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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
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projected-00309469-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident%20Commissioner%20of%20Puerto%20Rico | Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico | History | The resident commissioner of Puerto Rico () is a non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives elected by the voters of the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico every four years, the only member of the House of Representatives who serves a four-year term.
Commissioners function in every respect as a memb... | The United States Congress had seated non-voting "delegates" from various territories since 1794 as the country expanded across North America; these territories were all eventually admitted as states. The position of delegate was a legislative position with a two-year term, just like a member of Congress.
The United S... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"1901 establishments in Puerto Rico",
"At-large United States congressional districts",
"Congressional districts of Puerto Rico",
"Constituencies established in 1901",
"Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress",
"Lists of political office-holders in Puerto Rico",
"Political off... |
projected-00309469-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident%20Commissioner%20of%20Puerto%20Rico | Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico's at-large congressional district | The resident commissioner of Puerto Rico () is a non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives elected by the voters of the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico every four years, the only member of the House of Representatives who serves a four-year term.
Commissioners function in every respect as a memb... | Puerto Rico's at-large congressional district is the largest congressional district by population in all of the United States. This is because Puerto Rico is not a state, but a territory. Hence, Puerto Rico does not elect any House Representative. So, it is represented by a single non-voting resident commissioner in th... | [] | [
"Puerto Rico's at-large congressional district"
] | [
"1901 establishments in Puerto Rico",
"At-large United States congressional districts",
"Congressional districts of Puerto Rico",
"Constituencies established in 1901",
"Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress",
"Lists of political office-holders in Puerto Rico",
"Political off... |
projected-00309469-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident%20Commissioner%20of%20Puerto%20Rico | Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico | Resident commissioners under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico | The resident commissioner of Puerto Rico () is a non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives elected by the voters of the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico every four years, the only member of the House of Representatives who serves a four-year term.
Commissioners function in every respect as a memb... | (6)
(6)
US Party Affiliation
(10)
(2) | [
"Antonio Fernos-Isern.jpg",
"Santiago Polanco Abreu.jpg",
"Jorge Luis Córdova Díaz.jpg",
"Jaime Benítez.jpg",
"Corrada.jpg",
"Fuster.jpg",
"Antonio Colorado.jpg",
"Carlos Antonio Romero-Barceló.jpg",
" Anibal Acevedo Vila.jpg",
"Fortuno main.jpg",
"Pedro-Pierluisi-cropped.jpg",
"Jenniffer Gonz... | [
"Resident commissioners under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"
] | [
"1901 establishments in Puerto Rico",
"At-large United States congressional districts",
"Congressional districts of Puerto Rico",
"Constituencies established in 1901",
"Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress",
"Lists of political office-holders in Puerto Rico",
"Political off... |
projected-00309469-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident%20Commissioner%20of%20Puerto%20Rico | Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico | See also | The resident commissioner of Puerto Rico () is a non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives elected by the voters of the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico every four years, the only member of the House of Representatives who serves a four-year term.
Commissioners function in every respect as a memb... | List of United States congressional districts
Resident Commissioner of the Philippines | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1901 establishments in Puerto Rico",
"At-large United States congressional districts",
"Congressional districts of Puerto Rico",
"Constituencies established in 1901",
"Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress",
"Lists of political office-holders in Puerto Rico",
"Political off... |
projected-00309470-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Introduction | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] | |
projected-00309470-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Operation | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | ECN requires specific support at both the Internet layer and the transport layer for the following reasons:
In TCP/IP, routers operate within the Internet layer, while the transmission rate is handled by the endpoints at the transport layer.
Congestion may be handled only by the transmitter, but since it is known to ... | [] | [
"Operation"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Operation of ECN with IP | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | ECN uses the two least significant (right-most) bits of the Traffic Class field in the IPv4 or IPv6 header to encode four different code points:
00 – Non ECN-Capable Transport, Non-ECT
10 – ECN Capable Transport, ECT(0)
01 – ECN Capable Transport, ECT(1)
11 – Congestion Encountered, CE.
When both endpoints support... | [] | [
"Operation",
"Operation of ECN with IP"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Operation of ECN with TCP | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | TCP supports ECN using two flags in the TCP header. The first, ECN-Echo (ECE) is used to echo back the congestion indication (i.e., signal the sender to reduce the transmission rate). The second, Congestion Window Reduced (CWR), to acknowledge that the congestion-indication echoing was received. Use of ECN on a TCP ... | [] | [
"Operation",
"Operation of ECN with TCP"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | ECN and TCP control packets | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | Since the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) does not perform congestion control on control packets (pure ACKs, SYN, FIN segments), control packets are usually not marked as ECN-capable.
A 2009 proposal suggests marking SYN-ACK packets as ECN-capable. This improvement, known as ECN+, has been shown to provide dramat... | [] | [
"Operation",
"Operation of ECN with TCP",
"ECN and TCP control packets"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Operation of ECN with other transport protocols | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | ECN is also defined for other transport layer protocols that perform congestion control, notably DCCP and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). The general principle is similar to TCP, although the details of the on-the-wire encoding differ.
It is possible to use ECN with protocols layered above UDP. However, ... | [] | [
"Operation of ECN with other transport protocols"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Effects on performance | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | Since ECN is only effective in combination with an Active Queue Management (AQM) policy, the benefits of ECN depend on the precise AQM being used. A few observations, however, appear to hold across different AQMs.
