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Talk – Biophotons – the glimmer of life Not only fireflies, but also humans and all living organisms glow. Every cell absorbs natural light and emits ultrasubtle light (biophotons). In this way, whole organisms communicate with each other at the speed of light. The cell light is even and calm, but also alive, as if it “breathes”, “like waving leaves in the wind.” (F. Popp). If cellular radiation is a measure of vitality, what would it mean for our health and that of the world if we consciously “harvested” sunlight? Following the impulse lecture there will be a practical exercise; an introduction to light
Back Search Bertinoro and the spungone The Spungone, from the dialect spugnò or spungò for its “spongy” aspect, is a particular type of calcareous sandstone rock that shapes the surrounding hills and that influences the geology of the territory and the local agriculture, in particular the wine and oil production. The Spungone is made up of a coarse mixture of seashells held together by a calcareous cement. It originates from marine deposits (of a relatively low sea) settled during the Middle Pliocene, about 3 million years ago, on raised areas that constituted the Romagna of that time. Currently the Spungone forms a sort of rocky ridge that makes up the hills. The most evident outcrops can be observed in the points where the hills are crossed by the course of the rivers, like for example, at the summit of the Bertinoro hill (under the fortress).
Children’ Health Most of us may use some enhancements within the area of our bodily fitness. In reality your body composition is actually outlined as the proportion of fat, bone and muscle in your physique. As a result of every of these components may be assessed, quantified and measured to present a general thought of a person’s bodily fitness degree. At the moment if we take a look at the present state of affairs, the Japanese are considered to be probably the most physically match folks on the planet.physical fitness Modern-day martial arts take the types of leisure and professional sports activities, law enforcement, self-defense practices, as also bodily health and non secular disciplines. The Division of Health and Human Providers issued the 2nd edition of the Bodily Exercise Pointers for Individuals in 2018 to help Americans understand the kinds and quantities of physical activity that supply essential well being benefits.physical fitness Cardio exercise, however, consists of decrease intensity actions performed for longer intervals of time. Many articles that are discovered could not at all times be totally correct, so being able to ask teachers and well being instructors specific questions could be very helpful to these excited about pursuing a physical fitness routine.physical fitness There are lots of physical health tests to measure how physically fit you are. The benefits you will get from this type of exercise are: will increase in muscle size and tone; increased muscle, tendon, bone, and ligament power; increased physical performance and look; improved metabolic efficiency and decreased risk of damage.physical fitness So to be able to gain muscle energy aged folks may also need to do some form of physical train to maintain them fit. Your cardiovascular health, additionally called your cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), says so much about your health and the potential for health outcomes.physical fitness There are 5 components of bodily fitness, muscular energy and endurance, cardiovascular strength, flexibility and physique composition. Not only will these actions enhance cardiovascular fitness, they could also enhance your mood and peace of thoughts. Muscular endurance – the flexibility of a muscle or muscle group to carry out repeated movements with a sub-maximal power for extended durations of instances. When cardiovascular endurance is used to find out one’s health level, the center price is the measure that’s typically used. Physical fitness is the capacity of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and muscle tissues to function at optimum effectivity. 32 The American Cancer Society asserts completely different levels of activity ranging from average to vigorous to clarify the recommended time spent on a physical activity. I realize now that if I had not been practicing sound emotional ‘exercises’ by taking the time to understand myself and get in touch with my feelings, the challenges I confronted and nonetheless face may have thrown me off stability. Hill sprints: requires a level of fitness to begin with; the exercise is particularly good for the leg muscles. Accompanying these are the advantages to our social experience and society as a whole to which our running exercise contributes. Schools, well being clubs and gyms assess total physical health utilizing checks of the five components of physical fitness, according to FitDay. Record Of Hobbies Life, happiness and especially well being are all about beginning out with physical fitness. Another component is flexibility, that is the ability of a joint to move via its full vary of motion and the elasticity of the muscle tissue. Muscular strength would be the flexibility of the arms and shoulders to lift the maximal amount a few times. The exercises enhance function of the muscular and skeletal methods, improve circulation, increase power and elevate overall particular person levels of fitness. Having larger muscle energy enhances physical fitness as a result of it permits you to extra simply carry out duties equivalent to pushing, pulling and lifting. 1 ) Cardiovascular Endurance: The ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory methods to move oxygenated blood to the working skeletal muscle groups for an extended time frame without fatigue. Aging And Bodily Health When a person ages their muscular tissues are inclined to turn out to be tight and stiff, that is why it is very important maintain normal flexibility for good posture and prevent osteoporosis. Bodily fitness is the flexibility to function effectively throughout your workday, perform your regular other actions and still have enough power left over to deal with any additional stresses or emergencies which may come up. B) There are a lot of sorts of physical fitness programs. Though swimming is nice train, it doesn’t enhance a 2-mile-run time as much as a working program does. four ) Flexibility: The power of the body to maintain full and full vary of motion around the joints. Exercise equipment encompasses all those machines and accessories that enable us to work our body and train its muscle tissues. It is not about muscle building but impacts the entire physique and hence acts as functional exercise. Studies have shown a correlation between the physical activity degree of seniors and their psychological health as nicely. Two extra components of bodily fitness are muscle strength, which is the ability of a muscle or group of muscle mass to exert drive against resistance, and muscle endurance, which is the power of a muscle or group of muscle mass to exert drive for extended intervals. While too much reliance on know-how could make us less fit, we see that we can improve physical fitness through the performance of different workout routines. In the Scouting packages of some nations, college students can earn fitness badges, such because the Bodily Health Badge which is earned within the United States by both boy and lady scouts. physical fitness Components Of Bodily Fitness A common notion is that physical fitness is one thing that issues solely adults. Progression from a lower to a higher stage of health should be achieved by gradual, planned increases in frequency, intensity, and time. Primarily persons are accepting the philosophy of wholesome residing right this moment, to reduce the daily stress and maintain health issues at bay. Some argue that bodily fitness ought to be measured via the usage of some type of standards (for the health-associated components of physical fitness). Set easy exercise targets to improve your bodily health. The preparatory part for bettering muscular endurance and power by means of weight training should begin easily and progress step by step. Health club Workouts A bodily fitness training program is split into three phases: preparatory, conditioning, and upkeep. Bodily and psychological fitness play crucial roles in your lives and people who find themselves both, bodily and mentally match are less liable to medical situations as effectively. Specific or task-oriented health is a person’s potential to perform in a particular exercise with an affordable efficiency: for instance, sports activities or army service Particular coaching prepares athletes to carry out effectively in their sport. A doctor or a coach at a fitness center might be able to provide particular fitness tests designed to offer a person a transparent picture of his or her areas of strength, and where he might want to improve. Probably the biggest benefit of physical health is how it improves the way in which your body functions especially your heart and lungs. physical fitness test definition, physical fitness definition biology, physical fitness definition and components The 29th annual U.S. Marine Corps Marathon had nearly 18,000 folks running in Washington, D.C. in 2004. Shedding pounds and stepping into shape seems almost not possible for a lot of people and the only approach to achieve outcomes is through enforcing discipline and the fitness boot camps just do that. Yet flexibility, or the ability for joints to maneuver by means of a variety of motion, is a vital component of bodily fitness. Tags: ,
Download Article Download Article A cleft palate is the result of improperly formed face or jaw features during a dog’s fetal development. In particular, different parts of the hard or soft tissues at the roof of the dog’s mouth fail to fuse together properly. Dogs born with a cleft palate often struggle to nurse, and are more susceptible to various infections. There are various factors - including the mother’s nutritional intake, health, and exposure to poison - that increase the likelihood of a dog being born with a cleft palate, but a dog’s genetic makeup is the most determinant factor. Method 1 Method 1 of 3: Preventing Cleft Palates in Dogs 1. 1 Ensure your pregnant dog eats a healthy diet. Aside from a dog’s genetic make up, the health and well-being of it mother during pregnancy are also extremely important. During the first two trimesters - or roughly 40 days - of the dog’s pregnancy, her nutritional requirements are that same as that of a healthy adult dog. The puppies really begin to develop physically in the third trimester, meaning you’ll need to provide more food for the mother dog.[1] • During the first two trimesters, monitor your dog’s weight and behavior and feed her normally. If she begins to lose any weight at all, slowly increase the amount you are feeding her. • Week 6 through week 8 of your dog’s pregnancy demand particularly high energy output for the mother. She will need anywhere from 30-60% more food than normal, depending in party on the size of her litter. She also may struggle to eat, as she will be quite literally filled with puppies. • Provide a dog food designed to be highly digestible during the third semester in particular. These foods are often labeled as puppy, growth, or development foods. Provide small meals throughout the day to allow the mother to eat whenever she is able. 2. 2 Provide folic acid supplements to your pregnant dog. Folic acid is a nutrient that has proven to be especially important to puppies’ healthy development. In fact, supplements of this nutrient alone will reduce the risk of cleft palate, even in genetically predisposed breeds. • Give your pregnant dog 2.5mg tablets pf folic acid every day for the first three weeks of their pregnancy. 3. 3 Protect your pregnant dog from infection. Viral infections in a mother dog may increase the risk of her puppies having cleft palates. Further, pregnant dogs are also more susceptible to infection. You can help prevent infection by keeping your dog up-to-date on their vaccinations, allowing them to only drink clean, fresh water, and regularly cleaning their living space, especially any outdoor areas in which they regularly defecate.[2] • If your dog is behind on their vaccinations and become pregnant, talk to your veterinarian about potentially vaccinating the dog. 4. 4 Keep your pregnant dog away from potential poisons. Exposure of a pregnant dog to any toxic substances may increase the likelihood that her puppies will have cleft palates. As such, make sure your dog does not get anything that may poison her during her pregnancy, such as household chemicals, prescription drugs, etc. 5. 5 Medicate a pregnant dog carefully. There are many medications that are commonly provided to dogs that are unsafe to provide to a pregnant dog. For instance, do not give a pregnant dog corticosteroids, as they may be especially likely to cause a cleft palate. • Talk to your vet about any medications you may be providing to your dog. Ask something like, “Do these medications place the health of her puppies at risk?”[3] Method 2 Method 2 of 3: Avoiding Genetic Risks While Breeding 1. 1 Determine if your dog's breed is at particular risk. While any dog breed of dog can be born with a cleft palate, purebred dogs suffer from a higher incidence of this developmental issue. Brachycephalic breeds, which tend to have short or effectively absent muzzles, are the most commonly affected. The specific breeds that are at greatest risk include Boston terriers, Pekingese, bulldogs, miniature schnauzers, beagles, cocker spaniels, and dachshunds.[4] 2. 2 Do not breed dogs that carry the genes for cleft palates. More to the point, do not breed dogs that were born with cleft palates or parents of offspring with cleft palates. It is likely that the gene for particular types of cleft palate is recessive, and can be carried by male as well as female dogs. As such, dogs that were born with cleft palates and their parents are all likely carries of genetic material that is likely to cause cleft palates in their offspring. 3. 3 Spay or neuter dogs with cleft palates. Not all pregnancies are intended. Accordingly, the best way to remove the genetic defects that cause cleft palates from the gene pool is by neutering or spaying the dogs that carry the genes corresponding with these defects. It is cruel to breed dogs knowing that the puppies are especially likely to suffer from genetic maladies. Method 3 Method 3 of 3: Diagnosing and Treating Cleft Palates 1. 1 Recognize symptoms of a cleft palate. There are many different types and degrees of a cleft palate. Many are immediately apparent, causing teeth and gums to show unnaturally, or a nostril to be misshapen. Secondary cleft palates may be hidden within the mouth, but can still put a puppy at considerable health risk.[5] • Signs that may indicate a secondary cleft palate include sneezing and snorting during nursing or eating, a runny nose after eating, coughing or gagging while drinking water, stunted growth, and breathing issues. 2. 2 Check for a cleft palate manually. You can peer into a puppy's mouth or reach within it to check for a cleft palate in the hard palate. Simply look at the roof of the dog’s mouth or run your finger along this area. Look or feel for signs that the palate is not entirely fused. A puppy will likely have to be anesthetized for check their soft palate, as this is located further back in the throat.[6] • Whether or not you are able to find evidence of a cleft palate yourself, take your dog to the vet if you are concerned about their health. 3. 3 Take care of a puppy after treatment. A puppy with a cleft palate may need surgery. Unfortunately, the surgery will likely be risky. Obey all of your veterinarian's directions following a pet’s surgery, which will likely include the following:[7] • Provide antibiotics in the event of an infection. • Have the puppy wear an e-collar for at least a week to prevent them from rubbing their face. • Feed the puppy soft, wet food that has been blended for 2-4 weeks following the surgery. • Withhold hard food or toys for a month following the surgery. Expert Q&A Ask a Question 200 characters left About This Article Pippa Elliott, MRCVS Co-authored by: 2 votes - 100% Co-authors: 3 Updated: July 4, 2020 Views: 14,202 Categories: Breeding Dogs Article SummaryX To reduce the chances of breeding puppies with cleft palates, give the mother a well-balanced diet during her pregnancy. She’ll need more food as the pregnancy progresses to support her growing babies. You should also give her folic acid supplements to ensure that the puppies develop properly. Additionally, you can keep the mother and her growing puppies healthy by staying up-to-date on vaccines, keeping the dog’s eating and living areas clean, and keeping toxic substances out of reach. If your dog gets sick, work with your vet to develop a treatment plan that’s safe for both the mother and puppies. Scroll down for more tips from our Veterinarian co-author, including how to minimize genetic risks when breeding dogs! Did this summary help you? Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 14,202 times. Reader Success Stories • Anonymous Jan 6, 2017 "I'm considering buying a puppy. His litter mate had a cleft palate and was euthanized. The breeder wants me to sign..." more Share your story Did this article help you?
Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson Previous Part 1 2 3 4 5 Next Part Home - Random Browse "No," said Doctor Livesey, "I don't." "Silver's parrot?" asked the squire. "That is all clear, and, I dare say, true enough," replied Doctor Livesey. "We take the risk, but we are not so ignorant as you believe us. Next, you say you don't like the crew. Are they not good seamen?" "Do you mean he drinks?" cried the squire. "Like iron," answered the squire. "Any more?" asked Mr. Trelawney. "Far too much," agreed the doctor. "I'll tell you what I've heard myself," continued Captain Smollett; "that you have a map of an island; that there's crosses on the map to show where treasure is; and that the island lies—" And then he named the latitude and longitude exactly. "I never told that," cried the squire, "to a soul." "Well, gentlemen," continued the captain, "I don't know who has this map, but I make it a point it shall be kept secret even from me and Mr. Arrow. Otherwise I would ask you to let me resign." "Sir," said Captain Smollett, "with no intention to take offense, I deny your right to put words into my mouth. No captain, sir, would be justified in going to sea at all if he had ground enough to say that. As for Mr. Arrow, I believe him thoroughly honest; some of the men are the same; all may be for what I know. But I am responsible for the ship's safety and the life of every man Jack aboard of her. I see things going, as I think, not quite right; and I ask you to take certain precautions, or let me resign my berth. And that's all." And with that he took his leave. "Silver, if you like," cried the squire, "but as for that intolerable humbug, I declare I think his conduct unmanly, unsailorly, and downright un-English." "Well," said the doctor, "we shall see." The new arrangement was quite to my liking. The whole schooner had been overhauled; six berths had been made astern, out of what had been the after-part of the main hold, and this set of cabins was only joined to the galley and forecastle by a sparred passage on the port side. It had been originally meant that the captain, Mr. Arrow, Hunter, Joyce, the doctor, and the squire were to occupy these six berths. Now Redruth and I were to get two of them, and Mr. Arrow and the captain were to sleep on deck in the companion, which had been enlarged on each side till you might almost have called it a round-house. Very low it was still, of course, but there was room to swing two hammocks, and even the mate seemed pleased with the arrangement. Even he, perhaps, had been doubtful as to the crew, but that is only guess, for, as you shall hear, we had not long the benefit of his opinion. We were all hard at work changing the powder and the berths, when the last man or two, and Long John along with them, came off in a shore-boat. The cook came up the side like a monkey for cleverness, and, as soon as he saw what was doing, "So ho, mates!" said he, "what's this!" "We're a-changing the powder, Jack," answers one. "My orders!" said the captain, shortly. "You may go below, my man. Hands will want supper." "I'll have no favorites on my ship." "The old one," cried another. "Fifteen men on the dead man's chest"— And then the whole crew bore chorus: "Yo-ho-ho and a bottle of rum!" And at the third "ho!" drove the bars before them with a will. Even at that exciting moment it carried me back to the old "Admiral Benbow" in a second, and I seemed to hear the voice of the captain piping in the chorus. But soon the anchor was short up; soon it was hanging dripping at the bows; soon the sails began to draw, and the land and shipping to flit by on either side, and before I could lie down to snatch an hour of slumber the Hispaniola had begun her voyage to the Isle of Treasure. In the meantime we could never make out where he got the drink. That was the ship's mystery. Watch him as we pleased, we could do nothing to solve it, and when we asked him to his face, he would only laugh, if he were drunk, and if he were sober, deny solemnly that he ever tasted anything but water. He was not only useless as an officer, and a bad influence among the men, but it was plain that at this rate he must soon kill himself outright, so nobody was much surprised, nor very sorry, when one dark night, with a head sea, he disappeared entirely and was seen no more. And the parrot would say, with great rapidity: "Pieces of eight! pieces of eight! pieces of eight!" till you wondered that it was not out of breath or till John threw his handkerchief over the cage. "Now, that bird," he would say, "is, may be, two hundred years old, Hawkins—they live forever mostly, and if anybody's seen more wickedness it must be the devil himself. She's sailed with England—the great Cap'n England, the pirate. She's been at Madagascar, and at Malabar, and Surinam, and Providence, and Portobello. She was at the fishing up of the wrecked plate ships. It's there she learned 'Pieces of eight,' and little wonder; three hundred and fifty thousand of 'em, Hawkins! She was at the boarding of the Viceroy of the Indies out of Goa, she was, and to look at her you would think she was a babby. But you smelt powder—didn't you, cap'n?" "Ah, she's a handsome craft, she is," the cook would say, and give her sugar from his pocket, and then the bird would peck at the bars and swear straight on, passing belief for wickedness. "There," John would add, "you can't touch pitch and not be mucked, lad. Here's this poor old innocent bird of mine swearing blue fire and none the wiser, you may lay to that. She would swear the same, in a manner of speaking, before the chaplain." And John would touch his forelock with a solemn way he had, that made me think he was the best of men. "A trifle more of that man," he would say, "and I should explode." "Never knew good to come of it yet," the captain said to Doctor Livesey. "Spoil foc's'le hands, make devils. That's my belief." But good did come of the apple barrel, as you shall hear, for if it had not been for that we should have had no note of warning and might all have perished by the hand of treachery. This is how it came about. "Davis was a man, too, by all accounts," said Silver. "I never sailed along of him; first with England, then with Flint, that's my story; and now here on my own account, in a manner of speaking. I laid by nine hundred safe, from England, and two thousand after Flint. That ain't bad for a man before the mast—all safe in bank. 'Tain't earning now, it's saving does it, you may lay to that. Where's all England's men now? I dunno. Where's Flint's? Why, most of 'em aboard here, and glad to get the duff—been begging before that, some of 'em. Old Pew, as had lost his sight, and might have thought shame, spends twelve hundred pounds in a year, like a lord in Parliament. Where is he now? Well, he's dead now and under hatches; but for two years before that, shiver my timbers! the man was starving. He begged, and he stole, and he cut throats, and starved at that, by the powers!" "'Tain't much use for fools, you may lay to it—that, nor nothing," cried Silver. "But now, you look here; you're young, you are, but you're as smart as paint. I see that when I set my eyes on you, and I'll talk to you like a man." You can imagine how I felt when I heard this abominable old rogue addressing another in the very same words of flattery as he had used to myself. I think, if I had been able, that I would have killed him through the barrel. Meantime he ran on, little supposing he was overheard. "Here it is about gentlemen of fortune. They lives rough, and they risk swinging, but they eat and drink like fighting-cocks, and when a cruise is done, why it's hundreds of pounds instead of hundreds of farthings in their pockets. Now, the most goes for rum and a good fling, and to sea again in their shirts. But that's not the course I lay. I puts it all away, some here, some there, and none too much anywheres, by reason of suspicion. I'm fifty, mark you; once back from this cruise I set up gentleman in earnest. Time enough, too, says you. Ah, but I've lived easy in the meantime; never denied myself o' nothing heart desires, and slept soft and ate dainty all my days, but when at sea. And how did I begin? Before the mast, like you!" "It were," said the cook; "it were when we weighed anchor. But my old missis has it all by now. And the 'Spy-glass' is sold, lease and good will and rigging; and the old girl's off to meet me. I would tell you where, for I trust you; but it 'ud make jealousy among the mates." "And you can trust your missis?" asked the other. "Well, I tell you now," replied the lad, "I didn't half a quarter like the job till I had this talk with you, John, but there's my hand on it now." "Dick's square," said Silver. "Israel," said Silver, "your head ain't much account, nor never was. But you're able to hear, I reckon; leastways your ears is big enough. Now, here's what I say—you'll berth forward, and you'll live hard, and you'll speak soft, and you'll keep sober, till I give the word; and you may lay to that, my son." "Billy was the man for that," said Israel. "'Dead men don't bite,' says he. Well, he's dead now, hisself; he knows the long and short on it now; and if ever a rough hand come to port, it was Billy." "John," cried the coxswain, "you're a man!" "You'll say so, Israel, when you see," said Silver. "Only one thing I claim—I claim Trelawney. I'll wring his calf's head off his body with these hands. Dick!" he added, breaking off, "you must jump up, like a sweet lad, and get me an apple, to wet my pipe like." Just then a sort of brightness fell upon me in the barrel, and, looking up, I found the moon had risen, and was silvering the mizzen-top and shining white on the luff of the foresail, and almost at the same time the voice on the lookout shouted, "Land ho!" There was a great rush of feet across the deck. I could hear people tumbling up from the cabin and the foc's'le; and slipping in an instant outside my barrel, I dived behind the foresail, made a double towards the stern, and came out upon the open deck in time to join Hunter and Doctor Livesey in the rush for the weather bow. "I have a chart here," said Captain Smollett. "See if that's the place." Long John's eyes burned in his head as he took the chart, but, by the fresh look of the paper, I knew he was doomed to disappointment. This was not the map we found in Billy Bones's chest, but an accurate copy, complete in all things—names, and heights, and soundings—with the single exception of the red crosses and the written notes. Sharp as must have been his annoyance, Silver had the strength of mind to hide it. "Yes, sir," said he, "this is the spot, to be sure, and very prettily drawed out. Who might have done that, I wonder? The pirates were too ignorant, I reckon. Ay, here it is: 'Captain Kidd's Anchorage'—just the name my shipmate called it. There's a strong current runs along the south, and then away nor'ard up the west coast. Right you was, sir," said he, "to haul your wind and keep the weather of the island. Leastways, if such was your intention as to enter and careen, and there ain't no better place for that in these waters." "Thank you, my man," said Captain Smollett. "I'll ask you, later on, to give us a help. You may go." "Ah," said he, "this here is a sweet spot, this island—a sweet spot for a lad to get ashore on. You'll bathe, and you'll climb trees, and you'll hunt goats, you will, and you'll get aloft on them hills like a goat yourself. Why, it makes me young again. I was going to forget my timber leg, I was. It's a pleasant thing to be young, and have ten toes, and you may lay to that. When you want to go a bit of exploring, you just ask old John and he'll put up a snack for you to take along." Captain Smollett, the squire, and Doctor Livesey were talking together on the quarter-deck, and anxious as I was to tell them my story, I durst not interrupt them openly. While I was still casting about in my thoughts to find some probable excuse, Doctor Livesey called me to his side. He had left his pipe below, and being a slave to tobacco, had meant that I should fetch it; but as soon as I was near enough to speak and not be overheard, I broke out immediately: "Doctor, let me speak. Get the captain and squire down to the cabin, and then make some pretense to send for me. I have terrible news." "Thank you, Jim," said he, quite loudly; "that was all I wanted to know," as if he had asked me a question. And with that he turned on his heel and rejoined the other two. They spoke together for a little, and though none of them started, or raised his voice, or so much as whistled, it was plain enough that Doctor Livesey had communicated my request, for the next thing that I heard was the captain giving an order to Job Anderson, and all hands were piped on deck. The cheer followed—that was a matter of course—but it rang out so full and hearty, that I confess I could hardly believe these same men were plotting for our blood. "One more cheer for Cap'n Smollett!" cried Long John, when the first had subsided. And this also was given with a will. I did as I was bid, and, as short as I could make it, told the whole details of Silver's conversation. Nobody interrupted me till I was done, nor did anyone of the three of them make so much as a movement, but they kept their eyes upon my face from first to last. "Jim," said Doctor Livesey, "take a seat." "He'd look remarkably well from a yardarm, sir," returned the captain. "But this is talk; this don't lead to anything. I see three or four points, and with Mr. Trelawney's permission I'll name them." "You, sir, are the captain. It is for you to speak," said Mr. Trelawney, grandly. "First point," began Mr. Smollett, "we must go on because we can't turn back. If I gave the word to turn about, they would rise at once. Second point, we have time before us—at least until this treasure's found. Third point, there are faithful hands. Now, sir, it's got to come to blows sooner or later, and what I propose is to take time by the forelock, as the saying is, and come to blows some fine day when they least expect it. We can count, I take it, on your own home servants, Mr. Trelawney?" "As upon myself," declared the squire. "Most likely Trelawney's own men," said the doctor; "those he picked up for himself before he lit on Silver." "Jim here," said the doctor, "can help us more than anyone. The men are not shy with him and Jim is a noticing lad." The appearance of the island when I came on deck next morning was altogether changed. Although the breeze had now utterly ceased, we had made a great deal of way during the night and were now lying becalmed about half a mile to the southeast of the low eastern coast. Gray-colored woods covered a large part of the surface. This even tint was indeed broken up by streaks of yellow sand-break in the lower lands and by many tall trees of the pine family, out-topping the others—some singly, some in clumps; but the general coloring was uniform and sad. The hills ran up clear above the vegetation in spires of naked rock. All were strangely shaped, and the Spy-glass, which was by three or four hundred feet the tallest on the island, was likewise the strangest in configuration, running up sheer from almost every side and then suddenly cut off at the top like a pedestal to put a statue on. Perhaps it was this—perhaps it was the look of the island, with its gray, melancholy woods, and wild stone spires, and the surf that we could both see and hear foaming and thundering on the steep beach—at least, although the sun shone bright and hot, and the shore birds were fishing and crying all around us, and you would have thought anyone would have been glad to get to land after being so long at sea, my heart sank, as the saying is, into my boots, and from that first look onward I hated the very thought of Treasure Island. We had a dreary morning's work before us, for there was no sign of any wind, and the boats had to be got out and manned, and the ship warped three or four miles round the corner of the island and up the narrow passage to the haven behind Skeleton Island. I volunteered for one of the boats, where I had, of course, no business. The heat was sweltering and the men grumbled fiercely over their work. Anderson was in command of my boat, and instead of keeping the crew in order he grumbled as loud as the worst. "Well," he said, with an oath, "it's not forever." I thought this was a very bad sign, for, up to that day, the men had gone briskly and willingly about their business, but the very sight of the island had relaxed the cords of discipline. All the way in, Long John stood by the steersman and conned the ship. He knew the passage like the palm of his hand; and though the man in the chains got everywhere more water than was down in the chart, John never hesitated once. The place was entirely landlocked, buried in woods, the trees coming right down to high-water mark, the shores mostly flat, and the hill-tops standing round at a distance in a sort of amphitheater, one here, one there. Two little rivers, or rather two swamps, emptied out into this pond, as you might call it and the foliage round that part of the shore had a kind of poisonous brightness. From the ship we could see nothing of the house or stockade, for they were quite buried among trees; and if it had not been for the chart on the companion, we might have been the first that had ever anchored there since the islands arose out of the seas. If the conduct of the men had been alarming in the boat, it became truly threatening when they had come aboard. They lay about the deck, growling together in talk. The slightest order was received with a black look, and grudgingly and carelessly obeyed. Even the honest hands must have caught the infection, for there was not one man aboard to mend another. Mutiny, it was plain, hung over us like a thundercloud. We held a council in the cabin. "And who is that?" asked the squire. "Silver, sir," returned the captain; "he's as anxious as you and I to smother things up. This is a tiff; he'd soon talk 'em out of it if he had the chance, and what I propose to do is to give him the chance. Let's allow the men an afternoon ashore. If they all go, why, we'll fight the ship. If they none of them go, well, then, we hold the cabin, and God defend the right. If some go, you mark my words, sir, Silver'll bring 'em aboard again as mild as lambs." It was so decided; loaded pistols were served out to all the sure men. Hunter, Joyce, and Redruth were taken into our confidence, and received the news with less surprise and a better spirit than we had looked for, and then the captain went on deck and addressed the crew. "My lads," said he, "we've had a hot day, and are all tired and out of sorts. A turn ashore'll hurt nobody; the boats are still in the water; you can take the gigs, and as many as please can go ashore for the afternoon. I'll fire a gun half an hour before sundown." I believe the silly fellows must have thought they would break their shins over treasure as soon as they were landed; for they all came out of their sulks in a moment, and gave a cheer that started the echo in a far-away hill, and sent the birds once more flying and squalling round the anchorage. The captain was too bright to be in the way. He whipped out of sight in a moment, leaving Silver to arrange the party, and I fancy it was as well he did so. Had he been on deck he could no longer so much as have pretended not to understand the situation. It was as plain as day. Silver was the captain, and a mighty rebellious crew he had of it. The honest hands—and I was soon to see it proved that there were such on board—must have been very stupid fellows. Or, rather, I suppose the truth was this, that all hands were disaffected by the example of the ringleaders—only some more, some less; and a few, being good fellows in the main, could neither be led nor driven any farther. It is one thing to be idle and skulk, and quite another to take a ship and murder a number of innocent men. The crews raced for the beach, but the boat I was in, having some start, and being at once the lighter and the better manned, shot far ahead of her consort, and the bow had struck among the shore-side trees, and I had caught a branch and swung myself out, and plunged into the nearest thicket, while Silver and the rest were still a hundred yards behind. "Jim, Jim!" I heard him shouting. But you may suppose I paid no heed; jumping, ducking, and breaking through, I ran straight before my nose, till I could run no longer. Then I came to a long thicket of these oak-like trees—live, or evergreen, oaks, I heard afterward they should be called—which grew low along the sand like brambles, the boughs curiously twisted, the foliage compact, like thatch. The thicket stretched down from the top of one of the sandy knolls, spreading and growing taller as it went, until it reached the margin of the broad, reedy fen, through which the nearest of the little rivers soaked its way into the anchorage. The marsh was steaming in the strong sun, and the outline of the Spy-glass trembled through the haze. This put me in great fear, and I crawled under cover of the nearest live-oak, and squatted there, hearkening, as silent as a mouse. Another voice answered; and then the first voice, which I now recognized to be Silver's, once more took up the story, and ran on for a long while in a stream, only now and again interrupted by the other. By the sound they must have been talking earnestly, and almost fiercely, but no distinct word came to my hearing. At last the speakers seemed to have paused, and perhaps to have sat down, for not only did they cease to draw any nearer, but the birds themselves began to grow more quiet, and to settle again to their places in the swamp. And now I began to feel that I was neglecting my business; that since I had been so foolhardy as to come ashore with these desperadoes, the least I could do was to overhear them at their councils, and that my plain and obvious duty was to draw as close as I could manage, under the favorable ambush of the crouching trees. I could tell the direction of the speakers pretty exactly, not only by the sound of their voices, but by the behavior of the few birds that still hung in alarm above the heads of the intruders. The sun beat full upon them. Silver had thrown his hat beside him on the ground, and his great, smooth, blonde face, all shining with heat, was lifted to the other man's in a kind of appeal. "Mate," he was saying, "it's because I thinks gold dust of you—gold dust, and you may lay to that! If I hadn't took to you like pitch, do you think I'd have been here a-warning of you? All's up—you can't make nor mend; it's to save your neck that I'm a-speaking, and if one of the wild 'uns knew it, where 'ud I be, Tom—now tell me, where 'ud I be?" "Silver," said the other man—and I observed he was not only red in the face, but spoke as hoarse as a crow, and his voice shook, too, like a taut rope—"Silver," says he, "you're old, and you're honest, or has the name for it; and you've money, too, which lots of poor sailors hasn't; and you're brave, or I'm mistook. And will you tell me you'll let yourself be led away with that kind of a mess of swabs? Not you! As sure as God sees me, I'd sooner lose my hand. If I turn agin my dooty—" And then all of a sudden he was interrupted by a noise. I had found one of the honest hands—well, here, at that same moment, came news of another. Far away out in the marsh there arose, all of a sudden, a sound like the cry of anger, then another on the back of it, and then one horrid, long-drawn scream. The rocks of the Spy-glass re-echoed it a score of times; the whole troop of marsh-birds rose again, darkening heaven with a simultaneous whir; and long after that death-yell was still ringing in my brain, silence had re-established its empire, and only the rustle of the redescending birds and the boom of the distant surges disturbed the languor of the afternoon. Tom had leaped at the sound, like a horse at the spur; but Silver had not winked an eye. He stood where he was, resting lightly on his crutch, watching his companion like a snake about to spring. "Hands off, if you like, John Silver," said the other. "It's a black conscience that can make you feared of me. But, in heaven's name, tell me what was that?" And at this poor Tom flashed out like a hero. "Alan!" he cried. "Then rest his soul for a true seaman! And as for you, John Silver, long you've been a mate of mine, but you're mate of mine no more. If I die like a dog I'll die in my dooty. You've killed Alan, have you? Kill me, too, if you can. But I defies you." And with that this brave fellow turned his back directly on the cook and set off walking for the beach. But he was not destined to go far. With a cry John seized the branch of a tree, whipped the crutch out of his armpit, and sent that uncouth missile hurling through the air. It struck poor Tom, point foremost, and with stunning violence, right between the shoulders in the middle of his back. His hands flew up, he gave a sort of gasp and fell. Whether he was injured much or little, none could ever tell. Like enough, to judge from the sound, his back was broken on the spot. But he had no time given him to recover. Silver, agile as a monkey, even without leg or crutch, was on the top of him next moment, and had twice buried his knife up to the hilt in that defenseless body. From my place of ambush I could hear him pant aloud as he struck the blows. I do not know what it rightly is to faint, but I do know that for the next little while the whole world swam away from before me in a whirling mist; Silver and the birds and the tall Spy-glass hilltop going round and round and topsy-turvy before my eyes, and all manner of bells ringing, and distant voices shouting in my ear. When I came again to myself the monster had pulled himself together, his crutch under his arm, his hat upon his head. Just before him Tom lay motionless upon the sward; but the murderer minded him not a whit, cleansing his blood-stained knife the while upon a whisp of grass. Everything else was unchanged, the sun still shining mercilessly upon the steaming marsh and the tall pinnacle of the mountain, and I could scarce persuade myself that murder had actually been done and a human life cruelly cut short a moment since, before my eyes. Instantly I began to extricate myself and crawl back again, with what speed and silence I could manage, to the more open portion of the wood. As I did so I could hear hails coming and going between the old buccaneer and his comrades, and this sound of danger lent me wings. As soon as I was clear of the thicket, I ran as I never ran before, scarce minding the direction of my flight, so long as it led me from the murderers, and as I ran, fear grew and grew upon me, until it turned into a kind of frenzy. Indeed, could anyone be more entirely lost than I? When the gun fired, how should I dare to go down to the boats among those fiends, still smoking from their crime? Would not the first of them who saw me wring my neck like a snipe's? Would not my absence itself be an evidence to them of my alarm, and therefore of my fatal knowledge? It was all over, I thought. Good-by to the Hispaniola, good-by to the squire, the doctor, and the captain. There was nothing left for me but death by starvation, or death by the hands of the mutineers. All this while, as I say, I was still running, and, without taking any notice, I had drawn near to the foot of the little hill with the two peaks, and had got into a part of the island where the wild oaks grew more widely apart, and seemed more like forest trees in their bearing and dimensions. Mingled with these were a few scattered pines, some fifty, some nearer seventy, feet high. The air, too, smelled more fresh than down beside the marsh. From the side of the hill, which was here steep and stony, a spout of gravel was dislodged, and fell rattling and bounding through the trees. My eyes turned instinctively in that direction, and I saw a figure leap with great rapidity behind the trunk of a pine. What it was, whether bear, or man, or monkey, I could in nowise tell. It seemed dark and shaggy; more I knew not. But the terror of this new apparition brought me to a stand. I was now, it seemed, cut off upon both sides: behind me the murderers, before me this lurking nondescript. And immediately I began to prefer the dangers that I knew to those I knew not. Silver himself appeared less terrible in contrast with this creature of the woods, and I turned on my heel, and, looking sharply behind me over my shoulder, began to retrace my steps in the direction of the boats. Instantly the figure reappeared, and, making a wide circuit, began to head me off. I was tired, at any rate, but had I been as fresh as when I rose, I could see it was in vain for me to contend in speed with such an adversary. From trunk to trunk the creature flitted like a deer, running man-like on two legs, but unlike any man that I had ever seen, stooping almost double as it ran. Yet a man it was! I could no longer be in doubt about that. I began to recall what I had heard of cannibals. I was within an ace of calling for help. But the mere fact that he was a man, however wild, had somewhat reassured me, and my fear of Silver began to revive in proportion. I stood still, therefore, and cast about for some method of escape, and as I was so thinking, the recollection of my pistol flashed into my mind. As soon as I remembered I was not defenseless, courage glowed again in my heart, and I set my face resolutely for this man of the island, and walked briskly toward him. He was concealed by this time, behind another tree-trunk, but he must have been watching me closely, for as soon as I began to move in his direction he reappeared and took a step to meet me. Then he hesitated, drew back, came forward again, and, at last, to my wonder and confusion, threw himself on his knees and held out his clasped hands in supplication. At that I once more stopped. "Who are you?" I asked. I could now see that he was a white man like myself, and that his features were even pleasing. His skin, wherever it was exposed, was burned by the sun; even his lips were black, and his fair eyes looked quite startling in so dark a face. Of all the beggar-men that I had seen or fancied, he was the chief for raggedness. He was clothed with tatters of old ships' canvas and old sea-cloth, and this extraordinary patchwork was all held together by a system of the most various and incongruous fastenings, brass buttons, bits of stick, and loops of tarry gaskin. About his waist he wore an old brass-buckled leather belt, which was the one thing solid in his whole accouterment. "Nay, mate," said he, "marooned." All this time he had been feeling the stuff of my jacket, smoothing my hands, looking at my boots, and generally, in the intervals of his speech, showing a childish pleasure in the presence of a fellow-creature. But at my last words he perked up into a kind of startled slyness. "If ever you get aboard again, says you?" he repeated. "Why, now, who's to hinder you?" "Not you, I know," was my reply. "Jim," I told him. "Jim, Jim," says he, quite pleased, apparently. "Well, now, Jim, I've lived that rough as you'd be ashamed to hear of. Now, for instance, you wouldn't think I had had a pious mother—to look at me?" he asked. "Ah, well," said he, "but I had—remarkable pious. And I was a civil, pious boy, and could rattle off my catechism that fast as you couldn't tell one word from another. And here's what it come to, Jim, and it begun with chuck-farthen on the blessed gravestones! That's what it begun with, but it went further'n that, and so my mother told me, and predicked the whole, she did, the pious woman. But it were Providence that put me here. I've thought it all out in this here lonely island and I'm back on piety. You can't catch me tasting rum so much, but just a thimbleful for luck, of course, the first chance I have. I'm bound I'll be good, and I see the way to. And, Jim"—looking all round him and lowering his voice to a whisper—"I'm rich." "Rich! rich! I says. And I'll tell you what, I'll make a man of you, Jim. Ah, Jim, you'll bless your stars, you will, you was the first that found me!" And at this there came suddenly a lowering shadow over his face and he tightened his grasp upon my hand and raised a forefinger threateningly before my eyes. "Now, Jim, you tell me true; that ain't Flint's ship?" he asked. At this I had a happy inspiration. I began to believe that I had found an ally and I answered him at once. "It's not Flint's ship and Flint is dead, but I'll tell you true, as you ask me—there are some of Flint's hands aboard; worse luck for the rest of us." "Silver?" I asked. "Ah, Silver!" says he, "that were his name." "He's the cook, and the ringleader, too." He was still holding me by the wrist, and at that he gave it quite a wring. "If you was sent by Long John," he said, "I'm as good as pork and I know it. But where was you, do you suppose?" I told him the squire was the most liberal of men. "Ay, but you see," returned Ben Gunn, "I didn't mean giving me a gate to keep and a suit of livery clothes, and such; that's not my mark, Jim. What I mean is, would he be likely to come down to the toon of, say one thousand pounds out of money that's as good as a man's own already?" "And a passage home?" he added, with a look of great shrewdness. "Why," I cried, "the squire's a gentleman. And, besides, if we got rid of the others, we should want you to help work the vessel home." "Well, I was in another ship three years back, and we sighted this island. 'Boys,' said I, 'here's Flint's treasure; let's land and find it.' The cap'n was displeased at that; but my messmates were all of a mind, and landed. Twelve days they looked for it, and every day they had the worse word for me, until one fine morning all hands went aboard. 'As for you, Benjamin Gunn,' says they, 'here's a musket,' they says, 'and a spade, and a pickax. You can stay here and find Flint's money for yourself,' they says. And with that he winked and pinched me hard. "Just you mention them words to your squire, Jim," he went on. "Nor he weren't neither—that's the words. Three years he were the man of this island, light and dark, fair and rain; and sometimes he would, may be, think upon a prayer (says you), and sometimes he would, may be, think of his old mother, so be as she's alive (you'll say); but the most part of Gunn's time (this is what you'll say)—the most part of his time was took up with another matter. And then you'll give him a nip, like I do." And he pinched me again, in the most confidential manner. "Then," he continued, "then you'll up, and you'll say this: Gunn is a good man (you'll say), and he puts a precious sight more confidence—a precious sight, mind that—in a gen'leman born than in these gen'lemen of fortune, having been one hisself." "Ah," said he, "that's the hitch, for sure. Well, there's my boat that I made with my two hands. I keep her under the white rock. If the worst come to the worst, we might try that after dark. Hi!" he broke out, "what's that?" "They have begun to fight!" I cried. "Follow me!" And I began to run toward the anchorage, my terrors all forgotten; while, close at my side, the marooned man in his goat-skins trotted easily and lightly. "Left, left," says he; "keep to your left hand, mate Jim! Under the trees with you! There's where I killed my first goat. They don't come down here now; they're all mastheaded on them mountings for the fear of Benjamin Gunn. Ah! and there's the cetemery"—cemetery he must have meant. "You see the mounds? I come here and prayed, nows and thens, when I thought maybe a Sunday would be about doo. It weren't quite a chapel, but it seemed more solemn like; and then, says you, Ben Gunn was shorthanded—no chapling, nor so much as a Bible and a flag, you says." The cannon-shot was followed, after a considerable interval, by a volley of small arms. I had not gone a hundred yards when I came on the stockade. This was how it was: A spring of clear water arose at the top of a knoll. Well, on the knoll, and inclosing the spring, they had clapped a stout log house, fit to hold two-score people on a pinch, and loopholed for musketry on every side. All around this they had cleared a wide space, and then the thing was completed by a paling six feet high, without door or opening, too strong to pull down without time and labor, and too open to shelter the besiegers. The people in the log house had them in every way; they stood quiet in the shelter and shot the others like partridges. All they wanted was a good watch and food; for, short of a complete surprise, they might have held the place against a regiment. I found them all shaken, as was natural. The squire was sitting down, as white as a sheet, thinking of the harm he had led us to, the good soul! and one of the six forecastle hands was little better. "There's a man," said Captain Smollett, nodding toward him, "new to this work. He came nigh-hand fainting, doctor, when he heard the cry. Another touch of the rudder and that man would join us." We put old Redruth in the gallery between the cabin and the forecastle, with three or four loaded muskets and a mattress for protection. Hunter brought the boat round under the stern port, and Joyce and I set to work loading her with powder, tins, muskets, bags of biscuits, kegs of pork, a cask of cognac, and my invaluable medicine chest. "Down, dog!" cried the captain. We had soon touched land in the same place as before and set to work to provision the blockhouse. All three made the first journey, heavily laden, and tossed our stores over the palisade. Then, leaving Joyce to guard them—one man, to be sure, but with half a dozen muskets—Hunter and I returned to the jolly-boat, and loaded ourselves once more. So we proceeded, without pausing to take breath, till the whole cargo was bestowed, when the two servants took up their position in the blockhouse, and I, with all my power, sculled back to the Hispaniola. There was no answer from the forecastle. Still no reply. There was a pause. "Come, my fine fellow," continued the captain, "don't hang so long in stays. I'm risking my life and the lives of these good gentlemen every second." There was a sudden scuffle, a sound of blows, and out burst Abraham Gray with a knife-cut on the side of the cheek, and came running to the captain, like a dog to the whistle. "I'm with you, sir," said he. In the second place, the ebb was now making—a strong, rippling current running westward through the basin, and then south'ard and seaward down the straits by which we had entered in the morning. Even the ripples were a danger to our overloaded craft, but the worst of it was that we were swept out of our true course, and away from our proper landing-place behind the point. If we let the current have its way we should come ashore beside the gigs, where the pirates might appear at any moment. "The current's less a'ready, sir," said the man Gray, who was sitting in the foresheets; "you can ease her off a bit." "The gun!" said he. "Look astern, doctor," replied the captain. We had entirely forgotten the long nine; and there, to our horror, were the five rogues busy about her, getting off her jacket, as they called the stout tarpaulin cover under which she sailed. Not only that, but it flashed into my mind at the same moment that the round shot and the powder for the gun had been left behind, and a stroke with an ax would put it all into the possession of the evil ones aboard. "Israel was Flint's gunner," said Gray, hoarsely. At any risk, we put the boat's head direct for the landing-place. By this time we had got so far out of the run of the current that we kept steerage way even at our necessarily gentle rate of rowing, and I could keep her steady for the goal. But the worst of it was, that with the course I now held, we turned our broadside instead of our stern to the Hispaniola, and offered a target like a barn door. I could hear, as well as see, that brandy-faced rascal, Israel Hands, plumping down a round shot on the deck. "Who's the best shot?" asked the captain. "Mr. Trelawney, will you please pick me off one of those men, sir? Hands, if possible," said the captain. Trelawney was as cold as steel. He looked to the priming of his gun. They had the gun, by this time, slewed around upon the swivel, and Hands, who was at the muzzle, with the rammer, was, in consequence, the most exposed. However, we had no luck; for just as Trelawney fired, down he stooped, the ball whistling over him, and it was one of the other four who fell. The cry he gave was echoed, not only by his companions on board, but by a great number of voices from the shore, and looking in that direction I saw the other pirates trooping out from among the trees and tumbling into their places in the boats. Previous Part 1 2 3 4 5 Next Part Home - Random Browse
ⓘ Scientific management ⓘ Scientific management Taylor began the theorys development in the United States during the 1880s and 90s within manufacturing industries, especially steel. Its peak of influence came in the 1910s; Taylor died in 1915 and by the 1920s, scientific management was still influential but had entered into competition and syncretism with opposing or complementary ideas. 1. Name Taylors own names for his approach initially included "shop management" and "process management". However, "scientific management" came to national attention in 1910 when crusading attorney Louis Brandeis then not yet Supreme Court justice popularized the term. Brandeis had sought a consensus term for the approach with the help of practitioners like Henry L. Gantt and Frank B. Gilbreth. Brandeis then used the consensus of "SCIENTIFIC management" when he argued before the Interstate Commerce Commission ICC that a proposed increase in railroad rates was unnecessary despite an increase in labor costs; he alleged scientific management would overcome railroad inefficiencies The ICC ruled against the rate increase, but also dismissed as insufficiently substantiated that concept the railroads were necessarily inefficient. Taylor recognized the nationally known term "scientific management" as another good name for the concept, and adopted it in the title of his influential 1911 monograph. 2. History The Midvale Steel Company, "one of Americas great armor plate making plants," was the birthplace of scientific management. In 1877, at age 22, Frederick W. Taylor started as a clerk in Midvale, but advanced to foreman in 1880. As foreman, Taylor was "constantly impressed by the failure of his a good days work." Taylor determined to discover, by scientific methods, how long it should take men to perform each given piece of work; and it was in the fall of 1882 that he started to put the first features of scientific management into operation. Horace Bookwalter Drury, in his 1918 work, Scientific management: A History and Criticism, identified seven other leaders in the movement, most of whom learned of and extended scientific management from Taylors efforts: • Harrington Emerson 1853–1931 began determining what industrial plants products and costs were compared to what they ought to be in 1895. Emerson did not meet Taylor until December 1900, and the two never worked together. • Henry L. Gantt 1861–1919 • Horace K. Hathaway 1878–1944 • Morris L. Cooke 1872–1960 • Frank B. Gilbreth 1868–1924. Gilbreths independent work on "motion study" is on record as early as 1885; after meeting Taylor in 1906 and being introduced to scientific management, Gilbert devoted his efforts to introducing scientific management into factories. Gilbreth and his wife Dr Lillian Moller Gilbreth 1878–1972 performed micro-motion studies using stop-motion cameras as well as developing the profession of industrial/organizational psychology. • Carl G. Barth 1860–1939 • Sanford E. Thompson 1867–1949 Emersons testimony in late 1910 to the Interstate Commerce Commission brought the movement to national attention and instigated serious opposition. Emerson contended the railroads might save $1.000.000 a day by paying greater attention to efficiency of operation. By January 1911, a leading railroad journal began a series of articles denying they were inefficiently managed. When steps were taken to introduce scientific management at the government-owned Rock Island Arsenal in early 1911, it was opposed by Samuel Gompers, founder and President of the American Federation of Labor an alliance of craft unions. When a subsequent attempt was made to introduce the bonus system into the governments Watertown Arsenal foundry during the summer of 1911, the entire force walked out for a few days. Congressional investigations followed, resulting in a ban on the use of time studies and pay premiums in Government service. Taylors death in 1915 at age 59 left the movement without its original leader. In management literature today, the term "scientific management" mostly refers to the work of Taylor and his disciples in contrast to newer, improved iterations of efficiency-seeking methods. Today, task-oriented optimization of work tasks is nearly ubiquitous in industry. 3. Pursuit of economic efficiency Flourishing in the late 19th and early 20th century, scientific management built on earlier pursuits of economic efficiency. While it was prefigured in the folk wisdom of thrift, it favored empirical methods to determine efficient procedures rather than perpetuating established traditions. Thus it was followed by a profusion of successors in applied science, including time and motion study, the Efficiency Movement which was a broader cultural echo of scientific managements impact on business managers specifically, Fordism, operations management, operations research, industrial engineering, management science, manufacturing engineering, logistics, business process management, business process reengineering, lean manufacturing, and Six Sigma. There is a fluid continuum linking scientific management with the later fields, and the different approaches often display a high degree of compatibility. Subsequent forms of scientific management were articulated by Taylors disciples, such as Henry Gantt; other engineers and managers, such as Benjamin S. Graham; and other theorists, such as Max Weber. Taylors work also contrasts with other efforts, including those of Henri Fayol and those of Frank Gilbreth, Sr. and Lillian Moller Gilbreth whose views originally shared much with Taylors but later diverged in response to Taylorisms inadequate handling of human relations. 4. Soldiering Taylor observed that some workers were more talented than others, and that even smart ones were often unmotivated. He observed that most workers who are forced to perform repetitive tasks tend to work at the slowest rate that goes unpunished. This slow rate of work has been observed in many industries and many countries and has been called by various terms. Taylor used the term "soldiering", a term that reflects the way conscripts may approach following orders, and observed that, when paid the same amount, workers will tend to do the amount of work that the slowest among them does. Taylor describes soldiering as "the greatest evil with which the working-people. are now afflicted." 5. Productivity, automation, and unemployment Taylorism led to productivity increases, meaning fewer workers or working hours were needed to produce the same amount of goods. In the short term, productivity increases like those achieved by Taylors efficiency techniques can cause considerable disruption. Labor relations often become contentious over whether the financial benefits will accrue to owners in the form of increased profits, or workers in the form of increased wages. As a result of decomposition and documentation of manufacturing processes, companies employing Taylors methods might be able to hire lower-skill workers, enlarging the pool of workers and thus lowering wages and job security. In the long term, mainstream economists consider productivity increases as a benefit to the economy overall, and necessary to improve the standard of living for consumers in general. By the time Taylor was doing his work, improvements in agricultural productivity had freed up a large portion of the workforce for the manufacturing sector, allowing those workers in turn to buy new types of consumer goods instead of working as subsistence farmers. In later years, increased manufacturing efficiency would free up large sections of the workforce for the service sector. If captured as profits or wages, the money generated by more-productive companies would be spent on new goods and services; if free market competition forces prices down close to the cost of production, consumers effectively capture the benefits and have more money to spend on new goods and services. Either way, new companies and industries spring up to profit from increased demand, and due to freed-up labor are able to hire workers. But the long-term benefits are no guarantee that individual displaced workers will be able to get new jobs that paid them as well or better as their old jobs, as this may require access to education or job training, or moving to different part of the country where new industries are growing. Inability to obtain new employment due to mismatches like these is known as structural unemployment, and economists debate to what extent this is happening in the long term, if at all, as well as the impact on income inequality for those who do find jobs. Though not foreseen by early proponents of scientific management, detailed decomposition and documentation of an optimal production method also makes automation of the process easier, especially physical processes that would later use industrial control systems and numerical control. Widespread economic globalization also creates opportunity for outsourced to lower-wage areas, with knowledge transfer made easier if an optimal method is already clearly documented. Especially when wages or wage differentials are high, automation and offshoring can result in significant productivity gains and similar questions of who benefits and whether or not technological unemployment is persistent. Because automation is often best suited to tasks that are repetitive and boring, and can also be used for tasks that are dirty, dangerous, and demeaning, proponents believe that in the long run it will free up human workers for more creative, safer, and more enjoyable work. 6. Taylorism and unions The early history of labor relations with scientific management in the U.S. was described by Horace Bookwalter Drury: .for a long time there was thus little or no direct revealed to the country the strong movement setting towards scientific management. National labor leaders, wide-awake as to what might happen in the future, decided that the new movement was a menace to their organization, and at once inaugurated an attack. centered about the installation of scientific management in the government arsenal at Watertown. In 1911, organized labor erupted with strong opposition to scientific management, including from Samuel Gompers, founder and president of the American Federation of Labor AFL. Once the time-and-motion men had completed their studies of a particular task, the workers had very little opportunity for further thinking, experimenting, or suggestion-making. Taylorism was criticized for turning the worker into an "automaton" or "machine", making work monotonous and unfulfilling by doing one small and rigidly defined piece of work instead of using complex skills with the whole production process done by one person. "The further progress of industrial development. increased the anomic or forced division of labor," the opposite of what Taylor thought would be the effect. Some workers also complained about being made to work at a faster pace and producing goods of lower quality. The Watertown Arsenal in Massachusetts provides an example of the application and repeal of the Taylor system in the workplace, due to worker opposition. In the early 20th century, neglect in the Watertown shops included overcrowding, dim lighting, lack of tools and equipment, and questionable management strategies in the eyes of the workers. Frederick W. Taylor and Carl G. Barth visited Watertown in April 1909 and reported on their observations at the shops. Their conclusion was to apply the Taylor system of management to the shops to produce better results. Efforts to install the Taylor system began in June 1909. Over the years of time study and trying to improve the efficiency of workers, criticisms began to evolve. Workers complained of having to compete with one another, feeling strained and resentful, and feeling excessively tired after work. There is, however, no evidence that the times enforced were unreasonable. In June 1913, employees of the Watertown Arsenal petitioned to abolish the practice of scientific management there. A number of magazine writers inquiring into the effects of scientific management found that the "conditions in shops investigated contrasted favorably with those in other plants". A committee of the U.S. House of Representatives investigated and reported in 1912, concluding that scientific management did provide some useful techniques and offered valuable organizational suggestions, but that it also gave production managers a dangerously high level of uncontrolled power. After an attitude survey of the workers revealed a high level of resentment and hostility towards scientific management, the Senate banned Taylors methods at the arsenal. Taylor had a largely negative view of unions, and believed they only led to decreased productivity. Efforts to resolve conflicts with workers included methods of scientific collectivism, making agreements with unions, and the personnel management movement. 7. Relationship to Fordism It is often assumed that Fordism derives from Taylors work. Taylor apparently made this assumption himself when visiting the Ford Motor Companys Michigan plants not too long before he died, but it is likely that the methods at Ford were evolved independently, and that any influence from Taylors work was indirect at best. Charles E. Sorensen, a principal of the company during its first four decades, disclaimed any connection at all. There was a belief at Ford, which remained dominant until Henry Ford II took over the company in 1945, that the worlds experts were worthless, because if Ford had listened to them, it would have failed to attain its great successes. Henry Ford felt that he had succeeded in spite of, not because of, experts, who had tried to stop him in various ways. Sorensen thus was dismissive of Taylor and lumped him into the category of useless experts. Sorensen held the New England machine tool vendor Walter Flanders in high esteem and credits him for the efficient floorplan layout at Ford, claiming that Flanders knew nothing about Taylor. Flanders may have been exposed to the spirit of Taylorism elsewhere, and may have been influenced by it, but he did not cite it when developing his production technique. Regardless, the Ford team apparently did independently invent modern mass production techniques in the period of 1905-1915, and they themselves were not aware of any borrowing from Taylorism. Perhaps it is only possible with hindsight to see the zeitgeist that indirectly connected the budding Fordism to the rest of the efficiency movement during the decade of 1905-1915. 8. Adoption in planned economies 8.1. Adoption in planned economies Soviet Union By 1913 Vladimir Lenin wrote that the "most widely discussed topic today in Europe, and to some extent in Russia, is the system of the American engineer, Frederick Taylor"; Lenin decried it as merely a "scientific system of sweating" more work from laborers. Again in 1914, Lenin derided Taylorism as "man’s enslavement by the machine." However, after the Russian Revolutions brought him to power, Lenin wrote in 1918 that the "Russian is a bad worker learn to work. The Taylor system. is a combination of the refined brutality of bourgeois exploitation and a number of the greatest scientific achievements in the field of analysing mechanical motions during work, the elimination of superfluous and awkward motions, the elaboration of correct methods of work, the introduction of the best system of accounting and control, etc. The Soviet Republic must at all costs adopt all that is valuable in the achievements of science and technology in this field." In the Soviet Union, Taylorism was advocated by Aleksei Gastev and nauchnaia organizatsia truda the movement for the scientific organization of labor. It found support in both Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky. Gastev continued to promote this system of labor management until his arrest and execution in 1939. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Soviet Union enthusiastically embraced Fordism and Taylorism, importing American experts in both fields as well as American engineering firms to build parts of its new industrial infrastructure. The concepts of the Five Year Plan and the centrally planned economy can be traced directly to the influence of Taylorism on Soviet thinking. As scientific management was believed to epitomize American efficiency, Joseph Stalin even claimed that "the combination of the Russian revolutionary sweep with American efficiency is the essence of Leninism." 8.2. Adoption in planned economies East Germany By the 1950s, scientific management had grown dated, but its goals and practices remained attractive and were also being adopted by the German Democratic Republic as it sought to increase efficiency in its industrial sectors. Workers engaged in a state-planned instance of process improvement, pursuing the same goals that were contemporaneously pursued in capitalist societies, as in the Toyota Production System. 9. Criticism of rigor Taylor believed that the scientific method of management included the calculations of exactly how much time it takes a man to do a particular task, or his rate of work. Critics of Taylor complained that such a calculation relies on certain arbitrary, non-scientific decisions such as what constituted the job, which men were timed, and under which conditions. Any of these factors are subject to change, and therefore can produce inconsistencies. Some dismiss so-called "scientific management" or Taylorism as pseudoscience. Others are critical of the representativeness of the workers Taylor selected to take his measurements. 10.1. Variations of scientific management after Taylorism 1900 Taylorism was one of the first attempts to systematically treat management and process improvement as a scientific problem, and Taylor is considered a founder of modern industrial engineering. Taylorism may have been the first "bottom-up" method and found a lineage of successors that have many elements in common. Later methods took a broader approach, measuring not only productivity but quality. With the advancement of statistical methods, quality assurance and quality control began in the 1920s and 1930s. During the 1940s and 1950s, the body of knowledge for doing scientific management evolved into operations management, operations research, and management cybernetics. In the 1980s total quality management became widely popular, growing from quality control techniques. In the 1990s "re-engineering" went from a simple word to a mystique. Todays Six Sigma and lean manufacturing could be seen as new kinds of scientific management, although their evolutionary distance from the original is so great that the comparison might be misleading. In particular, Shigeo Shingo, one of the originators of the Toyota Production System, believed that this system and Japanese management culture in general should be seen as a kind of scientific management. These newer methods are all based on systematic analysis rather than relying on tradition and rule of thumb. Other thinkers, even in Taylors own time, also proposed considering the individual workers needs, not just the needs of the process. Critics said that in Taylorism, "the worker was taken for granted as a cog in the machinery." James Hartness published The Human Factor in Works Management in 1912, while Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth offered their own alternatives to Taylorism. The human relations school of management founded by the work of Elton Mayo evolved in the 1930s as a counterpoint or complement of scientific management. Taylorism focused on the organization of the work process, and human relations helped workers adapt to the new procedures. Modern definitions of "quality control" like ISO-9000 include not only clearly documented and optimized manufacturing tasks, but also consideration of human factors like expertise, motivation, and organizational culture. The Toyota Production System, from which lean manufacturing in general is derived, includes "respect for people" and teamwork as core principles. Peter Drucker saw Frederick Taylor as the creator of knowledge management, because the aim of scientific management was to produce knowledge about how to improve work processes. Although the typical application of scientific management was manufacturing, Taylor himself advocated scientific management for all sorts of work, including the management of universities and government. For example, Taylor believed scientific management could be extended to "the work of our salesmen". Shortly after his death, his acolyte Harlow S. Person began to lecture corporate audiences on the possibility of using Taylorism for "sales engineering" Person was talking about what is now called sales process engineering - engineering the processes that salespeople use - not about what we call sales engineering today. This was a watershed insight in the history of corporate marketing. 10.2. Variations of scientific management after Taylorism 2000 Googles methods of increasing productivity and output can be seen to be influenced by Taylorism as well. The Silicon Valley company is a forerunner in applying behavioral science ref: Dan Pinks Motivations of Purpose, Mastery and Autonomy to increase knowledge worker productivity. In classic scientific management as well as approaches like lean management where leaders facilitate and empower teams to continuously improve their standards and values. Leading high-tech companies use the concept of nudge management to increase productivity of employees. More and more business leaders start to make use of this new scientific management. Practices descended from scientific management are currently used in offices and in medicine e.g. managed care as well. In countries with a post-industrial economy, manufacturing jobs are a relatively few, with most workers in the service sector. One approach to efficiency in information work is called digital Taylorism, which uses software to monitor the performance of employees who use computers all day.
