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projected-00307139-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20evidence | Empirical evidence | Empirical evidence | Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences and plays a role in various other fields, like epistemology and law.
There i... | The traditional view proposes that evidence is empirical if it is constituted by or accessible to sensory experience. This involves experiences arising from the stimulation of the sense organs, like visual or auditory experiences, but the term is often used in a wider sense including memories and introspection. It is u... | [] | [
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projected-00307139-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20evidence | Empirical evidence | Knowledge a posteriori and a priori | Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences and plays a role in various other fields, like epistemology and law.
There i... | Knowledge or the justification of a belief is said to be a posteriori if it is based on empirical evidence. A posteriori refers to what depends on experience (what comes after experience), in contrast to a priori, which stands for what is independent of experience (what comes before experience). For example, the propos... | [] | [
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projected-00307139-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20evidence | Empirical evidence | Empiricism and rationalism | Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences and plays a role in various other fields, like epistemology and law.
There i... | In its strictest sense, empiricism is the view that all knowledge is based on experience or that all epistemic justification arises from empirical evidence. This stands in contrast to the rationalist view, which holds that some knowledge is independent of experience, either because it is innate or because it is justifi... | [] | [
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projected-00307139-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20evidence | Empirical evidence | Scientific evidence | Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences and plays a role in various other fields, like epistemology and law.
There i... | Scientific evidence is closely related to empirical evidence. But some have argued that there is a sense in which not all empirical evidence constitutes scientific evidence. One reason for this is that the standards or criteria that scientists apply to evidence exclude certain evidence that is legitimate in other conte... | [] | [
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projected-00307139-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20evidence | Empirical evidence | Observation, experimentation and scientific method | Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences and plays a role in various other fields, like epistemology and law.
There i... | In the philosophy of science, it is sometimes held that there are two sources of empirical evidence: observation and experimentation. The idea behind this distinction is that only experimentation involves manipulation or intervention: phenomena are actively created instead of being passively observed. For example, ins... | [] | [
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projected-00307139-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20evidence | Empirical evidence | See also | Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure. Empirical evidence is of central importance to the sciences and plays a role in various other fields, like epistemology and law.
There i... | Empirical distribution function
Empirical formula
Empirical measure
Empirical relationship
Empirical research
Experiential knowledge
Ground truth
Phenomenology (philosophy) | [] | [
"See also"
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projected-00307142-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | Introduction | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | [] | [
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projected-00307142-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | Name and mythology | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | The name of the Rhodope Mountains is of Thracian origin. Rhod-ope (Род-oпа) is interpreted as the first name of a river, meaning "rusty/reddish river", where Rhod- has the same Indo-European root as the Bulgarian "руда" (ore, "ruda"), "ръжда" (rust, "rǎžda"), "риж" (red-haired, "riž"), Latin "rufus" (red), German "rot"... | [] | [
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projected-00307142-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | Geography | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | In geomorphological terms, the Rhodopes are part of the Rila-Rhodope massif, which is the oldest landmass on the Balkan peninsula. The Rhodopes are spread over , of which are on Bulgarian territory. They have the greatest extent of any single mountain range in Bulgaria. The mountains are about long and about wide, w... | [
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projected-00307142-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | Climate | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | The location of the Rhodopes in the southeastern part of the Balkan Peninsula largely determines the climate in the region. It is influenced both by the colder air coming from the north and by the warmer breeze from the Mediterranean.
The average annual temperature in the Eastern Rhodopes is , the maximum precipitatio... | [
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projected-00307142-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | Waters | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | The mountains have abundant water reserves, with a dense network of mountain springs and rivers. Nearly 80% of the mountain's territory falls within the drainage of the river Maritsa. The natural lakes are few, the most renown of these being the Smolyan lakes situated at several kilometers from the town of the same nam... | [
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projected-00307142-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | Western Rhodopes | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | The Western Rhodopes are the largest (66% of the area of the Rhodopes in Bulgaria), higher, most infrastructurally developed, and most visited part of the mountains. The highest and best known peaks are located in the region (more than 10 are over high) including the highest one, Golyam Perelik (). Among the other pop... | [
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projected-00307142-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | Eastern Rhodopes | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | The Eastern Rhodopes are spread over a territory of about 34% of the mountains' area in Bulgaria, constituting a much lower part.
The large artificial dams Kardzhali and Studen Kladenets are located in this part of the mountains. The region is rich in thermal mineral springs. The waters around Dzhebel have national re... | [] | [
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projected-00307142-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | Southern (Greek) Rhodopes | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | The Southern Rhodopes are the part of the mountain range that is located in Greece. The Rhodope regional unit in the northern part of the country is named after the region. This area includes the Rodopi Mountain Range National Park.
The Southern Rhodopes are characterized by numerous peaks of relatively low altitude.... | [
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projected-00307142-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | History | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | The Rhodopes were inhabited since the Prehistoric age. There have been found many archaeological finds of ancient tools in some of the caves.
The first known people who inhabited the mountain were the Thracians. They built many temples, cities and fortresses. The most famous town in the area is the sacred city of Perp... | [
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projected-00307142-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | People | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | The sparsely populated area of the Rhodopes has been a place of ethnic and religious diversity for hundreds of years. Apart from the Eastern Orthodox Bulgarians and Greeks, the mountains are also home to a number of Muslim communities, including the Pomaks, that predominate in the western parts and a large concentratio... | [
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projected-00307142-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | Economy | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | The economy of the Rhodopes region is dominated by services, tourism, industry and agriculture.