As expected, ECN reduces the number of packets dropped by a TCP connection, which, by avoiding a retrans... | [] | [
"Effects on performance"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Implementations | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | Many modern implementations of the TCP/IP protocol suite have some support for ECN; however, they usually ship with ECN disabled. | [] | [
"Implementations"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Microsoft Windows | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | Windows versions since Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista support ECN for TCP. Since Windows Server 2012, it is enabled by default in Windows Server versions, because Data Center Transmission Control Protocol (DCTCP) is used. In previous Windows versions and non-server versions it is disabled by default.
ECN suppor... | [] | [
"Implementations",
"ECN support in TCP by hosts",
"Microsoft Windows"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | BSD | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | On FreeBSD, ECN for TCP can be configured using the sysctl. By default, it is enabled only for incoming connections that request it. It can also be enabled for all connections or disabled entirely.
NetBSD 4.0 implements ECN support for TCP; it can be activated through the sysctl interface by setting 1 as value for th... | [] | [
"Implementations",
"ECN support in TCP by hosts",
"BSD"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Linux | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | Since version 2.4.20 of the Linux kernel, released in November 2002, Linux supports three working modes of the ECN for TCP, as configured through the sysctl interface by setting parameter to one of the following values:
disable ECN and neither initiate nor accept it
enable ECN when requested by incoming connection... | [] | [
"Implementations",
"ECN support in TCP by hosts",
"Linux"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Mac OS X | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | Mac OS X 10.5 and 10.6 implement ECN support for TCP. It is controlled using the boolean sysctl variables and . The first variable enables ECN on incoming connections that already have ECN flags set; the second one tries to initiate outgoing connections with ECN enabled. Both variables default to , but can be set to ... | [] | [
"Implementations",
"ECN support in TCP by hosts",
"Mac OS X"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | iOS | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | In June 2015, Apple Inc. announced that iOS 9, its next version of iOS, would support ECN and have it turned on by default. TCP ECN negotiation is enabled on 5% of randomly selected connections over Wi-Fi / Ethernet in iOS 9 and 50% of randomly selected connections over Wi-Fi / Ethernet and a few cellular carriers in i... | [] | [
"Implementations",
"ECN support in TCP by hosts",
"iOS"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Solaris | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | The Solaris kernel supports three states of ECN for TCP:
no ECN
use ECN
only advertise ECN support when asked for.
As of Solaris 11.4, the default behavior is . ECN usage can be modified via . | [] | [
"Implementations",
"ECN support in TCP by hosts",
"Solaris"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | ECN support in IP by routers | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | Since ECN marking in routers is dependent on some form of active queue management, routers must be configured with a suitable queue discipline in order to perform ECN marking.
Cisco IOS routers perform ECN marking if configured with the WRED queuing discipline since version 12.2(8)T.
Linux routers perform ECN marking... | [] | [
"ECN support in IP by routers"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | Data Center TCP | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | Data Center Transmission Control Protocol (Data Center TCP or DCTCP) utilizes ECN to enhance the Transmission Control Protocol congestion control algorithm. It is used in data center networks. Whereas the standard TCP congestion control algorithm is only able to detect the presence of congestion, DCTCP, using ECN, is a... | [] | [
"Data Center TCP"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309470-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20Congestion%20Notification | Explicit Congestion Notification | See also | Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and to the Transmission Control Protocol and is defined in RFC 3168 (2001). ECN allows end-to-end notification of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN is an optional feature that may be used between two ECN-enabled endpoints whe... | Backward ECN (BECN)
Network congestion avoidance
Type of service (ToS) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Network performance",
"Transport layer protocols",
"Flow control (data)"
] |
projected-00309471-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECN | ECN | Introduction | ECN may refer to: | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-00309471-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECN | ECN | Organizations, companies | ECN may refer to: | ECN (TV station), now NEN, in New South Wales, Australia
ECN Capital, a Canadian financing company
Electoral Commission of Namibia
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (Dutch: )
Environmental Change Network, of the British Natural Environment Research Council
Ercan International Airport, in Northern Cyprus
Europea... | [] | [
"Organizations, companies"
] | [] |
projected-00309471-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECN | ECN | Computing | ECN may refer to: | Electronic communication network
Explicit Congestion Notification
Encoding Control Notation | [] | [
"Computing"
] | [] |
projected-00309471-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECN | ECN | Transportation | ECN may refer to: | Ethernet Consist Network, Ethernet protocol used in train communications | [] | [
"Transportation"
] | [] |
projected-00309471-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECN | ECN | Other | ECN may refer to: | Electrochemical noise
Engineering change notice
Enhanced capital note
Eastman Color Negative | [] | [
"Other"
] | [] |
projected-00309472-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woven%20fabric | Woven fabric | Introduction | Woven fabric is any textile formed by weaving. Woven fabrics are often created on a loom, and made of many threads woven on a warp and a weft. Technically, a woven fabric is any fabric made by interlacing two or more threads at right angles to one another. Woven fabrics can be made of both natural and synthetic fibres,... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Woven fabrics"
] | |
projected-00309472-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woven%20fabric | Woven fabric | Qualities | Woven fabric is any textile formed by weaving. Woven fabrics are often created on a loom, and made of many threads woven on a warp and a weft. Technically, a woven fabric is any fabric made by interlacing two or more threads at right angles to one another. Woven fabrics can be made of both natural and synthetic fibres,... | Woven fabrics only stretch diagonally on the bias directions (between the warp and weft directions), unless the threads used are elastic. Woven fabric cloth usually frays at the edges, unless techniques are used to counter it, such as the use of pinking shears or hemming. Different companies use textiles differently to... | [] | [
"Qualities"
] | [
"Woven fabrics"
] |
projected-00309472-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woven%20fabric | Woven fabric | See also | Woven fabric is any textile formed by weaving. Woven fabrics are often created on a loom, and made of many threads woven on a warp and a weft. Technically, a woven fabric is any fabric made by interlacing two or more threads at right angles to one another. Woven fabrics can be made of both natural and synthetic fibres,... | Knitted fabric