Opioid Facts What are prescription opioids? Opioids are a class of drugs naturally found in the opium poppy plant. Some prescription opioids are made from the plant directly, and others are made by scientists in labs using the same chemical structure. Opioids are often used as medicines because they contain chemicals that relax the body and can relieve pain. Prescription opioids are used mostly to treat moderate to severe pain, though some opioids can be used to treat coughing and diarrhea. Opioids can also make people feel very relaxed and “high” – which is why they are sometimes used for non-medical reasons. This can be dangerous because opioids can be highly addictive, and overdoses and death are common. Heroin is one of the world’s most dangerous opioids, and is never used as a medicine in the United States. Popular slang terms for opioids include Oxy, Percs, and Vikes. What are common prescription opioids? • oxymorphone (Opana®) • morphine (Kadian®, Avinza®) • codeine • fentanyl How do people misuse prescription opioids? Prescription opioids used for pain relief are generally safe when taken for a short time and as prescribed by a doctor, but they can be misused. People misuse prescription opioids by: • taking the medicine in a way or dose other than prescribed • taking someone else’s prescription medicine • taking the medicine for the effect it causes-to get high When misusing a prescription opioid, a person can swallow the medicine in its normal form. Sometimes people crush pills or open capsules, dissolve the powder in water, and inject the liquid into a vein. Some also snort the powder. How do prescription opioids affect the brain? Opioids bind to and activate opioid receptors on cells located in many areas of the brain, spinal cord, and other organs in the body, especially those involved in feelings of pain and pleasure. When opioids attach to these receptors, they block pain signals sent from the brain to the body and release large amounts of dopamine throughout the body. This release can strongly reinforce the act of taking the drug, making the user want to repeat the experience. In the short term, opioids can relieve pain and make people feel relaxed and happy. However, opioids can also have harmful effects, including: • drowsiness • confusion • nausea • constipation • euphoria • slowed breathing Opioid misuse can cause slowed breathing, which can cause hypoxia, a condition that results when too little oxygen reaches the brain. Hypoxia can have short- and long-term psychological and neurological effects, including coma, permanent brain damage, or death. Researchers are also investigating the long-term effects of opioid addiction on the brain, including whether damage can be reversed. What are the other health effects of opioid medications? Older adults are at higher risk of accidental misuse or abuse because they typically have multiple prescriptions and chronic diseases, increasing the risk of drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, as well as a slowed metabolism that affects the breakdown of drugs. Sharing drug injection equipment and having impaired judgment from drug use can increase the risk of contracting infectious diseases such as HIV and from unprotected sex. Prescription Opioids and Heroin Prescription opioids and heroin are chemically similar and can produce a similar high. In some places, heroin is cheaper and easier to get than prescription opioids, so some people switch to using heroin instead. Nearly 80 percent of Americans using heroin (including those in treatment) reported misusing prescription opioids prior to using heroin.1,2 However, while prescription opioid misuse is a risk factor for starting heroin use, only a small fraction of people who misuse pain relievers switch to heroin. This suggests that prescription opioid misuse is just one factor leading to heroin use. Read more about this intertwined problem in our Prescription Opioids and Heroin Research Report. Tolerance vs. Dependence vs. Addiction Long-term use of prescription opioids, even as prescribed by a doctor, can cause some people to develop a tolerance, which means that they need higher and/or more frequent doses of the drug to get the desired effects. Drug dependence occurs with repeated use, causing the neurons to adapt so they only function normally in the presence of the drug. The absence of the drug causes several physiological reactions, ranging from mild in the case of caffeine, to potentially life threatening, such as with heroin. Some chronic pain patients are dependent on opioids and require medical support to stop taking the drug. Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by compulsive, or uncontrollable, drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences and long-lasting changes in the brain. The changes can result in harmful behaviors by those who misuse drugs, whether prescription or illicit drugs. Can a person overdose on prescription opioids? Yes, a person can overdose on prescription opioids. An opioid overdose occurs when a person uses enough of the drug to produce life-threatening symptoms or death. When people overdose on an opioid medication, their breathing often slows or stops. This can decrease the amount of oxygen that reaches the brain, which can result in coma, permanent brain damage, or death. How can an opioid overdose be treated? If you suspect someone has overdosed, the most important step to take is to call 911 so he or she can receive immediate medical attention. Once medical personnel arrive, they will administer naloxone. Naloxone is a medicine that can treat an opioid overdose when given right away. It works by rapidly binding to opioid receptors and blocking the effects of opioid drugs. Naloxone is available as an injectable (needle) solution, a hand-held auto-injector (EVZIO®), and a nasal spray (NARCAN® Nasal Spray). Some states have passed laws that allow pharmacists to dispense naloxone without a personal prescription. This allows friends, family, and others in the community to use the auto-injector and nasal spray versions of naloxone to save someone who is overdosing. Read more on our Naloxone webpage. Can use of prescription opioids lead to addiction? People addicted to an opioid medication who stop using the drug can have severe withdrawal symptoms that begin as early as a few hours after the drug was last taken. These symptoms include: • muscle and bone pain • sleep problems • diarrhea and vomiting • cold flashes with goose bumps • uncontrollable leg movements • severe cravings These symptoms can be extremely uncomfortable and are the reason many people find it so difficult to stop using opioids. opioid banner Taking opioids at too high of a dose, or for too long a period of time, increases the risk of addiction, overdose, and death. The likelihood of using opioid painkillers long-term spikes after just five days of use. Five. And because of this, a lot of people are dying. In 2016, more than 42,249 people died of opioid overdoses in America–more than 115 people every day. And that’s 115 too many.
Rio Grande do Sul from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Rio Grande do Sul Uruguay Argentinien Paraguay Peru Chile Kolumbien Venezuela Guyana Surinam Frankreich Bolivien Amapá Roraima Acre Amazonas Pará Rondônia Maranhão Piauí Ceará Rio Grande do Norte Paraíba Pernambuco Alagoas Sergipe Tocantins Mato Grosso Espírito Santo Distrito Federal do Brasil Bahia Rio de Janeiro Goiás Mato Grosso do Sul Minas Gerais São Paulo Paraná Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sullocation About this picture coat of arms coat of arms "Liberdade, Igualdade, Humanidade" , Freedom, Equality, Humanity ' Basic data Country Brazil Capital Porto Alegre surface 281,707.2 km² Residents 11,377,239 (estimate as of July 1, 2019) density 40 inhabitants per km² ISO 3166-2 BR-RS Website (Brazilian Portuguese) governor Eduardo Leite (2019-2022) Political party PSDB GDP 423,151,000 million R $ 37,371 R $ per capita Coordinates: 30 ° S , 53 ° W Rio Grande do Sul [ ʁiw ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒ du suw ], officially Portuguese Estado do Rio Grande do Sul , is the southernmost of the 27 states in Brazil and is divided into 496 municipalities (municípios) . The population was estimated on July 1, 2019 at 11,377,239 inhabitants, the capital is Porto Alegre . Country road The population was around 10.69 million in 2010. Of these, around 1.6 million (14.9%) lived in rural areas, 9.1 million (85.1%) were urban residents (2010) . Rio Grande do Sul has an area of around 281,707 km² in 2018, the population density is 40 inhabitants per km². It only covers a little more than 3% of the area of Brazil, where it is the home of 6% of the Brazilian population. The state is bordered by Uruguay to the south and Argentina to the west . In the east, Rio Grande do Sul is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean , in the north by the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina , from which it is separated by the Rio Pelotas , one of the headwaters of the Río Uruguay . The northern part of the state lies on the southern slopes of the elevated plateau, which extends over São Paulo through the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, which is often broken through by low mountain ranges, the general direction of which, against the trend of the slope, gives them the appearance of cliffs . A low mountain range spreads south from the Serra do Mar of Santa Catarina and crosses the state to Uruguay. To the west of this mountain range lies a huge, grassy plain. The northern and highest part of the province is suitable for sheep breeding, while the southern part is mainly used for cattle breeding. Further to the east there is a wide area, only slightly above sea level, within which there are two estuary lagoons: Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim , which are separated from the ocean by two sandy, partly barren peninsulas. The coast is a large sandy beach, interrupted by the flow of two lakes called the Rio Grande, which is the entrance to the navigable inland waters and various ports. The capital is Porto Alegre , other important cities are Caxias do Sul , Canoas , Santa Maria , Nova Petrópolis , Pelotas , Passo Fundo , Rio Grande and Uruguaiana as well as Novo Hamburgo and São Leopoldo , centers of the descendants of the German immigrants, where a lot of German and the dialect Riograndenser Hunsrückisch is spoken. The descendants of Pomeranian immigrants ( Pomerano , Pommeranos ) living far inland speak z. Sometimes still Eastern Pomeranian . The places Canela and Gramado in the Serra Gaúcha are particularly attractive for tourists because of the “colonial ambience” and their beautiful location . In 1984 the ruins of São Miguel das Missões , the former Jesuit missions of the Guarani Indians , were declared a cultural monument by UNESCO . The Aparados da Serra National Park around the Itaimbezinho on the border with Santa Catarina is also famous ; up to 1000 m high steep walls and remains of the Mata Atlântica with araucarias and a unique flora and fauna . There are two different river systems in Rio Grande do Sul: the one flowing from the eastern slopes to the lagoons and the one from the La Plata basin westward to the Río Uruguay . The larger rivers of the eastern group are the Rio Jacuí , Rio dos Sinos , Caí, Gravataí and Camacuã, which flows into Lagoa dos Patos and the Rio Jaguarão , which flows into Lagoa Mirim . All of the former except the Camacuã flow into one of the two arms of the river opening into the northern end of the Lagoa dos Patos, which, although it is called Guaiba, is actually not a river. In 2008 Rio Grande do Sul had a gross domestic product of around R $ 193.5 billion, R $ 17,825 per capita. This makes it an important industrial location in Brazil. Due to its geographical location in southern Brazil and direct borders with Argentina and Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul has a strong strategic importance in Mercosul . The most important branches of industry are the metalworking industry, the food industry, the leather, shoe and textile industries. The state is also an important producer of grains (wheat, soy, rice, corn) and has numerous livestock farms (poultry, cattle, pigs). In addition, sugar cane and fruit are grown, and the cultivation and processing of tobacco (mainly for export) continue to play a role. Wine has also been grown in Rio Grande do Sul since around 1874. Italian and German immigrants brought vines with them from their home countries. Around 90% of Brazilian wine production comes from here. The main growing area is the Serra Gaúcha in the northeast. There are also smaller growing areas in Viamão , Campanha and Santana do Livramento in the extreme south. The destruction of forests on an enormous scale and the timber trade contributed significantly to economic growth; today pasture farming, wood plantations (eucalyptus, pine) and soy. Ethnic groups Charrúa chief, 19th century ( Jean-Baptiste Debret ) The IBGE 2008 published an overview of the population composition: Population development year population 1991 census 9,138,670 2000 census 10,187,798 2010 census 10,693,929 2019 estimate 11,377,239 Indians, mostly Guaraní , Kaingang and Charrúa , were the first inhabitants of the state. The wandering adventurers of the 17th and 18th centuries, called gauchos by the Spaniards , acquired the reputation of a militant people as they had to defend the 1700 km long border with Argentina and Uruguay. The history of Rio Grande do Sul and the Gaúchos mingled with that of the immigrants who colonized the country. About 80% of the inhabitants are of Portuguese, Spanish, German (see Riograndenser Hunsrückisch ) or Italian origin. But the state is also home to descendants of Russians, Africans, Austrians, Lebanese, Irish, Syrians, French, Dutch, Poles, Czechs, Japanese, Belgians and Swedes. These immigrants are joined by the indigenous people and the descendants of African slaves, who have a great influence on culture. In this region mainly German Jesuits operated a mission and set up a network of stations and schools. Cultural identity and the traditions of the Gaúchos are preserved in the CTGs (Centers for the Traditions of the Gaúchos), which occur throughout the state. In Brazil and abroad, the people are known for their special lifestyle. In the period between September 11, 1836 and March 1, 1845, there was a separate state in the area of Rio Grande do Sul, the Republic of Piratini . The government building Palácio Piratini , Porto Alegre The state government ( Governo ), based in the Palácio Piratini in Porto Alegre, consists of the governor and his cabinet. The parliament is the unicameral system of the legislative assembly of Rio Grande do Sul with 55 elected representatives ( deputados estaduais ). The state is represented in the federal parliament by 31 federal deputies and three senators. The state's anthem is Hino do Rio Grande do Sul . 39. Since taking office on January 1, 2019, the state's governor has been Eduardo Leite of the Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB), while Ranolfo Vieira Júnior ( PTB ) is vice-governor . Large cities in Rio Grande do Sul by population, estimate as of July 1, 2019 city rank Residents Porto601737 89.jpg Porto Alegre 01 1,483,771 Centro-CaxiasdoSul.jpg Caxias do Sul 02 510.906 Hotel Manta.jpg Pelotas 03 342,405 DCP Canoas.jpg Canoas 04 346,616 Vista de Santa Maria (RS) .jpg Santa Maria 05 282.123 Gravataí 06 281,519 Viamão 07 255.224 Novo Hamburgo 08 246,748 Sao Leopoldo 09 236.835 Rio Grande 10 211.005 Alvorada 11 210.305 Centro Passo Fundo.jpg Passo Fundo 12 203.275 Sapucaia do Sul 13 141.075 Uruguaiana 14th 126,970 Zona norte Santa cruz.JPG Santa Cruz do Sul 15th 130.416 Cachoeirinha 16 130.293 Bagé 17th 121.143 Bento Gonçalves Panorama 2009.jpg Bento Gonçalves 18th 120,454 Centro Erechim.jpg Erechim 19th 105,862 Guaíba 20th 98.143 Rio Grande do Sul has 11 public and 14 private universities. Of these 35 of a total of over 100 higher education institutions, the most important are: Another of the well-known universities is the largest Brazilian private university , the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) in Porto Alegre. Rio Grande do Sul has z. Currently five soccer teams that play in the leagues of the Brazilian soccer championship : The SC Rio Grande , founded on July 19, 1900 in Rio Grande, is the oldest football club in Brazil and currently plays in the second division of the Campeonato Gaúcho . See also Web links Commons : Rio Grande do Sul - collection of images, videos and audio files Individual evidence 1. a b c 'Rio Grande do Sul - Panorama. In: IBGE , accessed September 5, 2019 (Brazilian Portuguese). 2. Sound like in Porto Alegre. In the border areas: [ ʁiw ˈɡɾɐ̃dɪ dʊ suɫ ]. Sound in European Portuguese : [ ˈʁi.u ˈɡɾɐ̃ð (ɨ) du ˈsuɫ ]. In Brazilian Portuguese in the sound of Rio de Janeiro : [ ˈʁi.u ˈɡɾɐ̃dʒi du ˈsuw ] 3. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Síntese, Rio Grande do Sul Censo Demográfico 2010 (Portuguese, English, Spanish, accessed on November 29, 2012). 4. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística: Sinopse do Censo Demográfico 2010 (Portuguese, English, Spanish, accessed on November 29, 2012). 5. ^ Hydrographic maps ( Memento of March 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) via the portal do meio ambiente RS . 6. Síntese de indicadores Sociais. ( Memento of July 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 1.7 MB) Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) Tabela 8.1 - População total e respectiva distribuição percentual, por cor ou raça, segundo as Grandes Regiões, Unidades da Federação e Regiões Metropolitanas - 2007. (Portuguese, accessed November 20, 2012). 7. Brazil: States and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather, and Web Information. Retrieved December 22, 2017 . 8. Frederik Schulze: Emigration as a nationalist project: 'Deutschtum' and colonial discourses in southern Brazil (1824–1941) . Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar, 2016, ISBN 978-3-412-50547-9 ( [accessed on April 20, 2020]). 9. ^ Eduardo Leite 45 (Governador). In: Eleições 2018, accessed September 5, 2019 (Brazilian Portuguese). 10. Delegado Ranolfo 45. In: Gazeta do Povo, November 13, 2018, accessed September 5, 2019 (Brazilian Portuguese). 11. Portal: Ser Universitário (Portuguese, accessed November 30, 2012). 12. IFRS website ( memo of November 28, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (Portuguese, accessed November 30, 2012). 13. ^ IFF website (Portuguese, accessed November 30, 2012). 14. IFSul website (Portuguese, accessed November 30, 2012). 15. ^ UPF website (Portuguese, accessed November 30, 2012). 16. UEGS website (Portuguese, accessed on 30 November 2012). 17. UFCSPA website (Portuguese, accessed on 30 November 2012). 18. UFPel website (Portuguese, accessed on 30 November 2012). 19. ^ UFSM website (Portuguese, accessed November 30, 2012). 20. Unipampa website (Portuguese, accessed on 30 November 2012). 21. FURG website (Portuguese, accessed on 30 November 2012). 22. ^ UFRGS website (Portuguese, accessed November 30, 2012). 23. PUCRS website ( Memento of March 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (Portuguese, accessed November 30, 2012). 24. Current Brazilian Championship , RSSSF (Portuguese, English, accessed on November 29, 2012).
Prioritizing Interventions for Autism, PDD-NOS, SPD and ADHD by Patricia S Lemer, M.S. Bus., NCC, Chairman of the Board, Epidemic Answers Families sometimes share that they are confused about the order in which to pursue interventions for their child. They hear from well-meaning friends, parents and teachers about the benefits of various treatments. My editorial attempts to grant your wish. I have devised the following chart to clarify how to prioritize interventions for autism, PDD-NOS, SPD and ADHD. Age Primary Therapies Secondary Therapies Extra Fun Therapies 0-3 SI-based OT/PTNutrition Speech/LanguageOsteopathic Movement 4-7 SI-based OT/PTSpeech/Language Speech/LanguagePlay Therapy Music Therapy 8-12 Vision TherapyAcademic Speech/LanguagePsychological Martial ArtsPerceptual-Motor 13-18 PsychologicalAcademic Vision TherapyNutrition Hippotherapy 19-Adult Social-EmotionalVocational AcademicNutrition Hobbies Focus on one or two primary therapies that utilize about 75% of your available time and financial resources. You may want to select another, secondary, therapy that will take up 15%. A less intensive, “fun,” therapy will complement the goals of the other treatments. Nutrition includes both dietary modification and nutritional supplementation. A proper protocol can reverse damage done by allergic and toxin reactions and boost the immune system. If your child had a difficult birth, osteopathic manipulation and CranioSacral therapy can help realign bones to allow bodily fluids to flow appropriately. Step 3 (Age 8-12): Now, focus on academics. Ascertain that the child’s sensory systems are working properly. If not, in-office and home vision therapy by a behavioral optometrist, using a combination of lenses, prisms and movement-based activities, may be necessary to resolve eye movement difficulties or binocular dysfunction. If vision is working well, a child will “break the code” and read with good comprehension. Pre-teen years are a fine time to build self-esteem through martial arts or group psychotherapy. Step 5 (Age 19-Adult): Resolving delays does not necessarily end because a child moves into adulthood. There are many ways to fine-tune and encourage growth. It is important that adults with disabilities find pleasure in animals, plants, the out-of-doors and other alternatives to television and computer games. Whatever the age of your child, use this guide to choose appropriate interventions. Trying an interesting new option may make a huge difference.
How has COVID-19 impacted our environment, and how can we replicate the good, and avoid the bad? What You Need To Know: As a result of COVID-19, our lives have changed. In order to stay safe during this unprecedented time, we have stayed home, worn masks, and followed new, unimaginable safety procedures that collectively have changed our lives. Along with the impact that COVID-19 has had on our daily lives, these changes have also impacted our environment. Without anywhere to go, people have been driving less, leading to decreasing CO2 emissions, which positively impacts our air pollution. On the contrary, this virus has negatively impacted the environment because of the amount of waste that we have produced. From the excessive use and disposal of masks to increased packaging required to serve food in restaurants and to provide takeout options to limit exposure, landfill waste has immensely increased, which will lead to air pollution, the destruction of natural resources, health problems for animal species, groundwater pollution, and poisoning natural landscapes with disease and bacteria. With these consequences of COVID-19 in mind, it begs to question: How can we recreate the good, and eliminate the bad? With such a wide range of environmental impacts of this virus, there are certain procedures and actions that can be done in order to eliminate excessive waste, and produce less air pollution by using more environmentally friendly transportation. The UN Sustainable Development Goals that this project focuses on are sustainability and climate action. To make our communities more environmentally friendly and safe to prevent COVID-19, taking action to promote sustainability and climate action are vital. With billions of people being forced into the confines of their homes, having to completely change their daily routines, the significant environmental impacts that followed were inevitable. Some of these impacts have been positive, while others have been negative. One of the most significant changes has been in CO2 emissions. On average, people have been driving their cars less, leading to changes in air pollution throughout the world. Also, airplane travel has significantly declined, as people have not been able to travel because of COVID-19 safety guidelines. Some of the most apparent examples of this can be seen in China and India. In the first stages of lockdown, China produced 200 million fewer metric tons of carbon dioxide compared to previous years. This was because of reduced air traffic, oil refining, and coal consumption that resulted from the nationwide lockdown. In India, the Himalayas became visible again for the first time in decades, and air quality improved because of the lowering levels of air pollution. On the other end of things, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the amount of waste circulating in landfills and oceans. From disposable masks to plastic packaging for takeout, the necessary safety precautions for combating the coronavirus have produced more waste then previously created. On a personal level, I has seen a sharp increase in the trash produced at my school, as the majority of students wear disposable masks, and with the school lunch being packaged in excessive plastic to reduce contact and the possible spread of germs on surfaces. Even on an individual basis, people have been accumulating more trash that ends up in the local landfill, as well as on the streets, and in bodies of water. This increase in waste production will, if continued at the degree that it is now, lead to animal populations going extinct, environments being destroyed, and air becoming more polluted. I conducted a survey with the teachers at my school to see how their trash production and driving has changed since the pandemic began. As I predicted, the majority of people were driving less, and creating more trash. I got the chance to interview the owner of a local pizza restaurant, Big Bon Bodega, who has used sustainable packaging to keep her customers safe from spreading COVID-19, and to keep our environment safe. Why did you make the effort to use sustainable packaging? Using sustainable packaging such as wooden forks produces less plastic disposables, which is better for the environment. Has using sustainable packaging affected the cost and profit of your business? Yes, it has definitely changed it by a few percent, but balancing the cost and protecting the earth in worth the extra cost. In what ways is sustainable packaging good for the environment? Avoiding plastic to make trash biodegradable leads to less trash in the landfill. Has this move to sustainable packaging been impacted by COVID-19 guidelines and safety procedures? Yes, most businesses are producing more waste to package goods, and we have increased our use of biodegradable packaging to be better for the environment. The main issues at hand, when considering the effects of COVID-19 on our environment, are the changing levels of CO2 emissions, and the increased amount of trash produced. In order to continue to decrease CO2 emissions, significant routine changes would need to occur, and people would have to sacrifice quick and accessible transportation. While this may seem intimidating, there are more simple ways of reducing our daily carbon footprints while still living normal lives. Eating less animal products, composting, producing less food waste, washing clothes with cold water, turning off lights when possible, and using public transportation and carpooling are small changes that can be made to our daily routines, but will make a big difference in the long run. Also, one of the biggest contributors to waste production right now are disposable masks. When throwing away masks everyday, the amount of trash in the landfill will increase, and could affect our wildlife and environment if continued. An easy solution to this would be to wear reusable masks, that are regularly washed. Doing this is just as effective at combating COVID-19, but is much better for the environment. By using sustainable packaging, excessive waste, that will end up in landfills, can be avoided, and safety precautions for COVID-19 can still be followed. Any of these four options can be used in composting, and can be used as fertilizer in gardens, which could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. If restaurants and schools were to use any form of sustainable packaging, it could have significant impacts on our environment and landfills. Please let me know what you thought of my project, and what I can do to improve upon it. Thanks for viewing my page! Works Cited: Link (Google Doc) 1. Hi! Your project looks super detailed and its really interesting to see all those statistics. When I think about my personal environmental impact in the environment during the pandemic, I think it has definitely decreased, as I don’t have to commute to school and other places anymore. I am also not travelling, and planes have a huge impact on the environment. 2. I really like your ideas and options for better sustainable packaging because we do use too much plastic for packaging which needs to stop. These options presented if used as the new packaging material could be very beneficial 3. Hey! Your project is really interesting! It’s crazy to see the increase in waste production during the pandemic. It’s harder to make sustainable choices with many regulations and restrictions put into place, however, it is so important. I liked the alternatives and options for more sustainable packaging. It seems feasible to implement. Great job! 4. Hi! I thought your project was great and really important. I was surprised to learn that your respondents trash production increased on average. A question I have for you is as follows: How do you think that we as a culture can incentivise people to wear reusable masks? I believe that we will have to find a way to convince people that sustainability is more important than convenience. 5. Hi! i loved the different types of solutions that you posed-I’ve recently been wondering about what changes I can make to my life in order to become less harmful to the environment, and I think that you webpage outlined and detailed some of those ideas really well. Good job! Leave a Reply
How to get started with Cassandra DB with Python3.7 Pass this to the next buddy! In this post, I am going to talk about Apache Cassandra, its purpose, usage, configuration, and setting up a cluster and in the end, how can you access it in your Python applications. At the end of this post, you should have a basic understanding of Cassandra and how you can use in your Python apps. What is Apache Cassandra? According to Wikipedia: Cassandra developed by two Facebook engineers to deal with search mechanism of Inbox. Later Facebook released it as an opensource project on Google code and after a while, it was handed over to Apache foundation. Cassandra is being used by many big names like Netflix, Apple, Weather channel, eBay and many more. It’s decentralized nature( a Masterless system), fault tolerance, scalability, and durability makes it superior to its competitors. Let’s discuss a bit of its architecture, if you want, you may skip to the installation and setup part. I’d suggest you skim thru the architecture section as it will give you an idea about why you would want to use it. Cassandra Architecture Cassandra Architecture consists of the following components: It is the basic component of the data, a machine where the data is stored A collection of related nodes. It can be a physical datacenter or virtual A cluster contains one or more datacenters, it could span across locations. Commit Log Every write operation is first stored in the commit log. It is used for crash recovery. After data is written to the commit log it then is stored in Mem-Table(Memory Table) which remains there till it reaches to the threshold. Sorted-String Table or SSTable is a disk file which stores data from MemTable once it reaches to the threshold. SSTables are stored on disk sequentially and maintained for each database table. Write Operations Write Operation Flow • As soon as the write request is received, it is first dumped into commit log to make sure that data is saved. • Data is also written in MemTable, an in-memory system that holds the data till it’s get fulled. • Once MemTable reaches its threshold, its data is then flushed to SS Table. The node that accepts the write requests called coordinator for that particular operation. It acts as a proxy between the client that sent the request and other nodes. The coordinator then determines which node should be sent this data in a ring based on the cluster configuration. Consistency level determines how many nodes will respond back with the success acknowledgment. Read Operations 1. Direct Request:- The coordinator node sends the read request to one of the replicas. After that send a digest request to the other replicas to make sure whether the returned data is an updated data. 2. Digest Request: The coordinator contacts the replicas specified by the consistency level. The contacted nodes respond with a digest request of the required data. The rows from each replica are compared in memory for consistency. If they are not consistent, the replica having the most recent data (timestamp) is used by the coordinator to forward the result back to the client. 3. Read Repair Request: In case of data is not consistent across the node, a background read repair request is initiated that makes sure that the most recent data is available across the nodes. Data Replication Strategies Data replication is a must feature to make sure that no data is lost due to hardware or network failure. A replication strategy determines which nodes to place replicas on. Cassandra provides two different replication strategies. Simple Strategy SimpleStrategy is used when you have only one data center. It places the first replica on the node selected by the partitioner. A partitioner determines how data is distributed across the nodes in the cluster (including replicas). After that, remaining replicas are placed in a clockwise direction in the Node ring. Network Topology Strategy It is used when you have deployments across multiple data centers. This strategy places replicas in the same datacenter by traversing the ring clockwise until reaching the first node in another rack. This is due to the reason that sometimes failure or problem can occur in the rack. Then replicas on other nodes can provide data. This strategy is highly recommended for scalability purpose and future expansion. Okay, enough theory is discussed, let’s do something practical. Installation and Setup You can download the package from Official website and run in single mode for the development purpose but it will not help you to know the true strength of Cassandra as it’d be behaving like any other database. Therefore, I am going with the docker version of it where I will set up a cluster of two nodes. Note: Before you even start, make sure you set up the Docker Memory to at least 4GB otherwise the container can exit with the error code 137. It took me an hour to figure it out as this error due to low memory resources. Create a folder on your machine, like I created as /Development/PetProjects/CassandraTut/data. Inside that folder, I created two sub-folders for storing data of both nodes. Once done, it will look like below: ➜ data tree -a.├── node1└── node22 directories, 1 file Stay in the same folder and run the command docker pull cassandra to download the official image. If you are new to docker then you should check my posts in the Docker Series. Once downloaded, docker images the command will show it on your terminal. Make sure that docker is installed and running. Also, you have to give writing permissions to the folder where the data will be stored by Cassandra. We will set up two nodes: Node1 as the main node and the Node2 as a seed node. Seeds are used during startup to discover the cluster. Let’s run the first node. docker run --name cas1 -p 9042:9042 -v /Development/PetProjects/CassandraTut/data/node1:/var/lib/cassandra/data -e CASSANDRA_CLUSTER_NAME=MyCluster -e CASSANDRA_ENDPOINT_SNITCH=GossipingPropertyFileSnitch -e CASSANDRA_DC=datacenter1 -d cassandra Many environment variables were self-explanatory, I will discuss CASSANDRA_ENDPOINT_SNITCH Snitches determine how Cassandra distribute replicas. This snitch is recommended for production. GossipingPropertyFileSnitch automatically updates all nodes using gossip protocol when adding new nodes and is recommended for production. Run the following command to learn about the status of the node. ➜ data docker exec -it cas1 nodetool status Datacenter: datacenter1 \|/ State=Normal/Leaving/Joining/Moving -- Address Load Tokens Owns (effective) Host ID Rack UN 103.67 KiB 256 100.0% bcb57440-7303-4849-9afc-af0237587870 rack1 UN tells the status that it is Up and Normal. When other nodes join, you may see the status UJ which means Up and Joining. I am using -d switch of docker run to run it in the background. Also, notice the content of the node1 folder. It creates the default system databases, something akin to MySQL. ➜ node1 ls system system_auth system_distributed system_schema system_traces ➜ node1 Now let’s run the 2nd node: docker run --name cas2 -v /Development/PetProjects/CassandraTut/data/node2:/var/lib/cassandra/data -e CASSANDRA_SEEDS="$(docker inspect --format='{{ .NetworkSettings.IPAddress }}' cas1)" -e CASSANDRA_CLUSTER_NAME=MyCluster -e CASSANDRA_ENDPOINT_SNITCH=GossipingPropertyFileSnitch -e CASSANDRA_DC=datacenter1 -d cassandra:latest After setting the relevant container name and data center, you will also set CASSANDRA_SEEDS here to the IP address of the node cas1 which can fetch by using the docker inspect command. After a while when you run the nodetool status command in cas1 you should see something like below: As you can see, our second node is joining the cluster and we learned it from the status UJ. If you look go the mounted volume, node2 folder you will see the system folders there as well. Running commands from the terminal is irritating therefore I created a docker-compose.yaml file to run the cluster without any hassle. In order to make sure that cas1 is up and running, I am making cas2 dependant of cas1 and also put a sleep of 60 seconds. I was getting RPC error INFO [main] 2019-05-14 01:51:07,336 - Not starting RPC server as requested. Use JMX (StorageService->startRPCServer()) or nodetool (enablethrift) to start it so I am calling CASSANDRA_START_RPC environment parameter too and set it to True. Let’s run the docker-compose up -d to run in detached mode. As you can see that the first node is not up, the second node initiation process has not started either. After a while, both nodes are up with their unique IPs. All Cassandra config files reside in /etc/cassandra/ folder inside containers. Let’s run the CQL shell. ➜ CassandraTut docker exec -it cas2 cqlsh Connected to MyCluster at [cqlsh 5.0.1 \| Cassandra 3.11.4 \| CQL spec 3.4.4 \| Native protocol v4] Use HELP for help. it is similar to MySQL shell. CQL, Cassandra Query Language is similar to SQL in syntax but its usage is not as similar to RDBMS systems. We will look further on it soon. Hang on! If you notice I had exposed the default Cassandra port that is 9042 in both docker run and docker composecommand. Using terminal like is not fascinating, how about using a GUI client? I am using TablePlus, a SQL/NoSQL client. Once connected, you will see default system databases. Let’s create a test KEYSPACE, the Cassandra version of Database, and a Table on node cas1. Do not worry, I will discuss it in details later. Right now the purpose is to tell you how data is replicated. Setting Replication factor to 2, which means there will be 2 copies of data, one on each node. Let’s connect to the second node. Notice the port 9043. The 9042 was already assigned to cas1. Lo and Behold! MyKeySpace exists here as well, it was well replicated from Cas1 to Cas2 Either you make changes on Cas1 or Cas2, it will eventually be propagated. This is not similar to a typical Master/Slave concept, it is rather called Masterless as the entire system is decentralized and P2P connection is established in the ring(Does it reminds you Blockchain?) Next up is Data Modeling concepts and creating entities in CQL. Cassandra Data Modeling and CQL Cassandra is a beast and it is not possible to cover every aspect of data modeling here. Therefore I will be covering the basics to give you a little bit idea that how is it different than a typical relational database system. Despite CQL looks very much similar to SQL or MySQL based SQL, it is not SQL at all. Prepare yourself to be ready to unlearn RDBMS things. Below is a little comparison between Cassandra and RDBMS world. Keyspace:- It is the container collection of column families. You can think of it as a Database in the RDBMS world. Column Family:- A column family is a container for an ordered collection of rows. Each row, in turn, is an ordered collection of columns. Think of it as a Table in the RDBMS world. Row:- A row is the collection of columns ordered columns. Column:- A column is the collection of key/value pairs. RowKey:- A primary key is called a row key. Compound Primary Key:- A primary key consist of multiple columns. One part of that key then called Partition Key and rest a Cluster Key. Partition Key:- Data in Cassandra is spread across the nodes. The purpose of the partition key is to identify the node that has stored that particular row which is being asked for. A function, called partition, is used to compute the hash value of the partition key at the time of row is being written. For instance, node 1 has key values range from 1–10node 2 contains 11–20 and node 3 consists of range 21–30. When a SELECT command with WHERE clause is executed, the hash value of partition key is used to find the required node, once the node is found, it then fetches the data and returns to the client. For instance, the query is SELECT * FROM users where id = 5, and suppose the hash value of partition key(which is 5 in this case) is 15, it’d be the node 2which will have that row available. Below is the pictorial representation of it. Let’s come up with an example. You are working on a system that keeps information about the site users and their cities. We will create a Keyspace, called, CityInfo. You may use CQLSH or TablePlus GUI, up to you. create keyspace CityInfo with replication = {'class' : 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor':2} Since I have 2 nodes so I set the replication_factor to 2. Designing Models In RDBMS we have a facility like JOINs and writing is not cheap hence we avoid duplicates by using foreign keys in relevant tables. This is not the case in Cassandra. Cassandra is a distributed system, writing is cheap hence you are most welcome to de-normalize data where needed. This helps to retrieve data which you usually fetch via JOINs. On the other hand, data reads could be expensive because data is spanned across nodes and retrieve via partition keys. While designing models you should have the following goals in mind: 1. Evenly spread of data in a cluster:- The primary key is the partition key if it is consist of a single column and a partition key and cluster key in case of a composite primary key. To spread data evenly you must select a column for PK which has uniqueness thus could be spread across nodes. Things like ID, Username, and email have uniqueness and will fully utilize the cluster of nodes. But if you use keys like first/last namegender, etc then there will be very fewer choices of partition keys and despite having 100s of nodes only a few will always be used thus making a partition fat and less performant. 2. Minimize the number of Reads:- As I mentioned, reads are expensive. If you model in a way that a single query is fetching from multiple partitions it will make the system slow. Therefore, unlike RDBMS where you design schema first and get the liberty of creating queries based on your requirements, this is not the case for Cassandra. You must know the queries in advance which are required in the system and then design model accordingly. Example Use case We have a system where users of different cities visit a website. The management has asked to come up with the following information: 1. List of all users 2. List of all cities. 3. List of users by cities Let’s create the cities table first. id int, name text, country text, then users username text, name text, age int, PRIMARY KEY(username) Inserting a few cities. INSERT INTO cities(id,name,country) VALUES (1,'Karachi','Pakistan'); INSERT INTO cities(id,name,country) VALUES (2,'Lahore','Pakistan'); INSERT INTO cities(id,name,country) VALUES (3,'Dubai','UAE'); INSERT INTO cities(id,name,country) VALUES (4,'Berlin','Germany'); And inserting a few users INSERT INTO users(username,name,age) VALUES ('aali24','Ali Amin',34); INSERT INTO users(username,name,age) VALUES ('jack01','Jack David',23); INSERT INTO users(username,name,age) VALUES ('ninopk','Nina Rehman',34); These insertions fulfill our first two requirements but what about the 3rd one? In RDBMS world we would have used city_id as an FK in users table and a JOIN would easily return the data but this is Cassandra, we can’t do this, what is left for us create another table that would satisfy our needs. CREATE TABLE users_by_cities ( username text, name text, city text, age int, PRIMARY KEY(city,age) This primary key has two components: First becomes partition key and the second becomes cluster key. It will look up w.r.t city and all the records are clustered/grouped by age. Insert a few records now: INSERT INTO users_by_cities(username,name,city,age) VALUES ('aali24','Ali Amin','Karachi',34); INSERT INTO users_by_cities(username,name,city, age) VALUES ('jack01','Jack David','Berlin',23); INSERT INTO users_by_cities(username,name,city, age) VALUES ('ninopk','Nina Rehman','Lahore',34); Normally these insertions in two tables will be done in a go from an “Add User” interface, from CQL side you can do something like this to add a user’s information. INSERT into users(username,name,age) VALUES('raziz12','Rashid Aziz',34); INSERT INTO users_by_cities(username,name,city, age) VALUES ('raziz12','Rashid Aziz','Karachi',30); Before I move further, I would like to remind you about the hashed token I discussed earlier. First, run the EXPAND ON command on CQL shell. Once you do that you see the results like below: Looks good, No? OK, now we are going to see the token value of our primary key. It returns the below result: cqlsh:cityinfo> select token(username) from users;@ Row 1 system.token(username) \| -7905752472182359000@ Row 2 system.token(username) \| 2621513098312339776@ Row 3 system.token(username) \| 6013687671608201304 Make sense, tokens are unique because the usernames are unique. These tokens will spread across nodes. When the user runs the command SELECT * FROM users where username = 'raziz12', it will pick the node based on this token value. I already showed this in pictorial form a few lines above. The query below shows the token values from users_by_cities table. cqlsh:cityinfo> select token(username),username,city from users_by_cities;@ Row 1 system.token(username) \| 2621513098312339776 username \| jack01 city \| Berlin@ Row 2 system.token(username) \| 6013687671608201304 username \| ninopk city \| Lahore@ Row 3 system.token(username) \| -882788003101376442 username \| raziz12 city \| Karachi@ Row 4 system.token(username) \| -7905752472182359000 username \| aali24 city \| Karachi Select * from users_by_cities where city = 'Karachi'; returns the following: cqlsh:cityinfo> select * from users_by_cities where city = 'Karachi';@ Row 1 city \| Karachi username \| aali24 name \| Ali Amin@ Row 2 city \| Karachi username \| raziz12 name \| Rashid Aziz The model also serves the query select * from users_by_cities where city = 'Karachi' and age = 34 But what if you want to pick a record based on name the field? SELECT * from users_by_cities where name = 'Ali Amin'; You’d get the following error. Error from server: code=2200 [Invalid query] message="Cannot execute this query as it might involve data filtering and thus may have unpredictable performance. If you want to execute this query despite the performance unpredictability It is because no partition key was mentioned, Cassandra is asking to hunt the required name in ALL nodes, yes ALL nodes and imagine if nodes are 10 or 100, it’d take time to return the data. Hence it is not suggested. If you want to find something w.r.t field, either create another table(highly recommended) or create a secondary index(not recommended) The data is partitioned by city, on lookup, one node responds with the token of the city, once the node is discovered, it fetches all the record in that partition for the users belong to the city of Karachi. Something similar could be visualized about the clustering of data related to Karachi. The data is clustered against agecolumn. So for a partition holding records of all Karachiites, you will be seeing clusters of records w.r.t age. Your head must be spinning and would be missing your beloved MySQL but I am telling you that this is something worth learning, I am learning too and I just scratched the surface of this beast. You’d be wondering that title of the post mentions Python but so far no Python code written at all, I hear you. It was necessary to prepare a ground because you will just be executing queries in your Python app. The main work is somewhere else, right above. OK before I move to development, I discussed that Cassandra initially wrote data in Commitlog. The path of Cassandra CommitLog can be obtained from /etc/cassandra/cassandra.yaml which is /var/lib/cassandra/commitlog here it creates log file w.r.t timestamp. It is not as readable but when I searched a few inserted record then found a few traces. Check the screen below: You can find traces of jack01aali, and ninopk here. You also find text related to repairing mechanism. SSTables are found in /var/lib/cassandra/data/<keyspacename> .In my case it is cityinfo For every table/Column Family it generates manifest.json files, a few .db and a few other types of file, below are the files of the table users_by_cities table. You can learn more about it here. Accessing Cassandra from Python Alright, so, first of all, we’d need to install the driver. I am out the docker shell as I’d be accessing it from my host machine. Run the command pip install cassandra-driver It takes a while during building the driver: Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.9 in /anaconda3/anaconda/lib/python3.6/site-packages (from cassandra-driver) (1.11.0) Building wheels for collected packages: cassandra-driver Building wheel for cassandra-driver ( ... done Stored in directory: /Users/AdnanAhmad/Library/Caches/pip/wheels/df/f4/40/941c98128d60f08d2f628b04a7a1b10006655aac3803e0e227 Successfully built cassandra-driver Installing collected packages: cassandra-driver Successfully installed cassandra-driver-3.17.1 Below is the code connecting to the Cassandra Cluster within Docker from the Python script running out of the Docker. from cassandra.cluster import Clusterif __name__ == "__main__": cluster = Cluster([''],port=9042) session = cluster.connect('cityinfo',wait_for_all_pools=True) session.execute('USE cityinfo') rows = session.execute('SELECT FROM users') for row in rows: The following output returned: ➜ CassandraTut python 34 Ali Amin aali24 34 Rashid Aziz raziz12 23 Jack David jack01 34 Nina Rehman ninopk ➜ CassandraTut You can learn more about it here So in this post, you learned a bit about Cassandra and how to use CQL and connecting it in your Python scripts. Leave your comment below for comments, correction or feedback. As always, the code is on Github Pass this to the next buddy! Howto-daily Team Howto-daily team is a group of volunteering writers who are working very hard to achieve the free-knowledge access goals. Ack:- J. Jay, I.O. Iddris, I.J.Kinley, I.I. Kim. Email letmehelp AT howto-daily dot com. You may also like... Leave a Reply
Upon The Lark And The Fowler Thou simple bird, what makes thou here to play? Look, there's the fowler, pr'ythee come away. Do'st not behold the net? Look there, 'tis spread, Venture a little further, thou art dead. Is there not room enough in all the field For thee to play in, but thou needs must yield To the deceitful glitt'ring of a glass, Plac'd betwixt nets, to bring thy death to pass? Bird, if thou art so much for dazzling light, Look, there's the sun above thee; dart upright; Thy nature is to soar up to the sky, Why wilt thou come down to the nets and die? Take no heed to the fowler's tempting call; This whistle, he enchanteth birds withal. Or if thou see'st a live bird in his net, Believe she's there, 'cause hence she cannot get. Look how he tempteth thee with is decoy, That he may rob thee of thy life, thy joy. Come, pr'ythee bird, I pr'ythee come away, Why should this net thee take, when 'scape thou may? Hadst thou not wings, or were thy feathers pull'd, Or wast thou blind, or fast asleep wer't lull'd, The case would somewhat alter, but for thee, Thy eyes are ope, and thou hast wings to flee. Remember that thy song is in thy rise, Not in thy fall; earth's not thy paradise. Keep up aloft, then, let thy circuits be Above, where birds from fowler's nets are free. This fowler is an emblem of the devil, His nets and whistle, figures of all evil. His glass an emblem is of sinful pleasure, And his decoy of who counts sin a treasure. This simple lark's a shadow of a saint, Under allurings, ready now to faint. This admonisher a true teacher is, Whose works to show the soul the snare and bliss, And how it may this fowler's net escape, And not commit upon itself this rape.
