Split (1)

train · 28.5M rows

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text_id stringlengths 22 22	page_url stringlengths 31 389	page_title stringlengths 1 250	section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k	context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k	context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k	media list	hierachy list	category list
projected-00307247-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezola%20Foster	Ezola Foster	Congressional run	Ezola Broussard Foster (August 9, 1938 – May 22, 2018) was an American conservative political activist, writer, and politician. She was president of the interest group Black Americans for Family Values, author of the book What's Right for All Americans, and the Reform Party candidate for Vice President in the U.S. pres...	Foster ran for Congress in the June 5, 2001, special election in California's 32nd district to replace deceased representative Julian Dixon as the Reform Party candidate and garnered 1.5% of the vote.	[]	[ "Political career", "Congressional run" ]	[ "1938 births", "20th-century American politicians", "20th-century American non-fiction writers", "20th-century Roman Catholics", "21st-century Roman Catholics", "African-American Catholics", "African-American people in California politics", "African-American candidates for Vice President of the United...
projected-00307247-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezola%20Foster	Ezola Foster	Personal life	Ezola Broussard Foster (August 9, 1938 – May 22, 2018) was an American conservative political activist, writer, and politician. She was president of the interest group Black Americans for Family Values, author of the book What's Right for All Americans, and the Reform Party candidate for Vice President in the U.S. pres...	Foster was Catholic. Her first marriage ended in annulment, she said, when she found out that her husband was a convicted felon. Later, in 1977, she married Chuck Foster, a truck driver.	[]	[ "Personal life" ]	[ "1938 births", "20th-century American politicians", "20th-century American non-fiction writers", "20th-century Roman Catholics", "21st-century Roman Catholics", "African-American Catholics", "African-American people in California politics", "African-American candidates for Vice President of the United...
projected-00307247-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezola%20Foster	Ezola Foster	See also	Ezola Broussard Foster (August 9, 1938 – May 22, 2018) was an American conservative political activist, writer, and politician. She was president of the interest group Black Americans for Family Values, author of the book What's Right for All Americans, and the Reform Party candidate for Vice President in the U.S. pres...	Black conservatism in the United States	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "1938 births", "20th-century American politicians", "20th-century American non-fiction writers", "20th-century Roman Catholics", "21st-century Roman Catholics", "African-American Catholics", "African-American people in California politics", "African-American candidates for Vice President of the United...
projected-00307247-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezola%20Foster	Ezola Foster	Further reading	Ezola Broussard Foster (August 9, 1938 – May 22, 2018) was an American conservative political activist, writer, and politician. She was president of the interest group Black Americans for Family Values, author of the book What's Right for All Americans, and the Reform Party candidate for Vice President in the U.S. pres...	Issues2000.org – Some of Foster's campaign positions and quotations Foster, Ezola (August 31, 1995). "Let the Children be Children". National Minority Politics	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "1938 births", "20th-century American politicians", "20th-century American non-fiction writers", "20th-century Roman Catholics", "21st-century Roman Catholics", "African-American Catholics", "African-American people in California politics", "African-American candidates for Vice President of the United...
projected-00307248-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	Introduction		James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	Early life and education	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	Born into a working-class Catholic family in Youngstown, Ohio, Traficant was the son of Agnes (née Farkas) and James Anthony Traficant Sr. He was of mostly Italian and Hungarian ancestry. Traficant graduated from Cardinal Mooney High School in 1959 before receiving a B.S. in education from the University of Pittsburgh ...	[]	[ "Early life and education" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	Early career	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	At the start of his career, Traficant was the consumer finance director for the Youngstown Community Action Program. He taught courses on drug and alcohol dependency and recovery at Youngstown State University and Kent State University, as well as lecturing on drug and alcohol abuse for colleges and government agencies...	[]	[ "Early career" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	U.S. House of Representatives	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	While in Congress, Traficant was a supporter of immigration reduction, and a strong opponent of illegal immigration. In the controversy surrounding the defeat of Congressman Bob Dornan (R-CA) by Democrat Loretta Sanchez, Traficant was the only Democratic member of Congress who advocated a new election, owing to Dornan'...	[]	[ "U.S. House of Representatives" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	Defense of John Demjanjuk	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	Traficant championed the unpopular case of John Demjanjuk, a Ukrainian-born autoworker from Seven Hills who had been convicted in Israel and sentenced to hang for having been the brutal Nazi concentration camp guard Ivan the Terrible. For almost a decade, Traficant (along with Pat Buchanan) insisted that Demjanjuk had ...	[]	[ "U.S. House of Representatives", "Defense of John Demjanjuk" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	Defense of Arthur Rudolph	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	Following Pat Buchanan's recommendation to reconsider the denaturalization of former Nazi and NASA scientist Arthur Rudolph, who had been brought to the United States under Operation Paperclip, Traficant spoke to the Friends of Arthur Rudolph, an organization based in Huntsville, Alabama. He argued that denaturalizatio...	