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projected-00311160-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Introduction | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | [] | [
"Introduction"
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"Jewish organizations",
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"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] | |
projected-00311160-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | History | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The World Jewish Congress was established in Geneva, Switzerland in August, 1936, in reaction to the rise of Nazism and the growing wave of European anti-Semitism. Since its foundation, it has been a permanent body with offices around the world. The main aims of the organization were "to mobilize the Jewish people and ... | [] | [
"History"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Precursor organizations (1917–1936) | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The WJC's precursor organizations were the American Jewish Congress and the Comité des Délégations Juives (Committee of Jewish Delegations). The latter was established in March 1919 to represent Jewish communities at the Paris Peace Conference, and advocated for Jewish minority rights in various countries, including th... | [] | [
"History",
"Precursor organizations (1917–1936)"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Foundation (1936) | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | After two more preparatory conferences in 1933 and 1934, the First Plenary Assembly, held in Geneva in August 1936, established the World Jewish Congress as a permanent and democratic organization. Elections for delegates to that assembly had to be according to democratic principles, namely secret, direct, and based on... | [
"Nahum Goldmann.jpg"
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"History",
"Foundation (1936)"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | WJC efforts during the Holocaust and its aftermath | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The WJC's initial priorities included safeguarding Jewish minority rights, combating anti-Semitism in Europe, and providing emergency relief to Jews fleeing Nazi persecution. The WJC also concentrated on security for Jewish refugees and victims of the war. In 1939, the World Jewish Congress set up a relief committee fo... | [
"Nahum Goldmann, Stephen Wise, Henri Torres at World Jewish Congress conference in New York, June 1942.jpg"
] | [
"History",
"WJC efforts during the Holocaust and its aftermath"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Riegner Telegram | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | On 8 August 1942, the WJC's Geneva representative Gerhart Riegner sent a telegram to the US vice-consul in Geneva in which he informed the Allies for the first time about the Nazis planned Final Solution to exterminate all Jews in the German-occupied territories. Riegner had received his information from the German ind... | [
"World Jewish Congress War Emergency Conference Atlantic City 1944.jpg"
] | [
"History",
"WJC efforts during the Holocaust and its aftermath",
"Riegner Telegram"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Rescue efforts | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Throughout the war, the WJC lobbied the Allied governments to grant visas to Jewish refugees from Europe and to ensure the restoration of Jewish minority rights in areas liberated by the Allied forces. Despite the US State Department's opposition, the WJC obtained permission from the US Treasury Department, headed by H... | [] | [
"History",
"WJC efforts during the Holocaust and its aftermath",
"Rescue efforts"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Letter to State Department | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | On 9 August 1944, Leon Kubowitzki (later Aryeh Leon Kubovy), the head of the WJC's Rescue Department, relayed a message from Ernest Frischer of the Czechoslovak State Council to the US State Department urging the destruction of the gas chambers and the bombing of railways lines leading to the Auschwitz death camp. US U... | [
"A. Leon Kubowitzki.jpg"
] | [
"History",
"WJC efforts during the Holocaust and its aftermath",
"Letter to State Department"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Meeting of WJC representative with SS leader Heinrich Himmler | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In February 1945, the head of the Swedish office of the WJC, Hilel Storch, established contact through an intermediary with SS chief Heinrich Himmler. In April, Norbert Masur of the Swedish Section of the WJC secretly met with Himmler at Harzfeld, around 70 kilometers north of Berlin. Masur had been promised safe condu... | [] | [
"History",
"WJC efforts during the Holocaust and its aftermath",
"Meeting of WJC representative with SS leader Heinrich Himmler"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Post-war efforts | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | At the end of the war, the WJC undertook efforts to rebuild Jewish communities in Europe, pushed for indemnification and reparation claims against Germany, provided assistance to displaced persons and survivors of the Holocaust, and advocated for the punishment of Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity... | [
"1948 World Jewish Congress Montreux - 2.jpg"
] | [
"History",
"WJC efforts during the Holocaust and its aftermath",
"Post-war efforts"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | WJC and the creation of the State of Israel | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Although its principal purpose was to defend the rights of Jews in the Diaspora, the WJC always actively supported the aims of Zionism, i.e. creation of a Jewish National Home in British Mandatory Palestine. The Yishuv, the Jewish community in British Mandatory Palestine, was represented at the First Plenary Assembly o... | [] | [
"WJC and the creation of the State of Israel"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Negotiations with Germany on reparations and compensation | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In 1949, the World Jewish Congress called on the newly established Federal Republic of Germany to acknowledge responsibility and liability of the German people for the wrongs inflicted on the Jewish people by the Nazi regime. In 1950, the WJC opened an office in Frankfurt to function as a "listening post" on developmen... | [] | [
"Negotiations with Germany on reparations and compensation"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | WJC efforts on behalf of Soviet Jewry | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Although the Soviet Union initially supported the creation of the State of Israel, during the 1950s the Jewish state emerged as part of the Western camp, and Zionism raised fears of internal dissent and opposition among the Communist leadership.
