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projected-23573036-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%ADzov | Hlízov | Introduction | Hlízov is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants. | [] | [
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projected-23573036-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%ADzov | Hlízov | References | Hlízov is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Kutná Hora District | [] | [
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projected-26719995-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | Introduction | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | Early life | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina was born in Yegoryevsk, Russia, on 30 September 1994. Her father, Farhat Mustafin, a Volga Tatar, was a bronze medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling at the 1976 Summer Olympics, and her mother, Yelena Kuznetsova, an ethnic Russian, is a physics teacher. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2007 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina's first major international competition was the International Gymnix in Montreal in March 2007. She placed second in the all-around with a score of 58.825. The following month, she competed at the Stella Zakharova Cup in Kyiv and placed second in the all-around with a score of 55.150.
In September 2007, Mustafina competed at the Japan Junior International in Yokohama. She placed second in the all-around with a score of 59.800 and second in all four event finals, scoring 14.750 on vault, 15.250 on uneven bars, 15.450 on balance beam, and 14.100 on floor exercise. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2008 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | At the 2008 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Clermont-Ferrand, France, Mustafina helped the Russian junior team finish in first place and won the silver medal in the individual all-around with a score of 60.300. In event finals, she placed fourth on uneven bars, scoring 14.475, and fourth on floor, scoring 14.375.
In November, she competed in the senior division at the Massilia Cup in Marseille. She placed sixth in the all-around with a score of 57.300; fourth on vault, scoring 13.950; and second on floor, scoring 14.925. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2009 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina competed in the senior division at the Russian national championships in Bryansk in March, and won the all-around with a score of 58.550. She also placed second on uneven bars, scoring 15.300; first on balance beam, scoring 14.950; and third on floor, scoring 14.700. The new Russian head coach, Alexander Alexandrov, lamented the fact that "girls of that age cannot compete at senior international competitions".
She competed twice over the summer, placing second in the all-around (58.250) at the Japan Cup in Tokyo in July and winning the all-around (59.434) in the senior division at the Russian Cup in Penza in August. In December, she won the all-around at the Gymnasiade competition in Doha, Qatar, with a score of 57.350, and went on to place second on vault (13.900), first on uneven bars (14.825), first on balance beam (14.175), and first on floor (14.575). | [] | [
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projected-26719995-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2010 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina was injured during a training session in March and was unable to compete in the Russian national championships.
In April, she competed at an Artistic Gymnastics World Cup event in Paris. She placed fourth on uneven bars after an error, scoring 14.500, and second on balance beam, scoring 14.175. At the end of the month, she competed at the 2010 European Championships in Birmingham, where she contributed an all-around score of 58.175 toward the Russian team's first-place finish and placed second on uneven bars, scoring 15.050; second on balance beam, scoring 14.375; and eighth on floor, scoring 13.225.
At the Russian Cup in Chelyabinsk in August, Mustafina won the all-around competition with a score of 62.271. In event finals, she placed second on vault, scoring 13.963; first on uneven bars, scoring 14.775; third on balance beam, scoring 14.850; and first on floor, scoring 15.300.In October, she competed at the 2010 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Rotterdam and made history by qualifying for the all-around final and all four event finals—the first gymnast to do so since Shannon Miller and Svetlana Khorkina in 1996. She contributed an all-around score of 60.932 toward the Russian team's first-place finish and won the individual all-around with a score of 61.032. In event finals, she placed second on vault, scoring 15.066; second on uneven bars, scoring 15.600; seventh on balance beam, scoring 13.766 after a fall; and second on floor, scoring 14.766. She left Rotterdam with five medals, more than any other artistic gymnast, male or female. Andy Thornton wrote for Universal Sports:
In November, Mustafina competed in the Italian Grand Prix in Cagliari, Sardinia. She placed fourth on uneven bars, scoring 13.570, and first on balance beam, scoring 14.700. | [
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projected-26719995-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2011 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina competed at the American Cup in Jacksonville, Florida, in March. She finished in a controversial second to American Jordyn Wieber, with an all-around score of 59.831, after leading for three-quarters of the competition but falling on floor exercise, the last event. Later that month, she placed second on vault at a World Cup event in Paris, scoring 14.433; first on uneven bars, scoring 15.833; and first on balance beam, scoring 15.333.
In April, she competed at the 2011 European Championships in Berlin. She qualified to the all-around final in first place, with a score of 59.750, but tore her left anterior cruciate ligament while competing a 2.5 twisting Yurchenko vault in the final. Five days later, she had surgery in Straubing, Germany.
Mustafina's coaches had her resume workouts slowly. Coach Valentina Rodionenko said in May, "Only when we are told that she can proceed with training will we go forward. It's important to save her for the Olympic Games." By July, she was only doing upper body conditioning and rehabilitation on her leg. In August, after the Russian team was announced for the 2011 World Championships, Rodionenko said: "Aliya really wanted to go to Worlds—her heart and soul are literally crying, 'I can do it! I'm ready!' But we do not want to risk costing her the Olympics, and her surgeon in Germany said that she can start real training only in December. She just thinks she's ready now. But she does not really understand what she will face. She must be protected. Sometimes it takes years for people to recover from these injuries, and she hasn't even had five months."
In December, Mustafina returned to competition at the Voronin Cup in Moscow. She placed fourth in the all-around and second on uneven bars with a score of 15.475. Coach Alexander Alexandrov said, "I was pleasantly surprised and happy about her first meet. She didn't do her full routines and full difficulty, but she tried what she was ready for at the time, and for me, it was enough to see. She was nervous, even though her goal was just to compete, to see how she does after eight months off and how well she could handle the pressure and how her knee would feel. I came up to her and said, 'Well, it seems like you're not very nervous at all, and I'm surprised!' And she said, 'Look at my hands, Alexander', and her hands were shaking. 'Maybe I'm not showing that I'm nervous, but inside I have butterflies!'" | [
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projected-26719995-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2012 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina competed at the Russian national championships in Penza in March at what Alexandrov said was "75 to 80 percent". She won the all-around with a score of 59.533 and uneven bars with a score of 16.220, and finished fifth on balance beam with a score of 13.680. In May, at the 2012 European Championships in Brussels, she contributed scores of 15.166 on vault, 15.833 on uneven bars, and 13.933 on floor toward the Russian team's second-place finish.
At the Russian Cup in Penza in June, she placed second in the all-around, behind Viktoria Komova, with a score of 59.167. In event finals, she placed first on uneven bars, scoring 16.150; second on balance beam, scoring 15.000; and first on floor, scoring 14.750. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | London Olympics | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | At the end of July, Mustafina competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She helped Russia to qualify to the team final in second place, and qualified to the individual all-around final in fifth place with a score of 59.966. She also qualified fifth for the uneven bars final, scoring 15.700, and eighth for the floor final, scoring 14.433.
In the team final, Mustafina contributed an all-around score of 60.266 toward the Russian team's second-place finish.
In the all-around final, she finished in third place with a score of 59.566. She earned the same score as American Aly Raisman, but after tie-breaking rules were applied, Mustafina was awarded the bronze medal.
Mustafina went on to win the uneven bars final with a score of 16.133, ending Russia's 12-year gold medal drought in Olympic gymnastics.
In the floor final, she placed third with a score of 14.900, earning the bronze medal in a tie-breaker over Italy's Vanessa Ferrari.
On 15 August, Russian President Vladimir Putin awarded Mustafina the Order of Friendship at a special ceremony at the Kremlin in Moscow. She was one of 33 Russian athletes to receive the award.
In December, she competed at the DTB Stuttgart World Cup, where the Russian team finished first. | [
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projected-26719995-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2013 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | At the 2013 Russian national championships, Mustafina successfully defended her all-around title with a score of 59.850, earning a 15.450 on beam, 15.500 on bars, 13.600 on floor, and 15.300 on vault. These scores qualified her to the balance beam and uneven bars finals in first place, and to the floor exercise final in third place, but she withdrew from all but the bars final to protect her knee. She received a silver medal with the Moscow Central team and finished third in the uneven bars final, behind Anastasia Grishina (first) and Tatiana Nabieva (second).
Later, Mustafina won the all-around and team titles at the Stella Zakharova Cup. In event finals, she won gold on uneven bars and silver on balance beam after a fall on the latter.
At the 2013 European Championships in Moscow, she fell twice off the balance beam in qualifications and entered the all-around final in fourth place, with a score of 56.057. In the final, she scored 15.033 on vault, 15.133 on uneven bars, 14.400 on balance beam, and 14.466 on floor, winning the all-around title—her first individual European title—with a total of 59.032. The next day, she won the uneven bars final with a score of 15.300. She also qualified to the floor exercise final in third place, but withdrew and gave her spot to Grishina, who had been left out of the final due to the limit of two gymnasts per country.
In July, Mustafina competed at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia, alongside teammates Nabieva, Ksenia Afanasyeva, Maria Paseka, and Anna Dementyeva. Before the competition, her participation had been in question after she was hospitalized for flu. In the team competition, which also served as a qualification round for the individual finals, Mustafina contributed scores of 13.750 on floor, 14.950 on vault, 15.000 on uneven bars, and 15.200 on beam toward Russia's first-place finish. She qualified to the all-around final as well as the uneven bars, balance beam, and floor finals. In the all-around final, she won the title with a score of 57.900. Individually, she won gold on bars and silver on beam. In the floor final, she fell on her last tumbling pass and finished 9th.
