria
Note
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Bifocals are eyeglasses with two distinct optical powers. Bifocals are commonly prescribed to people with presbyopia who also require a correction for myopia, hyperopia, and/or astigmatism.
History
Benjamin Franklin is generally credited with the invention of bifocals. He decided to saw his lenses in half so he could read the lips of speakers of French at court, the only way he could understand them. Historians have produced some evidence to suggest that others may have come before him in the invention; however, a correspondence between George Whatley and John Fenno, editor of the Gazette of the United States, suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and perhaps 50 years earlier than had been originally thought. Despite this, the College of Optometrists concluded:
Unless further evidence emerges all we can say for certain is that Franklin was one of the first people to wear split bifocals and this act of wearing them caused his name to be associated with the type from an early date. This no doubt contributed greatly to their popularisation. The evidence implies, however, that when he sought to order lenses of this type the London opticians were already familiar with them. Other members of Franklin's circle of British friends may have worn them even earlier, from the 1760s, but it is at best uncertain (and arguably improbable?) that split bifocal lenses had a famous gentleman inventor.
Since many inventions are developed independently by more than one person, it is possible that the invention of bifocals may have been such a case.
John Isaac Hawkins, the inventor of trifocal lenses, coined the term bifocals in 1824 and credited Benjamin Franklin.
In 1955, Irving Rips of Younger Optics created the first seamless or "invisible" bifocal, a precursor to progressive lenses. This followed Howard D. Beach's 1946 work in "blended lenses", O'Conner's "Ultex" lens in 1910, and Isaac Schnaitmann's single-piece bifocal lens in 1837.
Construction
Original bifocals were designed with the most convex lenses (for close viewing) in the lower half of the frame and the least convex lenses on the upper. Up until the beginning of the 20th century two separate lenses were cut in half and combined in the rim of the frame. The mounting of two half lenses into a single frame led to a number of early complications and rendered such spectacles quite fragile. A method for fusing the sections of the lenses together was developed by Louis de Wecker at the end of the 19th century and patented by John L. Borsch Jr. in 1908.
Today most bifocals are created by molding a reading segment into a primary lens and are available with the reading segments in a variety of shapes and sizes.
Problems
Bifocals can cause headaches and even dizziness for some wearers. Adaptation to the small field of view offered by the reading segment of bifocals can take some time, as the user learns to move either the head or the reading material rather than the eyes. Computer monitors are generally placed directly in front of users and can lead to muscle fatigue due to the unusual straight and constant movement of the head. This trouble is mitigated by the use of monofocal lenses for computer use.
Future
Research continues in an attempt to eliminate the limited field of vision in current bifocals. New materials and technologies may provide a method which can selectively adjust the optical power of a lens. Researchers have constructed such a lens using a liquid crystal layer applied between two glass substrates.
Bifocals in the animal world
The aquatic larval stage of the diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus has, in its principal eyes, two retinas and two distinct focal planes that are substantially separated (in the manner of bifocals) to switch their vision from up-close to distance, for easy and efficient capture of their prey, mostly mosquito larvae.
See also
Binocular vision
Binocular rivalry
References
Sources
External links
Franklin's letters to Whatley concerning double spectacles.
Corrective lenses
Inventions by Benjamin Franklin
American inventions
18th-century inventions | wiki |
In ballet, a soloist is a dancer in a ballet company above the corps de ballet but below principal dancer.
Dancers at this level perform the majority of the solo and minor roles in a ballet, such as Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet or one of the Fairies in The Sleeping Beauty.
See also
Demi-soloist
References
Ballet occupations | wiki |
Remember the Milk (RTM) is an application service provider for Web-based task- and time-management. It allows users to manage tasks from a computer or smartphone, both online and offline. Created in 2004 by a two-person Australian company, it now has international contributors.
Features
Remember the Milk allows users to create multiple task lists. Added tasks can be edited (or not) to include various fields, locations can be added, and an integrated Google Maps feature allows users to save commonly used locations. Tasks can also be organized by tags. Tasks can be postponed, and Remember the Milk will inform users of the number of times a given task has been postponed. Remember the Milk offers integration with Gmail, Microsoft Outlook, and SMS.