During the later part of the Cold War, Soviet Jews were suspected of bein... | [
"World Jewish Congress - Third Plenary Assembly - Geneva 1953.jpg"
] | [
"WJC efforts on behalf of Soviet Jewry"
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"Jewish organizations",
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"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Securing the rights of Jews in North Africa and the Middle East | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In the aftermath of World War II and the establishment of the State of Israel, the World Jewish Congress was actively involved in assisting Jews in Arab and other Muslim countries, who had come under increasing pressure. In January 1948, WJC President Stephen Wise, appealed to US Secretary of State George Marshall: "Be... | [
"World Jewish Congress North African Conference, Algiers, June 1952.jpg"
] | [
"Securing the rights of Jews in North Africa and the Middle East"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | 1950s–1980s | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Delegates from 43 countries attended the Fourth WJC Plenary Assembly held in Stockholm in 1959.
In 1960, the WJC convoked a special conference in Brussels following a series of anti-Semitic incidents in Europe.
In 1966, the speaker of the West German parliament, Eugen Gerstenmaier, delivered an address titled, 'German... | [] | [
"1950s–1980s"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
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projected-00311160-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Opposition to UN resolution condemning Zionism as racism | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The World Jewish Congress was vocal in efforts to repeal United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, which was adopted on November 10, 1975, and held "that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination".
The WJC Executive characterized the resolution as an "attempt to defame Zionism by equating it with im... | [] | [
"1950s–1980s",
"Opposition to UN resolution condemning Zionism as racism"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
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projected-00311160-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Leadership changes | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | At the WJC Plenary in 1975, longtime WJC leader Nahum Goldmann (then 80) stood again for WJC president. Several Israeli delegates, notably from the Herut movement, but also former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, opposed Goldmann's re-election for his criticism of Israel's policies, notably with respect to the peace ... | [
"1975 WJC Sixth Plenary Assembly Jerusalem.jpg"
] | [
"1950s–1980s",
"Leadership changes"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Edgar M. Bronfman | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Under the leadership of Bronfman, the new Secretary General Israel Singer (who took over from Gerhart Riegner in 1983), and Executive Director Elan Steinberg, the WJC adopted a more aggressive style. Steinberg characterized the change as follows: "For a long time, the World Jewish Congress was meant to be the greatest ... | [] | [
"1950s–1980s",
"Leadership changes",
"Edgar M. Bronfman"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Controversy over Catholic convent's presence at Auschwitz | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In 1985, Carmelite nuns opened a convent near the site of the former Nazi death camp Auschwitz I. WJC President Edgar Bronfman called for the removal of the convent. In public statements, other Jewish leaders, including former WJC Secretary General Gerhart Riegner, also called for the removal. A year later, the Catholi... | [] | [
"Controversy over Catholic convent's presence at Auschwitz"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Diplomatic contacts with Communist countries | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | During the mid-1980s, the World Jewish Congress also entered into diplomatic talks with several Central and Eastern European countries, notably Communist East Germany, whose leadership the WJC urged to recognize its obligations to Jewish victims of Nazi Germany. In February 1990, GDR Prime Minister Hans Modrow sent a l... | [
"Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-1017-018, Berlin, Bronfman-Besuch.jpg"
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"Diplomatic contacts with Communist countries"
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"Jewish organizations",
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"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Waldheim affair | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In 1986, the World Jewish Congress alleged that Austrian presidential candidate Kurt Waldheim, a former secretary general of the United Nations, had lied about his service as an officer in the mounted corps of the Nazi Party "Sturmabteilung" (SA), and his time as German ordnance officer in Thessaloniki, Greece, from 19... | [] | [
"Waldheim affair"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Restitution of Holocaust-era assets and compensation payments | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In 1992, the World Jewish Congress established the World Jewish Restitution Organization (WJRO), an umbrella body of Jewish organizations and including the Jewish Agency for Israel. Its purpose is to pursue the restitution of Jewish property in Europe, outside Germany (which is dealt with by the Claims Conference). Acc... | [] | [
"Restitution of Holocaust-era assets and compensation payments"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Swiss bank settlement | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In the late 1990s, as President of the WJC, Edgar Bronfman championed the cause of restitution from Switzerland for Holocaust survivors. Bronfman began an initiative that led to the $1.25 billion settlement from Swiss banks, aiming to resolve claims "that the Swiss hoarded bank accounts opened by Jews who were murdered... | [
"Edgar M Bronfman 1989.jpg"
] | [
"Restitution of Holocaust-era assets and compensation payments",
"Swiss bank settlement"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Nazi gold | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In 1997, a study commissioned by the World Jewish Congress concluded that Nazi Germany had looted at least US$8.5 billion in gold between 1933 and 1945 from Jews and other victims. The study estimated that a third of the gold had come from individuals and private businesses rather than central banks and that over US$2 ... | [] | [
"Restitution of Holocaust-era assets and compensation payments",
"Nazi gold"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Agreements with other European countries on Holocaust-era property restitution and compensation | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | During the 1990s and 2000s, at the behest of the World Jewish Congress a total of 17 European countries established special committees to look into their role during World War II. Many set up funds to compensate Jewish and other victims of the war.