In October, just after turning 19, Mustafina competed at the 2013 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Antwerp. Prior to the competition, she had been sick for weeks and had been experiencing knee pain. In qualifications, she fell on her first tumbling pass on floor (two whips into a double Arabian) and crashed her second vault (round-off, half-on, full twist off), causing her to miss the finals in both events. However, she still qualified fifth for the all-around final with a score of 57.165, fifth for uneven bars, and eighth for balance beam. In the all-around final, she finished third with a total of 58.856 (14.891 on vault, 15.233 on uneven bars, 14.166 on balance beam, and 14.566 on floor), behind Simone Biles and Kyla Ross of the United States. In the uneven bars final, she scored 15.033 and finished in third place, behind Huang Huidan and Ross. She went on to win her first world beam title with a score of 14.900, ahead of Ross and Biles.
In her last competition of 2013, Mustafina helped her team finish second at the Stuttgart World Cup, competing only on balance beam. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2014 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | On 3 April, Mustafina successfully defended her Russian national all-around title, scoring 14.733 for a double-twisting Yurchenko vault, 14.333 on uneven bars, 15.400 on balance beam, and 15.100 on floor exercise.
In May, she competed at the 2014 European Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. Hampered by an ankle injury, she performed on only two events in qualifications: uneven bars and balance beam. She qualified to both finals, with scores of 15.100 and 14.233, respectively. In the team final, she scored 14.700 on vault, 15.166 on bars, and 14.800 on beam, leading an inexperienced Russian team to a third-place finish behind Romania and Great Britain, which took gold and silver, respectively. In event finals, she placed second on the uneven bars with a score of 15.266, and third on balance beam with a score of 14.733.
At the Russian Cup in Penza in August, Mustafina represented Moscow alongside Paseka, Alla Sosnitskaya, and Daria Spiridonova, and they easily won the team title by five points over silver medalist Saint Petersburg. Individually, Mustafina won the all-around with a total score of 59.133. In the event finals, she won beam with a score of 15.567 and floor with a score of 14.700, and placed second on the uneven bars with a score of 15.267. At the end of the meet, she was selected—along with Paseka, Sosnitskaya, Spiridonova, Maria Kharenkova, and Ekaterina Kramarenko—to represent Russia at the 2014 World Championships in Nanning, China.
In the qualifying round at the World Championships, Mustafina scored 14.900 on vault, 15.166 on bars, 14.308 on beam, and 14.500 on floor, for a total of a 58.874. She qualified second to the all-around final, fourth on bars, seventh on beam, and fifth on floor. Russia qualified to the team final in third place, behind the United States and China. In the team final, Mustafina contributed a 15.133 on vault, 15.066 on bars, 14.766 on beam, and 14.033 on floor to Russia's third-place finish. In the all-around final, she finished fourth with a total score of 57.915, performing well on vault and bars but making mistakes on beam and floor. She would later state that a fever was the cause of her poor performance. In the uneven bars final, she finished in sixth place with a score of 15.100. She then won bronze medals in the balance beam and floor exercise finals, scoring 14.166 on beam and 14.733 on floor to beat out Asuka Teramoto of Japan and MyKayla Skinner of the United States. This made her the ninth-most decorated female artistic gymnast at the World Championships, with a total of 11 medals.
At the Stuttgart World Cup in late 2014, Mustafina fell on uneven bars and balance beam and made several errors on floor exercise, causing her to finish fifth. In December, after competing for two seasons without a coach, she began working with Sergei Starkin, who coached world champion Denis Ablyazin. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2015 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | In order to recover from injuries and stress, Mustafina did not compete at the 2015 Russian Championships or the 2015 European Championships. She returned to competition at the 2015 European Games in Baku in June with Viktoria Komova and Seda Tutkhalyan. They won the team final, and in the individual all-around final, Mustafina again placed first with a score of 58.566. She also received a gold medal on bars (15.400) and silver on floor (14.200, her best score of the competition on that apparatus).
On 18 September, Mustafina announced that she was withdrawing from the World Championships in Glasgow due to back pain. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2016 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | At the end of March, Mustafina was reportedly hospitalized for back pain. On 6 April, she returned to competition at the Russian Championships in Penza. In the first round, she performed watered-down routines on bars and beam, which scored 15.333 and 14.400 respectively. Next day in the team final, she scored 15.300 on bars and 14.133 on beam, helping her team to a silver. In the event finals, she won bronze on bars and beam, scoring 15.200 and 14.800 respectively.
At the European Championships in Bern in June, she qualified first to the uneven bars and balance beam finals, scoring 15.166 and 14.733, respectively. She also performed a downgraded floor routine, for which she scored 13.533. In the team final, she received a 15.333 on bars, 14.800 on beam, and 13.466 on floor. Russia won the gold with a team total of 175.212, five points ahead of the second-place British team. In the uneven bars final, Mustafina won a bronze medal with a score of 15.100, followed by a gold medal on beam with a 15.100: her fifth European title and 12th medal.
Her next appearance was at the Russian Cup. In qualifying, she placed fifth after failing to perform an acrobatic series on beam and falling twice on the uneven bars. In the all-around final, she placed third, with one fall on bars. This was her first all-around competition since the 2015 European Games, which she won. Despite withdrawing from event finals to work with a physiotherapist in Moscow, she was named to the Olympic team for Russia along with first-year senior and Russian Cup champion Angelina Melnikova, 2015 World Championships team member Tutkhalyan, and 2015 world champions Paseka and Spiridonova. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | Rio Olympics | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Mustafina qualified to the all-around final with a total of 58.098, despite a fall on the balance beam. She also qualified in second place to the uneven bars final with a score of 15.833, and scored 15.166 on vault and 14.066 on floor. Russia qualified to the team final in third place, behind the United States and China.
In the team final on 9 August, Mustafina helped Russia win a silver medal behind the US, with a total team score of 176.688. Mustafina contributed a 15.133 on vault, 15.933 on bars, 14.958 on beam, and 14.000 on floor.
Two days later, Mustafina competed in the individual all-around final and scored 58.665 (15.200 on vault, 15.666 on uneven bars, 13.866 on balance beam, and 13.933 on floor). She placed third behind Americans Simone Biles and Aly Raisman, repeating her bronze-medal performance from the 2012 Olympics. On 14 August, Mustafina competed in the individual uneven bars final. She defended her 2012 title and scored a 15.900, winning the gold medal ahead of American silver medallist Madison Kocian and bronze medallist Sophie Scheder of Germany. | [
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projected-26719995-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2017 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina returned to training in 2017 after the birth of her daughter, Alisa, with the hope of returning to competition for the 2018 European Championships and eventually the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2018 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina participated in the Palais des Gym showcase event in February along with former Olympic teammate Angelina Melnikova. On bars, she performed to the song New Rules by Dua Lipa, showing a Pak+Maloney combo, toe on 1/1, and a tucked full-in dismount among other skills. On beam, she performed several leaps with an aerial walkover, back handspring, and her signature Onodi.
In April, Mustafina competed for the first time in a year and a half at the Russian National Championships in Kazan, Russia. On the first day of competition, she earned a gold medal with the Moscow team and qualified to the all-around, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise finals. Two days later, after crashing her 1.5 Yurchenko and scoring a 12.433 on vault, 14.966 on bars, 12.533 on beam, and 13.066 on floor, she placed fourth in the all-around behind Angelina Melnikova, first-year senior Angelina Simakova, and Viktoria Komova. She later placed sixth in the bars final, fourth in the beam final, and withdrew from the floor final.
In May, Mustafina was scheduled to compete at the Osijek Challenge Cup but withdrew from the competition because of a minor meniscus injury. In late June, Mustafina was slated to compete at the Russian Cup but withdrew because of the same knee injury.
On September 29, Mustafina was named on the nominative team to compete at the 2018 World Championships in Doha, Qatar alongside Lilia Akhaimova, Irina Alexeeva, Melnikova, and Simakova. On October 17, the Worlds team was officially announced and was unchanged from the nominative team. During qualifications Mustafina was originally only planning to compete on balance beam and uneven bars, but due to an ankle injury for Simakova she also competed on floor exercise. She qualified for the uneven bars final in sixth place and Russia qualified to the team final in second place.
In the team final on 30 October, Mustafina helped Russia win a silver medal behind the US, with a total team score of 162.863. Mustafina contributed a 14.5 on bars (the second highest score of the day on bars), 13.266 on beam, and 13.066 on floor. | [] | [
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"Olympic silver medalists for Russia",
"Olympic bronze me... |
projected-26719995-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2019 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | In January it was announced that Mustafina would compete at the Stuttgart World Cup in early March. It was the first time she competed in the all-around in international competition since the Rio Olympics. In March, at the Russian National Championships, Mustafina finished third in the all-around behind Angelina Simakova and Angelina Melnikova. At the Stuttgart World Cup Mustafina finished in fifth place after falling off the balance beam. The following week Mustafina competed at the Birmingham World Cup where she finished first despite falling off the balance beam. After a winning in Birmingham, Mustafina was named to the team to compete at the 2019 European Championships, replacing national champion Simakova who had inconsistent performances in Stuttgart earlier in the month. In April it was announced that Mustafina had withdrawn from the European Championships team in order to focus on preparing for the European Games in June.
In May Mustafina was officially named to the team to compete at the European Games alongside Angelina Melnikova and Aleksandra Shchekoldina. In June Mustafina withdrew from the European Games due to a partial ligament tear in her ankle.