Nonwoven fabric | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Woven fabrics"
] |
projected-00309475-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Introduction | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Viceroys of India",
"1920s in British India",
"Attorneys General for England and Wales",
"Solicitors General for England and Wales",
"Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies",
"UK MPs 1900–1906",
"UK MPs 1906–1910",
"UK MPs 1910",
"UK ... | |
projected-00309475-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Biography | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | Rufus Isaacs was born at 3 Bury Street, in the parish of St Mary Axe, London, the son of a Jewish fruit importer at Spitalfields. He was educated at University College School and then entered the family business at the age of 15. In 1876–77 he served as a ship's boy and later worked as a jobber on the stock-exchange fr... | [] | [
"Biography"
] | [
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Viceroys of India",
"1920s in British India",
"Attorneys General for England and Wales",
"Solicitors General for England and Wales",
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"UK MPs 1900–1906",
"UK MPs 1906–1910",
"UK MPs 1910",
"UK ... |
projected-00309475-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Legal career | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | Isaacs was admitted as a student to the Middle Temple in 1885, and was called to the Bar in 1887. He set up his own chambers at 1 Garden Court, Temple, and was very successful; within five years he was able to repay his creditors, and after twenty years at the bar earned the enormous sum of £30,000 per year. He was app... | [
"Rufus Isaacs, Vanity Fair, 1904-02-18.jpg"
] | [
"Legal career"
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"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Viceroys of India",
"1920s in British India",
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"Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies",
"UK MPs 1900–1906",
"UK MPs 1906–1910",
"UK MPs 1910",
"UK ... |
projected-00309475-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Political career | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | Having earlier contested unsuccessfully North Kensington in 1900, Isaacs entered the House of Commons as the Liberal Party member of Parliament (MP) for Reading at the by-election on 6 August 1904, a seat he held for nine years until 1913.
In 1910, he was appointed solicitor general in the government of H. H. Asquith ... | [] | [
"Political career"
] | [
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Viceroys of India",
"1920s in British India",
"Attorneys General for England and Wales",
"Solicitors General for England and Wales",
"Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies",
"UK MPs 1900–1906",
"UK MPs 1906–1910",
"UK MPs 1910",
"UK ... |
projected-00309475-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Marconi scandal | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | Isaacs was one of several high-ranking members of the Liberal government accused of involvement in the Marconi scandal. An article published in Le Matin on 14 February 1913 alleged corruption in the award of a government contract to the Marconi Company and insider trading in Marconi's shares, implicating a number of si... | [] | [
"Political career",
"Marconi scandal"
] | [
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Viceroys of India",
"1920s in British India",
"Attorneys General for England and Wales",
"Solicitors General for England and Wales",
"Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies",
"UK MPs 1900–1906",
"UK MPs 1906–1910",
"UK MPs 1910",
"UK ... |
projected-00309475-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Diplomatic career | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | In October 1913 he was made Lord Chief Justice of England, in succession to the Viscount Alverstone. At the time the Attorney General had the right of first refusal for the appointment, but his involvement in the Marconi scandal complicated matters. Although reluctant to abandon his political career Isaacs felt he had ... | [
"NLS Haig - Mr Lloyd George, M. Albert Thomas and Lord Reading.jpg"
] | [
"Diplomatic career"
] | [
"British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs",
"Viceroys of India",
"1920s in British India",
"Attorneys General for England and Wales",
"Solicitors General for England and Wales",
"Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies",
"UK MPs 1900–1906",
"UK MPs 1906–1910",
"UK MPs 1910",
"UK ... |
projected-00309475-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Viceroy of India | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | In 1921, he resigned the chief justiceship to become Viceroy and Governor-General of India. Reading preferred a conciliatory policy: he was determined to implement the provisions of the Government of India Act 1919 and opposed racial discrimination. He personally received Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jin... | [
"Statue of the 1st Marquess of Reading.jpg"
] | [
"Diplomatic career",
"Viceroy of India"
] | [
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"Viceroys of India",
"1920s in British India",
"Attorneys General for England and Wales",
"Solicitors General for England and Wales",
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projected-00309475-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Later life and career | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | On his return from India, Reading, who had no pension and was a heavy spender, sat on several corporate boards, and later became president of Imperial Chemical Industries. The Leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords from 1931 to 1935, he took part in the Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 on the future of Bri... | [
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projected-00309475-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Death | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | Lord Reading died in London in December 1935 aged 75. After cremation at Golders Green Crematorium his ashes were buried at the nearby Jewish cemetery. The house where he died, No. 32 Curzon Street in Mayfair, has had a blue plaque on it since 1971. | [] | [
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projected-00309475-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Honours and commemoration | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | In addition to five peerages and five knighthoods, Reading received many other honours. In 1925 he was appointed Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold. He was Captain of Deal Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, received the freedom of Reading and of London, and was a Bencher and Treasurer of the Middle Temple. H... | [] | [
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projected-00309475-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Scholarly assessment | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | In his approach to politics, Isaacs was, according to Denis Judd,"no blood-red Radical, and had 'little sympathy with the narrower aspects of the Nonconformist outlook which constituted so powerful an element in contemporary Liberalism.' Liberalism, nonetheless, was the natural party for him to support. Within his own ... | [] | [
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projected-00309475-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus%20Isaacs%2C%201st%20Marquess%20of%20Reading | Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading | Further reading | Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935) was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as Lord Chief Justice of England, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary, the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the f... | Fowler, Wilton B. British-American Relations 1917-1918 (Princeton University Press, 2015).