Livestock breeding, forestry and tobacco are the most important agricultural activities. Due to the large Muslim population the number of pigs is relatively low but there are many sheep which are traditional for the Rhodope... | [
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projected-00307142-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | Honour | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | Rodopi Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after the Rhodope Mountains. | [] | [
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projected-00307142-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | See also | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | Geography of Bulgaria
List of mountains in Bulgaria
List of mountains of the Balkans
List of mountain ranges
Mantaritza Biosphere Reserve
Rila
Pirin
Balkan Mountains
Vitosha | [] | [
"See also"
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"Rhodope Mountains",
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"Mountain ranges of Greece",
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"Landforms of ... |
projected-00307142-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope%20Mountains | Rhodope Mountains | References | The Rhodopes (; , ; , Rodopi; ) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at . The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope monta... | Asdracha, Catherine, La région des Rhodopes aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles: étude de géographie historique, Athen: Verlag der Byzantinisch-Neugriechischen Jahrbücher, 1976, p. 294.
Evangelos A. Papathanassiou. "The Armenian Presence in and around the Rhodope Mountain in 11th C.: Rethinking over some new archaeological Find... | [] | [
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projected-00307143-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie%20nationale%20du%20Jeu%20de%20Paume | Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume | Introduction | Jeu de Paume () is an arts centre for modern and postmodern photography and media. It is located in the north corner (west side) of the Tuileries Gardens next to the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In 2004, Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume, Centre national de la photographie, and Patrimoine Photographique merged to for... | [] | [
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"1861 establishments in France",
"Photography museums and galleries in F... | |
projected-00307143-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie%20nationale%20du%20Jeu%20de%20Paume | Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume | History | Jeu de Paume () is an arts centre for modern and postmodern photography and media. It is located in the north corner (west side) of the Tuileries Gardens next to the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In 2004, Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume, Centre national de la photographie, and Patrimoine Photographique merged to for... | The rectangular building was constructed in 1861 during the reign of Napoleon III as a complement to the already-existing Orangerie building. It was designed for jeu de paume, which nowadays is known as real tennis, court tennis or royal tennis. As tennis supplanted jeu de paume as a sport, the Jeu de Paume proved an i... | [] | [
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"1861 establishments in France",
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projected-00307143-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie%20nationale%20du%20Jeu%20de%20Paume | Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume | Nazi sorting house | Jeu de Paume () is an arts centre for modern and postmodern photography and media. It is located in the north corner (west side) of the Tuileries Gardens next to the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In 2004, Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume, Centre national de la photographie, and Patrimoine Photographique merged to for... | Jeu de Paume was used from 1940 to 1944 to store Nazi plunder looted by the regime's Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce (ERR) in France (see Rose Valland). These works included masterpieces from the collections of French Jewish families like the Rothschilds, the David-Weills, the Bernheims, and noted dealers including Pa... | [] | [
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"Nazi sorting house"
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projected-00307143-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie%20nationale%20du%20Jeu%20de%20Paume | Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume | Post-war museum | Jeu de Paume () is an arts centre for modern and postmodern photography and media. It is located in the north corner (west side) of the Tuileries Gardens next to the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In 2004, Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume, Centre national de la photographie, and Patrimoine Photographique merged to for... | Between 1947 and 1986, it contained the Musée du Jeu de Paume, an offshoot of the Louvre that held many important impressionist works now housed in the Musée d'Orsay. Widely considered as the "most famous museum of impressionist painting in the world", the rooms bore names such as Salle Degas, Salle Cézanne or Salle Mo... | [] | [
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projected-00307143-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie%20nationale%20du%20Jeu%20de%20Paume | Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume | Present | Jeu de Paume () is an arts centre for modern and postmodern photography and media. It is located in the north corner (west side) of the Tuileries Gardens next to the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In 2004, Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume, Centre national de la photographie, and Patrimoine Photographique merged to for... | In 1991, the Jeu de Paume reopened as "France's first national gallery of contemporary art", with an exhibition devoted to Jean Dubuffet. Subsequent retrospectives were dedicated to international artists such as Marcel Broodthaers (1991), Robert Gober (1991), Ellsworth Kelly (1992), Helio Oiticica (1992), and Eva Hesse... | [] | [
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projected-00307143-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie%20nationale%20du%20Jeu%20de%20Paume | Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume | In popular culture | Jeu de Paume () is an arts centre for modern and postmodern photography and media. It is located in the north corner (west side) of the Tuileries Gardens next to the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In 2004, Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume, Centre national de la photographie, and Patrimoine Photographique merged to for... | The museum's wartime history has been depicted, heavily fictionalized, several times on film. In John Frankenheimer's 1964 film The Train, starring Burt Lancaster and Jeanne Moreau, Rose Valland is represented as Mademoiselle Villard, played by Suzanne Flon. In George Clooney's 2014 film The Monuments Men, Valland is r... | [] | [
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projected-00307143-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galerie%20nationale%20du%20Jeu%20de%20Paume | Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume | See also | Jeu de Paume () is an arts centre for modern and postmodern photography and media. It is located in the north corner (west side) of the Tuileries Gardens next to the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In 2004, Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume, Centre national de la photographie, and Patrimoine Photographique merged to for... | List of museums in Paris | [] | [
"See also"
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"Buildings and structures in the 1st arrondissement of Paris",
"Sports venues completed in 1861",
"Museums established in 1947",
"1947 establishments in France",
"1861 establishments in France",
"Photography museums and galleries in F... |
projected-00307145-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Introduction | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Binary arithmetic",
"Articles with example Python (programming language) code"
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projected-00307145-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Theory | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | Two's complement is an example of a radix complement.