PPP Has Been Crucial to Brewer’s Economy By Senator Kim Rosen The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) is one of the relief programs implemented by the U.S. government to ease the negative economic effects of the COVID-19 outbreak. U.S. Senator Susan Collins helped draft the legislation that made it possible after seeking the advice and input of a number of Maine businesses. The idea for the program was two-fold. First, get cash into the hands of people who will spend it and keep the economy moving. Second, as implied by its name, was to keep individual businesses functioning, even if at a reduced capacity, so that they could more easily rebound after the danger of the virus had subsided. By dialing back their activity, but still keeping their employee base intact, businesses could eventually ramp back up to full capacity as opposed to failing and closing their doors forever, making it much harder to restart the economy down the road. The program provided loans for a number of qualifying expenses with the understanding that, if the recipient later showed that they kept their employees on the payroll, the loans were converted to grants. During the first round of PPP applications, 27,000 Maine companies were awarded $2.2 billion in federal funds, saving tens of thousands of jobs. In Brewer alone, more than 150 organizations received upwards of $29.6 million to protect 3,000 local jobs. That is money that would not have been spent at the local pizza shop, the hardware store, or in any of the other businesses that we rely on in our communities without this program. To maximize the economic stimulus benefit of these funds, Congress specifically made them tax free so that the money would stay in our communities rather than being swept up by state or federal governments as taxes. In round numbers, that $29.6 million would represent about $2,000,000 in state taxes taken out of our area’s economy. Recently, Governor Mills submitted a proposal that called for the state to ignore the intent of Congress and charge a state tax on these funds. This, she said, would put more than $100 million into state coffers at the cost of PPP recipients and their communities. The Legislature will have the final say as to whether PPP funds will be taxed. You can rest assured that I will do all I can to prevent this from happening and to encourage state government to live within its means. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
How can making healthy lifestyle choices affect my bone health?lifestyle One of the most important factors in promoting bone health and preventing osteoporosis is making healthy lifestyle choices. Healthy lifestyle choices should begin as early as during pregnancy and should continue throughout the life span. The earlier that prevention measures are taken, the greater the benefit to bone health. It is important for all individuals including those with a strong genetic tendency (family history) for osteoporosis to practice healthy lifestyle choices. Making healthy choices will help you reach your peak bone mass in youth and promote healthy bones later in life. What lifestyle choices can increase my risk for osteoporosis? Certain long-term habits have been identified as primary causes for osteoporosis. These lifestyle choices may increase your risk for osteoporosis. • Lifelong low intake of calcium and vitamin D • Lack of physical activity • Smoking • Excessive alcohol intake What lifestyle choices can reduce my risk for osteoporosis? Why do calcium and vitamin D matter? Calcium and Vitamin D are necessary to build and maintain strong bones. Calcium is a mineral that makes bone dense (thick) and strong. Vitamin D helps your body absorb and use calcium. Think of your bones as a bank account in which you deposit and withdraw calcium. During childhood, the teen years, and early adulthood you build up the calcium in your bone bank. Your skeleton grows and your bones become larger, denser, and stronger especially when you practice bone healthy actions. Peak bone mass, defined as the maximum bone density you will ever have, is largely determined by your genetics or family history. Peak bone mass is usually reached by 25 years of age. In youth and young adulthood, bone healthy actions are necessary to reach peak bone mass. People who attain higher peak bone mass have larger, heavier bones and are less likely to get osteoporosis later in life. After age 25, bone healthy actions help maintain bone mass. Throughout your life, if your dietary calcium and vitamin D intake are low, your body will withdraw the calcium it needs from your bones. Over time, if more calcium is taken out of your bones than is put in, the result may be thinner, weaker bones. Why is physical activity/exercise important? Physical activity/exercise at any time in your life is good for your heart, muscle tone, flexibility, and coordination. In children and young adults, exercise can build stronger bones. After peak bone mass is reached, physical activity plays an important role in maintaining bone mass. Exercise can also strengthen muscles and bones, improve posture, promote balance to prevent falls, and increase muscle mass to cushion bones in the event of a fall. To ensure your safety, consult your healthcare provider before beginning an exercise program. This is especially important if you have (or have a history of) a medical condition or if you have been diagnosed with osteoporosis and/or a broken bone (fracture). If you have osteoporosis and/or fracture, it would be beneficial to get a prescription from your healthcare provider for a physical therapy consultation before starting your exercise program. Taking these precautions will help make sure that you exercise safely while promoting stronger bones. Click on the link below to read more on the importance of balance and fall prevention when you have osteoporosis. How does smoking affect my bones? Smoking is bad for your overall health, including your bone health. If you are a smoker and decide to continue to smoke, you are taking the chance of developing osteoporosis and may be increasing your risk for fracture. Smoking directly affects your bone building cells and acts to decrease bone formation. This can be particularly bad for bones during youth and young adulthood when smoking can result in reaching a lower peak bone mass than expected. Smokers may also have lower bone mass because they tend to lead a more sedentary lifestyle than nonsmokers. Smoking greatly increases the risk for hip fracture that generally occurs in the senior years. There is evidence, however, that quitting smoking is an important way to reduce hip fracture risk. In fact, women who stop smoking can cut their risk for hip fracture in half after five years of quitting. How does heavy alcohol consumption affect my bones? Drinking alcohol to excess may have a dramatic impact on bone health. There are many reasons why excessive alcohol intake may be harmful to your bones. Alcohol may directly harm bone cells. People who consume too much alcohol also tend to have poor exercise habits, poor nutrition, and an increased risk for falls and broken bones. How can safety strategies help protect my bones? Safety strategies to protect your bones are important for individuals of all ages. It is very important for everyone to protect their bones and overall health by wearing seat belts in any moving vehicle and by using appropriate protective equipment when participating in sports. If you have been diagnosed with osteoporosis, you may be more likely to break a bone as a result of a fall. In fact, broken bones mostly result from falls, majority of which can be avoided.
Miranda Tejeda \| SS21 Karter Taylor and Delaney Decker visit Oxford’s uptown during Summer Scholars. — Contributed photo Summer Scholars helps advance women in STEM In the 1970s, only 7% of working women in the United States were pursuing STEM-related careers, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. By 2020, that number increased to about 27%. To address the issue and advance women in science, technology, engineering and math professions, schools now seek to spark interest in STEM studies beginning in middle school. This summer, the Miami University Summer Scholars program offered two engineering modules to get at the problem. Delaney Decker, 16, and Karter Taylor, 17, were both students in the Engineering: Under Pressure module. The students and others in their module worked on creating a canister to grab a sample from a hydrothermal vent. A hydrothermal vent is a tear in the sea floor where heated water is expelled at high pressure. The conditions make it very difficult to capture samples, Taylor explained. Both students answered questions about their interest in STEM work. Students test a canister in the Under Pressure module. — Contributed photo Question: Do you have an interest in careers in STEM and if so are there specific degrees or careers you want to pursue? Answer (Decker): “I’m looking at going into nuclear engineering and radiological sciences. I’m looking into University of Michigan, and I am really focusing on how to make radiology safer for humans because it’s not safe right now and if we can make it safer for women who are pregnant or older people who have really bad reactions to radiology, it could really help further scientific studies and help people in the long run. Answer (Taylor): “I’m interested in going into the medical field specifically but as my pre-med degree I want to go into biomedical engineering because I’ve always had an interest in prosthetics and how they are made and overall I enjoy helping people. I want to be able to create something to help people spark confidence and functionality in themselves.” Q: How do you feel about the marketing of STEM toys that are directed toward little girls, such as things that are stereotypically girly and pink? A: (Decker) “I dislike the fact that society thinks just because something is pink, that makes it “automatically girl”. As a child I was a girly girl, but when I bought toys I’d find myself being drawn to things that were not at all marketed toward me, like science kits. Everything needs to be more gender-neutral since now there’s these big ideas on what gender is, and how constructs are changing. Everyone needs to feel represented.” A: (Taylor) “In my opinion, as a kid, I don’t ever remember being advertised anything toward STEM, I also loved the idea of those science kits but they were always stereotypically boys’ colors. It wasn’t until after I learned what STEM was, I was able to start seeing things “made” for girls but I felt like I was still being forced by society to go into an industry that’s typically for women.” Q: Why do you think we need more women involved in STEM? A: (Decker) “I think we need more women in STEM so that we can break the glass ceiling that’s been there so long and to prove that even though I’m a woman, I can still do things that men can do and further the studies and I can do more science on women, like women’s menstrual studies to further studies.” A: (Taylor) “Women can deliver a different perspective or a different level of value because women can sometimes find an out of box way to come to the same conclusion that can end up being more effective, women can find finer details. Women can unlock parts of their brain that men can’t use.” Q: Do you ever lack confidence knowing you’re pursuing something that’s typically a male dominated field? A: (Taylor) “Yes, Even in class, even when it has nothing to do with engineering, i’ve been told “no you are wrong” and get shut down, even if a guy gets the same answer as me and gets it correct. There’s so much sexism that occurs, it destroys your self esteem and causes you to doubt yourself. That’s what society wants, they want women to doubt themselves so they can be pushed back into typically “feminine” jobs.” Q: Do you have any role models that you feel represent you or have encouraged you? A: (Decker) “I look up to my dad since he’s an engineer and I have a lot of respect because when he hires he doesn’t discriminate based on anything. He hires all types of people, Men and women of any color, race, or sexuality. I also look up to any women going after a career in STEM, especially the women from the movie Hidden Figures.” A: (Taylor) “My grandpa, he was a very prominent businessman in his city, and he invested in tons of less fortunate businesses, even if there was the risk they would crash and burn. He gave so much of his time and money to other people, not expecting any clout in return. He was very selfless.” Engineering: Designing and Building a Interactive Robot Engineering. A field that only continues to rise in popularity. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics between 2019 and 2029, there should be an increase of about 30,000 jobs in the field nationally. Michael Dejournett gestures to formula used to calculate the angle the robot needs to turn. — Photo by Miranda Tejeda Miami University is among them — with two Summer Scholars’ programs offered by the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. In “Design and Build An Interactive Robot,” seven students brought all different levels of engineering experience ranging from “president of their school’s engineering club” to just testing out a new hobby. The class, led by Jim Leonard, lab coordinator and technician for the department, worked on building autonomous vehicles with a budget of about $50 to $60 per robotic kit. After students finished building the robots, they worked on transferring lines of code using Arduino, an open-source hardware/software for building digital devices. Aidan Zawodny shows off his autonomous vehicle. — Photo by Miranda Tejeda According to the students, after that it was trial and error, testing different combinations of various codes to make the robot complete the tasks they wanted. The end goal was for their robots to be able to go straight, turn, go straight without being interrupted by a divot in the path, and lastly perform a couple of spins before crossing the finish line! Leonard provided students with the fundamentals of engineering while providing an inclusive learning environment where everyone felt comfortable no matter their experience level, race, gender, or sexual orientation. All of the students in the class mentioned that they want to pursue a career in engineering in the future. Media and Women’s Sexuality A woman’s ability to express her sexuality is typically diminished by toxic criticisms and opinions of society. Many women have reported that they have felt boxed into labels or stereotypes such as the “Madonna-Whore” complex which describes a woman who’s comfortable in her skin. But on the flip side some women have described themselves as feeling boxed into the label as “The Saint” or “The Prude” label which refers to a women who is confident in her modesty. The reason women get boxed is because it’s part of the Patriarch’s way of silencing female voices to attempt to put women in their place and make them “submissive” or easy to deal with. Cardi and Megan in their new music video, Image taken from Vulture.com The most common example in media we can see of a woman’s voice being silenced can be seen in the music industry, especially with female rappers. In Megan thee Stallion and Cardi B’s music we can see the emphasis they put on how selflessly and singularly concerned they are with their sexual ideals and identities. After they released their most recent album they got a lot of backlash, including from major news sites like, National Reviews. They mentioned their most recent song “Indulges in Hoary Sexual Cliches.” Would they be saying this if a man wrote the song? • Lollipop~ Lil Wayne • Love in this Club~ Usher • Low~ Flo Rida These are three of the most popular songs from the early 2000’s about men’s sexuality. If you search these song titles and put “controversy” after it, nothing’s going to come up, while many responses come up for music composed by female rappers. This is the same for the hundreds of other songs written by men. It’s been about 20 years and women are still getting shamed for expressing there sexuality, which is a completely normal thing. Society and the media needs to change the way they view women, because it seems nothing is ever going to be good enough. Does society want little girls growing up in a world where they have to fit certain ideals for men starting at such a young age? Hopefully not. The media needs to stop forcing ideals on women and diminishing their sexuality. About the author Miranda Tejeda is a 16-year-old rising junior at Sycamore High School who resides in Blue Ash, Ohio, near Cincinnati. In school she enjoys her English and theater courses. Tejeda has also been doing shows in theater for a few years now, some favorites are “The Little Mermaid,” “Working” and “Newsies.” When not participating in a school extracurricular, Tejeda can be found with a book in hand that’s most likely a classic. Her favorite books include “The Great Gatsby” and “Of Mice and Men.” Tejeda has been a member of theater, improv, creative writing, choir and dance team so far throughout her high school experience. She wants to attend college for broadcast journalism and political science, and her main goal is to host a talk show.
Search Knowledge Base by Keyword < Back You are here: What are the Different Stages of a Tilt-Up Project? What are the different stages of a Tilt-Up project - Tilt Wall Ontario IncThere are several different stages that make up a Tilt-Up project, and they are often fascinating to watch as most people do not realize that a building can go up this fast! • To start with, the preparation takes place which is meant to ensure that the space is level, along with marking off where they need to create the concrete floor slab. • The pouring of the concrete happens next in the forms that were built during the prep phase, this phase also includes putting in the steel grid to reinforce the forms. • Once they form, they are solid and ready to put up. Cranes are then brought into the worksite to pull the concrete slabs in place, along with the Tilt Wall Team, working to anchor them into place. • Once these are in place, the structure of the building starts to come together. Previous Is Tilt-Up Construction Limited by the Weather? Next What is the Curing Process of Concrete Tilt-Up Panels? Table of Contents
Are green briars poisonous? Are green briars poisonous? Are green briars poisonous? In fact the entire plant is poisonous. Do not try to pull this plant out with your bare hands as the plant is covered with tiny needle-like nettles and it can be quite painful. These plants are very common in many parts of the park. They have wonderful berries in the spring and small white flowers. Are briars poisonous? Pyracantha is an evergreen shrub often used in landscaping. The shrub typically has plentiful orange-red berries and needle-like thorns. The berries have not been shown to be toxic to animals or humans, although swallowing large amounts might cause some mild stomach upset. What are briars good for? Sweet briar is highly palatable to goats so they can be very successful in controlling infestations. They will readily graze both established plants and seedlings, continually defoliating all accessible stems and eventually ringbarking them. This kills established plants and prevents seedlings from establishing. How do I cook Green Briar? The Method: 1. Melt the butter in a black iron skillet, and throw in the minced garlic. 2. Saute garlic and butter until garlic is fragrant. 3. Throw in your minced mushrooms, along with a small pinch of salt/pepper. 4. Saute mushrooms until they begin to change color. 5. Throw in your Greenbriar shoots, & salt/pepper to taste. •Esf AP What will kill green briars? Spray the vine with a 10% solution of glyphosate. Leave it alone for two days, then cut it back to ground level. Burn the vine to get rid of it; don't put it in your compost pile. How do you kill Sawbriar? 2:534:17How to Kill Briar Vines - YouTubeYouTube How do you stop briars from growing? Spring Briar Removal Late spring to early summer is the best times to control briar. The plants absorb the most herbicide when they're actively growing and their leaves are fully open. Put on protective clothing, and dilute an 8 percent triclopyr product at a rate of 4 fluid ounces for each 1 gallon of water. How do I permanently kill Briars? A basal bark herbicide treatment controls briar in winter. Briar loses its leaves in late fall, but it can absorb herbicide through its bark. Put on protective clothing, and on a dry still day when the plants have lost their leaves, spray a diluted triclopyr product over the lowest 12 to 18 inches of briar stems. How do I kill Briars? Getting Rid of Briars To get rid of them, dig around the base of the briar plants with a scoop shovel. Using the shovel as a lever, reach under the root ball and lift up to dislodge it from the ground. Grasp the briar plant close to the base and remove it from the ground. Why are the leaves on a bull briar plant tender? Bull Briar leaves, edible when young the meristem stage, that is, the growing part is almost always the most tender because the cells haven’t decided what it is they’re supposed to do, such as get tough and hold up the plant or create an odor or the like. What kind of flavor does Greenbriar plant have? The end product came out quite edible, and had a very unique taste that was similar to a radish or turnip in some ways, as well as tastes that are unique to Greenbriar because I lack the linguistic ability to adequately describe it. The texture was somewhere between an apple, and a baked potato. What is the Latin name for Green Briar? It wasn’t until a walk with Green Deane a couple years ago that I re-discovered green briar. Green Deane called it “smilax”, from its Latin name, Smilax bona-nox. I have stopped calling it green briar, since I hated it so much as a kid. These days, I call is smilax, and it is one of my favorite wild edibles. What kind of plants are edible in the wild? Related Posts:
css comments \| css comment out \| css comment tag css comments \| css comment out \| css comment tag css comments \| css comment out \| css comment tag Hey friends, today I'll teach how show how and why to comment in CSS! Btw, I'm CodingPorium and I make coding tutorials and provide Free Source Code on YouTube and Instagram. What is a comment in css? Comments are lines of advice or sentences that explain your code in detail. For example, maybe you have an HTML code that states body{background: green;} and you can describe its function with a comment beside it. The power of comments is that it doesn't appear in public but remains in the code only. We will also look through why you should start using comments and why it's a good practice. How to add a comment in CSS Today, we'll look through how to add comments in code for CSS instead of HTML or JavaScript. Generally, we use the following code for comments. /* This is a comment to explain my code */ The output on the main page is none. This is because as said earlier, there is no public output of comments. Comments are mainly to help explain your code blocks only. Javascript project ideas with complete source code Importance of Comments in css Now let's see why it is so important to add comments in code and why it even exists? We have heard many people say adding comments makes you a better and good coder. But have you ever wondered why they say so? Let's see an example use case. Imagine you're working in a coding company. However, one day you decide to resign and leave your job. What happens is that someone else will take over your previous project. When you add comments, this helps them or junior developers to understand what you have coded and how to complete the project. That is just a real-life scenario. However, honestly, the ultimate reason you should add comments in code is so that you understand your code even better. When you start explaining parts of your code through comments, you will have a clearer understanding of your code. Thus, that is why you should start using comments in your projects. Check it more written by @codingporium Thanks for reading! Do contact me via the methods below if you have to say anything: Post a Comment Previous Post Next Post
List view / Grid view Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) What are the challenges in developing and delivering lipid nanoparticle mRNA-based vaccines? 29 June 2021 \| By , In response to the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the emergence of RNA vaccine technology has enabled rapid development of critical vaccines. Traditional vaccine production methods makerapid development challenging, requiring cell line production of viral proteins and laborious purification development, which requires extensive effort and long timelines. RNA…
Useful Tips From Specialists In Eggs. Eggshells are constructed from extremely difficult healthy proteins that shield the yolk (the egg white) from being penetrated. Female animals of all species of birds as well as reptiles lay eggs, which typically contain albumen, a protective covering, chorion, and flavanous skin, inside various slim shelled membranes. In some species, eggs are fed by enzymes. In other types, both the egg and also the embryo are produced on the surface. In still others, both organs create at the same time. The covering and also albumen are hollow, though it is not visible from the Eggshell itself. The eggshell itself (often called the “bacterium”) is composed of a number of layers. The innermost layer has a thin film of keratin, while the outer layer is comprised of shed skin cells. Eggshells vary in size and also density, depending upon species as well as reproductive capacity. They are generally not smooth, though there are some eggshells that are semi-round or oval in shape, or consist of small bumps or ridges on their surface area. In chickens, eggshells might be red, brown or yellow. Hens lay concerning one egg every two days, which can appear remarkably brief when you take into consideration that the average human being consumes around 2 eggs daily. Naturally, poultries are not constantly able to keep every one of their eggs; some are culled during early production and others may die quickly after hatching out. Nevertheless, because they are so effective at creating healthy, productive eggs, commercial egg farmers consider all chickens to be productive, even those that do not lay an egg for weeks or months each time. Actually, hens are really quite sturdy creatures, with few illness typical in wild birds. Still, the a lot more modern-day techniques of farming such as battery rearing, mass feed, anti-biotics and also other chemicals can posture dangers to your chicken’s health and wellness, making it vital to choose healthy and balanced, organic eggs over the more affordable alternatives. After the egg yolk is eliminated, it is gotten rid of from the hen and its head is commonly discarded. Hereafter, the remaining parts of the chicken are cleaned and treated according to local tradition. The most nutritious parts of the chicken include the white meat, which is almost always ground right into flour to make buns and is one of the most preferred resource of protein among consumers. The very best quality poultry meat is extremely lean, with nearly no fat. The white meat should be marinated in a special poultry breed’s olive oil, which aids in keeping a natural luster and flavor. Poultry dog breeders sometimes include dyes as well as seasonings to the marinade to make it extra attractive to the consumers. After the egg is cleansed as well as any kind of marinating or added seasonings have been used, the yolk is then taken from the body as well as bred in an incubator. The yolk is after that separated from the egg white making use of a great tooth mill. The resulting egg white and also yolk are after that cooking making use of a rotisserie or oven-roasted hen on a warm grill up until it is done. After being prepared, the eggs are positioned in canning jars and permitted to reach optimum expiry day. There are lots of options available for protecting your chickens’ eggs, such as canning, drying out, freezing, drying out, or smoking cigarettes. The albumen is what we call the “hard” internal egg white as well as is generally sold in tiny items to customers. It is a very treasured and demanded item because of its rich, creamy appearance and also a rich, creamy preference. The majority of the albumen is removed from the poultry at the time of its fatality, which means that it is kept in the fridge up until it can be commercially released. This procedure of maintaining the chicken’s albumen in the refrigerator is called “cold.” There are now numerous methods to maintaining the albumen, yet among the most generally used approaches is to use a process called “germinal disc”. This process, which is still being improved by the experts, permits the poultries to be kept healthier for longer amount of times. There are still many points that need to be perfected before this is presented to the basic market, but something is without a doubt … the globe will need eggs, so it will possibly take place. For more information on exactly how to effectively protect your hen eggs, visit our web site listed below. If you are seeking the most effective products that will certainly aid protect your hens’ fresh eggs, you can find them in our shop. We have all type of choices, consisting of cleaning services, which have actually been created to clean and also sanitize without creating any damage to the birds themselves. There are also numerous sorts of cleaners that are created particularly for cleaning and also sanitizing nesting boxes, giving remarkable protection against contamination and also illness. So, if you are searching for ways to keep your group healthy and also satisfied over the long run, you need to absolutely take a look at our internet site. To see complete details, you can view our Kassandra Smith January article on the topic. Lots of people know that eggs are a fundamental source of sustenance, but not everybody is aware that there are several species of birds that lay eggs. One of the most popular amongst these varieties are the Scooks, Thysanura, Eclectus, Lesser Jacana, and also the Black-capped Chickadee. All of these species of birds have both males as well as ladies, yet the only species to which humans are accustomed are the Scolds. The other types of laying eggs are more familiar to us, such as the Lories, Echidnas, Carp, Lories, Ring-necked Parakeet, Macaw, Lechura, and so on . Many eggs created by these types of birds are produced with a protective covering of some kind. Eggshells are generally a combination of calcium carbonate and also albumen. Eggshells supply an egg’s hardness and protection against cracking. Eggshells additionally work as a type of shock absorber for the eggshell itself, which is extremely vital in egg manufacturing. There are numerous kinds of poultries which will certainly lay eggs, but they are all closely related to the poultry. The breeds that will normally lay eggs are the Rhode Island White Poultry, the Rhode Island Red Hat, the Jersey Red Neck, the Rhode Island Lobster Back, the Eastern White Poultry, the Maine Coonback, and also the Canada Goose. Every one of these breeds will certainly ovulate throughout the exact same time period, which has actually brought about numerous people calling them all “similar.” They are also called “genetic twins,” because there are typically close resemblance between any kind of two breeds of hen. That is why lots of people will certainly acquire two of the same types of hens, due to the fact that they are so similar. Norco CA Several of the hens will not ovulate in any way or will certainly not ovulate appropriately. This can be uncommon, yet it can occur. The majority of the time, though, the women will still generate practical eggs. The ladies often tend to have a slightly higher tendency to create larger quantities of sensible eggs. These bigger eggs will usually have greater protein components too. Leave a Reply
Skip to main content Ghost Town Tuesday; Rice, CA and the Bomb The ghost town of Rice lies in the southern Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County along California State Route 62. Rice despite it's derelict appearance was the head of a rail line and almost became the locale of the first nuclear weapons test. Rice began life as a siding of the California Southern Railroad which was incorporated in 1914. The California Southern Railroad began at the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad ("ATSF") tracks at Rice which was originally known as Blythe Junction and traversed southeast 42.2 miles through the Big Maria Mountains and Little Maria Mountains to Bylthe in the Sonoran Desert of Riverside County. The California Southern Railroad was completed by 1916 and was extended about another 7 miles to Ripley in 1920. The ATSF began to lease the California Southern Railroad in 1921 and purchased it in 1942. Rice and the rails of the California Southern Railroad can be seen on the 1935 California Division of Highways Map of Riverside County. Rice was a rather unremarkable rail siding until World War II and the creation of the Rice Army Airfield in 1942. The Rice Army Airfield was part of the Desert Training Center run by Major General George S. Patton which is best known today as a significant tank training ground during World War II. Rice apparently had several thousand enlisted personnel living in the town during the war years when the Army Airfield was operating. Supposedly the Rice Army Airfield was one of the three locations in the running for the Trinity Test which was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. According to conjecture/rumor the Rice Army Field was not selected to slight Patton and was moved to White Sands in New Mexico instead. Rice was largely depopulated after World War II. The Army Airfield was turned over to civilian use but was abandoned some time in the 1950s. The ruins of the gas station in Rice opened in the 1970s. The ATSF sold the rights to the line between Rice and Ripley to the Arizona & California Railroad ("ARZC") in 1991. Rice was largely known in modern times for a shoe tree that burned in 2003 only to be replaced by a shoe fence which still exists to this day. The last train to run from Rice to Ripley was in December of 2007. In 2009 all but the first four miles of rials south out of Rice were abandoned and were removed in 2011. Aside from building foundations there isn't much left to indicate anything significant ever happened in Rice or the roll it played during World War II. Popular posts from this blog Porter-Parsonsfield Covered Bridge - Maine Route 75 Tunnel - Ironton, Ohio US Route 299 and modern California State Route 299
To Dream, to Collect There was a time, a time when sufferance and shock ruled the post-war scenario. A period characterized by the attempt to give voice to the psychosis caused by World War II, that led to a more abstract and psychological approach to the artistic subject. In a time of that sort, a group of painters fled the city to return to the countryside, to recollect in tranquillity and paint those American landscapes and amenities that had lost of artistic interest. Related articles: Abstract Expressionism: What you need to know-David Hockney's tribute to spring!-The History of Chinese Landscape Painting-Hopper’s Landscapes at Fondation Beyeler When we look at the American art history of the 1950s, we find a scenario characterized mainly by a tendency towards abstraction. The vast majority of the art world was leaning into those forms of expression that had rejected figurativeness and mimesis. These were times when the psychological patterns, produced by the end of World War II, were being exploited at their best through Abstract Expressionism; times when being a figurative painter was considered anathema. In this particular setting artist like Lois Dodd, Alex Katz and Fairfield Porter, and many others, gathered into what looked like a movement that did not accept the common trend of abstraction, that chose to give space to the narration of the American countryside; to be figurative and give voice to what was left after those long years of sufferance brought by the War. Whether we call this movement “East Coast Figurative Painters” or we just refer to it as a form of New Realism, it's important we take a deeper look into it, in order to understand how great art is not necessarily produced only by following a trend, but also by taking a step back and recollecting with nature and the infinite beauty that relies in it. Lois Dodd Despite her involvement in New York City’s Tenth Street-avant-garde during the 1950s, Lois Dodd was a crucial artistic personality in the migration towards the countryside. She has become popular due to her observational paintings of landscapes, still, lives and nudes, in which the representation of the everyday life creates a pattern of quietness and emotional depth and rejects most of the popular American references such as excess and mass media pop-culture. Both a calm and easy atmosphere surround her paintings, which stand as an implicit critique to her peers’ belief that possession and leisure are fundamental in the pursuit of happiness. Lois Dodd, “Millbrook Village, Fall” (2014), oil on masonite, 15 3/4 x 15 7/8 inches Alex Katz As well as Lois Dodd, Katz’s artistic personality was initially formed at The Cooper Union in New York, before being influenced by the countryside in Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, in Maine, where he was introduced to the power of life painting. Out of the personalities involved in the “Maine Painters” movement, he is the most influential towards other forms of expression, due to his anticipation of the colour palettes of the pop-art scene, and the simple and expressive patterns coexisting in his compositions. Alex Katz’s paintings are defined by the flatness both of colour and form, and a cool and seductive sentimental detachment, which creates a powerful figurative representation of the subject and its intrinsic emotional state. Read more about Alex Katz in our article: Meet the Top 30 Pop Art Artists! Alex Katz, "Slab City Road" (1959), oil on linen 61 1/2 × 49 in. (156.2 × 124.5 cm) Fairfield Porter Although he majored in Fine Arts at Harvard and continued his artistic studies after he moved to New York in 1928, Fairfield Porter was strongly attached to the moments he spent with his family and close friends in his summer house in Great Spruce Head Island, in Maine. Out of all the “East Coast Figurative Painters, he had one of the strongest painterly like visions, with strong connections to the European naturalistic representation embodied by painters like Bonnard and Vuillard. His subjects were mainly landscapes, family portraits and domestic interiors, in which he was able to satisfy his vision of what Renoir told Bonnard regarding “making everything more beautiful”. Porter had a fascination with nature’s beauty and the ability to reveal extraordinariness in an ordinary representation of everyday life, making him one of the most interesting personalities in the 20th century’s figurative painting panorama. In times like the ones we live in today, where everything in the art scene is leaning towards an even more psychological, philosophical and conceptual way of expressing art and its forms, it remains of crucial importance to understand the concrete reality that surrounds us painters and artistic minds. We find ourselves once again facing the fact that it is imperative to give importance to what is tangible and constantly put before us in our everyday life because nature’s simplicity and its beauty still allow us nowadays to “make everything more beautiful”. Fairfield Porter, "Clothesline" (1958), oil on canvas, 35 1/2 x 41 1/2 in. (90.2 x 105.4 cm) Cover image: Fairfield Porter, "The Horse in the Meadow" (1968), oil on canvas, 24 c 41 in. (61 x 104.1 cm) Please rate this post Thank you for your vote!
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5 6. 6 7. 7 8. 8 9. 9 10. 10 11. 11 12. 12 13. 13 14. 14 15. 15 16. 16 17. 17 18. 18 19. 19 20. 20 People and Business Extracts from this document... Introduction: My task is to investigate a medium to large sized business, showing that I understand the importance of people in business. For this task my chosen business is Richer Sounds. I have included the following information in this portfolio; 1. The importance of stakeholders 2. The organisation of the business, job roles and working arrangements. 3. Employee rights and responsibilities, including procedures on how they deal with disputes and with health and safety issues. 4. Employee recruitment and training. 5. Customer service The Importance of Stakeholder A stakeholder is someone or a group of people who have an interest in the business, such as employees, the government, and local people etc. Stakeholders are people who the business has a link with even if it's not directly; it's people who are affected by the business. There are two types of stakeholders, internal stakeholders are people who have an interest in the business and are inside the control of the business such as the owners, managers and the employees. The second is external stakeholders, they are people who have an interest in the business, but are outside of its control, such as the customers, suppliers, creditors, competitors, local community and the government. Every business has to keep their stakeholders happy or they will occur problems running the business. Making one stakeholder unhappy can cause the rest to be unhappy as well, such as if they don't keep their business and the area around the business clean, then people wouldn't want to shop there. This will result to the business losing customers, if they lose customers then they will lose money and if they have no money then they won't be able to pay government tax or loan repayments. Richer Sound's main stakeholders are: * The customers - people who purchase goods and services from the business. (External stakeholder) * Their colleagues (employees) - people who work for the firm. ...read more. These written to prevent any discrimination from occurring, between different colleagues. Colleagues who don't take the policies seriously will be disciplined or if necessary dismissed from working with the business. * Disputes can also be solved through the company's grievance procedures. These procedures are there to make colleagues feel more confident in taking action anytime, when they feel they have been unfairly treated. * Disputes can be resolved through disciplinary procedures. This is used if a colleague does not abide by his/her Contract of Employment or Terms and Conditions of employment and for those who will not take any formal advice. This is also used if serious offences such as theft are committed. Grievance Procedures 1. First the colleague must approach the direct Head of Department/manager and discuss the matter thoroughly. 2. After discussing the matter and if it is not resolved to the colleagues satisfaction, then the colleague must seek advice from the director or the colleague representative. If it is a case of suspected dishonesty amongst colleagues, then the director should be consulted directly. Disciplinary Procedures * This provides warnings to be given to those who fail to meet the company's standards of job performance, conduct, (whether it is during work hours or outside work hours) attendance and for violating any of the terms and conditions of employment. The procedure isn't contractual. * The procedure states that disciplinary actions can be taken after the case has been fully investigated. If it arises then the colleague may be suspended for a short period with pay, so that the case can be investigated. * If the company comes to an agreement that a colleague has committed gross misconduct, then the company may dismiss that colleague without a notice period or pay in lieu of notice. Disputes can also be resolved through trade unions. When an employee can't resolve anything from talking to the manager directly then it is ideal for that employee to join a trade union. ...read more. Conclusion My conclusion is that Richer Sounds is a stable company, who have good relations with all their stakeholders, as they understand the importance of them. The working arrangements is flexible for all colleagues as all colleagues benefit from a 20 day paid holiday and more if they have worked for more than six years with Richer Sounds. Employee's rights are taken into account very seriously in Richer Sounds, but they are also suspected to take responsibility for their actions as well as it is mentioned in employee responsibilities. Richer Sounds have two main procedures which they use when dealing with disputes, one is the grievance procedure and the other is disciplinary procedure, the procedure they use depends upon how serious the dispute is. The recruitment process in Richer Sounds is simple and a fair way of recruiting. It is fair because everyone who applies has to go through the same recruitment process; no one is exceptional even if the person has been introduced by a family relative or a friend, who works for Richer Sounds. Training in Richer Sounds is done using four different training programmes; each one is at a higher level than the one before it. This means that if colleagues complete the 4 training programmes, then they will be at management level and will have the opportunity to apply for a role in management only if there is a vacancy for a management role. Providing great customer service is Richer Sounds top priority, which all the colleagues agree with. Customers are the stakeholders that provide the business with its output, which is money and profits. The level of customer service that Richer Sounds provide is high, because colleagues are trained continuously on how to deliver excellent customer service. They are trained continuously because customers' expectations are always changing so the business will need to retrain their colleagues in how to satisfy their customers' expectations. ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related AS and A Level ICT in Business essays 1. Marked by a teacher Unit 4 Business Studies 4 star(s) By having an online presence they are able to improve customer service as their website can be used as a 24 hour open customer service which will have all the answers to certain FAQ's the customer has. * Cutting cost Their website will also have the advantage of saving costs; * Power culture: which is when employees do as the are told * Role culture: This is when employees act within the parameters of their job description. * Task culture: This is when the employees act in the way considered suitable for their job. 1. Business Aims and Objectives. The act divides manufacturing processes into: * Significant emissions from major processes - these relate to about 3,000 manufacturing plants in the UK and are monitored and authorised by the Environment Agency * Less significant emissions - these are monitored and enforced by local authorities and cover approximately 20,000 industrial processes. 2. Mc Donalds stakeholders McDonalds could not operate successfully without them. Suppliers value large contracts with companies like McDonalds because they are steady, secure business. EXPECTATIONS: Suppliers want regular orders from a business and loyalty as this helps them to be a successful business themselves. In return suppliers will offer good discounts for steady orders, if they don't the business can always go elsewhere. 1. Aims and Objectives of Corus and Richer Sounds Corus also aim to ensure selective growth, which is attainable by the commitment of passionate people. 2. Richer Sounds There are many beneficial points and drawbacks as to having a limited company. Why did Richer Sounds become an unlisted company? The liabilities for a private limited company are stricter compared to those of a public limited company. Richer Sounds has to do the following for the sake of being to avoid unlawful or unfair dismiss and decimation within the organization and finally dealing with all the health and safety issues ensuring that all government health and safety regulations are met and that its employees, staff and customers are free to work and shop in a safe hazard free environment. 2. 'A manager's responsibility should be to the shareholders alone.' Critically assess this view and ... A number of stakeholders have the right to determine what happens within an organization, and more particularly in a firm, rather than just the owners. Managers are the brain of business, they are responsible for keeping the business together and functioning properly, they have the power to hire and fire people and put forward new ideas. • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
How do Teflon particles cause smoke inhalation injury? Updated: Oct 15, 2021 • Author: Keith A Lafferty, MD; Chief Editor: Joe Alcock, MD, MS more... • Print Exposure to these fumes is common in closed-space fires where Teflon is pyrolyzed. In addition, polymer fume fever has been observed in persons with occupational exposure to Teflon powder whose cigarettes became contaminated with Teflon. [27] Did this answer your question? Additional feedback? (Optional) Thank you for your feedback!
A tube of length 20 m and radius r m carries a steady flow of a liquid whose density and viscosity are 2 kgm−3 and 1 kgm−1s−1, respectively. The velocity of the fluid at a distance x from the centre of the tube is given as . If the friction force exerted by the liquid on the tube is N, then what is the value of r? Dear student, Your question seems to be incomplete with some values missing. Kindly post it again for us to answer. • 0 • -1 What are you looking for?
Did you know Michigan was the first state to outlaw the death penalty? (Photo by Henry Taylor \| MLive.com) Michigan was the first state to end prohibition, the first state to use a police radio system and the first state with a paved road. Did you know our state was also the first to abolish the death penalty? After the Michigan legislature voted to abolish capital punishment on May 18, 1846, the law went into effect March 1, 1847, ending the death penalty in Michigan for nearly every crime. A Michigander could still be executed for treason, according to the law, but that never happened. Michigan firsts: 16 times our state led the waySo what led to Michigan becoming the first state to officially outlaw death as a penalty for crime? It was likely connected to a backlash against casual executions that were common in European countries at the time, according to the Michigan Bar Journal. The state's final public execution took place in 1830. After Stephen Simmons was convicted of an assault on his wife that likely caused her death, he was sentenced to be executed. The idea of executions had become so controversial that Wayne County Sheriff Thomas Knapp refused to carry out Simmons' punishment and a temporary sheriff, Benjamin "Uncle Ben" Woodworth, was called in to complete the act. Since the law ending capital punishment went into effect in Michigan, there has been a single execution carried out in the state. Anthony Chebatoris was convicted of murder in federal court in 1937 and sentenced to death. He was hanged on July 8, 1938 in Milan. More than a century after the vote to abolish the death penalty, the action was cemented in the state constitution when the current version was ratified in 1963. There is still currently one Michigan prisoner on death row. Marvin Gabrion was federally charged with and convicted of the 1997 kidnapping and murder of Rachel Timmerman. Gabrion continues to fight to avoid the death penalty. Including Michigan, 19 states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment.
리서치 하이라이트 MicroRNAs balance good fat and muscle differentiation Nature Cell Biology Small noncoding RNAs of the microRNA family promote the formation of brown fat tissue reports a paper in Nature Cell Biology this week. As brown fat burns lipids to produce heat and may also prevent obesity in mammals, these findings could be used to develop therapeutic strategies against obesity and related disorders. Brown fat cells, known as adipocytes, are thought to arise from the differentiation of progenitors that can become part of either muscle or fat. Harvey Lodish and colleagues find that the expression of microRNAs miR-193b and miR-365 is upregulated during the development of brown fat. They show that blocking the function of these microRNAs impairs brown fat development while inducing the expression of muscle-associated markers. Conversely, inducing high expression of the microRNA blocked the muscle differentiation programme in cells and enhanced the formation of brown adipocytes. The microRNAs will need to be further characterized in animal models to identify therapeutic targets against obesity. doi: 10.1038/ncb2286 영어 리서치 하이라이트
Unique Subset of Cells Team Up to Drive Rheumatoid Arthritis Study opens doors for more precise RA treatments. A subtype of CD4+ T cells join with B cells to help drive inflammation in the peripheral tissues—–the underlying cause of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA affects approximately 1% of the world’s population, with most cases occurring in women. Prior studies have shown significant evidence that implicates T cells; however, precisely which T cell subtypes were involved was unclear. In a study published in Nature, investigators used mass cytometry to analyze T cells in joint tissue obtained from patients with RA. This sophisticated technology allowed investigators to rapidly sift through blood, joint tissue, and the fluid surrounding the joints, to isolate specific cells. The investigators also used RNA sequencing methods to characterize cells and identify which genes are turned on or off. The results of the study showed a unique population of T cells that are highly prevalent in the joints of patients with RA. The cells are a subtype of CD4+ T cells, and account for about a quarter of the helper T cells found in the joints. The investigators also found that the subset of T cells behaved in a different way than the other CD4+ T cells. “These cells don’t adhere to the conventional view of helper T cells, and that is really interesting,” said first author Deepak Rao. Using the “disease deconstruction” approach, the investigators discovered that the unique helper T cells are programmed to infiltrate parts of the body with inflammation. There, the T cells stimulated B cells to produce antibodies. Normally, antibodies recognize foreign invaders and signal the immune system to rid the body of these substances. However, in individuals with autoimmune diseases, the antibodies mistake the normal components in the body and causes tissue damage. “While the newest therapies for rheumatoid arthritis have helped transform our ability to treat the disease, they are fairly blunt instruments—–blocking components of the immune system in a non-specific, global way,” Rao said. “Our results help illuminate a path toward treatments that are much more precise and focused only on the most relevant immune cells.” The investigators plan to expand on their initial findings to determine which signals push the cells to develop, and whether they play a role in other autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and lupus. Additionally, the team plans to examine whether targeting the unique T cells would prove a viable treatment for RA. “This work is a remarkable illustration of the power of our disease deconstruction approach,” said senior author Michael Brenner. “We hope it will prove equally illuminating as we apply it to other immune-mediated diseases.”