In 1997, French Prime Minister Alain Juppé created a commission to inv... | [] | [
"Restitution of Holocaust-era assets and compensation payments",
"Agreements with other European countries on Holocaust-era property restitution and compensation"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Restitution of looted art | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In 1998, the WJC released a list of 2,000 people who allegedly took part in the Nazis' massive looting of art. It named people from 11 countries, including museum curators, gallery owners, art experts and other intermediaries. A few weeks later, in Washington DC, delegates from 44 countries agreed to set up a central r... | [] | [
"Restitution of Holocaust-era assets and compensation payments",
"Restitution of looted art"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Organization and related bodies | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The WJC is made up of five regional branches: WJC North America, the Latin American Jewish Congress, the European Jewish Congress, the Euro-Asian Jewish Congress (working in Russia, Ukraine etc.), and the WJC Israel. Besides that, Jewish umbrella organizations in 100 countries are directly affiliated to the World Jewis... | [
"Shimon Peres - World Jewish Congress - September 2010.jpg"
] | [
"Organization and related bodies"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Current leadership | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | At the 13th Plenary Assembly in Jerusalem in January 2009, Ronald S. Lauder was formally and unanimously elected as WJC president, having previously served as acting president. Lauder was confirmed in his post by the 14th Plenary Assembly, which took place in Budapest in May 2013, and for a third term by the 15th Plena... | [] | [
"Organization and related bodies",
"Current leadership"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Jewish Diplomatic Corps | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The Jewish Diplomatic Corps (JDCorps), also referred to as World Jewish Diplomatic Corps (WJDC) — is an international network of Jewish professionals engaged in public diplomacy. Initiated in February 2006 by the WJC, it consists of about 300 members, known as Jewish Diplomats (JDs), aged 27 to 45 from more than 50 cou... | [] | [
"Organization and related bodies",
"Jewish Diplomatic Corps"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Relations with Poland | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The WJC has evinced a great interest in Poland, both before the war, when the country was home to some 3.25 million Jews (10 percent of that country's total population, forming the largest Jewish community in Europe); and in the post-war period, when the Jewish community was reconstituted. In second half of the 1930s, ... | [
"2008 World Jewish Congress Delegation meets with Polish PM Donald Tusk.jpg"
] | [
"Relations with Poland"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Support for Israel | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The mission statement of the World Jewish Congress says that the organization seeks "to enhance solidarity among Jewish communities throughout the world and, recognizing the centrality of the State of Israel to contemporary Jewish identity, to strengthen the bonds of Jewish communities and Jews in the Diaspora with Isr... | [
"Tony Blair - Jerusalem - June 2011.jpg"
] | [
"Support for Israel"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Fighting the delegitimization of Israel | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The WJC recently started to focus its main activity on countering the delegitimization of Israel.
The WJC says that it lobbies international organizations, notably the United Nations, to ensure that governments "apply the same standards to Israel when judging its actions compared with those of other countries." The WJ... | [] | [
"Support for Israel",
"Fighting the delegitimization of Israel"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Holocaust remembrance | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Preserving the memory of the Shoah is a key issue in the WJC's public efforts. In January 2011, WJC President Lauder accompanied German President Christian Wulff and a number of Holocaust survivors to Auschwitz. Lauder declared:
Auschwitz is the largest Jewish cemetery in the world. Auschwitz is where the systematic a... | [] | [
"Holocaust remembrance"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Restitution of Jewish assets | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Since the end of World War II, the WJC has pressed governments and private enterprises to return seized or looted Jewish assets to their rightful owners. It was instrumental in concluding agreements with a number of European countries.