See also
Getting Things Done
Digital calendar
References
External links
Calendaring software
Web applications
Administrative software
Task management software
Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Software companies of the United States | wiki |
Religious revival may refer to:
Christian revival
Revival meeting
Islamic revival
See also
Revival (disambiguation) | wiki |
William Ramsden may refer to:
William Ramsden (British Army officer) (1888–1969), British Army commander during World War II
William Ramsden (died 1623), Lord of the Manor of Huddersfield in Yorkshire, England
Sir William Ramsden, 2nd Baronet (1672–1736)
Sir John William Ramsden, 5th Baronet (1831–1914), British Liberal Party politician
Sir William Pennington-Ramsden, 7th Baronet (1904–1986) | wiki |
Marion Public Library may refer to:
Marion Public Library (Marion, Ohio), a Carnegie Library in Marion, Ohio
Marion Public Library (Marion, Indiana), a Carnegie Library in Marion, Indiana | wiki |
Cherie Lunghi (1952) – attrice inglese
Denis Lunghi (1976) – ex ciclista su strada italiano
Emilio Lunghi (1886-1925) – mezzofondista e velocista italiano
Giuseppe Lunghi (...–...) – calciatore italiano, di ruolo attaccante
Miguel Lunghi (1943) – politico argentino | wiki |
The Settlers Online (known as The Settlers Online: Castle Empire in the United States) is a freemium, online browser-based version inspired by The Settlers. A beta version of the game was released in Germany, Russia, and North America on October 22, 2010, with the final build released worldwide on September 19, 2011.
In the game, the player has to build a city, defeat bandit camps and complete quests to earn XP and level up, unlocking different new buildings, mines and soldiers.
References
External links
The Guides by so-wiki
2011 video games
4X video games
Browser games
Browser-based multiplayer online games
Free-to-play video games
Strategy video games
The Settlers
Blue Byte games
Video games developed in Germany | wiki |
The Fountain is a 2006 American film.
The Fountain may also refer to:
The Fountain (comics), a 2005 graphic novel based on the original script of the 2006 film
The Fountain (soundtrack), the soundtrack album of the score to the 2006 film
The Fountain (album), a 2009 album by Echo & the Bunnymen
The Fountain (Yadkin Valley, North Carolina), a historic plantation home
The Fountain (1934 film), a 1934 film starring Ann Harding
The Fountain (magazine), a bi-monthly magazine of scientific and spiritual thought
The Fountain, a 1923 play by Eugene O'Neill
The Fountain, a 1932 novel by Charles Langbridge Morgan
See also
Fountain (disambiguation)
Fountain House (disambiguation)
The Fountainhead | wiki |
El Castillo de Zafra puede referirse a:
Al Castillo de Zafra en el municipio de Campillo de Dueñas, Guadalajara (España).
Al Castillo de Zafra en el municipio de Zafra, Extremadura (España). | wiki |
e-Pro (styled e-PRO) is an Internet professional certification program approved by the National Association of Realtors (NAR) for its members. Members of the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA) may also pursue the e-Pro certification and use the logo by completing the online learning program.
The four core areas of study (arranged in modules) are:
Internet fundamentals (e.g., Internet service providers, electronic mailing lists, domain names, and DNS).
E-mail communication methods and strategies for clients/customers.
The World Wide Web and its uses in developing a real estate business.
Other technology (hardware and software, both general purpose and real estate industry-specific).
The course material prior to 2010 was based on the Real Estate Technology Guide.
In 2010 the entire e-Pro course was re-written by Bill Lublin and his team at the Social Media Marketing Institute. The new course was the winner of the 2011 Award for best educational offering from the Real Estate Educators Association (REEA).
See also
Real estate professional designations
References
External links
Information technology qualifications
Professional titles and certifications
Real estate in North America | wiki |
Matsa may refer to:
Matzo
Typhoon Matsa | wiki |
Hexapradol (INN) is a psychostimulant drug which was never marketed.
It also had cytoprotective/antiulcer properties.
Synthesis
Synthesis methods are described.
See also
β-Phenylmethamphetamine
3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
Phenylpropanolamine
Pipradol
References
Tertiary alcohols
Amines
Phenylethanolamines
Stimulants
Abandoned drugs | wiki |
Nirveda (sanskrit, Nibbidā en pali, nivveda en ardhamagadhi, la langue du canon jain) est un terme qui peut se traduire par: dégoût, aversion, voire indifférence. Dans le bouddhisme il est utilisé lors des méditations, les vipassanas, pour décrire un stade, un niveau où le fidèle doit voir l'attachement qui crée la souffrance, et ainsi qui l'empêche d'atteindre le nirvana.
Un homonyme, nirveda, au sens de "sans Veda" désigne un infidèle, quelqu'un n'ayant pas les textes sacrés
Références
Concept bouddhique | wiki |
The basic law on copyright in Burundi is Law No. 1/021 of December 30, 2005, on the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights in Burundi. Burundi has not signed the Berne Convention but it has signed the TRIPS Agreement.