In July, Mustafina trained in Tokyo alongside the rest of the Russian national team, including Juniors Vladislava Urazova and Elena Gerasimova, in preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. In August Mustafina withdrew from the Russian Cup, but did not cite her reason for doing so. While in attendance at the Russian Cup, Mustafina announced that she would not be competing at the 2019 World Championships, opting to physically and mentally rest and start the 2020 season with "a brand new energy". | [] | [
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"Olympic bronze me... |
projected-26719995-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | 2021 | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina officially announced her retirement from the sport on June 8, 2021, at the Russian Cup. | [] | [
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"Olympic bronze me... |
projected-26719995-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | Coaching career | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | In 2021 Mustafina began working as a coach for the junior national team. In February she was announced as the acting head coach of the junior national team. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | Influences | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | When asked about being compared to Khorkina following her success at the 2010 World Championships, Mustafina said, "I have no idols and never have. Svetlana was, of course, an amazing gymnast."
In response to a question about her gymnastics role models, Mustafina praised Nastia Liukin's "elegant and beautiful performances with difficult elements" and Ksenia Afanasyeva's "strong and beautiful gymnastics". | [] | [
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"Olympic bronze me... |
projected-26719995-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | Personal life | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina began dating Russian bobsledder Alexey Zaitsev in autumn 2015. They met at a hospital where both were recovering from sports injuries. They married on 3 November 2016 in his hometown of Krasnodar.
In January 2017, it was reported that Mustafina was pregnant and that the baby was due in July. Mustafina gave birth to her daughter, Alisa, on 9 June 2017. She was reported to have divorced her husband in April 2018. | [] | [
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"Olympic gold medalists for Russia",
"Olympic silver medalists for Russia",
"Olympic bronze me... |
projected-26719995-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | Eponymous skills | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | Mustafina has two eponymous skills listed in the Code of Points. | [] | [
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projected-26719995-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya%20Mustafina | Aliya Mustafina | See also | Aliya Farkhatovna Mustafina () is one of the most renowned and successful artistic gymnasts of all time. She has a combined total of 45 Olympic, World and European Championship medals.
She is the 2010 all-around world champion, the 2013 European all around champion, the 2012 and 2016 Olympic uneven bars champion and a seven-time Olympic medalist. Mustafina has tied with Svetlana Khorkina for the most won by a Russian gymnast (not including Soviet Union women's national artistic gymnastics team). She was the ninth gymnast to win medals on every event at the World Championship.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, Mustafina won four medals, making her the most decorated gymnast of the competition and the most decorated athlete in any sport except swimming. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, she became the first female gymnast since Simona Amânar in 2000 to win an all-around medal in two consecutive Olympics, and the first since Svetlana Khorkina (also in 2000) to defend her title in an Olympic apparatus final.
In the 21st century Mustafina is most decorated Olympic Women’s artistic gymnast, later Simone Biles repeated her Olympic result.
In February 2021 Mustafina was announced as the head coach of the Russian junior national team. | List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games
List of Olympic female gymnasts for Russia
List of Olympic medal leaders in women's gymnastics
List of top female medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships | [] | [
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"Olympic silver medalists for Russia",
"Olympic bronze me... |
projected-20465259-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Ellicott | Charles Ellicott | Introduction | Charles John Ellicott (1819–1905) was a distinguished English Christian theologian, academic and churchman. He briefly served as Dean of Exeter, then Bishop of the united see of Gloucester and Bristol. | [] | [
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"Bishops of Gloucester and Bristol",
"Bishops ... | |
projected-20465259-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Ellicott | Charles Ellicott | Early life and family | Charles John Ellicott (1819–1905) was a distinguished English Christian theologian, academic and churchman. He briefly served as Dean of Exeter, then Bishop of the united see of Gloucester and Bristol. | Ellicott was born in Whitwell, Rutland on 25 April 1819. He was educated at Stamford School and St John's College, Cambridge.
He married Constantia Ann Becher at St Marylebone Parish Church, London on 31 July 1848. One of their children was the composer Rosalind Ellicott. | [] | [
"Early life and family"
] | [
"1819 births",
"People educated at Stamford School",
"People from Rutland",
"Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge",
"Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge",
"Academics of King's College London",
"Hulsean Professors of Divinity",
"Deans of Exeter",
"Bishops of Gloucester and Bristol",
"Bishops ... |
projected-20465259-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Ellicott | Charles Ellicott | Ecclesiastical career | Charles John Ellicott (1819–1905) was a distinguished English Christian theologian, academic and churchman. He briefly served as Dean of Exeter, then Bishop of the united see of Gloucester and Bristol. | Following his ordination into the Anglican ministry in 1848, he was Vicar of Pilton, Rutland and then Professor of Divinity at King's College London and Hulsean Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. The chancel of St Nicholas' Church, Pilton was rebuilt in 1852 in 13th-century style.
In 1861, he was appointed Dean of Exeter. Two years later he was nominated the bishop of the See of Gloucester and Bristol on 6 February and consecrated on 25 March 1863. In 1897, Bristol was removed from Diocese, but he continued as Bishop of Gloucester until resigning on 27 February 1905. He died in Kent on 15 October 1905, aged 86. | [] | [
"Ecclesiastical career"
] | [
"1819 births",
"People educated at Stamford School",
"People from Rutland",
"Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge",
"Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge",
"Academics of King's College London",
"Hulsean Professors of Divinity",
"Deans of Exeter",
"Bishops of Gloucester and Bristol",
"Bishops ... |
projected-20465259-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Ellicott | Charles Ellicott | Works | Charles John Ellicott (1819–1905) was a distinguished English Christian theologian, academic and churchman. He briefly served as Dean of Exeter, then Bishop of the united see of Gloucester and Bristol. | Historical Lectures on the Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ: Being the Hulsean Lectures for the Year 1859. With Notes, Critical, Historical, and Explanatory, 1862
Destiny of the Creature, 1865
Historical Lectures on the Life of Christ, 1870
Modern Unbelief, its Principles and Characteristics, 1877
Spiritual Needs in Country Parishes, 1888
Sacred Study
An Old Testament Commentary for English Readers, 1897 (Editor)
A New Testament Commentary for English Readers, 1878
St Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians: With a Critical and Grammatical Commentary, 1887
Our Reformed Church and its Present Troubles, 1897
Some Present Dangers for the Church of England
Addresses on the Revised Version of Holy Scripture, 1901
Christus comprobator ; or, The testimony of Christ to the Old Testament : seven address
Considerations on the revision of the English version of the New Testament | [] | [
"Works"
] | [
"1819 births",
"People educated at Stamford School",
"People from Rutland",
"Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge",
"Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge",
"Academics of King's College London",
"Hulsean Professors of Divinity",
"Deans of Exeter",
"Bishops of Gloucester and Bristol",
"Bishops ... |
projected-20465270-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylerville%20Bridge | Schuylerville Bridge | Introduction | Schuyler Bridge, is a bridge that carries New York State Route 29 across the Hudson River east of U.S. Route 4 and NY 32
from Schuylerville in Saratoga County into Easton in Washington County. It was named for Philip Schuyler, a general in the American Revolution. Besides the bridge, NY 29 is also named the General Philip Schuyler Memorial Highway, west of Schuylerville. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Bridges over the Hudson River",
"Road bridges in New York (state)",
"Bridges in Saratoga County, New York",
"Bridges in Washington County, New York"
] | |
projected-20465270-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylerville%20Bridge | Schuylerville Bridge | See also | Schuyler Bridge, is a bridge that carries New York State Route 29 across the Hudson River east of U.S. Route 4 and NY 32
from Schuylerville in Saratoga County into Easton in Washington County. It was named for Philip Schuyler, a general in the American Revolution. Besides the bridge, NY 29 is also named the General Philip Schuyler Memorial Highway, west of Schuylerville. | List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Bridges over the Hudson River",
"Road bridges in New York (state)",
"Bridges in Saratoga County, New York",
"Bridges in Washington County, New York"
] |
projected-20465270-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylerville%20Bridge | Schuylerville Bridge | References | Schuyler Bridge, is a bridge that carries New York State Route 29 across the Hudson River east of U.S. Route 4 and NY 32
from Schuylerville in Saratoga County into Easton in Washington County. It was named for Philip Schuyler, a general in the American Revolution. Besides the bridge, NY 29 is also named the General Philip Schuyler Memorial Highway, west of Schuylerville. | Category:Bridges over the Hudson River
Category:Road bridges in New York (state)
Category:Bridges in Saratoga County, New York
Category:Bridges in Washington County, New York | [
"NY-29.svg",
"Saratoga County Route 42 NY.svg",
"Saratoga County Route 125 NY.svg"
] | [
"References"
] | [
"Bridges over the Hudson River",
"Road bridges in New York (state)",
"Bridges in Saratoga County, New York",
"Bridges in Washington County, New York"
] |
projected-20465299-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Wright%20%28disambiguation%29 | Lawrence Wright (disambiguation) | Introduction | Lawrence Wright is an author.
Lawrence Wright may also refer to:
Lawrence Wright (American football) (born 1973), former American football player in the National Football League
Lawrence Wright (composer) (1888–1964), British popular music composer and publisher
Lawrence Wright (cricketer) (born 1940), English cricketer
Lawrence Wright (Royal Navy officer) (died 1713), naval commodore
Lawrence A. Wright (1927–2000), judge of the United States Tax Court | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-20465299-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Wright%20%28disambiguation%29 | Lawrence Wright (disambiguation) | See also | Lawrence Wright is an author.
Lawrence Wright may also refer to:
Lawrence Wright (American football) (born 1973), former American football player in the National Football League
Lawrence Wright (composer) (1888–1964), British popular music composer and publisher
Lawrence Wright (cricketer) (born 1940), English cricketer
Lawrence Wright (Royal Navy officer) (died 1713), naval commodore
Lawrence A. Wright (1927–2000), judge of the United States Tax Court | Larry Wright (disambiguation) | [] | [
"See also"
] | [] |
projected-26720028-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20UCI%20Track%20Cycling%20World%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20scratch | 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's scratch | Introduction | The Women's Scratch was one of the 9 women's events at the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Ballerup, Denmark on 26 March 2010.
