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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
projected-00307054-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | State maritime academies | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | Like the Federal USMMA, the following six state maritime academies offer the same training and licensing opportunities for future United States Merchant Marine officers, with varying USCG-approved programs. Each academy operates their own training ship, which are owned by the U.S. Government and loaned to the academy. ... | [
"Regimental Preparatory Training RPT.jpg",
"FEMA - 17000 - Photograph by Marvin Nauman taken on 10-09-2005 in Louisiana.jpg"
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"State maritime academies"
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"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
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projected-00307054-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | Hawsepiper | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | An informal maritime industry term used to refer to a merchant ship's officer who began his or her career as an unlicensed merchant mariner and did not attend a traditional maritime college/academy to earn the officer's license. This term is similar in use and definition to a U.S. naval services "Mustang" who went from... | [] | [
"Hawsepiper"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | Ratings / Unlicensed | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | Unlicensed personnel (synonymous with ratings) are generally trained through several private programs funded by maritime unions, shipping companies, or by one's own expense. An example training institution would be the Paul Hall Center for Maritime Training and Education, or better known as "Piney Point". Generally the... | [] | [
"Ratings / Unlicensed"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | Limited-tonnage mariners | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | Limited tonnage licensed mariners hold senior positions aboard small ships, boats, and similar vessels, but are restricted to certain tonnages (under 1600 GRT), types of vessels, and geographic locations. | [] | [
"Limited-tonnage mariners"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | Important laws | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | Several laws shaped the development of the U.S. Merchant Marine. Chief among them are the "Seamen's Act of 1915," the "Merchant Marine Act of 1920" (commonly referred to as the "Jones Act"), and the "Merchant Marine Act of 1936". | [] | [
"Important laws"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | The Seamen's Act of 1915 | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | The Seaman's Act significantly improved working conditions for American Merchant Marine seamen. The brainchild of International Seamen's Union president Andrew Furuseth, the Act was sponsored in the Senate by Robert M. La Follette and received significant support from Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson.
Among other ... | [
"Furuseth-La Follette-Steffens-1915.jpeg"
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"Important laws",
"The Seamen's Act of 1915"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
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projected-00307054-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | The Jones Act | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | The "Merchant Marine Act of 1920", often called "The Jones Act", required U.S.-flagged vessels to be built in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and documented ("flagged") under the laws of the United States. Documented means "registered, enrolled, or licensed under the laws of the United States". The Act also ... | [
"Wesley Livsey Jones.jpg"
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"Important laws",
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"United States Merchant Marine",
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projected-00307054-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | The Merchant Marine Act | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | The Merchant Marine Act of 1936 was enacted "to further the development and maintenance of an adequate and well-balanced American merchant marine, to promote the commerce of the United States, to aid in the national defense, to repeal certain former legislation, and for other purposes".
Specifically, the Act establish... | [] | [
"Important laws",
"The Merchant Marine Act"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | International regulations | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | Federal law requires the Merchant Marine to adhere to a number of international conventions. The International Maritime Organization was either the source or a conduit for a number of these regulations.
As of 2007, the principal International Conventions were:
SOLAS 74: International Convention for the Safety of Life... | [] | [
"Important laws",
"International regulations"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | Noted U.S. Merchant Mariners | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | John Paul Jones sailed as both third mate and chief mate, then went on to become the "Father of the American Navy".
John F. Kelly, 28th White House Chief of Staff, 5th Homeland Security Secretary, Four star Marine General
Douglass North went from seaman to navigator to winner of the 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Econom... | [
"Krinsky.jpg",
"Hugh Mulzac.jpg"
] | [
"Noted U.S. Merchant Mariners"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
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projected-00307054-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | Recipients of the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | The Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal is the highest award for valor which can be bestowed upon members of the United States Merchant Marine and is the Merchant Marine's equivalent of the Medal of Honor. The following Merchant Marine World War II combat veterans received the Medal for extraordinary heroism:
... | [] | [
"Recipients of the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | In popular culture | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | The United States Merchant Marine has been featured in many movies and other fictional accounts. | [] | [
"In popular culture"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | In animations and cartoons | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | Popeye was a merchant mariner first before joining the U.S. Coast Guard.