References
Burundi
Law of Burundi | wiki |
The Adolescence of Time is a Big Finish Productions audio drama featuring Lisa Bowerman as Bernice Summerfield, a character from the spin-off media based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
Plot
Bernice and Peter find themselves on Earth... after events have started to lead to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Cast
Bernice Summerfield - Lisa Bowerman
Peter Summerfield - Thomas Grant
Celethua - Lois Baxter
Tektekachuan - Tim Block
Ixotta - Emily Pithon
External links
Big Finish Productions - Professor Bernice Summerfield: The Adolescence of Time
Bernice Summerfield audio plays
Works by Lawrence Miles
Fiction set in the 27th century | wiki |
Malcolm X Park (formerly named Black Oak Park) is an urban park in West Philadelphia named in honor of Malcolm X. It is a six-acre park located around 51st Street and Pine Street. The park is known for its jazz festival during the summer.
See also
List of parks in Philadelphia
References
Municipal parks in Philadelphia
West Philadelphia | wiki |
Allen Theater may refer to:
Allen Theatre, a theater in downtown Cleveland, Ohio
Allen Theater (Allentown, Pennsylvania), a former cinema in Allentown, Pennsylvania | wiki |
Five Blind Boys may refer to:
Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, a gospel group from Jackson, Mississippi active since the 1930s. Archie Brownlee was their lead singer.
The Blind Boys of Alabama, also a gospel group founded in the 1930s led by singer Clarence Fountain. | wiki |
Water monster may refer to:
a sea monster
a lake monster
a water spirit
a water bogey such as the grindylow, Jenny Greenteeth or Peg Powler
an Axolotl, Mexican salamander
See also
List of piscine and amphibian humanoids
River monster (disambiguation)
Sea Monsters (disambiguation) | wiki |
L. canus may refer to:
Larus canus, a medium-sized gull species
Lenothrix canus, an Old World rat species | wiki |
S. canus may refer to:
Scytalopus canus, a bird species
Spermophilus canus, a rodent species | wiki |
Real estate in Bangladesh has developed dramatically in recent years due to the construction boom and increasing number of high-rise buildings in the major urban centres of the country, most notably Dhaka and Chittagong.
History
In 1991, REHAB (Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh) was formed with only 19 members which later increased to 1,082, as of 2011. In 2000, National Housing Authority Act was adopted and approved by the national assembly and subsequently a new body named National Housing Authority was established, dissolving the former state organizations of Housing and Settlement Direction (HSD) and Deputy Commissioner Settlement (DCS). The act finally came into effect on 15 July 2001.
In Khulna, the Real estate business is growing because when the Padma bridge would be operational, Khulna will be the economical hub of Bangladesh.
References
External links
Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh | wiki |
Snake bite chicken is a controversial dish served in Guangdong and Chongqing China, though its exact origin is unknown. The dish consist of a venomous snake being forced to bite a chicken. After the chicken is envenomated and dies, it is then served.
Description
The foshan dish cooking method is made by forcing a venomous snake to bite a chicken. The chicken is bitten and poisoned through the head. It may take more than 10 minutes for the chicken to die. A strong chicken may require several bites. After the chicken dies, it can be served in a pan for 98 Chinese yuan. If it is served with both the chicken and the snake, it costs 118 yuan.
Controversy
A controversial video was made from a Guangdong restaurant. It was then broadcast and generated a large number of anti-Cantonese comments. When a reporter asked a notable professor from Sun Yat-sen University about the health benefit of the dish, he claimed that it was only his first time of hearing about the dish. Health authorities in Guangdong have already told restaurants to stop serving the dish. Chongqing have also joined in.
See also
List of chicken dishes
References
Cantonese cuisine
Chinese chicken dishes
Snake products | wiki |
Anshen Buxin Wan () is a dark brown or sugar-coated pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "calm the spirit and tonify the heart". It acts as a sedative and has adaptogenic properties. It is used to nourish the heart and calm the nerves caused by "yin and blood deficiencies".
Chinese classic herbal formula
The Decoctum Tranquilizici Concentratum is a decoction of Cortex Albiziae (合欢皮), Semen Cuscutae (大豆菟丝子), Herba Ecliptae (旱莲草), Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (女贞子), Caulis Polygoni Multiflori (首乌藤), Radix Rehmanniae (生地黄) and Concha Margaritifera Usta (珍珠母).
See also
Chinese classic herbal formula
Bu Zhong Yi Qi Wan
Chaihu Shugan Wan
References
Traditional Chinese medicine pills | wiki |
C. migratorius may refer to:
Coregonus migratorius, a whitefish species
Cricetulus migratorius, a rodent species
See also
Migratorius | wiki |
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