Hyde, Harford Montgomery. Lord Reading; the Life of Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading (London: Heinemann, 1967).
Judd, Denis. Lord Reading: Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading, Lord Chief Justice and Viceroy of India,... | [] | [
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projected-00309480-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast%20Bolivian%20Airways | Northeast Bolivian Airways | Introduction | Northeast Bolivian Airways (NEBA) was an airline based in Cochabamba, Bolivia from 1970 to 2006. | [] | [
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projected-00309481-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Introduction | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | [] | [
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"Knights Bach... | |
projected-00309481-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Background and education | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | Simon was born in a terraced house on Moss Side, Manchester, the eldest child and only son of Edwin Simon (1843–1920) and wife Fanny Allsebrook (1846–1936). His father was a Congregationalist minister, like three of his five brothers, and was pastor of Zion Chapel in Hulme, Manchester. His mother was a farmer's daughte... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Early political career | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | Simon entered the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Walthamstow at the 1906 general election. In 1908, he became a KC (senior barrister) at the same time as F. E. Smith. Simon annoyed Smith by not telling his rival in advance that he was applying for silk.
In 1909, Simon spoke out strongly in... | [
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projected-00309481-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | First World War | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | On 25 May 1915, Simon became Home Secretary in Asquith's new coalition government. He declined an offer of the job of Lord Chancellor, which would have meant going to the Lords and restricting his active political career thereafter. As home secretary, he satisfied nobody. He tried to defend the Union of Democratic Cont... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Out of Parliament | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | In 1919, he attempted to return to Parliament at the Spen Valley by-election. Lloyd George put up a coalition Liberal candidate in Spen Valley to keep Simon out and was active behind the scenes trying to see him defeated.
Although the Coalition Liberals, who had formerly held the seat, were pushed into third place, Si... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Deputy leader of Liberals | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | In the early 1920s, he practised successfully at the bar before being elected for Spen Valley at the general election in 1922, and from 1922 to 1924, he served as deputy leader of the Liberal Party (under Asquith). In the early 1920s, he spoke in the House of Commons about socialism, the League of Nations, unemployment... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | General strike and Simon Commission | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | Unlike Lloyd George, Simon opposed the 1926 general strike. On 6 May, the fourth day of the strike, he declared in the House of Commons that the strike was illegal and argued that it was not entitled to the legal privileges of the Trade Disputes Act 1906 and that the union bosses would be "liable to the utmost farthing... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Liberal National split and moving towards Conservatives | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | Before serving on the committee, Simon had obtained a guarantee that he would not be opposed by a Conservative candidate at Spen Valley at the 1929 general election, and, indeed he was never again opposed by a Conservative. During the late 1920s and especially during the 1929-31 Parliament, in which Labour had no major... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Foreign Secretary | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | Simon was not initially included in Ramsay MacDonald's National Government, which was formed in August 1931. Simon offered to give up his seat at Spen Valley to MacDonald if the latter had trouble holding Seaham (MacDonald held the seat in 1931 but lost it in 1935). On 5 November 1931, Simon was appointed Foreign Secre... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Home Secretary | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | Simon served as Home Secretary (in Stanley Baldwin's Third Government) from 7 June 1935 to 28 May 1937. That position was in Dutton's view better suited to his abilities than the Foreign Office. He also became Deputy Leader of the House of Commons on the understanding that the latter position would be given to Neville ... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Peace | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | In 1937, Neville Chamberlain succeeded Baldwin as prime minister. Simon succeeded Chamberlain as Chancellor of the Exchequer and was raised to GCVO in 1937. As Chancellor, he tried to keep arms spending as low as possible in the belief that a strong economy was the "fourth arm of defence". In 1937, he presented a finan... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | War | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | On 2 September 1939, Simon led a deputation of ministers to see Chamberlain to insist for Britain to honour her guarantee to Poland and go to war if Hitler did not withdraw. Simon became a member of the small War Cabinet.