[]	[ "U.S. House of Representatives", "Defense of Arthur Rudolph" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	Trial and expulsion	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	In 2001, Traficant was indicted on federal corruption charges for taking campaign funds for personal use. Again, he opted to represent himself, insisting that the trial was part of a vendetta against him dating back to his 1983 trial. After a two-month federal trial, on April 11, 2002, he was convicted of ten felony co...	[]	[ "U.S. House of Representatives", "Trial and expulsion" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	Incarceration	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	Traficant entered the Federal Correctional Institution, Allenwood Low, on August 6, 2002, with the Federal Bureau of Prisons ID # 31213-060. He served his first seventeen months at Allenwood. He said that he was put in solitary confinement shortly after his arrival for incitement to riot after he told a guard, "People ...	[]	[ "Prison and later life", "Incarceration" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	Release	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	Traficant was released from prison on September 2, 2009. On September 6, 2009, 1,200 supporters welcomed him home at a banquet with an Elvis impersonator, and a Traficant lookalike contest. "Welcome home Jimbo" was printed on T-shirts. "I think it's time to tell the FBI and the IRS that this is our country and we're ti...	[]	[ "Prison and later life", "Release" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	2010 congressional campaign	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	In September 2010, Traficant was certified to run for the same seat he held before his expulsion, and said that his platform would be to repeal the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Traficant lost the election to his former aide Tim Ryan, to whom he lost an earlier race in 2002, in which Traficant ...	[]	[ "Prison and later life", "2010 congressional campaign" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	Post-prison life	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	After his release from prison, he was featured as a guest speaker at a Tea Party protest in Columbiana, Ohio, among other events affiliated with reactionary politics. Traficant began a grassroots campaign in July 2014, "Project Freedom USA", to, among other things, put people pressure on Congress to get rid of the IRS...	[]	[ "Post-prison life" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	Accident and death	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	Traficant was injured in an accident at his farm on September 23, 2014. A tractor he was driving into a pole barn flipped over and trapped him underneath. Traficant was taken to Salem Regional Medical Center in Salem, Ohio, then airlifted to St. Elizabeth's Health Center in Youngstown. On the evening of September 24, h...	[]	[ "Accident and death" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307248-014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Traficant	James Traficant	See also	James Anthony Traficant Jr. (May 8, 1941 – September 27, 2014) was an American politician who served as a Democratic, and later independent, member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. He represented the 17th Congressional District, which centered on his hometown of Youngstown and included parts of ...	List of United States representatives from Ohio List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes List of federal political scandals in the United States	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "1941 births", "2014 deaths", "20th-century American politicians", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American politicians", "21st-century American male writers", "Accidental deaths in Ohio", "Activists from Ohio", "American football quarterbacks", "American male non-fictio...
projected-00307249-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Choate	Pat Choate	Introduction		Pat Choate (; born April 27, 1941) is an American economist who is most known for being the 1996 Reform Party candidate for Vice President of the United States, the running-mate of Ross Perot. Following the 1996 election, the Federal Election Commission certified the Reform Party as a national political party eligible ...	[ "ChoateTennessee.png" ]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1941 births", "20th-century American politicians", "20th-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "American television talk show hosts", "George Washington University faculty", "Living people", "People from Ellis County, Texas", "Reform Party of the United...
projected-00307249-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Choate	Pat Choate	Life and career	Pat Choate (; born April 27, 1941) is an American economist who is most known for being the 1996 Reform Party candidate for Vice President of the United States, the running-mate of Ross Perot. Following the 1996 election, the Federal Election Commission certified the Reform Party as a national political party eligible ...	Choate was born in Maypearl, Texas, the son of Bettie Lee (Simpson) and Frank William Choate. He is the director of the Manufacturing Policy Project, which studies long-term U.S. economic policy. He previously worked as Director of Research and Planning for the Oklahoma Industrial Development Commission; as Tennessee'...	[]	[ "Life and career" ]	[ "1941 births", "20th-century American politicians", "20th-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "American television talk show hosts", "George Washington University faculty", "Living people", "People from Ellis County, Texas", "Reform Party of the United...
projected-00307249-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Choate	Pat Choate	Electoral history	Pat Choate (; born April 27, 1941) is an American economist who is most known for being the 1996 Reform Party candidate for Vice President of the United States, the running-mate of Ross Perot. Following the 1996 election, the Federal Election Commission certified the Reform Party as a national political party eligible ...	1996 United States presidential election Bill Clinton/Al Gore (Democratic) (Inc.) – 47,402,357 (49.2%) and 379 electoral votes (31 states and D.C. carried) Bob Dole/Jack Kemp (Republican) - 39,198,755 (40.7%) and 159 electoral votes (19 states carried) Ross Perot/Pat Choate' (Reform) - 8,085,402 (8.4%) and 0 electoral ...	[]	[ "Electoral history" ]	[ "1941 births", "20th-century American politicians", "20th-century American non-fiction writers", "21st-century American non-fiction writers", "American television talk show hosts", "George Washington University faculty", "Living people", "People from Ellis County, Texas", "Reform Party of the United...