Pete, during World War II, was "drafted" by Walt Disney and appeared as the official mascot of the United States Merchant Marine. | [] | [
"In popular culture",
"In animations and cartoons"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | World War II fare | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | Action in the North Atlantic: a 1943 film featuring Humphrey Bogart, Raymond Massey, and Alan Hale Sr., as merchant mariners fighting the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II;
The Long Voyage Home: starring John Wayne; and
The Enemy Below: the character of Lieutenant Commander Murrell (played by Robert Mitchum) say... | [] | [
"In popular culture",
"Onscreen",
"World War II fare"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | Other movies prominently featuring the United States Merchant Marine | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | Captain Phillips: a true story starring actor Tom Hanks about modern United States merchant seafarers dealing with piracy;
The Finest Hours: based on a true story of the SS Pendleton rescue mission;
Into the Heart of the Sea;
The Last Voyage;
Lifeboat;
The Sea Chase;
Action in the North Atlantic;
Wake of the Red... | [] | [
"In popular culture",
"Onscreen",
"Other movies prominently featuring the United States Merchant Marine"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | On television | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | On the soap opera Days of Our Lives, the characters Bo Brady and Steve "Patch" Johnson were merchant mariners;
On the popular 1960s television sitcom Gilligan's Island, Captain Jonas Grumby (the "Skipper"), was variously referred to as having been formerly in the Merchant Marine and in the U.S. Navy;
On the popular 1... | [] | [
"In popular culture",
"Onscreen",
"On television"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | Onstage | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | In Tennessee Williams' play The Glass Menagerie, the character Tom Wingfield leaves his family to join the Merchant Marine. | [] | [
"Onstage"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | In literature | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | A humorous tale of a post World War II merchant marine radio operator, with unexpurgated colorful language, profanity, and maritime union shenanigans;
The Death Ship, by B. Traven, is about a merchant mariner;
The Great Green, Memoirs of a Merchant Mariner, by Calvin Kentfield, is a nonfiction account of the author's ... | [] | [
"In literature"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | See also | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | United States Merchant Marine Academy
Awards and decorations of the United States Merchant Marine
Military Sealift Command
Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)
Royal Fleet Auxiliary
The Marine Society
National Maritime Day
Navy Reserve Merchant Marine Insignia
United States Maritime Service
World War II United States... | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307054-034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Merchant%20Marine | United States Merchant Marine | References | United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of ... | Seafarers International Union – War's Forgotten Heroes (Article) | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"United States Merchant Marine",
"Merchant navies by country"
] |
projected-00307060-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20people | Iowa people | Introduction | The Iowa, also known as Ioway, and the Bah-Kho-Je or Báxoje (English: grey snow; Chiwere: Báxoje ich'é) are a Native American Siouan people. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.
The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes ... | [] | [
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"Native American tribes in Nebraska",
"Native American tribes in Oklahoma",
"Siouan peoples",
"Plains tribes",
"Native American tribes in Iowa",
"Native American tribes in Minnesota",
"Native American tribes in Missouri"
] | |
projected-00307060-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20people | Iowa people | Name | The Iowa, also known as Ioway, and the Bah-Kho-Je or Báxoje (English: grey snow; Chiwere: Báxoje ich'é) are a Native American Siouan people. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.
The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes ... | The Ioway tribe is also known as the Báxoje tribe. Their name has been said to come from the Sioux ayuhwa ("sleepy ones."). Early European explorers often adopted the names of tribes from the ethnonyms which other tribes gave them, not understanding that these differed from what the peoples called themselves. Thus, ay... | [] | [
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"Native American tribes in Oklahoma",
"Siouan peoples",
"Plains tribes",
"Native American tribes in Iowa",
"Native American tribes in Minnesota",
"Native American tribes in Missouri"
] |
projected-00307060-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20people | Iowa people | Population | The Iowa, also known as Ioway, and the Bah-Kho-Je or Báxoje (English: grey snow; Chiwere: Báxoje ich'é) are a Native American Siouan people. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.
The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes ... | Their estimated 1760 population of 1,100 dropped to 800 and by 1804, a decrease caused mainly by smallpox, to which they had no natural immunity. Their numbers were reduced to 500 by 1900. In 1960, 100 Iowa lived in Kansas and 100 in Oklahoma.
By 1980 their population had recovered to 1,000 (of which only 20 spoke Iow... | [] | [
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] | [
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"Native American tribes in Nebraska",
"Native American tribes in Oklahoma",
"Siouan peoples",
"Plains tribes",
"Native American tribes in Iowa",
"Native American tribes in Minnesota",
"Native American tribes in Missouri"
] |
projected-00307060-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20people | Iowa people | Culture | The Iowa, also known as Ioway, and the Bah-Kho-Je or Báxoje (English: grey snow; Chiwere: Báxoje ich'é) are a Native American Siouan people. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.