24 Cyclists participated in the contest. The competition consisted of 40 laps, making a total of 10 km. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships",
"UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's scratch",
"2010 in women's track cycling"
] | |
projected-26720028-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20UCI%20Track%20Cycling%20World%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20scratch | 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's scratch | References | The Women's Scratch was one of the 9 women's events at the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Ballerup, Denmark on 26 March 2010.
24 Cyclists participated in the contest. The competition consisted of 40 laps, making a total of 10 km. | Results
Women's scratch
Category:UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's scratch
UCI | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships",
"UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's scratch",
"2010 in women's track cycling"
] |
projected-26720065-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myagdi%20Khola | Myagdi Khola | Introduction | Myagdi Khola is a river which has its source at Mt. Dhaulagiri, then passes through Myagdi district to meet to the Kaligandaki river. The term "myagdi" may be originated from the two terms Meng and dee. Meng means thapa magar and Dee means water in magar language. It is the everflow river. The term "khola" means, in local (Nepali) language river. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Rivers of Gandaki Province"
] | |
projected-26720065-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myagdi%20Khola | Myagdi Khola | References | Myagdi Khola is a river which has its source at Mt. Dhaulagiri, then passes through Myagdi district to meet to the Kaligandaki river. The term "myagdi" may be originated from the two terms Meng and dee. Meng means thapa magar and Dee means water in magar language. It is the everflow river. The term "khola" means, in local (Nepali) language river. | Category:Rivers of Gandaki Province | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Rivers of Gandaki Province"
] |
projected-20465302-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Five%20Cities%20of%20June | The Five Cities of June | Introduction | The Five Cities of June is a 1963 American short documentary film directed by Bruce Herschensohn. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
This United States Information Agency-sponsored film details the events of June 1963 in five different cities. In the Vatican, the election and coronation of Pope Paul VI; in the Soviet Union, the launch of a Soviet rocket as part of the Space Race with the United States; in South Vietnam, fighting between Communists and South Vietnamese soldiers; in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States, the racial integration of the University of Alabama opposed by Governor George Wallace; and in Berlin, President John F. Kennedy's visit to Germany and Rudolph Wilde Platz. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1963 films",
"1963 documentary films",
"1963 short films",
"1960s short documentary films",
"American short documentary films",
"American black-and-white films",
"Documentary films about cities",
"Documentary films about Berlin",
"United States Information Agency films",
"1960s English-language f... | |
projected-20465302-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Five%20Cities%20of%20June | The Five Cities of June | See also | The Five Cities of June is a 1963 American short documentary film directed by Bruce Herschensohn. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
This United States Information Agency-sponsored film details the events of June 1963 in five different cities. In the Vatican, the election and coronation of Pope Paul VI; in the Soviet Union, the launch of a Soviet rocket as part of the Space Race with the United States; in South Vietnam, fighting between Communists and South Vietnamese soldiers; in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States, the racial integration of the University of Alabama opposed by Governor George Wallace; and in Berlin, President John F. Kennedy's visit to Germany and Rudolph Wilde Platz. | Charlton Heston filmography | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1963 films",
"1963 documentary films",
"1963 short films",
"1960s short documentary films",
"American short documentary films",
"American black-and-white films",
"Documentary films about cities",
"Documentary films about Berlin",
"United States Information Agency films",
"1960s English-language f... |
projected-20465346-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis%20Vratsanos | Antonis Vratsanos | Introduction | Antonis Vratsanos (Aggeloulis) (, 1919 in Larissa – November 25, 2008 in Athens), was a saboteur of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS), the military branch of the National Liberation Front (EAM) during the Axis Occupation of Greece, and of the Democratic Army of Greece during the Greek Civil War.
Born in Larissa in 1919, he fought in the Greco-Italian War as a Reserve 2nd Lieutenant of Engineers. With the onset of the Occupation, he joined the EAM-ELAS, rising to become commander of the Olympus Engineers Battalion, with which he was engaged in numerous sabotage acts against the railway network used by the occupation forces.
During the subsequent civil war of 1946–49, he led a saboteur brigade of the communist Democratic Army of Greece. Following the communists' defeat, he went to exile in Tashkent and Romania.
On February 28, 2007, he was awarded by the President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias, the "Grand Commander of the Order of Honor" for his actions in the Greek Resistance in the years 1941–44. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1919 births",
"2008 deaths",
"Military personnel from Larissa",
"Greek communists",
"Saboteurs",
"Grand Commanders of the Order of Honour (Greece)",
"National Liberation Front (Greece) members",
"Greek military personnel of World War II",
"Exiles of the Greek Civil War in the Soviet Union",
"Hell... | |
projected-20465346-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonis%20Vratsanos | Antonis Vratsanos | References | Antonis Vratsanos (Aggeloulis) (, 1919 in Larissa – November 25, 2008 in Athens), was a saboteur of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS), the military branch of the National Liberation Front (EAM) during the Axis Occupation of Greece, and of the Democratic Army of Greece during the Greek Civil War.
Born in Larissa in 1919, he fought in the Greco-Italian War as a Reserve 2nd Lieutenant of Engineers. With the onset of the Occupation, he joined the EAM-ELAS, rising to become commander of the Olympus Engineers Battalion, with which he was engaged in numerous sabotage acts against the railway network used by the occupation forces.
During the subsequent civil war of 1946–49, he led a saboteur brigade of the communist Democratic Army of Greece. Following the communists' defeat, he went to exile in Tashkent and Romania.
On February 28, 2007, he was awarded by the President of the Hellenic Republic, Karolos Papoulias, the "Grand Commander of the Order of Honor" for his actions in the Greek Resistance in the years 1941–44. | Category:1919 births
Category:2008 deaths
Category:Military personnel from Larissa
Category:Greek communists
Category:Saboteurs
Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of Honour (Greece)
Category:National Liberation Front (Greece) members
Category:Greek military personnel of World War II
Category:Exiles of the Greek Civil War in the Soviet Union
Category:Hellenic Army officers | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1919 births",
"2008 deaths",
"Military personnel from Larissa",
"Greek communists",
"Saboteurs",
"Grand Commanders of the Order of Honour (Greece)",
"National Liberation Front (Greece) members",
"Greek military personnel of World War II",
"Exiles of the Greek Civil War in the Soviet Union",
"Hell... |
projected-20465348-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20McCurry | Mike McCurry | Introduction | Mike McCurry may refer to:
Mike McCurry (press secretary) (born 1954), White House press secretary under President Bill Clinton
Mike McCurry (referee) (born 1964), Scottish football referee | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [] | |
projected-26720076-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | Introduction | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] | |
projected-26720076-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | History | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | Gunpowder first came to Korea in the mid 14th century. From 1356 onwards Korea was much harassed by Japanese wo khou pirates, and the Goryeo king, Kongmin Wang, sent an envoy to the Ming court appealing for a supply of firearms. Although China at that time was under Yuan dynasty, the first Ming emperor, Chu Yuan-Chang seems to have treated the request kindly and responded in some measure. The Goryeosa mentions a certain type of bombard (ch'ong t'ong) which could send arrows from the Nam-kang hill to the south of the Sun-ch’on Sa temple with such force and velocity that they would penetrate completely into the ground together with their fins. In ca. 1372 Li Khang (or Li Yuan), a saltpetre expert (yen hsiao chiang), perhaps a merchant, came from South China to Korea, and he was befriended by the courtier Choi Muson. He asked him confidentially about the secrets of his mystery, and sent several of his retainers to learn his arts from him. Choi became the first Korean to manufacture gunpowder and gun barrels, all depending on Li Khang's transmission. A royal inspection of a new fleet happened in 1373 including tests of guns with larger barrels for shooting incendiary arrows against the pirate ships.
In 1373 a new mission, led by Sang Sa-on was sent to the Chinese capital asking for urgent supplies of gunpowder. The Koreans had built special ships for repelling the Japanese pirates, and these needed gunpowder for their cannon. In the following year another request was made to the Ming emperor after the military camps at Happo were set ablaze by Japanese pirates, with over 5000 casualties. At first Thai Tsu was reluctant to supply powder and arms to the Koreans, but in the middle of 1374 he changed his mind, he also sent military officers to inspect the ships built by the Koreans. The Goryeosa records the first systematic manufacture of hand-cannons and bombards in Korea in ca. 1377, saying that the arsenal was directed by a "Fire-Barrel Superintendent" (Huo Thung Tu Chien).
During the reign of Taejong of Joseon, improvements were made, and still more were made by Sejong the Great in the 1440s.
During the mid 16th century the classic Cheonja, Jija, Hyeonja and Hwangja chongtong appeared. Earlier in the century, the bullanggi, a breech-loading swivel gun was introduced from Portugal via China.
In 1596, more improvements were made, and by this time (i.e. on the dawn of the Imjin War) the Seungja class of hand-cannons were phased out in favor of Japanese-style muskets and arquebuses. The Koreans called these jochong (조총/鳥銃).
During the 1650s, Hendrick Hamel and others were shipwrecked on Jejudo, introducing a Dutch cannon the Koreans called the hong'ipo, and used it alongside the native Korean cannons.