2020 NEW Microinverter (how Micro Inverter works? ) How Micro inverter works? A solar micro-inverter is one of two types of inverters that can be used with a home solar system. Microinverters have several advantages over conventional inverters, called string inverters. String inverters are connected to multiple solar panels in a row, or string, and converts all the incoming DC energy to usable AC energy. Because the microinverter is connected to a single solar panel instead of a string of them, there are a number of benefits to this technology. Panels experience obstruction at varying levels due to shading from trees, leaves, dirt and cloudy days. Because microinverters operate independently, each can perform to its fullest potential. If one panel is obstructed for any reason, only that panel’s energy production will be affected. That means the solar system produces more solar power and therefore is more cost-effective. Safer and More Reliable Because the microinverters are assigned individually to every panel, they convert the DC energy to AC right where it is produced; unlike string converters which are converting the energy at the end of a row of panels. This means there is no high voltage DC on your roof that could cause an electrical malfunction. This independent functionally of the microinverters also creates a more reliable system. There are no single points of failure. If one panel goes down, the rest will stay online producing energy at their maximum capacity. Also, the microinverters can be tracked remotely allowing for issues to be pinpointed and potentially resolved without a site visit. Shade Tolerant No Air-cooling Minimum Maintainance loss Remote Monitored Smaller Cable Size Easily Expandable Suitable for Residential Buildings Easy Installation Visit www.trsolarchina.com for more details If need any help, thanks to email:sales@trsolarchina.com or add WhatsApp:+8615980028138 0 commenti Lascia un commento
Skip to main content Fighting Fake News with Critical Thinking Having critical thinking dispositions and abilities, one will not take things for granted but questions, analyzes, evaluates, and synthesizes what he reads and hears before drawing a conclusion Thus, he will able to discern legitimate information from misinformation, lies, and nonsense. Fake news, defined by HLEG (2018) as “all forms of false, inaccurate, or misleading information designed, presented and promoted to intentionally cause public harm or for profit” has emerged as a problem that endangers public life. The propagation of fake news in the form of hate speech, fabricated stories, manipulated content, slander, and clickbait after the 2019 parliamentary and presidential election in Indonesia, for instance, almost disrupted the nation's unity. White (2017) states fake news is “a problem that threatens the very roots of modern democracy.” Infodemic that has been spreading more quickly than the current coronavirus pandemic has been endangering public health all over the world. Fake news is not new. Propaganda, a type of fake news, for instance, has been around since the era of ancient Greece. Fake news will also keep on appearing because it offers many incentives to its makers. Politicians often generate and endorse fake news as part of disinformation promotions to further their political agendas. According to Allcott and Gentzkow (2017), several commentators have suggested that Donald Trump would not have been elected president were it not for the influence of fake news. Profiteers produce fake news material and spread it widely for advertising profits. According to the Global Disinformation Index, European fake news sites earn around $75m of advertising, majorly placed by Google, a year. Many people also create fake news to drive lots of visitors to a website to make profits in online publishing. Paul Horner, a prolific, Facebook-focused fake-news writer, for instance, makes $10,000 a month from AdSense by creating and promoting fake news on his site. Although fake news has existed long, its impact has now become more alarming due to its massive and quick spread through social media. This is possible because, according to Digital 2020, almost 4.5 billion people (60% of the world's population) are already online, and more than 3.8 billion are social media users. What is more, social media is the main source of the latest news as 50 % of Internet users access the latest news via social media before ever hearing about it on a news station. Research has revealed that through social media fake news can spread 10 times faster than legitimate news stories. Why are people susceptible to fake news? The reasons are numerous, like one's difficulty to scrutinize information that floods him through social media; the strain to differentiate misinformation from real news because both often look similar; the difficulty to ignore misinformation that appeals to one's emotion, and humans' need for social affiliation can drive to accept information coming from familiar groups and suspect information coming from different groups. These factors make people vulnerable to fake news. The root of these reasons, however, is the absence or lack of critical thinking. Although we are bombarded with information, when we think critically, we will be able to examine which is fact and which is merely opinion. Although fake news is created very similar to real news, our critical thinking can help us differentiate them. Critical thinking also enables us to detach our emotions while considering fake news so that we can detect the true intention behind the fake news creation. Cepeda (2018) states that fake news evolves into an epidemic due to the calamitous lack of critical thinking. Concerning his, therefore, the best way to fight fake news is through education, in which people are empowered to think critically. Fake news, as I have described in a previous article, could be countered by (1) cutting the supply of false information, (2) blocking people's access to view fake news, and (3) fact-checking every information hitting our screen with reputable fact-checking websites. However, these three methods can sometimes be complicated and not very effective. People may find using fast-checker repetitively tedious. As a result, more and more experts suggest these three methods should be viewed as a momentary strategy. Critical thinking cultivation seems to be the best way to protect ourselves from the malicious effect of fake news. How can critical thinking help one combat fake news? Before answering this, we need a clear understanding of what critical thinking is. The term critical is derived from the Greek word kritikos meaning discerning. Critical thinking, therefore, is a deeper kind of thinking in which one does not take things for granted but questions, analyzes, evaluates, and synthesizes what he reads and hears before drawing a conclusion. These skills make a critical thinker thinks clearly, rationally, and objectively—i.e., without influence from personal feelings, opinions, or biases—and it focuses solely on factual information. A critical thinker possesses two fundamental aspects. The first is the dispositions that include: open-mindedness, humility, inquisition, and searcher of truth. Being open-minded, a critical thinker is open to any new concept or experience. He postpones judging anything, including something contradictory or odd to what he knows before understanding it deeply. He is also curious about the world around him so that he keeps on asking the right questions and search the answers. His humility makes him aware that he does not know everything so that, supported by his inquisition, he always searches for the truth. The second aspect is the ability to (a) question and analyze assumptions, claims, arguments, or evidence; (b) evaluate based on evidence; (c) make inference using inductive or deductive reasoning; and (d) make decisions and/or solve problems through reasoning. Having these dispositions and abilities, when a critical thinker receives fake news, he will first identify it by asking questions like: "What is it about?", "Who created it?", "To whom is it intended?", "Does the creator has the expertise for making it?, "When and where was it created?", "Is the publisher reliable?, "Does it consists of facts or opinion?", "Is the supporting information valid and reliable", "What for was it created?", "Is the claim supported with enough facts?", "What significant information is omitted?", "Does it use ambiguous words or phrases?", "What point of view is it based on?, "Are there any fallacies in the reasoning?", and so on. Based on the information obtained from the answers to these questions, he can draw a sound conclusion. Having such a conclusion, he will be able to discern legitimate information from manipulation, misinformation, lies, and nonsense. IREX training program called “Learn to Discern" aiming to equip the participants with the ability to identify misinformation and hate speech and demand better quality information is probably the best proof that critical thinking development is the best way to fight fake news. From October 2015 through March 2016, IREX trained 15,000 people of all ages and professional backgrounds in Ukraine. The evaluation of the project revealed an observed 24% increase in participants' ability to distinguish trustworthy news from false news, a 22% increase in those who cross-check the information in the news they consume, and a 26% increase in participants' confidence in analyzing the news. Do you agree with this article? We'd like to hear from you. Please write your views in the comments section below. Author : Parlindungan Pardede ( Popular posts from this blog Esensi Umpan Balik dalam Pembelajaran Daring Flipped Classroom: Model Pembelajaran Campuran yang Efektif
The following excerpts are taken from a book called "The Dunces of Doomsday" by Paul L. Williams. The actual book has footnotes all the way through the text from 51 different resources but the numbers have been removed to avoid confusion. If you would like to see the book for yourself it can be purchased at Pages 42-53 will be sent in four sections to make easier to read. Some of the material is disgusting and shocking but we need to know that this is not a "Religion of Peace" Pg 42-46 Who was Muhammad? What were his teachings? And why does Islam pose a threat to world peace and stability? These questions cry out for answers that few American political leaders, directors of intelligence agencies, high-ranking military officials, and ivy-league academics have the intestinal fortitude to provide. Muhammad was born in Mecca (in what is now Saudi Arabia) circa AD 570. His father, Aduna_, was a leading member of the powerful Quraish tribe, but he died several months before the birth of the Prophet. Muhammad was named by his grandfather, Abdul Muttalib. Upon hearing of his son's death, the grandfather went to his daughter in-law's house, took the baby in his arms, and called him Muhammad, which means "the Praised One." As was the custom of the Quraish, Amina, Muhammad's mother, gave her baby to a woman from one of the Bedouin tribes so that he could be nursed in the open air of the desert. When he was finally weaned at the advanced age of six, Muhammad was returned to his mother, who took him to Medina. She died during the return trip to Mecca. The young Muhammad now came under the care of his seventy-six-year-old grandfather, who died two years later. The boy finally lived 'with his uncle, Abu Talib. Nothing seemed to be remarkable about Muhammad's early life. He received no schooling and could not read or write. In his later years he was obliged to use an amanuensis to record his teachings. . The Quraish tribe to which Muhammad belonged was responsible for guarding the Kaaba and the sacred black stone of the Arabs. The Kaaba now stands in the center of a great portico-the Masjid al-Haram, or the Great Mosque-in the center of Mecca. This mosque was rebuilt in the 1960s by Mohammad bin Laden, father of Osama. The Kaaba was constructed as a cube measuring thirty-five feet wide and fifty feet high. In its southeast corner, five feet from the ground and just right for kissing, is the precious black stone. The stone is not actually black but rather dark red. It is oval in shape and about seven inches in diameter. One of the only kafirs (nonbelievers) known to have seen it was the great adventurer Sir Richard Burton, who entered the holy city in Muslim disguise. Burton accomplished this feat without being hacked to pieces because he spoke flawless Arabian and was well versed in the Koran and Islamic customs and traditions. According to Arabian tradition, the black stone fell from heaven at the time of Adam-a good indication that it is a meteorite. Muslims believe that the Hebrew prophet Abraham, on a pilgrimage to Mecca with his son Ishmael, built the Kaaba to enclose the stone. Allah, The Moon God Within the Kaaba in pre-Muslim time were idols of more than 360 tribal gods. One such god was Hubal, the fertility god of the moon. His image, the crescent moon, was placed on the roof of the Kaaba. Three other tribal gods were Hubal's daughters-al-Uzza, Manah, and al-Lat. One can establish the antiquity of the Arab pantheon by the fact that the Greek historian Herodotus mentions al-Lat as a major Arabian deity. Hubal was also called al-ilah, meaning "the god." Al-ilah later was shortened to Allah. The Sura contains stories of Meccans praying to Allah while standing before the image of Hubal. Before Muhammad's birth, his tribe paved the way for monotheism by worshiping Allah as the chief god and by wearing symbols of the crescent moon. Allah came to be viewed as the lord of the sky and the soil to whom tribesmen were obliged to pay a tithe of their crops and to sacrifice the firstborn of their herds. The Quraish worshiped Allah by praying toward Mecca several times a day, making an annual pilgrimage to the Kaaba and walking around the sacred stone seven times, and giving alms to the poor. These practices were in effect long before Muhammad was born. As the alleged descendants of Abraham and Ishmael, the Quraish were the custodians of the Kaaba. They appointed the priests of the shrine and managed its revenues. No tribe was richer or more powerful. The Wealthy Widow But the young Muhammad was neither rich nor powerful. He worked as a camel driver and regularly traveled to Damascus and other cities. But fortune smiled on him. At the age of twenty-five, he married Khadijah, a very wealthy forty-year-old widow. Khadijah bore Muhammad four daughters and two sons-a remarkable feat for a woman who should have been menopausal. The sons died in infancy. The couple also adopted Ali, the orphan son of Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle, and Zayd, a black slave. Ali later married Muhammad's daughter Fatima and eventually became the fourth caliph, or leader, of Islam. When Ali was assassinated in 661, Islam was divided into two segments: the Sunnis, who recognized the legitimacy of the first four caliphs, and the Shi'ites (or "followers of Ali"), who claim that only descendants of Ali may be rightful rulers of the ummah (the community of Muslims). The Cave and Convulsions All went well with Muhammad and his elderly bride until611, when, at the age of forty, he decided to spend a few days in meditation and prayer. In a cave three miles from Mecca, the pivotal moment in the history of Islam occurred. Muhammad beheld a vision, which he related to Mohammad Ibn Ishaq, his chief biographer: While I was asleep, with a coverlet of silk brocade whereon was some writing, the angel Gabriel appeared to me and said, "Read!" 1 said, "I do not read." He pressed me with the coverlet so tightly that 1 thought 1 was near death. Then he let me go and said, "Read!" So I read aloud. And he departed from me at last. And 1 awoke from my sleep, and' it was as though these words were written on my heart. I heard a voice from heaven saying, "O Muhammad, you are a messenger of Allah, and I am Gabriel.” Since the encounter was both violent and accompanied by convulsions that sent him into unconsciousness, Muhammad was unsure of the source of his vision. He feared that he might be possessed by the jinn (demons) that commonly inhabited the souls of Arab soothsayers. When he returned home, he experienced more and more visions that served to assure him of his calling as a prophet. Often he fell to the ground in a swoon. His fits were accompanied by a sound like the ringing of a bell that caused his entire body to tremble so uncontrollably that he begged Khadijah to cover him with a cloak and to cradle him. His first convert was his wife, Khadijah. His second was his cousin and foster son, Ali. His third was his servant Zayd. And his fourth was his kinsman Abu Bakr, a prominent Quraish chieftain who eventually became the first caliph of Islam. Muhammad's small group of followers called themselves "those devoted to God" (al-muslimun). Bad for Business At the Kaaba, Muhammad accosted all merchants, pilgrims, and tribesmen with his doctrine of one god and himself as the true prophet. He spoke of the resurrection of the dead, the final judgment, and the need of the people to submit to the will of Allah. Submit was the keyword. Islam in Arabic means submission. For those who refused to comply with this directive, Muhammad possessed little tolerance. When his uncle, Abu Lahab, rejected his message, Muhammad cursed him and his wife in a violent rage of anger: "May the hands of Abu Lahab perish! May he himself perish! Nothing shall his wealth and gains avail him. He shall be burnt in a flaming fire, and his wife, laden with faggots, shall have a rope offire around her neck!" (Koran 111:1-5). The merchants in Mecca soon discovered that having the new prophet in the midst of the marketplace was not good for business. The situation grew intolerable until Muhammad and two hundred followers were forced to flee for their lives to Medina on June 22, 622. The flight from Mecca-known as the hajj-marks the official beginning of the Islamic calendar. According to Islamic chronology; AD 632, the year of the Prophet's death, is designated as 10 AH, and the year 2006 (to commemorate the publication of this book) is designated as 1384 AH. In Medina, Muhammad met with immediate success. A band of tribal warriors accepted him as a messenger from God and pledged loyalty to him. In no time at all, the illiterate camel driver became the ruler and judge of a budding theocracy. Pages 46-50 Muhammad: The Bandit To amass riches for his realm, Muhammad ordered his followers to raid the caravans that traveled from Syria to Mecca. These caravans, usually made up of several thousand camels and their attendants, carried spices, china, silk, myrrh, and gold. 3D When the raids were successful, four-fifths of the spoils went to the raiders and one-fifth went to Muhammad. Booty became an integral part of the new religion. An entire surah (or chapter) of the Koran is devoted to this subject. Muhammad himself participated in dozens of raids in which his followers killed as many of the travelers as possible and stole as much as they could carry. In 623 Muhammad assembled his band of three hundred bandits to wait in a desert pass for a Quraish caravan en route to Mecca. The rulers of Mecca learned of the raid and sent an army of nine: hundred soldiers to end the exploits of the troublesome prophet. The two forces met at Wadi Bedr, twenty miles from Medina, where Muhammad led his men to a great victory. Muhammad: The Warrior After the battle, Muhammad collected the head of Abu Jahl, one of the Quraish chieftains, as a trophy. The other chieftains, even those who pleaded for their lives, were killed. Their bodies were tossed into a pit, save for the body of Umayya, the fattest of the chieftains. Umayya's body, under the heavy armor, had swollen to such an extent under the desert sun that it fell apart when Muhammad's men tried to move it. The scene filled the Prophet with great exaltation. Before covering the pit, he addressed the dead bodies, "O people of the pit, have you found what God threatened is true? For I have found that what my Lord promised me is true." Muhammad returned with his triumphant troops to Medina. The victors had captured 150 camels, 10 horses, a considerable amount of merchandise, and 70 Meccans, who were ransomed for 1,000 to 4,000 dirams apiece. The prophet was now a force to be feared. Bedr was neither Muhammad's first foray into battle nor his last. At the battle of Uhud, he lost his two front teeth, which are now on display in Istanbul. Though toothless, the Prophet still managed to drive his spear through the neck of Ubayy ibn Khalaf, a Quraish chieftain. Islamic scholars say that the Prophet personally attended twenty-seven battles and fought in eight of them. Muhammad: The Assassin As the ruler of Medina, Muhammad demanded complete loyalty and utter submission from his subjects. This was evidenced by his response to critics. Abu Afak, an old man of a hundred years who had converted to Judaism, made the mistake of penning a satire about the Prophet's proclivity to divide all of creation between what is "forbidden" and what is "permitted." Muhammad was not amused by the work. He sent a servant to forever silence the old satirist as he lay sleeping in a courtyard. When Asma, a Medinese poet, wrote some unflattering lines about Muhammad, the Prophet summoned his followers and asked, "Who will rid me of Marwan's daughter [Asma]?" A dutiful servant named Umayr raised his hand and made his way to Asma's house in the dead of the night. Umayr plunged his dagger so deeply within the breast of the poetess that her body was nailed to the sleeping couch. In the mosque the next morning, Umayr told the Prophet what he had done and asked if there would be any evil consequences. "None," Muhammad replied, "a few goats will hardly knock their heads together because of it." Then there was the case of Kab bin aI-Ashraf, the son of a Jewess, who composed "amatory verses of an insulting nature about Muslim women."Muhammad asked, "Who will rid me of the poet?" Mohammad bin Musalama asked permission to deceive the poet into walking into an ambush. "O apostle of God," Musalama pointed out, "we shall have to tell lies." Muhammad replied, "Say what you like, for you are free in this matter. "Musalama duped the poet into taking a late-night stroll into the desert where a group of assassins awaited. The poet was hacked to pieces and emasculated. Following the death of Kab, Muhammad issued the blanket command, "Kill any Jew that falls into your power."The first victim of this pronouncement was Ibn Sunayna, a Jewish merchant who had neither written a word nor committed a transgression. The murderer, Muhayissa, was rebuked by his brother, Huwayyisa, who was not yet a Muslim, for killing an innocent man in cold blood. "By God," Huwayyisa complained, "if Muhammad had ordered you to kill me, would you have killed me?" "Yes, by God," Muhayissa responded, "had he ordered me to cut off your head, I would have done so." Huwayyisa exclaimed, "By God, a religion which brings you to this is marvelous! "Huwayyisa immediately became a believer, thereby crystallizing proof that bloodshed (or the threat of bloodshed) would spread the new faith. Muhammad and the Jewish Question The situation with the Jews in Medina worsened until a Muslim woman ventured into a shop in the bazaar of the Qaynqa and Nudair Jewish tribes. When the woman sat in a shop, a Jewish prankster managed to sneak behind her in order to pin her skirt to her upper blouse. When she rose to leave, her bodice and skirt ripped open to expose her breasts and derriere while the prankster and his cronies howled with delight. It was an outrageous joke. But a Muslim slew the offending Jew, whose brothers slew the Muslim. As a result, a riot broke out in the city. Muhammad assembled his troops, rounded up the Qaynqa and Nudair Jews, and ordered them to depart from the city and to leave all their possessions behind. Muhammad and Genocide A third tribe of Jews--the Bani Qurayza--remained in Medina. Later they were accused of providing aid to Muhammad's enemies in Mecca. The Prophet reacted to this accusation by blockading the Bani Qurayza in their quarter of the city and denying them access to food supplies for twenty-five days. The leaders of the Jewish tribe expressed their willingness to surrender under the same terms that had been granted to the Qaynqa and Nudair Jews, namely, the relinquishment of their belongings and safe departure to another city. Muhammad refused these terms. Instead, he appointed Saad Muadh, one of his most corpulent followers, to act as the arbiter who would decide the fate of the Jews. Muadh ruled that the Jewish men should be beheaded, that the women and children should be sold into slavery, and that all the property of the Jews should be divided among the Muslims. Muhammad accepted the wisdom of this ruling. Nine hundred Jews, according to one account, were beheaded. Another account estimates the figure to have been seven hundred. The carnage started in the morning, went on all day, and continued by torchlight into the night. While the heads were rolling, Muhammad was enjoying the sexual favors of Reihana, the widow of one of the victims, who had been set aside for his pleasure.4s Trenches were dug around the city for the disposal of the bodies. The Muslims wanted to have sex with their female Jewish captives. But this did not seem fitting to the Prophet, who had decided that the women should be sold as slaves and not kept as concubines. After much begging and pleading, he relented and ruled that his men could have intercourse with the hapless captives as long as they employed the practice of azl, that is, withdrawal before ejaculation. The slaughter of the Bani Qurayza Jews proved to be extremely profitable. In addition to the revenue for the slaves, the spoils of the pogrom included a rich haul of livestock (camels, goats, sheep, and horses), houses, furniture, jewelry, and money. The Muslims also took from the bodies of the slain Jews a large number of weapons, including fifteen hundred swords and scimitars, an equal number of shields, a thousand spears, and three hundred coats of mail. Muhammad took his customary one-fifth, thereby becoming the wealthiest chieftain in the Arab world. While they remained in Medina, the Muslims continued to raid caravans and other tribes. On one raid, the Wadil-Qura tribe defeated them. After licking their wounds, the Muslims returned to Wadil-Qura to rout the tribe, sack and pillage the village, and to haul off the survivors as slaves. Zayd, one of Muhammad's adopted sons, captured an old woman who had served as a tribal leader. For amusement, she was tied between two camels. The camels were forced to break into a trot until the old woman was ripped in half. Neither Zayd nor any other Muslims received the slightest censure for their actions. Similarly; during a raid on Khaybar, a prosperous Jewish tribe, the Muslims demanded from Kinana, the tribal chieftain, the location of a chest of buried treasure. When Kinana claimed not to know anything about a buried treasure, Muhammad ordered, "Torture him until you extract what he has." The Muslims kindled a fire on Kinana's chest "with fleet and steel." When Kinana neared the point of death without providing any information about the treasure, Muhammad decided to have him beheaded by an executioner. In this way; all was not lost. The Prophet may not have discovered the treasure, but he had another head for his collection. Pages 50-51 Mecca: The New Qibla The expulsion and execution of the Jews from Medina represents a significant development in the history of Islam. The city was now purged of all religious dissidents and became a place free from the defilement of unbelievers. Originally, Muhammad made Jerusalem the qibla-the point to which all Muslims must turn for prayer. But the Jews had ridiculed his interpretation of their scriptures and his claim to be the promised Messiah. Muhammad, in turn, accused the Jews of corrupting the teachings of the patriarchs of the Bible, of killing the prophets, and of rejecting the revelation of Allah. In 624 he proclaimed that Mecca, the site of the Kaaba and the sacred stone, represented the new qibla. Mecca now became the focal point of the new faith. With the aid of nomadic Arab tribes, Muhammad led a series of armed raids on Mecca, and-in 630 he captured the city with no resistance. He declared a general amnesty for all but a few of his enemies. He destroyed the idols in the Kaaba and proclaimed it a mosque. He spared the Black Stone and sanctioned the practice of kissing it. He also pronounced Mecca to be the holy city of Islam and decreed that no unbeliever should ever set foot on its sacred soil. The remaining years of the Prophet were spent in triumph as the various Arab tribes became united under the banner of Islam. Muhammad: Sex Addict After Muhammad's wife, Khadijah, died in 619, the Prophet amassed eleven wives. He attempted to arrange his schedule around the menstrual cycle of his harem with visits to a different tent on different days and nights of the month. His capacity for sexual congress seemed to be beyond limit. Sahih Bukhari, one of the most revered Islamic sources, states: "The Prophet used to visit all his wives in a round, during the day and night and they were eleven in number. I asked Anas, 'Had the Prophet the strength for it?' Anas replied, 'We used to say that the Prophet was given the strength of thirty [men]."' For in-between treats, the Prophet kept several concubines at his disposal, including Reihana, his Jewish captive. In accordance with Islamic law, Muhammad's wives and mistresses were obliged to satisfy his sexual needs at any time of the day or night, and the Prophet retained the right to enjoy them "from the top of their heads to the bottom of their feet." Pages 51-53 Muhammad: Pedophile All of this may seem well and good, save for the case of Aisha, Muhamtmad's favorite wife. Aisha was the daughter of Abu Bakr, Muhammad's closest friend and most faithful follower. As soon as the Prophet laid Reyes on his friend's daughter, he began dreaming about his union with her. The problem was that Aisha, when Muhammad met her, was a small child of four or five, and he was a middle-aged man of fifty. Still and all, the Prophet wasted no time in attempting to make his dream a reality. When Aisha turned six, Muhammad asked Abu Bakr for his daughter's hand in marriage. Abu Bakr thought that such a union would be improper-not because Aisha was a mere child but rather because he considered himself Muhammad's brother. The Prophet brushed this objection aside by saying that it was perfectly right in the eyes of Allah for him to marry Aisha. Abu Bakr consented. And Muhammad took the child as his new bride. When they were married, Muhammad, in his mercy; allowed Aisha to take her toys, including her dolls, with her when she moved into their new tent. The marriage was consummated when Aisha was nine and Muhammad fifty-three. This is verified by several passages from Sahih Bukhari: [Narrated Aisha] :The Prophet married her when she was 6 years old and he consummated his marriage when she was 9 years old, and then she remained with him for 9 years [until his death]. Khadijah died three years before the Prophet departed to Medina. He stayed there for two years or so and then married Aisha when she was a girl of 6 years of age, and he consummated the marriage when she was 9. The three-year waiting period before consummation might not have been caused by Muhammad's concern with violating a child but rather by the fact that Aisha contracted some disease, which caused her to lose her hair (which later grew back). Aisha became Muhammad's favorite sexual partner. Later she was hailed as the "mother of all believers." Pedophilia was not-only practiced by Muhammad but also sanctioned by the Koran. In its discussion of the waiting period required to determine if a wife is pregnant before divorce, the Koran says, "If you are in doubt concerning those of your wives who have ceased menstruating, know that th_ir waiting period shall be three months. The same shall apply to those who have not yet menstruated" (65:4). In case anyone should think that Muslims have abandoned this practice, one need only turn to Ayatollah Khomeini, the most famous Islamic cleric of the twentieth century; who writes: A man can have sexual pleasure from a child as young as a baby. However, he should not penetrate; sodomizing the child is OK. If the man penetrates and damages the child, then he should be responsible for her subsistence all her life. This girl, however, does not count as one of his four permanent wives. The man will not be eligible to marry the girl's sister. . . . It is better for a girl to marry in such a time when she would begin menstruation at her husband's house rather than her father's house. Any father marrying his daughter so young will have a permanent place in heaven. The Prophet's Parting Words At the age of fifty-eight, Muhammad's health began to fail. He experienced high fevers and suffered states of delirium. In the middle of the night, he often would leave his house, visit a graveyard, pray aloud to the deceased, and congratulate them on being dead. By age sixty-three, the fevers left him in a state of almost complete enervation. Three days before his death, Muhammad rose from his deathbed, visited the mosque, and saw Abu Bakr leading prayers in his stead. His parting words to his followers were "to drive the unbelievers from the Arabian Peninsula.” These excerpts are taken from a book called "The Dunces of Doomsday" by Paul L. Williams.
We want our kids to grow and succeed. A major portion of our life's effort is spent raising kids. We feel that we accomplish great feats when our kids achieve success in what they do and in what they contribute to this world we live in. This is our legacy. Bill Gates, Co-Founder of Microsoft and Philanthropist As a parent I would argue that the best way can ensure my children will succeed is by ensuring my children gets educated and exposed to computer science education as early as we possibly can. It does not mean we all of a sudden expose kids to these very difficult concepts and deprive our children of their precious childhood. No, I wont do that and does not recommend anyone to do so. But what in a manner our children find it interesting, computer education can be imparted as a fun filled drawing game. This is not new, but I must say its very important we do so. Giving our kids the early education in computer science is the biggest gift that we can give for a lifetime. I will explain why.
Primarily an illegal drug manufactured in illicit laboratories, often in rural areas, methamphetamine is a powerful and highly addictive stimulant drug. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies methamphetamine, or meth for short, as a Schedule II controlled substance. This is the highest designation for a drug with an accepted medical use within the United States. Methamphetamine does have a very limited medicinal purpose to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity under the brand name of Desoxyn. Mostly, however, it is illicitly manufactured and distributed for recreational use. Meth is available as both a white powder and in a glass-like rock form called crystal meth. Meth may be smoked, snorted, injected, or swallowed when abused, and it leads to an intense and rapid-onset “high.” The high is intense and euphoric, but also short-lived, so the drug is often taken in a “binge” pattern wherein an individual takes back-to-back doses to prolong the experience. Meth is also taken in a “run,” which is when a person binges on the drug for several days without eating or sleeping. The report Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) publishes that, in 2016, approximately 667,000 people in the United States were considered to be currently abusing methamphetamine. Methamphetamine Abuse Methamphetamine is a drug that has plagued rural and urban areas alike. Abuse runs rampant through the Midwest and is common in Hawaii. Meth is also regularly found in large cities like San Diego. The drug can be manufactured by using an over-the-counter (OTC) cold medication containing a stimulant like pseudoephedrine or ephedrine. The Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 made these OTC medications more difficult to acquire in bulk, and manufacturers and distributors had to get more creative. The number of meth labs did decrease after the law was put in place but methamphetamine manufacturing and abuse remains a serious problem. The 2016 NSDUH reports that the majority of people who abuse meth today are adults aged 26 and older, as out of the more than 600,000 people who used it in the month prior to the survey, more than 500,000 were at least 26 years old. The Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey of 2016 published by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) reports that 1.2 percent of high school seniors admit to using meth at least once in their lifetimes while 6.5 percent of adults aged 26 and older reported its abuse in their lifetime. Short-Term Risks of Methamphetamine Use As a stimulant drug, meth increases energy and attention levels, helps to keep a person awake, and suppresses appetite. It also raises body temperature, and elevates heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rates. NIDA reports that meth likely increases the production of pleasure-inducing dopamine, one of the chemical messengers found naturally in the brain. High levels of dopamine in the brain is likely what causes the intense burst of euphoria that meth induces. Meth can overwhelm a person’s system, however, and an overdose can cause cardiovascular problems, including heart attack, stroke, seizures, hyperthermia, and organ failure, which can all lead to death. The National Vital Statistics Reports publishes that in the United States in 2014, nearly 4,000 overdose deaths were attributed to methamphetamine – a rate that almost doubled in a five-year period. The DEA publishes that over 3,000 poison exposures were reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers in 2011, and more than 100,000 emergency department (ED) visits for meth abuse were reported that same year. Aside from a potentially life-threatening overdose, meth can also contribute to erratic and out-of-character behaviors that may lead to criminal or legal problems, injuries, or accidents. A person is more likely to engage in activities or behaviors that are high-risk when under the influence of a drug like meth. Questionable sexual practices that can lead to the contraction of an infectious disease can be a potential side effect of drug abuse and intoxication as well. Meth can also cause a person to become aggressive, hostile, and violent when someone is under its influence, particularly when it is being used on a regular basis, making users a potential danger to the people around them. Meth makes changes in the brain that relate to how a person thinks, feels, and acts, which can have both immediate and long-lasting consequences. Methamphetamine Addiction and Long-Term Side Effects The impact on the brain from meth can last longer than the high, and the more often a person uses the drug, the more damaging it can be. Methamphetamine is a neurotoxin, impacting levels of microglia as well as dopamine in the brain, NIDA warns. Microglia are important to brain health, helping to fight off infectious agents and expunge neurons that may be damaged. When too many microglia are present in the brain, they can actually start attacking healthy neurons. Brain mapping studies of people who have abused methamphetamine showed levels of microglia that were nearly double that of someone who never abused the drug. Prolonged exposure to high levels of meth also interferes with the brain’s ability to regulate dopamine production on its own, which can make it difficult for a person to feel pleasure without the drug. Meth impacts regions of the brain involved in learning and memory formation as well as movement and cognition, and chronic meth abuse can damage these parts of the brain. Chronic meth use can increase the risk for stroke and the risk that a person will suffer from Parkinson’s disease, a movement disorder. When meth abuse is perpetuated, individuals may begin to suffer from psychosis when under its influence, and hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia may occur. Anxiety, episodes of violence, confusion, insomnia, and mood disturbances can also be side effects of meth intoxication in people who have been using it for a long time. Regular use of meth can cause a person to become tolerant to certain levels of the drug, and they will need to take more each time to feel the results. This can contribute to the onset of physical drug dependence and difficult withdrawal symptoms when meth isn’t active in the bloodstream. Methamphetamine is considered to be extremely addictive, especially if it is taken in a binge pattern. The 2016 NSDUH reports that approximately 667,000 people aged 12 and older battled methamphetamine addiction in the past year. Meth addiction interferes with a person’s ability to function normally in everyday life. Activities and social events are given up for meth-related reasons, obligations are left unfulfilled, work and school production as well as interpersonal relationships suffer. People struggling with meth addiction are more prone to engaging in potentially hazardous behaviors; spend a lot of time thinking about meth, such as where and how to get it, using it, and recovering from it; and often become secretive and isolated. Mood swings, aggression, and behaviors that aren’t characteristic are also signs of meth addiction. Addiction is a brain disease that results in compulsive drug-seeking and using behaviors, and a person battling meth addiction is unable to control their use of the drug. Outward physical signs of meth addiction can include: • Sores from skin picking • “Track marks” or scarring around injection sites as well as infections and skin legions • Chronic nosebleeds or runny nose from snorting meth • Persistent cough and respiratory issues due to inhaling or smoking meth • “Meth mouth” or tooth decay and tooth loss • Extreme weight loss and/or anorexia • Sleep disturbances • Memory loss • Difficulties concentrating, staying focused, and remembering things as well as cognitive deficits • Withdrawal symptoms when going without the drug Withdrawal from Methamphetamine A methamphetamine “crash” can last 1-3 days after the last dose of the drug, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) warns, and the side effects are often opposite to how a meth high makes a person feel. Extreme fatigue, intense depression, irritability, disorientation, apathy, uncontrollable sleepiness, trouble feeling pleasure, tremors, anxiety, and cravings are possible side effects of methamphetamine withdrawal. These feelings can be intense and often encourage a person to use more meth to dispel them. Some of the mood swings, psychotic thoughts, memory and cognitive deficits brought on by meth addiction and withdrawal can last for months or even years after stopping its use. The good news is that NIDA reports that much of the damage to brain function and structure due to meth use may be reversible with prolonged abstinence. A medical detox program can help to minimize relapse and aid in managing the symptoms of meth withdrawal. Detox that is performed in a specialized facility provides around-the-clock supervision, encouragement, and monitoring to ensure that a person remains safe during withdrawal. Medical detox programs offer a supportive, calm, and structured environment to allow meth to process out of the brain and body. There are no specific medications to treat meth addiction or withdrawal; however, medical and mental health providers may use pharmaceutical tools to manage specific side effects of withdrawal during medical detox. Antidepressants may be helpful for the significant depression and potential suicidal ideations that can accompany meth withdrawal, for instance. A detox program works to help a person become physically stable, helping to reset sleeping schedules, improve malnutrition, and allow the drug to process safely out of the system. Detox is an important part of a complete addiction treatment program. Methamphetamine Treatment Options Detox is not a standalone treatment for meth addiction, but rather one aspect of a comprehensive program. After detox, a person should enter into an immersive addiction treatment program. A major component of addiction treatment is behavioral therapy. Therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) help a person recognize self-destructive and detrimental patterns of behaviors by looking at, and changing, negative thoughts. Group sessions include life skills training, relapse prevention, stress management, and education on meth addiction. Individuals counseling and therapy sessions can help a person learn how to cope with and manage personal triggers and stressors. Motivational Interviewing (MI) is another form of behavioral therapy that may be beneficial during meth addiction treatment, as it can help a person to find their own motivation to make positive changes. MI is non-confrontational, and the individual is able to come to terms with the fact that meth abuse is negatively impacting their life and discover the motivation to choose sobriety. Reinforcing positive drug tests with small rewards and incentives is another form of behavioral therapy, Contingency Management (CM). This is another form of treatment for methamphetamine abuse and addiction that NIDA publishes can be beneficial. Peer support groups, such as those that are part of a 12-Step program, can help a person to minimize relapse and sustain long-term recovery. These programs provide fellowship with others who share similar goals for sobriety, and they can offer tips and methods for sustaining it. A methamphetamine abuse and addiction treatment program may also need to account for co-occurring mental health or medical issues, and these should be treated in a simultaneous and integrated fashion. Residential treatment programs can provide the highest level and standard of care, helping to improve a person’s overall quality of life. In a residential treatment program, nutritional balance can be restored and physical health attended to with fitness programs and structured sleeping and eating schedules. Alternative and holistic measures, such as yoga, mindfulness mediation, massage therapy, spa treatments, chiropractic care, and acupuncture, can also be beneficial during a meth addiction treatment program to restore a person’s overall health and wellness. Transitional and aftercare programs can help to minimize relapse, as they provide ongoing support. Methamphetamine addiction treatment is individual. Each person should have their own personalized treatment plan that can aid in a long, healthy, and sustained recovery. Get the Care & Support You Need
How Self-Care Affects Your Health Practicing good self-care is important for people to maintain their health in the long-run. Throughout the day, you are probably trying to meet specific deadlines at work, and then stress about what you need to get done at home. Sometimes, it may feel that you don’t have enough time for yourself since you have so many other priorities to take care of. But why are you putting self-care last? Find out why you should prioritize finding time for yourself! Why is Self-Care Commonly the Last Priority? Due to the crazy busy schedules that many people have, it can be challenging to find some time for self-care. It seems that having time for yourself is the last thing on your mind when juggling the many responsibilities and tasks you have in the day. Self-care is one of the best things you can do for yourself. Self-care is a conscious decision for anything you do for your physical and mental well-being. Without it, you may begin feeling overwhelmed by your many other responsibilities, which can negatively affect your health. Ways to Take Care of Yourself So, now that you know why self-care is important, how do you take care of yourself? Fortunately, there are many different ways to take care of yourself every day. We commonly associate exercise with helping us lose weight and gain muscle, and while this is great, it also improves your mental health. Exercising consistently can improve your mood and reduce stress. Exercising also helps to reduce any built-up anxiety. Another positive thing about exercise is that you can squeeze it in at any time of the day. You can go the traditional route of going to the gym, or you can even take a walk for 30 minutes. Any exercise is good for improving your physical and mental health. Cook Your Own Foods Eating the right foods is a great way to take care of yourself, and there is no better way of making sure that you are doing that than cooking for yourself. Sometimes, it may be hard to cook for yourself when it seems that you are continually rushing to complete all of your tasks. This leads you to choose unhealthy foods as sustenance. This can be detrimental to your health. While those foods may be quick and easy, they can also be high in carbs and bad fats. Knowing precisely what is going in the food that you are making is a great way to make sure what you are eating is full of nutrients that your body needs. Intaking the proper nutrients can lead to improvements in your brain function and reduce inflammation throughout your body. Plus, it significantly reduces the risk of developing diseases such as diabetes. Getting Good Sleep Getting a fair amount of restful sleep is very important for your overall health. Lack of sleep can make you feel groggy and fatigued throughout the day as well as irritable and unmotivated. How do you make sure you get a good night’s sleep? One way is to make sure you don’t have any light in your room as you are falling asleep. This includes TV, phones, and other mobile devices. They can prevent you from falling asleep. Another way to help you fall asleep is to avoid any sugary drinks right before bed. They will keep you up longer than you should. And lastly, avoid feeling stressed when you fall asleep. Do a calming task before bed because stress is a common factor in preventing a good night’s sleep. Going Outside You probably spend most of your day indoors and aren’t getting enough time outside. There are many benefits associated with going outside. Being outdoors reduces fatigue and stress, which can help you feel more relaxed. Just being outside will help improve your overall mood. Read a Book Reading a book free of distractions can help you feel more at ease. Instead of stressing about the deadline that is coming up, try reading about something that interests you. You can learn about new things while also enjoying what you’re reading. Take a Trip for Yourself Taking a trip for yourself doesn’t necessarily mean going on a full-blown vacation. It merely means just getting away from your usual daily routine. You can go out of town for the weekend, maybe visit a spa, or drive around. There are many ways you can go about taking a trip for yourself. Simple Self-Care Tips As you can see, there are many ways you can take care of yourself. Here are some additional tips to making self-care a priority. • Schedule some time for yourself during the day. Whether it is in the morning, at night, or during your lunch break, find a consistent time for yourself throughout the day. You can go work out an hour before you go into work, or even just waking up early to make sure you eat a nice and healthy breakfast! • Try to learn to say no to things that prevent you from getting the needed time for yourself. It may be difficult, but make yourself a priority. • Changing your mindset will go a long way. Don’t focus on the negatives of your day. Try and focus on the positives that came out of it. Finding time for some much-needed self-care is very important for your overall health. Make self-care a priority for yourself every day! Submit a Comment Share This
18 May 2017 P.1.3.8 Optimum hybridization of wind turbines, heat pumps, and thermal energy storage systems for nearly zero-exergy buildings (NZEXB) using rational exergy management model The definition Nearly-Zero Exergy Building (nZEXB) is a new concept regarding 4DE (Fourth-Generation District Energy) systems. It recognizes different energy exchanges between the district and the building at different exergy levels. In nZEXB systems, a multitude of sustainable systems and renewable energy resources are mobilized. Their optimum bundling in design and load allocation is a complex problem and must be based on a robust platform of a common objective, which in this case is the minimization of exergy destruction that eventually leads to additional CO2 emissions. An optimization model was developed for a ground-source heat pump with thermal energy storage coupled to a wind turbine. Coefficient of performance (COP) and Primary Energy Ratio (PER) were redefined in terms of exergy to serve the objective function of minimizing exergy destructions. In developing the optimization model, the Rational Exergy Management Model (REMM) was employed, which aims to increase the balance among the supply and demand exergies and helps to establish a circular exergy flow. The impact of several design variables like the type of terminal units, the size and efficiency of the wind turbine, reservoir temperature, and the split of the turbine electricity between the heat pump and the building were investigated. It has been concluded that heat pumps play a major role in achieving nZEXB status provided that an optimum bundling with other sustainable systems and equipment is achieved.
Being a leader is much more than just giving orders across the workplace; you must stay sensitive to the emotions of your employees and workers at all times. Empathy is a skill that helps you build that sensitivity. So, why is empathy overlooked in the workplace? Most times, it’s a lack of understanding concerning its benefits. That’s why we’re here. What is an empathetic leader? The term doesn’t need more of an explanation. An empathetic leader is one that can see things from the perspective of the subordinate or employee and who is willing to take steps to remedy certain situations. Empathetic leaders aren’t particularly the type of people to let just about everything pass in the name of trying to relate to their workers, but they have an understanding and the ability to put themselves in the shoes of the people that they’re supposed to lead. An empathetic leader can help his or her subordinates feel comfortable and at east at the workplace, and while they try to make their subordinates perfect in everything they do, they also have an understanding of the fact that there are times when being perfect might not be possible. Instead of punishing a worker or an employee due to his or her shortcomings or occasional inaccuracies, an empathetic leader can help them overcome these imperfections. Of course, there’s a balance to this, the fact that you’re being empathetic doesn’t mean that you should let everything past; at the end of the day, there’s the place of discipline and instilling a sense of striving to be perfect. However, empathy is understanding that people are trying, and helping them to feel comfortable while working for you. Do Empaths make good leaders? There is no doubt about the fact that empaths can make great leaders. Empathy is an important leadership skill that leaders are encouraged to build, and here are some important reasons why: Empaths are committed to building a better world A true empath has one thing as first thought; how to improve a specific situation and help build a positive image of the people around them. Empaths always have it as a priority to contribute to the improvement of the people and situations around them, as opposed to just looking out for themselves and what they can take. By improving relations and supporting others, empaths help provide an opportunity for people to be better versions of themselves. Empaths can bear the burdens of others The ability to carry the burden of other people is a great way to show strength and leadership, and this is something that makes empaths great leaders. While their ability to carry peoples’ burdens is great, however, it is also important for an empath to learn how to distinguish between helping people and maintaining their focus on a particular goal. The best empaths can harness the strength that they have, and ensure that they propel others to be better while also improving on themselves as well Empaths can handle challenges According to a study, a leader with the best insight can distinguish between his assessment of himself and how his employees see him. Leaders who have strong insights can understand their needs, emotions, and behavior, while also being able to understand the characteristics of other people as well. Besides, empathetic and insightful leaders are proactive when they get faced with challenges. Empathy improves your level of self-awareness, which will help you to approach negative situations and setbacks with a positive attitude. In his book, “Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain,” author Dr. Antonio Damasio conducts a study that revealed that patients who had damage done to the parts of their brains that deal with empathy had a significant lack of relationship skills. Thus, empaths can relate and communicate better with the people around them. Through this, they gain a better understanding of their social environments and can exist more peaceably with others and achieve results based on specific scenarios. Adaptability is strong In a business environment where competition is high, finding a leading position can be challenging. However, empaths can understand their social environments, and thus, can adapt much better to challenging times. They understand why things might not be going well more easily, and by being aware of the happenings in their organizations- both from within and without. Their influence is extended In a separate study, employees were able to grow easier and faster when working under relatable managers who were able to relate with and take them under their wings. These empathetic leaders allowed them to be more involved, thus providing them with a proper avenue to let their strengths shine and improve on their skills. In turn, the employees saw these managers through improved perspectives and showed an increased willingness to innovate and work. Is empathy an important character trait? As stated earlier, empathy is a very important character trait that everyone- regardless of whether they’re in leadership roles or not- is encouraged to develop. Here are some of the reasons why: 1. Empathy provides an advantage when it comes to building beneficial relationships and connections with others. By sensing the thoughts and emotions of others, you can respond positively to various social scenarios 2. Empathy can also help you keep your emotions in check. Whether you’re a leader or not, you’ll come to find that emotional control is important, since it allows you to manage how you feel without becoming overwhelmed 3. With empathy, you can develop healthy behavior. Apart from the benefit that this brings on the people around you, it could also benefit you since these people feel more inclined to come to your aid when you need them Why is empathy important for managers? The value of empathy in leadership can’t possibly be overstated. It is an important tool that helps to optimize productivity and results and can take care of some workplace redundancies. Empathy improves staff loyalty Every organization faces the struggle of keeping talented members of staff. One of the most prominent reasons why workers tend to leave the companies they work for is that they lose trust and respect for the people they are to report directly to. An empathetic leader is trustworthy and can show workers that they’re appreciated and cared for. Whether in how you relate to workers personally or in the way the organization relates as a whole, everyone prefers to stay in a company where they feel appreciated, valued, and important. Empathetic managers engage staff better People who are the closest to you are the ones who are the most adept at appreciating you and making you feel more appreciated for the things you do daily. This appreciation makes you more willing to do even more for them when next they need you. When it comes to employee engagement, it’s important that every leader demonstrates and shows that they care. By doing this, the empathetic leader unwittingly sets off a reciprocation that will make workers want to do even more the next go around. A lot of organizations tend to miss the most minute point when it comes to leadership habits, and appreciation for the work that employees put in is a great way to start. The most successful organizations understand this, and they’re always looking for ways to compliment and appreciate their staff for their work Empathy improves relationships between employees Apart from the fact that employees feel appreciated and valued for their work, showing empathy in the workplace as a leader has a chain reaction that spreads to the employees as well. When there’s empathy in leadership, every facet of the organization feels it, and this reduces friction and conflict among staff members as well. Empathy in management leads to a stronger teamwork spirit, and negatives such as workplace disruption are cleared. As collaboration is increased, so will output and workplace productivity. Empathetic leaders, happier workers This point ties to some of the previous ones already made. When there’s empathy in the workplace, staff feel that they’re appreciated and valued, and they become more satisfied with the job and are more optimized daily. An increase in job satisfaction reduces the levels of absenteeism and nonchalance. Staff who aren’t committed are less motivated to come in every day, and since they believe that no one really cares about them or how they feel about certain issues, their morale about the job is significantly depleted as well. A knock-on effect of nonchalance is that it puts a lot of strain on fellow workers as well since they are left to pick up the slack and make up for the lags of the defaulting members of staff. In no time, overall productivity is reduced, and employee morale goes down the drain. Empathy could spur increased creativity The value of empathy in leadership can also lead to an increase in out-of-the-box thinking from workers. People who are made to feel like they are important, meaningful parts of an organization tend to bring in more and look for ways to continue to matter. This leads to an increase in creativity and innovation, which will significantly increase the company’s productivity and output over time. With empathy in the workplace, workers have a higher likelihood of bringing up newer ideas and ways to improve on both their work and that of the organization, since they know that their efforts will be rewarded. As they see it, their success has been intertwined with that of the organization. Thus, they feel more committed to your goals and are willing to give even more. Thus, they feel ready to innovate and help make processes more efficient. What are the 3 types of empathy? Showing empathy is one thing, but it’s also important to mark the distinction between the various available forms of empathy. The following is a simple guide to help mark those distinctions: Cognitive empathy Cognitive empathy is the ability to understand a person’s current state of mind and emotions. It is the form of empathy that helps improve communications, as it boosts your ability to relay information. Emotional empathy Emotional- or affective- empathy is the ability to share someone else’s feelings. It is important for building emotional connections with people, thus improving your ability to relate to their current situations. Compassionate empathy Compassionate empathy is a step beyond the former two, although their significance can’t possibly be diminished as well. Also known as “emphatic concern,” compassionate empathy is what moves you to take action and provide help to someone in need. What are some examples of empathy? Taking the three forms of empathy discussed above, consider this example of an empathetic leader: You have a worker who recently lost a family member. Naturally, you could be moved to feel empathetic, pity the worker, or even be sad for them. Sympathy will move you to show your sadness at this, or perhaps evens end a card to the person to commiserate and let them know that they’re in your heart as well. However, there is some time and effort that could go into showing empathy as well. The train starts with cognitive empathy; trying to imagine how the worker could be feeling at this point. “Who died?” “How close were you?” these are questions you ask them. However, you also begin to think about how this loss could affect the worker going forward. Then, emotional empathy will help you to find a way to share these feelings. You find a connection in yourself that understands how emotional pain and grief could feel. It could be you remembering what it was like to lose someone, or just imagining how it would be if the person who played that role in your life was suddenly taken from you. Then, compassionate empathy will move you to take some form of action to make the worker feel better. You could tell him or her to take the day off, offer to cover some of the funeral costs, or even help make some phone calls and reduce the workload on the worker.
September 15, 2021 By Stephanie Cairns, Geoff McCarney and Mike Wilson Four years ago, G7 Ministers endorsed strong evidence that the circular economy “can be a major driver to attain economic growth and employment, and can bring about environmental and social benefits together with long-term economic competitiveness and prosperity”. In the intervening months, with accelerating climate, biodiversity, and pollution indicators accentuating the limitations of our current, ‘linear’ production systems, the imperative for a more circular economy has only become more pronounced. As the shift to a more circular economy gains traction worldwide, it’s past time for Canada, too, to lean in and assert its own path. Many elements of a Canadian strategy can be informed by the circular economy strategies and policies of early adopter jurisdictions. But Canada’s path will also need to prepare our primary resource producing sectors for a world where secondary materials supply a growing portion of global demand, and where markets demand materials that are more recoverable, reusable and recyclable, and that can be traced back to demonstrate sustainability and circular principles at each step of the way. The Smart Prosperity Institute has been working to identify the key elements of such a ‘made-in-Canada’ strategy. In particular, SPI has been developing new research on the role of Primary Materials in an Emerging Circular Economy exploring the real-world implications of a low-carbon, circular economy transition for primary resource producing economies such as Canada’s. While reducing the flow and intensity of primary material inputs and waste generation is central to an effective CE transition, the relevance of globally emerging CE policy discussions for economies with significant primary resource-producing sectors is not well understood. Our initial research finds that early strategic thinking and policy development on the circular economy have been led by resource-importing economies, and perhaps for this reason have a downstream focus on closing the loop for materials now flowing out of the economy as ‘waste’. The development of the circular economy concept to date has left primary resource sectors and producers on the periphery, as flows to be minimized, instead of incorporated into more circular value chains. Yet the concurrent imperative to transition to a low-carbon economy presents an inconvenient truth: in the short-to-medium term, meeting low carbon targets will require extraction of some primary materials, such as minerals and metals, to not just continue but increase, even with extremely aggressive targets to improve material recycling, reduce waste, and improve circularity. What do these combined transitions mean for economies such as Canada’s? We need improved understanding of the policies and practices that may be needed to support natural resource producing economies such as Canada’s in an increasingly circular, but also materially intensive global economy. This suggests that public policy must consider smart incentives for circular innovation along the entire value chain, so that both primary and secondary commodities become more sustainably sourced, but also so that downstream end-users design products and demand materials that are more recoverable, reusable and recyclable, and that can be traced back to demonstrate sustainability and circular principles at each step of the way. The good news is that Canada begins its journey to a circular economy with two strong advantages: the opportunity to learn from international experience, and a strong set of pre-existing clean-tech oriented government funding programs and innovation startup ecosystem which have boosted Canada’s to 2nd spot in the Global Cleantech Innovation Index. Although currently designed primarily around carbon reduction commitments, the two decades of investment in this ecosystem offers a robust initial platform from which to build out timely and wide-ranging policies and programs to support circular innovation. While a strong feature of the transition to a circular economy is that it is generally seen as business-led, robust public policy is critical to incentivizing CE innovation. Expanding the application of extended producer responsibility, which holds manufacturers responsible for the entire life-cycle of their products and especially for the take-back, recycling, and final disposal, is the backbone for any policy plan for a circular economy. But a key take-away from international experience on circular economy is that many other policies and programs are also necessary: common roadmaps to orient actors in complex systems; knowledge networks, data and metrics to understand opportunities and identify progress; information sharing platforms to share best practices; investments in innovation accelerators and clusters to test new approaches; use of procurement dollars to grow markets; and education and training to develop the skills to be competitive in this emerging economy. Canada does have a patchwork of some of these policies already, but for a scattering of products, and with fragmented approaches across federal, provincial, and local government levels. The growing number of sector- and community-based circular economy initiatives and new businesses are struggling in that fragmented patchwork. Canada is missing an integrated circular economy strategy, and one that doesn’t leave resource producers on the periphery. To get there, we can call on a third Canadian advantage: a long legacy of working in collaborative fora with government, industry, and civil society stakeholders to develop shared strategies. A commitment to launching this could be the legacy of this week’s World Circular Economy Forum. Mike Wilson Executive Director Geoff McCarney Senior Director of Research Stephanie Cairns Director, Circular Economy
About Botswana Botswana is landlocked by South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. The Kalahari Desert forms 70% of Botswana, an area of 900,000 square kilometres. The name “Kalahari” is considered to be derived from the Tswana word “kgalagadi”, meaning “a water-less place”. With only 3.9 inhabitants per square kilometre, Botswana’s population density is one of the lowest on Earth. Botswana diverse natural landscape is home to a wide variety of animal and plant life. People of Botswana The original inhabitants of Botswana were the San and Khoi peoples. Currently the Tswana make up the majority ethnic group in Botswana (79% of the population) while people of English, German and Indian origin constitute about 3% of the population. While English is the official language, Setswana is widely spoken. Weather Overview There is sunshine all year in Botswana, with the winter months (May to August) being the sunniest. This semi-arid country experiences a short rainy season. The colder months are the driest. The relatively high altitude and geographical position result in a subtropical climate. Summer temperatures average around 26℃ (79℉) and winter around 14℃ (57℉). The Okavango Delta The Okavango River, the country’s only permanent river, flows into a delta that is extremely rich in wildlife. Here you can find the “big five” (elephant, buffalo, lion, rhinoceros and leopard), as well as numerous species of fish and reptiles. The Makgadikgadi Pans The Makgadikgadi Pans are composed of several large salt pans situated in the north-east of Botswana. The pans are surrounded by the Kalahari Desert and are some of the biggest salt flats in the world.
All Articles for A taxicab, also taxi or cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers often for a non-shared ride. a taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice. in modes of public transport, the pick-up and drop-off locations are determined by the service provider, not by the passenger, although demand responsive transport and share taxis provide a hybrid bus/taxi mode.
Why is Yak Fiber Soft? Yak fiber is the new luxurious fabric dominating the textile market and reigning the heart of fervent wool-lovers always on the hunt for the softest and the most breathable fabric out there in the market. Yak fiber can be defined as the fiber made out of yak wool that is produced from the downs or the undercoats of Himalayan bovines, named Yak. Yak fiber is a luxury item because yaks are super rare, only inhabiting the Himalayan region, the plateaus of Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan, and a few areas in Mongolia and Central Asia. The other thing that makes yak fiber more luxurious than other kinds of wool is its sheer softness. But why is yak fiber so soft? We have done extensive research on the same to bring a complete breakdown of all the reasons that contribute to the yak fiber’s softness. The Different Yak Coats: Yaks are to Himalayan people, what bison are to Americans – important. They have a bulky body frame, extremely dense and long fun, as well yas horns of dark colors. Every yak can produce some amount of fiber, whether it is wild or domestic. The quantity, however, depends on the age, breed, sex, and genetic makeup of the yak. Although yaks look like they have rough fur, and it would be impossible to make fiber out of them that is even remotely soft, what would take you by surprise is the fact that they have three different coats. Each coat has its own texture, and all of them vary greatly in appearance, characteristics, and even usage. The coarse coat: The coarse coat is the outermost layer of hair, which can be considered the long and dense fur of the yak. This protects the yak from the extremities of the arctic environment. It is mostly used by nomads and the people domesticating the yaks in tent-making. As the name suggests, the fur is coarse and has a micron range of 79-90, which is considered thick. The mid-type: The mid-type in the middle to the outer layer of the yak coat with a diameter of 20-50 microns. It is used to make ropes and tents. However, it is not as strong as the coarse outer coat and neither as fine and soft as the down-coat. The down fiber: This is the coat of the yak that is ‘the talk of the post.’ The innermost layer of hair that is naturally shed by yaks during the late spring to early summer, the yak down is the softest layer of the three coats. It is used in the textile industry for the production of yak fiber, which, as we know, gives tough competition to the fabled cashmere, both in terms of softness and price. Reason why Yak Fiber is soft Yak fiber has an average diameter of 16-20 microns which, in the textile industry, is considered fine; in fact, yak fiber is one of the finest in the world, and therefore also soft. Here is where the article picks thrust as we throw light on the multiple reasons why yak fiber is so soft, beginning with the very simple yet very important reason – adaptation to cold environments. Yaks have a double coat of hair. The primary reason behind the softness of yak down boils down to more or less a physiological adaptation. Yaks live at extremely high altitudes in the Himalayas and the associated regions where the temperatures can drop below 30 degrees which is why they need some sort of protection against the harsh extremities of their habitat. This protection comes in the form of a double coat (with a mid-coat) that protects the yaks against cold. The outer coat of the yak is rough and long, which primarily serves the purpose of repelling rain, frequent snow, and precipitation of ice. The undercoat or the down serves as an insulatory coat, which is short and fluffy and traps a layer of air so that the yak could maintain a certain body temperature to survive the cold. Since the undercoat is protected from the elements of nature such as rain, snow, dust, etc., by the rough outer coat, it stays soft and fluffy all the time. Since the yak down or the undercoat is only required during the winters to insulate yaks from cold, they start shedding it naturally in spring. This down can easily be combed down off the yak once the yak has been sheared off the outer coat. Later, the down is spun into a yarn that is used to craft some of the finest and softest fabrics in the world – the yak fabric. Most luxury fibers are soft, the major reason being environmental adaptation similar to yaks. For example, the vicuña is an animal inhabiting the Andean highlands where it has to face environmental extremities such as cold, snow, and rain. This is why it has a double coat, with the undercoat being super soft, fluffy, and super warm. The microns count Micron count is a good way to get the approximation for softness; the smaller the micron, the thinner the fiber. An average human hair measures around 60-70 microns in diameter, and the down of a yearling yak measures 15-17 microns and 18-20 microns in the adult yaks, which makes yak fiber ultra-soft. Micron measure is important when you are looking at wool or any other fiber. When buying yarn online, you don’t get to feel the yarn and can barely estimate the softness of the yarn. It is not a good idea to buy yarn based on customer reviews because the meaning of softness is different for different people. Words like “super soft” in the reviews don’t help you to understand how soft the yarn really is. But whenever there is a micron measurement given, for example, 15-micron yak, it helps a lot, mostly for people who have been looking at micron count for a whole. There are other natural fibers of animals like musk ox and vicuna, with a small diameter. But these animals are wild, and if their down is not gathered by hand, they might shed down while wandering in the vegetation. Whereas in the case of yaks, their down can be simply combed off the animal. Yak Down is Scaly There are a number of different factors which make yak a brilliant quality soft fiber. One of the many reasons is the surface texture of yak down. Each hair from a yak down, when examined under an electron microscope, appears to be scaly and tightly fitted against the surface of the hair shaft. This not only makes the texture of yak down smooth but also soft. Yak Fiber has Crimps Crimps of the yak down also make the texture of the fiber soft and springy to touch. In terms of textile, the bends and folds in fiber are called crimps. The crimps of the yak down appear like a coiled spring that has been mashed flat. The crimp in wool fiber makes it soft and spongy; it also traps a large volume of air between fibers which gives it an insulating property. The crimp provides three qualities to a fiber – bounce, loft, and insulating property. The strands of the yak down bounce back to their initial position when you stretch them apart and release them. Compress the strands, the coil gets closer, and when pressure is released, they spring apart again. That’s the loft. When the fiber is mixed with other fibers, it meshes up and creates micro pockets of insulating air. All these qualities come together with yak fiber and make it one of the softest, lightest, fluffiest and luxurious fabrics in the world of textile. Why is Yak Fiber Considered a Luxury? It’s a known fact that yak fiber is considered a luxury – but if you think it’s only because of the softness that yak fiber is characterized with, you’re not looking at the complete equation. Here are eight reasons, including the ultimate and obvious softness associated with yak fiber that make people go nuts over it. 1.Rarity is Luxury There are about 20,000 yaks in the world, according to the Wildlife Conservation Society, which clearly proves how rare they are. Most of the yaks live in the Tibetan plateau because of its super-high elevation, far away from the heat. However, Tibetan Plateau is also a victim of climate change, and it is sad for the yaks because the environment of the Tibetan plateau is excellent for them. Therefore, the fact that luxury fiber is rare and limited is clear from the above. And there is no fast way to recover the number of yaks because we can’t plant animals like we do flax or cotton. 2.Yak Fiber is super Warm and Cozy It was during 1980 when the exceptional warm quality of the yak wool was first discovered. The wool is capable of maintaining insulation even if the wool is wet and readily maintains the normal body temperature. It was found during various experiments on yaks that they could survive extreme cold, thus, explaining the adaptation of yaks to the harsh climate. 3.The Softness is Unmatched The fiber is unbelievably soft and so delicate that one can hardly distinguish between scoured yak down from scoured goat cashmere. The reason why the yak fiber makes a perfectly balanced product is that it’s soft, strong, and durable. It’s easy on the skin and keeps you warm during the cold winter. 4.Breathable and Antibacterial Yak down is a breathable fiber, and the products that are made of yak fiber have the ability to absorb and release moisture. One of the unique features of the yak down is that it’s antibacterial, which means that it’s impossible for the bacteria to breed from sweat and dirt in clothes. The antibacterial property is perfect for making underwear, socks, and sweaters. 5.Static resistant and Absorbs No Odour The yak fiber is a natural fiber, and like all other natural fibers, has an anti-static quality, and it does not electrify. It is even way better than cashmere, and it doesn’t stick to the skin. Say NO to sticky! The yak fiber doesn’t absorb odors, which is one of the important qualities of yak fiber. The products made of yak fiber don’t require frequent wash, which results in extended durability. 6.Renewable, Cruelty-Free Resource Yak fiber is a cruelty-free resource; it doesn’t require any electrical or manual clippers as the yak down shed each spring. A yak weighing around 750-1,300 lbs can easily shed over two pounds of yak fiber annually, and the same amount of fiber is produced by a tiny German angora rabbit weighing about 6-10 pounds. This also states why yak fibers are limited and therefore luxurious. 7.Kinder to the Planet Yaks in the semi-wild areas are allowed to graze freely, and it is an important positive contribution towards a critical ecological niche to the environment. Yaks are a great alternative to cashmere, as the cashmere turns grasslands into the desert by overgrazing sheep that contribute to the hyped cashmere fiber. 8.Warmer Than Wool, Softer Than Cashmere Yaks are one of those highest-dwelling mammals in the world that live between 9,800-15,500 feet above sea level. The yaks can survive in temperatures as low as -40 degrees Fahrenheit with the help of their warm and cozy thick coats. The yak down is 10-15% warmer than Merino wool and softer than cashmere. The idea is to say that yaks are sheared carefully. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here
Total Number of words made out of Wave = 8 Wave is an acceptable word in Scrabble with 10 points. Wave is an accepted word in Word with Friends having 11 points. Wave is a 4 letter short Word starting with W and ending with E. Below are Total 8 words made out of this word. 3 letter Words made out of wave 1). ave 2). awe 3). vaw 4). wae 2 letter Words made out of wave 1). ae 2). aw 3). we Wave Meaning :- See Waive. To play loosely; to move like a wave- one way and the other; to float; to flutter; to undulate. To be moved to and fro as a signal. To fluctuate; to waver; to be in an unsettled state; to vacillate. Synonyms of Wave:- undulation, undulation Find Words which Also see:- 1. Words that start with Wave 2. Words that end with Wave 3. Words Containing Wave 4. Vowel only words 5. consonant only words 6. 7 Letter words 7. Words with J 8. Words with Z 9. Words with X 10. Words with Q 11. Words that start with Q 12. Words that start with Z 13. Words that start with F 14. Words that start with X Word Finder Tools 1. Scrabble finder 2. Words with friends finder 3. Anagram Finder 4. Crossword Solver Words made from adding one letter at the End of wave waved waver waves wavey Words made after changing First letter with any other letter in wave cave eave fave gave have lave nave pave rave save Words made after changing Last letter with any other letter in wave Note There are 2 vowel letters and 2 consonant letters in the word wave. W is 23rd, A is 1st, V is 22th, E is 5th, Letter of Alphabet series.