projected-00307251-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian%20pelican	Dalmatian pelican	Introduction		The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the largest member of the pelican family, and perhaps the world's largest freshwater bird, although rivaled in weight and length by the largest swans. They are elegant soaring birds, with wingspans that rival that of the great albatrosses, and their flocks fly in graceful sy...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Pelecanus", "Pelicans", "Birds of Azerbaijan", "Birds of Central Asia", "Birds of Western Asia", "Birds described in 1832", "Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Bruch" ]
projected-00307251-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian%20pelican	Dalmatian pelican	Description	The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the largest member of the pelican family, and perhaps the world's largest freshwater bird, although rivaled in weight and length by the largest swans. They are elegant soaring birds, with wingspans that rival that of the great albatrosses, and their flocks fly in graceful sy...	This huge bird is by a slight margin the largest of the pelican species and one of the largest living flying bird species. It measures in length, in weight and in wingspan. Its median weight is around , which makes it perhaps the world's heaviest flying bird species, although the largest individuals among male busta...	[]	[ "Description" ]	[ "Pelecanus", "Pelicans", "Birds of Azerbaijan", "Birds of Central Asia", "Birds of Western Asia", "Birds described in 1832", "Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Bruch" ]
projected-00307251-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian%20pelican	Dalmatian pelican	Distribution and habitat	The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the largest member of the pelican family, and perhaps the world's largest freshwater bird, although rivaled in weight and length by the largest swans. They are elegant soaring birds, with wingspans that rival that of the great albatrosses, and their flocks fly in graceful sy...	The Dalmatian pelican is found in lakes, rivers, deltas and estuaries. Compared to the great white pelican, the Dalmatian is not as tied to lowland areas and will nest in suitable wetlands with many elevations. It is less opportunistic in breeding habitat selection than the great white, usually returning to a tradition...	[]	[ "Distribution and habitat" ]	[ "Pelecanus", "Pelicans", "Birds of Azerbaijan", "Birds of Central Asia", "Birds of Western Asia", "Birds described in 1832", "Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Bruch" ]
projected-00307251-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian%20pelican	Dalmatian pelican	Movements	The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the largest member of the pelican family, and perhaps the world's largest freshwater bird, although rivaled in weight and length by the largest swans. They are elegant soaring birds, with wingspans that rival that of the great albatrosses, and their flocks fly in graceful sy...	This pelican usually migrates short distances with varying migration patterns during the year. It is dispersive in Europe, based on feeding opportunities, with most western birds staying through the winter in the Mediterranean region. In the Danube Delta, Dalmatian pelicans arrive in March and leave by the end of Augus...	[]	[ "Movements" ]	[ "Pelecanus", "Pelicans", "Birds of Azerbaijan", "Birds of Central Asia", "Birds of Western Asia", "Birds described in 1832", "Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Bruch" ]
projected-00307251-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian%20pelican	Dalmatian pelican	Feeding	The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the largest member of the pelican family, and perhaps the world's largest freshwater bird, although rivaled in weight and length by the largest swans. They are elegant soaring birds, with wingspans that rival that of the great albatrosses, and their flocks fly in graceful sy...	This pelican feeds almost entirely on fish. Preferred prey species can include common carp (Cyprinus carpio), European perch (Perca fluviatilis), common rudd (Scardinius erythropthalmus), eels, catfish (especially silurids during winter), mullet and northern pike (Esox lucius), the latter having measured up to when ta...	[]	[ "Behavior", "Feeding" ]	[ "Pelecanus", "Pelicans", "Birds of Azerbaijan", "Birds of Central Asia", "Birds of Western Asia", "Birds described in 1832", "Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Bruch" ]
projected-00307251-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian%20pelican	Dalmatian pelican	Breeding	The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the largest member of the pelican family, and perhaps the world's largest freshwater bird, although rivaled in weight and length by the largest swans. They are elegant soaring birds, with wingspans that rival that of the great albatrosses, and their flocks fly in graceful sy...	Among a highly social family in general, Dalmatian pelicans may have the least social inclinations. This species naturally nests in relatively small groups compared to most other pelican species and sometimes may even nest alone. However, small colonies are usually formed, which regularly include upwards of 250 pairs (...	[ "Pelecanus crispus MWNH 1925.JPG" ]	[ "Behavior", "Breeding" ]	[ "Pelecanus", "Pelicans", "Birds of Azerbaijan", "Birds of Central Asia", "Birds of Western Asia", "Birds described in 1832", "Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Bruch" ]
projected-00307251-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian%20pelican	Dalmatian pelican	Status	The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is the largest member of the pelican family, and perhaps the world's largest freshwater bird, although rivaled in weight and length by the largest swans. They are elegant soaring birds, with wingspans that rival that of the great albatrosses, and their flocks fly in graceful sy...	This species of pelican has declined greatly throughout its range, more so than the white pelican. It is possible that up to 10,000–20,000 pelicans exist at the species level. During the 20th century, the species' numbers underwent a dramatic decline for reasons that are not entirely understood. The most likely reason ...	[]	[ "Status" ]	[ "Pelecanus", "Pelicans", "Birds of Azerbaijan", "Birds of Central Asia", "Birds of Western Asia", "Birds described in 1832", "Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Bruch" ]
projected-00307255-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20bloc	Trade bloc	Introduction		A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the North American Free Trade ...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "International trade organizations", "Trade blocs" ]
projected-00307255-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20bloc	Trade bloc	Use	A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the North American Free Trade ...	Historic trading blocs include the Hanseatic League, a Northern European economic alliance between the 12th and 17th centuries, and the German Customs Union, formed on the basis of the German Confederation and subsequently the German Empire from 1871. Surges of trade bloc formation occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, as w...	[]	[ "Use" ]	[ "International trade organizations", "Trade blocs" ]
projected-00307255-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20bloc	Trade bloc	Terminology	A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the North American Free Trade ...	A common market is seen as a stage of economic integration towards an economic union or possibly towards the goal of a unified market. A single market is a type of trade bloc in which most trade barriers have been removed (for goods) with some common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the facto...	[]	[ "Terminology" ]	[ "International trade organizations", "Trade blocs" ]
projected-00307255-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20bloc	Trade bloc	Comparison between regional trade blocs	A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the North American Free Trade ...	1 not all members participating 2 involving goods, services, telecommunications, transport (full liberalisation of railways from 2012), energy (full liberalisation from 2007) 3 telecommunications, transport and energy - proposed 4 sensitive goods to be covered from 2019 5 least developed members to join from 2012 6 l...	[]	[ "Comparison between regional trade blocs" ]	[ "International trade organizations", "Trade blocs" ]
projected-00307255-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20bloc	Trade bloc	See also	A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the North American Free Trade ...	Regional integration Continental union	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "International trade organizations", "Trade blocs" ]
projected-00307255-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20bloc	Trade bloc	Lists of trade blocs	A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the North American Free Trade ...	List of preferential trade areas List of free trade areas (bilateral, multilateral) List of customs unions List of common markets List of economic unions List of monetary unions List of customs and monetary unions List of economic and monetary unions	[]	[ "See also", "Lists of trade blocs" ]	[ "International trade organizations", "Trade blocs" ]
projected-00307255-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20bloc	Trade bloc	Bibliography	A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the North American Free Trade ...	Mansfield, Edward D. and Helen V. Milner, "The New Wave of Regionalism" in Milner, Helen V., "International Trade" in * *	[]	[ "Bibliography" ]	[ "International trade organizations", "Trade blocs" ]
projected-00307257-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe%20H.%20Hillenkoetter	Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter	Introduction		Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (May 8, 1897 – June 18, 1982) was the third director of the post–World War II United States Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the third Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947. He served as...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1897 births", "1982 deaths", "American people of Dutch descent", "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "Burials at Arlington National Cemetery", "Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency", "Military personnel from St. Louis", "People from Weehawken, New Jersey", "United States Naval Academy alumni", "Uni...