They were finally discontinued in the late 19th century when Joseon abolished the old-style army in favor of an army based on contemporary Western militaries. | [
"Korean hand cannon and fire arrow.jpg"
] | [
"History"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] |
projected-26720076-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | Cheonja-Chongtong | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | The 'Sky' or 'Heaven' (Hangul: 천자총통; Hanja: 天字銃筒) type cannon was the largest of the chongtong. Its length was about 1.3 m and the bore was about 13 cm. One of the projectiles it fired was a 30 kg 'daejanggunjeon', a large rocket-shaped arrow with an iron head and fins. The cheonja could fire one of these up to about 1.4 km. | [] | [
"Cannons",
"Cheonja-Chongtong"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] |
projected-26720076-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | Jija-Chongtong | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | The 'Earth' (Hangul: 지자총통; Hanja: 地字銃筒) cannon was a little smaller, about 1 m long with a bore of about 10 cm. It could fire a 16.5 kg 'janggunjeon' (similar to the daejanggunjeon, only smaller) about 1 km. | [] | [
"Cannons",
"Jija-Chongtong"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] |
projected-26720076-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | Hyeonja-Chongtong | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | The 'Black' (Hangul: 현자총통; Hanja: 玄字銃筒) type was about 0.8 m long with a bore of about 8 cm and could fire a 'chadajeon' (similar to the janggunjeon) that weighed about 3.5 kg up to about 1 to 2 km. | [] | [
"Cannons",
"Hyeonja-Chongtong"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] |
projected-26720076-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | Hwangja-Chongtong | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | The 'Yellow' (Hangul: 황자총통; Hanja: 黃字銃筒) was the smallest of the cannons. It resembled the European hand-cannon. Its bore was about 5 cm and shot a large arrow (similar to the chadaejeon) that weighed about 1.5 kg or four ordinary arrows at once which had a range of about 730 m. | [] | [
"Cannons",
"Hwangja-Chongtong"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] |
projected-26720076-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | Se-Chongtong | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | In 1432, the Joseon dynasty under the reign of Sejong the Great introduced a handgun named se-chongtong (세총통). Initially, Joseon considered the gun as a failed project due to its short effective range, but the weapon quickly proved to be effective in the frontier provinces, starting in June 1437. It was used by both soldiers of different units and civilians, including women and children, as a personal defense weapon. The gun was notably used by chetamja (체탐자, special reconnaissance), whose mission was to infiltrate enemy territory, and by carabiniers carrying multiple guns (a fact made possible by their compact size). | [] | [
"Handheld guns",
"Se-Chongtong"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] |
projected-26720076-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | Seungja-Chongtong | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | The 'Victor' (Hangul: 승자총통; Hanja: 勝者銃筒) fired various small projectiles like pellets, bullets, arrows, arrows with war head, etc. | [] | [
"Handheld guns",
"Seungja-Chongtong"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] |
projected-26720076-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | Similar weapons | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | Cetbang, Javanese cannon adapted from the Yuan guns
Bo-hiya, Japanese fire arrow
Huochong, Chinese hand cannon
Bedil tombak, Nusantaran hand cannon | [] | [
"Similar weapons"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] |
projected-26720076-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | See also | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | List of artillery
Korean cannon
Hwacha
Hongyipao
Singijeon | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] |
projected-26720076-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongtong | Chongtong | References | The Chongtong (Hangul: 총통, Hanja: 銃筒) was a term for military firearms of Goryeo and Joseon dynasty. The size of chongtong varies from small firearm to large cannon, and underwent upgrades, which can be separated in three generation type. The well-known "Cheonja", "Jija", "Hyeonja", and "Hwangja" were named after the first four characters of the Thousand Character Classic in decreasing size, thus making them equivalent to Cannons A, B, C, and D. | Category:Cannon
Category:Weapons of Korea
Category:Joseon dynasty
Category:Early firearms
Category:Early rocketry | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Cannon",
"Weapons of Korea",
"Joseon dynasty",
"Early firearms",
"Early rocketry"
] |
projected-26720106-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Pascoe | Bob Pascoe | Introduction | Robert Henry Pascoe (born 15 February 1941) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Pascoe's SANFL career with North Adelaide encompassed five seasons from 1959 to 1963, playing 97 games. He was a member of their 1960 premiership team and two years later earned selection in South Australian state side but had to sit out due to a suspension.
A ruckman, he joined North Melbourne in 1964 and missed just one game in his debut season. By 1966 he was performing well enough to be picked to represent the VFL in the Hobart Carnival but again didn't make the trip, this time due to a broken leg. The following year he was joined in the ruck by his brother Barry and finished third in North Melbourne's 'Best and Fairest'. After a dispute with club officials over his payments, Pascoe left the club at the end of the 1967 VFL season and transferred to St Kilda.
Having played the first nine games in 1968, Pascoe missed the rest of the season through a twelve-week suspension. He however performed well for St Kilda over the next two years.
In 1971, Pascoe joined Burnie in the North West Football Union as captain-coach. He was in charge of the Tasmanian club for three seasons and managed 44 games. He also captained the Tasmanian interstate team against the VFL in 1973. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1941 births",
"North Melbourne Football Club players",
"St Kilda Football Club players",
"North Adelaide Football Club players",
"Burnie Football Club players",
"Australian rules footballers from South Australia",
"Living people"
] | |
projected-26720106-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Pascoe | Bob Pascoe | References | Robert Henry Pascoe (born 15 February 1941) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Pascoe's SANFL career with North Adelaide encompassed five seasons from 1959 to 1963, playing 97 games. He was a member of their 1960 premiership team and two years later earned selection in South Australian state side but had to sit out due to a suspension.
A ruckman, he joined North Melbourne in 1964 and missed just one game in his debut season. By 1966 he was performing well enough to be picked to represent the VFL in the Hobart Carnival but again didn't make the trip, this time due to a broken leg. The following year he was joined in the ruck by his brother Barry and finished third in North Melbourne's 'Best and Fairest'. After a dispute with club officials over his payments, Pascoe left the club at the end of the 1967 VFL season and transferred to St Kilda.
Having played the first nine games in 1968, Pascoe missed the rest of the season through a twelve-week suspension. He however performed well for St Kilda over the next two years.
In 1971, Pascoe joined Burnie in the North West Football Union as captain-coach. He was in charge of the Tasmanian club for three seasons and managed 44 games. He also captained the Tasmanian interstate team against the VFL in 1973. | Category:1941 births
Category:North Melbourne Football Club players
Category:St Kilda Football Club players
Category:North Adelaide Football Club players
Category:Burnie Football Club players
Category:Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Category:Living people | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1941 births",
"North Melbourne Football Club players",
"St Kilda Football Club players",
"North Adelaide Football Club players",
"Burnie Football Club players",
"Australian rules footballers from South Australia",
"Living people"
] |
projected-26720110-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hamilton%20%28physicist%29 | James Hamilton (physicist) | Introduction | James "Jim" Hamilton (29 January 1918 – 6 July 2000) was an Irish mathematician and theoretical physicist who, whilst at Dublin Institute for Advanced Sciences (1941-1943), helped to develop the theory of cosmic-ray mesons with Walter Heitler and Hwan-Wu Peng.
He was born in Sligo. His family moved to Belfast in 1920, where after attending the Royal Academical Institution he entered Queen's University in 1935. Following his graduation, Jim continued to work at Queen's, and was the first fellow to be enrolled in the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
After service with the British Admiralty during the Second World War, Jim resumed his physics research at the University of Manchester (1945-1949), under Patrick Blackett, where he worked on radiation damping and associated topics.
At the University of Cambridge, where he lectured in mathematics (1950–1960), he was at the forefront of work on S-matrix theory and became known for his sophisticated use of dispersion relations. His work there included collaborations with Abdus Salam and Hans Bethe. During his last two years he was at the core, along with Richard Eden and George Batchelor, of founding the new Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.
At University College, London (1960-1964) he formed a thriving high energy physics research group, before moving to Copenhagen and NORDITA, where he led the teaching of particle physics in Scandinavia from 1964 to 1983. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1918 births",
"2000 deaths",
"People from Sligo (town)",
"Irish physicists",
"Nuclear physicists",
"Alumni of Queen's University Belfast",
"People educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution",
"Academics of Queen's University Belfast",
"Donegall Lecturers of Mathematics at Trinity College ... | |
projected-26720110-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hamilton%20%28physicist%29 | James Hamilton (physicist) | References | James "Jim" Hamilton (29 January 1918 – 6 July 2000) was an Irish mathematician and theoretical physicist who, whilst at Dublin Institute for Advanced Sciences (1941-1943), helped to develop the theory of cosmic-ray mesons with Walter Heitler and Hwan-Wu Peng.
He was born in Sligo. His family moved to Belfast in 1920, where after attending the Royal Academical Institution he entered Queen's University in 1935. Following his graduation, Jim continued to work at Queen's, and was the first fellow to be enrolled in the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
After service with the British Admiralty during the Second World War, Jim resumed his physics research at the University of Manchester (1945-1949), under Patrick Blackett, where he worked on radiation damping and associated topics.
At the University of Cambridge, where he lectured in mathematics (1950–1960), he was at the forefront of work on S-matrix theory and became known for his sophisticated use of dispersion relations. His work there included collaborations with Abdus Salam and Hans Bethe. During his last two years he was at the core, along with Richard Eden and George Batchelor, of founding the new Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.
At University College, London (1960-1964) he formed a thriving high energy physics research group, before moving to Copenhagen and NORDITA, where he led the teaching of particle physics in Scandinavia from 1964 to 1983. | Category:1918 births
Category:2000 deaths
Category:People from Sligo (town)
Category:Irish physicists
Category:Nuclear physicists
Category:Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Category:People educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution
Category:Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Category:Donegall Lecturers of Mathematics at Trinity College Dublin
Category:Admiralty personnel of World War II
Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester
Category:Physicists at the University of Cambridge
Category:Academics of University College London
Category:Theoretical physicists
Category:20th-century Irish mathematicians
Category:Cosmic ray physicists
Category:Academics of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1918 births",
"2000 deaths",
"People from Sligo (town)",
"Irish physicists",
"Nuclear physicists",
"Alumni of Queen's University Belfast",
"People educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution",
"Academics of Queen's University Belfast",
"Donegall Lecturers of Mathematics at Trinity College ... |
projected-26720118-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcazaba%20of%20Antequera | Alcazaba of Antequera | Introduction | The Alcazaba of Antequera is a Moorish fortress in Antequera, Spain. It was erected over Roman ruins in the 14th century to counter the Christian advance from the north.