The 'two' in the name refers to the term which, expanded fully in an -bit system, is actually "two to the power of N" - (the only case where exactly 'two' would be produced in this term is , so for a 1-bit system, but these don't have capacity for both a sign and a... | [] | [
"Theory"
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"Binary arithmetic",
"Articles with example Python (programming language) code"
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projected-00307145-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | History | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | The method of complements had long been used to perform subtraction in decimal adding machines and mechanical calculators. John von Neumann suggested use of two's complement binary representation in his 1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC proposal for an electronic stored-program digital computer. The 1949 EDSAC,... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Binary arithmetic",
"Articles with example Python (programming language) code"
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projected-00307145-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Converting from two's complement representation | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | A two's-complement number system encodes positive and negative numbers in a binary number representation. The weight of each bit is a power of two, except for the most significant bit, whose weight is the negative of the corresponding power of two.
The value of an -bit integer is given by the following formula:
The... | [] | [
"Converting from two's complement representation"
] | [
"Binary arithmetic",
"Articles with example Python (programming language) code"
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projected-00307145-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Converting to two's complement representation | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | In two's complement notation, a non-negative number is represented by its ordinary binary representation; in this case, the most significant bit is 0. Though, the range of numbers represented is not the same as with unsigned binary numbers. For example, an 8-bit unsigned number can represent the values 0 to 255 (11111... | [] | [
"Converting to two's complement representation"
] | [
"Binary arithmetic",
"Articles with example Python (programming language) code"
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projected-00307145-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | From the ones' complement | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | To get the two's complement of a negative binary number, all bits are inverted, or "flipped", by using the bitwise NOT operation; the value of 1 is then added to the resulting value, ignoring the overflow which occurs when taking the two's complement of 0.
For example, using 1 byte (=8 bits), the decimal number 5 is r... | [] | [
"Converting to two's complement representation",
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"Binary arithmetic",
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projected-00307145-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Subtraction from 2N | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | The sum of a number and its ones' complement is an -bit word with all 1 bits, which is (reading as an unsigned binary number) . Then adding a number to its two's complement results in the lowest bits set to 0 and the carry bit 1, where the latter has the weight (reading it as an unsigned binary number) of . Hence, in ... | [] | [
"Converting to two's complement representation",
"Subtraction from 2N"
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"Binary arithmetic",
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projected-00307145-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Working from LSB towards MSB | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | A shortcut to manually convert a binary number into its two's complement is to start at the least significant bit (LSB), and copy all the zeros, working from LSB toward the most significant bit (MSB) until the first 1 is reached; then copy that 1, and flip all the remaining bits (Leave the MSB as a 1 if the initial num... | [] | [
"Converting to two's complement representation",
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projected-00307145-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Sign extension | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | When turning a two's-complement number with a certain number of bits into one with more bits (e.g., when copying from a one-byte variable to a two-byte variable), the most-significant bit must be repeated in all the extra bits. Some processors do this in a single instruction; on other processors, a conditional must be... | [] | [
"Sign extension"
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"Binary arithmetic",
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projected-00307145-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Most negative number | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | With only one exception, starting with any number in two's-complement representation, if all the bits are flipped and 1 added, the two's-complement representation of the negative of that number is obtained. Positive 12 becomes negative 12, positive 5 becomes negative 5, zero becomes zero(+overflow), etc.
Taking the tw... | [] | [
"Most negative number"
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"Binary arithmetic",
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projected-00307145-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Why it works | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | Given a set of all possible -bit values, we can assign the lower (by the binary value) half to be the integers from 0 to inclusive and the upper half to be to −1 inclusive. The upper half (again, by the binary value) can be used to represent negative integers from to −1 because, under addition modulo they behave t... | [] | [
"Why it works"
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"Binary arithmetic",
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projected-00307145-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Example | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | = 8.) is too large to represent. Negating a two's complement number is simple: Invert all the bits and add one to the result. For example, negating 1111, we get . Therefore, 1111 in binary must represent −1 in decimal.