On the outbreak of war, sterling was devalued, with very little attention, from $4.89 to $4.03. A... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Lord Chancellor | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | In May 1940, following the Norway Debate, Simon urged Chamberlain to stand firm as Prime Minister although Simon offered to resign and take Samuel Hoare with him. By 1940, Simon, along with his successor as Foreign Secretary, Hoare, had come to be seen as one of the "Guilty Men" responsible for appeasement of the dicta... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Later life | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | Although he had won plaudits for his legal skills as Lord Chancellor, Clement Attlee declined to appoint him to the British delegation at the Nuremberg War Trials and told him bluntly in a letter that Simon's role in the prewar governments made it unwise. Simon remained active in the House of Lords and as a senior judg... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Private life and personality | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | Simon married Ethel Mary Venables, a niece of the historian J. R. Green, on 24 May 1899 in Headington, Oxfordshire. They had three children: Margaret (born 1900, who later married Geoffrey Edwards), Joan (born 1901, who later married John Bickford-Smith) and John Gilbert, 2nd Viscount Simon (1902–1993). Ethel died soon... | [
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projected-00309481-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | House of Lords | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | Nokes v Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries Ltd [1940] AC 1014 | [] | [
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projected-00309481-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Judicial Committee of the Privy Council | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | 'Abitibi Power and Paper Company Limited v. Montreal Trust Company, [1943] AC 536, [1943] UKPC 37 (PC – Canada): Constitution Act, 1867, s. 92(13) – provincial power to enact specific moratorium legislation
Atlantic Smoke Shops Limited v Conlon, [1943] AC 550, [1943] UKPC 44 (PC – Canada): Constitution Act, 1867, s. ... | [] | [
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projected-00309481-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Simon%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Simon | John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon | Bibliography | John Allsebrook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon, (28 February 1873 – 11 January 1954), was a British politician who held senior Cabinet posts from the beginning of the First World War to the end of the Second World War. He is one of only three people to have served as Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary and Chancellor of the ... | (essay on Simon, pp365–92) | [] | [
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projected-00309484-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatelherault%20Country%20Park | Chatelherault Country Park | Introduction | Chatelherault Country Park is a country park in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located in the village of Ferniegair, from Hamilton town centre. On the west side of the park, runs the Avon, a tributary of the River Clyde.
Its name is derived from the French town of Châtellerault, the title Duc de Châtel... | [] | [
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"William Adam buildings",
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"Cl... | |
projected-00309484-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatelherault%20Country%20Park | Chatelherault Country Park | History | Chatelherault Country Park is a country park in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located in the village of Ferniegair, from Hamilton town centre. On the west side of the park, runs the Avon, a tributary of the River Clyde.
Its name is derived from the French town of Châtellerault, the title Duc de Châtel... | The ancient kings of Strathclyde owned a hunting lodge and royal palace in the woodlands near Cadzow, the old name for Hamilton. A Bronze Age burial site was found in the forest, with an urn and the body of a woman having been undisturbed for up to 3000 years. It is possible that during the early medieval age, this lan... | [] | [
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projected-00309485-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20Free%20Virgin | Radio Free Virgin | Introduction | Radio Free Virgin was a digital radio broadcaster started in early 1999 and a member company of the Virgin Group. Their programming consisted of over 60 professionally programmed channels playing various genres of music. It quickly gained popularity and its downloadable radio player reached the 1 million downloads with... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Virgin Group",
"Radio broadcasting companies of the United Kingdom"
] | |
projected-00309492-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | Introduction | A button is a fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole.
In modern clothing and fashion design, buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell. Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags.... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Fashion accessories",
"Types of jewellery",
"Parts of clothing",
"Sewing",
"Textile closures",
"History of clothing",
"Buttons"
] | |
projected-00309492-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | History | A button is a fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole.
In modern clothing and fashion design, buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell. Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags.... | Buttons and button-like objects used as ornaments or seals rather than fasteners have been discovered in the Indian-Pakistani Indus Valley civilization during its Kot Diji phase (c. 2800–2600 BC), at the Tomb of the Eagles, Scotland (2200-1800 BC), and at Bronze Age sites in China (c. 2000–1500 BC) and Ancient Rome.
B... | [
"Spanish button ca. 1650-75 12mm f&b.jpg"
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"History"
] | [
"Fashion accessories",
"Types of jewellery",
"Parts of clothing",
"Sewing",
"Textile closures",
"History of clothing",
"Buttons"
] |
projected-00309492-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | As containers | A button is a fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole.
In modern clothing and fashion design, buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell. Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags.... | Since at least the seventeenth century, when box-like metal buttons were constructed especially for the purpose, buttons have been one of the items in which drug smugglers have attempted to hide and transport illegal substances. At least one modern smuggler has tried to use this method.
Also making use of the storage ... | [] | [
"History",
"As containers"
] | [
"Fashion accessories",
"Types of jewellery",
"Parts of clothing",
"Sewing",
"Textile closures",
"History of clothing",
"Buttons"
] |
projected-00309492-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | Materials and manufacture | A button is a fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole.
In modern clothing and fashion design, buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell. Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags.... | Because buttons have been manufactured from almost every possible material, both natural and synthetic, and combinations of both, the history of the material composition of buttons reflects the timeline of materials technology.
Buttons can be individually crafted by artisans, craftspeople or artists from raw materials... | [
"Button stamping machine, Henri Jamorski Button Factory, Paris, France, 1919 (28206559760).jpg"
] | [
"Materials and manufacture"
] | [
"Fashion accessories",
"Types of jewellery",
"Parts of clothing",
"Sewing",
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] |
projected-00309492-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | Decoration and coating techniques | A button is a fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole.
In modern clothing and fashion design, buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell. Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags.... | Historically, fashions in buttons have also reflected trends in applied aesthetics and the applied visual arts, with buttonmakers using techniques from jewellery making, ceramics, sculpture, painting, printmaking, metalworking, weaving and others. The following are just a few of the construction and decoration techniqu... | [] | [
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"Decoration and coating techniques"
] | [
"Fashion accessories",
"Types of jewellery",
"Parts of clothing",
"Sewing",
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"History of clothing",
"Buttons"
] |
projected-00309492-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | Styles of attachment | A button is a fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole.