The fortress is rectangular in shape, with two towers. Its keep (Spanish: Torre del homenaje, 15th century) is considered amongst the largest of al-Andalus, with the exception of the Comares Tower of the Alhambra.
It is surmounted by a Catholic bell tower/chapel (Templete del Papabellotas) added in 1582.
Connected to the former by a line of walls is the Torre Blanca ("white tower"). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century",
"Alcazars and Alcazabas in Spain",
"Castles in Andalusia",
"Buildings and structures in Antequera"
] | |
projected-26720118-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcazaba%20of%20Antequera | Alcazaba of Antequera | Terminology | The Alcazaba of Antequera is a Moorish fortress in Antequera, Spain. It was erected over Roman ruins in the 14th century to counter the Christian advance from the north.
The fortress is rectangular in shape, with two towers. Its keep (Spanish: Torre del homenaje, 15th century) is considered amongst the largest of al-Andalus, with the exception of the Comares Tower of the Alhambra.
It is surmounted by a Catholic bell tower/chapel (Templete del Papabellotas) added in 1582.
Connected to the former by a line of walls is the Torre Blanca ("white tower"). | The term alcazaba, used for Moorish fortifications in Portugal and Spain, comes from the Arabic casbah, usually used for similar structures in North Africa. | [] | [
"Terminology"
] | [
"Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century",
"Alcazars and Alcazabas in Spain",
"Castles in Andalusia",
"Buildings and structures in Antequera"
] |
projected-26720149-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Beashel | Colin Beashel | Introduction | Colin Kenneth Beashel (born 21 November 1959) is an Australian sailor who crewed on the winning America's Cup team Australia II in 1983 and competed at six Olympics between 1984 and 2004, winning bronze in 1996. He became, jointly with Brazilian Torben Grael, the eighth sailor to compete at six Olympics. He helmed Australia Challenge at the 1992 Louis Vuitton Cup.
Born in Sydney, Beashel comes from a sailing family. His father Ken is a local sailing legend. His brother Adam was a sailor for Team New Zealand in the Americas Cup in 2003, 2007 and 2013. Adam's wife Lanee Butler sailed at four Olympics.
Beashel competed at the Olympics in the two-person keelboat, with Richard Coxon in 1984, Gregory Torpy in 1988, and David Giles from 1992 to 2004. He and Giles also won the World Championships in 1998 in the Star class. He now runs the family boat shop in Elvina Bay, Pittwater. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1959 births",
"Living people",
"Australian male sailors (sport)",
"Olympic sailors of Australia",
"Olympic bronze medalists for Australia",
"Olympic medalists in sailing",
"Sailors at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Star",
"Sailors at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Star",
"Sailors at the 1992 Summer Olympic... | |
projected-26720149-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Beashel | Colin Beashel | See also | Colin Kenneth Beashel (born 21 November 1959) is an Australian sailor who crewed on the winning America's Cup team Australia II in 1983 and competed at six Olympics between 1984 and 2004, winning bronze in 1996. He became, jointly with Brazilian Torben Grael, the eighth sailor to compete at six Olympics. He helmed Australia Challenge at the 1992 Louis Vuitton Cup.
Born in Sydney, Beashel comes from a sailing family. His father Ken is a local sailing legend. His brother Adam was a sailor for Team New Zealand in the Americas Cup in 2003, 2007 and 2013. Adam's wife Lanee Butler sailed at four Olympics.
Beashel competed at the Olympics in the two-person keelboat, with Richard Coxon in 1984, Gregory Torpy in 1988, and David Giles from 1992 to 2004. He and Giles also won the World Championships in 1998 in the Star class. He now runs the family boat shop in Elvina Bay, Pittwater. | List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1959 births",
"Living people",
"Australian male sailors (sport)",
"Olympic sailors of Australia",
"Olympic bronze medalists for Australia",
"Olympic medalists in sailing",
"Sailors at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Star",
"Sailors at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Star",
"Sailors at the 1992 Summer Olympic... |
projected-26720149-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Beashel | Colin Beashel | References | Colin Kenneth Beashel (born 21 November 1959) is an Australian sailor who crewed on the winning America's Cup team Australia II in 1983 and competed at six Olympics between 1984 and 2004, winning bronze in 1996. He became, jointly with Brazilian Torben Grael, the eighth sailor to compete at six Olympics. He helmed Australia Challenge at the 1992 Louis Vuitton Cup.
Born in Sydney, Beashel comes from a sailing family. His father Ken is a local sailing legend. His brother Adam was a sailor for Team New Zealand in the Americas Cup in 2003, 2007 and 2013. Adam's wife Lanee Butler sailed at four Olympics.
Beashel competed at the Olympics in the two-person keelboat, with Richard Coxon in 1984, Gregory Torpy in 1988, and David Giles from 1992 to 2004. He and Giles also won the World Championships in 1998 in the Star class. He now runs the family boat shop in Elvina Bay, Pittwater. | Category:1959 births
Category:Living people
Category:Australian male sailors (sport)
Category:Olympic sailors of Australia
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Category:Olympic medalists in sailing
Category:Sailors at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Star
Category:Sailors at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Star
Category:Sailors at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Star
Category:Sailors at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Star
Category:Sailors at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Star
Category:Sailors at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Star
Category:Star class world champions
Category:Sailors from Sydney
Category:Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Category:1987 America's Cup sailors
Category:1983 America's Cup sailors
Category:1992 America's Cup sailors
Category:World champions in sailing for Australia
Category:Etchells class world champions | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"1959 births",
"Living people",
"Australian male sailors (sport)",
"Olympic sailors of Australia",
"Olympic bronze medalists for Australia",
"Olympic medalists in sailing",
"Sailors at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Star",
"Sailors at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Star",
"Sailors at the 1992 Summer Olympic... |
projected-17328425-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Introduction | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] | |
projected-17328425-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | History | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | Research on plasticity theories started in 1864 with the work of Henri Tresca, Saint Venant (1870) and Levy (1871) on the maximum shear criterion. An improved plasticity model was presented in 1913 by Von Mises which is now referred to as the von Mises yield criterion. In viscoplasticity, the development of a mathematical model heads back to 1910 with the representation of primary creep by Andrade's law. In 1929, Norton developed a one-dimensional dashpot model which linked the rate of secondary creep to the stress. In 1934, Odqvist generalized Norton's law to the multi-axial case.
Concepts such as the normality of plastic flow to the yield surface and flow rules for plasticity were introduced by Prandtl (1924) and Reuss (1930). In 1932, Hohenemser and Prager proposed the first model for slow viscoplastic flow. This model provided a relation between the deviatoric stress and the strain rate for an incompressible Bingham solid However, the application of these theories did not begin before 1950, where limit theorems were discovered.
In 1960, the first IUTAM Symposium “Creep in Structures” organized by Hoff provided a major development in viscoplasticity with the works of Hoff, Rabotnov, Perzyna, Hult, and Lemaitre for the isotropic hardening laws, and those of Kratochvil, Malinini and Khadjinsky, Ponter and Leckie, and Chaboche for the kinematic hardening laws. Perzyna, in 1963, introduced a viscosity coefficient that is temperature and time dependent. The formulated models were supported by the thermodynamics of irreversible processes and the phenomenological standpoint. The ideas presented in these works have been the basis for most subsequent research into rate-dependent plasticity. | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Phenomenology | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | For a qualitative analysis, several characteristic tests are performed to describe the phenomenology of viscoplastic materials. Some examples of these tests are
hardening tests at constant stress or strain rate,
creep tests at constant force, and
stress relaxation at constant elongation. | [] | [
"Phenomenology"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Strain hardening test | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | One consequence of yielding is that as plastic deformation proceeds, an increase in stress is required to produce additional strain. This phenomenon is known as Strain/Work hardening. For a viscoplastic material the hardening curves are not significantly different from those of rate-independent plastic material. Nevertheless, three essential differences can be observed.
At the same strain, the higher the rate of strain the higher the stress
A change in the rate of strain during the test results in an immediate change in the stress–strain curve.
The concept of a plastic yield limit is no longer strictly applicable.
The hypothesis of partitioning the strains by decoupling the elastic and plastic parts is still applicable where the strains are small, i.e.,
where is the elastic strain and is the viscoplastic strain. To obtain the stress–strain behavior shown in blue in the figure, the material is initially loaded at a strain rate of 0.1/s. The strain rate is then instantaneously raised to 100/s and held constant at that value for some time. At the end of that time period the strain rate is dropped instantaneously back to 0.1/s and the cycle is continued for increasing values of strain. There is clearly a lag between the strain-rate change and the stress response. This lag is modeled quite accurately by overstress models (such as the Perzyna model) but not by models of rate-independent plasticity that have a rate-dependent yield stress. | [
"Visco79.svg"
] | [
"Phenomenology",
"Strain hardening test"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Creep test | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | Creep is the tendency of a solid material to slowly move or deform permanently under constant stresses. Creep tests measure the strain response due to a constant stress as shown in Figure 3. The classical creep curve represents the evolution of strain as a function of time in a material subjected to uniaxial stress at a constant temperature. The creep test, for instance, is performed by applying a constant force/stress and analyzing the strain response of the system. In general, as shown in Figure 3b this curve usually shows three phases or periods of behavior
A primary creep stage, also known as transient creep, is the starting stage during which hardening of the material leads to a decrease in the rate of flow which is initially very high. .