The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes ... | The Iowa have had customs similar to those of the other Siouan-speaking tribes of the Great Plains, such as the Omaha, Ponca and Osage. They were a semi-nomadic people who had adopted horses for hunting, but they also had an agricultural lifestyle similar to the tribes inhabiting the Eastern woodlands. They planted mai... | [
"Photograph of Mary Louise White Cloud Rhodd - NARA - 557157.jpg"
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"Native American tribes in Oklahoma",
"Siouan peoples",
"Plains tribes",
"Native American tribes in Iowa",
"Native American tribes in Minnesota",
"Native American tribes in Missouri"
] |
projected-00307060-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20people | Iowa people | History | The Iowa, also known as Ioway, and the Bah-Kho-Je or Báxoje (English: grey snow; Chiwere: Báxoje ich'é) are a Native American Siouan people. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.
The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes ... | In prehistoric times, the Iowa emigrated from the Great Lakes region to present-day Iowa. In the 16th century, they moved from the Mississippi River to the Great Plains, and possibly then separated from the Ho-Chunk tribe.
From the 15th to 18th centuries, they lived in the Red Pipestone Quarry region (Minnesota). In ... | [
"Iowalondonparis.jpg"
] | [
"History"
] | [
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"Native American tribes in Kansas",
"Native American tribes in Nebraska",
"Native American tribes in Oklahoma",
"Siouan peoples",
"Plains tribes",
"Native American tribes in Iowa",
"Native American tribes in Minnesota",
"Native American tribes in Missouri"
] |
projected-00307060-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20people | Iowa people | Modern history | The Iowa, also known as Ioway, and the Bah-Kho-Je or Báxoje (English: grey snow; Chiwere: Báxoje ich'é) are a Native American Siouan people. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.
The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes ... | In 2007, a documentary film Lost Nation: The Ioway (2007; written and directed by Kelly Rundle and Tammy Rundle) was made, and followed by sequels 2 and 3.
In 2013, Tim Rhodd was chosen as chairman of the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska. Bobby Walkup is the current tribal chairperson of the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma.
... | [] | [
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"Native American tribes in Nebraska",
"Native American tribes in Oklahoma",
"Siouan peoples",
"Plains tribes",
"Native American tribes in Iowa",
"Native American tribes in Minnesota",
"Native American tribes in Missouri"
] |
projected-00307060-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20people | Iowa people | Notable people | The Iowa, also known as Ioway, and the Bah-Kho-Je or Báxoje (English: grey snow; Chiwere: Báxoje ich'é) are a Native American Siouan people. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.
The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes ... | Big Neck
Marie Aioe Dorion
Chief Mahaska | [] | [
"Notable people"
] | [
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"Native American tribes in Kansas",
"Native American tribes in Nebraska",
"Native American tribes in Oklahoma",
"Siouan peoples",
"Plains tribes",
"Native American tribes in Iowa",
"Native American tribes in Minnesota",
"Native American tribes in Missouri"
] |
projected-00307060-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20people | Iowa people | See also | The Iowa, also known as Ioway, and the Bah-Kho-Je or Báxoje (English: grey snow; Chiwere: Báxoje ich'é) are a Native American Siouan people. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.
The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes ... | Native American tribes in Nebraska | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Iowa tribe",
"Native American tribes in Kansas",
"Native American tribes in Nebraska",
"Native American tribes in Oklahoma",
"Siouan peoples",
"Plains tribes",
"Native American tribes in Iowa",
"Native American tribes in Minnesota",
"Native American tribes in Missouri"
] |
projected-00307062-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Advisory%20Committee%20Act | Federal Advisory Committee Act | Introduction | The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) (), is a United States federal law which governs the behavior of federal advisory committees. In particular, it has special emphasis on open meetings, chartering, public involvement, and reporting. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) oversees the process. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1972 in law",
"United States federal government administration legislation"
] | |
projected-00307062-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Advisory%20Committee%20Act | Federal Advisory Committee Act | Advisory committees | The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) (), is a United States federal law which governs the behavior of federal advisory committees. In particular, it has special emphasis on open meetings, chartering, public involvement, and reporting. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) oversees the process. | The Federal Advisory Committee Act defines advisory committee as "any committee, board, commission, council, conference, panel, task force, or other similar group" that dispenses "advice or recommendations" to the President of the United States, and excludes bodies that also exercise operational functions. They are pro... | [] | [
"Overview",
"Advisory committees"
] | [
"1972 in law",
"United States federal government administration legislation"
] |
projected-00307062-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Advisory%20Committee%20Act | Federal Advisory Committee Act | Purpose | The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) (), is a United States federal law which governs the behavior of federal advisory committees. In particular, it has special emphasis on open meetings, chartering, public involvement, and reporting. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) oversees the process. | In drafting FACA, legislators wanted to ensure that advice by the various advisory committees is "objective and accessible to the public" by formalizing the process for "establishing, operating, overseeing, and terminating" the committees. The Committee Management Secretariat at the GSA is charged with monitoring compl... | [] | [
"Overview",
"Purpose"
] | [
"1972 in law",
"United States federal government administration legislation"
] |
projected-00307062-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Advisory%20Committee%20Act | Federal Advisory Committee Act | Database | The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) (), is a United States federal law which governs the behavior of federal advisory committees. In particular, it has special emphasis on open meetings, chartering, public involvement, and reporting. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) oversees the process. | The Federal Advisory Committee Act requires a database that may be accessed by all federal agencies to manage advisory committees government-wide. The database is used by Congress to perform oversight of related executive branch programs. It is also searchable and available to inform the public, the media, and others,... | [] | [