See above: Restitution of Holocaust-era assets and compensation payments
In its po... | [] | [
"Restitution of Jewish assets"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Fighting Holocaust denial, revisionism and glorification of the Nazis | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | On repeated occasions, the WJC has urged countries to ensure that Holocaust denial is publicly condemned and fought. WJC officials have been critical of a rise of marches in a number of European countries including Hungary and Serbia by WWII Nazi veterans, far-right extremists and neo-Nazis who publicly glorify the Hit... | [
"Bernie Ecclestone 2012 Bahrain.jpg"
] | [
"Restitution of Jewish assets",
"Fighting Holocaust denial, revisionism and glorification of the Nazis"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Prosecution of Nazi war criminals | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The World Jewish Congress has repeatedly called for the prosecution of presumed Nazi war criminals. WJC President Ronald S. Lauder said in 2011: "There must never be impunity or closure for those who were involved in mass murder and genocide, irrespective of their age". The WJC would persist in its efforts to bring the... | [] | [
"Prosecution of Nazi war criminals"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Fighting anti-Semitism | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | One of the principal activities of the World Jewish Congress has been to fight anti-Semitism in all its forms. Its stated policy on this issue is: "Governments and international organizations need to provide adequate resources for the fight against hatred, notably by providing security to Jewish communities and by impr... | [
"WJC meeting with Argentine President Cristina Kirchner.jpg"
] | [
"Fighting anti-Semitism"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Hatred on the internet | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The World Jewish Congress has also urged internet companies, including social media giants such as Google, to act against Holocaust denial, hate speech and anti-Jewish incitement on their platforms. A survey published by the WJC in 2017 revealed that "More than 382,000 anti-Semitic posts were uploaded to social media i... | [] | [
"Fighting anti-Semitism",
"Hatred on the internet"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Dialogue with other religions | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The WJC believes that the three Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) can cooperate "to respond to the challenges posed by developments in modern society, especially to discuss and promote shared values." | [] | [
"Fighting anti-Semitism",
"Dialogue with other religions"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Jewish-Christian dialogue | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Inter-religious dialogue between Jews and Christians started in the 1940s, notably with the establishment of the International Council of Christians and Jews in Switzerland in 1947. The WJC has managed to establish good relations with the Catholic Church, especially since the Second Vatican Council and the Declaration ... | [
"1993 Maria Celli-Riegner-Beilin-Vatican-Israel-Relations.jpg"
] | [
"Jewish-Christian dialogue"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Dialogue with Islam | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The World Jewish Congress considers dialogue with representatives of moderate Islam as "one of the most important and challenging issues at this time. The increasing gap of understanding between so-called Western liberal democracies and the Islamic world is extremely dangerous," according to the WJC website.
In 2008, ... | [
"Interreligious-Meeting - Mustafa Ceric - Herman Van-Rompuy-Marc-Schneier - Abdujalil Sajid - Brussels 2010.jpg"
] | [
"Dialogue with Islam"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Pluralistic Israel | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In August 2018, WJC President Ronald S. Lauder called on "Israel's government to listen to the voices of protest and outrage" and uphold the country's democratic and egalitarian principles against the threat of dominance by restrictive Orthodox influence, from what he called 'a radical minority'. | [] | [
"Pluralistic Israel"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-042 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Iran | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Since the Islamic revolution in 1979, and in particular following the terrorist attacks against the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires in February 1992 and the AMIA Jewish center in Buenos Aires in July 1994, in which over 100 people were killed and which Iran's leadership was accused of having masterminded, the World Jew... | [
"JoseMariaAznarWorldJewishCongress2010.jpg"
] | [
"Pluralistic Israel",
"Iran"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Jewish refugees from Arab countries | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The issue of Jewish refugees from Arab lands continues to be on the World Jewish Congress agenda today. The WJC website states that "The plight of Jews who fled from, or still live in, Arab lands and their specific concerns are not well-known and need to be raised with governments and international organizations. Where... | [] | [
"Jewish refugees from Arab countries"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Other issues | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | In August 2008, World Jewish Congress and Venezuelan Jewish community leaders met in Caracas with Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez Frias. The meeting stirred some controversy in the Jewish world because of Chávez' public support for Iranian leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his strong criticism of Israel. However, then WJ... | [] | [
"Other issues"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Fundraising and finances | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | The WJC raises its funds mainly through the World Jewish Congress American Section, which is a non-profit body registered in the United States. | [] | [
"Fundraising and finances"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Controversy | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | A series of allegations about the organization's accounting practices and "unusual" money transfers, was raised in 2004 by Isi Leibler, then a vice-president of the WJC. It led to an investigation of the finances of the World Jewish Congress. A comprehensive audit of the WJC's accounts in Switzerland from 1995 to 2004,... | [
"RonaldLauder-WorldJewishCongress-Budapest2013-2.jpg",
"RobertSinger-WorldJewishCongress.jpg"
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"Controversy"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Presidents | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Julian Mack Honorary president (1936–43)