The secondary creep stage, also known as the steady state, is where the strain rate is constant. .
A tertiary creep phase in which there is an increase in the strain rate up to the fracture strain. . | [
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"Continuum mechanics",
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projected-17328425-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Relaxation test | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | As shown in Figure 4, the relaxation test is defined as the stress response due to a constant strain for a period of time. In viscoplastic materials, relaxation tests demonstrate the stress relaxation in uniaxial loading at a constant strain. In fact, these tests characterize the viscosity and can be used to determine the relation which exists between the stress and the rate of viscoplastic strain. The decomposition of strain rate is
The elastic part of the strain rate is given by
For the flat region of the strain-time curve, the total strain rate is zero. Hence we have,
Therefore, the relaxation curve can be used to determine rate of viscoplastic strain and hence the viscosity of the dashpot in a one-dimensional viscoplastic material model. The residual value that is reached when the stress has plateaued at the end of a relaxation test corresponds to the upper limit of elasticity. For some materials such as rock salt such an upper limit of elasticity occurs at a very small value of stress and relaxation tests can be continued for more than a year without any observable plateau in the stress.
It is important to note that relaxation tests are extremely difficult to perform because maintaining the condition in a test requires considerable delicacy. | [
"Relaxation.svg"
] | [
"Phenomenology",
"Relaxation test"
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"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
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projected-17328425-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Rheological models of viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | One-dimensional constitutive models for viscoplasticity based on spring-dashpot-slider elements include
the perfectly viscoplastic solid, the elastic perfectly viscoplastic solid, and the elastoviscoplastic hardening solid. The elements may be connected in series or in parallel. In models where the elements are connected in series the strain is additive while the stress is equal in each element. In parallel connections, the stress is additive while the strain is equal in each element. Many of these one-dimensional models can be generalized to three dimensions for the small strain regime. In the subsequent discussion, time rates strain and stress are written as and , respectively. | [] | [
"Rheological models of viscoplasticity"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
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projected-17328425-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Perfectly viscoplastic solid (Norton-Hoff model) | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | In a perfectly viscoplastic solid, also called the Norton-Hoff model of viscoplasticity, the stress (as for viscous fluids) is a function of the rate of permanent strain. The effect of elasticity is neglected in the model, i.e., and hence there is no initial yield stress, i.e., . The viscous dashpot has a response given by
where is the viscosity of the dashpot. In the Norton-Hoff model the viscosity is a nonlinear function of the applied stress and is given by
where is a fitting parameter, λ is the kinematic viscosity of the material and . Then the viscoplastic strain rate is given by the relation
In one-dimensional form, the Norton-Hoff model can be expressed as
When the solid is viscoelastic.
If we assume that plastic flow is isochoric (volume preserving), then the above relation can be expressed in the more familiar form
where is the deviatoric stress tensor, is the von Mises equivalent strain rate, and are material parameters. The equivalent strain rate is defined as
These models can be applied in metals and alloys at temperatures higher than two thirds of their absolute melting point (in kelvins) and polymers/asphalt at elevated temperature. The responses for strain hardening, creep, and relaxation tests of such material are shown in Figure 6. | [
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projected-17328425-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Elastic perfectly viscoplastic solid (Bingham–Norton model) | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | Two types of elementary approaches can be used to build up an elastic-perfectly viscoplastic mode. In the first situation, the sliding friction element and the dashpot are arranged in parallel and then connected in series to the elastic spring as shown in Figure 7. This model is called the Bingham–Maxwell model (by analogy with the Maxwell model and the Bingham model) or the Bingham–Norton model. In the second situation, all three elements are arranged in parallel. Such a model is called a Bingham–Kelvin model by analogy with the Kelvin model.
For elastic-perfectly viscoplastic materials, the elastic strain is no longer considered negligible but the rate of plastic strain is only a function of the initial yield stress and there is no influence of hardening. The sliding element represents a constant yielding stress when the elastic limit is exceeded irrespective of the strain. The model can be expressed as
where is the viscosity of the dashpot element. If the dashpot element has a response that is of the Norton form
we get the Bingham–Norton model
Other expressions for the strain rate can also be observed in the literature with the general form
The responses for strain hardening, creep, and relaxation tests of such material are shown in Figure 8. | [
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projected-17328425-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Elastoviscoplastic hardening solid | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | An elastic-viscoplastic material with strain hardening is described by equations similar to those for an elastic-viscoplastic material with perfect plasticity. However, in this case the stress depends both on the plastic strain rate and on the plastic strain itself. For an elastoviscoplastic material the stress, after exceeding the yield stress, continues to increase beyond the initial yielding point. This implies that the yield stress in the sliding element increases with strain and the model may be expressed in generic terms as
.
This model is adopted when metals and alloys are at medium and higher temperatures and wood under high loads. The responses for strain hardening, creep, and relaxation tests of such a material are shown in Figure 9. | [
"PVS VISCOUS3.JPG"
] | [
"Rheological models of viscoplasticity",
"Elastoviscoplastic hardening solid"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
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projected-17328425-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Strain-rate dependent plasticity models | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | Classical phenomenological viscoplasticity models for small strains are usually categorized into two types:
the Perzyna formulation
the Duvaut–Lions formulation | [] | [
"Strain-rate dependent plasticity models"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Perzyna formulation | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | In the Perzyna formulation the plastic strain rate is assumed to be given by a constitutive relation of the form
where is a yield function, is the Cauchy stress, is a set of internal variables (such as the plastic strain ), is a relaxation time. The notation denotes the Macaulay brackets. The flow rule used in various versions of the Chaboche model is a special case of Perzyna's flow rule and has the form
where is the quasistatic value of and is a backstress. Several models for the backstress also go by the name Chaboche model. | [] | [
"Strain-rate dependent plasticity models",
"Perzyna formulation"
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"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
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projected-17328425-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Duvaut–Lions formulation | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | The Duvaut–Lions formulation is equivalent to the Perzyna formulation and may be expressed as
where is the elastic stiffness tensor, is the closest point projection of the stress state on to the boundary of the region that bounds all possible elastic stress states. The quantity is typically found from the rate-independent solution to a plasticity problem. | [] | [
"Strain-rate dependent plasticity models",
"Duvaut–Lions formulation"
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"Continuum mechanics",
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projected-17328425-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Flow stress models | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | The quantity represents the evolution of the yield surface. The yield function is often expressed as an equation consisting of some invariant of stress and a model for the yield stress (or plastic flow stress). An example is von Mises or plasticity. In those situations the plastic strain rate is calculated in the same manner as in rate-independent plasticity. In other situations, the yield stress model provides a direct means of computing the plastic strain rate.
Numerous empirical and semi-empirical flow stress models are used the computational plasticity. The following temperature and strain-rate dependent models provide a sampling of the models in current use:
the Johnson–Cook model
the Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund model.
the Zerilli–Armstrong model.
the Mechanical threshold stress model.
the Preston–Tonks–Wallace model.
The Johnson–Cook (JC) model is purely empirical and is the most widely used of the five. However, this model exhibits an unrealistically small strain-rate dependence at high temperatures. The Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund (SCGL) model is semi-empirical. The model is purely empirical and strain-rate independent at high strain-rates. A dislocation-based extension based on is used at low strain-rates. The SCGL model is used extensively by the shock physics community. The Zerilli–Armstrong (ZA) model is a simple physically based model that has been used extensively. A more complex model that is based on ideas from dislocation dynamics is the Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) model. This model has been used to model the plastic deformation of copper, tantalum, alloys of steel, and aluminum alloys. However, the MTS model is limited to strain-rates less than around 107/s. The Preston–Tonks–Wallace (PTW) model is also physically based and has a form similar to the MTS model. However, the PTW model has components that can model plastic deformation in the overdriven shock regime (strain-rates greater that 107/s). Hence this model is valid for the largest range of strain-rates among the five flow stress models. | [] | [
"Strain-rate dependent plasticity models",
"Flow stress models"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Johnson–Cook flow stress model | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | The Johnson–Cook (JC) model is purely empirical and gives the following relation for the flow stress ()
where is the equivalent plastic strain, is the
plastic strain-rate, and are material constants.
The normalized strain-rate and temperature in equation (1) are defined as
where is the effective plastic strain-rate of the quasi-static test used to determine the yield and hardening parameters A,B and n. This is not as it is often thought just a parameter to make non-dimensional. is a reference temperature, and is a reference melt temperature. For conditions where , we assume that . | [] | [
"Strain-rate dependent plasticity models",
"Flow stress models",
"Johnson–Cook flow stress model"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund flow stress model | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | The Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund (SCGL) model is a semi-empirical model that was developed by Steinberg et al. for high strain-rate situations and extended to low strain-rates and bcc materials by Steinberg and Lund. The flow stress in this model is given by
where is the athermal component of the flow stress, is a function that represents strain hardening, is the thermally activated component of the flow stress, is the pressure- and temperature-dependent shear modulus, and is the shear modulus at standard temperature and pressure. The saturation value of the athermal stress is . The saturation of the thermally activated stress is the Peierls stress (). The shear modulus for this model is usually computed with the Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan shear modulus model.
The strain hardening function () has the form
where are work hardening parameters, and is the
initial equivalent plastic strain.