"Legal requirements",
"Database"
] | [
"1972 in law",
"United States federal government administration legislation"
] |
projected-00307062-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Advisory%20Committee%20Act | Federal Advisory Committee Act | Public notice | The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) (), is a United States federal law which governs the behavior of federal advisory committees. In particular, it has special emphasis on open meetings, chartering, public involvement, and reporting. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) oversees the process. | A committee must provide public notice in the Federal Register 15 days prior to the meeting. It must publish all information regarding the meeting, including committee name, the time, place, and purpose of the meeting, and a summary of the agenda. Additionally, if any part of the meeting is closed to the public, the no... | [] | [
"Legal requirements",
"Public notice"
] | [
"1972 in law",
"United States federal government administration legislation"
] |
projected-00307062-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Advisory%20Committee%20Act | Federal Advisory Committee Act | Amendments | The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) (), is a United States federal law which governs the behavior of federal advisory committees. In particular, it has special emphasis on open meetings, chartering, public involvement, and reporting. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) oversees the process. | In March, 2012 the Government Accountability Office issued a report on FACA groups in DOT and DOE. In this report, they state:
"Advisory groups—those established under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) and other groups not subject to the act—can play an important role in the development of policy and governmen... | [] | [
"Amendments"
] | [
"1972 in law",
"United States federal government administration legislation"
] |
projected-00307062-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Advisory%20Committee%20Act | Federal Advisory Committee Act | Criticism | The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) (), is a United States federal law which governs the behavior of federal advisory committees. In particular, it has special emphasis on open meetings, chartering, public involvement, and reporting. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) oversees the process. | FACA has drawn criticism as an unconstitutional infringement upon "long-recognized presidential powers". Critics maintain that FACA "violates separation of powers by limiting the terms on which the President can acquire information from nongovernmental advisory committees". | [] | [
"Criticism"
] | [
"1972 in law",
"United States federal government administration legislation"
] |
projected-00307062-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Advisory%20Committee%20Act | Federal Advisory Committee Act | See also | The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) (), is a United States federal law which governs the behavior of federal advisory committees. In particular, it has special emphasis on open meetings, chartering, public involvement, and reporting. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) oversees the process. | Government in the Sunshine Act (1976)
Freedom of Information Act (United States) (1966)
Open-source governance | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1972 in law",
"United States federal government administration legislation"
] |
projected-00307062-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Advisory%20Committee%20Act | Federal Advisory Committee Act | Further reading | The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) (), is a United States federal law which governs the behavior of federal advisory committees. In particular, it has special emphasis on open meetings, chartering, public involvement, and reporting. The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) oversees the process. | Arnold, Jason Ross (2014). Secrecy in the Sunshine Era: The Promise and Failures of U.S. Open Government Laws. University Press of Kansas. . See chapter 4. | [] | [
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projected-00307064-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Beer | August Beer | Introduction | August Beer (; 31 July 1825 – 18 November 1863) was a German physicist, chemist, and mathematician of Jewish descent. | [] | [
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projected-00307064-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Beer | August Beer | Biography | August Beer (; 31 July 1825 – 18 November 1863) was a German physicist, chemist, and mathematician of Jewish descent. | Beer was born in Trier, where he studied mathematics and natural sciences. Beer was educated at the technical school and gymnasium of his native town until 1845, when he went to Bonn to study mathematics and the sciences under the mathematician and physicist Julius Plücker, whose assistant he became later. In 1848 he ... | [] | [
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projected-00307064-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Beer | August Beer | Beer's law | August Beer (; 31 July 1825 – 18 November 1863) was a German physicist, chemist, and mathematician of Jewish descent. | Beer's law, also called Lambert–Beer law or Beer–Lambert law, in spectroscopy, is the physical law stating that the quantity of light absorbed by a substance dissolved in a nonabsorbing solvent is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the path length of the light through the solution. Beer'... | [] | [
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projected-00307064-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Beer | August Beer | References | August Beer (; 31 July 1825 – 18 November 1863) was a German physicist, chemist, and mathematician of Jewish descent. | In Greenfield, E. V. (1922). Technical and scientific German. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co. | [] | [
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projected-00307065-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Introduction | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Overview | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated by Langer and Vacanti, is "an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve [Biological tissue] function or a whole organ". In additio... | [
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projected-00307065-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Etymology | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | The historic origin of the term is unclear as the definition of the word has changed throughout the past few decades. The term first appeared in a 1984 publication that described the organization of an endothelium-like membrane on the surface of a long-implanted, synthetic ophthalmic prosthesis.