Stephen S. Wise (1944–1949, 1936–1944: chairman of the Executive)
Nahum Goldmann (1949–1977, acting to 1953)
Philip Klutznick (1977–1979)
Edgar Bronfman, Sr. (1979–2007, acting to 1981)
Ronald S. Lauder (2007–present, acting to 2009) | [] | [
"Leadership",
"Presidents"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Secretaries-general | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Irving Miller (1936–1940)
Arieh Tartakower (1940–1945)
A. Leon Kubowitzki (1945–1948)
Gerhart M. Riegner (1948–1983; coordinating director to 1959)
Israel Singer (1983–2001; executive director to 1985)
Avi Beker (2001–2003)
Stephen E. Herbits (2005–2007)
Michael Schneider (2007–2011)
Dan Diker (2011–2012)
Robert Singer... | [] | [
"Leadership",
"Secretaries-general"
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"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | Prior to 1936 | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | First Preparatory Conference (Comité des Délégations Juives), 14–17 August 1932, Geneva, Switzerland
Second Preparatory Conference (Comité des Délégations Juives), 5–8 September 1933, Geneva, Switzerland
Third Preparatory Conference (Comité des Délégations Juives), 20–24 August 1934, Geneva, Switzerland | [] | [
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"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
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"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | After 1936 | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | First Plenary Assembly, 8–15 August 1936, Geneva, Switzerland
War Emergency Conference, 26–30 November 1944, Atlantic City, USA (Election of Stephen S. Wise as WJC president)
Second Plenary Assembly, 27 June – 6 July 1948, Montreux, Switzerland
Third Plenary Assembly, 4–11 August 1953, Geneva, Switzerland (Election ... | [
"1948 World Jewish Congress Montreux - 1.jpg",
"1959 Stockholm World Jewish Congress Plenary.jpg",
"WJC Plenary Assembly 2009.jpg"
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"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | List of member communities and organizations of the World Jewish Congress | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | (as approved by the 14th Plenary Assembly of the World Jewish Congress in 2013) | [] | [
"List of member communities and organizations of the World Jewish Congress"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | WJC member communities | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Argentina: Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas
Armenia: Jewish Community in Armenia
Aruba: Israelitische Gemeente Beth Israel
Australia: Executive Council of Australian Jewry
Austria: Bundesverband der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinden Österreichs
Azerbaijan: Jewish Community of Azerbaijan
Barbados: Je... | [] | [
"List of member communities and organizations of the World Jewish Congress",
"WJC member communities"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | WJC member organizations | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | African Jewish Congress
Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
B'nai B'rith International
Conference of European Rabbis
Hillel: The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life
International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists
International Council of Jewish Women (ICJW)
International Jewish Committee on Interreligious Consult... | [] | [
"List of member communities and organizations of the World Jewish Congress",
"WJC member organizations"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311160-056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Jewish%20Congress | World Jewish Congress | See also | The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations. According to its mission statement, the World Jewish Congress' main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people." Membership in the WJC is open to a... | Claims Conference
European Jewish Congress
International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims
Israel Council on Foreign Relations
Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany
Union of Jewish congregations of Latin America and the Caribbean
World Jewish Congress lawsuit against Swiss Banks
Edgar Bronfma... | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Jewish organizations",
"Jewish studies research institutes",
"The Holocaust and the United States",
"1936 establishments in Switzerland",
"501(c)(3) organizations",
"Organizations established in 1936",
"International Jewish organizations"
] |
projected-00311164-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Introduction | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... | |
projected-00311164-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Biography | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | Eder was born in Tucson, Arizona, on February 3, 1961, and raised in Brainerd, Minnesota. Her parents, Georg (from Austria) and Laila (from Norway), exposed her to music at an early age. She cites Judy Garland, Barbra Streisand, and Eileen Farrell as her childhood inspiration. Eder cites Garland, specifically, as her ... | [] | [
"Biography"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311164-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Broadway | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | Eder's major theatrical career began in 1987, when she auditioned in Florida in front of musical theater composer Frank Wildhorn for the leading role of Lucy in Jekyll & Hyde. Very impressed with her vocal skills, she was immediately cast, although no production was planned at that time. Linda has also performed holid... | [] | [
"Broadway"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311164-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Jekyll & Hyde | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | In 1990, the Alley Theatre in Houston agreed to host the world premiere of Jekyll & Hyde, the first musical ever performed there. The show was extended several times, and Eder received raves for her performance. Following this triumph, Wildhorn debuted the musical Svengali, starring his two leading performers from Jeky... | [] | [
"Broadway",
"Jekyll & Hyde"
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"1961 births",
"Living people",
"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311164-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | The Other Side of Me | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | Released on September 30, 2008, her CD The Other Side of Me has a pop/country feel. This is a departure from the style she is known for, which is standards and ballads. Her official website has a posting where Eder says "It took a year and a half to make my new CD, the other side of me, but in reality, it has been a li... | [] | [