The thermal component () is computed using a bisection algorithm from the following equation.
where is the energy to form a kink-pair in a dislocation segment of length , is the Boltzmann constant, is the Peierls stress. The constants are given by the relations
where is the dislocation density, is the length of a dislocation segment, is the distance between Peierls valleys, is the magnitude of the Burgers vector, is the Debye frequency, is the width of a kink loop, and is the drag coefficient. | [] | [
"Strain-rate dependent plasticity models",
"Flow stress models",
"Steinberg–Cochran–Guinan–Lund flow stress model"
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"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Zerilli–Armstrong flow stress model | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | The Zerilli–Armstrong (ZA) model is based on simplified dislocation mechanics. The general form of the equation for the flow stress is
In this model, is the athermal component of the flow stress given by
where is the contribution due to solutes and initial dislocation density, is the microstructural stress intensity, is the average grain diameter, is zero for fcc materials, are material constants.
In the thermally activated terms, the functional forms of the exponents and are
where are material parameters that depend on the type of material (fcc, bcc, hcp, alloys). The Zerilli–Armstrong model has been modified by for better performance at high temperatures. | [] | [
"Strain-rate dependent plasticity models",
"Flow stress models",
"Zerilli–Armstrong flow stress model"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Mechanical threshold stress flow stress model | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | The Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) model ) has the form
where is the athermal component of mechanical threshold stress, is the component of the flow stress due to intrinsic barriers to thermally activated dislocation motion and dislocation-dislocation interactions, is the component of the flow stress due to microstructural evolution with increasing deformation (strain hardening), () are temperature and strain-rate dependent scaling factors, and is the shear modulus at 0 K and ambient pressure.
The scaling factors take the Arrhenius form
where is the Boltzmann constant, is the magnitude of the Burgers' vector, () are normalized activation energies, () are the strain-rate and reference strain-rate, and () are constants.
The strain hardening component of the mechanical threshold stress () is given by an empirical modified Voce law
where
and is the hardening due to dislocation accumulation, is the contribution due to stage-IV hardening, () are constants, is the stress at zero strain hardening rate, is the saturation threshold stress for deformation at 0 K, is a constant, and is the maximum strain-rate. Note that the maximum strain-rate is usually limited to about /s. | [] | [
"Strain-rate dependent plasticity models",
"Flow stress models",
"Mechanical threshold stress flow stress model"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | Preston–Tonks–Wallace flow stress model | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | The Preston–Tonks–Wallace (PTW) model attempts to provide a model for the flow stress for extreme strain-rates (up to 1011/s) and temperatures up to melt. A linear Voce hardening law is used in the model. The PTW flow stress is given by
with
where is a normalized work-hardening saturation stress, is the value of at 0K, is a normalized yield stress, is the hardening constant in the Voce hardening law, and is a dimensionless material parameter that modifies the Voce hardening law.
The saturation stress and the yield stress are given by
where is the value of close to the melt temperature, () are the values of at 0 K and close to melt, respectively, are material constants, , () are material parameters for the high strain-rate regime, and
where is the density, and is the atomic mass. | [] | [
"Strain-rate dependent plasticity models",
"Flow stress models",
"Preston–Tonks–Wallace flow stress model"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | See also | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | Viscoelasticity
Bingham plastic
Dashpot
Creep (deformation)
Plasticity (physics)
Continuum mechanics
Quasi-solid | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-17328425-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoplasticity | Viscoplasticity | References | Viscoplasticity is a theory in continuum mechanics that describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of solids. Rate-dependence in this context means that the deformation of the material depends on the rate at which loads are applied. The inelastic behavior that is the subject of viscoplasticity is plastic deformation which means that the material undergoes unrecoverable deformations when a load level is reached. Rate-dependent plasticity is important for transient plasticity calculations. The main difference between rate-independent plastic and viscoplastic material models is that the latter exhibit not only permanent deformations after the application of loads but continue to undergo a creep flow as a function of time under the influence of the applied load.
The elastic response of viscoplastic materials can be represented in one-dimension by Hookean spring elements. Rate-dependence can be represented by nonlinear dashpot elements in a manner similar to viscoelasticity. Plasticity can be accounted for by adding sliding frictional elements as shown in Figure 1. In the figure E is the modulus of elasticity, λ is the viscosity parameter and N is a power-law type parameter that represents non-linear dashpot [σ(dε/dt)= σ = λ(dε/dt)(1/N)]. The sliding element can have a yield stress (σy) that is strain rate dependent, or even constant, as shown in Figure 1c.
Viscoplasticity is usually modeled in three-dimensions using overstress models of the Perzyna or Duvaut-Lions types. In these models, the stress is allowed to increase beyond the rate-independent yield surface upon application of a load and then allowed to relax back to the yield surface over time. The yield surface is usually assumed not to be rate-dependent in such models. An alternative approach is to add a strain rate dependence to the yield stress and use the techniques of rate independent plasticity to calculate the response of a material
For metals and alloys, viscoplasticity is the macroscopic behavior caused by a mechanism linked to the movement of dislocations in grains, with superposed effects of inter-crystalline gliding. The mechanism usually becomes dominant at temperatures greater than approximately one third of the absolute melting temperature. However, certain alloys exhibit viscoplasticity at room temperature (300K). For polymers, wood, and bitumen, the theory of viscoplasticity is required to describe behavior beyond the limit of elasticity or viscoelasticity.
In general, viscoplasticity theories are useful in areas such as:
the calculation of permanent deformations,
the prediction of the plastic collapse of structures,
the investigation of stability,
crash simulations,
systems exposed to high temperatures such as turbines in engines, e.g. a power plant,
dynamic problems and systems exposed to high strain rates. | Category:Continuum mechanics
Category:Plasticity (physics) | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Continuum mechanics",
"Plasticity (physics)"
] |
projected-23573037-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers%20Act%201695 | Quakers Act 1695 | Introduction | The Quakers Act 1695 was an Act of the Parliament of England which allowed Quakers to substitute an affirmation where the law previously required an oath. The Act did not apply to the oaths required when giving evidence in a criminal case or to serve on a jury or to hold any office of profit from the Crown. It allowed legal proceedings to be taken against Quakers before a Justice of the Peace for refusing to pay tithes if the amount claimed did not exceed £10. The Act would have expired in seven years but, in 1702, Parliament extended it for another eleven years by the Affirmation by Quakers Act 1701. In 1715, it was made permanent and applied also to Scotland. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Acts of the Parliament of England",
"1695 in law",
"1695 in England",
"Quakerism in England",
"Oaths"
] | |
projected-23573037-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers%20Act%201695 | Quakers Act 1695 | Repeal | The Quakers Act 1695 was an Act of the Parliament of England which allowed Quakers to substitute an affirmation where the law previously required an oath. The Act did not apply to the oaths required when giving evidence in a criminal case or to serve on a jury or to hold any office of profit from the Crown. It allowed legal proceedings to be taken against Quakers before a Justice of the Peace for refusing to pay tithes if the amount claimed did not exceed £10. The Act would have expired in seven years but, in 1702, Parliament extended it for another eleven years by the Affirmation by Quakers Act 1701. In 1715, it was made permanent and applied also to Scotland. | The Act, except sections 3 and 4, was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1867. The remaining sections were repealed by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1969. | [] | [
"Repeal"
] | [
"Acts of the Parliament of England",
"1695 in law",
"1695 in England",
"Quakerism in England",
"Oaths"
] |
projected-23573038-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horka%20I | Horka I | Introduction | Horka I is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby municipality of the same name, Horka II. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] | |
projected-23573038-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horka%20I | Horka I | Administrative parts | Horka I is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby municipality of the same name, Horka II. | Villages of Borek and Svobodná Ves are administrative parts of Horka I. | [] | [
"Administrative parts"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] |
projected-23573038-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horka%20I | Horka I | References | Horka I is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby municipality of the same name, Horka II. | Category:Villages in Kutná Hora District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] |
projected-23573039-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanhopea%20tricornis | Stanhopea tricornis | Introduction | Stanhopea tricornis is a species of orchid endemic to western South America (Colombia). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Stanhopea",
"Orchids of Colombia"
] | |
projected-23573040-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horka%20II | Horka II | Introduction | Horka II is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby municipality of the same name, Horka I. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] | |
projected-23573040-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horka%20II | Horka II | Administrative parts | Horka II is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby municipality of the same name, Horka I. | Villages and hamlets of Buda, Čejtice, Hrádek and Onšovec are administrative parts of Horka II. | [] | [
"Administrative parts"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] |
projected-23573040-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horka%20II | Horka II | Geography | Horka II is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby municipality of the same name, Horka I. | The municipality lies on the shore of Švihov Reservoir, which was built on the Želivka River. The Sázava River flows through the municipality. | [] | [
"Geography"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] |
projected-23573040-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horka%20II | Horka II | References | Horka II is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
The Roman numeral in the name serves to distinguish it from the nearby municipality of the same name, Horka I. | Category:Villages in Kutná Hora District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] |
projected-23573041-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horky%20%28Kutn%C3%A1%20Hora%20District%29 | Horky (Kutná Hora District) | Introduction | Horky is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] | |
projected-23573041-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horky%20%28Kutn%C3%A1%20Hora%20District%29 | Horky (Kutná Hora District) | References | Horky is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Kutná Hora District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] |
projected-23573043-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horu%C5%A1ice | Horušice | Introduction | Horušice is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] | |
projected-23573043-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horu%C5%A1ice | Horušice | References | Horušice is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Kutná Hora District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] |
projected-23573045-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostovlice | Hostovlice | Introduction | Hostovlice is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] | |
projected-23573045-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostovlice | Hostovlice | References | Hostovlice is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. | Category:Villages in Kutná Hora District | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Villages in Kutná Hora District"
] |