Potential Hazards In Health And Social Care Research Paper 550 Words3 Pages Potential hazards in health and social Hazard: Anything that can cause harm, e.g. chemicals, electricity, moving and handling service users. Risk: The chance, high or low, that somebody will be harmed by the hazard. It is important that risks to those being cared for, and to their care workers, are sensibly and proportionately managed in ways that respect their rights, freedoms and dignity. Care homes differ from other workplaces because they are not only places of work but are also homes for their residents. It is therefore important that they are pleasant places where the freedom and dignity of residents is respected, and where everyone’s health and safety is sensibly and effectively managed. Staff: * Staff may be at risk from…show more content… The Victorian environment may increase risk of moving residents due to lighting, flooring or lack of space & storage may be very limited for equipment. * Falling from heights when cleaning, got to make sure they aint a way off falling when cleaning which will cause harm to you and/or residents. Resident: * It’s on a main road and people who have dementia could forget that and could end up walking there, and putting their self at risk of getting hurt. * Windows, if they are left open or not got a safety lock on, a resident could fall out of it and hurt themselves or others. * Poor fitted bed rails can lead to asphyxiation, and residents can shake them and make them dislodge the rail. Limbs may become trapped in bed rails. * Safety plugs on the plug sockets, could put finger through it or poke something in it and could get electric shock, or seriously electrocuted. * Hot water, if it’s not checked or they not getting watched they could burn themselves. * Slippery wet surfaces, or that has something on, and things that are permanently in the way can cause them to trip or More about Potential Hazards In Health And Social Care Research Paper Open Document
Did you know suicide is the third leading cause of death in the world? Well, how about that 60-70 million Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental health problem at any given time in their lives (a ratio of over one in five). Or even, worldwide, that less than one out of five families has at least one loved one combating a mental health problem. Mental health disorders have genetic or biological origins and even personal situations that result from stressful situations in childhood, adulthood, schooling, employment, violence, substance abuse, or war. Well wouldn’t it be great to find a place where judgments meet facts, opinions are shaped, and failures become success stories? Our mission is to encourage people to develop and express their opinions and feelings in a supportive environment while counteracting stereotypes, discrimination, and negative attitudes associated with mental health disorders. For this, check our Forum page. As a first step, would the stigma and shame remain as potent if those individuals, who are caretakers or affected by a loved one’s mental illness, spoke of it, in the same way, any other illness. Gradually normalcy could develop if those affected by their loved ones could take a courageous proactive stance to admit and share the effects of the stigma and the impact of the illness on their loved ones. As well as, those, fortunate enough, not affected by mental illness be open enough to self-examine their own possible fears and biases. Mental disorders’ normalization could be slowly spawned through discussions that evoke knowledge, empathy, and compassion among and between those affected and not affected by the illness. Below is a short but growing collection of samples that summarize someone being affected by a singular or multi-faceted disorder in his or her brain that he or she has little control over. Imagine if you will, that each of these samples (given roughly a 20 seconds or less time span each) went through YOUR head unwillingly... every... waking...hour. The walking nightmare Schizophrenia- (a popular song is being played that you know the words to and yet this is what you hear)…” we’re talking about you, we’re stalking your house too…” (and you begin to think) shut off the music! Walk outside, go look to see if anyone is coming!... (You hear birds chirping) The rhythm of the chirping must mean something... it means... my father is going to kill me tonight?! I have to tell someone! (Your delusions make you believe your father is a murderer rapist that kills for fun and has been hiding this lifestyle from you your entire life and everyone he is friends with shares the same secret lifestyle with him). No one could help me! No one would believe me! …They’re all working together!… Can’t trust anyone… Got to figure this out! (Walking back inside)…I feel dirty. The insects are crawling on me! (You don’t see insects on further inspection of your unclean body) They won’t leave me alone…NO one will leave me alone! ... Shut up! Can’t think too loud, they’ll know all my secrets… everybody knows!... Why me?!... the Doom Depression- (Recount the most painful memory you have and play it out in your head in slow motion) No one knows that every waking moment brings me closer to all the memories I can’t forget. So much failure. I can’t escape from it. (More painful memories now attack your thought process) These feelings are pulsating through my emotions… so much pain, it’s so hard to move, every heartache filled memory seems to double in size with every thought. Constant thoughts of unbearable failure, misery, mix with a self-inflicted attack of negativity. My brain can't escape, why can't I escape? So much pain, No way out… Why me?! Brain Rage Anxiety-(A clock begins ticking) Too much to do. What to do first? I should fix the biggest problem at work. Oh, God. I forgot about the continuous issue that has no solution as of yet and the deadline approaches (as the minutes pass like seconds the clock begins ticking faster to you) Two things to deal with that need to be solved 5 seconds ago. (You think to yourself) I can’t fix anything. Get a grip! Who am I kidding?! I'm such a failure. (A haunting personal problem emerges your thought process as you snap back to reality the clock now ticks faster as you realize immediate action needs to take place for all three items at the same time and you grab your chest and begin to feel failure take your breath) Something needs to be solved. (you feel your brain racing without direction) Need to breathe... Need to relax. (The sound of the ticking becomes deafening) Breathe! (you tell yourself but your brain shouts) I cant’ relax! (Clock ticking at such a fast pace that the sound would mimic the buzzing of a fly's wings near your ear) Must work! Things need to get done. So much to do! I can’t do this alone! No one can fix this but me! But I can’t fix this. Nobody can! There is no escape!… Why me?! These are just an example of episodes suffered by people with forms of mental health disorders. Unfortunately, some of our brains are often too complex for us to live with. I assure you that these intense segments of thoughts were written and/or helped developed by those affected by the titled mental illness. We need to expand the list! So, if you suffer from a diagnosable mental illness please send your creative entries that explain a situational thought process that you feel describe what it feels like to be afflicted with a mental health condition. Our e-mail is breakthestigma@gmail.com Help us inform those who don't know what it’s like for you to sit in the passenger seat of your racing thoughts. Remember you are helping society understand what they’ve never experienced. All submissions will be anonymous unless you direct us otherwise. Because we here at the BTS team are specifically designed to Break the Stigma, we regret to inform you that we do not have details on each diagnosis. However, if you do want a complete and comprehensive source on specific illnesses, we would like to direct you to our "shop" page in this website's menu. Below our "suggested readings" will be a link to such a place.
If you’re with an older relative and they’re having trouble swallowing their medicine, don’t make a joke about it being a bitter pill to swallow. They may have a physical condition called dysphagia. What is dysphagia? Dysphagia is a persistent swallowing difficulty. It should not be confused with problems swallowing due to fast eating or improper chewing. Dysphagia is most common in older people, but it can occur at any age. What causes dysphagia? Dysphagia has a number of possible causes, including cancer, neurological damage or disorders, Zenker’s diverticulum, acid reflux, esophageal spasms, and a blocked esophagus. What are the symptoms of dysphagia? Dysphagia symptoms include more that just the inability to swallow. Patients can also experience pain, drooling, hoarseness, regurgitation, acid reflux and heartburn, coughing or choking while eating, weight loss, and the sensation of food being stuck in the throat. What are the long-term consequences of dysphagia? Swallowing difficulty isn’t just a mealtime nuisance. People who can’t swallow their medicine might not be getting appropriate medical care. Not being able to eat can cause dehydration, weight loss, or even malnutrition. Food or liquid that enters the airway can cause aspiration pneumonia. Finally, if someone chokes while eating and the food can’t be dislodged, it could be fatal. How is dysphagia diagnosed? If you have any of the above symptoms, your doctor might recommend further tests. These could range from swallowing studies to endoscopies to x-rays and CT scans. How is dysphagia treated? Dysphagia treatment is dependent on the cause. In some cases, new swallowing techniques and exercises could be enough. In others, medicine, esophageal dilation, or even surgery could be necessary. Dysphagia treatment at CEENTA If you or a loved one is having trouble swallowing, schedule an appointment with a CEENTA ENT doctor. They will diagnose the cause of your issue and provide treatment that won’t be hard to swallow. This blog is for informational purposes only. For specific medical questions, please consult your doctor. New patients can make appointments online with our doctors in North and South Carolina. Current patients can also make appointments through myCEENTAchart with physicians they have already seen. You may also be interested in A new organ was discovered in the throat Was a new organ discovered in the throat? An exciting new discovery. Read More A tongue Five fun facts about the tongue There's a lot to it. Read More A baby's gag reflex protects it from choking on solid food. Good information about the gag reflex Why we gag. Read More Leave a Comment Back to News Schedule An Appointment tags w55c
Skincare Tips: How To Prevent Sun Damage? The most important part of a skincare routine lies in how effective its sun care products are. It isn’t the cleanser, moisturiser or any serums that may come with a good beauty regime, as all of that will be misspent if a) there isn’t any sunscreen to lock it all in and shield the skin from harmful UV rays, and b) any of those products do not contain SPF, which measures sunscreen protection. Why sun protection is so important 1. It’s not just about preventing painful sunburns. Sunscreen protects our skin from harmful UV rays which can create some serious damage. 2. As we get older, our skin becomes more fragile and thin, and overexposure to the sun will impede the skin’s ability to repair itself. Sun damage causes photoaging, which causes the skin to look leathery, discoloured, saggy and wrinkly. 3. Women in their 20s are much more susceptible to long-term damage by the sun, and this might also increase the risk of skin cancer such as melanoma. Sun Protection Tips In this day and age, it is so easy to develop sun-damaged skin especially if you’re not getting sufficient or any protection at all. Instead of trying to rewind any damage that the sun has caused, let’s look at the ways we can prevent it. After all, prevention is better than cure. 1. Wear sunscreen all the time, even if it’s on a cloudy day. It is a common misconception that one needs to forgo the sunscreen on a cloudy day because of the absence of the sun, but the truth is that the sun still emits harmful rays even when it is not visible. 2. Be sure to wear an SPF of at least 15, although experts recommend nothing below 30. Anything lower than an SPF 15 should be topped up with another SPF, but it is generally advised to stick to a healthy amount of SPF30, as this will block 97% of all harmful rays. 3. If you’re wearing makeup, be sure to wear a make-up base or foundation that has SPF built into it. A sunscreen for the face like the UV Plus SPF 50 (which comes in shades to correct the skin), the BB Beauty Perfector SPF30, or even a foundation with SPF like the Bright Plus Brightening Cushion Foundation SPF 50 / PA +++ and the Everlasting Foundation SPF 15. If not, invest in moisturisers and lotions that have SPF built in. 4. Be sure to cater to your skin and body depending on your lifestyle and activity. There are many different types of sunscreen with different SPF, so it can easily get very overwhelming. Just remember that for daily commutes as well as quick and short exposure to the sun requires at least SPF15, while heavy outdoor activities require an SPF of 30 to 70. 5. Choose effectiveness over convenience. Between a sunscreen or sunblock spray, a sunscreen lotion or cream is always the better option. It is undeniable that sprays are much easier and faster to apply, but it does require touching up more often. 6. Generally, try to invest in a broad-spectrum sun protection product. Considering that the recommended SPF is between 30 to 70, aim for the middle, such as purchasing a sunscreen of SPF 50. 7. Know when to apply your sunscreen. The golden rule for the face is to apply it after cleansing and moisturising your face and before makeup. What’s even better is if your moisturiser or serum has been built in SPF, like the White Plus Pure Translucency Brightening Emulsion SPF20. Both the face and body need to be covered in sunblock 15 to 30 minutes before sun exposure. 8. Consider sunscreen for when water is involved too. If you’re about to get into water or are participating in water sports, purchase a waterproof sunscreen. Reapply sunscreen every 2 hours. 9. Make sure the clothes you wear are sun-resistant. Choose light-coloured clothing as opposed to dark ones, denser weaves as opposed to loose ones and opt for polyester and nylon over natural fibres. All these attributes can help to minimise the effects of the sun. 10. Your eyes can also burn from the sun, so be sure to protect them. Sunglasses and shades aren’t all about accessorising. They actually function as a barrier between the sun and your eyes, so be sure to whip out those stylish or practical shades whenever you’re out and about during the day. 11. Take care of your lips. Avoid chapped, burnt, and dehydrated lips by swiping a lip balm with SPF on your lips at all times. The lips can easily catch damage from the sun as well, so make sure they are well-protected, hydrated and moisturised. How to prepare the body for sun exposure Using your favourite sunscreen lotion or sunscreen spray such as the Sun Care Body Lotion SPF50, apply liberally all over exposed skin 15 to 30 minutes before exposure to the sun. A sunscreen spray would be beneficial to help supplement other sun protection products, as the spray nozzle will allow for an easier application on hard-to-reach areas like the back of the body. Get more tips on sun protection here. You might like • White Plus Brightening Emulsion SPF 20 • Skin Illusion SPF15 Natural Hydrating Foundation Questions in the same category
Money, money money... it's everywhere and this means that children are exposed to money and what these little discs or notes represent from a young age. It's therefore hardly surprising that money is taught in both Key Stage 1 and 2 of the National Curriculum. Below, we've created some money-related tasks for your key stage 1 child to complete but before they get started, here are our top tips when it comes to talking money with your child. Teacher Top Tips: How to introduce money into the home: Use physical coins and save them in a place where the children can actually see them building up. E.g in a transparent cup. Give the children a realistic short-term goal when it comes to their savings. Expensive items will take them far too long for them to see the benefits of saving, choose something that they'll be able to buy within a few weeks. Take your child to the shop with their saved money and let them choose what they want to buy by counting out the money needed (they may need your help here) and paying for it themselves. This should give your child a real hands-on experience on saving money and being able to spend it. What better way to learn than to live the experience! Now, to the task at hand! Ok, now it's over to your child. Why not work through the following tasks together to get them thinking about money. If possible use real money to help them work out the answer to the first task. Ready to learn a little bit about money? Was there ever a time when you wanted to buy something but no one would buy it for you? Saving your own money could mean that you could buy things for yourself, so you see, it pays to understand money! We're going to look a little bit closer at the best ways to do this. Task 1 The first thing we need to do is save up our money. Saving just means that we collect the money, you may keep this in a piggy bank? If we are given 20p a day to make our bed every morning, how much money would we save in one full week? Choose the purse below which shows the correct amount of money we would have saved after 7 days. Task 2 So... we've worked hard to make our bed every morning to earn 20p a day. We did this for a week and managed to save £1.40. Now we can go to the shop and spend our money! We have been saving to buy our favourite sweets. We don't quite have enough money to buy all of our favourite sweets but we could buy a few different combinations. What combinations of sweets could we buy using the £1.40 we've saved without there being any change given? Task 3 In the end, we decided to save some of our money and not spend it all! We bought a packet of smarties, a lollipop and a packet of sweets. How much money did we have left? Please write the number sentences you need to be able to work this out. We've decided that we are going to try and save another £1.40 next week, if we have the money saved from today as well, will we have enough to buy a chocolate bar and a packet of smarties? If you've enjoyed getting your head around these money matters, why not try these other EdPlace activities to put your understanding to the test? Counting Cash: Adding different coins Counting Cash: Paying for items Keep going! Looking for more activities, different subjects, or year groups? Click the button below to view the EdPlace English, maths, science, and 11+ activity library All English, maths and science from Year 1 - GCSE Task 1 If we are given 20p a day and there are 7 days in a week this means we are adding 20p a total of 7 times which is: 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 = 140p Remember that there are 100 pence in £1, this means that 140p is £1 and 40p which is written £1.40. If you count up how much is in each purse and note down the amount you will be able to find the purse which holds the correct amount of £1.40. Purse A - 50p + 50p + 10p + 10p = £1.20 Purse B - 50p + 10p + 10p + 10p = 80p Purse C - 50p + 50p + 10p + 10p + 5p + 5p = £1.40 Therefore, purse C is holding the correct amount of money. Task 2 Here are all of the different combinations of sweets that we could buy: 1 Chocolate bar + 1 Sweets - £1 + 40p = £1.40 1 Chocolate bar + 2 Lollipops - £1 + 20p + 20p = £1.40 2 Smarties + 1 Sweets - 50p + 50p + 40p = £1.40 2 Smarties + 2 Lollipops - 50p + 50p + 20p + 20p = £1.40 1 Sweets + 5 Lollipops - 40p + 20p + 20p + 20p + 20p + 20p = £1.40 2 Sweets + 3 Lollipops - 40p + 40p + 20p + 20p + 20p = £1.40 3 Sweets + 1 Lollipop - 40p + 40p +40p + 20p = £1.40 7 Lollipops - 20p + 20p + 20p + 20p + 20p + 20p + 20p = £1.40 There were a lot of different combinations, well done if you found any of these and a BIG well done if you found them all! Task 3 a) Smarties + Lollipop + Sweets = 50p + 20p + 40p = £1.10 We started with £1.40 and spent £1.10. Therefore we subtract £1.40 - £1.10 = 30p So, we had 30p left. b) If we take the 30p we had left and add it to the £1.40 we will save next week we will have: £1.40 + 30p = £1.70 Chocolate bar + Skittles = £1.50 So yes, we will have enough money to buy the chocolate bar and the sweets! (We could even get a lollipop too!)
Dr Walker's Church of England Primary School An Exceptional Place to Flourish Collective Worship See if you can guess our theme for collective worship this week from these clues. It's one of our school Christian values... It's something that you have in class, but also something that show other people.... It starts with the letter R.... Our theme for the week is RESPECT. Let's start off exploring respect with this video. Mutual respect Pupils Amelie and Shaeya interview children and adults from their school community to find out what the word 'respect' means to them. Their interviewees offe... For today's collective worship I would like you to think about these questions. If you have someone you can discuss them with then that's great! Otherwise just write some short answers to the questions for yourself. Who should we respect? How do you show respect? Why is respect important? Should everybody show respect? Why/why not? Can animals show respect? Once you've finished working out your own answers to those questions, you can join in this prayer: Dear God, Please help me to treat everyone with kindness and respect.
Why Do We Have Relationships? Duration: 2 - 3 hours Relationships play a pivotal role in our lives. Every facet of our social lives involves relationships with others. Whether it is at home, in the workplace, or at school or university - the quality of the relationships we have with others influences our perception of those places and the level of enjoyment we associate with them. Furthermore, our identities are formed out of our relationships with others. With this course, you will learn the social support, emotional and physical benefits of relationships, different theories that explain the reason why we seek relationships, and more. Self Assessment Test
Places We Protect Dennis Farm Preserve Mountain Laurel Mountain Laurel Mountain Laurel © Cynthia Fowx The forest is dominated by red and black oaks, with shrubs including huckleberry and blueberry. Why You Should Visit Why TNC Selected This Site Colonel Edward B. Dennis donated this farmland to the Conservancy in 1973. What TNC Has Done/Is Doing The fields are mowed periodically to maintain them for open fields for bluebirds, tree swallows, and other species. Dawn to dusk 380 acres Explore our work in this region This preserve offers a two-mile trail—a former farm road—through old agricultural land, most of which is now oak forest. The route passes a beaver pond on adjacent 4-H land and returns by way of grassy Old Kings Highway. What to See: Plants The forest on the preserve is dominated by red and black oaks, with shrubs including huckleberry, blueberry, mountain laurel and witch hazel. What to See: Animals Keep an eye out for great blue and green-backed herons as well as painted turtles in the ponds.
Numerade Educator Problem 57 Hard Difficulty Find a formula for the described function and state its domain. A rectangle has perimeter 20 m. Express the area of the rectangle as a function of the length of one of its sides. $10 L-L^{2}$ $0<L<10$ More Answers You must be signed in to discuss. Video Transcript So in this problem, our goal is to find a formula for the area and to find the domain. And we should just start by sketching out what we know. So we have a rectangle we could label the sides with l for length and w for width. Now we know the perimeter is 20 and to get the perimeter, we would add the length and the width and the length and the width because we're going all the way around the rectangle. So we would have to Well, plus two w equals 20. And if we divide that by two, we have l plus w equals 10. Okay, Now, if we're going to find a formula for the area, remember that the area is length times width. However, that is only that is, in terms of two variables and we wanted Onley in terms of the length of one of its sides, so we need only one variable. So what we do is we go back to our perimeter equation and use that to find the value of W w equals 10 minus l. We can substitute that and for W in our area equation. And now we have area equals L times 10 minus l. And if we want to distribute, we get area as a function of l equals 10 l minus. L squared. So that's the formula that we're looking for now we want to consider the domain, so we don't know a whole lot about this rectangle. For all we know, it could be really, really, really long and very, very, very small on the with. Or it could have a very, very small link and a very, very big with. So we don't know exactly the relationship between those. But what we do know is that they must add to 10 lengthen with. So it could be that l is very, very, very close to 10. Or it could be that Ellis very, very, very close to zero. So then what we can say before the domain is that l is between zero and 10.
Hurry! Try our new Interactive Courses for FREE. 🥳 🚀 How to Add User in Linux? In Linux, for adding a new user, we can use useradd command. We know that Linux/Unix is a multiuser operating system it means multiple users can interact with the system at the same time. User management is the system administrator's responsibility that how it should be managed related tasks like create a new user remove existing user and so on. The useradd command is used to create a new user in the Linux system. User management task performed by root or sudo privileges. If we use the useradd command with the sudo privileges then we have to provide the system password. The general syntax of the useradd command. useradd [options] LOGIN useradd -D useradd -D [options] Brief description of options available with the useradd command. Options Description --badnames do not check for bad names -D, --defaults print or change default useradd configuration -G, --groups GROUPS list of supplementary groups of the new account -o, --non-unique allow creating users with duplicate (non-unique) UID -r, --system create a system account --help display help and exit Example: Adding a new user to the Linux operating system In this example, using sudo useradd <username> command we can easily add new users to our system. Here we are not executing this command with the root privilege so we need to use sudo and we have to provide a system password. sudo useradd avenger Example: Display the current default options type using -D or --default option In this example, after execution useradd --default or useradd -D the current default options will be prompt as shown in the below picture. useradd --default Example: Creating a system user using -r or --system option with useradd command. In this example, we can create a system user using sudo useradd --system <username>. The major difference between the system user and the normal user is, system users is created with no expiry date. creating system user In the options table, only a few important option and description is given to know more about options available in useradd command user useradd --help it will prompt all available options in the useradd command. useradd --help
Printer Friendly Study of the Thermal Properties of Raffia Bamboo Vinifera L. Arecaceae. 1. Introduction The "raffia bamboo" is one of the oldest building materials used by man in our region. The reduction in timber reserves and the awareness of deforestation problems caused by crops have increased interest for raffia bamboos forest which are fast-growing resources [1]. The raffia palm, often underused, is present in the tropics. This is a multifunctional plant: it is solicited in the protection of the environment (water and soil conservation) and nutrition [2]; the petiole designated as "African bamboo" [3] and the raw leaves are used as building materials [4]. To our knowledge, unfortunately, there is no current study on the determination of thermal properties of raffia bamboo vinifera L. Arecaceae. Furthermore, the production and use of raffia bamboo are based solely on an ancestral know-how. Despite its apparent fragility, raffia bamboo offers a real opportunity to build among the poor who inhabit the tropical regions, because it is a cheap, abundant, and fast-growing material that can meet the need for broad economy housing. Some information on raffia bamboo basic properties was discussed, but the study of its thermal properties and applications as a raw material for composite products is very limited. It is an underutilized and neglected material, so that its full potential is not used. Further studies are needed to assist and promote its application in the modern world. The optimization of properties of raffia bamboo vinifera L. Arecaceae for the development of its products requires knowledge of not only its physical properties [5] but also its thermal characteristics. In this study, we propose to evaluate the different thermal properties of raffia bamboo vinifera L. Arecaceae. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Characteristics of the Species Studied. The raffia vinifera L. Arecaceae is in the form of a tuft is constituted of several feet, which themselves are composed of palms. A raffia palm has 4 parts: the leaflet, the spine, the petiole, and sheath basalt. The basalt sheath is the lower part of the fin characterized by more increased relative hardness. The petiole designated as "raffia bamboo" has a bright green color when fresh and gray when dry [5]. It is 5 to 10 meters high and its diameter varies from 2 to 10 cm. The petiole is smooth and the leaves are opposite needles, having a parallel nervation. Bamboo Raffia vinifera L. Arecaceae is known locally as "dink." Our samples for the study were taken from Mbieng I quarter, in the village of Bandjoun, Poumougne Subdivision, Koung-Khi Division, Western Region Cameroon. Mbieng I is located at 5[degrees]25 north latitude, 10[degrees]25 longitude, and 1509 meters above sea level. 2.1.2. Test-Tube Preparation. On each test-tube of marrow or shell, we have prepared a smooth flat surface that will be exposed to energy flash. The probe of the thermohygrometer is inserted into the test-tube at 2 mm behind said surface for obtaining the temperature variations and to be simultaneously protected from the heat exchange by convection with the laboratory air. This arrangement allows the probe to be in agreement with the model of Parker where the specimen thickness (distance between front and back) is 2 mm. The test-tubes used for testing have a size of 20 x 20 x 40 [mm.sup.3] for the marrow, 2 x 20 x 40 mm for the shell, and h = d/2 for the whole bamboo, taking in account the size of our calorimeter. About 120 ml of water is weighed by a brand OHAUS balance (FLORHAM PARK) precision 1/10 and placed in a Leybold-Heraeus Calorimeter brand of German manufacture and heat capacity 66 [Jk.sup.-1] with a thermometer precision of 1/10. The content of the latter is at the laboratory temperature close to 24[degrees]C. After a stay of 72 hours in an oven set to 100[degrees]C the test-tubes are weighed by Mettler AE160 electronic balance of [10.sup.-6] precision and reintroduced into the oven. 2.2. Methods 2.2.1. Specific Heat. The selected method of measuring the specific heat capacity or specific heat is known as calorimetric method [6]. After 24 hours, the test-tube is immediately taken out from the oven and added to the contents of the calorimeter [7]. Following the exchange of heat, the maximum temperature [T.sub.m] of the calorimeter content is reached after a time [t.sub.1]. [T.sub.m] is similar to the contents temperature at thermal equilibrium when the calorimeter is perfectly adiabatic. (1) Method Principle. A sample heated for at least 24 hours in an oven set at 100[degrees]C is immersed in water of the preceding calorimeter. One detects the maximum temperature reached by the water of the calorimeter. The heat balance between the initial time [t.sub.0] = 0 corresponding to the introduction of the solid sample in the calorimeter [8] and time t corresponding to the maximum temperature [9] reached by the water of the calorimeter is [m.sub.S][C.sub.S]([T.sub.Si] - [T.sub.emoy]) = [C.sub.e]([m.sub.e]+[[mu].sub.e]([T.sub.max] - [T.sub.ei]) + [[integral].sup.t.sub.0] US([T.sub.emoy] - [T.sub.a])dt, (1) where [T.sub.Si] the initial temperature of the specimen, [T.sub.emax] is the maximum temperature of the water, [T.sub.emoy] is the average water temperature, [T.sub.ei] is the initial temperature of the water, and [T.sub.a] is the ambient temperature of the experimental room. We deduce the specific heat capacity [C.sub.S] of the sample in J/kg x [degrees]C: [C.sub.S] = 1/[m.sub.S]([T.sub.Si] - [T.sub.emax])[[C.sub.e] x ([m.sub.e]+[[mu].sub.c])([T.sub.emax] - [T.sub.ei]) + [[integra].sup.t.sub.0] US x ([T.sub.emoy] - [T.sub.a])dt], (2) where [m.sub.e] is the mass of water, [[mu].sub.c] is the water equivalent of the calorimeter and its accessories, U is the overall heat loss coefficient, and S is the heat exchange surface. (2) Determination of Overall Heat Loss Coefficient. One pours mass m of hot water at temperature [T.sub.ei] in a calorimeter in thermal equilibrium with the laboratory room which is at temperature [T.sub.a]. Whole water calorimeter reaches thermal equilibrium at temperature [T.sub.eq] < [T.sub.ei]. The variation of the water temperature is due to thermal losses because the calorimeter's water exchanges heat with the laboratory by convection, conduction, and radiation. If [T.sub.e] is the temperature of the water at a later time, the heat balance which results can be written as follows: U([T.sub.e] - [T.sub.a]) = -[m.sub.e][C.sub.e] [dT.sub.e]/dt, (3) where U is the overall coefficient of heat loss, [m.sub.e] is the mass of water, and [C.sub.e] is the specific heat of water. During the experiment, the laboratory temperature is practically constant. The integration of (3) gives time t: ln([T.sub.e](t) - [T.sub.a]/[T.sub.ei] - [T.sub.a]) = -U/[m.sub.e][C.sub.e]t (4) Slope [a.sub.t] of the straight line ln(([T.sub.e](t) - [T.sub.a])/([T.sub.ei] - [T.sub.a])) = f(t) is used to calculate U coefficient: [a.sub.t] = U/[m.sub.e][C.sub.e][C.sub.e], U = [m.sub.e][C.sub.e][C.sub.e] x [a.sub.t]. (5) (3) Determination of the Water Equivalent of the Calorimeter. One pours hot water of mass [] at temperature [] in a calorimeter containing cold water of mass [m.sub.ef] at the temperature [T.sub.ef]. If [T.sub.emax] is the maximum temperature reached by the mixture, the heat balance gives ([m.sub.ef] + [[mu].sub.c]) ([T.sub.emax] + [T.sub.ef]) = []([] + [T.sub.emax]). (6) Here the heat losses are neglected because the experience is so fast that one can admit that the heat exchange between the calorimeter and the laboratory is practically negligible. We can deduce the following: [[mu].sub.c] = [] [] - [T.sub.emax]/[T.sub.emax] - [T.sub.ef] - [m.sub.ef]. (7) (4) Determination of the Specific Heat of a Wet Material. The specific heat of the dry test-tube is known; one can determine specific heat C of the specimen having a known moisture content. If we neglect the voluminal heat of air and water vapor compared with the liquid and solid phases, we have [rho]C = [[rho].sub.0] ([C.sub.S] + [C.sub.e]H) (8) knowing that [rho] = [[rho].sub.0](1 + H), H = [m.sub.e]/[m.sub.S] (9) specific heat of wet specimen is deduced by C = [m.sub.S][C.sub.S] + [m.sub.e][C.sub.e]/[m.sub.H], (10) where [[rho].sub.0] is density of dry specimen, [m.sub.e] is the mass of water contained in the specimen, [m.sub.s] is the mass of anhydrous specimen, [m.sub.H] is the mass of the wet specimen, [C.sub.e] is the specific heat of water, and [C.sub.S] is the specific heat of the dry sample. 2.2.2. Thermal Diffusivity. The process uses flash method, in transient regimen. On each specimen, a flat and smooth surface was made, covered with silicone grease, which limits the loss of energy during the heat transfer. This surface was briefly (about 30 seconds) contacting a hot plate hydraulic press EMCO brand of American manufacturing. The temperature sensor of an electronic thermohygrometer, ETHG913R model Oregon Scientific, was introduced in the test-tube, 2 mm from the flat surface as Parker and Degiovanni models (Figure 2) to minimize heat exchange with the environment. Ten raffia bamboo samples were used for the experiments. Principle of Plate Flash Method. The principle of the method (Figure 1) is to apply a more or less localized thermal perturbation in time and space (short flow of heat provided by a flash tube, a laser, a resistor, etc.) on the front of a test-tube and to measure, on the back, the change in temperature with respect to time. Thus, we establish the thermogram of the material. From this thermogram, the thermal diffusivity of the specimen is determined. One of the main difficulties of the method is the consideration of heat loss by radiation and natural convection. Many techniques have been proposed to determine the thermal diffusivity of a specimen comparing the experimental thermogram with a theoretical thermogram from a model [10-18]. Thermogram of the Rear Panel. In the ideal case it is assumed that the thermal energy of the pulse is instantaneous and uniformly distributed on the front face of the sample with a surface density Q. The studied material is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, and opaque; these thermal characteristics are assumed to be constant with temperature, at least under the conditions of the experiment; one considers that the heat losses of different faces are void; we denote by e the sample thickness and by a the thermal diffusivity [11]. The resolution of the heat equation, whose the solution is easily obtained in this case using the Laplace transform, leads to the expression of temperature variations on the rear face of the material and given as [10] T(e, t) = [T.sub.m][1 + 2[[infinity] over (n=1)][(-1).sup.n] exp(- [n.sup.2][[pi].sup.2][alpha]/[e.sup.2]t)], (11) where [T.sub.m] is the maximum value of the temperature reached by the rear face. Pradhan et al. [9] proposed to determine the thermal diffusion from the time [t.sub.1/2] which is the time required for the temperature T(e, [t.sub.1/2]) to become [T.sub.m]/2. Expression (11) then leads to [alpha] = 1.39[e.sup.2]/[[pi].sup.2][t.sub.1/2]. (12) In this ideal case, the unique measurements of the thickness e of the sample and the time of half rise thermogram thus allow the determination of the thermal diffusivity [14]. In particular, it is not necessary to know the density per unit area Q energy absorbed by the sample. This quantity can be calculated if one knows the product value [rho]C where [rho] is the density of the sample and C its specific heat capacity. [10] Then Q = [rho]Ce[T.sub.m]. (13) Conversely, if we know the amount of energy absorbed Q and [T.sub.m], the value of [rho]C and hence the thermal conductivity can be deduced. Thermogram of the Front Face. The evolution of the temperature on the front face is given by T(0, t) = [T.sub.m][1 + 2[[infinity] over (n=1)] exp(- [n.sup.2][[pi].sup.2][alpha]/[e.sup.2]t)]. (14) For small values of , the sample has been similar to a semi-infinite wall and the temperature is expressed as T(0, t) [approximately equal to] [T.sub.m] x e/[([pi][alpha]t).sup.1/2]. (15) If one knows the energy density Q absorbed, one can deduce the thermal effusivity. Analytical Models Used for the Determination of Thermal Diffusivity (1) Parker Model. This model is to consider a perfectly isolated disc of thickness e of about 2 mm and of radius R. Initially, the sample receives an energy pulse of very short duration [19]; the heat absorption occurs on the surface uniformly [14]. Exchange coefficients are assumed to be zero on all sides and the heat flux propagates parallel to the optical axis [20] (Astm STP 885). The temperature of the rear side, expressed in reduced coordinates, is given by T(e, t) = 1 + 2[[infinity] over (n)][(-1).sup.n] exp (-[n.sup.2][OMEGA]), (16) where n is whole number, e is the thickness of the sample, t is the time, and [OMEGA] and T are time and reduced temperature and are, respectively, defined by the following relationships: T*(e, t) = T(e, t) - [T.sub.0]/[T.sub.max] - [T.sub.0], (17) [OMEGA] = [[pi].sup.2] x [alpha] x t/[e.sup.2], (18) where [T.sub.0] is the initial temperature and [T.sub.max] is the maximum temperature. The diffusivity is then obtained from the thickness of the sample and the half rise ([t.sub.1/2]), that is to say the time necessary for the temperature to be equal to [T.sub.max]/2 (Figure 3). The thermal diffusivity a is obtained by [alpha] = 0.139 x [e.sup.2]/[t.sub.1/2]([m.sup.2] x [s.sup.-1]), (19) where e is the thickness of the specimen and [t.sub.1/2] is the time at which the temperature of the rear face of the specimen is the half of its maximum elevation reached. (2) Degiovanni Model. The heat losses by the various faces of the sample mean that the maximum temperature on the rear is lower than in the ideal case considered by the model of Parker. It overestimates the diffusivity of the material. Degiovanni model, on the contrary, takes into account the losses by introducing heat exchange coefficients on the upper, lower, and lateral surfaces [18]. The diffusivity is then calculated from equations (20). As part of this study, presented conductivities are those obtained by the analysis. [mathematical expression not reproducible], (20) where [t.sub.i] = [t.sub.1/3], [t.sub.1/2], [t.sub.2/3], and [t.sub.5/6] (Figure 2) is the time at which the temperature of the rear rises time its maximum elevation reached ([T.sub.max]/3, [T.sub.max]/2, 2[T.sub.max]/3, 5[T.sub.max]/6). In practice we note that the value of the diffusivity is [alpha] = 1/3([[alpha].sub.1/3] + [[alpha].sub.1/2] + [[alpha].sub.2/3]). (21) The application of this method to test pieces of wood was used to determine their thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivities in the direction perpendicular to the fiber [15]. 2.2.3. Conductivity and Thermal Effusivity in the Direction Perpendicular to the Fiber. These two parameters are derived from thermal diffusivity and experimental formulas that relate to the mass density [21]. 3. Results 3.1. Specific Heat Capacity. A series of 10 measurements allowed us to estimate the average experimental value of the "water equivalence" of the calorimeter and accessories equal to 16.72 g, as well as the overall heat loss coefficient (Figure 4). By linear regression analysis applied to the curves in Figure 4 we determined the slope at of the curve ln(([T.sub.e](t) - [T.sub.a])/([T.sub.e0] - [T.sub.a])) = f(t) which allowed us to calculate the overall heat loss coefficient according to (5). Its average value is 0.233 W/[m.sup.2] K knowing that the heat exchange surface S is equal to 0.03181 [m.sup.2]. The results are summarized in Table 1. The high value of the correlation coefficient [R.sup.2] > 0.99 allows us to believe that we are close to the good result. After introduction into the calorimeter the anhydrous specimen was immediately removed from the oven and the temperature of the water of the calorimeter increases and reaches a maximum value. The curves (Figure 5) show changes in the temperature of the water and are used to identify the temperature values needed to determine the specific heat of each sample. The results are shown in Tables 3, 4, and 5 where each value is the average of 10 measurements. Specific heat obtained is that for anhydrous specimen. 3.2. Thermal Diffusivity, Thermal Conductivity, and Thermal Effusivity of Marrow and Shell. During testing, we found that excitation time of 30 seconds is sufficient to achieve a significant rise in the temperature of a point in the plane located 2 mm from the irradiated side (Figure 9). Experimental data have allowed us to represent thermograms of such a plan on 10 specimens. Two of the obtained thermograms are shown in Figure 6. Each [t.sub.i] value is determined through a correlation obtained by plotting a curve of time with respect to the temperature rise. Two examples of these curves are shown in Figure 7. The different values of time [t.sub.i] deducted allowed us to represent T/[T.sub.max] over time. The shape of the curves in Figure 8 is in agreement with the model of Parker and Degiovanni. This allows us to exploit this analytical model to determine the thermal diffusivity of raffia bamboo. The approximate values of the thermal diffusivity [[alpha].sub.exp] are estimated using the formulas of Parker and Degiovanni model ((17), (18), and (19)) (Figure 10). Knowing the experimental values of the specific heat [C.sub.exp] we deduce those of the thermal conductivity [[lambda].sub.exp] and effusivity [E.sub.exp] from (21). Formulas (18) and (21) in the literature allow us to calculate the theoretical thermal conductivity [[lambda].sub.theo] in the transverse direction to the fiber in order to deduce the thermal diffusivity [[alpha].sub.theo] and theoretical thermal effusivity [E.sub.theo]. The moisture content values and densities are summarized in Table 2. The experimental average values of thermal properties, compared with the values obtained using the theoretical formulas, are grouped in Tables 3, 4, and 6. 3.3. Thermal Properties of Transverse Bamboo Raffia Vinifera. The basics of physical properties are summarized in Table 5. Knowing the experimental values of the heat capacity and density, we evaluated the values of the transverse thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and the thermal effusivity presented in the Table 3 by using of relations ((14) and (21)). 4. Discussions The main constants were determined, although the values are scattered like any other characteristic of the biomaterial. The specific heat of the shell and marrow is higher than that of wood, yet the product [rho]CP is close to that of heavy wood which allows providing a high specific heat with low thermal conductivity. Thus, the material can store heat, or it can be stored for release at the appropriate time. This is probably thanks to this property as raffia bamboo is the main material used to build the drying attic and the garret for conservation of dry products in our region. The transverse thermal conductivity of the shell is close to that of wood ranging from 0.12 to 0.23 for an average of 0.15, but that of the marrow is estimated at 0.046 less than 0.065 which is the higher limit of this property in the insulation [22]. Their transverse average thermal diffusivities are, respectively, 1.96 x [10.sup.-8] for the marrow and 2.35 x [10.sup.-8] for the shell, while the timber is approximately 4.5 x [10.sup.-7] [22]. The thermal constants vary slightly from one sample to another. The thermal conductivity of the shell in the direction perpendicular to the fiber is close to that of light wood ([lambda] = 0.12W/m x K), which is a good thermal insulator and that of the marrow is smaller and close to 0.04 W/m x K, characterizing wool and expanded polystyrene to be more insulating than wood [23]. An evaluation of the overall transverse thermal conductivity of anhydrous raffia bamboo gives an average of 0.07 W/m x K, smaller than that of the timber. We can justify this aspect by the fact that the raffia bamboo is more porous than wood [24]. Given the above results, we can say that the raffia bamboo is a very good thermal insulator. 5. Conclusion The experimental study focused on the thermal properties of raffia bamboo and gives results which confirm its effectiveness as an insulation material having good heat storage capacity. It is probably this energy storage capacity that makes this bamboo building material for drying garrets, for henhouse, and for conservation of dry products in our region. From the results, raffia bamboo must be used as thermal insulation material in the structures mentioned in the introduction (houses, drying lofts, and ceilings). Competing Interests [1] N. P. Shiembo, Development and utilization of minor forest products in Cameroon with particular reference to raffia (Raphia spp.) and cane (Rattan palms) [M.Phil Thesis], Department of Forestry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1986. [2] J. K. Tangka, Raphia palm (Raphia taedigera) as structural material in the North West province of Cameroon [Master of science seminar], Department of Agricultural Engineering University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2001. [3] V. Ingram, J. C. Tieguhong, E. M. Nkamgnia, J. P. Eyebe, and M. Npawe, Bamboo Production to Consumption System, Cameroon, CIFOR (Center for International Forestry Research), Bogor, Indonesia, 2010. [4] J. K. Tangka, B. Ndongo, and M. Onabid, "Raffia as a structural material in the grassland region of Cameroon," African Journal of Building Materials, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 10-18, 2001. [5] E. Foadieng, P. K. Talla, F. B. Pelap, M. Fogue, S. T. Mabekou, and A. F. Et Sinju, "Contribution a l'etude de l'anatomie et des proprieties physiques du bamboo de raphia vinifera (arecaceae)," Revue Scientifique et Technique Foret et Environnement du Bassin du Congo (RIFFEAC), vol. 3, pp. 9-18, 2014. [6] H. Urakami and M. Fukuyama, "The influence of specific gravity on thermal conductivity of wood," Bulletin of the Kyoto Prefect University for 25, 1981 (Japanese). [7] D. L. Lang, "A quick thermal conductivity test on insulating materials," ASTM Bulletin 216, 1956. [8] S. E. Gustafsson, E. Karawacki, and M. N. Khan, "Determination of the thermal-conductivity tensor and the heat capacity of insulating solids with the transient hot-strip method," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 2596-2600, 1981. [9] P. R. Pradhan, K. Sachder, K. Bala, N. S. Saxena, and M. P. Sacksena, "Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity an thermal diffusivity of somme composites using the transient plane source technique," International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 13, pp. 411-417, 1991. [10] Hladik, Metrologie des Proprietes Thermophysiques des Materiaux, edition MASSON, 1990. [11] M. Babacar Samba, Etude du Champ Thermique dans une Plaque: Application a la Mesure de la Conductivite Thermique des Materiaux, Projet de fin d'etudes en vue de l'obtention du diplome d'ingenieur de conception, Ecole Superieure Polytechnique, Centre de Thieas, deepartement du Geenie Meecanique, Thieas, Senegal, 2005. [12] T. Harada, "Thermal constants of wood during the heating process measured with the laser flash method," Journal of Wood Science, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 425-431, 1998. [13] M. Mohamed Filali, Conductivite thermique apparente des milieux granulaires soumis a des contraintes mecaniques: modelisation et mesures [Ph.D. thesis], Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Ecole Doctorale TYFEP, Paris, France, 2006. [14] M. Gustavsson, E. Karawacki, and S. E. Gustafsson, "Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat of thin samples from transient measurements with hot disk sensors," Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 3856-3859, 1994. [15] M. Devisme, Conductivite et diffusivite thermiques simultanees par mesure de flux en regime non stationnaire [Ph.D. thesis], 1973. [16] le. Marechal and l. M. Devisme, Mesure rapide et simultanee de la conductivite et de la diffusivite thermique, Entropie, no. 64, 1975. [17] W. J. Parker, R. J. Jenkins, C. P. Butler, and G. L. Abbott, "Flash method of determining thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1679-1684, 1961. [18] A. Degiovanni, "Diffusivite et methode Flash," Revue Generale de Thermique Francaise 185, 1977. [19] C. Langlais and J. Boulant, "Use of a two heat flow transducer apparatus for transient thermal measurements on porous insulating materials," in Proceedings of the ASTM Symposium, Bal Harbour, Fla, USA, 1987. [20] Astm STP 885, "Building applications of heat flux transducers", 1985. [21] J. P. Cull, "Thermal conductivity probes for rapid measurements in rock," Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 771-774, 1974. [22] P. Sallenave, Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise, Centre technique forestier tropical (CTFT), Nogent-sur-Marne, France, 1955. [23] J. Natterer, J. L. Sandoz, M. Rey, and M. Fiaux, Construction en Bois, Materiau, Technologie et Dimensionnement, vol. 13 of Traite de Genie Civil de l'Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Deuxieme edition Revue et Augmentee, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, CH-1015 Lausannes, 2004. [24] CERTU/CETE de Lyon, Confort Thermique pour Charge d'Operation de Construction Publique, Momento Thechnique du Batiment, Lyon, France, 2003. E. Foadieng, (1,2,3) P. K. Talla, (2) G. B. Nkamgang, (2) and M. Fogue (3) (1) Higher Technical Teachers' Training College, University of Buea, Kumba, Cameroon (2) Laboratoire de Mecanique et de Modelisation des Systemes Physiques, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang Cameroon (3) Laboratoire d'Ingenierie des Systemes Industriels et de l'Environnement, IUT-Fotso Victor, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon Correspondence should be addressed to E. Foadieng; Received 24 August 2016; Accepted 9 January 2017; Published 6 February 2017 Academic Editor: Fernando Lusquinos Caption: Figure 1: Principle of the flash methodology and implementation. Caption: Figure 2: Thermal flash tester. Caption: Figure 3: Definition of times, [t.sub.1/3], [t.sub.1/2], [t.sub.2,3], [t.sub.5/6] and [t.sub.max], used in Parker and Degiovanni models. Caption: Figure 4: Graphic determination of the overall coefficient of heat loss calorimeter. Caption: Figure 5: Variation of the water temperature of the calorimeter after the introduction of the hot shell. Caption: Figure 6: Variation of the water temperature of the calorimeter after the introduction of the hot marrow. Caption: Figure 7: Variation of the water temperature of the calorimeter after the introduction of hot bamboo. Caption: Figure 8: Experimental thermogram of a point in the plane located 2 mm from the surface irradiated (B). Caption: Figure 9: Correlation between changes in terms of temperature located 2 mm from the irradiated surface and the heat diffusion length. Caption: Figure 10: Curve T/[T.sub.max] with respect to time of the analytical model of Parker and Degiovanni. Table 1: Experimental values of the overall heat loss coefficient. Test-tube M(g) [a.sub.t] U (W/[m.sup.2] K) No1 276.32 2.07E-04 0.239 No2 211.14 2.50E-04 0.221 No3 245.23 2.34E-04 0.240 No4 255.76 2.17E-04 0.232 Average 0.233 Standard 0.009 Table 2: Moisture content and density of different specimens. Specimen H% [d.sub.a] [d.sub.H] A 13.31 0.79 0.65 B 14.34 0.71 0.58 C 12.44 0.78 0.63 D 13.22 0.97 0.92 E 11.57 0.91 0.83 F 13.36 0.98 0.81 G 14.33 0.78 0.68 H 12.14 0.86 0.71 I 12.47 0.8 0.66 J 12.28 0.83 0.68 Average 12.95 0.84 0.72 Standard 0.925 0.09 0.10 Specimen % [d.sub.a] [d.sub.H] A 13.92 0.174 0.124 B 13.37 0.127 0.069 C 14.33 0.222 0.175 D 14.04 0.231 0.187 E 13.76 0.159 0.113 F 13.07 0.179 0.129 G 13.36 0.207 0.135 H 13.82 0.125 0.095 I 12.92 0.173 0.137 J 14.71 0.189 0.145 Average 13.73 0.1786 0.1309 Standard 0.559 0.036 0.035 Table 3: Thermal capacity, diffusivity, conductivity, and effusivity of the shell of raffia bamboo. [C.sub.Sexp] [[lambda]] Specimen (J/kgxK) (W/mxK) Shell A 7833.5 0.15 B 6964.0 0.10 C 7178.2 0.12 D 8822.2 0.18 E 7323.8 0.14 F 6836.2 0.12 G 6286.7 0.12 H 7642.4 0.14 I 7580.8 0.12 J 6557.7 0.11 Average 7302.60 0.15 Standard 724.10 0.08 x [10.sup.-8] Specimen [[lambda].sub.theo] ([m.sup.2]/s) Shell A 0.17 2.37 B 0.15 2.06 C 0.16 2.13 D 0.2 2.44 E 0.19 2.17 F 0.2 1.76 G 0.16 2.40 H 0.18 2.16 I 0.17 2.07 J 0.17 1.96 Average 0.17 2.35 Standard 0.02 0.76 [[alpha].sub.theo] (Jx[s.sup.1/2] Specimen x [10.sup.-8] /Kx[m.sup.2]) [E.sub.ftheo] Shell A 2.69 963.5 930.4 B 2.07 703.2 778.4 C 2.94 819.7 850.6 D 2.35 1241.1 1274.1 E 2.81 965.9 1074.7 F 2.07 896.6 1052.4 G 2.19 767.1 827.0 H 2.47 959.2 988.3 I 2.33 853.1 922.3 J 2.87 773.8 870.7 Average 2.58 894.30 956.90 Standard 0.34 152.40 146.80 Table 4: Thermal capacity, diffusivity, conductivity, and effusivity of anhydrous marrow of raffia bamboo. [C.sub.Sexp] [[lambda]] Specimen (J/kgxK) (W/mxK) Marrow A 13761.0 0.042 B 15474.2 0.049 C 12643.1 0.051 D 10666.3 0.043 E 17893.7 0.047 F 11167.5 0.043 G 13771.7 0.049 H 13623.1 0.038 I 12242.4 0.038 J 12877.0 0.055 Average 13412.0 0.046 Standard 2093.8 0.006 x [10.sup.-8] Marrow A 0.05 1.72 B 0.041 2.47 C 0.059 1.83 D 0.06 1.74 E 0.047 1.66 F 0.051 2.17 G 0.056 1.72 H 0.041 2.23 I 0.05 1.80 J 0.053 2.27 Average 0.051 1.96 Standard 0.007 0.29 Marrow A 1.71 317.1 346.0 B 2.09 310.3 283.9 C 2.09 378.3 407.0 D 2.43 325.5 384.5 E 1.67 365.7 365.7 F 1.89 293.2 319.3 G 1.57 373.7 399.6 H 1.99 254.4 264.2 I 1.82 283.7 325.4 J 1.79 365.9 359.2 Average 1.91E-08 326.8 345.5 Standard 0.25 42.8 47.5 Table 5: Moisture content and densities of raffia bamboo for the Specimen [m.sub.H] (g) [m.sub.a] (g) H% Raffia A 6.25 5.52 13.22 bamboo B 5.75 5.10 12.75 C 8.04 7.10 13.24 D 8.38 7.35 14.01 E 6.01 5.26 14.26 Average 6.89 6.07 13.5 Standard 1.23 1.07 0.62 Specimen [d.sub.a] [d.sub.H] Raffia A 0.30 0.34 bamboo B 0.29 0.41 C 0.26 0.28 D 0.29 0.32 E 0.23 0.27 Average 0.27 0.32 Standard 0.03 0.06 Table 6: Global thermal properties dry raffia bamboo. [C.sub.a] [[lambda].sub.a] Specimen (J/kgxK) (W/mxK) Raffia A 11759.5 0.07 bamboo B 13737.0 0.07 C 7750.5 0.07 D 7829.4 0.07 E 9706.7 0.06 Average 10156.6 0.07 Standard 2588.3 0.005 [[alpha].sub.a] [E.sub.fa] x [10.sup.-8] (Jx[s.sup.1/2]/ Specimen ([m.sup.2]/s) Kx[m.sup.2]) Raffia A 2.08 507.5 bamboo B 1.78 531.8 C 3.28 364.78 D 3.13 401.5 E 2.69 366.0 Average 2.59 434.3 Standard 6.50 79.78 COPYRIGHT 2017 Hindawi Limited Copyright 2017 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Article Details Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback Title Annotation:Research Article Author:Foadieng, E.; Talla, P.K.; Nkamgang, G.B.; Fogue, M. Publication:Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Article Type:Report Date:Jan 1, 2017 Previous Article:Effect of Temperature-Force Factors and Concentrator Shape on Impact Fracture Mechanisms of 17Mn1Si Steel. Next Article:Optimal Heat Transfer Coefficient Distributions during the Controlled Cooling Process of an H-Shape Steel Beam.