"The Other Side of Me"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311164-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Now | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | At a "Frank Wildhorn & Friends" concert in Vienna in 2010, Eder appeared with Wildhorn, and European musical theatre superstars Pia Douwes and Thomas Borchert to celebrate the music of Wildhorn. The two shared a song, "Living in the Shadows." Eder performed several numbers including "Vienna", a fitting ending to the co... | [] | [
"Now"
] | [
"1961 births",
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"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311164-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Linda Live - The Live Concert Recording | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | On June 21, 2014, Eder performed a concert at the Arthur Zankel Music Center on the campus of Skidmore College. This performance was recorded and will become Eder's 15th solo album. The concert was performed to a crowd of nearly 500 people and contained Eder's signature songs which include, "Someone Like You" from Je... | [] | [
"Linda Live - The Live Concert Recording"
] | [
"1961 births",
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"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311164-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Personal life | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | Linda Eder married Frank Wildhorn on May 3, 1998. They have a son, Jake, born in 1999. They separated in fall 2003 and divorced in 2004. | [] | [
"Personal life"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311164-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Solo albums | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | 1989 Vienna (Early UK release of the Linda Eder album)
1991 Linda Eder
1994 And So Much More
1997 It's Time
1999 It's No Secret Anymore
2000 Christmas Stays the Same
2002 Gold
2003 Storybook
2003 Broadway, My Way
2005 By Myself: The Songs of Judy Garland
2007 Greatest Hits
2008 The Other Side of Me
2009 Sou... | [] | [
"Discography",
"Solo albums"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311164-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Musical albums | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | 1990 Jekyll & Hyde: Romantic Highlights (Concept Album) - Lucy Harris & Lisa Carew
1992 The Scarlet Pimpernel (Concept Recording) - Marguerite St. Just
1995 Jekyll & Hyde: The Complete Work (Concept Album) - Lucy Harris
1997 Jekyll & Hyde - The Musical: Original Broadway Cast - Lucy Harris
1998 The Scarlet Pimperne... | [] | [
"Discography",
"Musical albums"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311164-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Singles | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | "A Little Bit of Heaven"
"Something To Believe In"
"Vienna"
"Never Dance"
"The Christmas Song"
"Bells of St. Paul" (Christmas)
"Gold" (From Camille Claudel)
"I Am What I Am" (From La Cage Aux Folles)
"Lifted"
"The Other Side Of Me" | [] | [
"Discography",
"Singles"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311164-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Eder | Linda Eder | Video albums | Linda Eder (; born February 3, 1961) is an American singer and actress. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Jekyll & Hyde, originating the role of Lucy Harris, for which she was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. Eder has performed in concert halls across the country including Carnegie Hall and Radio City Music... | 1999 In Concert (Aired on PBS)
2001 Christmas Stays The Same (Aired on Bravo)
2018 The Other Side: An Inside Look At My Life With Out The Audience | [] | [
"Discography",
"Video albums"
] | [
"1961 births",
"Living people",
"American women pop singers",
"American people of Norwegian descent",
"People from Brainerd, Minnesota",
"American people of Austrian descent",
"American musical theatre actresses",
"Actresses from Minnesota",
"Singers from Minnesota",
"20th-century American actress... |
projected-00311175-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarey%20technique | Rarey technique | Introduction | The Rarey technique is a method of calming horses that have become vicious and fearful of humans due to abusive handling or other traumatic events. It is named for its inventor, John Solomon Rarey (1827–1866) of Groveport, Ohio, USA, who became famous for taming violent horses with it, and later for teaching it in var... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Natural horsemanship"
] | |
projected-00311175-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarey%20technique | Rarey technique | The technique | The Rarey technique is a method of calming horses that have become vicious and fearful of humans due to abusive handling or other traumatic events. It is named for its inventor, John Solomon Rarey (1827–1866) of Groveport, Ohio, USA, who became famous for taming violent horses with it, and later for teaching it in var... | Rarey began by tying one of the traumatized horse's legs with a strap so that the horse could not stand on it. This gave him control over the horse and quickly tired the animal out. Then, Rarey would gently but firmly cause the horse to lie down on a comfortable surface. Once the horse was lying on its side, Rarey cou... | [
"Rarey hobble.jpg",
"Rarey going down.jpg",
"Rarey down.jpg"
] | [
"The technique"
] | [
"Natural horsemanship"
] |
projected-00311175-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarey%20technique | Rarey technique | See also | The Rarey technique is a method of calming horses that have become vicious and fearful of humans due to abusive handling or other traumatic events. It is named for its inventor, John Solomon Rarey (1827–1866) of Groveport, Ohio, USA, who became famous for taming violent horses with it, and later for teaching it in var... | The Modern Art of Taming Wild Horses, the booklet of Rarey hosted into wikisource
Horse breaking
Horseman's Word | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Natural horsemanship"
] |
projected-00311176-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Introduction | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] | |
projected-00311176-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Five calamities | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | According to the Mishnah (Taanit 4:6), five specific events occurred on the ninth of Av that warrant fasting:
The Twelve Spies sent by Moses to observe the land of Canaan returned from their mission. Only two of the spies, Joshua and Caleb, brought a positive report, while the others spoke disparagingly about the lan... | [
"NinthAvStonesWesternWall.JPG"
] | [
"History",
"Five calamities"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Other calamities | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | Over time, Tisha B'Av has come to be a Jewish day of mourning, not only for these events, but also for later tragedies which occurred on or near the 9th of Av. References to some of these events appear in liturgy composed for Tisha B'Av (see below).