projected-00307257-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe%20H.%20Hillenkoetter	Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter	Education and military career	Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (May 8, 1897 – June 18, 1982) was the third director of the post–World War II United States Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the third Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947. He served as...	Born in St. Louis, Missouri on May 8, 1897, Hillenkoetter graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1919. He served with the Atlantic Fleet during World War I and joined the Office of Naval Intelligence in 1933. He served several tours in naval intelligence, including as assistant naval ...	[]	[ "Education and military career" ]	[ "1897 births", "1982 deaths", "American people of Dutch descent", "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "Burials at Arlington National Cemetery", "Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency", "Military personnel from St. Louis", "People from Weehawken, New Jersey", "United States Naval Academy alumni", "Uni...
projected-00307257-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe%20H.%20Hillenkoetter	Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter	Director of Central Intelligence	Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (May 8, 1897 – June 18, 1982) was the third director of the post–World War II United States Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the third Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947. He served as...	President Truman persuaded a reluctant Hillenkoetter, then a rear admiral, to become Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and run the Central Intelligence Group (September 1947). Under the National Security Act of 1947 he was nominated and confirmed by the U.S. Senate as DCI, now in charge of the newly established C...	[]	[ "Director of Central Intelligence" ]	[ "1897 births", "1982 deaths", "American people of Dutch descent", "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "Burials at Arlington National Cemetery", "Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency", "Military personnel from St. Louis", "People from Weehawken, New Jersey", "United States Naval Academy alumni", "Uni...
projected-00307257-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe%20H.%20Hillenkoetter	Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter	Resumption of active military duty	Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (May 8, 1897 – June 18, 1982) was the third director of the post–World War II United States Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the third Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947. He served as...	Admiral Hillenkoetter returned to the fleet, commanding Cruiser Division 1 of the Cruiser-Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet from October 1950 to August 1951 during the Korean War. He then commanded the Third Naval District with headquarters in New York City from July 1952 to August 1956 and was promoted to the rank of vic...	[]	[ "Resumption of active military duty" ]	[ "1897 births", "1982 deaths", "American people of Dutch descent", "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "Burials at Arlington National Cemetery", "Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency", "Military personnel from St. Louis", "People from Weehawken, New Jersey", "United States Naval Academy alumni", "Uni...
projected-00307257-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe%20H.%20Hillenkoetter	Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter	Board member of NICAP	Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (May 8, 1897 – June 18, 1982) was the third director of the post–World War II United States Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the third Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947. He served as...	The National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena was formed in 1956, with the organization's corporate charter being approved October 24. Hillenkoetter was on NICAP's board of governors from about 1957 until 1962. Donald E. Keyhoe, NICAP director and Hillenkoetter's Naval Academy classmate, wrote that Hillenk...	[]	[ "Board member of NICAP" ]	[ "1897 births", "1982 deaths", "American people of Dutch descent", "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "Burials at Arlington National Cemetery", "Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency", "Military personnel from St. Louis", "People from Weehawken, New Jersey", "United States Naval Academy alumni", "Uni...
projected-00307257-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe%20H.%20Hillenkoetter	Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter	Death	Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (May 8, 1897 – June 18, 1982) was the third director of the post–World War II United States Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the third Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947. He served as...	Hillenkoetter lived in Weehawken, New Jersey, following his retirement from the Navy, until his death on June 18, 1982, at New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital.	[]	[ "Death" ]	[ "1897 births", "1982 deaths", "American people of Dutch descent", "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "Burials at Arlington National Cemetery", "Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency", "Military personnel from St. Louis", "People from Weehawken, New Jersey", "United States Naval Academy alumni", "Uni...
projected-00307257-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe%20H.%20Hillenkoetter	Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter	Portrayal	Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (May 8, 1897 – June 18, 1982) was the third director of the post–World War II United States Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the third Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947. He served as...	Actor Leon Russom played him in an episode of Dark Skies, a 1996 conspiracy theory television series.	[]	[ "Portrayal" ]	[ "1897 births", "1982 deaths", "American people of Dutch descent", "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "Burials at Arlington National Cemetery", "Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency", "Military personnel from St. Louis", "People from Weehawken, New Jersey", "United States Naval Academy alumni", "Uni...