Understanding Ragas: Sublime catalyst Going by its nomenclature, one would think the 45 melakarta which is placed in the Vasu chakra (wheel connoting ashtavasus or eight deities operating in Nature) in the third number, is an auspicious ragam since it is called Shubapanthuvarali. Quite contrarily, this ragam sounds forlorn and more suited to denote grief, pathos or melancholy. However, it does not generate these feelings, instead it helps to alleviate the mind that is drowned in such an emotion. Classicists who relate music to spiritual awakening opine that this ragam helps to activate the Swadishthana chakra that governs our attention which is crucial for effective meditation. The ragam also acts as a catalyst in trauma or tragedy, say music therapists. In Dikshitar's parlance it is called ‘Sivapanthuvarali'. The countours of the Shubhapanthuvarali comprise the shadjam (Sa), shudda rishabham (R1), saadharana gandharam (Ga2), prati madhyamam (Ma2), panchamam (Pa), shuddha daivatam (Dha1) and kakali nishadam (Ni3). That makes for the aarohana-avarohana structure of Sa, Ri1, Ga2, Ma2, Pa, Dha1, Ni3 and Sa' The ‘mandra sthayi' (base) play of swara patterns (sancharam) are pivotal and denote the emotion of pathos. Also the ‘sadharana gandharam (Ga2) note sounds prominent and gliding through this is what lends that sorrowful appeal to this ragam. What is referred to as the ‘modi' (serpent music) pattern falls under the Shubhapanthuvarali swara boundary. The ragam offers boundless scope for expansion. Dikshitar's kriti, ‘ Sri Satyanarayanam upasmahe' and Thyagaraja's ‘ Ennalu oorake..' are well-known in this melakarta. The offshoot/ janya ragams aren't all that popular in concerts. But the ragam has been extensively used in films to score nostalgic or dejected mood or sad situations, by the south Indian music director Ilayaraja. The counterpart to the Shubhapanthuvarali in the Hindustani school of music is the Todi (not to be mistaken as Carnatic Todi/Hanumathodi). The seventh thaat (parent raag) of the scale, Todi falls into the sublime raag category with its innate intensity, its philosophical and dignified sweep. Hence it is titled as Din ki darbari. Though some historians attribute a Greek origin to this raag, Todi actually finds a mention in the ancient texts, some of which refer to it as raag Bhairav's wife (raagini/female raa Todi connotes three entities: raag, raagang and thaat that converge in the raag proper. From ecstasy to enjoyment, from serene to pensive – every conceivable human emotion is refracted through the Todi prism. “This raagang is so fundamental that it would not be absurd to speak of a Todi gene in the musico-cultural biology of India,” say musicologists. Raga Todi goes by the names of Miyan ki Todi, Shuddha Todi and Darbari Todi, Bhoopal Todi (chief pentatonic Todi derivative). For instance, the Bilaskhani Todi (named after one of Tansen's son Bilas Khan) .Todi is ennobling, both to the singer and the listener. It is considered to be a music minefield which is difficult to tread (reminds one of Carnatic Thodi). Being profound, a dedicated musician can revel in the empire of Todi, visualize splendorous locales and explore as the universe of this raag offers the music aficionados as well as the music seeker lifelong spiritual nourishment. Pandit Bhimsen Joshi mastered Todi like few others have. Todi revels in drupad. Quite a few film songs have been based on Todi and its derivatives like ‘ Main toh ek khwab hoon' (Himalay ki godh mey), Jaago re jaago prabhat aaye and Raina bheeti jaaye shyaam na aaye (Amar Prem) to name a few. Our code of editorial values Related Topics This article is closed for comments. Please Email the Editor Printable version \| Oct 23, 2021 6:09:29 AM \| Next Story
Gordon Brown life and biography Gordon Brown picture, image, poster Gordon Brown biography Date of birth : 1951-02-20 Date of death : - Birthplace : Kirkcaldy, Scotland Nationality : British Category : Politics Last modified : 2010-07-20 Credited as : Politician and member of Parliament, served as Prime Minister of U.K. until 2010, writer 0 votes so far Born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland, on February 20, 1951, to the Reverend John and J. Elizabeth Brown, Gordon Brown exhibited a gifted capacity for academics and athletics from an early age. Due to his athletic acumen, Brown suffered an injury as a teenager while playing rugby that resulted in a complete loss of vision in one of his eyes and a persisting irregularity in the movement of his facial muscles. After his placement in an accelerated educational program, Brown attended the University of Edinburg, entering at only age sixteen, where he showed an interest in politics through his engagement in various extracurricular activities, including the school's Labour club. After a brief editorial career in television news, Brown ascended in Labour Party politics eventually becoming chair of the Scottish Labour Party, of which his father had also been a member, and winning a seat in the House of Commons in 1983. As the Labour Party's opposition, the Conservative or Tory Party, maintained power through 1997 with Margaret Thatcher followed by John Major as its leader and Prime Minister of Great Britain, Brown worked alongside Tony Blair as an Opposition Trade and Industry Secretary and Shadow Treasury Chancellor earning a reputation as an authority in economics and finance. With Blair's success in winning both leadership of the Labour Party and the role of British Prime Minister in 1997, Brown was accorded a position as chancellor of the exchequer within Blair's cabinet. With "the two sharing a rivalry that became the defining dynamic of the Labour government," as Jonathan Freedland reported in an article titled "Who is Gordon Brown?" for the New York Review of Books, Brown became "the longest-surviving and most dominant chancellor in British history." However, during his time as chancellor, Brown received some criticism for his conservative economic policies, such as his opposition to Britain's adoption of a single European currency, which despite his contributions to the government's emergent budget surplus seemed in opposition to his party's agenda. While Blair was enthusiastically cast as a charismatic leader, Brown was recurrently depicted by news media as dower and impersonal. Nevertheless, in 2007, following Blair's resignation, Brown became Prime Minister of Great Britain. After his election to that post, Brown enacted several significant changes affecting the British economy, namely interest rate reforms, extended Treasury powers, and tax cuts. Moreover, his fiscal shift towards increased government spending allowed for funds to be redistributed to social programs such as education and healthcare directed towards serving Britain's underprivileged segments. However, this change has drawn equal measures of criticism and support. For instance, Douglas Davis, a World Politics Review contributor, described a less than favorable view of Britain's shift in government spending and stated, "Brown himself indulged in an unprecedented borrowing spree to fund substantial increases in public spending" resulting in an enduring struggle for the economy, while Paul Taylor, in an essay for the International Herald Tribune, noted Brown's receipt of "international admiration as the savior of the global banking system and [as] an apostle of cross-border financial supervision." In addition to his ambiguously perceived success in financial policy and unprecedented efforts towards bipartisanship, Brown faced a number of challenges during his initial tenure as Prime Minister, including threats of domestic terrorism, Great Britain's continued involvement in international conflicts, and negative twenty-first century trends in world credit markets. In response to the latter, Brown stated, "The greatest of global challenges demands of us the boldest of global cooperation," in his article titled "Out of the Ashes" for the Washington Post. Brown also advocated a rebuilding of what he called the "fractured international financial system" in which leaders should "seek a world trade agreement and reject the beggar-thy-neighbor protectionism that has been a feature of past crises." Brown's article for the Washington Post is just one brief example of his degree of comfort in engaging in political and economic dialogues in print. Throughout his career Brown has continuously found time to publish works detailing matters of political interest. Brown's book publications include: The Red Paper on Scotland, A Voter's Guide to the Scottish Assembly and Why You Should Support It, The Politics of Nationalism and Devolution, Scotland, the Real Divide: Poverty and Deprivation in Scotland, Maxton, Where There Is Greed: Margaret Thatcher and the Betrayal of Britain's Future, John Smith: Life and Soul of the Party, Values, Visions, and Voices: An Anthology of Socialism, New Scotland, New Britain, Global Europe: Full-Employment Europe, and Stronger Together: The 21st Century Case for Scotland and Britain. Brown's body of published work delivers the framework of his political ideology and views regarding the evolution of the Labour Party, the British political process, and the future of modern British politics in a global society. He also brings a historical perspective to subjects such as class divide and social inequality as well as civic rights and responsibilities. Brown, as he demonstrates in his works, recognizes the need for bureaucratic change in reaction to a changing populace and acknowledges issues, such as the global market economy and immigration, which are modern phenomena that are not merely confined to the domestic arena. In particular, Values, Visions, and Voices provides Brown's interpretation of British socialism through a compilation of scholarly essays detailing the movement as a social rather than economic paradigm. Devoid of radicalism and infused with moral integrity, the text's brand of socialism makes the ideology seem singularly British. In 2007, the same year in which he was elected Prime Minister, Brown released Courage: Eight Portraits, an exploration of courageous acts and notable figures of the twentieth century. Brown began work on the text after the death of his daughter, Jennifer, in 2002, and he arranged for the book's proceeds to be donated to a charity for research on infant mortality. According to John Kampfner's review for Newsweek International, the text reveals Brown's fascination with heroism and the individuals who influence his politics. Additionally, Clive Stafford Smith, in a contribution to the New Statesman, claimed that Courage is analogous to "Profiles in Courage, the 1956 history of eight American senators that won John F. Kennedy a Pulitzer Prize and established him as a serious presidential candidate," and observed that Brown divides those exhibiting the heroic characteristic into three types, "career heroes," "situational heroes," and "sustained altruists." Smith found "telling" that all of Brown's subjects are gleaned from the latter heroic subtype and that "many of his examples sacrificed their lives by acting on their beliefs." Of Brown's vignettes, the portrait of Kennedy is perhaps the most disjointed, for he is the only subject not to have been threatened with death by a governing body as a consequence of his moralistic actions. Smith stated that Brown's selection of Kennedy as a subject for heroic scrutiny "is a strange one" but acknowledged that Brown's subjects, including Kennedy, "are all ultimately non-violent, focused on reconciliation rather than revenge." Brown explores, through these individuals, the facets which make for a courageous character and the implications of having such a nature. In an essay for Spectator, Matthew D'Ancona found that "what makes the chancellor's exploration of courage so intriguing and the book so readable is its intensely personal character. This is not another tedious campaign memoir or book-as-manifesto. It is, instead, an unexpectedly candid act of moral self-examination and deliberation." Brown avoids a pretentious tone, as D'Ancona wrote, by crafting a narrative tone which "is confessional rather than homiletic." In focusing on the ideals that a modern audience could extract from past examples, Brown draws a connection between these extraordinary individuals and illustrates how a contemporary person could, and should, emulate these qualities. Freedland claimed that "no British Prime Minister since Churchill has written anything quite as good" as Courage, and he suggested that "there are nine portraits in this book and the ninth is Gordon Brown himself. His own preoccupations-among them, duty and the call of public service-are visible on every page." Born February 20, 1951, in Kirkcaldy, Scotland; son of John (a minister) and J. Elizabeth Brown; married Sarah Jane Macauley, August 3, 2000; children: Jennifer Jane, John, James Fraser. Education: University of Edinburgh, M.A., 1972, Ph.D., 1982. Politics: Labour Party. Addresses: Office: 10 Downing St., London SW1A 2AA, England. Writer and politician. University of Edinburgh, rector, 1972-75, lecturer after 1976; Glasgow College of Technology, lecturer, 1976-80; Scottish Television, current affairs editor, 1980-83; British House of Commons, first elected in 1983; British Labour Party, chair of Scottish Council, 1983-84, opposition chief secretary at the Treasury, 1987-89, opposition trade and industry secretary, 1989-92, shadow Treasury chancellor, 1992-97, chancellor of the exchequer, 1997-2007, party chair, May, 2007-10; Prime Minister, June, 2007-10. * The Red Paper on Scotland, EUSPB (Edinburgh, Scotland), 1975. * A Voter's Guide to the Scottish Assembly and Why You Should Support It, Studioscope (Edinburgh, Scotland), 1979. * The Politics of Nationalism and Devolution, Longman (New York, NY), 1980. * Scotland, the Real Divide: Poverty and Deprivation in Scotland, Mainstream (Edinburgh, Scotland), 1983. * Maxton, Mainstream (Edinburgh, Scotland), 1986, reprinted, 2002. * Where There Is Greed: Margaret Thatcher and the Betrayal of Britain's Future, Mainstream (Edinburgh, Scotland), 1989. * John Smith: Life and Soul of the Party, Mainstream (Edinburgh, Scotland), 1994. * (Editor, with Tony Wright) Values, Visions, and Voices: An Anthology of Socialism, Mainstream (Edinburgh, Scotland), 1995. * New Scotland, New Britain, Smith Institute (London, England), 1999. * Civic Society in Modern Britain, Smith Institute (Amersham, England), 2001. * Maxton, Mainstream (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2002. * Global Europe: Full-Employment Europe, HMSO (Norwich, England), 2005. * Stronger Together: The 21st Century Case for Scotland and Britain, Fabian Society (London, England), 2006. * Courage: Eight Portraits, Bloomsbury (New York, NY), 2007. * Britain's Everyday Heroes: The Making of the Good Society, Mainstream (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2007. 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Places Where Water Costs Most Posted March 26th, 2016 The world’s most expensive places to buy water By Astrid Zweynert Some 650 million people do not have access to clean water, and often have to make do with much less than the 50 liters per person per day the World Health Organization says is necessary for domestic use and to maintain health and hygiene, Water Aid said. * In Papua New Guinea’s capital Port Moresby, it costs a poor person 54 percent of a day’s earnings to buy the recommended minimum 50 liters of water from a delivery service. * In Madagascar’s capital Antananarivo, the cost of buying 50 liters of water from a truck is 45 percent of a person’s daily pay, while in Ghana’s capital Accra it is 25 percent. * A British person earning the minimum wage spends 0.1 percent of a day’s pay on 50 liters of water from an official piped supply. Average use is about 150 liters per person, per day. * In Mozambique, families relying on black-market vendors will spend up to 100 times as much on water as those reached by government-subsidized tap stands. * Despite much progress, inequalities persist even in nations that have made great strides, the poorest often paying the highest percentage of their income on water. Sources: Water Aid, United Nations Source: Reuters.
Treating And Preventing Acidosis Acidosis occurs when your body’s pH level is below a 6 – that means your body is too acidic. This can lead to a number of different health issues, including shortness of breath, experiencing major fatigue every day, having headaches, and much more. So what can you do? There are a number of different ways of treating and preventing acidosis. If you’ve been diagnosis with acidosis, your doctor may give you a sodium bicarbonate supplement to help make your pH more alkaline. This is basically baking soda. You can either take this supplement via mouth, or, if your acidosis is really bad, your doctor may put you on an IV for an hour or so. Other types of acidosis need to be dealt with at their source. Diabetic acidosis, for example, can be treated by getting the underlying cause (diabetes) under control. If you have hypercloremic acidosis, you may need to take baking sodium supplements every day to keep it under control. If you have lactic acidosis, you may need to take antibiotics or get fluids via an IV, depending on the cause. Those who are dealing with respiratory acidosis may need to start using a CPAP machine at night to help them get the oxygen their body needs while they sleep. Using an inhaler to help open up the airways in the lungs is another option. Preventing acidosis largely has to do with diet and certain habits. Smoking is one of the worst things you can do, and it can quickly lead to respiratory acidosis. If you’re on sedatives and have a habit of drinking alcohol while taking them, you are also at risk of acidosis. You can buy the best organic acai berry products here.
American Elephants Roll On, Columbia, Roll On. by The Elephant's Child The mighty Columbia, great river of the West, storied in song and legend, drains an area the size of Texas, and each year it passes 60 cubic miles of water down to the Pacific Ocean. Even its tributaries are legendary: the Snake, the Clearwater, the Salmon and the Willamette are just the big ones. The 31 dams on the river are some of the world’s largest. In a darkened, ultra-secure room on the fifth floor of an unassuming office tower in Portland, Ore., Bob Neal sits before a panel of ten computer screens and plays Moses. It’s 8:45 in the morning on a sunny late-August day and electricity demand is rising as office workers across the West switch on their computers. Neal points to a dense blue-and-white display whose flickering numbers show power output at each of 31 dams in the Columbia basin. With a few keystrokes he orders the Grand Coulee Dam, the continent’s largest power plant, to ramp up its output by 870 megawatts in the next hour—an increase enough to light 15 million light bulbs at 60 watts apiece. 240 miles away, the Grand Coulee’s 24 giant turbines ease open, sending a surge of water toward the Pacific Ocean. Just below the dam, the river quadruples in volume and rises by 13 feet over a period of nine hours. By 2 P.M., one and a half million gallons of water— enough to flood a football field three feet deep—moves through the dam’s turbines every second. Imagine what Mr. Neal must manage: early risers turn on the lights, cities come to life, office buildings light up, computers turn on, and the demand for electricity grows. This article from Forbes magazine is a fascinating exploration of the great power system of the Northwest. Take the time to read it all, if you can, and click on the maps and graphs to enlarge them. There is just a wealth of information there, all fascinating. The water that must be managed drains from the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains — the continental divide, all the lesser mountains in between and all the winter storms, mountain snowpack, spring melt and spring rains. As you can imagine, there’s a lot of government involved. In recent years layers of government have added more complications. The states, inspired by a combination of federal government, environmentalists, neighboring states and their own legislatures have required state utilities to buy increasing amounts of “renewable energy” from “clean energy” sources. Renewable energy doesn’t get any more “renewable” that the energy produced by the hydroelectric dams on the Columbia river, which has been renewing its annual flow of water for many centuries, but I am calling attention to something that should be obvious, but apparently isn’t. The Bonneville power system must also cope with varying groups of environmentalists who are concerned about the welfare of the fish, the Indian tribes who have historical fishing rights, the wild rivers people who don’t like dams, before you even concern yourself with the politicians. In the Spring, when runoff is high, snow melt is high and there’s lots of rain, there is usually a lot of wind as well. Turns out this is the time of year when there is the most wind, and all the wind farms are actually producing “clean energy.” Just when Bonneville really doesn’t need a bunch of intermittent wind from the Columbia Basin’s wind farms. Wind farms in the Pacific Northwest — built with government subsidies, maintained with tax credits for every megawatt produced — are now being paid to shut down. The federal agency charged with managing the region’s electricity grid says there is an oversupply of renewable power at certain times of the year. Last year the BPA had the same problem during the late spring and early summer. Demand could not keep up with the oversupply, so BPA shut down the wind farms for nearly 200 hours over 38 days. The wind farms really don’t like that. So Bonneville is offering to compensate the wind companies for half their lost revenue. The bill could reach as high as $50 million a year. Guess who gets to pay for that. The ratepayers. We also get sweet little notes in our power bills, asking us to “contribute” just a little more the help make the Northwest truly green with green energy. Todd Myers, director of the Center for the Environment of the Washington Policy Center, and author of Eco-Fads: How the Rise of Trendy Environmentalism is Harming the Environment, said: We require taxpayers to subsidize the production of renewable energy, and now we want ratepayers to pay renewable energy companies when they lose money? That’s a ridiculous system that keeps piling more and more money into a system that’s unsustainable. Exactly. People — those taxpayers and ratepayers who are tired of seeing their power bills go up as the news tells us constantly of the boom in energy; who are tired of seeing one green “investment” after another go bankrupt, as their officers award themselves big bonuses on the way out, are capable of putting two and two together and finding something fickle in the wayward wind. State governments, not being as smart, haven’t figured it out yet, and still have their fantasy mandates of increasing amounts of power from renewables that will never happen. The federal government, sure that clean wind and solar energy will wean us of our “addiction” to foreign oil, can’t get it through their heads that you can’t put wind or sunshine in your gas tank. Another day in the eternal life of the Mighty Columbia River — roll on. Columbia, roll on. %d bloggers like this:
Wedding Dresses~wedding Venues WEDDING CRASHES IN THE HISTORY OF HOSTEL LIFE: The story of the first hostel disaster in America, from the 1820s to the 1880s, when two-room dorms were built with little or no safety precautions and the average person’s life was saved in a matter of hours. The tragedy took place on the eve of a national convention of hostels and is considered by many to be the first major disaster of modern times. Hostel guests were being kept in a small room in a tiny hall, the same size as a bathroom, with no fire exits or other safety measures. The room was filled with smoke and soot, so many of them had to be rushed to the hospital. At one point, the room was completely covered in ash and was sealed off from the outside world. Guests who escaped to the outside and found shelter were treated as criminals and punished. The National Archives, the National Archives of the United States, the Smithsonian Institution and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute have all published a number of books on the disaster, and many of the surviving guests have been quoted in the books. The most famous is The Disaster at the Inn, by the renowned historian and historian Richard Hofstadter. It’s a well-known account of the fire and the tragedy and has been widely used. It was a source of inspiration for the American historian and journalist John F. Kennedy, who spent years researching the disaster. The other classic source is The Accident at the Wharf, by author and historian James K. Polk. Polk wrote that “no one was spared.” A number of historians have written books about the disaster but no one has done a detailed account of it. This is what you need to know about the Hostel Disaster: The National Flood Insurance Corporation (NFIC) paid for all the rooms. A total of 3,500 hostels were built. The average American stayed at hostels for only about seven months. A hostel that did not have adequate fire exits, no heat, and no fire extinguishers was required to be put up for sale at a cost of about $500. The NFIC did not guarantee safety, but in order to provide insurance, it paid the hostel owners $20,000 for each fire that caused more than $10,000 in damage. The insurance companies used a system of “junk insurance,” in which the insurance companies reimbursed the hostels owners for the cost of providing fire and other safety precautions. The insurers also provided the hosts with money to cover any damages that might occur during the fire. Most hosts had one room for guests to sleep in, and they paid to have their own laundry facilities built and installed in the rooms, which were also required to have fire exits and other fire protection measures. At the end of the night, the hostesses and the guests cleaned the rooms and cleaned out the trash. The hosts were also given $500 per guest to pay for their own food, so that no one would have to eat. In some cases, the hosts were allowed to leave the hostess room at the end and not return until the host was ready to go home, so as to give them time to make arrangements for their families and for the other guests. The hotels, like many other facilities, had no fire alarms. There were no smoke detectors. When a fire broke out, the occupants were not allowed to go out until they had been evacuated. The fire was so intense that the fire department sent a man out to the scene, but there were no fire trucks there, so the firemen were called in by helicopter to try to extinguish the blaze. The Hostel Accident: The Firestorm The Hostels Were built with no safety measures and there was no fire sprinkler system. As a result, the fire spread through the building and into other rooms. There was no proper fire protection system, either, and a fire was actually started in a shower stall, in the kitchen. The blaze was so severe that one of the hotel’s fire engines could not save anyone in the hostellers that were left. There is a video about the fire that was made by the National Park Service, and it’s worth watching. When the fire started, the entire hotel was engulfed in flames, so even though the fire was just a few feet from the entrance to the rooms it was too hot to get out. The hostel was also full of people and was filled to capacity, so everyone had to evacuate before it got too hot. The guests were left alone in the hotel room until the fire brigade arrived. The first fireman arrived at the scene at 2:30 a.m. He had to use his tourniquet on someone to bring them out of the room. There are stories about how he got a small dog into the room, and the dog didn’t make it out alive. By the time he was able
Your question: What does ashes to ashes mean in the Bible? The phrase “ashes to ashes” is part of ‘ashes to ashes, dust to dust’. It means everything that has life will one day come to an end. … The phrase means that humans are made of the dust, as mentioned in the major religious works of literature, and will return to dust after death. What does ashes symbolize in the Bible? Is Ashes to ashes in the Bible? IT IS INTERESTING: You asked: Which religion was founded in the Middle East? Why does the Bible say ashes to ashes dust to dust? The origin of ashes to ashes, dust to dust was first mentioned in the Bible in the book of Genesis. Over time, this phrase has been used in poetry, literature, and speeches to convey that humans are made of the earth and will return to the earth after passing away. What does it say in the Bible about being cremated? What are ashes a symbol of? What’s the meaning of ashes? 1 : something that symbolizes grief, repentance, or humiliation. 2a : the solid residue left when combustible material is thoroughly burned or is oxidized by chemical means. b : fine particles of mineral matter from a volcanic vent. 3 ashes plural : the remains of the dead human body after cremation or disintegration. Is being cremated a sin? How long do cremated ashes last? Cremains in the Ground In some settings, cremains are buried in the ground without either an urn or a tomb. The process for degrading is relatively short. Biodegradable urns speed the process but still may take up to twenty years to degrade. Once the biodegrade happens, the body will unite with the soil quickly. IT IS INTERESTING: Question: What religion are the nuns in Call the Midwife? Can Christians be cremated? What is the prayer ashes to ashes dust to dust? ashes to ashes, dust to dust [Rel.] A phrase from the burial service in the Book of Common Prayer: ‘we therefore commit this body to the ground, earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust; in sure and certain hope of the Resurrection to eternal life. What’s the difference between ashes and dust? In context\|uncountable\|lang=en terms the difference between ash and dust. is that ash is (uncountable) the wood of this tree while dust is (uncountable) fine, dry particles of matter found in the air and covering the surface of objects, typically consisting of soil lifted up by the wind, pollen, hair, etc. Who sings Ashes to ashes dust to dust? Steve Earle Does the body feel pain during cremation? What happens to your soul when you are cremated? IT IS INTERESTING: What was the role of a priest in the Bible? What religion does not believe in cremation? Islam and Cremation Sacred Tradition
Image by Lindsay Fox from Pixabay Writer- Swastika Jha (MSc. Biotechnology, Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Pune) E-cigarettes were designed to be used as an alternative to smoking conventional cigarettes. It is a machine designed to deliver nicotine without cigarette smoke by burning a nicotine solution. Since the introduction of e-cigarettes, they have become increasingly popular among non-smokers and adolescents, and smokers who want to reduce the health risks of smoking or who may want to quit smoking. It has an atomizer, battery, and cartridge that can be replaced. It holds nicotine and other flavoring agents. Does a question arise whether these electronic cigarettes are harmful just like the real ones or not? E-cigarettes also contain ten times the level of carcinogen than the traditional tobaccos. It has been known that at higher voltage, more amount of formaldehyde is produced, which proliferates the risk of cancer up to fifteen times. E-cigarettes exaggerate the extent of nicotine which leads to DNA damage. Long-term usage of these leads to a tumor and other factors related to lung cancer. Nicotine present in these cigarettes indirectly leads to the initiation of tumors and progression towards lung cancer. More recent versions of e-cigarettes are being traded into markets which allow the users to operate them at higher temperatures. Hence users are asked not to take the level above that as it yields very trace levels of formaldehyde, which would cause massive damage to the lungs. The use of e-cigarettes is rising not only in the general population but also among the patients who have cancer. They believe e-cigarettes are not risky like regular cigarettes, produce fewer pollutants, and tend to use them more often. However, as mentioned that the nicotine effects of e-cigarettes are hazardous for their health and lead to the progression of their disease; it may appear less harmful. Still, the points stated above make it clear that it can lead to harming of our health if used regularly. Hence, it is recommended for teenagers to know both sides of e-cigarettes before using them. 1. Saji, Smita et al. “Nicotine in E-cigarette smoke: cancer culprit?.” Journal of cell communication and signaling vol. 14,1 (2020): 127-128. doi:10.1007/s12079-019-00519-5 2. Do E-Cigarettes Cause Cancer?,, Accessed: 2021-08-10 3. E-Cigarettes and Cancer Risk \| Cancer Prevention Research Accessed:- 2021 -09 -19
Rabbi helps Hispanics connect with secret Jewish roots Latinos gaining influence in the pages of comic books American comic books have traditionally been dominated by white male characters that are wealthy and powerful and reflect the dreams of a once-mainstream audience of white boys. Women and minorities have been hugely underrepresented in comics or, if there were characters from a minority background, they would be presented in a racially stereotypical way, often with their race or ethnicity shaping their super power such as the Zorro-like swordsman El Aguila or the Chinese-American girl Jubilee who shoots fireworks from her hands. But times are changing as awareness grows that the high proportion of white men working in the comics industry is not reflective of the greater population and the potential readership market. The data crunching website FiveThirtyEight.com recently ran the numbers and found that while attendance at comic book conventions split fairly evenly between genders, only one in four comic book characters is female. Now, as the comics industry is trying to better reflect the market’s demographics, Latinos are slowly growing in influence. Popular Latin American foods show common characteristics, diverse accents Food is often called a universal language that brings people together. There is much diversity among Hispanic cultures, but we can find some familiar experiences in the foods that we eat, and how we eat them. Living on the U.S., Mexican border I see the similarities between many popular Mexican dishes and the Puerto Rican staples my mother would prepare. Here is a look at three standard Puerto Rican dishes and their counterparts found in traditional Mexican, Cuban, and Dominican cuisine. 1. Song inspires writer to search for nameless victims in ‘Deportees’ plane crash EL PASO — Folksinger Woody Guthrie wrote a poem In 1948 about a plane crash that year in which 32 people lost their lives near Los Gatos Creek in the Diablo mountain range of California. The flight was carrying 28 migrant farmworkers who were being deported back to Mexico. Guthrie was disturbed by press accounts at the time that didn’t include the names of the passengers. The poem was eventually set to music and was popularized by Pete Seeger as “Deportees,” which included the haunting line: “to fall like dry leaves to rot on my topsoil, and be called by no name except “deportees.” Sixty-six years later, writer Tim Z. Hernandez has made it his mission to remember those whose lives were lost by finding out their names.
• The Complete Research Material is averagely 127 pages long and it is in Ms Word Format, it has 1-5 Chapters. • Full Access Fee: ₦4,000 Get the complete project » Instant Download Active Pension is generally a way of catering for the need of the retiree. It is a form of income provided to workers after they retire, become disabled or die. Pension is paid to those who are considered to be retired due to their deterioration in their physical, mental, emotional and economic contribution to the society. The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines pension as an amount of money paid regularly by a government or company to someone who is officially considered to be too old or too ill to earn money. This fund is to provide the employees with a means of securing upon retirement a standard of living that is consistent with that which they were enjoying while still in service. Pensions helps a former employee to acclimate themselves back into the society upon retirement (Armstrong, 2010). A retirement plan may be established by employers, the government, insurance companies or other institutions. Pension and related issues (such as retirement planning) have received momentous consideration in many countries in the past decades. Different countries have opted for different forms of contributory pension schemes (Robolino, 2006), in which employers and employees are demanded to pay certain percentages of their monthly earnings into a Retirement Savings Account (RSA) from which they will be receiving their pension benefits from after retirement. The money paid into a retirement savings account is known as pension fund. A pension fund also known as superannuation in some countries is any plan or scheme which provides retirement benefits or income. The management of these funds however requires a lot of care and attention. The National Pension Commission (PenCom), which is the governing body in Nigeria comprises of the pension fund administrators and pension custodians. It is the entity that deals with regulating, supervising and ensuring effective administration of pension matters in Nigeria. The most important part of this system is the Pension Fund Administrators has they manage the pension funds, maintain books of account on all transactions relating to the pension funds, provide regular information to the employers and pay retirement benefits to pensioners. The influence of the PFA is rather strong on the rest of the system. A management system by the International Standard Organization is a set of interrelated or interacting elements that organizations use to formulate policies and objectives and to establish the processes that are needed to ensure that policies are followed and objectives are achieved. A system is defined as a combination of things or parts forming a unitary whole. A management information system is explained as an automated tool used by organisations to manage, evaluate and organise departments. It’s simply involves the planning and administration of the organisations data to form information useful to support the operations of the organisations. A management information by definition is a planned system of collecting, sorting and distribution of data needed to perform the functions of management (MIS - Introduction, n.d.). A pension fund management information system is an automated tool that is used by organisations to manger, organize and evaluate pension funds and information as regards this area. It focuses on providing an organisation with a tool that will aid their day-to-day activity by providing them with a computer-based tool that will be fully implemented to perform their specific tasks and functions. Over the years the management of pension fund has been characterized by multiple and adverse problems which arises from the manual method of managing funds and keeping track of a pensioners benefits. This manual method of pension fund management involves keeping records in a filing cabinet about each employee or pensioner that is been registered with a pension fund administrator. Owing to the fact that humans are imperfect and are susceptible to errors, there is a great tendency that the administrator can make mistakes in filing a pensioner’s detail, the administrator is prone to make mistakes in crediting a pensioner’s account, he can either under-credit or over-credit an account thus leading to inconsistencies. The manual method of operation does not encourage transparency in the operation of the administrator’s, because the pensioner is fully unaware of operations carried out on his or her account. The ineffective nature of this method leads to financial impropriety, theft and fraudulent practices, human errors, lack of clear and adequate information between the pension fund administrator and the beneficiary. In places where the manual method has been replaced with some level of automation, there still exists the lack of inadequate information on the side of the employee or pensioner to make decisions as regards the Pension Fund Administrator to work with, as a result Pension Fund Administrators are forced on employees by their employers and thus when the employees are not satisfied with the services of this organisations little can be done to resolve this issue. The aim of the project is to design and implement an integrated platform for all pension fund administrators in Nigeria, automate the registration process involved for pensioners and a provide a means by which accounts and funds can be effectively managed . The objectives of this study are; 1. To implement an integrated web based application that enables pensioners to select their preferred PFA and have easy access and up-to-date information on their account. 2. To automate the process of registration with PFAs using an electronic-form. 3. To provide a system that will enable creating, updating, deletion and retrieval, retention and storage of data. 4. Automate the pension fund management process through the use of Retirement Savings Account (RSA) Calculator. The model that will be used in this project is the Waterfall model: It is mandatory for some processes to be carried out before designing the system. The problem should first be identified (problem identification). Then a background study should be carried out to understand the existing system and this comes up in the Literature review. Findings and inferences to review existing systems and better understand the concept and functionality of the system. In designing the system, we will achieve our objectives with use of the following tools: i. The use of hypertext mark-up language and cascading style sheet languages to design a user friendly interface. The cascading style sheet is for styling the look and feel of the webpages and the hypertext mark language helps in creating and linking web pages, the Hypertext Preprocessor is the backing code of the project, which will link the web application with the database. ii. The database will be created with the use of my structured Query Language (MySQL) to develop an organised collection of data. This database will be able to perform four major tasks, creating, retrieval, updating and deletion of records. iii. The use of mathematical functions to generate and calculate pension fund investments. The purpose of this study is to provide an improved method for an organization such as Pension Fund Administrator (PFA) to efficiently manage pensioner’s records. i. It would minimise the time required for pension fund management since it requires performing a large range of activities. ii. It will aid easy manipulation of records such as updating pensioner’s account, creating new accounts, preparing forms. iii. Giving easy access to pensioner’s account balance and aiding faster claiming and payment of retirement benefits. This system focuses on the design and implementation of a PFMIS which will be a web based application that automates the pensioners’ registration process, provides an integrated platform for pensioners to select their preferred PFA and create awareness for the pensioners on the generation of their pension funds. This project focuses on developing and implementing a web-based pension fund management information system that automates the pensioners’ registration process, an integrated platform for selecting preferred PFA will enable storage, manipulation, retrieval, retention and viewing of records, documents of employee/pensioner’s information. This system will be beneficial to an organization such as a pension fund administrator in Nigeria. This system is open to all employees, employers, retirees from different sectors of life such as the public sector and private sectors and will aid the easy retrieval, manipulation and computation of data, also putting in view the security of the pensioner and employee. This system is limited to Nigeria. The pension fund management system is designed to provide a solution to the problems encountered in the existing systems of operations in a pension fund administration. A platform will be created where customers can use this system from anywhere across all borders and hardware requirements. The system will also provide an integrated platform where the employee can read about the existing pension fund administrators, their success rate and thus from there decipher the most suitable pension fund administrator they would like to work with and allow to manage their funds. You can find more project topics easily, just search Quick Project Topic Search
Man is product of nurture not nature Nature vs nurture examples The final outcome of the trail was never to be any different than death. Researchers at the University of Exeter and the University of Hamburg investigated how personality is transferred between generations. Journal Reference: W. Ninety-Nine percent of the time I argued with my parents, just for the sake of an argument. The Ancient Greek Sophist came with the slogan that man is the architect of its own fate. Each one of them lived a different life according to the customs, culture and tradition of the places they lived in. When they were born they were separated and taken away from their family. Traits that correlated more closely in non-identical twins compared with identical twins indicated a greater influence of environmental factors. A good example of this is height, where variance appears to be spread across many hundreds of loci. Share this. They were let to live in different environment and social class structure. Advocates of gay say that a person becomes a gay because this thing lies in his genes or DNA. If our personalities are really caused by our genetics, then can we be held accountable for anything we ever do? First, my nature or genetic makeup comes from my parents. Today in Britain many believe that the immigration policies are designed to discriminate against Black and Asian ethnic groups. Benyamin said in psychiatric, ophthalmological and skeletal traits, genetic factors were a larger influence than environmental factors. Extremes analysis examines the link between normal and pathological traits. These results suggest that "nurture" may not be the predominant factor in "environment". Adoption studies also directly measure the strength of shared family effects. The Ancient Greek Sophist came with the slogan that man is the architect of its own fate. Similarly, the babies, much like myself, who are born screaming and spend much of their infant years throwing tantrums, tend to grow up to be the drama queens of the world. Man is product of nurture not nature The answer seems to be a complex combination of both nature and nurture. Personality is a key part of every single one of us, it determines our moods, our behaviours, how we interact with each other and the decisions we make. People are concerned about what makes an individual to engage in violent behavior such murder or burglary among other types of crimes. Also, biological siblings are more similar in personality than adoptive siblings. We are preset with personality traits that are the basis for how we would react to situations. It has been proven that nature and genetics plays an important role in development of some mental health conditions, such as bipolar, major depression and schizophrenia Could it be that our environment constantly changes and adapts us? An example of a facultative physiological adaptation is tanning of skin on exposure to sunlight to prevent skin damage. Also, Skinner believed that language is learnt from other people via behavior shaping techniques. how does nature and nurture influence human behavior The Determination of Human Behaviour The nature versus nurture debate has spanned over decades, and is becoming more heated in the recent years. Examples of an extreme nature positions in psychology include Chomskywho proposed language is gained through the use of an innate language acquisition device. Is it in the nature of the child? Then nurture is how we are impacted by our environment; these are, parents, siblings, family, peers, culture, gender, norms, child rearing, and experiences I would say no. Nature vs nurture essay Ninety-Nine percent of the time I argued with my parents, just for the sake of an argument. In other words, man is the product of nurture and not nature. Nurture Debate Essay - The Nature vs. The nature-nurture debate is concerned with the relative contribution that both influences make to human behavior, such as personality, cognitive traits, temperament and psychopathology. In general, the earlier a particular ability appears, the more likely it is to be under the influence of genetic factors. December Learn how and when to remove this template message The social pre-wiring hypothesis refers to the ontogeny of social interaction. While another who errs hard work, remains illiterate, unaware of morals and ethics would probably end up as a failure in his life. Genes within a species are all the same - the DNA within you genes is most likely Do humans act, behave and interact in the way we do because of nature, such as our genes inherited from our parents, or nurture, such as our environment, culture, religion or childhood interactions. Heritability measures always refer to the degree of variation between individuals in a population. Dr Nick Royle from Biosciences at the University of Exeter said: "This is one of the first experiments to show that behaviour can be non-genetically transmitted from parents to offspring. Rated 10/10 based on 119 review Essay on Are We a Product of Nature or Nurture?