The First Crusade officially commenced on 15 August 1096 (Av 24, AM 4... | [] | [
"History",
"Other calamities"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Related observances | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | In connection with the fall of Jerusalem, three other fast-days were established at the same time as the Ninth Day of Av: these were the Tenth of Tevet, when the siege of Jerusalem by the Babylonians began; the Seventeenth of Tammuz, when the first breach was made in the wall by the Romans; and the Third of Tishrei, kn... | [] | [
"History",
"Related observances"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Laws and customs | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | Tisha B'Av falls in July or August in the Gregorian calendar. When Tisha B'Av falls on Shabbat (Saturday), it then is known as a ("delayed") in Hebrew and the observance of Tisha B'Av then takes place on the following day (that is, Sunday). This last occurred in 2022, and will next occur in 2029. No outward signs of m... | [
"Woodcut tisha b'av.png"
] | [
"Laws and customs"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
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projected-00311176-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Main prohibitions | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | Tisha B'Av bears a similar stringent nature to that of Yom Kippur. In addition to the length of the fast which lasts about 25 hours, beginning just before sunset on the eve of Tisha B'Av and ends at nightfall the following day, Tisha B'Av also shares the following five prohibitions:
No eating or drinking;
No washing o... | [] | [
"Laws and customs",
"Main prohibitions"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Additional customs | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | Study of the Torah is forbidden on Tisha B'Av (as it is considered an enjoyable activity), except for the study of distressing texts such as the Book of Lamentations, the Book of Job, portions of Jeremiah and chapters of the Talmud that discuss the laws of mourning and those that discuss the destruction of the Temple.
... | [
"PikiWiki Israel 3434 9 av kotel.JPG"
] | [
"Laws and customs",
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] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | End of fast | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | Although the fast ends at nightfall, according to tradition the First Temple continued burning throughout the night and for most of the following day, the tenth of Av. It is therefore customary to maintain all restrictions of the nine days through midday (chatzos) of the following day.
When Tisha B'Av falls on a Satur... | [] | [
"Laws and customs",
"End of fast"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Scriptural readings | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | The scroll of Eicha (Lamentations) is read in synagogue during the evening services.
In many Sephardic congregations the Book of Job is read on the morning of Tisha B'Av.
Those called to the Torah reading on Tisha B'Av are not given the usual congratulations for this honor. There is also a tradition that those who we... | [
"Tisha beav.png"
] | [
"Prayer service",
"Scriptural readings"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Kinnot | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | In addition, most of the morning is spent chanting or reading Kinnot, most bewailing the loss of the Temples and the subsequent persecutions, but many others referring to post-exile disasters. These later kinnot were composed by various poets (often prominent rabbis) who had either suffered in the events mentioned or r... | [] | [
"Prayer service",
"Kinnot"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Nachem | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | A paragraph that begins Nahem ("Console...") is added to the conclusion of the blessing Boneh Yerushalayim ("Who builds Jerusalem") recited during the Amidah (for Ashkenazim, only at the Mincha service). The prayer elaborates the mournful state of the Temple and city of Jerusalem. The concluding signature of the blessi... | [] | [
"Prayer service",
"Nachem"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | History of the observance | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | In the long period which is reflected in Talmudic literature the observance of Tisha B'Av assumed a character of constantly growing sadness and asceticism. By the end of the 2nd century or at the beginning of the 3rd, the observance of the day had lost much of its gloom.
The growing strictness in the observance of mou... | [
"Tish'a B'av 1887.jpg"
] | [
"History of the observance"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | In Israel | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | A 2010 poll in Israel revealed that some 22% of Israeli Jews fast on Tisha B'Av, and 52% said they forego recreational activity on this day even though they do not fast. Another 18% of Israeli Jews responded that were recreational spots permissible to be open they would go out on the eve of the fast day, and labeled th... | [
"יהודים מתפללים בבית הכנסת בליל ט' באב (גלויה).jpg"
] | [
"Contemporary observance",
"In Israel"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | In relation to the creation of the State of Israel | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | As the main focus of the day recalls the destruction of the two Temples in Jerusalem and the subsequent Jewish diaspora, the modern day re-establishment of a Jewish state in the Holy Land has raised various attitudes within Judaism about the appropriateness of fasting and other mourning customs associated with the day.... | [] | [
"Contemporary observance",
"In relation to the creation of the State of Israel"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | Other traditions | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | Classical Jewish sources maintain that the Jewish Messiah will be born on Tisha B'Av, though many explain this idea metaphorically, as the hope for the Jewish Messiah was born on Tisha B'Av with the destruction of the Temple. | [] | [
"Other traditions"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311176-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha%20B%27Av | Tisha B'Av | See also | Tisha B'Av ( Tīšʿā Bəʾāv; , ) is an annual fast day in Judaism, on which a number of disasters in Jewish history occurred, primarily the destruction of both Solomon's Temple by the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Second Temple by the Roman Empire in Jerusalem.