The system is useful in simplifying the implementation of arithmetic on computer hardware. Adding 0... | [] | [
"Why it works",
"Example"
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"Binary arithmetic",
"Articles with example Python (programming language) code"
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projected-00307145-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Addition | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | Adding twos-complement numbers requires no special processing even if the operands have opposite signs: the sign of the result is determined automatically. For example, adding 15 and −5:
0000 1111 (15)
+ 1111 1011 (−5)
===========
0000 1010 (10)
Or the computation of 5 − 15 = 5 + (−15):
0000 0101 ( 5... | [] | [
"Arithmetic operations",
"Addition"
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"Binary arithmetic",
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projected-00307145-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Subtraction | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | Computers usually use the method of complements to implement subtraction. Using complements for subtraction is closely related to using complements for representing negative numbers, since the combination allows all signs of operands and results; direct subtraction works with two's-complement numbers as well. Like addi... | [] | [
"Arithmetic operations",
"Subtraction"
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"Binary arithmetic",
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projected-00307145-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Multiplication | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | 0010 (discard extended sign bit, giving the final answer, −30) | [] | [
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projected-00307145-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Comparison (ordering) | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | Comparison is often implemented with a dummy subtraction, where the flags in the computer's status register are checked, but the main result is ignored. The zero flag indicates if two values compared equal. If the exclusive-or of the sign and overflow flags is 1, the subtraction result was less than zero, otherwise the... | [] | [
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projected-00307145-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Two's complement and 2-adic numbers | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | In a classic HAKMEM published by the MIT AI Lab in 1972, Bill Gosper noted that whether or not a machine's internal representation was two's-complement could be determined by summing the successive powers of two. In a flight of fancy, he noted that the result of doing this algebraically indicated that "algebra is run o... | [] | [
"Two's complement and 2-adic numbers"
] | [
"Binary arithmetic",
"Articles with example Python (programming language) code"
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projected-00307145-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Fraction conversion | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | To convert a number with a fractional part, such as .0101, one must convert starting from right to left the 1s to decimal as in a normal conversion. In this example 0101 is equal to 5 in decimal. Each digit after the floating point represents a fraction where the denominator is a multiplier of 2. So, the first is 1/2, ... | [] | [
"Fraction conversion"
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"Binary arithmetic",
"Articles with example Python (programming language) code"
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projected-00307145-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | See also | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | Division algorithm, including restoring and non-restoring division in two's-complement representations
Offset binary
p-adic number
Method of complements, generalisation to other number bases, used on mechanical calculators | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Binary arithmetic",
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projected-00307145-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s%20complement | Two's complement | Further reading | Two's complement is a mathematical operation to reversibly convert a positive binary number into a negative binary number with equivalent (but negative) value, using the binary digit with the greatest place value (the leftmost bit in big-endian numbers, rightmost bit in little-endian numbers) to indicate whether the bi... | Two's Complement Explanation, (Thomas Finley, 2000) | [] | [
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"Binary arithmetic",
"Articles with example Python (programming language) code"
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projected-00307152-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20sandpiper | Purple sandpiper | Introduction | The purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima) is a small shorebird in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. This is a hardy sandpit that breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America and winters further south on the Atlantic coast. | [] | [
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projected-00307152-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20sandpiper | Purple sandpiper | Taxonomy | The purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima) is a small shorebird in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. This is a hardy sandpit that breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America and winters further south on the Atlantic coast. | The purple sandpiper was formally described in 1764 by the Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich and given the binomial name Tringa maratina. This species was formerly placed in the genus Erolia. It is now placed with 23 other sandpipers in the genus Calidris that was introduced in 1804 by the German naturalist Blasi... | [] | [
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projected-00307152-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20sandpiper | Purple sandpiper | Description | The purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima) is a small shorebird in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. This is a hardy sandpit that breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America and winters further south on the Atlantic coast. | Adults have short yellow legs and a medium thin dark bill with a yellow base. The body is dark on top with a slight purplish gloss and mainly white underneath. The breast is smeared with grey and the rump is black. They measure in length and across the wings, and weight is from . | [
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projected-00307152-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20sandpiper | Purple sandpiper | Distribution and habitat | The purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima) is a small shorebird in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. This is a hardy sandpit that breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America and winters further south on the Atlantic coast. | The purple sandpiper's breeding range extends from the arctic islands of northern Canada, eastwards to Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard and northern Scandinavia across to Western Siberia and the Taymyr Peninsula. In the high arctic the sandpiper breeds at low altitude on the tundra, sometimes far from the coastline, but in... | [] | [
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projected-00307152-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20sandpiper | Purple sandpiper | Breeding | The purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima) is a small shorebird in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. This is a hardy sandpit that breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America and winters further south on the Atlantic coast. | Their breeding habitat is the northern tundra on Arctic islands in Canada and coastal areas in Greenland and northwestern Europe. They can breed at one year of age. The males makes several scrapes on the ground; the female chooses one and lays 3 or 4 eggs. These are olive with brown blotches and are approximately in s... | [
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projected-00307152-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20sandpiper | Purple sandpiper | Feeding | The purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima) is a small shorebird in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. This is a hardy sandpit that breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America and winters further south on the Atlantic coast. | These birds forage on rocky coasts, picking up food by sight. They mainly eat arthropods and molluscs, also some plant material. One of the main staples are those of the Coelopa genera (C. frigida). These insects are known commonly as "seaweed flies" because they feed, mate, and create a habitat out of beached seaweed ... | [] | [
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projected-00307152-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20sandpiper | Purple sandpiper | Status | The purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima) is a small shorebird in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae. This is a hardy sandpit that breeds in the arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America and winters further south on the Atlantic coast. | The purple sandpiper has an extremely large range and although the population appears to be decreasing, the population is very large. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has judged that the threat to the species is of "Least concern". The purple sandpiper is one of the species to which the Agreeme... | [] | [
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projected-00307153-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20Greece | Bank of Greece | Introduction | The Bank of Greece ( , abbreviated ΤτΕ) is the central bank of Greece. Its headquarters is located in Athens on Panepistimiou Street, but it also has several branches across the country. It was founded in 1927 and its operations started officially in 1928. The building that currently houses its headquarters was complet... | [] | [
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projected-00307153-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20Greece | Bank of Greece | Introduction | The Bank of Greece ( , abbreviated ΤτΕ) is the central bank of Greece. Its headquarters is located in Athens on Panepistimiou Street, but it also has several branches across the country. It was founded in 1927 and its operations started officially in 1928. The building that currently houses its headquarters was complet... | The Bank of Greece, a member of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), is the national central bank of Greece and was established by Law 3424/7 December 1927. The shares of the Bank of Greece are registered and have been listed on the Athens Exchange since June 12, 1930.