In modern clothing and fashion design, buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell. Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags.... | Shank buttons have a hollow protrusion on the back through which thread is sewn to attach the button. Button shanks may be made from a separate piece of the same or a different substance as the button itself, and added to the back of the button, or be carved or moulded directly onto the back of the button, in which lat... | [
"Plastic & fabric buttons showing holes & shank.jpg",
"ShirtStuds.jpg",
"Durchsteckknoepfe.jpg"
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"Fashion accessories",
"Types of jewellery",
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"Sewing",
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"History of clothing",
"Buttons"
] |
projected-00309492-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | Fabric buttons | A button is a fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole.
In modern clothing and fashion design, buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell. Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags.... | Covered buttons are fabric-covered forms with a separate back piece that secures the fabric over the knob.
Mandarin buttons or frogs are knobs made of intricately knotted strings. Mandarin buttons are a key element in Mandarin dress (Qi Pao and cheongsam in Chinese), where they are closed with loops. Pairs of mandarin ... | [] | [
"Materials and manufacture",
"Fabric buttons"
] | [
"Fashion accessories",
"Types of jewellery",
"Parts of clothing",
"Sewing",
"Textile closures",
"History of clothing",
"Buttons"
] |
projected-00309492-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | Button sizes | A button is a fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole.
In modern clothing and fashion design, buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell. Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags.... | The size of the button depends on its use. Shirt buttons are generally small, and spaced close together, whereas coat buttons are larger and spaced further apart. Buttons are commonly measured in lignes (also called lines and abbreviated L), with 40 lines equal to 1 inch. For example, some standard sizes of buttons are... | [] | [
"Materials and manufacture",
"Button sizes"
] | [
"Fashion accessories",
"Types of jewellery",
"Parts of clothing",
"Sewing",
"Textile closures",
"History of clothing",
"Buttons"
] |
projected-00309492-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | In museums and galleries | A button is a fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole.
In modern clothing and fashion design, buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell. Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags.... | Some museums and art galleries hold culturally, historically, politically, and/or artistically significant buttons in their collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum has many buttons, particularly in its jewellery collection, as does the Smithsonian Institution.
Hammond Turner & Sons, a button-making company in Birm... | [
"Peter Carl Fabergé - Buttons - 1966.490 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg"
] | [
"In museums and galleries"
] | [
"Fashion accessories",
"Types of jewellery",
"Parts of clothing",
"Sewing",
"Textile closures",
"History of clothing",
"Buttons"
] |
projected-00309492-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button | Button | In politics | A button is a fastener that joins two pieces of fabric together by slipping through a loop or by sliding through a buttonhole.
In modern clothing and fashion design, buttons are commonly made of plastic but also may be made of metal, wood, or seashell. Buttons can also be used on containers such as wallets and bags.... | The mainly American tradition of politically significant clothing buttons appears to have begun with the first presidential inauguration of George Washington in 1789. Known to collectors as "Washington Inaugurals", they were made of copper, brass or Sheffield plate, in large sizes for coats and smaller sizes for breech... | [] | [
"In politics"
] | [
"Fashion accessories",
"Types of jewellery",
"Parts of clothing",
"Sewing",
"Textile closures",
"History of clothing",
"Buttons"
] |
projected-00309493-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Introduction | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | [] | [
"Introduction"
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"Compact cars",
"Hatchbacks",
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"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
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"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] | |
projected-00309493-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Design | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | American Motors' chief stylist Dick Teague began work on the Pacer in 1971, anticipating an increase in demand for smaller vehicles throughout the decade. The new car was designed to offer the interior room and feel of a big car that drivers of traditional domestic automobiles were accustomed to, but in a much smaller,... | [
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"1975 AACA AMC Pacer X red-white winwip.jpg",
"1975 AACA AMC Pacer X red-white roof.jpg",
"AMC Pacer highway.jp... | [
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] |
projected-00309493-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Production | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | Introduced in showrooms on 28 February 1975, the Pacer was designed to attract buyers of traditional large cars to a smaller package during a time when gasoline prices were projected to rise dramatically. In its first year of production, the Pacer sold well, with 145,528 units. There was little competition from other A... | [
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"1977 AMC Pacer DL wagon in black with black bucket seat interior at Rambler Ranch 2of2.jpg",
"1978 AMC Pacer DL station wagon beige with woodgrain MD-rf.jpg"
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] |
projected-00309493-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Model designations | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | The Pacer started out as an economy car, and eventually became a small luxury car. There were several available comfort, convenience, and appearance packages while the range of options increased over the model years.