The first modern use o... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Ancient era (pre-17th century) | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | A rudimentary understanding of the inner workings of human tissues may date back further than most would expect. As early as the Neolithic period, sutures were being used to close wounds and aid in healing. Later on, societies such as ancient Egypt developed better materials for sewing up wounds such as linen sutures. ... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Enlightenment (17th century–19th century) | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | While these ancient societies had developed techniques that were way ahead of their time, they still lacked a mechanistic understanding of how the body was reacting to these procedures. This mechanistic approach came along in tandem with the development of the empirical method of science pioneered by René Descartes. Si... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Modern era (20th and 21st centuries) | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | As time progresses and technology advances, there is a constant need for change in the approach researchers take in their studies. Tissue engineering has continued to evolve over centuries. In the beginning people used to look at and use samples directly from human or animal cadavers. Now, tissue engineers have the abi... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Examples | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | As defined by Langer and Vacanti, examples of tissue engineering fall into one or more of three categories: "just cells," "cells and scaffold," or "tissue-inducing factors."
In vitro meat: Edible artificial animal muscle tissue cultured in vitro.
Bioartificial liver device, "Temporary Liver", Extracorporeal Liver Ass... | [
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projected-00307065-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Cells as building blocks | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Cells are one of the main components for the success of tissue engineering approaches. Tissue engineering uses cells as strategies for creation/replacement of new tissue. Examples include fibroblasts used for skin repair or renewal, chondrocytes used for cartilage repair (MACI–FDA approved product), and hepatocytes use... | [
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projected-00307065-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Isolation | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Techniques for cell isolation depend on the cell source. Centrifugation and apheresis are techniques used for extracting cells from biofluids (e.g., blood). Whereas digestion processes, typically using enzymes to remove the extracellular matrix (ECM), are required prior to centrifugation or apheresis techniques to extr... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Cell sources | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Primary cells are those directly isolated from host tissue. These cells provide an ex-vivo model of cell behavior without any genetic, epigenetic, or developmental changes; making them a closer replication of in-vivo conditions than cells derived from other methods. This constraint however, can also make studying them ... | [
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projected-00307065-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Genetic classifications of cells | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Autologous: The donor and the recipient of the cells are the same individual. Cells are harvested, cultured or stored, and then reintroduced to the host. As a result of the host's own cells being reintroduced, an antigenic response is not elicited. The body's immune system recognizes these re-implanted cells as its own... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Stem cells | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the ability to divide in culture and give rise to different forms of specialized cells. Stem cells are divided into "adult" and "embryonic" stem cells according to their source. While there is still a large ethical debate related to the use of embryonic stem cells, it is thoug... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Scaffolds | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Scaffolds are materials that have been engineered to cause desirable cellular interactions to contribute to the formation of new functional tissues for medical purposes. Cells are often 'seeded' into these structures capable of supporting three-dimensional tissue formation. Scaffolds mimic the extracellular matrix of t... | [
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projected-00307065-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Materials | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Material selection is an essential aspect of producing a scaffold. The materials utilized can be natural or synthetic and can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Additionally, they must be biocompatible, meaning that they don't cause any adverse effects to cells. Silicone, for example, is a synthetic, non-biodegrad... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Synthesis | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | A number of different methods have been described in the literature for preparing porous structures to be employed as tissue engineering scaffolds. Each of these techniques presents its own advantages, but none are free of drawbacks. | [