projected-00307257-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe%20H.%20Hillenkoetter	Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter	Awards	Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter (May 8, 1897 – June 18, 1982) was the third director of the post–World War II United States Central Intelligence Group (CIG), the third Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and the first director of the Central Intelligence Agency created by the National Security Act of 1947. He served as...	Submarine Warfare insignia Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit Bronze Star Medal Victory Medal Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars World War II Victory Medal Navy Occupation Medal National Defense Service Medal K...	[]	[ "Awards" ]	[ "1897 births", "1982 deaths", "American people of Dutch descent", "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "Burials at Arlington National Cemetery", "Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency", "Military personnel from St. Louis", "People from Weehawken, New Jersey", "United States Naval Academy alumni", "Uni...
projected-00307258-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Introduction		Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Basic theory	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	The theory posits that the force of gravity is the result of tiny particles (corpuscles) moving at high speed in all directions, throughout the universe. The intensity of the flux of particles is assumed to be the same in all directions, so an isolated object A is struck equally from all sides, resulting in only an inw...	[ "Pushing1.svg", "Pushing2.png", "Pushing3.svg", "Pushing4.svg", "Pushing5.png" ]	[ "Basic theory" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Fatio	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Nicolas Fatio presented the first formulation of his thoughts on gravitation in a letter to Christiaan Huygens in the spring of 1690. Two days later Fatio read the content of the letter before the Royal Society in London. In the following years Fatio composed several draft manuscripts of his major work De la Cause de l...	[ "Fatio.jpg" ]	[ "Fatio" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Features of Fatio's theory	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Fatio's pyramid (Problem I) Fatio assumed that the universe is filled with minute particles, which are moving indiscriminately with very high speed and rectilinearly in all directions. To illustrate his thoughts he used the following example: Suppose an object C, on which an infinite small plane zz and a sphere center...	[ "Fatio1.jpg", "Fatio2.jpg" ]	[ "Fatio", "Features of Fatio's theory" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Reception of Fatio's theory	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Fatio was in communication with some of the most famous scientists of his time. There was a strong personal relationship between Isaac Newton and Fatio in the years 1690 to 1693. Newton's statements on Fatio's theory differed widely. For example, after describing the necessary conditions for a mechanical explanation o...	[ "Fatio3.jpg" ]	[ "Fatio", "Reception of Fatio's theory" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Cramer and Redeker	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	In 1731 the Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer published a dissertation, at the end of which appeared a sketch of a theory very similar to Fatio's – including net structure of matter, analogy to light, shading – but without mentioning Fatio's name. It was known to Fatio that Cramer had access to a copy of his main pape...	[]	[ "Cramer and Redeker" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Le Sage	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	The first exposition of his theory, Essai sur l'origine des forces mortes, was sent by Le Sage to the Academy of Sciences at Paris in 1748, but it was never published. According to Le Sage, after creating and sending his essay he was informed on the theories of Fatio, Cramer and Redeker. In 1756 for the first time one ...	[ "Georges-Louis Le Sage.jpg" ]	[ "Le Sage" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Le Sage's basic concept	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Le Sage discussed the theory in great detail and he proposed quantitative estimates for some of the theory's parameters. He called the gravitational particles ultramundane corpuscles, because he supposed them to originate beyond our known universe. The distribution of the ultramundane flux is isotropic and the laws of...	[ "Lesage1.jpg" ]	[ "Le Sage", "Le Sage's basic concept" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Reception of Le Sage's theory	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Le Sage's ideas were not well-received during his day, except for some of his friends and associates like Pierre Prévost, Charles Bonnet, Jean-André Deluc, Charles Mahon, 3rd Earl Stanhope and Simon Lhuilier. They mentioned and described Le Sage's theory in their books and papers, which were used by their contemporarie...	[]	[ "Le Sage", "Reception of Le Sage's theory" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Kinetic theory	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Because the theories of Fatio, Cramer and Redeker were not widely known, Le Sage's exposition of the theory enjoyed a resurgence of interest in the latter half of the 19th century, coinciding with the development of the kinetic theory. Leray Since Le Sage's particles must lose speed when colliding with ordinary matter...	[ "Lord Kelvin photograph.jpg", "James Clerk Maxwell big.jpg" ]	[ "Kinetic theory" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Wave models	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Keller and Boisbaudran In 1863, François Antoine Edouard and Em. Keller presented a theory by using a Le Sage type mechanism in combination with longitudinal waves of the aether. They supposed that those waves are propagating in every direction and losing some of their momentum after the impact on bodies, so between tw...	[ "Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg" ]	[ "Wave models" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Later assessments	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Darwin In 1905, George Darwin subsequently calculated the gravitational force between two bodies at extremely close range to determine if geometrical effects would lead to a deviation from Newton's law. Here Darwin replaced Le Sage's cage-like units of ordinary matter with microscopic hard spheres of uniform size. He c...	[ "Poincare.jpg" ]	[ "Later assessments" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Matter and particles	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Porosity of matter A basic prediction of the theory is the extreme porosity of matter. As supposed by Fatio and Le Sage in 1690/1758 (and before them, Huygens) matter must consist mostly of empty space so that the very small particles can penetrate the bodies nearly undisturbed and therefore every single part of matter...	[]	[ "Predictions and criticism", "Matter and particles" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Gravitational shielding	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Although matter is postulated to be very sparse in the Fatio–Le Sage theory, it cannot be perfectly transparent, because in that case no gravitational force would exist. However, the lack of perfect transparency leads to problems: with sufficient mass the amount of shading produced by two pieces of matter becomes less ...	