It is a partially state owned S.A. share ... | [] | [
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projected-00307153-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20Greece | Bank of Greece | Governor | The Bank of Greece ( , abbreviated ΤτΕ) is the central bank of Greece. Its headquarters is located in Athens on Panepistimiou Street, but it also has several branches across the country. It was founded in 1927 and its operations started officially in 1928. The building that currently houses its headquarters was complet... | The chief officer of the Bank of Greece is the Governor (, ), a governmental appointee. | [] | [
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projected-00307153-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20Greece | Bank of Greece | List of governors of the Bank of Greece | The Bank of Greece ( , abbreviated ΤτΕ) is the central bank of Greece. Its headquarters is located in Athens on Panepistimiou Street, but it also has several branches across the country. It was founded in 1927 and its operations started officially in 1928. The building that currently houses its headquarters was complet... | a During the Axis occupation of Greece (1941–44), Governor Kyriakos Varvaresos followed the Greek government in exile to London. The collaborationist governments in Greece fired Varvaresos in 1941 and appointed first Miltiadis Negrepontis as Governing Counsellor (April 24, 1941 – July 3, 1941) and then Dimitrios Santis... | [] | [
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projected-00307153-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20Greece | Bank of Greece | Deputy governors | The Bank of Greece ( , abbreviated ΤτΕ) is the central bank of Greece. Its headquarters is located in Athens on Panepistimiou Street, but it also has several branches across the country. It was founded in 1927 and its operations started officially in 1928. The building that currently houses its headquarters was complet... | The deputy governor () is the Bank's second-in-line officer. Traditionally the Deputy Governors' main remit is administration, whereas Governors supervise monetary policy at large.
Emmanouil Tsouderos: April 21, 1928 – October 31, 1931
Emmanouil Kamaras: November 25, 1931 – May 30, 1932
Kyriakos Varvaresos: March 1, 1... | [
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projected-00307153-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20Greece | Bank of Greece | See also | The Bank of Greece ( , abbreviated ΤτΕ) is the central bank of Greece. Its headquarters is located in Athens on Panepistimiou Street, but it also has several branches across the country. It was founded in 1927 and its operations started officially in 1928. The building that currently houses its headquarters was complet... | Banking in Greece
List of banks in Greece
General:
Economy of Greece
European System of Central Banks | [] | [
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"Bank of Greece",
"Banks established in 1927",
"Companies listed on the Athens Exchange",
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projected-00307153-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20Greece | Bank of Greece | References | The Bank of Greece ( , abbreviated ΤτΕ) is the central bank of Greece. Its headquarters is located in Athens on Panepistimiou Street, but it also has several branches across the country. It was founded in 1927 and its operations started officially in 1928. The building that currently houses its headquarters was complet... | Hellenic Parliament June 2015 Page 22 | [] | [
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projected-00307155-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20equations | Primitive equations | Introduction | The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main sets of balance equations:
A continuity equation: Representing the conservation of mass.
Conservation of momentum: Con... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Partial differential equations",
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
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projected-00307155-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20equations | Primitive equations | Definitions | The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main sets of balance equations:
A continuity equation: Representing the conservation of mass.
Conservation of momentum: Con... | is the zonal velocity (velocity in the east–west direction tangent to the sphere)
is the meridional velocity (velocity in the north–south direction tangent to the sphere)
is the vertical velocity in isobaric coordinates
is the temperature
is the geopotential
is the term corresponding to the Coriolis force, and is ... | [] | [
"Definitions"
] | [
"Partial differential equations",
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
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] |
projected-00307155-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20equations | Primitive equations | Forces that cause atmospheric motion | The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main sets of balance equations:
A continuity equation: Representing the conservation of mass.
Conservation of momentum: Con... | Forces that cause atmospheric motion include the pressure gradient force, gravity, and viscous friction. Together, they create the forces that accelerate our atmosphere.
The pressure gradient force causes an acceleration forcing air from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure. Mathematically, this can be... | [] | [
"Forces that cause atmospheric motion"
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"Partial differential equations",
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projected-00307155-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20equations | Primitive equations | Forms of the primitive equations | The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main sets of balance equations:
A continuity equation: Representing the conservation of mass.