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projected-00307065-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Nanofiber self-assembly | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Molecular self-assembly is one of the few methods for creating biomaterials with properties similar in scale and chemistry to that of the natural in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM), a crucial step toward tissue engineering of complex tissues. Moreover, these hydrogel scaffolds have shown superiority in in vivo toxicolo... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Textile technologies | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | These techniques include all the approaches that have been successfully employed for the preparation of non-woven meshes of different polymers. In particular, non-woven polyglycolide structures have been tested for tissue engineering applications: such fibrous structures have been found useful to grow different types o... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Solvent casting and particulate leaching | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Solvent casting and particulate leaching (SCPL) allows for the preparation of structures with regular porosity, but with limited thickness. First, the polymer is dissolved into a suitable organic solvent (e.g. polylactic acid could be dissolved into dichloromethane), then the solution is cast into a mold filled with po... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Gas foaming | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | To overcome the need to use organic solvents and solid porogens, a technique using gas as a porogen has been developed. First, disc-shaped structures made of the desired polymer are prepared by means of compression molding using a heated mold. The discs are then placed in a chamber where they are exposed to high pressu... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Emulsification freeze-drying | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | This technique does not require the use of a solid porogen like SCPL. First, a synthetic polymer is dissolved into a suitable solvent (e.g. polylactic acid in dichloromethane) then water is added to the polymeric solution and the two liquids are mixed in order to obtain an emulsion. Before the two phases can separate, ... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Thermally induced phase separation | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Similar to the previous technique, the TIPS phase separation procedure requires the use of a solvent with a low melting point that is easy to sublime. For example, dioxane could be used to dissolve polylactic acid, then phase separation is induced through the addition of a small quantity of water: a polymer-rich and a ... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Electrospinning | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Electrospinning is a highly versatile technique that can be used to produce continuous fibers ranging in diameter from a few microns to a few nanometers. In a typical electrospinning set-up, the desired scaffold material is dissolved within a solvent and placed within a syringe. This solution is fed through a needle an... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | CAD/CAM technologies | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Because most of the above techniques are limited when it comes to the control of porosity and pore size, computer assisted design and manufacturing techniques have been introduced to tissue engineering. First, a three-dimensional structure is designed using CAD software. The porosity can be tailored using algorithms wi... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Laser-assisted bioprinting | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | In a 2012 study, Koch et al. focused on whether Laser-assisted BioPrinting (LaBP) can be used to build multicellular 3D patterns in natural matrix, and whether the generated constructs are functioning and forming tissue. LaBP arranges small volumes of living cell suspensions in set high-resolution patterns. The investi... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Self-assembled recombinant spider silk nanomembranes | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Gustafsson et al. demonstrated free‐standing, bioactive membranes of cm-sized area, but only 250 nm thin, that were formed by self‐assembly of spider silk at the interface of an aqueous solution. The membranes uniquely combine nanoscale thickness, biodegradability, ultrahigh strain and strength, permeability to protein... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Assembly methods | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | A persistent problem within tissue engineering is mass transport limitations. Engineered tissues generally lack an initial blood supply, thus making it difficult for any implanted cells to obtain sufficient oxygen and nutrients to survive, or function properly. | [] | [
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projected-00307065-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Self-assembly | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Self-assembly methods have been shown to be promising methods for tissue engineering. Self-assembly methods have the advantage of allowing tissues to develop their own extracellular matrix, resulting in tissue that better recapitulates biochemical and biomechanical properties of native tissue. Self-assembling engineere... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Liquid-based template assembly | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | The air-liquid surface established by Faraday waves is explored as a template to assemble biological entities for bottom-up tissue engineering. This liquid-based template can be dynamically reconfigured in a few seconds, and the assembly on the template can be achieved in a scalable and parallel manner. Assembly of mic... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Additive manufacturing | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | It might be possible to print organs, or possibly entire organisms using additive manufacturing techniques. A recent innovative method of construction uses an ink-jet mechanism to print precise layers of cells in a matrix of thermo-reversible gel. Endothelial cells, the cells that line blood vessels, have been printed ... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Scaffolding | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | In 2013, using a 3-D scaffolding of Matrigel in various configurations, substantial pancreatic organoids was produced in vitro. Clusters of small numbers of cells proliferated into 40,000 cells within one week. The clusters transform into cells that make either digestive enzymes or hormones like insulin, self-organizin... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Tissue culture | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | In many cases, creation of functional tissues and biological structures in vitro requires extensive culturing to promote survival, growth and inducement of functionality. In general, the basic requirements of cells must be maintained in culture, which include oxygen, pH, humidity, temperature, nutrients and osmotic pre... | [