Tisha B'Av marks the end of the three weeks between dire str... | Jewish fast days
Jewish holiday | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Tisha B'Av",
"Av observances",
"Book of Lamentations",
"Hebrew names of Jewish holy days",
"Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)"
] |
projected-00311178-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Introduction | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Railway stations in the London Borough of Camden",
"Railway termini in London",
"Former Midland Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1868",
"Network Rail managed stations",
"Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway",
"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... | |
projected-00311178-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Location | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | St Pancras is at the southern end of the London Borough of Camden on a site orientated north–south, deeper than it is wide. The south is bounded by Euston Road (part of the London Inner Ring Road), and its frontage is the St Pancras Renaissance Hotel, while the west is bounded by Midland Road which separates it from th... | [] | [
"Location"
] | [
"Railway stations in the London Borough of Camden",
"Railway termini in London",
"Former Midland Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1868",
"Network Rail managed stations",
"Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway",
"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... |
projected-00311178-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Background | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | The station's name comes from the St. Pancras parish, which originates from the fourth-century Christian boy martyr Pancras of Rome. The station was commissioned by the Midland Railway (MR), who had a network of routes in the Midlands, and in south and west Yorkshire and Lancashire but no route of its own to London. Be... | [] | [
"Domestic station",
"Background"
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"Railway stations in the London Borough of Camden",
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"Former Midland Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1868",
"Network Rail managed stations",
"Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway",
"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... |
projected-00311178-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Construction | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | The passenger station was designed by William Henry Barlow and constructed on a site that had previously been a slum called Agar Town.
The approaching line to the station crossed the Regent's Canal at a height allowing the line reasonable gradients; this resulted in the level of the line at St Pancras being above the... | [
"St Pancras station train shed under construction in 1868 (cropped).jpg",
"DISTRICT(1888) p137 - St Pancras Station (plan).jpg",
"St Pancras Clock.jpg"
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"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1868",
"Network Rail managed stations",
"Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway",
"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... |
projected-00311178-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Early services | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | St Pancras was built during a period of expansion for the MR, as the major routes to Manchester, Nottingham, Sheffield and Carlisle opened during this time. By 1902, there were 150 trains arriving and leaving the station daily, though this figure was far less than Waterloo or Liverpool Street. As well as Midland servic... | [] | [
"Domestic station",
"Early services"
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"Railway stations in the London Borough of Camden",
"Railway termini in London",
"Former Midland Railway stations",
"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1868",
"Network Rail managed stations",
"Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway",
"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... |
projected-00311178-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Grouping, nationalisation and privatisation | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | The Railways Act of 1921 forced the merger of the Midland with the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR) into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), and the LMS adopted the LNWR's (the "Premier Line") Euston station as its principal London terminus. The Midland Grand Hotel was closed in 1935, and the buildi... | [
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projected-00311178-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Design | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | The original plan for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) involved a tunnel from south-east of London to an underground terminus in the vicinity of King's Cross. However, a late change of plan, principally driven by the then Secretary of State for the Environment Michael Heseltine's desire for urban regeneration in eas... | [] | [
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"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... |
projected-00311178-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Rebuilding | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | By early 2004, the eastern side of the extended train shed was complete, and the Barlow train shed was closed to trains. From 12 April 2004, Midland Mainline trains terminated at an interim station occupying the eastern part of the extension immediately adjacent to the entrance.
As part of the construction of the west... | [
"StPOlympics.jpg",
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"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... |
projected-00311178-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Opening | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | In early November 2007, Eurostar conducted a testing programme in which some 6000 members of the public were involved in passenger check-in, immigration control and departure trials, during which the "passengers" each made three return journeys out of St Pancras to the entrance to the London tunnel. On 4 September 2007... | [] | [
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"Former Midland Railway stations",
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"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... |
projected-00311178-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Twinning | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | In October 2019, St Pancras was twinned with the Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean, Bordeaux, France. The association was made in the hope that a high-speed service could connect the two stations and was announced at a ceremony headed by Claude Solard, Director General of SNCF. | [] | [
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"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... |
projected-00311178-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Services | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | St Pancras contains four groups of platforms on two levels, accessed via the main concourse at ground level. The below-surface group contains through platforms A and B, and the upper level has three groups of terminal platforms: domestic platforms 1–4 and 11–13 on each side of international platforms 5–10. Platforms ... | [
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projected-00311178-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Platform layout | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | The longer international platforms, used by Eurostar, extend into Barlow's train shed, whilst the other platforms terminate at the southern end of the 2005 extension. The international platforms do not occupy the full width of the Barlow train shed, and sections of the floor area have been opened up to provide natural ... | [
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"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... |
projected-00311178-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | East Midlands Railway | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | Since 2019, platforms 1–4 have been the southern terminus for Midland Main Line services operated by East Midlands Railway under the 'EMR Intercity' brand to/from the East Midlands and Yorkshire, including Leicester, Nottingham, Derby, Chesterfield and Sheffield primarily using Class 222 'Meridian' units, with some ser... | [
"East Midlands Railway Class 222s at London St Pancras Int'l.jpg"
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"Railway stations in Great Britain served by Eurost... |
projected-00311178-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Pancras%20railway%20station | St Pancras railway station | Thameslink | St Pancras railway station (), also known as London St Pancras or St Pancras International and officially since 2007 as London St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminus for Eurostar services from Belgium, France and the Netherlands ... | As part of the Thameslink Programme, St Pancras International gained platforms on the Thameslink route, replacing King's Cross Thameslink to the south-east. In line with the former station, the Thameslink platforms are designated A and B. The new platforms have met with some criticism for the length of the walking rout... | [
"stpancrasthameslink.jpg"
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"Former Midland Railway stations",
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