"X" Package: Available on the Pacer coupe from 1975 until 1977. The trim package consisted of vinyl bu... | [
"1976 AMC Pacer DL coupe in red with black at AMO 2015 meet 5of7.jpg",
"1979 AMC Pacer DL coupe in two-tone brown int-view.jpg",
"1980 AMC Pacer Limited wagon at 2015 AMO meet 2of3.jpg",
"AMC Pacer 1975-1978.jpg"
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] |
projected-00309493-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Pacer Stinger | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | For the 1976 auto show circuit, AMC developed a customized Pacer Stinger. The exterior featured matte black painted lower body panels and yellow pearl paint that faded to a pale yellow on the roof. The back half of the car had over-the-roof matte black "bumblebee stripes" that continued on the tailgate. The Stinger was... | [] | [
"Production",
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"Pacer Stinger"
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"Hatchbacks",
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"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | AM Van | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | The 1977 AM Van is a custom van in three-quarter scale with Pacer lines. Designed by Richard Teague and based on an existing car platform, but without an interior and no mechanical components. Proposed features included four-wheel drive and it had a "turbo" decal on the double side-opening rear doors. Displayed as one ... | [] | [
"Production",
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"AM Van"
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"Compact cars",
"Hatchbacks",
"Coupés",
"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Crown Pacer | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | American Motors was evaluating the Pacer as a compact personal luxury model with the Crown Pacer concept car that was shown at the 1978 show circuit. Starting with the Detroit Auto Show in the fall of 1977, AMC aimed to create a luxury image for the Pacer. Finished in pearlescent white with a two-section vinyl-covered ... | [] | [
"Production",
"Show cars",
"Crown Pacer"
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"Hatchbacks",
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"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Electric Pacers | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | Some AMC Pacers were converted to plug-in electric vehicles.
Electric Vehicle Associates (EVA) of Cleveland was best known for its Change of Pace model – a built-to-order adaptation of the Pacer that was priced at $12,360 in 1978. The company converted over 100 units.
First available in the sedan version, power came ... | [
"1978 AMC EVA Pacer electric wagon at 2015 AMO meet-1.jpg"
] | [
"Electric Pacers"
] | [
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"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Europe | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | American Motors exported the Pacer to several European nations. Jean-Charles, the AMC distributor in Paris, France, compared the rounded body of the new Pacer to the buttocks of an attractive woman in magazine advertisements. Cars exported to Europe were available in higher trim levels.
Sales were not very good, but i... | [
"AMC Pacer 1975 French advertisement.jpg",
"AMC Pacer (12489485154).jpg"
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"International markets",
"Europe"
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"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | United Kingdom | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | American Motors vehicles were exported to the United Kingdom during the 1960s and 1970s and sold by Rambler Motors (A.M.C.) Ltd in London with dealers in London, Yorks, Kent, and Worcester. While earlier models such as the Rambler Classic, Rebel, Ambassador, and Matador had been exported as completed factory right-hand... | [] | [
"International markets",
"Europe",
"United Kingdom"
] | [
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"Compact cars",
"Hatchbacks",
"Coupés",
"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Mexico | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | The Pacer was produced in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) starting in 1976. They were marketed as premium-priced luxury cars. The VAM versions came with different engines, interiors, and other components because vehicles made in Mexico had to have at least 60% locally sourced parts. The engine was an AM... | [] | [
"Mexico"
] | [
"AMC vehicles",
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"Compact cars",
"Hatchbacks",
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"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
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"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | 1976 | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | The initial VAM Pacers were the equivalents to AMC's domestic Pacer DL models, except for a longer list of standard equipment and had some of the features later included on AMC's "Limited" models. The VAM Pacer was offered in one version and had no model or trim badges. The standard engine was VAM's I6 producing with... | [] | [
"Mexico",
"1976"
] | [
"AMC vehicles",
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"Compact cars",
"Hatchbacks",
"Coupés",
"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | 1977 | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | The 1977 VAM Pacer was almost the same as in the previous year on the outside, but made more luxurious inside. The Cassini-style upholstery was replaced with a more discreet luxury design with a "zigzag" placement of plain soft buttons on the upholstery forming diagonal lines. The AM monaural radio was replaced by an A... | [] | [
"Mexico",
"1977"
] | [
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"Compact cars",
"Hatchbacks",
"Coupés",
"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | 1978 | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | The 1978 model year VAM Pacers gained new hood and grille designs. The only technical difference of the year was the replacement of the Holley 2300 carburetor in favor of a Motorcraft 2150 unit with a built-in altitude compensator despite having a slightly lower flow. This reduced power but enhanced emission certificat... | [] | [
"Mexico",
"1978"
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"Hatchbacks",
"Coupés",
"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | 1979 | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | The 1979 VAM Pacer was a continuation of the 1978 model in terms of appearance, with the exceptions of the previously standard wheel covers and a new hood bright molding with front ornament. All VAM Pacers now featured VAM's in-house five-spoke wheels with trim rings and chrome volcano hubcaps with exposed lug nuts. Ne... | [
"AMC Pacer Mexico 2018 (1).jpg",
"VAM Pacer x.jpg"
] | [
"Mexico",
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"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | VAM Pacer X | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | A new model was introduced in 1979, the VAM Pacer X, with a high-performance focus. It featured a high-output version of the engine with a higher 8.5:1 compression ratio, semi-ported head, centrifugal advance-modified electronic distributor for higher acceleration, a set of headers with two final outlets divided betwe... | [] | [
"Mexico",
"VAM Pacer X"
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] |
projected-00309493-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Motorsports | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | A 1976 Pacer was driven by Gordon Olsen and Bob Stone in the 1979 SCORE Baja 1000 Pro Class race and finished Class 6 (production cars) in second place, behind a Ford Ranchero truck. With a high rate of dropouts, "anyone that officially finishes a Baja race is a winner." Although many questioned "What's a nice odd econ... | [] | [
"Motorsports"
] | [
"AMC vehicles",
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"Hatchbacks",
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"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Reviews | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | The May 1976 issue of Car and Driver dubbed it "The Flying Fishbowl," and it was also described as "the seventies answer to George Jetson's mode of transportation".