Prime Minister of Israel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search The Prime Minister of Israel (Hebrew: ראש הממשלה, Rosh Hamemshala, lit. Head of Government) is the elected head of the Israeli government. He is usually the leader of the largest political party or coalition of parties in the Knesset, the Israeli parliament. Prime Ministers of Israel (1948-Present) A total of eleven people have served as Prime Minister of Israel. Four of those people have served on two non-consecutive occasions. Name Took Office Left Office Party 1 David Ben-Gurion, 1st time 1948 1954 Mapai 2 Moshe Sharett 1954 1955 Mapai David Ben-Gurion, 2nd time 1955 1963 Mapai 3 Levi Eshkol 1963 1969 Mapai* 4 Golda Meir 1969 1974 Labour Party 5 Yitzhak Rabin, 1st time 1974 1977 Labour Party 6 Menachem Begin 1977 1983 Likud 7 Yitzhak Shamir, 1st time 1983 1984 Likud 8 Shimon Peres, 1st time 1984 1986 Labour Party Yitzhak Shamir, 2nd time 1986 1992 Likud Yitzhak Rabin, 2nd time 1992 1995 (assassinated while in office) Labour Party Shimon Peres, 2nd time 1995 1996 Labour Party 9 Benjamin Netanyahu 1996 1999 Likud 10 Ehud Barak 1999 2001 Labour Party 11 Ariel Sharon 2001 (present) Likud () In 1968 Mapai merged with other parties to form the Labour Alignment (now the Israeli Labour Party) (*) It should be noted that after the election of 1984, the Likud and Labour parties reached a coalition agreement by which the role of prime minister would be rotated mid-term between them. Shimon Peres of Labour served during the first two years as prime minister, and then the role was passed to Yitzhak Shamir. After the 1988 election Likud was able to govern without the Labour party, and Yitzhak Shamir became prime minister again. Historical background Main article: Israel Land of Israel · Palestine region Districts · Cities · Transport Jerusalem · Tel Aviv · Haifa History of Israel Zionism · Timeline · Aliyah · Herzl Balfour · Mandate · 1947 UN Plan Independence · Austerity Ma'abarot · Wadi Salib events Lavon Affair · Eichmann Trial Arab-Israeli conflict · Proposals 1948 War · 1949 Armistice Suez War · Six-Day War · Attrition Yom Kippur War · Lebanon War Peace treaties with: Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Timeline Peace process · Peace camp 1st Intifada · Oslo · 2nd Intifada Barrier · Disengagement Science & Tech. · Companies Demographics · Culture Judaism · Israeli Arabs · Kibbutz Music · Archaeology · Universities Hebrew · Literature · Israelis Laws · Politics Parties · Elections · Knesset PM · President · Supreme Court Law of Return · Jerusalem Law Foreign affairs · UN · Intl. Law Israeli Security Forces Israel Defense Forces Mossad · Shabak · Aman Sayeret · YAMAM · Magav · Police Politics Portal Edit this box At its founding, the State of Israel adopted the parliamentary political system, with a Prime Minister at the most powerful political leader of the government and a largely ceremonial president as head of State. According to the original Basic Law, following elections to the Knesset, the President assigns the task of forming a Government to a member of Knesset (conventionally the leader of the party that has won a plurality of Knesset seats), and this individual becomes Prime Minister after s/he successfully forms a Government that has the support of 61 members (a majority) in the Knesset. Occasionally, the title of "Premier" is used when referring to the Prime Minister. The Basic Law was amended in 1992, providing for the direct election of the Prime Minister, separate from the Knesset election. Three elections were held under this system: 1996, 1999, and 2001. (2001 was the only time that a Prime Ministerial election was held without a Knesset election. Thus, from 2001-2003 Ariel Sharon (Likud) was Prime Minister while Labour held a plurality of Knesset seats.) In 2001, the Basic Law was amended again, abolishing direct elections and reverting to the original system. Thus, in 2003 and subsequent elections, the Prime Minister is chosen as the head of the largest party in the Knesset. See also External links Personal tools
Having a happy and smiling baby in a few steps Having a happy and smiling baby in a few steps Having a happy and smiling baby is the dream of every parent. So parents themselves must act as the first and greatest role models for their children. Experts consider the development of humor skills to be one of the most important principles of parenting. Humor is an acquired quality and parents can develop it in their children. Having a sense of humor and cultivating this skill makes family life warmer, happier and more attractive. One principle: happiness is not free! Families need to pay the price for their children’s humor by using humor in their conversational and everyday conversations and reinforcing humor. You have to try to get humor. By cultivating the skill of humor, you strengthen the positive attitude in your child and help him to develop his creativity. An important point in fostering humor is the age of the child. Certainly what is interesting for a toddler will not be fun or funny for an older child. As an informed parent, you need to increase your knowledge and use jokes that are appropriate for your child’s age. For example, you can use video, audio, speech and visual jokes such as; Use shows, pantomimes and movies, radios, various books, etc. to suit your child’s perception and age. smiling baby Ways to raise a witty child One of the basic strategies that creates humor in children is to spend time of the day laughing and rejoicing. You can also increase your child’s understanding of humor by playing with words and pictures. In this way, you can tell and laugh humorous stories with the help of your skills, and ask your child to tell you a humorous story based on the words and pictures in front of him. Studying comedy and joke stories also helps to develop a humorous attitude in children. Do not be indifferent to your child’s efforts to use humor and value his efforts. In fact, do not forget to encourage your child to repeat this action. Jokes make the soul happy, but many people do not have the skills to find a way to be happy. If you are looking for happiness and you want your child to feel good about life, teach him to enjoy small events such as eating his favorite food, going to a party, getting a good grade, etc. that small pleasures , The more they can make him happy. The circle of fun and happiness is wide. Fun means happiness and is considered as one of the stages of human and social personality development. Anyone who fails to have fun has in fact failed in the dimension of his personality development. In today’s busy world, any activity that eliminates sadness and tiredness and paves the way for a return to work and a more lively life is considered a form of entertainment and has a great impact on achieving happiness . According to Islam, happiness and entertainment are appropriate that do not contradict the principles of Islamic education and the development of mental and personality talents. Among the entertainments of Islam, we can mention visiting relatives, work and effort, doing sports activities such as swimming, horseback riding, shooting, etc., among which there is kindness and cheerfulness and making the heart of the believer happy. he ate. Being happy is an art and making others happy is a superior art. One of the characteristics of a healthy joke is that it does not conflict with human maturity and the development of Islamic personality. In other words, jokes that do not cause harm to others and do not harm a person’s personality are called healthy jokes. smiling baby The relationship between humor and mental health of the child Jokes that are in this direction, that is, have the characteristics of a healthy joke, have a direct and significant relationship with the child’s mental health. People and children who use these kinds of jokes are more people, have a more intimate relationship with others, and have high self – esteem . They are also less likely to experience anxiety , depression and anger . But jokes that are not in this direction, that is, are out of moderation and cause humiliation to the person or the child’s friends. These kinds of jokes ultimately lead to disrespect and are more like a joke than a joke. Bad jokes not only do not have a positive and significant effect on the child’s mental health, but are also harmful. This group of people who use such jokes, their emotions are not stable and can not easily make friends with others, and usually suffer more anxiety and depression. Children who understand jokes are happier and more confident than their peers. These children react more appropriately to challenges and problems and can solve their problems well without outside interference. Scientific research shows that people who laugh more are mentally and physically healthier, meaning that they are both less likely to be depressed and that their bodies are more resistant to physical illness. In fact, joking and laughter reduce stress and boost the immune system. Follow on Facebook See Also The dishwasher causes allergies in children Leave a Reply
ph of yogurt Eat Better What is the pH of Yogurt; Alkaline or Acidic? Fast Answer: The pH of Yogurt is between 4.3 to 4.4. Therefore, it is acidic food. Yogurt is not alkaline. Yogurt is acidic. The factors which may influence the acidity of yogurt include adding ingredients such as citrus fruits and the duration of fermentation. Yogurt is a healthy fermented milk drink. It is a rejuvenating diet. Do you know the pH of Yogurt? Is it alkaline or acidic? If you want to know the answer to these questions, kindly read to the end. Yogurt is a palatable and nutritious fermented milk product which is made by thickening cow milk with bacterial strains or pressuring agents such as Lactobacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophiles. These strains are added with milk, and the mixture of bacteria and milk is then incubated for the conversion of lactose into lactic acid. This lactic acid is responsible for low pH of yogurt. Due to the acidic mixture, the casein protein in milk coagulates and precipitate out thus thickening the milk into yogurt-like texture. Although Lactobacillus bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophiles are the major beneficial bacteria strains used, other bacteria can be used such as: 1. Bifidobacterium bifidum 2. Bifidobacterium lactis 3. Enterococcus francium 4. Lactobacillus acidophilus 5. Lactobacillus bulgaricus 6. Bifidobacterium longum 7. Lactobacillus casei 8. Lactobacillus gasseri 9. Saccharomyces boulardii 10. Lactobacillus plantarum Adding bacteria to yogurt is typically the last major step in creating this milk food product. The fermentation step lasts between 4 and 7 hours but may last longer in certain conditions. It is the duration of this step that determines the flavor of yogurt and its exact pH. Is Yogurt Medicinal? Unlike most other milk beverages and drinks, yogurt has been used as medicine for a very long period of time. Yogurt contain medicinal properties such as probiotic Lactic acid bacteria. These bacteria reside in our intestines and helps the body fight off numerous diseases. It also enhances digestion. The lactic acid in yogurt besides preventing microbial growth due to low pH, also aids in thickening and it also provides a characteristic tartness to yogurt. Alkaline Diets and Yogurt The alkaline diet was originally designed to improve renal health, specifically preventing kidney stones and urine infections. It’s also meant to promote a healthy blood pH, around 7.35 and 7.45, since blood is highly regulated by the kidneys. The benefits of Alkaline diets include the following: 1. Increase the pH of your urine 2. Improves intracellular magnesium levels. 3. Increase vitamin D levels 4. Improve the function of chemotherapeutic agents 5. Improve potassium-sodium balance 6. Reduce muscle wasting 7. Improve bone health 8. Help prevent cardiovascular diseases Alkaline diets may also be able to improve the function of chemotherapeutic agents and improve the potassium-sodium balance. This balance can improve bone health, reduce muscle wasting and prevent cardiovascular diseases. The benefits of this diet are not definitive, but alkaline diets are generally considered to be healthy for most people. What Is pH? The term pH is used to ascertain or determine the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The pH scale ranges from zero to 14. While the strongest acid would have a pH of zero, the most basic (also known as alkaline) items would have a pH of 14. Majority of foods have a pH between about 3 and 8. Anything with a pH of 7 is considered neutral. Water is an example of a neutral food, but since it can come from a variety of sources (from a reservoir, tank or local springs to your kitchen tap), it’s possible to have alkaline water or acidic water. Most water typically has a pH around 7, unless it’s been treated to be more alkaline. The majority of foods people consume have a pH that’s less than 7. Foods with a pH between 6.9 and 4.6 are considered low acid foods, while those with a pH less than 4.6 are considered high-acid foods. Since yogurt has a pH between 4.3 and 4.4, yogurt is a high-acid food. What is the pH of Yogurt? Is Yogurt Alkaline or Acidic? The Acidity and alkalinity of yogurt is determined using pH. Yogurt has a pH of 4.3 to 4.4. therefore, it is an acidic food. Yogurt is not an alkaline based drink. In terms of pH, Yogurt is acidic. While the pH of milk is between 6 and 8, the fermentation process yogurt undergoes reduces the pH of yogurt to 4.3 or 4.4. Additives such as citrus fruits and the duration of fermentation can make yogurt even more acidic. Yogurt is enjoyed by a great majority of people world over. Due to its popularity, yogurt has occupied a vital position in our daily meal menu, especially breakfast. A lot of questions have been asked about whether yogurt is alkaline or acidic in nature. The answer to this question is that yogurt is acidic. Generally, the pH of yogurt is in the range of 4-4.6, averagely 4.4. In the production of yogurt, pH is the critical control point. pH of yogurt determines its quality and consistency. Any deviation from a standard pH can decrease shelf life of yogurt or can affects its taste. Thus, if you want to prepare a delicious and healthy yogurt, your main consideration should be pH. Having discussed the pH of yogurt, let’s take a quick look at the medicinal benefits of yogurt. READ ALSO: Kettle Corn Calories & Other N.I The characteristic taste and flavor of yogurt is mainly due to production of four major acids. These are: 1. lactic acid 2. acetaldehyde acid 3. acetic acid and 4. diacetyl acid. These four acids are responsible for the development of strong immune system. These reasons and more are why yogurt is considered as highly nutritious. Fermentation of Yogurt Yogurt that is allowed to ferment for shorter periods tends to have a naturally sweeter, milder flavor and a higher pH. This is why the pH of curd is higher than that of yogurt — it is fermented for a much shorter period of time. Most milk products fermented for shorter periods of time are considered to be low-acid foods or even “almost neutral” foods. In contrast, when yogurt is allowed to ferment for longer periods of time, it becomes increasingly sour in flavor and more acidic. In order to stop the fermentation process from continuing, the temperature of yogurt must be changed. The bacteria in yogurt become dormant when cooled below 98 F (36.7 C). This prevents the yogurt from continuing to ferment but keeps the bacteria viable. Live, active probiotic bacteria are good for your gastrointestinal tract. All fermentation processes are stopped in the same way. Some yogurts are heat-treated afterward, which kills the bacteria instead. The National Yogurt Association has a Live and Active Cultures Seal that allows you to identify yogurt products that have retained healthy probiotic bacteria. Products with these seals have 100 million live cultures per gram unless they are frozen, in which case they have a minimum of 10 million live cultures per gram. READ ALSO: 3 Vital Facts About Lactose Fermentation Milk Products and pH If you’re concerned about the pH of yogurt and its acidity, there are a variety of other healthy milk products that you can consume with a higher pH. The pH of milk on its own is between 6.2 and 7.3, and the pH of cream is around 6.5. Butter also has a higher pH that’s much closer to neutral, ranging between 6.1 and 6.4. In contrast, buttermilk has a pH that is basically equivalent to yogurt (a pH of 4.5). This is because, like yogurt, buttermilk is a fermented food. 2 Replies to “What is the pH of Yogurt; Alkaline or Acidic? Kindly Leave a Comment
Studying Breathing Problems in Horses May Help Humans With Asthma Horses heaves equine guelph study heaves Humans asthma horses Horses heaves equine guelph study heaves Humans asthma horses By Teresa Pitman Adults with asthma struggle to breathe when they are exposed to dust and allergens. They can exhale without too much difficulty, but their inflamed lungs with narrowed airways make it hard to inhale enough oxygen, and the mucus in their airways leads to coughing. When horses have the same symptoms, the condition is called “heaves.” In Ontario, where most horses are stabled indoors much of the time, it’s very common. “Any barn owner with 10 or more horses will know about heaves,” says Dorothee Bienzle, a pathobiology professor at the Ontario Veterinary College. It’s unknown why some horses develop the condition and others don’t. A susceptible horse will become sick if it is kept in a stall with dusty air, or if it is fed hay that is dusty or mouldy, while other horses that are similar in age and condition remain healthy. Bienzle’s research aims to discover the underlying genetic factors that lead to these different responses. She and her colleagues are studying two groups of horses: one that has heaves and one that doesn’t. All the horses will be tested to determine how effectively their lungs are working. The lungs, whether horse or human, have several different types of cells, says Bienzle. Some have cilia, which move dust particles out of the lungs when they are inhaled. Other cells create surfactants that help coat the inside of the lungs and prevent damage. When a horse has heaves, cells are injured and some die. New cells grow to replace them but they lack the ability to transform into the various types of specialized cells present in a normal healthy lung. That means the horse’s lungs are more vulnerable to future damage. Horses heaves equine guelph study heaves Humans asthma horses Children are much less likely to develop asthma if they grow up in environments with good quality air. Photo: Canstock/nanDphanuwat2526 Bienzle is performing RNA sequencing of the genes in the cells to learn which genes regulate the cell responses. Mutations in genes can affect the proteins that are produced, which in turn affect cell behaviour. Bienzle’s work will not just analyze the genes but use the collected data to determine how the proteins are expressed in relation to the genetic variations. Not only will this information help veterinarians better understand heaves in horses, it will also contribute to a better understanding of asthma in humans. Bienzle says the focus for horse owners should be prevention. “This disease is almost 100 per cent preventable,” she says. “Let your horse breathe fresh air and don’t feed dusty or mouldy hay.” She says the same applies to human asthma cases, although the environment tends to be more complex. Children of smokers or those living in damp basement apartments, for example, are much more likely to develop asthma than those who grow up in environments with good quality air. “Air quality is so important for both people and animals,” says Bienzle. Reprinted with the kind permission of Equine Guelph. Main Photo: Canstock/Castenoid HorseLic - The Right Nutrition Canadian Quarter Horse Association
Concert Vs Tenor Ukuleles (What’s The Difference? A ukulele is a warm sound instrument that provides a melodic sound for all to hear. There has been an increasing amount of interest in this instrument. When selecting the best ukulele for you, it is essential to know what sets them apart. One thing to keep in mind as you are considering your options is that both ukuleles have a key shared feature. That is, they are both tuned to the same notes and played the same way. Many differences set these two ukuleles apart. While there are many different ukuleles, this article is going to focus on the concert and tenor types. In Short, the Easiest Way to Pick While the untrained ear may not be able to tell the difference between the sounds of a concert ukulele and a tenor ukulele, they are different. When you can hear the difference between the two, the tenor has more vibrant tones that sound perfect to your ears. The concert has a brighter sound which may be more pleasing to you. The other consideration is if your hands are large, you may want to consider a tenor because it is easier for larger hands. The Differences Between a Concert and Tenor Ukulele While knowing how these two ukuleles are this same is critical to making a choice. It is even more important to know all the differences between the two to help you make the right choice. It is easy to see that these two ukuleles are different sizes just by looking at them. The tenor ukulele is typically 26 inches long and the largest of all ukuleles. A concert ukulele is about 23 inches long. Each one may have slight variances depending on the manufacturer. The difference between these two is about three inches. The body of the tenor is about 10 percent bigger than the concert. This additional size does not include the neck. A tenor ukulele has a warmer sound with more bass and volume because of its larger body size. Tenors have a fuller and richer sound than a concert ukulele. The tenor also has a higher volume of sound that is created. While not a particularly loud instrument, the tenor can be used in live concerts because of the more dynamic sounds it produces. The concert ukulele has a brighter tone that sounds like it is sparkling. The size of the instrument is not the only thing that factors into the tone. The design, materials, and quality of the ukulele itself help form the sound you hear. An instrument constructed of quality, solid wood is going to have a better sound than one built of laminated wood. Scale Length A tenor has a 17 inch scale length, while a concert has a 15 inch scale. The scale length is considered to be the distance from the nut to the saddle. The nut is the white part on the neck, and the saddle is the white part on the bridge. The scale length equals the measurement of the string section that vibrates as it is played. The scale length is what determines the amount of space of the metal bars on the ukulele neck, also called frets. The frets are found closer on a concert. Fretboard Length The neck of the ukulele is where you find the frets. The neck of a tenor has a longer fretboard and neck because the fretboard joins the body at the 14th fret. The fretboard of a concert joins the body at the 12th fret. The length makes the higher frets of the tenor slightly more accessible. The fretboard length may make a difference to some to have extra space to play at the higher register. String Tension A tenor has a higher percentage, around 35 to 50 percent more, of string tension than a concert. While you may think this is a high percentage, it is not that noticeable when you are playing. The higher tension will help the tenor feel a little tighter and give more projection and volume. A player can drive the tenor a bit harder and create more volume because of the tighter tension. The price of a ukulele may be the determining factor for you. It is important to know that a tenor is typically more expensive than a comparable concert. While the typical difference is 5 to 15 percent, it could be as high as 25 percent. For a beginner instrument, this could be an increase of about $10. For a higher end instrument that a more experienced player wants, the difference could be several hundreds of dollars. Final Considerations It is a personal preference when deciding which ukulele to choose. The ukuleles are similar in many ways, and a novice may not be able to detect many of the subtle differences between them. An experienced player may be more interested in a tenor because it offers additional features and larger size. Similar Posts
Julius Raab Biography Julius Raab (29 November 1891 – 8 January 1964) ( St. P.P.l. Austria). Civil engineer and political leader of Austrian origin, historically recognized for having helped found the current democratic state of Austria. In his country he co-founded the Austrian People’s Party, as well as Chancellor of the Republic, between 1953 and 1961. He also participated in the presidential elections, in 1963, for his party, although he lost to his contender. Early life Julius Raab was born on 29 November 1891, in the lower Austrian town of St. P’lten, one of three children of Julius Raab and his wife, Franziske Wohlmeyer. His early studies were at the public school in St. Plten, as well as at the Gymnasium of the Benedictine abbey of Seitenstetten. His higher education was at the Technical University of Vienna, where he entered to train in Civil Engineering. However, his career was interrupted by the beginning, in 1914, of World War I. During this war, Raab served as an infantry lieutenant. After the war, he joined his life, graduating from Civil Engineer, finally, in 1922. Later, he began working in the business of his father, who was a builder. Later he managed to open his own construction company. Political beginnings His political life began in 1928, when he became chief, in Lower Austria, of the nationalist far-right paramilitary forces, called Heimwehr. A year later, as a member of the Christian Socialist Party, he was elected to represent his constituency before the lower house of the National Parliament. During the First Austrian Republic he held important positions, being a member of the Nationalrat (National Council) between 1929 and 1943; member of the Council of the Economy, between 1934 and 1938; as well as a Member of the Bundestag (Federal Parliament) and President of the Chamber of Commerce of Lower Austria. He was also appointed Minister of Trade and Transport, for a month, from 11 February to 11 March 1938, before Austria’s accession to Nazi Germany, at which point Julius Raab decided to depart from political life. Between 1938 and 1945, Raab had to be employed in a road construction company, unable to handle the family business, on the orders of the government. During this time he also helped many persecuted by the Nazi regime, including Leopold Figl, who became First Chancellor in Austria. After the war, in 1945, he was part of the citizens who founded the Austrian People’s Party, as well as its Governing Council. That same year he was appointed Secretary of State for Housing, a position he held for a few months, from April to December. In 1946, he assumed the post of President of the Government Economic Council. Subsequently, he assumed the Federal Secretariat of the People’s Party, where he remained until 1960, as well as President of the Economic Union of Austria, where he was there until 1963. Achievements as Chancellor In 1953, he was elected to the post of Chancellor of the Republic, from where he had a crucial role in the negotiations that eventually led to the signing of the Treaty of State, in 1955, which marked the withdrawal of Allied troops from Austrian territory, the conversion of this country into a neutral state, the immediate restoration of the borders that Austria had possessed before 1938, among other important royalties that helped this European country to regain its political and territorial sovereignty. However, this Treaty cost Austria a large sum of money, demanded by the Soviet Union, which asked Austria for compensation of $150 million in recognition of companies confiscated during World War II, as well as two million dollars in exchange for the assets of the Danube Shipping Company, and ten million metric tons of crude oil for the return of its oil fields and refineries. Similarly, the USSR required Austria to assume a neutral position. On 26 October 1955, Austria proclaimed the Law on Perpetual Military Neutrality. That same year, the Austrian country entered the United Nations; a year later, he joined the Council of Europe. Also, in 1958, the Austrian country became part of the European Free Trade Association. As for its domestic policy, Julius Raab’s government was characterized by the launch of the “Raab-Kamitz Doctrine”, which he undertook with his economy minister, Reinhard Kamitz, in order to stabilize the currency, achieve the maximum development of the state of welfare and boost employment. For this, Raab launched a political system based on moderate liberalism, which nonetheless included the nationalization of the oil, electrical and steel industries, as well as maximum support for private textile manufacturing and Timber. Likewise, tourism was given a great boost, forever changing the economy of rural areas, located in the Alpine area. Similarly, Raab was responsible, together with J. Bohm, for the Sozialpartnerschaft social security system, which operated, thanks to the cooperation of trade unions and employers. All these measures resulted in a maximum economic boom and prosperity, which made it deserving of different recognitions, both in life and in death, among those the Great Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, received in 1956, as well as the European Prize of the Association of Sudetenland German Charlemagne, with which he was invested in 1959. However, in 1963, Julius Raab lost to Schérf in that year’s elections as a candidate for the Presidency, which he had attended backed by the Austrian People’s Party. A few months later, on 8 January 1964, he died in Vienna, Austria, due to a chronic illness. His funeral was conducted with state honors. Image source: vebidoo.com Julius Raab Biography Source: Education August 6, 2019 Next Random post
What exactly is equity? If you run a startup, you probably might have heard of equity, shares or stock. You probably might have signed an agreement with your co-founders or investors to give them a percentage of shares in your startup. Equity a.k.a. shares or stock in American parlance is a term used to describe ownership of a company. Having equity in a startup company means that you have a stake or an ownership interest in the startup. Under CAMA, once you have shares in a company, you become a member of that company and have certain rights; one of which is to receive dividends. Who can own equity in a startup As most startups are registered as a private limited liability company (LTD), they can’t offer equity to the general public so the following people can own equity in a startup: • Co-founder(s) Upon registering your startup with the CAC, you will have registered your startup with a couple of people as initial members or co-founders of your startup. These people might be your ride or die or just people who have business acumen to run your startup with you. At the point of registering your startup, your co-founders can own a certain percentage of shares in the startup. Not sure how to split equity with your co-founders, read this. • Employees Apart from giving your employees money as their compensation for work done, you can give them equity in addition to their monthly salary or as the only compensation, if you’re still bootstrapping and can’t afford to pay salary. This is now the norm with startups as a way to attract and retain employees and also get them to have a sense of belonging and loyalty to the startup. • Investors As your startup grows, you will need funding from investors. These investors can be angel investors or venture capital firms who see potential in your startup. Most times these investors usually ask for equity in your startup in exchange for the money they invest in your startup. In other words, you can say that they are acquiring or buying shares in your startup. The topic of equity is inexhaustible however, it is important to note that depending on the type of equity given (ordinary shares or preference shares), this will, in turn, affect the rights and weight of decision making power wielded by each shareholder. So as a startup owner, ensure that you give out the equity of your startup WISELY and with appropriate legal advice.
Density Measurement Densimeters for all applications from quality control of incoming goods to at-line quality assurance of intermediate or final products. Depending on your sample of interest, as well as the accuracy and ease of use required for the measurement, different techniques are used to analyse a sample. This density guide will explain which method is preferable when handling liquids. For solid and liquid samples you can also work with balances which have the density function built-in or have an under-hook weighing function to determine it manually. Density Guide Digital hydrometer Handheld digital hydrometers, or digital density meters, are used to determine the density of liquids quickly and automatically. Density kits for VWR balances Complete kits that, together with the appropriate balance, allow the user to calculate the density of liquids or non absorbent solids. Density standards Density standards can be used as calibration standards for density measurements by pycnometric, vibrational or hydrometer-based techniques. Hydrometers and pycnometers Hydrometers and pycnometers are used to measure the specific gravity or relative density of liquids or solids.
What Are Two Benefits Of Mastering Effective Communication? What is the objective of effective communication? What does effective communication look like? What are the effective communication? Why communication is important in life? What is the end goal of communication? What is the main benefit of good communication in the workplace? Helps manage a diverse workplace In a diverse workplace, good communication is one of the best ways to ensure everyone is on the same page. As well as helping to avoid conflict, effective communication will make sure all employees understand organizational policies on performance reviews and promotion. What are the 4 major functions of communication? Communication serves four major functions within a group or organization: control, motivation, emotional expression and information. Communication acts to control member behavior in several ways. What are the four main objectives of communication? What are the benefits of effective communication? Let’s talk about some of the biggest benefits of implementing effective communication strategies in your workplace.Better Productivity. All business leaders want a productive team. … A Positive Atmosphere. … Greater Innovation. … Enhanced Loyalty to the Company. … Increased Customer Satisfaction. What is effective communication and why is it important? What are the results of effective communication? Good workplace communication can have positive effects on performance including increased productivity, higher employee morale, repeat business, improved employee retention, and a healthier work environment overall. There are many factors that impact communication—both positively and negatively. What are the elements of effective communication? 8 Elements of Effective CommunicationFocus on the problem not the person. … The communication is based on congruence not incongruence. … Be descriptive not evaluative. … Validate, rather than invalidate, the individual. … Be specific not global. … Be conjunctive not disjunctive. … The communication is owned not disowned. … Communication requires listening. What are the 5 steps of effective communication? Step 1: Observation. The first component of effective communication is to observe what we hear or see without blaming, judging or evaluating. … Step 2: Feelings. The second component of effective communication is to express our feelings. … Step 3: Needs. … Step 4: Request. … Step 5: Putting it all together. How do you achieve effective communication? What are the most effective communication skills? What is the value of effective communication? Furthermore, good communication helps employees understand their jobs better, and keeps them informs of the status on important projects. All of that helps create a more pleasant working environment, and fosters a sense of camaraderie among all the team members: reducing conflict and improving loyalty among employees.
Coconut Oil Utilized in Countries India and Philippines Coconut is the most commonly recognized and found plant in the community. The spread of coconut plants is almost all over the region, and the population will never be able to live without coconuts. Do you know the world’s largest coconut producer? Find out in this article about coconut oil utilized in countries India and the Philippines. Unfortunately, with the advantages of coconut production volume, Indonesia is still inferior to other countries in exporting coconut, especially India and the Philippines. Many do not realize that Indonesia has the export power of this coconut. Moreover, many also do not know that coconut trees can be processed in all parts. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) or pure coconut oil is a popular healthy food product. Because it is believed to have health benefits. Then what is the difference with ordinary coconut oil? Ordinary coconut oil is coconut oil extracted from coconut meat and distilled for oil. This coconut oil does not contain coconut meat at all. The difference between ordinary coconut oil and VCO lies in its extraction techniques. Coconut oil or copra (dried coconut that has been taken fibers and shells) can be extracted or taken oil using cold milling or cold complication. This extraction process also includes some chemicals such as moisturizing ingredients about 6% in it. This is what makes the purity of coconut oil doubtful. Meanwhile, the process of extracting VCO is slightly different. Because the oil is extracted from fresh coconut milk. The VCO manufacturing process also goes through several stages. Starting from the fermentation process, churning (centrifugal separation), cooling, and also provide enzyme action to produce the separation of oil from water or moisturizer. In some companies, even VCO is made from fresh coconut that is boiled first to vaporize water. In addition to the differences in the extraction process, the VCO process also has other differences. Like the whole coconut and its tools should not be exposed to heat at all. See also One Cup of this will Destroy Your Nail Fungus: Home Remedies for Nail Fungus A good VCO-making company will pay attention to every material and manufacturing tool so as not to be exposed to machine heat or solar heat at all. Sometimes, all coconuts and machines are designed in cold conditions. This process is called Micro-expelling. Unfortunately, the difference between the two cannot be seen with the naked eye. Although there are differences such as the presence of particles, colloids, and humidity levels, as well as the clarity of oil. However, careful observation is required. Coconut oil usually precipitates fatty acids in it. Colloids are a mixture of two substances or a dispersion system whose particle size is larger than a solution, but smaller than a suspension. Unlike VCO, this oil is very clear even like the water. The colors of the two also differ depending on the manufacturing process. In terms of aroma, VCO has a fresh coconut aroma, because it is made from pure fresh coconut. VCO is rich in vitamin E and minerals, which are not present in ordinary coconut oil. Also, Virgin Coconut Oil is great for moisturizers, as it has more antioxidants than regular coconut oil. Because of the long process causes expensive VCO. Indonesia is one of the most VCO-producing countries. Also produced by the Philippines, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India, and several other tropical countries VCO oil is now favored by many countries and made a promising commodity. To furthermore, the famous coconut oil in the country where you can find out in Coconut Oil Utilized In Countries India And Sri Lanka is to explain this oil is naturally flavored and has flavor, your tongue will be able to receive the taste of coconut oil. Here’s about coconut production in India and the Philippines Coconut production in India Coconut production plays an important role in India’s national economy. According to figures published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, India is one of the world’s largest producers of coconuts, with a turnover of 11,706,343 tonnes (11,521,459 long tons) in 2018. The traditional areas of coconut cultivation are the states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Also, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, Gujarat, Puducherry and Goa, and the island areas of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar are other coconut producing regions. See also What is The Best Sweetener for Diabetics Reviews Coconut production in the Philippines Coconut production plays an important role in the Philippine national economy. In December 2009 from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, it’s the world’s biggest manufacturer of coconuts, making 19.500.000 tons in 2009. Production in the Philippines is generally concentrated in medium farms. According to the United Nations, coconut production in the Philippines grew at a rate of 5.3 percent annually from 1911-1929 and increased by 3.5 percent from 1966-1970. In 2012, the Philippines exported more than 1.5 million metric tons of copra, coconut oil, copra flour, dried coconut, coconut shell charcoal, activated carbon, and coconut fiber chemicals, an increase of 1.49% compared to the volume exported in 2011. Copra (dried coconut) and dried coconut accounted for about 6.7% of the Philippines’ exports. Why is coconut so important to the Philippines? About 25% of agricultural land is planted with coconut trees, and it is estimated that between 25% and 33% of the population depends at least partly on coconuts for their livelihoods. Southern Bicol areas of Luzon and Eastern Visayas were the centres of coconut production. In the 1980s, Western Mindanao and Southern Mindanao were also important areas producing coconuts. In the early 1990s, the average coconut grove was a medium-sized unit with an area of fewer than four hectares. Landlords, often absent, usually hire local farmers to collect coconuts rather than engage in rental relationships. The villagers are paid per unit. Those working in the coconut industry tend to be lower educated and older than the average person in the rural labor force and on a lower-than-average income. What about oil earnings in the Philippines? When coconut prices began to fall in the early 1980s, pressure increased to change the structure of the industry. In 1985, the Philippine government agreed to dissolve United Coconut Oil Mills as part of a deal with the IMF to save the Philippine economy. Then in 1988, a United States law requiring foods that use tropical oils to be labeled as hurting an already ailing industry and prompted protests from coconut farmers that similar requirements were not imposed on oil produced in temperate climates. By 1995, coconut production in the Philippines had experienced annual growth of 6.5% and then surpassed Indonesia in total world production. Facts about coconut oil which you may Not understand Coconut oil is believed to have a good nutrient content for consumption. In some countries such as in Asia, coconut oil is already part of the diet of some people there because it is believed that coconut oil is good for health. See also Wild Salmon Is Salmon That Is High In Mercury Coconut Oil Utilized in Countries India and Philippines Here are the advantages and disadvantages of coconut oil in India and the Philippines Noncommercial pure coconut oil Studies on several people who consume coconut and coconut oil as part of daily diets such as India, the Philippines, and Polynesia, do show low rates of cardiovascular disease. But it also depends on the type of coconut. Most of the coconut oil they consume is also homemade, not the result of commercial products. Bad LDL cholesterol increases A short-term test on 9-83 volunteers proved that when compared to consuming butter or unsaturated fats such as olive oil, coconut oil can raise overall cholesterol levels of both HDL and LDL. The rate of increase is almost the same as if consuming saturated fats such as cow fat and palm oil. Less good for the heart The American Heart Association issued a scientific statement in 2017 that coconut oil is a saturated oil that is not good for the heart. For those at risk or have heart disease, consumption of saturated fats is recommended no more than 6% of total calories or about 13 grams based on a diet of 2,000 calories. A tablespoon of coconut oil contains about 12 grams of saturated fat. High in calories Coconut oil contains as many calories and total fat as found in other fat sources, which is about 120 calories and 14 grams of fat per tablespoon. Coconut oil does have a unique and savory taste. If you want to consume it, it is recommended only in small quantities to bake and cook healthy and not very frequent food. Limited consumption Pure coconut oil will melt at a temperature of about 25 degrees Celsius. Before wearing it, stir first. If you want to use coconut oil instead of butter, researchers recommend using 25% less than the usual volume of butter. Sautéing vegetables with a tablespoon of pure coconut oil can enrich the taste of food. Great for hair and skin Despite stating more of the negative impact if eaten directly, researchers acknowledge that coconut oil is still beneficial for maintaining moisture in hair and skin. Especially for dry hair, apply coconut oil to taste and leave for a while as needed, then rinse. Related Articles Leave a Reply Back to top button
Bed Bugs 101 Bed Bugs 101 in Utah Everything you need to know about bed bugs. Bed Bugs are back and are making the lives of many people a living nightmare. The number of bed bug cases in the United States continues to climb and it doesn’t appear to be going away any time soon. We're the pest control scientists black bed bug drawing over a orange bed bug drawing Few pests are as difficult to control as bed bugs. Bed bugs are hard to find, resistant to modern pesticides, and extremely pervasive, and thus require considerable professional expertise. Bed bug feeding on an arm Bed Bug Biology The purpose of this brief biology lesson is to make you a bit wiser about bed bug behavior. The first thing we should talk about is that you are their food source. They feed on blood anywhere from three to twelve minutes one to three times per week. They prefer human blood, but they’re opportunistic and will feed off a dog, a cat, a mouse, or a hamster. Females lay two to three eggs per day—they are egg-laying machines. Those hatch in seven to ten days. They have five nymph stages and are adults in one to two months, as long as they have a food source. The average life span of a bed bug is six months to a year and a half. They can live a long time without feeding, some as long as six to twelve months. Bed bugs are cryptic and spend most of their time hiding in cracks and crevices waiting for their food, aka you, to return. Reddish brown bed bug feeding on an arm Bed Bug Sex Bed bugs have a unique way of copulating. It is called forced insemination. Basically, the male has a harpoon shaped genital that pierces the female cuticle in the abdomen. Women always think this sounds very pleasant. Females get copulated with often, generally after a blood meal, as males prefer to mate with fat females, so they almost always have enough sperm to continuously produce fertilized eggs. A female has to ovaries with 14 ovarioles and therefore always has plenty of eggs to lay. One adult female can cause an infestation. She gets brought in, starts laying eggs. Those eggs hatch and in 1-2 months they are adults and begin to breed with each other and we have an infestation.These behaviors are part of why bed bugs are so successful. Bed bug feeding on an arm Bed Bug Bites Bed bug bites are very difficult to identify and not everyone has the same reactions. Determining whether or not bed bugs are present should not be from bites alone. You need to find the bugs. Some people are not allergic to bed bug bites while others are very allergic and get red welts. People can also have a delayed reaction where the bites do not show up for up to fourteen days. How to Prevent Bed Bugs How does a commercial property prevent bed bugs? Step 1 Educate Educate your staff and tenants on how to identify bed bugs and how to avoid infestations. Pest professional inspecting for pests inside of a hotel Step 2 Inspect Schedule and maintain professional bed bug inspections. Thorn professional treating for bed bugs in a hotel room Step 3 Prevent Schedule and maintain preventative bed bug treatments. Step 4 Monitor Utilize bed bug monitors to identify bed bug infestations easily. Bed Bug Feeding Bed bugs don’t seek out water or eat cookies or crumbs left by your children, they feed on your blood. They feed from 3-12 minutes and then head back into hiding to digest the blood meal. Bed Bug Aggregation Bed bugs on the box springs of a mattress in Salt Lake This is an aggregation of bed bugs on the bottom of the box spring. The box spring is a very common place to find bed bugs. The underside of the box spring on the head side of the bed is probably the best place to inspect for bed bugs. Whichever seat has the best view of the TV is also another great place to inspect. How do I prevent bed bugs? • Become educated about bed bugs • Be careful about buying used furniture • Be careful when guests come and stay with you • Inspect your rooms when traveling • Inspect your beds for signs of bed bugs on a regular basis (Monthly is awesome) • If you travel a lot it can be a good idea to store luggage in the garage • When traveling don’t place luggage on or near beds How do I get bed bugs? Bed bugs are synanthropic, meaning that they live in close association with humans. They do not spontaneously generate and therefore they must be brought into a home or property. They are most often brought in on used furniture, luggage or bags, or from hitchhiking bed bugs on a visitor or house guest. When someone lives in a place that has bed bugs, especially heavy infestations, it is not uncommon for them to have bed bugs in their clothes, shoes, or belongings. Bye bye, bed bugs.
Fraternal polyandry The Dynamics of Polyandry: Tre-ba were organized into named corporate family units which hereditarily held sizable amounts of agricultural land from their lord. These family units held written title to their land and could not be evicted so long as they fulfilled specified obligations. On the other hand, however, they were tied to their land and were unable unilaterally and permanently to leave it. Fraternal polyandry It is closely connected to the institution of family. According to Gillin and Gillin, "Marriage is a socially approved way of establishing a family of procreation. Marriage is an institution of society with different purpose, functions and forms in different societies but is present everywhere as an institution. According to Malinowski, " marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children. Polygyny Polygyny is a form of marriage in which one man married more than one woman at a given time. Polygyny is more popular than polyandry but not as universal as monogamy. It was a common practice in ancient civilizations. Polygyny is of two types: Sororal polygyny It is a type of marriage in which the wives are invariably the sisters. It is often called sororate. The Latin word Soror stands for sister. Poliandria - Wikipedia When several sisters are simultaneously or potentially the spouses of the same man the practice is called sororate. It is usually observed in those tribes that pay a high bride price. Non-sororal polygyny It is a type of marriage in which the wives are not related as the sisters. Polyandry Polyandry is the marriage of one woman with several men. Polyandry is of two. Fraternal polyandry When several brothers share the same wife, the practice can be called fraternal polyandry. This practice of being mate, actual or potential to one's husband's brothers is called levirate. It is prevalent among the Todas in India. Fraternal polyandry Non - fraternal polyandry In this type the husbands need not have any close relationship prior to the marriage. The wife goes to spend some time with each husband. So long as a woman lives with one of her husbands, the others have no claim over her. Polyandry has its own implications. Traditional culture patterns It gives rise to the problem of determining biological paternity of the child. Among the Todas one of the husbands goes through what is called a bow and arrow ceremony with the woman and thereby becomes the legal father of her child. Among the Samoans, the children after the first few years are given the liberty to choose their parents for their permanent stay. The selected parent becomes the actual father of the children. Monogamy Monogamy is a form of marriage in which one man marries the woman.adjective. of or befitting a brother or brothers; brotherly. of or being a society of men associated in brotherly union, as for mutual aid or benefit: a fraternal order; a fraternal association. 一妻多夫制（いっさいたふせい）は、1人の女性が複数の男性との結婚が可能、または奨励されている結婚制度。雌が複数の雄と交尾する配偶システム。雄に育児を任せることも多い。ポリアンドリー。一夫多妻制（ポリジニー）と合わせ、複婚（ポリガミー）の一 . Polyandry is a mating system where one female courts many males. Its evolution in several animal groups, including humans, is discussed in this article. Fraternal \| Define Fraternal at Bibliografia źródłowa. Jiao, Ben. Socio-economic and Cultural Factors Underlying the Contemporary Revival of Fraternal Polyandry in Tibet (Czynniki społeczno-gospodarcze i kulturowe cechujące współczesne odrodzenie się poliandrii braterskiej w Tybecie). PhD dissertation (praca doktorska), Department of Anthropology, Case . Poliandria w Tybecie – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia
Welcome to Practical C Programming Practices (130+ Common Projects)!Learning C programming language and understanding C programming language are two different things. Almost every student enjoy learning C programming language. But, only a few number of these students actually understand C programming language afterwards. This is where the remaining students are left behind and kept wandering from one course to another over the internet to get the best knowledge on understanding C programming language with cups of coffee on their table everyday. 130+ C programming best practices for absolute beginner is a comprehensive and concise guide with over 15 hours of content that is designed to pick up every interested student from the state of “zero-knowledge” to a state of “Hero-knowledge” in C programming with lots of practical C projects. Why Must I Take This Course And What Benefit Is It To ME As A C Programmer? This is the only course on the internet that will help you to become a certified and successful programmer with an in-depth knowledge of the entire aspect of C programming and prepare you with the required skills necessary to build you to face job interviews and get employed as a full stack Software developer. Who this course is for: • Anyone looking to level up their skills and master C programming language • Anyone who wants to learn to code Also Check:- [100%OFF]Complete C Programming Fundamentals With Example Projects
Festival of the oppressed Submitted by Anon on 5 March, 2006 - 11:55 Why does Workers' Liberty always talk about class? Are people not oppressed in other ways too? By sexism, racism, homophobia and other prejudices? Yes, they are - which is why we see the fight for equality as an inseparable part of our socialism. Look around the world and back through history, and you will see that the fortunes of the working class and of oppressed groups rise and fall together. From Iran under the Ayatollahs to apartheid South Africa to Stalin's Russia, regimes which crush workers enforce other oppressions too. We cannot win full equality and liberation under capitalism. But even if we could, it would only be equality in exploitation. That might be good enough for gay businessmen or black Tory MPs, but it is not good enough for the rest of us. Socialism and liberation go together. You could not separate them if you tried - and plenty of people have tried. Capitalism breeds prejudice The French Revolution, which helped clear the way for capitalism to sweep away the remnants of feudalism, proclaimed "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity". But that is not the reality of capitalism. It has sexism and racism built into its structure. In the following articles, we will look at how. Capitalism is also fertile ground for many other prejudices. As the rich hoard society's wealth, everyone else is left to fight over the scraps. It is a competitive, individualistic, dog-eat-dog system which encourages people to lash out. Whilst capital causes misery, it does not want to take the blame and face united rebellion from its victims. So long as people blame refugees rather than governments for poverty, then we will fight amongst ourselves instead of against our common enemy. So the servants of the ruling class in the media and politics stir up hatred. This can become even worse at times of economic crisis, when the capitalists try to make working-class people pay the price for economic madness, and desperate people look for scapegoats. Fascist and other reactionary movements often grow in this sort of situation. Oppression is a class issue. Not only working-class people experience racism, sexism or homophobia. But a successful gay businessman usually has an easier time than a lesbian or gay teenager who can't afford to leave home. And a woman company executive has more in common with the man she sits next to round the boardroom table than with the woman who cleans it. We can make some progress under capitalism. Many forms of direct discrimination have been outlawed - usually after long, hard-fought struggles. But those gains are small steps. For example, the Disability Discrimination Act falls well short of eliminating the disadvantages that society imposes on disabled people. And whatever rights we do win, the ruling class can take away. For instance, feminists and the workers' movement have had to defend abortion rights ever since termination was partially legalised in 1967. Equality AND Struggle While the capitalists enjoy the fruits of bigotry and division, the working class has a strong interest in overcoming it. If we are divided, it is easier for the bosses to keep exploiting us. When workers fight back, the need to overcome prejudice is even more urgent. You are much less likely to win your strike if black people do not feel welcome on your picket line, or if women can not make it because there is no childcare. There is strong opposition to bigotry amongst working-class people. But sadly, there is also prejudice. Workers can be divided native against immigrant, grade against grade, old against young, as well as by race, sex, culture, disability or sexuality. The AWL challenges such prejudice. A socialist group worth its salt stands firms against sexism, racism and chauvinism. Unfortunately, it has become common on the left to keep quiet about issues such as honour killings, forced marriages or religious homophobia, for fear of appearing "racist". The AWL supports the people fighting back against those practices, and believes that oppression is wrong, whatever community or country it takes place in. What can socialism offer? Socialism will mean that everyone, whatever their gender, ethnicity, sexuality, background or culture, will share the prosperity and abundance, the freedoms and the rights - without any exceptions whatsoever. That's why Engels said that a programme for full equality must be a programme for the abolition of classes. And why Lenin said that a workers' revolution would be a "festival of the oppressed and exploited" - meaning that it would be the launch pad for universal human liberation. Socialism will not immediately eliminate all oppression, but by cutting the roots of sexism, racism and homophobia, which lie with class society, it will create the conditions for liberation. When human social relations are under the control of the majority, it will be possible to put an end to all forms of exploitation and oppression. Women and socialism Socialist Feminism The AWL believes that there can be no women's liberation without socialism, and no socialism without women's liberation. We are socialist feminists. Many women have felt alienated by other forms of feminism, which have come across as irrelevant, preoccupied with professional women's career aspirations, anti-men, or judgemental about your personal life. Our socialist feminism is not like that. It is about taking up the issues that affect women's everyday lives, about stamping out sexism, and about women playing a full role alongside men in changing our world. Before capitalism, goods were made in and around the home. Capitalism produced goods in factories instead, and in far greater quantities. But another essential part of the production process was left at home. Just as machines had to be cleaned, maintained and re-fuelled, so did workers. And just as worn-out machines needed to be replaced, so did worn-out workers. Housework and child-rearing remained in the home, and became sharply marked off from the rest of labour. Capitalism did not invent housework, but gave it a distinct sphere, private and isolated. Building on existing prejudices, and taking advantage of women's childbearing, the system allocated domestic work to women. Needing money, many women also sought employment either in domestic service or in the factories. Many aspects of women's lives have changed since then, but housework and paid work still comprise women's 'double burden'. As more women work for wages, there is no evidence that the hours women spend on housework are falling. Housework sucks: a daily and weekly round of cleaning, shopping, cooking, washing and balancing the household books - and as soon as it is done, it has to be done again. The allocation of housework to women is the foundation on which sexism is built. At work, women predominate in jobs modelled on our domestic role - such as nursing and cleaning - which are undervalued and underpaid because housework is undervalued and unpaid. The integration of domestic work with gender division in waged work ties women's oppression firmly into capitalism. The two do not exist independently of each other, any more than a car and its engine do. Because of this, women's liberation is impossible under capitalism. Capitalism will not pay for the free nurseries, laundry services, hospitals, canteens, food deliveries and other things that would free women from domestic drudgery and give us real equality. We can win some provision from the state, but we keep having to defend it from cuts, privatisation, closures and charges. Capital will not liberate women, because it would cost money. Liberation would require directing resources to need rather than to bosses' profits - the opposite of what capitalism is about. Laws do not deliver equality because they take for granted the capitalist system. A single mother who steals from a supermarket to feed her kids is acriminal and will be locked away. The same supermarket paying poverty wages to teenage girls working at its checkouts is committing no offence. What can socialism offer? We would reorganise domestic work on a collective basis. Early socialists had the vision of housework organised socially, with scientifically-advanced gadgets to lighten the load. Bolshevik Russia tried it, but lack of technology and economic development limited its success. Now we have the resources and the technology, we need to defeat the class that prefers to keep us enslaved in the home, and to bring to power the class which has the interest in reorganising household labour. Why is that the working class? Because the female half of that class would liberate itself from the kitchen; and because there is no other, lower class that the working class can get to come round and do its housework. Socialised domestic work would also free personal relationships from economic ties. It would end domestic dependency, and so would reduce women's vulnerability to abuse. Women's status would rise, as would respect for children. The movement we need How do we mobilise women for socialism? First, revive the women's movement. Second, put women workers at the centre of working-class struggle. There are many important demands to fight for - equal pay; free, state-of-the-art health care that meets women's needs; safe pregnancy, safe childbirth, safe abortion. The AWL believes that a new women's movement should be based on issues such as these - it should base itself on the needs and involvement of working-class women. There is a rich history of working-class women's struggle - the Matchgirls, Women Against Pit Closures, and many more. Women change during these struggles. During strikes in the 1990s, women from groups such as Women Of The Waterfront (supporting the Liverpool dockers), the Hillingdon Hospital strikers and the Magnet Women's Support Group became formidable public speakers and inspirational campaigners. Working-class women have a vast store of talent, ignored and suppressed by capitalism, which bursts out when prompted by the demands of class struggle. One Tory woman Prime Minister, and now a hundred New Labour women MPs, have taught us a bitter lesson. We can not rely on the political servants of the ruling class to deliver policies that benefit ordinary women. We can rely only on our activism and the power of the labour movement. Anti-racism and socialism Only the naive or the foolish look to the police to protect black people from racism. Black people need protection from the police. Anti-black racism was a product of the beginnings of capitalism. Under the pressure of economic interests, writers and thinkers developed the gut reactions of the slave-owners into fleshed-out theories. Black people were called sub-human, allowing the bourgeoisie to have their "liberty" and their slaves too. Pseudoscience said black peoples were inferior - because of head shape, or some other rubbish. Colonialism and the slave trade wrecked societies and civilisations. Much of the African past was destroyed. Imperialism in India reduced a fabulous treasure-house, the world's leading industrial nation, to backward poverty. Europe then built a whole racist ideology that the peoples of Africa and Asia were naturally "backward". In Ireland the British state brutalised the people and then blamed them for their own condition. They were described as "unstable, childish, violent, lazy, feckless, feminine and primitive". In the heyday of the British Empire racism and nationalism penetrated every part of intellectual life as never before. Immigration laws have been one of the major mechanisms of state racism over the last 40 years. The first modern immigration act was passed against Jews - the 1905 Aliens Act. After the Second World War, capitalism expanded, and British bosses toured Africa, the Caribbean and India looking for workers to bring to Britain. As the boom slowed, the racist right mobilised. It was led by Winston Churchill, the supposedly great leader of British democracy in World War 2. In 1955 Churchill proposed "Keep Britain White" as a Tory election slogan. The Metropolitan Police described "coloured people" as "work-shy" and content to live on National Assistance (state benefits) and "immoral earnings". Black workers found "colour bars" in clubs and housing. Racist attacks became more common, and in 1958 organised racists led a riot in Notting Hill, West London. "If you want a nigger neighbour, vote Labour" was a Tory by-election slogan in 1964. Margaret Thatcher said that "this country might be swamped by people from a different culture" before her election victory in 1979. The state underpins embittered racism through its immigration and asylum laws. Ever since the 1960s, Tory governments, and Labour too, have defined immigrants from Asia, Africa, and the West Indies as "a problem", and constructed ever-stricter laws and regulations to exclude them. The Immigration Act of April 1962 began the current process of formal racism - laws which discriminate against black people. Immigration Acts of 1968 and 1971 completed the process, barring almost all immigrants from Africa, the Caribbean and India except those joining close family. Since the possibility of "economic" immigration from such countries has been largely closed off, the government has set about closing the doors also to people fleeing persecution, asylum-seekers. What can socialism offer? In Britain most black and Asian people are also workers - and across the world the majority of working people are non-white. Either black and Asian people will play a major role in the socialist revolution, or there will be no socialism. Under socialism, emancipation from racism will begin with the absolute and unconditional abolition of every form of economic discrimination and disadvantage, and to full equality in all domains. Racial prejudice will begin to wither with the ending of the social system that produced and nourished it. Socialism would bring a radical expansion of democracy. It will mean democratic control over state bodies such as the police, immigration officers and the courts that institutionalise racism. It will mean freedom of movement and international solidarity between peoples. Rooting Out Homophobia For many gay rights campaigners, homophobia is simply a fact, probably arising from heterosexuals' ignorance or inherent prejudice. But it is important to try to understand its roots, so that we can fight it effectively. Socialists have attempted to do this, and the standard answer runs thus: homophobia is caused by capitalism; in particular, it is based in the structure of the family. But the roots of homophobia - and the role of capitalism - are more complex than that. Significant elements of anti-gay prejudice originate before capitalism; others are strongly shaped by capitalism. Capitalism has done quite a bit of good for homosexuality and for sexual freedom; but it also stands in the way of full liberation. Capitalism has created the possibility of the liberation of human sexuality: but to realise that potential, we need to surpass capitalism, to create socialism. Capitalism and homophobia However this did not extend to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) people. Capitalism broke up feudal, family-based production and brought people together in factory-based, social production. It was in this context that a homosexual identity, community, subculture and movement developed. The word "homosexual" was first used in 1869 in a pamphlet in Germany. Same-sex sexual behaviour has existed in many different societies through history. But available evidence strongly suggests that the notion of a "homosexual" as a type of person, an individual's identity, is a much more recent development. As the centre of production moved from the household to the factory, so the public and private spheres became separated. Capitalism benefits from a free supply of domestic labour to keep their workforce going. So the capitalists are pretty keen on "family values". Politicians compete to be lauded as the most "pro-family". Much of the language of homophobia is expressed in terms of defending family life, and anti-gay attitudes often coincide with traditional views on the family. The family helps to reproduce not only people, but ideas and values. But the family that is held up as paradise can be hell for the homosexual. Same-sex sexuality stands accused by homophobes of undermining male and female gender roles (and the assumption that they go together) and thus undermining the sanctity of family life. Homophobes often express their neurosis in terms of defending their masculinity or femininity - wouldn't want anyone to suggest that they are not "real" men or women. There is another aspect to the language of homophobia, which labels our sexuality as sinful, unnatural, against God's law. Although capitalism has put its own spin on these, they have been around a lot longer: they are pre-capitalist ideas. Moral and religious codes gained their appeal as a way of explaining a complex and mysterious world. They retain their appeal as what Marx called "the heart in a heartless world" - rules by which you can aspire to do the right thing in a world where so much wrong is done. The moral framework of sin also allows for scapegoating of sinners. Crime and disorder are not the fault of poverty or alienation, but of homosexuals and single parents! Rather than being a straightforward bourgeois phenomenon, homophobia seems to be sustained by both capitalist and pre-capitalist ideologies, interacting with each other. Capitalism has brought developments which have facilitated some freeing of sexuality. Workers in a modern big city have a much wider choice of leisure time and leisure facilities than peasants in a pre-capitalist village. A separation of sex and reproduction is made possible by contraception. But under capitalism, not everyone has leisure time, or enough money to get out and meet people. Access to the benefits of capitalism is determined and restricted by society's class structure. To go a step further - leisure facilities for all people; more leisure time through shorter working hours; adequate sex education and sexual health provision - requires prioritisation of people's needs over private profit. What socialism can offer Under socialism, the domestic economy would be collectivised. This would free our personal lives from economic ties, enabling us to form personal, rather than financial, relationships. Breaking up the "compulsory family system" would undermine the material basis for male and female "roles" and the supremacy of heterosexuality. As people gained more control over their own lives, religious superstition would lose its appeal, and religious authorities would lose their power to condemn people as "sinners" and incite hatred against them. It would be pointless to try to set out a blueprint of human sexuality under socialism: it could flourish in ways we might not yet imagine. And there should no need to resort to simplistic, unconvincing equations between capitalism and homophobia to persuade lesbian, gay and bisexual activists that they should take up the broader fight for socialism. Our case is for socialism as a "carnival of the oppressed", a new society that throws off the shackles of the class system whilst building on the progress that has been achieved so far. Add new comment