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projected-00307065-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Bioreactors | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | In tissue engineering, a bioreactor is a device that attempts to simulate a physiological environment in order to promote cell or tissue growth in vitro. A physiological environment can consist of many different parameters such as temperature, pressure, oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration, or osmolality of fluid env... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Long fiber generation | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | In 2013, a group from the University of Tokyo developed cell laden fibers up to a meter in length and on the order of 100 µm in size. These fibers were created using a microfluidic device that forms a double coaxial laminar flow. Each 'layer' of the microfluidic device (cells seeded in ECM, a hydrogel sheath, and final... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Bioartificial organs | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | An artificial organ is an engineered device that can be extra corporeal or implanted to support impaired or failing organ systems. Bioartificial organs are typically created with the intent to restore critical biological functions like in the replacement of diseased hearts and lungs, or provide drastic quality of life ... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Lung | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) machines, otherwise known as heart and lung machines, are an adaptation of cardiopulmonary bypass techniques that provide heart and lung support. It is used primarily to support the lungs for a prolonged but still temporary timeframe (1–30 days) and allow for recovery from rev... | [] | [
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projected-00307065-036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Heart | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Since the number of patients awaiting a heart transplant is continuously increasing over time, and the number of patients on the waiting list surpasses the organ availability, artificial organs used as replacement therapy for terminal heart failure would help alleviate this difficulty. Artificial hearts are usually us... | [] | [
"Tissue culture",
"Bioartificial organs",
"Heart"
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"Tissue engineering",
"Cell culture techniques",
"Biomedical engineering"
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projected-00307065-037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Kidney | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | While kidney transplants are possible, renal failure is more often treated using an artificial kidney. The first artificial kidneys and the majority of those currently in use are extracorporeal, such as with hemodialysis, which filters blood directly, or peritoneal dialysis, which filters via a fluid in the abdomen. In... | [] | [
"Tissue culture",
"Bioartificial organs",
"Kidney"
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"Tissue engineering",
"Cell culture techniques",
"Biomedical engineering"
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projected-00307065-038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Biomimetics | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Biomimetics is a field that aims to produce materials and systems that replicate those present in nature. In the context of tissue engineering, this is a common approach used by engineers to create materials for these applications that are comparable to native tissues in terms of their structure, properties, and biocom... | [] | [
"Biomimetics"
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"Tissue engineering",
"Cell culture techniques",
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projected-00307065-039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Constructing neural networks in soft material | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | In 2018, scientists at Brandeis University reported their research on soft material embedded with chemical networks which can mimic the smooth and coordinated behavior of neural tissue. This research was funded by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. The researchers presented an experimental system of neural networks, th... | [] | [
"Constructing neural networks in soft material"
] | [
"Tissue engineering",
"Cell culture techniques",
"Biomedical engineering"
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projected-00307065-040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Market | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | The history of the tissue engineering market can be divided into three major parts. The time before the crash of the biotech market in the early 2000s, the crash and the time afterward. | [] | [
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"Tissue engineering",
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projected-00307065-041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Beginning | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Most early progress in tissue engineering research was done in the US. This is due to less strict regulations regarding stem cell research and more available funding than in other countries. This leads to the creation of academic startups many of them coming from Harvard or MIT. Examples are BioHybrid Technologies whos... | [] | [
"Market",
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"Tissue engineering",
"Cell culture techniques",
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projected-00307065-042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Crash | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Soon after the big boom, the first problems started to appear. There were problems getting products approved by the FDA and if they got approved there were often difficulties in getting insurance providers to pay for the products and getting it accepted by health care providers.
For example, organogenesis ran into pro... | [] | [
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"Tissue engineering",
"Cell culture techniques",
"Biomedical engineering"
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projected-00307065-043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Reemergence | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | The technologies of the bankrupt or struggling companies were often bought by other companies which continued the development under more conservative business models. Examples of companies who sold their products after folding were Curis and Intercytex.