[ "Pushing6.svg" ]	[ "Predictions and criticism", "Gravitational shielding" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Speed of gravity	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Drag According to Le Sage's theory, an isolated body is subjected to drag if it is in motion relative to the unique isotropic frame of the ultramundane flux (i.e., the frame in which the speed of the ultramundane corpuscles is the same in all directions). This is due to the fact that, if a body is in motion, the partic...	[]	[ "Predictions and criticism", "Speed of gravity" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Range of gravity	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	In many particle models, such as Kelvin's, the range of gravity is limited due to the nature of particle interactions amongst themselves. The range is effectively determined by the rate that the proposed internal modes of the particles can eliminate the momentum defects (shadows) that are created by passing through mat...	[]	[ "Predictions and criticism", "Range of gravity" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Absorption	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	As noted in the historical section, a major problem for every Le Sage model is the energy and heat issue. As Maxwell and Poincaré showed, inelastic collisions lead to a vaporization of matter within fractions of a second and the suggested solutions were not convincing. For example, Aronson gave a simple proof of Maxwel...	[]	[ "Predictions and criticism", "Energy", "Absorption" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-019	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Coupling to energy	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Based on observational evidence, it is now known that gravity interacts with all forms of energy, and not just with mass. The electrostatic binding energy of the nucleus, the energy of weak interactions in the nucleus, and the kinetic energy of electrons in atoms, all contribute to the gravitational mass of an atom, a...	[]	[ "Predictions and criticism", "Energy", "Coupling to energy" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Non-gravitational applications and analogies	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	Mock gravity Lyman Spitzer in 1941 calculated, that absorption of radiation between two dust particles lead to a net attractive force which varies proportional to 1/r2 (evidently he was unaware of Le Sage's shadow mechanism and especially Lorentz's considerations on radiation pressure and gravity). George Gamow, who ca...	[]	[ "Non-gravitational applications and analogies" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Recent activity	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	The re-examination of Le Sage's theory in the 19th century identified several closely interconnected problems with the theory. These relate to excessive heating, frictional drag, shielding, and gravitational aberration. The recognition of these problems, in conjunction with a general shift away from mechanical based ...	[]	[ "Recent activity" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307258-023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Sage%27s%20theory%20of%20gravitation	Le Sage's theory of gravitation	Secondary sources	Le Sage's theory of gravitation is a kinetic theory of gravity originally proposed by Nicolas Fatio de Duillier in 1690 and later by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1748. The theory proposed a mechanical explanation for Newton's gravitational force in terms of streams of tiny unseen particles (which Le Sage called ultra-mund...	English summary of Prévost (1805).	[]	[ "Secondary sources" ]	[ "Theories of gravity", "Aether theories", "Obsolete theories in physics" ]
projected-00307262-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher%20%28boat%29	Pusher (boat)	Introduction		A pusher, pusher craft, pusher boat, pusher tug, or towboat, is a boat designed for pushing barges or car floats. In the United States, the industries that use these vessels refer to them as towboats. These vessels are characterized by a square bow, a shallow draft, and typically have knees, which are large plates mou...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Towboats", "Boat types" ]
projected-00307262-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher%20%28boat%29	Pusher (boat)	Size	A pusher, pusher craft, pusher boat, pusher tug, or towboat, is a boat designed for pushing barges or car floats. In the United States, the industries that use these vessels refer to them as towboats. These vessels are characterized by a square bow, a shallow draft, and typically have knees, which are large plates mou...	Towboat engine outputs range from less than up to . Most towboats are from long, and wide. Smaller boats are used in harbors, fleeting areas and around locks while larger boats operate in "line-haul" operations over long distances and between major ports. In the United States, south of the Chain of Rocks Lock across...	[ "PeterFanchi.jpg", "Donna York.jpg" ]	[ "Size" ]	[ "Towboats", "Boat types" ]
projected-00307262-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher%20%28boat%29	Pusher (boat)	Preserved towboats	A pusher, pusher craft, pusher boat, pusher tug, or towboat, is a boat designed for pushing barges or car floats. In the United States, the industries that use these vessels refer to them as towboats. These vessels are characterized by a square bow, a shallow draft, and typically have knees, which are large plates mou...	The Binnenvaartmuseum ('Inland Shipping Museum') in Dordrecht, South Holland, Netherlands is centered around René Siegfried, a River Rhine pusher boat which was built in 1963 and decommissioned in 1989. The W. P. Snyder Jr., also known as W. H. Clingerman, W. P. Snyder Jr. State Memorial, or J. L. Perry, is a historic...	[]	[ "Preserved towboats" ]	[ "Towboats", "Boat types" ]
projected-00307262-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher%20%28boat%29	Pusher (boat)	See also	A pusher, pusher craft, pusher boat, pusher tug, or towboat, is a boat designed for pushing barges or car floats. In the United States, the industries that use these vessels refer to them as towboats. These vessels are characterized by a square bow, a shallow draft, and typically have knees, which are large plates mou...	American Waterways Operators River cruise Riverboat Paddle steamer Sampan Tugboat	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Towboats", "Boat types" ]
projected-00307262-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher%20%28boat%29	Pusher (boat)	References	A pusher, pusher craft, pusher boat, pusher tug, or towboat, is a boat designed for pushing barges or car floats. In the United States, the industries that use these vessels refer to them as towboats. These vessels are characterized by a square bow, a shallow draft, and typically have knees, which are large plates mou...	Nautical terminology specific to towboating and inland waterways.	[]	[ "References" ]	[ "Towboats", "Boat types" ]