Conservation of momentum: Con... | The precise form of the primitive equations depends on the vertical coordinate system chosen, such as pressure coordinates, log pressure coordinates, or sigma coordinates. Furthermore, the velocity, temperature, and geopotential variables may be decomposed into mean and perturbation components using Reynolds decomposit... | [] | [
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projected-00307155-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20equations | Primitive equations | Pressure coordinate in vertical, Cartesian tangential plane | The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main sets of balance equations:
A continuity equation: Representing the conservation of mass.
Conservation of momentum: Con... | In this form pressure is selected as the vertical coordinate and the horizontal coordinates are written for the Cartesian tangential plane (i.e. a plane tangent to some point on the surface of the Earth). This form does not take the curvature of the Earth into account, but is useful for visualizing some of the physical... | [] | [
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projected-00307155-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20equations | Primitive equations | Primitive equations using sigma coordinate system, polar stereographic projection | The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main sets of balance equations:
A continuity equation: Representing the conservation of mass.
Conservation of momentum: Con... | According to the National Weather Service Handbook No. 1 – Facsimile Products, the primitive equations can be simplified into the following equations:
Zonal wind:
Meridional wind:
Temperature:
The first term is equal to the change in temperature due to incoming solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation, wh... | [] | [
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projected-00307155-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20equations | Primitive equations | Solution to the linearized primitive equations | The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main sets of balance equations:
A continuity equation: Representing the conservation of mass.
Conservation of momentum: Con... | The analytic solution to the linearized primitive equations involves a sinusoidal oscillation in time and longitude, modulated by coefficients related to height and latitude.
where s and are the zonal wavenumber and angular frequency, respectively. The solution represents atmospheric waves and tides.
When the coeffi... | [] | [
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projected-00307155-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20equations | Primitive equations | See also | The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main sets of balance equations:
A continuity equation: Representing the conservation of mass.
Conservation of momentum: Con... | Barometric formula
Climate model
Euler equations
Fluid dynamics
General circulation model
Numerical weather prediction | [] | [
"See also"
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"Partial differential equations",
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Numerical climate and weather models",
"Atmospheric dynamics"
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projected-00307155-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20equations | Primitive equations | References | The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main sets of balance equations:
A continuity equation: Representing the conservation of mass.
Conservation of momentum: Con... | Beniston, Martin. From Turbulence to Climate: Numerical Investigations of the Atmosphere with a Hierarchy of Models. Berlin: Springer, 1998.
Firth, Robert. Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorological Model Grid Construction and Accuracy. LSMSA, 2006.
Thompson, Philip. Numerical Weather Analysis and Prediction. New York: Th... | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Partial differential equations",
"Equations of fluid dynamics",
"Numerical climate and weather models",
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projected-00307156-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Introduction | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | [] | [
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projected-00307156-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Taxonomy | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | The California condor was described by English naturalist George Shaw in 1797 as Vultur californianus; Archibald Menzies collected the type specimen "from the coast of California" during the Vancouver expedition. It was originally classified in the same genus as the Andean condor (V. gryphus), but, due to the Andean co... | [
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projected-00307156-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Evolutionary history | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | The genus Gymnogyps is an example of a relict distribution. During the Pleistocene epoch, this genus was widespread across the Americas. From fossils, the Floridan Gymnogyps kofordi from the Early Pleistocene and the Peruvian Gymnogyps howardae from the Late Pleistocene have been described. A condor found in Late Pleis... | [
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projected-00307156-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Description | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | The adult California condor is a uniform black with the exception of large triangular patches or bands of white on the underside of the wings. It has gray legs and feet, an ivory-colored bill, a frill of black feathers surrounding the base of the neck, and brownish red eyes. The juvenile is mostly a mottled dark brown ... | [
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"ESA endanger... |
projected-00307156-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Historic range | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | At the time of human settlement of the Americas, the California condor was widespread across North America; condor bones from the late Pleistocene have been found at the Cutler Fossil Site in southern Florida. However, at the end of the last glacial period came the extinction of the megafauna that led to a subsequent r... | [
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"ESA endanger... |
projected-00307156-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Habitat | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | The California condor lives in rocky shrubland, coniferous forest, and oak savanna. They are often found near cliffs or large trees, which they use as nesting sites. Individual birds have a huge range and have been known to travel up to in search of carrion.
There are two sanctuaries chosen because of their prime con... | [] | [
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projected-00307156-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Ecology and behavior | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | The California condor's large flight muscles are not anchored by a correspondingly large sternum, which restricts them to being primarily soarers. The birds flap their wings when taking off from the ground, but after attaining a moderate elevation they largely glide, sometimes going for miles without a single flap of t... | [
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projected-00307156-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Breeding | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | Condors begin to look for a mate when they reach sexual maturity at the age of 6. To attract a prospective mate, the male condor performs a display, in which the male turns his head red and puffs out his neck feathers. He then spreads his wings and slowly approaches the female. If the female lowers her head to accept t... | [
"Gymnogyps californianus -near Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge, California, USA -adult and chick-8 (1).jpg"
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"ESA endanger... |
projected-00307156-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Feeding | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | See Evolutionary anachronism.