A 2005 Hemmings Classic Car magazine article said that in 1975 the Pacer was "sleek" and "audacious"; "it looked like the car of the future" and "the auto... | [
"1975 AACA AMC Pacer X red-white in-c.jpg"
] | [
"Reviews"
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"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Collectibility | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | Collector of classic car publication Hemmings Motor News noted that small cars have always played a role in the U.S. automotive history, and that "among those produced during the late Seventies, the AMC Pacer was an economical giant, in a manner of speaking." Now old enough to be a "classic car", the Pacer has come to ... | [] | [
"Collectibility"
] | [
"AMC vehicles",
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"Hatchbacks",
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"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
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"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | Ownership support | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | The classic vehicle publication Hemmings Motor News lists AMC clubs with over 50 national and regional AMC automobile clubs . Pacers share the drivetrain as well as other parts and components with other AMC models, while new old stock (NOS), used, and reproduction parts are available from vendors specializing in AMC ve... | [] | [
"Ownership support"
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"AMC vehicles",
"Rear-wheel-drive vehicles",
"Compact cars",
"Hatchbacks",
"Coupés",
"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309493-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMC%20Pacer | AMC Pacer | In popular culture | The AMC Pacer is a two-door compact car produced in the United States by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1975 through the 1980 model years. The Pacer was also made in Mexico by Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM) from 1976 until 1979 and positioned as a premium-priced luxury car.
Design work began in 1971... | In 1976 an AMC Pacer X was used as product placement in the hit French film The Wing or the Thigh (L'aile ou la cuisse), driven by the French actor Coluche.
A 1977 Pacer D/L station wagon was featured in the 1977 hit movie Oh, God! which stars John Denver and George Burns in the title role. John Denver's character Jer... | [
"Rusty-s TV and Movie Car Museum Jackson TN 021.jpg"
] | [
"In popular culture"
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"AMC vehicles",
"Rear-wheel-drive vehicles",
"Compact cars",
"Hatchbacks",
"Coupés",
"Station wagons",
"1980s cars",
"Cars introduced in 1975",
"Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century"
] |
projected-00309497-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajeeb | Ajeeb | Introduction | Ajeeb was a chess-playing "automaton", created by Charles Hooper (a cabinet maker), first presented at the Royal Polytechnical Institute in 1868. A particularly intriguing piece of faux mechanical technology (while presented as entirely automated, it in fact concealed a strong human chess player inside), it drew score... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"History of chess",
"Chess automatons",
"1868 in chess",
"19th-century robots",
"19th-century hoaxes"
] | |
projected-00309497-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajeeb | Ajeeb | References | Ajeeb was a chess-playing "automaton", created by Charles Hooper (a cabinet maker), first presented at the Royal Polytechnical Institute in 1868. A particularly intriguing piece of faux mechanical technology (while presented as entirely automated, it in fact concealed a strong human chess player inside), it drew score... | Category:History of chess
Category:Chess automatons
Category:1868 in chess
Category:19th-century robots
Category:19th-century hoaxes | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"History of chess",
"Chess automatons",
"1868 in chess",
"19th-century robots",
"19th-century hoaxes"
] |
projected-00309498-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Goulburn | Henry Goulburn | Introduction | Henry Goulburn PC FRS (19 March 1784 – 12 January 1856) was a British Conservative statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1784 births",
"1856 deaths",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge",
"Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Tory MPs (pre-1834)",
"Irish Conservative Party MPs",
"Members of the Parliament of the U... | |
projected-00309498-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Goulburn | Henry Goulburn | Background and education | Henry Goulburn PC FRS (19 March 1784 – 12 January 1856) was a British Conservative statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846. | Born in London, Goulburn was the eldest son of a wealthy planter, Munbee Goulburn, of Amity Hall, Vere Parish, Jamaica, and his wife Susannah, eldest daughter of William Chetwynd, 4th Viscount Chetwynd. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Goulburn lived in Betchworth, Dorking, in Betchworth House for much o... | [] | [
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"1784 births",
"1856 deaths",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge",
"Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Tory MPs (pre-1834)",
"Irish Conservative Party MPs",
"Members of the Parliament of the U... |
projected-00309498-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Goulburn | Henry Goulburn | Sugar plantation owner | Henry Goulburn PC FRS (19 March 1784 – 12 January 1856) was a British Conservative statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846. | Goulburn's inheritance included a number of sugar estates in Jamaica, with Amity Hall in the parish of Vere, now Clarendon Parish, being the most important. Slave labour was still being used to work the sugar plantations when he inherited the estates.
Goulburn never visited Jamaica himself due to his health and politi... | [] | [
"Sugar plantation owner"
] | [
"1784 births",
"1856 deaths",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge",
"Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Tory MPs (pre-1834)",
"Irish Conservative Party MPs",
"Members of the Parliament of the U... |
projected-00309498-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Goulburn | Henry Goulburn | Political career | Henry Goulburn PC FRS (19 March 1784 – 12 January 1856) was a British Conservative statesman and a member of the Peelite faction after 1846. | In 1808, Goulburn became Member of Parliament for Horsham. In 1810, he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs, and two and a half years later, he was made Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. It was in this capacity that James Meehan named Goulburn, New South Wales after him, a naming th... | [] | [
"Political career"
] | [
"1784 births",
"1856 deaths",
"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom",
"Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge",
"Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom",
"British Secretaries of State",
"Tory MPs (pre-1834)",
"Irish Conservative Party MPs",
"Members of the Parliament of the U... |