projected-00307263-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Introduction		A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Etymology	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	There is no single definition as to what constitutes a weir and one English dictionary simply defines a weir as a small dam, likely originating from Middle English were, Old English wer, derivative of root of werian, meaning "to defend, dam".	[]	[ "Etymology" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Function	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	Commonly, weirs are used to prevent flooding, measure water discharge, and help render rivers more navigable by boat. In some locations, the terms dam and weir are synonymous, but normally there is a clear distinction made between the structures. Usually, a dam is designed specifically to impound water behind a wall, w...	[ "Thorp Gristmill Weir.jpg" ]	[ "Function" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Flow measurement	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	Weirs allow hydrologists and engineers a simple method of measuring the volumetric flow rate in small to medium-sized streams/rivers or in industrial discharge locations. Since the geometry of the top of the weir is known and all water flows over the weir, the depth of water behind the weir can be converted to a rate o...	[]	[ "Function", "Flow measurement" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Flow over a V-notch weir	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	The flow over a V-notch weir (in ft3/s) is given by the Kindsvater–Shen equation: where Q is the volumetric flow rate of fluid in ft3/s, g is the acceleration due to gravity in ft/s2m Ce is the flow correction factor given in , θ is the angle of the V-notch weir, h is the height of the fluid above the bottom of...	[]	[ "Function", "Flow over a V-notch weir" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Control of invasive species	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	As weirs are a physical barrier, they can impede the longitudinal movement of fish and other animals up and down a river. This can have a negative effect on fish species that migrate as part of their breeding cycle (e.g., salmonids), but it also can be useful as a method of preventing invasive species moving upstream. ...	[]	[ "Function", "Control of invasive species" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Watermills	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	Mill ponds are created by a weir that impounds water that then flows over the structure. The energy created by the change in height of the water can then be used to power waterwheels and power sawmills, grinding wheels, and other equipment.	[]	[ "Function", "Watermills" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Flood control and altering river conditions	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	Weirs are commonly used to control the flow rates of rivers during periods of high discharge. Sluice gates (or in some cases the height of the weir crest) can be altered to increase or decrease the volume of water flowing downstream. Weirs for this purpose are commonly found upstream of towns and villages and can eithe...	[ "Weir at Bray Lock, May 2018.jpg" ]	[ "Function", "Flood control and altering river conditions" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Ecology	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	Because a weir impounds water behind it and alters the flow regime of the river, it can have an effect on the local ecology. Typically, the reduced river velocity upstream can lead to increased siltation (deposition of fine particles of silt and clay on the river bottom) that reduces the water oxygen content and smothe...	[]	[ "Issues", "Ecology" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Fish migration	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	Weirs can have a significant effect on fish migration. Any weir that exceeds either the maximum height a species can jump or creates flow conditions that cannot be bypassed (e.g., due to excessive water velocity) effectively limits the maximum point upstream that fish can migrate. In some cases this can mean that huge ...	[]	[ "Issues", "Fish migration" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Safety	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	Even though the water around weirs can often appear relatively calm, they can be extremely dangerous places to boat, swim, or wade, as the circulation patterns on the downstream side—typically called a hydraulic jump—can submerge a person indefinitely. This phenomenon is so well known to canoeists, kayakers, and others...	[]	[ "Issues", "Safety" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Common types	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	There are many different types of weirs and they can vary from a simple stone structure that is barely noticeable, to elaborate and very large structures that require extensive management and maintenance.	[]	[ "Common types" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Broad-crested	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	A broad-crested weir is a flat-crested structure, where the water passes over a crest that covers much or all of the channel width. This is one of the most common types of weir found worldwide.	[]	[ "Common types", "Broad-crested" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Compound	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	A compound weir is any weir that comprises several different designs into one structure. They are commonly seen in locations where a river has multiple users who may need to bypass the structure. A common design would be one where a weir is broad-crested for much of its length, but has a section where the weir stops or...	[]	[ "Common types", "Compound" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	V-notch	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	A notch weir is any weir where the physical barrier is significantly higher than the water level except for a specific notch (often V-shaped) cut into the panel. At times of normal flow all the water must pass through the notch, simplifying flow volume calculations, and at times of flood the water level can rise and su...	[]	[ "Common types", "V-notch" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Polynomial	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	A polynomial weir is a weir that has a geometry defined by a polynomial equation of any order n. In practice, most weirs are low-order polynomial weirs. The standard rectangular weir is, for example, a polynomial weir of order zero. The triangular (V-notch) and trapezoidal weirs are of order one. High-order polynomial ...	[]	[ "Common types", "Polynomial" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	See also	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	Crump weir Drop structure Fishing weir Fixed-crest dam International Control Dam	[]	[ "See also" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307263-021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir	Weir	Further reading	A weir or low head dam is a barrier across the width of a river that alters the flow characteristics of water and usually results in a change in the height of the river level. Weirs are also used to control the flow of water for outlets of lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. There are many weir designs, but commonly water f...	McKay, G.R. (1971). "Design of Minimum Energy Culverts." Research Report, Dept of Civil Eng., Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 29 pages & 7 plates.	[]	[ "Further reading" ]	[ "Weirs", "Dams by type", "Rivers", "Hydraulic engineering" ]