Wild condors maintain a large home range, often traveling a day in search of carrion. It is thought that in the early days of its existence as a species, the California condor lived off the carcasses of the Pleistocene megafauna, which are now largely extinct in North America. They still... | [
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projected-00307156-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Conservation | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | The California condor conservation project may be one of the most expensive species conservation projects in United States history, costing over $35 million, including $20 million in federal and state funding, since World War II. As of 2007, the annual cost for the condor conservation program was around $2.0 million pe... | [
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projected-00307156-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Recovery plan | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | As the condor's population continued to decline, discussion began about starting a captive breeding program for the birds. Opponents to this plan argued that the condors had the right to freedom, that capturing all of the condors would change the species' habits forever, and that the cost was too great. The project rec... | [
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projected-00307156-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Reintroduction to the wild | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | In 1988, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service began a reintroduction experiment involving the release of captive Andean condors into the wild in California. Only females were released, to eliminate the possibility of accidentally introducing a South American species into the United States. The experiment was a s... | [
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projected-00307156-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Obstacles to recovery | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | In modern times, a wide variety of causes have contributed to the California condor's decline. Its low clutch size (one young per nest), combined with a late age of sexual maturity, make the bird vulnerable to artificial population decline. Significant past damage to the condor population has also been attributed to po... | [] | [
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projected-00307156-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Population growth | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | Nesting milestones have been reached by the reintroduced condors. In 2003, the first nestling fledged in the wild since 1981. In March 2006, a pair of California condors, released by Ventana Wildlife Society, attempted to nest in a hollow tree near Big Sur, California. This was the first time in more than 100 years tha... | [] | [
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"ESA endanger... |
projected-00307156-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Reintroduction to Mexico | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | As the Recovery Program achieved milestones, a fifth active release site in Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park, Baja California, Mexico, was added to the three release sites in California and the release site in Arizona. In early 2007, a California condor laid an egg in Mexico for the first time since at least th... | [] | [
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projected-00307156-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Expanded range | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | In 2014, Condor #597, also known as "Lupine", was spotted near Pescadero, a coastal community south of San Francisco. Lupine had been routinely seen at Pinnacles National Park after having been released into the wild at Big Sur the previous year. Younger birds of the central California population are seeking to expand ... | [
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projected-00307156-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Condor Watch | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | A crowdsourcing project called Condor Watch (CW) was started on April 14, 2014, and ended in 2020. Hosted by the web portal Zooniverse, volunteers were asked to examine motion-capture images of California condors associated with release sites managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service... | [
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projected-00307156-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Relationship with humans | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | Throughout its historic range, the California condor has been a popular subject of mythology and an important symbol to Native Americans. Unusually, this bird takes on different roles in the storytelling of the different tribes.
The Wiyot tribe of California say that the condor recreated mankind after Above Old Man wi... | [
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projected-00307156-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Tehachapi mass perching | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | In May 2021, a resident of the Southern California city of Tehachapi came home after a holiday to find that about 15 to 20 condors had descended on her home. She said, "To have that many condors on my house was surreal; they can be destructive and messy. Nature is amazing!" The birds had ripped up decking, taken to a b... | [] | [
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projected-00307156-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | See also | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | Colpocephalum californici, an extinct species of louse that exclusively parasitized the California condor | [] | [
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"Extant Pleistocene first appearances",
"Big Sur",
"ESA endanger... |
projected-00307156-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20condor | California condor | Cited texts | The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture and the largest North American land bird. It became extinct in the wild in 1987 when all remaining wild individuals were captured, but has since been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion Nation... | [Description of genus Gymnogyps]. ser. 2 6 (44): col. 1037 | [] | [
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projected-00307157-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20condor | Andean condor | Introduction | The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a giant South American Cathartid vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America, the Andean condor is the largest flying bird in the world by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a... | [] | [
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"Vulnerable animals",
"Vulnerable b... | |
projected-00307157-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20condor | Andean condor | Taxonomy and systematics | The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a giant South American Cathartid vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America, the Andean condor is the largest flying bird in the world by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a... | The Andean condor was described by Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae and retains its original binomial name of Vultur gryphus. The Andean condor is sometimes called the Argentinean condor, Bolivian condor, Chilean condor, Colombian condor, Ecuadorian condor, or Peruvian... | [
"Peru - Colca Canyon - Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) 01.jpg"
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"Taxonomy and systematics"
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"Cathartidae",
"Birds of the Andes",
"New World vultures",
"Páramo fauna",
"National symbols of Argentina",
"National symbols of Bolivia",
"National symbols of Colombia",
"National symbols of Chile",
"National symbols of Ecuador",