Many of the companies abandoned their long-term goals of developi... | [] | [
"Market",
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"Tissue engineering",
"Cell culture techniques",
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projected-00307065-044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | Regulation | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | In Europe, regulation is currently split into three areas of regulation: medical devices, medicinal products, and biologics. Tissue engineering products are often of hybrid nature, as they are often composed of cells and a supporting structure. While some products can be approved as medicinal products, others need to g... | [] | [
"Regulation"
] | [
"Tissue engineering",
"Cell culture techniques",
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projected-00307065-045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering | Tissue engineering | See also | Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. Tissue engineering often involves the use of cells placed on t... | Biomedical engineering
Biological engineering
Biomolecular engineering
Biochemical engineering
Cell engineering
Chemical engineering
ECM Biomaterial
In vivo bioreactor
Induced stem cells
Molecular processor
Molecular self-assembly
Muscle tissue engineering
National Institutes of Health
National Science Fou... | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Tissue engineering",
"Cell culture techniques",
"Biomedical engineering"
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projected-00307066-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Introduction | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
] | |
projected-00307066-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Prehistory | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | The area around Eberswalde was already populated in Paleolithic. Before the establishment of the Margraviate of Brandenburg it was the place of a Slavic stockade. The Treasure of Eberswalde, the largest pre-Christian gold treasure from the area of today's Germany was found here. Today the treasure is located in the Pus... | [
"Carl Blechen 010.jpg"
] | [
"History",
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"Eberswalde",
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projected-00307066-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Founding and development | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | The town of Everswolde ("forest of the boars") was established in 1254 by the Ascanian margrave Johann I. It was first mentioned in a document dated April 23, 1276 when margrave Albrecht III. resided there. In 1300 it received market rights. From the year 1317 the main trade route between Stettin and Frankfurt (Oder) w... | [] | [
"History",
"Founding and development"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
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projected-00307066-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Thirty Years' War | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | During the Thirty Years' War Eberswalde was besieged and conquered several times by nearly every important faction of the war. The general of the Catholic League, Albrecht von Wallenstein, resided in the town, later Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who did not survive the battle of Lützen, was embalmed in the town's Maria ... | [] | [
"History",
"Thirty Years' War"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
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projected-00307066-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Rebirth and growth | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | Between 1743 and 1755 120 families of metalworkers moved from Thuringia and the Rhineland to Eberswalde. The boilers of the first German steam engines were made here. During the 19th century large factories were built in the area of Eberswalde, especially along the Finow Canal. In 1830 it became the site of what is now... | [] | [
"History",
"Rebirth and growth"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
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projected-00307066-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | 20th century | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | The world's first radio concert was broadcast from Eberswalde in 1923. Werner Forssmann received his 1956 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his 1929 experiments with cardiac catheterization performed on his own heart, whilst resident in Eberswalde.
In the 1938 pogroms, Eberswalde's synagogue was destroyed. Dur... | [] | [
"History",
"20th century"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
] |
projected-00307066-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Mayor | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | Since December 2006 Friedhelm Boginski (FDP) is the mayor of Eberswalde.
The former mayor Reinhard Schulz (independent) was unelected in July 2006 with 91,2 % of the votes. | [] | [
"Mayor"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
] |
projected-00307066-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Transport | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | Eberswalde has access to the federal highways (Bundesstraße) B 2 and B 167 and the highway (Autobahn) A 11-E28. Eberswalde station is located on the Berlin–Szczecin railway line that first connected Eberswalde and Berlin in 1842. It is the starting point of the railway lines to Templin and Frankfurt (Oder) and was term... | [] | [
"Transport"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
] |
projected-00307066-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Economy | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | While Eberswalde was renowned for its thriving heavy industry in the past, since the fall of the wall, it has fallen upon harder times. As the East German government fell, state support vanished, and factories had to suddenly compete with more efficient firms in the West. As a result, many factories in Eberswalde wen... | [
"2018 04 Eberswalde SparkassenForum IMG 0015.jpg"
] | [
"Economy"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
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projected-00307066-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Festivals | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | Carnival
Compared to other towns of the region, Eberswalde has quite a huge Carnival society. It was brought to Eberswalde from Bavaria and from the Rhineland, both are standing for different Carnival traditions. That's why Carnival is celebrated in two independent festivals at the same time, they are called Karneval a... | [] | [
"Culture",
"Festivals"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
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projected-00307066-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Culinary traditions | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | There are some foods that are associated with Eberswalde. The most important of them are Eberswalder Spritzkuchen (a special pastry that was invented in Eberswalde in 1832) and Eberswalder Würstchen (sausages). | [] | [
"Culture",
"Culinary traditions"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
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projected-00307066-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Language | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | The tongue spoken in the region of Eberswalde is often called Eberswalder Kanaldeutsch (canal German). It is not an independent German dialect, but a very extreme mix of the Berlin Dialect and a bit of East Low German. Other forms of Kanaldeutsch, that are derived from the Eberswalde form, nearly developed back to the ... | [] | [
"Culture",
"Language"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
] |
projected-00307066-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Gardens | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | The Forstbotanischer Garten Eberswalde is a historic botanical garden and arboretum. | [] | [
"Culture",
"Gardens"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
] |
projected-00307066-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberswalde | Eberswalde | Notable people | Eberswalde () is a major town and the administrative seat of the district Barnim in the German State (Bundesland / federated state) of Brandenburg, about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Population 42,144 (census in June 2005), geographical location . The town is often called Waldstadt (forest town), because of the large for... | Bernard Altum (1824–1900), zoologist
Bernhard Danckelmann (1831–1901), forestry scientist
Hans-Jürgen Döscher (born 1943), historian
Hans Dresig (born 1937), professor of technical mechanics
Werner Forßmann (1904–1979), doctor, Nobel Prize laureate
Robert Hartig (1839–1901), forestry scientist
Erwin Hagedorn (195... | [
"Robert Hartig.jpg"
] | [
"Notable people"
] | [
"Eberswalde",
"Localities in Barnim"
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