projected-00307267-000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	Introduction		Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	[]	[ "Introduction" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	Early years	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	Frisch was born in 1911 in Zürich, Switzerland, the second son of Franz Bruno Frisch, an architect, and Karolina Bettina Frisch (née Wildermuth). He had a sister, Emma (1899–1972), his father's daughter by a previous marriage, and a brother, Franz, eight years his senior (1903–1978). The family lived modestly, their fi...	[]	[ "Biography", "Early years" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	Journalism	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	Frisch made his first contribution to the newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) in May 1931, but the death of his father in March 1932 persuaded him to make a full-time career of journalism in order to generate an income to support his mother. He developed a lifelong ambivalent relationship with the NZZ; his later radic...	[]	[ "Biography", "Journalism" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	First novel	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	Between February and October 1933 he travelled extensively through eastern and southeastern Europe, financing his expeditions with reports written for newspapers and magazines. One of his first contributions was a report on the Prague World Ice Hockey Championship (1933) for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Other destinations...	[]	[ "Biography", "First novel" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	Käte Rubensohn and Germany	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	In the summer of 1934 Frisch met Käte Rubensohn, who was three years his junior. The next year the two developed a romantic liaison. Rubensohn, who was Jewish, had emigrated from Berlin to continue her studies, which had been interrupted by government-led anti-semitism and race-based legislation in Germany. In 1935 Fri...	[]	[ "Biography", "Käte Rubensohn and Germany" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	The architect and his family	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	Frisch's second novel, An Answer from the Silence (Antwort aus der Stille), appeared in 1937. The book returned to the theme of a "manly act", but now placed it in the context of a middle class lifestyle. The author quickly became critical of the book, burning the original manuscript in 1937 and refusing to let it be i...	[ "Freibad Letzigraben Sprungturm 1947 Max Frisch 02.JPG" ]	[ "Biography", "The architect and his family" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	Theatre	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	Frisch was already a regular visitor at the Zürich Playhouse (Schauspielhaus) while still a student. Drama in Zürich was experiencing a golden age at this time, thanks to the flood of theatrical talent in exile from Germany and Austria. From 1944 the Playhouse director Kurt Hirschfeld encouraged Frisch to work for the ...	[ "Zürich Schauspielhaus Pfauen.jpg", "Bundesarchiv Bild 183-W0409-300, Bertolt Brecht.jpg" ]	[ "Biography", "Theatre" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	Travels in post-war Europe	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	In April 1946 Frisch and Hirschfeld visited post-war Germany together. In August 1948 Frisch visited Breslau/Wrocław to attend an International Peace Congress organized by Jerzy Borejsza. Breslau itself, which had been more than 90% German speaking as recently as 1945, was an instructive microcosm of the post-war sett...	[]	[ "Biography", "Travels in post-war Europe" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	Success as a novelist	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	By 1947 Frisch had accumulated roughly 130 filled notebooks, and these were published in a compilation titled Tagebuch mit Marion (Diary with Marion). In reality what appeared was not so much a diary as cross between a series of essays and literary autobiography. He was encouraged by the publisher Peter Suhrkamp to dev...	[ "Max Frisch, Homo faber 1957.jpg" ]	[ "Biography", "Success as a novelist" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	As a dramatist	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	The success of The Fire Raisers established Frisch as a world-class dramatist. It deals with a lower-middle-class man who is in the habit of giving shelter to vagrants who, despite clear warning signs to which he fails to react, burn down his house. Early sketches for the piece had been produced, in the wake of the com...	[ "Biedermann und die Brandstifter 1958.jpg", "Adolf Muschg, 2008.jpg" ]	[ "Biography", "As a dramatist" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	Second marriage to Marianne Oellers and a growing propensity to avoid Switzerland	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	In summer 1962 Frisch met Marianne Oellers, a student of Germanistic and Romance studies. He was 51 and she was 28 years younger. In 1964 they moved into an apartment together in Rome, and in autumn 1965 they relocated to Switzerland, setting up home together in an extensively modernised cottage in Berzona, Ticino. Dur...	[]	[ "Biography", "Second marriage to Marianne Oellers and a growing propensity to avoid Switzerland" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-012	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	Later works, old age and death	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	In 1978, Frisch survived serious health problems, and the next year was actively involved in setting up the Max Frisch Foundation (Max-Frisch-Stiftung), established in October 1979, and to which he entrusted the administration of his estate. The foundation's archive is kept at the ETH Zurich, and has been publicly acce...	[ "Fiche Max Frisch - CH-BAR - 5294964.pdf", "Berzona Frisch.JPG" ]	[ "Biography", "Later works, old age and death" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	The diary as a literary form	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	The diary became a very characteristic prose form for Frisch. In this context, diary does not indicate a private record, made public to provide readers with voyeuristic gratification, nor an intimate journal of the kind associated with Henri-Frédéric Amiel. The diaries published by Frisch were closer to the literary "s...	[ "Max Frisch, Tagebuecher 1979.jpg" ]	[ "Literary output", "Genres", "The diary as a literary form" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...
projected-00307267-016	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Frisch	Max Frisch	Narrative form	Max Rudolf Frisch (; 15 May 1911 – 4 April 1991) was a Swiss playwright and novelist. Frisch's works focused on problems of identity, individuality, responsibility, morality, and political commitment. The use of irony is a significant feature of his post-war output. Frisch was one of the founders of Gruppe Olten. He wa...	Frisch's first public success was as a writer for theatre, and later in his life he himself often stressed that he was in the first place a creature of the theatre. Nevertheless, the diaries, and even more than these, the novels and the longer narrative works are among his most important literary creations. In his fina...	[ "Max Frisch, Montauk 1975.jpg" ]	[ "Literary output", "Genres", "Narrative form" ]	[ "1911 births", "1991 deaths", "Writers from Zürich", "ETH Zurich alumni", "Swiss male novelists", "Swiss dramatists and playwrights", "Male dramatists and playwrights", "Schiller Memorial Prize winners", "Georg Büchner Prize winners", "Jerusalem Prize recipients", "20th-century Swiss novelists",...