"National symbols of Peru",
"Vulnerable animals",
"Vulnerable b... |
projected-00307157-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20condor | Andean condor | Description | The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a giant South American Cathartid vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America, the Andean condor is the largest flying bird in the world by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a... | The overall length of the Andean condor can range from . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is and the tarsus is . Measurements are usually taken from specimens reared in captivity. The mean weight is , with the males averaging about a kilogram more at , the females a kilogram less at . Condors ... | [
"Vultur gryphus -Doué-la-Fontaine Zoo, France-8a.jpg",
"Vultur gryphus head (Linnaeus, 1758).jpg"
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"Description"
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"Cathartidae",
"Birds of the Andes",
"New World vultures",
"Páramo fauna",
"National symbols of Argentina",
"National symbols of Bolivia",
"National symbols of Colombia",
"National symbols of Chile",
"National symbols of Ecuador",
"National symbols of Peru",
"Vulnerable animals",
"Vulnerable b... |
projected-00307157-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20condor | Andean condor | Distribution and habitat | The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a giant South American Cathartid vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America, the Andean condor is the largest flying bird in the world by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a... | The Andean condor is found in South America in the Andes and the Santa Marta Mountains. In the north, its range begins in Venezuela and Colombia, where it is extremely rare, then continues south along the Andes in Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, through Bolivia and western Argentina to the Tierra del Fuego. In the early 19th... | [
"Condor des Andes mâle adulte.jpg"
] | [
"Distribution and habitat"
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"Cathartidae",
"Birds of the Andes",
"New World vultures",
"Páramo fauna",
"National symbols of Argentina",
"National symbols of Bolivia",
"National symbols of Colombia",
"National symbols of Chile",
"National symbols of Ecuador",
"National symbols of Peru",
"Vulnerable animals",
"Vulnerable b... |
projected-00307157-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20condor | Andean condor | Ecology and behavior | The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a giant South American Cathartid vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America, the Andean condor is the largest flying bird in the world by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a... | The condor soars with its wings held horizontally and its primary feathers bent upwards at the tips. The lack of a large sternum to anchor its correspondingly large flight muscles physiologically identifies it as primarily being a soarer. It flaps its wings on rising from the ground, but after attaining a moderate elev... | [
"Andean Condor in full flight.JPG"
] | [
"Ecology and behavior"
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"Cathartidae",
"Birds of the Andes",
"New World vultures",
"Páramo fauna",
"National symbols of Argentina",
"National symbols of Bolivia",
"National symbols of Colombia",
"National symbols of Chile",
"National symbols of Ecuador",
"National symbols of Peru",
"Vulnerable animals",
"Vulnerable b... |
projected-00307157-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20condor | Andean condor | Breeding | The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a giant South American Cathartid vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America, the Andean condor is the largest flying bird in the world by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a... | Sexual maturity and breeding behavior do not appear in the Andean condor until the bird is five or six years of age. It may live to 50 years or more, and it mates for life. During courtship displays, the skin of the male's neck flushes, changing from dull red to bright yellow, and inflates. He approaches the female wit... | [
"Vultur gryphus MWNH 0718.JPG",
"Condor02 ST 98.jpg"
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"Ecology and behavior",
"Breeding"
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"Cathartidae",
"Birds of the Andes",
"New World vultures",
"Páramo fauna",
"National symbols of Argentina",
"National symbols of Bolivia",
"National symbols of Colombia",
"National symbols of Chile",
"National symbols of Ecuador",
"National symbols of Peru",
"Vulnerable animals",
"Vulnerable b... |
projected-00307157-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20condor | Andean condor | Feeding | The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a giant South American Cathartid vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America, the Andean condor is the largest flying bird in the world by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a... | The Andean condor is a scavenger, feeding mainly on carrion. Wild condors inhabit large territories, often traveling more than a day in search of carrion. In inland areas, they prefer large carcasses. Naturally, they feed on the largest carcasses available, which can include llamas (Lama glama), alpacas (Lama pacos), ... | [
"Andean Condor skeleton.jpg"
] | [
"Ecology and behavior",
"Feeding"
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"Cathartidae",
"Birds of the Andes",
"New World vultures",
"Páramo fauna",
"National symbols of Argentina",
"National symbols of Bolivia",
"National symbols of Colombia",
"National symbols of Chile",
"National symbols of Ecuador",
"National symbols of Peru",
"Vulnerable animals",
"Vulnerable b... |
projected-00307157-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20condor | Andean condor | Longevity | The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a giant South American Cathartid vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America, the Andean condor is the largest flying bird in the world by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a... | Being a slowly-maturing bird with no known natural predators in adulthood, an Andean condor is a long-lived bird. Longevity and mortality rates are not known to have been extensively studied in the wild. Some estimations of lifespans of wild birds has exceeded 50 years. In 1983, the Guinness Book of World Records consi... | [] | [
"Ecology and behavior",
"Longevity"
] | [
"Cathartidae",
"Birds of the Andes",
"New World vultures",
"Páramo fauna",
"National symbols of Argentina",
"National symbols of Bolivia",
"National symbols of Colombia",
"National symbols of Chile",
"National symbols of Ecuador",
"National symbols of Peru",
"Vulnerable animals",
"Vulnerable b... |
projected-00307157-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean%20condor | Andean condor | Conservation status | The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a giant South American Cathartid vulture and is the only member of the genus Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjacent Pacific coasts of western South America, the Andean condor is the largest flying bird in the world by combined measurement of weight and wingspan. It has a... | The Andean condor is considered vulnerable by the IUCN and the Peruvian Conservation Organization. It was first placed on the United States Endangered Species list in 1970, a status which is assigned to an animal that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Threats to its popula... | [
"Vultur gryphus -Taronga Zoo, Australia-8a.jpg"
] | [
"Relationship with humans",
"Conservation status"
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"Cathartidae",
"Birds of the Andes",
"New World vultures",
"Páramo fauna",
"National symbols of Argentina",
"National symbols of Bolivia",
"National symbols of Colombia",
"National symbols of Chile",
"National symbols of Ecuador",
"National symbols of Peru",
"Vulnerable animals",
"Vulnerable b... |