What Makes News Unique? What Makes News Unique? News is a way to tell the world what is happening in a particular place at a particular time. It is not as reliable as weather reports and financial forecasts. Examples of news include breaking news, political news, sports news, weather reports and stories on celebrities, products, or individuals. The term “news” has different meanings to different people and can mean different things to different people. It is therefore important to understand the difference between news and what it should be used for. News should be made available to the public in an unbiased manner. It is not the role of journalists to give information or rumors to the public. They are impartial news media professionals who have been appointed by a government agency such as the BBC to deliver news and current affairs. Their reports are unbiased and they do not attempt to endorse any cause in any way. They are there to report the news as it occurs. When it comes to education, it makes news easier for parents and educators to disseminate information. Education is more complex than most people think. It takes effort and time from many different people in many different fields and disciplines. Education includes all areas from science and technology to the physical sciences and education. When teachers make news value part of their lessons, it helps them relate different lessons to one another and makes it easier for students to retain the information they receive. News can be found in many ways and teachers need to make sure they are making the most of their news sources. News can come in the form of photos, videos, audio, or data. Photos can be found in arts and crafts, school projects, local newspaper articles, and blogs. In contrast, journalists make a living by obtaining news from many different sources and using several different platforms to inform their readers. A journalist is a professional who makes a living by writing or reporting on news. They can be a news anchor, a freelance journalist, a news bureau executive, or work for a news agency. The profession is growing in popularity because of the increase in stories being told by journalists. More news agencies are also reporting online, which allows their reporters to connect with readers anywhere around the world. There are many ways a writer or reporter may utilize the written word to relay news. News is important to many people because it is entertaining, informative, and may affect how they live their daily lives. Most news stories will be written about current events or local news. They may be about politics, crime, health, and many other topics. However, some news stories will be about things that appeal to the general public and make them interesting and sometimes news stories will even appeal to readers in a completely different way. When you read a news article or watch a news program, what you are reading or seeing has a tendency to make news out of the ordinary, and into the unique. It is because of this that most news stories have to be written in a different way than regular news would be. Even if you are following the same topic, you may be surprised at how different the information you are getting may be compared to the version that you have been reading. This is because of the uniqueness of the information you have been provided with. The appeal of having an interesting and different perspective as well as your own personal impact on the news is that it can appeal to a variety of readers and listeners. It can appeal to a younger audience because of the interesting and unique take on certain issues. It can also appeal to more mature readers because of the education and knowledge they may gain from the news. Article Moon Reset Password
Health anxiety We all worry about our health from time to time; being concerned over your general health and well-being is normal. In fact, worrying about our health can sometimes even be helpful. It can lead to us living a healthier lifestyle - wanting to give up smoking or eat a healthy, balanced diet. However, it’s when these worries start to take over your life that things become problematic. On this page, we’ll explore health anxiety in more detail, including the signs and symptoms and how therapy can help. What is health anxiety? For the purposes of diagnosis, health anxiety can be split into two different disorders: somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and illness anxiety disorder (IAD) - formally known as hypochondriasis. The difference between these conditions is subtle and, sometimes, both may be present. For this reason, health anxiety is a common term used to discuss a range of symptoms. Somatic symptom disorder If someone experiences SSD, they may mistake normal bodily functions as a symptom of illness. This is not to say that their symptoms are not real - common examples of symptoms may include tiredness or pain - but the person’s reaction to the symptoms is extreme. Illness anxiety disorder If someone experiences IAD, they may be overly preoccupied with a specific disease or illness, such as cancer. They may have no physical symptoms whatsoever but, instead, confuse normal bodily processes such as sweating or bloating, as a sign of the onset of the illness they are most fearful of. Another common term used synonymously with health anxiety is hypochondria. You may have heard of the term ‘hypochondriac’, used as an insult for people who worry about their health. The trouble is, these negative connotations can often mean that many people do not see health anxiety as a debilitating illness, instead, the person is seen to be dramatic or ‘overreacting’ about their health. However, this is not the case. For the person experiencing health anxiety, their fear is so real that it can consume their thoughts and feelings constantly. Intrusive thoughts can be unpleasant, regardless of the nature they take. But, if they lead you to believe that you are seriously unwell or are at risk of dying, this can be particularly distressing. Health anxiety can have a severe impact on a person’s quality of life. Health anxiety symptoms Everyone is different - you may be generally worried about your health and look out for a wide range of symptoms, or you may be concerned about one illness in particular. Below are some of the common signs of health anxiety: • You have no symptoms, but you still fear that you are sick. • A doctor reassuring you that you don't have an illness (or a test showing healthy results), doesn't relieve your nervousness. • You constantly seek health information online. • If you read about a disease, you worry that you have it. There’s a world of difference between everyday worries about health and health anxiety. This condition can be as paralysing and terrifying as any other form of anxiety - sufferers are often in a constant state of fear, checking themselves for symptoms hundreds of times a day and too scared to lead life as they would like to. - Counsellor Cathryn Bullimore discusses the fear experienced by those with health anxiety. The important thing to remember is that health anxiety is not all in a person’s mind. Anxiety can cause physical symptoms, such as headaches, dizziness, fatigue and nausea. Of the more extreme symptoms, health anxiety can also trigger panic attacks. So, if, for example, a person is afraid of having a heart attack, the symptoms experienced can be truly terrifying. In the following video, psychiatrist Dr Tracey Marks talks about health anxiety, the symptoms experienced and what treatments can help. Anxiety or OCD? Although it is an anxiety-based condition, health anxiety is often linked with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), on account of the compulsive behaviours that accompany symptoms. Seeking reassurance from doctors or the internet may, in some cases, provide relief. But, just like with OCD, such compulsions only offer relief temporarily - before the fear of illness returns once again. What causes health anxiety? There can be many reasons why someone starts to worry too much about their health. Perhaps you’ve had a bad experience with your health in the past or as a child, or maybe a loved one worries about their health excessively. Just like many other mental health problems, there can be a wide variety of causes or triggers. But, unlike some other mental health problems, health anxiety isn’t always an internalised problem - it doesn’t always mean that people are worried about their own health. Some people become preoccupied with the health of others. This can be the case, particularly for parents, who worry about the health of their children. Who is affected by health anxiety? It is thought that women experience health anxiety more commonly than men and, although children can experience health anxiety, it typically begins in adulthood. Having a medical disease or diagnosis does not necessarily exclude health anxiety - many people have both. In fact, for people that have their health anxiety realised, by being given the diagnosis that they most feared, this can present a new set of challenges. Columnist Deborah James talks about her experience of health anxiety and living with cancer, alongside fellow co-host of You, Me and the Big C, Lauren Mahon, on Happiful’s podcast I am. I have. Treatment for health anxiety Treatments for health anxiety are similar to those for OCD. The most effective form of treatment is thought to be talking therapy, specifically cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). However, some people may find that they need additional support, in the form of medication or complementary therapies, such as hypnotherapy. CBT for health anxiety Cognitive behavioural therapy can be really helpful in enabling us to take notice of our thoughts about a particular situation and recognise how those thoughts make us feel. - Chartered psychologist, counsellor and psychotherapist, Ilaria Tedeschi explores treatment for health anxiety. CBT aims to help you overcome fears by correcting irrational thoughts and changing problematic behaviours. By acquiring a certain mindset, you can learn to approach anxious situations differently and learn to tolerate discomfort and uncertainty. For instance, a therapist can help you to understand why your fear of illness makes you feel anxious and notice when and why your behaviour changes, in order to break this negative cycle. This can help you to notice that it’s not the presence of a symptom of ill health that is causing your anxiety, but the meaning you apply to the symptom. Related topics Search for a counsellor Would you like to provide feedback on our content? Find a therapist dealing with health anxiety All therapists are verified professionals. Related Articles More articles
a shot of dev knowledge What is Polymorphism? Polymorphism is an object-oriented programming concept that refers to the ability of a variable, function or object to take on multiple forms. In a programming language exhibiting polymorphism, class objects belonging to the same hierarchical tree (inherited from a common parent class) may have functions with the same name, but with different behaviors. The classic example is of the Shape class and all the classes that are inherited from it, such as: • Rectangle • Triangle • Circle svg viewer Below is an example of Polymorphism. class Shape //defining a virtual function called Draw for shape class virtual void Draw(){cout<<"Drawing a Shape"<<endl;} class Rectangle: public Shape //Draw function defined for Rectangle class virtual void Draw(){cout<<"Drawing a Rectangle"<<endl;} class Triangle: public Shape //Draw function defined for Triangle class virtual void Draw(){cout<<"Drawing a Triangle"<<endl;} class Circle: public Shape //Draw function defined for Circle class virtual void Draw(){cout<<"Drawing a Circle"<<endl;} int main() { Shape s; Triangle tri; Rectangle rec; Circle circ; // store the address of Rectangle s = &rec; // call Rectangle Draw function // store the address of Triangle s = &tri; // call Traingle Draw function // store the address of Circle s = &circ; // call Circle Draw function return 0; In the example above, • We used virtual keyword while defining the Draw() functions as a virtual function is a member function which when declared in the base class can be re-defined (Overriden) by the derived classes. • At run time the compiler looks at the contents of the pointer s. • Since, the addresses of objects of tri, rec and circ are stored in *s the respective Draw() function is called. As you can see, each of the child classes has a separate implementation for the function Draw(). This is how polymorphism is generally used. Types of Polymorphism • Compile time polymorphism • Example: Method overloading • Runtime polymorphism • Example: Method overriding
The Forncetts The Forncetts At the time of Christ, Norfolk was home to a British Celtic tribe called the Iceni and following the Roman invasion of AD 43 the Iceni lived alongside the Romans, retaining their own laws and a degree of independence. Many archaeological finds in Forncett confirm the presence of both the Iceni and the Romans in the parish. In 1997, a major find of Iceni and Roman coins (known as the Forncett Hoard) provided direct evidence for this. Forncett was described in the Domesday Book of 1086, which refers to four settlements; Fornesseta, Kekelingtuna, Tuanatuna and Middletuna. Fornesseta can be recognised as Forncett St. Mary, Tuanatuna and Middletuna occupied the land now known as Forncett St. Peter, and Kekelingtuna lay in the west of the parish, now known as Forncett End. As early as the 13th Century the name Forncett was applied to the whole area, and Forncett St. Peter appears to have been the "centre" of the parish. The Saxon church of St. Peter's was built in around 1000 AD, with St. Mary's church founded later, in the 13th or 14th Century. Forncett St. Mary occupies the north-east part of the present parish. It is bounded to the north by Hapton Common, to the east by the river Tas and to the west by what was then known as Deepmore Beck. The boundary with Forncett St. Peter to the south is not determined by any natural feature and may have been defined much later. Forncett St. Peter occupies the rest of the parish. It was bounded in the south-west by Bunwell Beck and in the south and east by lanes (called Processional Way and Stubbing Lane) that now exist only as footpaths. At the western extremity was the extensive Forncett Common which lay either side of what is now Common Road. A significant and discrete community developed in the west of the parish and by the time that Faden's Map of Norfolk was published, in 1797, we find the term "Forncett End" being used for this settlement. The settlement of Bustards Green, in the east of the parish, is also shown on Faden's map. The layout of roads within the parish is essentially unchanged today from that shown in Faden's map. In short, the major features of our parish have apparently changed very little for many centuries! The growth and development of the Forncetts from the end of the 18th C to the present day can be seen in the maps below (click on images to enlarge). By 1939 the parish had a total of 205 dwellings with a population of 723 individuals, and after the war Forncett continued to grow steadily with the majority of the new development concentrated in Forncett End. Picture postcards of Forncett The development of photography in the late 19th century allowed the production of the picture postcard which became a cheap and popular means of communication between the late 1890s and the First World War. Almost every village was documented with postcards printed to order by well- known postcard manufacturers. They were often sold in a local store or Post Office, and inscribed with the name of the outlet, thereby providing useful advertising. In the case of Forncett, series of cards were produced both by Fox's stores in Forncett End and by English's stores in Forncett St. Peter. The images below show some of these postcards (click on image to expand). If you have any that are not shown here (originals or copies) we would be very interested to hear from you. Forncett End Forncett St. Mary Forncett St. Peter
Advanced Character Physics The use of physically-based modeling to produce nice-looking animation has been considered for some time and many of the existing techniques are fairly sophisticated. Much effort has been put into the construction of algorithms that are accurate and reliable, but for games and interactive use accuracy is really not the primary concern. The important goals for games are believability (including stability)and speed of execution. This feature explains the basic elements of an approach to physically-based modeling which is well suited for interactive use. It is simple, fast, quite stable and allows for simulation of both cloth; soft and rigid bodies; and even articulated or constrained bodies using both forward and inverse kinematics. This article explains the basic elements of an approach to physically-based modeling which is well suited for interactive use. It is simple, fast, and quite stable, and in its basic version the method does not require knowledge of advanced mathematical subjects (although it is based on a solid mathematical foundation). It allows for simulation of both cloth; soft and rigid bodies; and even articulated or constrained bodies using both forward and inverse kinematics. The algorithms were developed for IO Interactive’s game Hitman: Codename 47. There, among other things, the physics system was responsible for the movement of cloth, plants, rigid bodies, and for making dead human bodies fall in unique ways depending on where they were hit, fully interacting with the environment (resulting in the press oxymoron “lifelike death animations”).The article also deals with subtleties like penetration test optimization and friction handling. The use of physically-based modeling to produce nice-looking animation has been considered for some time and many of the existing techniques are fairly sophisticated. Different approaches have been proposed in the literature [Baraff, Mirtich, Witkin, and others] and much effort has been put into the construction of algorithms that are accurate and reliable. Actually, precise simulation methods for physics and dynamics have been known for quite some time from engineering. However, for games and interactive use, accuracy is really not the primary concern (although it’s certainly nice to have) – rather, here the important goals are believability (the programmer can cheat as much as he wants if the player still feels immersed) and speed of execution (only a certain time per frame will be allocated to the physics engine). In the case of physics simulation, the word believability also covers stability; a method is no good if objects seem to drift through obstacles or vibrate when they should be lying still, or if cloth particles tend to “blow up”. The methods demonstrated in this paper were created in an attempt to reach these goals. The algorithms were developed and implemented by the author for use in IO Interactive’s computer game Hitman: Codename 47, and have all been integrated in IO’s in-house game engine Glacier. The methods proved to be quite simple to implement (compared to other schemes at least) and have high performance. The algorithm is iterative such that, from a certain point, it can be stopped at any time. This gives us a very useful time/accuracy trade-off: If a small source of inaccuracy is accepted, the code can be allowed to run faster; this error margin can even be adjusted adaptively at run-time. In some cases, the method is as much as an order of magnitude faster than other existing methods. It also handles both collision and resting contact in the same framework and nicely copes with stacked boxes and other situations that stress a physics engine. In overview, the success of the method comes from the right combination of several techniques that all benefit from each other: • A so-called Verlet integration scheme. • Handling collisions and penetrations by projection. • A simple constraint solver using relaxation. • A nice square root approximation that gives a solid speed-up. • Modeling rigid bodies as particles with constraints. • An optimized collision engine with the ability to calculate penetration depths. Each of the above subjects will be explained shortly. In writing this document, the author has tried to make it accessible to the widest possible audience without losing vital information necessary for implementation. This means that technical mathematical explanations and notions are kept to a minimum if not crucial to understanding the subject. The goal is demonstrating the possibility of implementing quite advanced and stable physics simulations without dealing with loads of mathematical intricacies. The content is organized as follows. First, in Section 2, a “velocity-less” representation of a particle system will be described. It has several advantages, stability most notably and the fact that constraints are simple to implement. Section 3 describes how collision handling takes place. Then, in Section 4, the particle system is extended with constraints allowing us to model cloth. Section 5 explains how to set up a suitably constrained particle system in order to emulate a rigid body. Next, in Section 6, it is demonstrated how to further extend the system to allow articulated bodies (that is, systems of interconnected rigid bodies with angular and other constraints). Section 7 contains various notes and shares some experience on implementing frictionetc. Finally, in Section 8 a brief conclusion. In the following, bold typeface indicates vectors. Vector components are indexed by using subscript, i.e., x=(x1, x2, x3). Verlet integration The heart of the simulation is a particle system. Typically, in implementations of particle systems, each particle has two main variables: Its position x and its velocity v. Then in the time-stepping loop, the new position x’ and velocity v’ are often computed by applying the rules: where Dt is the time step, and a is the acceleration computed using Newton’s law f=ma (where f is the accumulated force acting on the particle). This is simple Euler integration. Here, however, we choose a velocity-less representation and another integration scheme: Instead of storing each particle’s position and velocity, we store its current position x and its previous position x. Keeping the time step fixed, the update rule (or integration step) is then: This is called Verlet integration (see [Verlet]) and is used intensely when simulating molecular dynamics. It is quite stable since the velocity is implicitly given and consequently it is harder for velocity and position to come out of sync. (As a side note, the well-known demo effect for creating ripples in water uses a similar approach.) It works due to the fact that 2x-x=x+(x-x) and x-x is an approximation of the current velocity (actually, it’s the distance traveled last time step). It is not always very accurate (energy might leave the system, i.e., dissipate) but it’s fast and stable. By lowering the value 2 to something like 1.99 a small amount of drag can also be introduced to the system. At the end of each step, for each particle the current position x gets stored in the corresponding variable x. Note that when manipulating many particles, a useful optimization is possible by simply swapping array pointers. The resulting code would look something like this (the Vector3 class should contain the appropriate member functions and overloaded operators for manipulation of vectors): // Sample code for physics simulation class ParticleSystem { Vector3 m_x[NUM_PARTICLES]; // Current positions Vector3 m_oldx[NUM_PARTICLES]; // Previous positions Vector3 m_a[NUM_PARTICLES]; // Force accumulators Vector3 m_vGravity; // Gravity float m_fTimeStep; void TimeStep(); void Verlet(); void SatisfyConstraints(); void AccumulateForces(); // (constructors, initialization etc. omitted) // Verlet integration step void ParticleSystem::Verlet() { for(int i=0; i Vector3& x = m_x[i]; Vector3 temp = x; Vector3& oldx = m_oldx[i]; Vector3& a = m_a[i]; x += x-oldx+afTimeStepfTimeStep; oldx = temp; // This function should accumulate forces for each particle void ParticleSystem::AccumulateForces() // All particles are influenced by gravity for(int i=0; i } // Here constraints should be satisfied void ParticleSystem::SatisfyConstraints() { // Ignore this function for now void ParticleSystem::TimeStep() { The above code has been written for clarity, not speed. One optimization would be using arrays of float instead of Vector3 for the state representation. This might also make it easier to implement the system on a vector processor. This probably doesn’t sound very groundbreaking yet. However, the advantages should become clear soon when we begin to use constraints and switch to rigid bodies. It will then be demonstrated how the above integration scheme leads to increased stability and a decreased amount of computation when compared to other approaches. Try setting a=(0,0,1), for example, and use the start condition x=(1,0,0), x=(0,0,0), then do a couple of iterations by hand and see what happens. Collision and contact handling by projection So-called penalty-based schemes handle contact by inserting springs at the penetration points. While this is very simple to implement, it has a number of serious drawbacks. For instance, it is hard to choose suitable spring constants such that, on one hand, objects don’t penetrate too much and, on the other hand, the resulting system doesn’t get unstable. In other schemes for simulating physics, collisions are handled by rewinding time (by binary search for instance) to the exact point of collision, handling the collision analytically from there and then restarting the simulation – this is not very practical from a real-time point of view since the code could potentially run very slowly when there are a lot of collisions. Here, we use yet another strategy. Offending points are simply projected out of the obstacle. By projection, loosely speaking, we mean moving the point as little as possible until it is free of the obstacle. Normally, this means moving the point perpendicularly out towards the collision surface. Let’s examine an example. Assume that our world is the inside of the cube (0,0,0)-(1000,1000,1000) and assume also that the particles’ restitution coefficient is zero (that is, particles do not bounce off surfaces when colliding). To keep all positions inside the valid interval, the corresponding projection code would be: // Implements particles in a box void ParticleSystem::SatisfyConstraints() { for(int i=0; i Vector3& x = m_x[i]; x = vmin(vmax(x, Vector3(0,0,0)), (vmax operates on vectors taking the component-wise maximum whereas vmin takes the component-wise minimum.) This keeps all particle positions inside the cube and handles both collisions and resting contact. The beauty of the Verlet integration scheme is that the corresponding changes in velocity will be handled automatically. In the following calls to TimeStep(), the velocity is automatically regulated to contain no component in the normal direction of the surface (corresponding to a restitution coefficient of zero). See Figure 1. Figure 1: Ten timesteps and two particles. Try it out – there is no need to directly cancel the velocity in the normal direction. While the above might seem somewhat trivial when looking at particles, the strength of the Verlet integration scheme is now beginning to shine through and should really become apparent when introducing constraints and coupled rigid bodies in a moment. Solving several concurrent constraints by relaxation A common model for cloth consists of a simple system of interconnected springs and particles. However, it is not always trivial to solve the corresponding system of differential equations. It suffers from some of the same problems as the penalty-based systems: Strong springs leads to stiff systems of equations that lead to instability if only simple integration techniques are used, or at least bad performance – which leads to pain. Conversely, weak springs lead to elastically looking cloth. However, an interesting thing happens if we let the stiffness of the springs go to infinity: The system suddenly becomes solvable in a stable way with a very simple and fast approach. But before we continue talking about cloth, let’s revisit the previous example. The cube considered above can be thought of as a collection of unilateral (inequality) constraints (one for each side of the cube) on the particle positions that should be satisfied at all times: In the example, constraints were satisfied (that is, particles are kept inside the cube) by simply modifying offending positions by projecting the particles onto the cube surface. To satisfy (C1), we use the following pseudo-code // Pseudo-code to satisfy (C1) for i=1,2,3 set xi=min{max{xi, 0}, 1000} One may think of this process as inserting infinitely stiff springs between the particle and the penetration surface – springs that are exactly so strong and suitably damped that instantly they will attain their rest length zero. We now extend the experiment to model a stick of length 100. We do this by setting up two individual particles (with positions x1 and x2) and then require them to be a distance of 100 apart. Expressed mathematically, we get the following bilateral (equality) constraint: Although the particles might be correctly placed initially, after one integration step the separation distance between them might have become invalid. In order to obtain the correct distance once again, we move the particles by projecting them onto the set of solutions described by (C2). This is done by pushing the particles directly away from each other or by pulling them closer together (depending on whether the erroneous distance is too small or too large). See Figure 2. Figure 2: Fixing an invalid distance by moving particles. The pseudo-code for satisfying the constraint (C2) is // Pseudo-code to satisfy (C2) delta = x2-x1; deltalength = sqrt(deltadelta); diff = (deltalength-restlength)/deltalength; x1 -= delta0.5diff; x2 += delta0.5diff; Note that delta is a vector so deltadelta is actually a dot product. With restlength=100 the above pseudo-code will push apart or pull together the particles such that they once more attain the correct distance of 100 between them. Again we may think of the situation as if a very stiff spring with rest length 100 has been inserted between the particles such that they are instantly placed correctly. Now assume that we still want the particles to satisfy the cube constraints. By satisfying the stick constraint, however, we may have invalidated one or more of the cube constraints by pushing a particle out of the cube. This situation can be remedied by immediately projecting the offending particle position back onto the cube surface once more – but then we end up invalidating the stick constraint again. Really, what we should do is solve for all constraints at once, both (C1) and (C2). This would be a matter of solving a system of equations. However, we choose to proceed indirectly by local iteration. We simply repeat the two pieces of pseudo-code a number of times after each other in the hope that the result is useful. This yields the following code: // Implements simulation of a stick in a box void ParticleSystem::SatisfyConstraints() { for(int j=0; j // First satisfy (C1) for(int i=0; i Vector3& x = m_x[i]; // Then satisfy (C2) Vector3& x1 = m_x[0]; Vector3& x2 = m_x[1]; Vector3 delta = x2-x1; float deltalength = sqrt(deltadelta); float diff = (deltalength-restlength)/deltalength; x1 -= delta0.5diff; x2 += delta0.5diff; (Initialization of the two particles has been omitted.) While this approach of pure repetition might appear somewhat naïve, it turns out that it actually converges to the solution that we are looking for! The method is called relaxation (or Jacobi or Gauss-Seidel iteration depending on how you do it exactly, see [Press]). It works by consecutively satisfying various local constraints and then repeating; if the conditions are right, this will converge to a global configuration that satisfies all constraints at the same time. It is useful in many other situations where several interdependent constraints have to be satisfied at the same time. The number of necessary iterations varies depending on the physical system simulated and the amount of motion. It can be made adaptive by measuring the change from last iteration. If we stop the iterations early, the result might not end up being quite valid but because of the Verlet scheme, in next frame it will probably be better, next frame even more so etc. This means that stopping early will not ruin everything although the resulting animation might appear somewhat sloppier. Cloth Simulation The fact that a stick constraint can be thought of as a really hard spring should make apparent its usefulness for cloth simulation as sketched in the beginning of this section. Assume, for example, that a hexagonal mesh of triangles describing the cloth has been constructed. For each vertex a particle is initialized and for each edge a stick constraint between the two corresponding particles is initialized (with the constraint’s “rest length” simply being the initial distance between the two vertices). The function HandleConstraints() then uses relaxation over all constraints. The relaxation loop could be iterated several times. However, to obtain nicely looking animation, actually for most pieces of cloth only one iteration is necessary! This means that the time usage in the cloth simulation depends mostly on the N square root operations and the N divisions performed (where N denotes the number of edges in the cloth mesh). As we shall see, a clever trick makes it possible to reduce this to N divisions per frame update – this is really fast and one might argue that it probably can’t get much faster. // Implements cloth simulation struct Constraint { int particleA, particleB; float restlength; // Assume that an array of constraints, m_constraints, exists void ParticleSystem::SatisfyConstraints() { for(int j=0; j for(int i=0; i Constraint& c = m_constraints[i]; Vector3& x1 = m_x[c.particleA]; Vector3& x2 = m_x[c.particleB]; Vector3 delta = x2-x1; float deltalength = sqrt(deltadelta); float diff=(deltalength-c.restlength)/deltalength; x1 -= delta0.5diff; x2 += delta0.5diff; // Constrain one particle of the cloth to origo m_x[0] = Vector3(0,0,0); We now discuss how to get rid of the square root operation. If the constraints are all satisfied (which they should be at least almost), we already know what the result of the square root operation in a particular constraint expression ought to be, namely the rest length r of the corresponding stick. We can use this fact to approximate the square root function. Mathematically, what we do is approximate the square root function by its 1st order Taylor-expansion at a neighborhood of the rest length r (this is equivalent to one Newton-Raphson iteration with initial guess r). After some rewriting, we obtain the following pseudo-code: // Pseudo-code for satisfying (C2) using sqrt approximation delta = x2-x1; x1 -= delta; x2 += delta; Notice that if the distance is already correct (that is, if \|delta\|=restlength), then one gets delta=(0,0,0) and no change is going to happen. Per constraint we now use zero square roots, one division only, and the squared value restlengthrestlength can even be precalculated! The usage of time consuming operations is now down to N divisions per frame (and the corresponding memory accesses) – it can’t be done much faster than that and the result even looks quite nice. Actually, in Hitman, the overall speed of the cloth simulation was limited mostly by how many triangles it was possible to push through the rendering system. The constraints are not guaranteed to be satisfied after one iteration only, but because of the Verlet integration scheme, the system will quickly converge to the correct state over some frames. In fact, using only one iteration and approximating the square root removes the stiffness that appears otherwise when the sticks are perfectly stiff. By placing support sticks between strategically chosen couples of vertices sharing a neighbor, the cloth algorithm can be extended to simulate plants. Again, in Hitman only one pass through the relaxation loop was enough (in fact, the low number gave the plants exactly the right amount of bending behavior). The code and the equations covered in this section assume that all particles have identical mass. Of course, it is possible to model particles with different masses, the equations only get a little more complex. To satisfy (C2) while respecting particle masses, use the following code: // Pseudo-code to satisfy (C2) delta = x2-x1; deltalength = sqrt(deltadelta); diff = (deltalength-restlength) x1 -= invmass1deltadiff; x2 += invmass2deltadiff; Here invmass1 and invmass2 are the numerical inverses of the two masses. If we want a particle to be immovable, simply set invmass=0 for that particle (corresponding to an infinite mass). Of course in the above case, the square root can also be approximated for a speed-up. Rigid Bodies The equations governing motion of rigid bodies were discovered long before the invention of modern computers. To be able to say anything useful at that time, mathematicians needed the ability to manipulate expressions symbolically. In the theory of rigid bodies, this lead to useful notions and tools such as inertia tensors, angular momentum, torque, quaternions for representing orientations etc. However, with the current ability to process huge amounts of data numerically, it has become feasible and in some cases even advantageous to break down calculations to simpler elements when running a simulation. In the case of 3D rigid bodies, this could mean modeling a rigid body by four particles and six constraints (giving the correct amount of degrees of freedom, 4x3-6 = 6). This simplifies a lot of aspects and it’s exactly what we will do in the following. Consider a tetrahedron and place a particle at each of the four vertices. In addition, for each of the six edges on the tetrahedron create a distance constraint like the stick constraint discussed in the previous section. This is actually enough to simulate a rigid body. The tetrahedron can be let loose inside the cube world from earlier and the Verlet integrator will let it move correctly. The function SatisfyConstraints() should take care of two things: 1) That particles are kept inside the cube (like previously), and 2) That the six distance constraints are satisfied. Again, this can be done using the relaxation approach; 3 or 4 iterations should be enough with optional square root approximation. Now clearly, in general rigid bodies do not behave like tetrahedrons collision-wise (although they might do so kinetically). There is also another problem: Presently, collision detection between the rigid body and the world exterior is on a vertex-only basis, that is, if a vertex is found to be outside the world it is projected inside again. This works fine as long as the inside of the world is convex. If the world were non-convex then the tetrahedron and the world exterior could actually penetrate each other without any of the tetrahedron vertices being in an illegal region (see Figure 3 where the triangle represents the 2D analogue of the tetrahedron). This problem is handled in the following. Figure 3: A tetrahedron pentrating the world. We’ll first consider a simpler version of the problem. Consider the stick example from earlier and assume that the world exterior has a small bump on it. The stick can now penetrate the world exterior without any of the two stick particles leaving the world (see Figure 4). We won’t go into the intricacies of constructing a collision detection engine since this is a science in itself. Instead we assume that there is a subsystem available which allows us to detect the collision. Furthermore we assume that the subsystem can reveal to us the penetration depth and identify the penetration points on each of the two colliding objects. (One definition of penetration points and penetration depth goes like this: The penetration distance dp is the shortest distance that would prevent the two objects from penetrating if one were to translate one of the objects by the distance dp in a suitable direction. The penetration points are the points on each object that just exactly touch the other object after the aforementioned translation has taken place.) Take a look again at Figure 4. Here the stick has moved through the bump after the Verlet step. The collision engine has identified the two points of penetration, p and q. In Figure 4a, p is actually identical to the position of particle 1, i.e., p=x1. In Figure 4b, p lies between x1 and x2 at a position ¼ of the stick length from x1. In both cases, the point p lies on the stick and consequently it can be expressed as a linear combination of x1 and x2, p=c1 x1+c2 x2 such that c1+c2=1. In the first case, c1=1 and c2=0, in the second case, c1=0.75 and c2=0.25. These values tell us how much we should move the corresponding particles. Latest Jobs Sucker Punch Productions Bellevue, Washington Combat Designer Xbox Graphics Redmond, Washington Senior Software Engineer: GPU Compilers Insomniac Games Burbank, California Systems Designer Deep Silver Volition Champaign, Illinois Senior Environment Artist More Jobs Register for a Subscribe to Follow us Game Developer Account Game Developer Newsletter Register for a Game Developer Account Single sign-on to all Informa products Subscribe to Game Developer Newsletter Get daily Game Developer top stories every morning straight into your inbox Follow us
Women's Roles In Canada Essay 1772 Words8 Pages Before the Great War the country of Canada was still considered quite young in relation to the other nations of the world, having only became one not only fifty years before the assassination if Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand, and the declaration of war between the allied forces of Great Britain, France and Russia and the central powers of Germany, Austro – Hungary and Bulgaria. This would send a shockwave around the world more particularly with in Europe as they had no real idea of what would come in the next four long years. With Britain declaring war, its colonies all around the world were dragged in with it. From Canada all the way to Australia, the small upstart nations were forced to fight and even die to defend the honor of its mother country.…show more content… They had no flag, no anthem and still to this point very little independence from Britain despite confederation. But at the end of the war they gained the reputation of being an excellent military force, had strong men and woman, a new found respect and pride in themselves, and most importantly a great and reliable ally. What is commonly over looked is the contribution at home, more specially the contribution of woman. They filled the roles of men just as good and in some cases better than men. As a result this would make Canada more progressive in woman rights, politically and socially, even being granted to vote under certain circumstances during the war due a pending election. However because of the war, relations between English and French would divide even more due to conflicting opinions, on whether the war was Canada fight or not. So the result of the war did have its negative effects on post war Canada. Regardless because of the war Canada came out as a both stronger and healthier nation, for without the war we may not have received the recognition, the respect, admiration and most importantly the eventual full independence from Britain. For if the war never happened we may not be the nation we are Open Document
When the American chemical researcher Lyman C. Craig invented the rotary evaporation system in 1950, probably he could not imagine what an innovation he brought into the chemical and pharma industries. Advantages of the technique are numerous but some precautions have to be taken specially when treating samples prone to bump, like for example, ethanol. It is a matter of fact that experienced chemists carefully regulate the power of the vacuum or play with the bath temperature or thoroughly set the evaporation rate in order to avoid or drastically reduce the risk of bumping, occasionally associated with foaming. Since its invention the rotary evaporation technique has been growing and expanding almost constantly, going well over the boundaries of chemistry and pharma. One of the latest and unexpected applications, that probably Mr. Craig could not imagine to see 60+ years ago, is rotary evaporation applied to “molecular cooking”. The evaporation technique is usually associated to chemistry but in the recent years celebrated chefs have been using rotary evaporators in their kitchens and less famous chefs are now doing so too. In spite numerous, and inevitable, initial perplexities it seems it is a widespread trend, particularly in some countries. Contrary to applications in chemistry, where many times samples can be difficult to be processed, this is an ”easy” extraction, in general without any problem. Actually, in the large majority of the cases, more than extraction it is merely a question of cooking fresh food gently and precisely preserving taste, scent and nutritional facts by spoiling the combination temperature/vacuum. Usage of rotary evaporator cooking at home 1.Concentrating the purest and freshest flavors from a blood orange by removing the water. 3.Extracting brandy and syrup from wine. 4.Homemade aquavit, homemade chocolate liquor from the mixing liquid of chocolate and vodka, etc. How rotary evaporator help you achieve these purpose? 1.Rotary evaporator distillation function, which could separate a given mixture into its components based on their different volatility, through the process of evaporation and condensation (liquid-gas-liquid), to help you got you desired liquid. 2.You also could understand rotavapor distillation as separation, through rotovap distillation to separate food compounds from one another without altering them. The benefits of choosing rota evaporator cooking at home 1.Rotary evaporator with vacuum pump guarantee all evaporation process is finished under whole vacuum condition, which could lowers material boiling point, don’t need heat material to high temperature, not only could protect the original performance of material, but also could make evaporation more efficient and accurate. 2.Evaporating flask is immersed in a heated water bath (or oil bath 150 degrees), increases the surface area of the product, greatly speeding distillation and also, through forced convection, keeping the mixture evenly mixed and heated to promote stable, even evaporation. 3.Rotary evaportor condensers is totally sealed and made of glass, which is easy to visually monitor and adjust. Through this way, you could recover almost 100% of the solvent. Food made by rotary evaporator All kinds of juice can be concentrated by rotary evaporator through removing water and people can do it easily at home. Fruit juice and other juices are widely concentrated by rotary evaporator, which can provide us better taste and smoother juices. Besides juices, several kinds of foods are extracted by rotary evaporator. For example, extracting the desired flavors from a blend of alcohol, herbs, and fruit . And extracting brandy and syrup from wine is another using way. What’s more, because the complex composition of food samples, proteins, fats, and sugars often cause interference in analysis and detection. Therefore, rotary evaporator is often used for treatment in advance. Rotary evaporator coffee Coffee is a kind of food material that is ubiquitous on the market. It uses coffee beans and/or coffee products (ground coffee powder, coffee extract or its concentrate) as raw materials. It can add food additives without adding other food raw materials. It is a solid beverage that has been processed. With the development of technology, making coffee involves more and more techniques, for example, rotary evaporator plays a important role in coffee’s making process. In the process of making coffee, rotary evaporator is responsible for concentrating the coffee by removing the water from it. Related Products
Skip to content You are in site section: Explore Kenneth Slessor poem This is an excerpt from Kenneth Slessor's 1931 poem about Cook's third voyage chronometers: Five visions of Captain Cook Top: A timekeeping device from the eighteenth century. The mechanism is mounted in an eight-sided dark wooden case with a lid. The lid has the centre removed so that the mechanism can be seen when the lid is closed. The mechanism is in a cylindrical metal case sitting in the wooden case. Three white clock faces with black hands and markings are visible under a glass covering. The wooden case lid is attached by two brass hinges; a lock aperture is visible on one side of the case body. The entire unit is sitting on a plain white photography studio backdrop. The studio lighting casts soft shadows behind the device. Bottom: A timekeeping device from the eighteenth century. The mechanism is in an eight-sided dark wooden case. The case lid has had the centre removed so that the mechanism clock face is visible when the lid is closed. The white clock face has black markings and hands. The outer ring of the face has black numbers starting with sixty at the twelve position and moving in five second intervals in the clockwise direction. The next ring in has the usual clock hour markings in Roman numerals. A smaller clock face is inside the main face, toward the bottom. It has a single sweep hand and the numbers sixty, fifteen and fourty five in the twelve, three and nine positions. The bottom of this face is obscured by the brass outer ring of the main face. Two chronometers the captain had, One by Arnold that ran like mad, One by Kendal in a walnut case, Poor devoted creature with a hangdog face. Arnold always hurried with a crazed click-click Dancing over Greenwich like a lunatic, Kendal panted faithfully his watch-dog beat, Climbing out of Yesterday with sticky little feet. Arnold choked with appetite to wolf up time, Madly round the numerals his hands would climb, His cogs rushed over and his wheels ran miles, Dragging Captain Cook to the Sandwich Isles. But Kendal dawdled in the tombstoned past, With a sentimental prejudice to going fast, And he thought very often of a haberdasher's door And a yellow-haired boy who would knock no more. All through the night-time, clock talked to clock, In the captain's cabin, tock-tock-tock, One ticked fast and one ticked slow, And Time went over them a hundred years ago. by Kenneth Slessor, 1931. Top right: Cook carried the Kendall chronometer, K3, on his third Pacific voyage. Bottom right: Cook carried the Arnold chronometer on his third Pacific voyage. Courtesy: National Maritime Museum, London. Return to Top
Germany: Memories of a Nation • Germany: Memories of a Nation For the past 140 years, Germany has been the central power in continental Europe. Thirty years ago a new German state came into being. How much do we really understand this new Germany, and how do its people now understand themselves? Neil MacGregor argues that uniquely for any European country, no coherent, over-arching narrative of Germany's history can be constructed, for in Germany both geography and history have always been unstable. Its frontiers have constantly floated. Königsberg, home to the greatest German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, is now Kaliningrad, Russia; Strasbourg, in whose cathedral Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Germany's greatest writer, discovered the distinctiveness of his country's art and history, now lies within the borders of France. For most of the last five hundred years Germany has been composed of many separate political units, each with a distinct history. And any comfortable national story Germans might have told themselves before 1914 was destroyed by the events of the following thirty years. Neil MacGregor was Director of the National Gallery, London from 1987 to 2002 and of the British Museum from 2002 to 2015, and Chair of the Steering Committee of the Humboldt Forum in Berlin from 2015 to 2018. His previous books include A History of the World in 100 Objects, Shakespeare's Restless World and Germany: Memories of a Nation, all available in Penguin and now between them translated into more than a dozen languages. In 2010, he was made a member of the Order of Merit, the UK's highest civil honour. In 2015 he was awarded the Goethe Medal and the German National Prize. In 2018 the radio series Living with the Gods received the Sandford Saint Martin Award for Religious Broadcasting. For more on our cookies and changing your settings click here Strictly Necessary Preferences & Features Targeting / Advertising
Two Can Learn Better than One! Tags: grass Playing with Grass Permalink by Tikal, Categories: Kids Activities , Tags: gardens, grass, nature, park, seeds, sorting Find out more... Playing games is the best way to teach children and now the weather is so lovely it's even better to be out in the garden or park while you are learning. Here are some matching and sorting ideas to try out with grasses and seeds for you to find. 1. Pick some grasses and see how many you can hold without dropping! 2. Match the grasses: Find grasses with feathery seeds and interesting leaves. Try to get 2 of each sort. Lay them in a line and see if the little ones can pair them up, matching the same 2 grasses together. 3. Counting: Count the grasses together. Take a few away and count them again. 4. Put the grasses in order according to their length. Sort them by size and line them up to see the size differences. 5. Sort the grasses by shade and colour (if you have some green, some brown, some dark green). 6. Blow: Hold each grass and see what happens when you blow them. Do seeds fly off, do they bend or break? 7. Bug hunt: Sit and watch the grass for a while and see how many bugs and spiders you can spot scurrying about. 8. Shhh: Sit down and listen to the noises you can hear: cars, buzzing bees, laughter, a siren. 9. Picture: Take the grasses home and make a seed and grass picture with them. As a follow-up diary project, put some seed into a pot of soil and watch over the next few weeks to see if the seeds germinate and grow into new plants? How Does Your Garden Grow? Find out more... October 2021 Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun << < > >> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 XML Feeds ©2021 by ToucanLearn Ltd. Credits: CMS with Bootstrap
Question: How Did Maryland Get Its Name? What does Maryland mean? What does the name ” Maryland ” mean? The state of Maryland was named to honor queen Henrietta Maria (1609-1669), the wife of England’s King Charles I. All State Name Origins. Queen Henrietta Maria: What is Maryland’s nickname and why? Is Maryland named after Queen Mary? Maryland’s name honors Queen Henrietta Maria (1609-1669), wife of Charles I (1600-1649), King of Great Britain and Ireland, who signed the 1632 charter establishing the Maryland colony. Why was Maryland named after Queen Henrietta Maria? Henrietta Maria was not just any queen —she was a Frenchwoman and a Catholic in Protestant England. She married 24-year-old Charles, then Prince of Wales, at the age of 15. Her religion figured prominently during her time on the throne, and explains why Maryland was named for her. You might be interested: Readers ask: What Is The Capital Of The State Of Maryland? What is Maryland best known for? How safe is Maryland? Who is the most famous person in Maryland? • Edward Norton. Wikimedia Commons. • William H. Macy. • Montel Williams. Wikimedia Commons. • Mike Rowe. Wikimedia Commons. • Jada Pinkett Smith. Wikimedia Commons. • Kathie Lee Gifford. Wikimedia Commons. • Toni Braxton. • Julie Bowen. What are people from Maryland called? People who live in Maryland are called Marylanders and Marylandians. What are 3 interesting facts about Maryland? 5 Interesting Historical Facts About Maryland • The First Marylanders Were Native Americans. That’s right! • Maryland Became a British Colony in 1634. • St. • The U.S. National Anthem Was Written in Maryland. • Baltimore Received the First Long-Distance Telegram. Why did they leave Maryland? Why is Maryland shaped like that? Originally Answered: Why is Maryland such a weirdly shaped state? Because it’s southern border is Chesapeake Bay which is very irregular. The northern border was the Mason-Dixon Line above which slavery was not allowed. You might be interested: Often asked: How To Get Marijuana Charges Expunged Maryland? Who colonized Maryland? Why was Maryland a successful colony? The granting of the charter from King Charles I made Maryland the first proprietary colony in British North America. without social and economic persecution. Maryland was a place for both profit and worship. It was also an opportunity for Catholics to introduce their religion to the Native population of the region. What group sought religious freedom in Maryland? Who lived in Maryland? Leave a Reply Related Post
Home \| Speakers Clean Water Filter Clean drinking water filters can be the answer to many problems. For example, consider the beautiful island nation of Fiji. It was devastated last year with severe tropical storms, which among many other things caused the polluting of much of the island's water supply. Fortunately, the nonprofit group Give Clean drinking Water, which began in 2008, along with help from its network of donors and volunteers and another nonprofit group called the Fiji Water Foundation, was able to install more than a thousand clean and water filters in homes and other buildings all across Fiji, helping over seventy-five hundred people get clean water that they otherwise wouldn't have had. This access to clean drinking water helped prevent an outbreak of several diseases, including typhoid and E. coli, and helped prevent a great deal of death. Similar groups are working all over the world to give clean liquid filters to people who are suffering from overwhelming poverty so they too may have drinkable water. The United Nations has even declared March 22 to be World Water Day, an annual observance of the pressing need for more access to clean water all over the Earth.
Contort for Bangladesh In today’s Guardian Madeleine Bunting puts forward Bengali culture, and in particular the existence of the early Nineteenth Century Bengali Gazi scroll – which intersperses images of Hindus making religious offerings with those of Muslims making similar offerings as proof that different religious traditions are more than able to live in peaceful existence. This tantalising glimpse of exchange and commonality across faiths explodes the 21st-century idea of fixed religious identities always coming into conflict with each other throughout history. I happen to agree that different religious groups needn’t neccessarily end up at each other’s throats, but couldn’t Bunting come up with a better example of inter-communal harmony than that enjoyed in pre-21st Century Bangladeshi? Later in the same article she is forced to admit the following: The 20th century saw Bengal partitioned along lines of faith, a common culture and language proving unable to hold the country together; a fifth of the population fled from one side to the other of the new international boundary between India and East Pakistan, accompanied by horrific violence. But neither was a shared faith a sufficient basis for a nation, and Bangladesh fought Pakistan for its independence in 1971. To recap: the historical Indian province of Bengal was divided in 1947 (after much Muslim prompting) into Muslim and Hindu parts, the former joining up with what is present day Pakistan to form a single state. Then in 1971 the army supported by religious and political militias massacred intellectuals, Hindus and hundreds of thousands of various other enemies of the state, not to mention making ten million people refugees (most of them Hindus). That seems like a fair amount of religious conflict to me, and surely trumps the existence of a multidenominational scroll and some Bangladeshi folk songs sung by both Hindus and Muslims. Truly it is a trial for a humble secularist to divine meaning from the sayings of the Mah-ddy. Share this article.
HTA Home Page \| Articles \| United States/20th Century \| Student Rebellion in the Sixties Email to a friend Printer friendly Student Rebellion in the Sixties © 2001 Donald J. Mabry In the 1946-64 period, the number of college students in the United States doubled. By 1968, 50% of all 18- and 19-year olds were in college. Their sheer numbers gave them potential impact of society. 1. These were the baby boomers, the children of affluence and privilege, who were accustomed to having their way. 2. The sheer magnitude of students and of universities was important. Higher education was becoming democratized. 3. The necessity of the civil rights movement and the violent reaction to it created disillusionment with the system. 4. The Vietnam War bothered students as a morality issue and, for males, because they might get drafted and be killed. It began with the Free Speech Movement in 1964 at the University of California at Berkeley. The administration forbade the distribution of protest materials outside campus gates. Students refused to obey. the administration called in the police. The California Regents decided to punish the students. The students took over Sproul Hall, the administration building. See Free Speech Movement for an elaborate Web site about this movement. The idea that students did not have to obey authority simply because it was authority spread. Anti-establishment sentiment became prevalent. Some of this was ordinary adolescent rebellion, of course. Anti war Movement In March, 1965, students as the University of Michigan held the first teach-in, trying to convince people (including each other) that the Vietnam War was immoral and that the US should withdraw. The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was formed in 1960. Issued its Port Huron statement in 1962 in which it said "we seek the establishment of a democracy of individual participation governed by two central aims: that the individual share in those social decisions determining the quality and direction of his life; that society be organized to encourage independence in men and provide the media for their common participation..." In its Agenda For A Generation, it argued: We witnessed, and continue to witness, other paradoxes. With nuclear energy whole cities can easily be powered, yet the dominant nation-states seem more likely to unleash destruction greater than that incurred in all wars of human history. Although our own technology is destroying old and creating new forms of social organization, men still tolerate meaningless work and idleness. While two-thirds of mankind suffers undernourishment, our own upper classes revel amidst superfluous abundance. Although world population is expected to double in forty years, the nations still tolerate anarchy as a major principle of international conduct and uncontrolled exploitation governs the sapping of the earth's physical resources. Although mankind desperately needs revolutionary leadership, America rests in national stalemate, its goals ambiguous and tradition-bound instead of informed and clear, its democratic system apathetic and manipulated rather than "of, by, and for the people." The SDS became more radical as time passed, perhaps because of frustration at not being able to change much, and never dominated the student protest movement. It helped radicalize other students, at least by defining issues. It began a campaign against the draft, Reserve Officer Training Corp units being on college campuses, and campus recruiting efforts by such US governmental agencies as the Central Intelligence Agency. These issues resonated with millions of college students, even many who opposed activism. As the war in Vietnam escalated, student protests escalated as well. In 1967, 300,000 marched on New York City to protest the war and 100,000 marched on the Pentagon. In 1968, between January 1 and June 15, there were 221 major demonstrations on over one hundred campuses. Few were in the South, where people are raised to obey authority and where fear of racial integration among whites discouraged and tampering with the status quo for fear that black people would somehow benefit. Instead, the leadership tended to be the most privileged students and the closing of campuses in protest of the war or supposed wrongs tended to occur on the prestigious campuses. Students who had family financial backing and had always had their way tended to be the leaders. The TET Offensive in 1968 shocked the nation because the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong came close to taking control most of the major cities in South Vietnam. That they were beaten didn't matter; it was the realization that the war was being lost that unnerved many in the US. On March 11th, Eugene McCarthy, the peace Democrat, won the New Hampshire primary against President Lyndon Baines Johnson. On March 31st, LBJ stunned the nation by withdrawing from the presidential race to devote himself, as he said, to the peace effort. In April, 1968 at Columbia University in New York City, the SDS tried to get Columbia to break its ties to Institute of Defense Analysis and black students tried to stop the building of a gymnasium which would encroach on black housing in Harlem. The two groups marched together on Low Memorial Library but then split because they had distinct goals. The black students took one building and the whites another. Police were called in to clear the buildings. Columbia closed early. In 1968, it seemed that the world had gone crazy. In April, Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee and riots broke out in many cities. In May, French students, who were opposing the very conservative government of Charles de Gaulle, rioted. The French students came reasonably close to bringing down the government. In June, Robert F. Kennedy, probably the most popular Democratic Party candidate who was perceived as opposed to the Vietnam War, was assassinated in Los Angeles by an Arab fanatic. In August, the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia to squash liberalism there. The Mexican student movement had grown in size and scope since July but was brought to an abrupt end on October 2nd when the army and police slaughtered peaceful demonstrators at the Tlatelolco housing project in Mexico City. Worse, perhaps, was the change in the behavior of young people. Instead of crew cuts, males were wearing long hair, sometimes longer than the females who, themselves, were wearing their hair in odd ways. Instead of the carefully coiffured look, some young women were wearing their hair long and stringy! Clothing among the young began to defy conventions. Regardless of their political views, students began wearing working men's clothes (blue jeans) and underwear as outerwear (T-shirts). Established practices of coloring clothing were abandoned in many instances; students, for example, began to tie-dye clothing. They started using delivery vans for transportation instead of cars. Whereas popular music has usually been about sex and love, the rock'n'roll revolution was characterized by much more flagrant sexuality. Shortly after 1965, the music became much more sexual and, sometimes, laced with references to the taking of drugs. Some young people, probably a minority, began smoking marijuana or dabbling in drugs. The most shocking change was the sexual revolution as the ideal of no sexual intercourse outside of marriage seemed to go by the wayside. Although the ideal had never been absolutely observed, as the Kinsey Reports revealed, the idea that people could have sex with anyone they wanted at any time was startling. Moralists could not accept this change (which wasn't as pervasive as they thought). No doubt some married people were jealous at the new freedom. More than the civil rights movements and the anti-war movements, it was the social conventions being overturned that upset people. The average American was very upset with all this upheaval. Many believed that students had a very easy life, living on someone else's money, and should spend their time on studying, sports, and finding a mate of the opposite sex. Shutting down universities made no sense to them, especially to those who had to work to support themselves and others. The students seemed like ingrates, like spoiled brats. Although anti-war sentiment was growing, the majority still supported the war effort. They wanted a return to the old values. They wanted students to study not protest. They believed that any war the US fought should be supported. They wanted order. Many were upset about the changes, actual and proposed, in the relationship between blacks and whites. And they wanted their children to cut their hair, dress conservatively, stop using drugs, and follow the same paths to maturity as they had. Ironically, it was conservatives who were responsible for all this. They had created the cult of womanhood in order to get women out of the labor force at the end of World War II in order to return jobs to the who had been forced into the military during the war. Governments and private institutions bombarded society with the argument that a woman's proper place in the home, preferably raising children. As a corollary to this, they created a cult of childhood. According to this view, parents should have as many children as possible. The population boomed with babies. Parents and society could not do enough for children and should sacrifice almost everything to give them what they needed and wanted. Children, not adults, had priority in society. Suddenly, children had lots of money to spend. By the 1960s, they had more discretionary income than their parents and had become one of the richest, if not the richest, social groups in the world. Capitalists quickly understood this and exploited the opportunities inherent. Magazines, radio, movies, and television focused on young people as never before. Television, owned and operated by rich conservatives, grew parallel to the rise of the baby boomers. One soft drink manufacturer made it clear that it was the drink of the new, young generation. On the political front, the propaganda machine argued that the United States was free and democratic--the hope of the world--as opposed to Communism and the Soviet Union. The incessant barrage about democracy caused many students to look around and see the undemocratic parts of US life. They believed that they had been lied to by their elders. With all this attention and wealth, no wonder many young people abandoned the old ways. That American business created new markets from the student changes was a further irony.
22 July 2008 Architectural and Cultural Value of the Irish Handball Alley The ultimate aim of this research project is to help instill an appreciation of the indigenous handball alley among both the public and professionals, thereby securing a future for the ‘big alley’ as an important aspect of our heritage. Architectural Importance The handball alley has an inherent architectural, sculptural and aesthetic beauty, possessing a striking form unarticulated or adorned in any decorative sense. In celebrating the handball alley, this project has the potential to instill a greater sensibility towards Ireland’s architectural heritage and encourage confidence in our individual and collective potential to shape our surroundings. The handball alley was built wherever a site was available, on parish or donated private lands, institutional lands, and often attached to lime kilns and religious ruins. The later 60x30 feet alley tended to be free standing and typically unroofed. Referred to as the ‘big’ alley, this form seems to be indigenous to Ireland and continued to be built until the introduction of the international 40x20 feet standard in 1969. Construction methods of the ‘big alley’ paralleled the evolution of construction techniques in Ireland. Early examples were constructed from timber slats, followed by cut stone, rough stone or rubble, with cement, mass concrete, precast concrete and brick used in later examples. It is evident from surviving examples that the handball alley demonstrates the ambitious, non-expert application of these advances in construction technologies; in the making of their long, tall and thin walls, the stepped viewing galleries and changing rooms added in later years and the occasional roofed typology. “The setting, too, was simple, with little to distract the eye from ‘the stage’. A sloping hillside where spectators sat, a clay or flagged floor, a front wall with or without side walls or wing-walls as they were sometimes called.” (McElligot, The Story of Handball: the game, the players, the history, Wolfhound Press, 1984:p.9) Cultural Importance The handball alley was a significant venue in the cultural and political life of the surrounding community. For the most part it was built by voluntary local labour, though alleys were also gifted by landlords and patrons. In the early days, the occasion of a match was a significant local event with matchmakers among the spectators. The alley was often the venue for parish dances and gatherings. Local meetings of the United Irishmen were often held in ‘ball alleys’, the Irish Volunteers drilled in them, and they were also the scene of interegation and execution. The Game Handball is an ancient game, played in various forms all over the world. In modern terms, the earliest known records of its playing in Ireland date to the Statutes of Galway in 1527 wherein people were ordered to stop playing handball against walls in the town. Castleblaney, a painting from 1786 by John Nixon depicts handball being played against a ruined castle wall. Literature sources mention its playing from the mid 1700s, though the 1800s and into the late1900s, with rises and falls in popularity along the way. Although now an international sport and keenly supported in many parts of Ireland, its last great era occurred during the 1970s. Irish emigrants are credited with bringing handball to North America where to this day it thrives as an urban sport. It was included in the G.A.A. charter from its foundation. The first G.A.A. Handball Championships were held in 1923, coinciding with a renewed interest in the game evident by the construction of purpose built handball alleys across the country during the preceding decade. Interest in the game went through a period of decline in the early decades of the 20th century as people began to move to towns and cities and transportation advances made it easier to assemble teams of people for the increasingly popular hurling and football games. Interest revived when television and other media coverage broadened their focus beyond these two games. Air travel made Ireland accessible for competitors from the USA but while this initially strengthened the popularity of handball, it subsequently contributed to its decline as a ‘national pastime’. Now positioned in a world rather than national arena, international rules began to dominate, with the international standard adopted in 1969. This required the changing the ball from the ‘Irish hardball’ to a soft rubber ball and reducing the court size to 20x40 feet. New, mainly indoor, covered courts were built and use of the ‘big alley’ declined. Post a Comment
Kirkland Roman Fortlet The Kirkland Roman Fortlet was discovered from the air by the RCAHMS in 1989 and first reported in Britannia the following year, this suspected Roman fortlet was partially excavated by Lawrence Keppie (in 1992?) who confirmed the character of the site. Keppie recorded the remains of a small Roman fort or fortlet defended by a rampart and single ditch which had been heavily damaged by ploughing leaving no internal features. The north-western quadrant of the fortlet appears to have been lost to the eroding effects of the Cairn Water while the south-western corner-angle narrowly missed being destroyed during the building of a railway cutting (now abandoned) in the 19th century. Excavation indicated a single build and occupation sometime during the Flavian period, which apparently ended with the fortlet being deliberately demolished prior to the garrison’s withdrawal. Keppie believes that this fortlet may represent part of another, as yet unidentified and unconfirmed, line of communication between the fort complex at Drumlanrig and the capital of the local Novantae tribe at Stranraer. This communications link presumably ran west from Kirkland along the south bank of the Cairn Water and then south-west along the valley of the Castlefairn Water and the Blackmark Burn to Corriedoo, closely following the course taken by the modern A702. Thereafter the postulated Roman route ran west-south-west via either Saint John’s Town of Dalry or New Galloway to Newton Stewart, following the course taken by the modern A712. References for Kirkland • Britannia xxi (1990) p.312; • Britannia xxiv (1993) p.281. Map References for Kirkland NGRef: NX804901 OSMap: LR78 OS National Grid Reference: NX804901 Dimensions: 203 x 165+ ft (c.62 x 50+ m) Area: c.¾-acre (c.0.31ha) Roman Roads near Kirkland None identified
But they were impressed – the thing that impressed the most the Spanish people were the Inca roads. 77. Gold was described as "sweat of the sun" just as silver was the "tears of the moon". The national coat of arms, from the 1820s, includes a vicuña. Our little llama is made of gold, a key substance in Inca myth. It's hollow, made up of hammered-out thin leaves of gold, and so it's very light. However, llamas continued to be widely used for long-distance trips in the Andes for most of the twentieth century. Llamas were the primary source of transportation therefore they played an important part in the Incas culture. we're in central Asia, with an astronomer prince and a jade cup. The whole must come out together from the throat downwards. During the Inca Empire the ritual killing of this animal was an important part of the major official celebrations. The Inca believed that gold was the sweat of the sun god, Inti, while silver was the tears of his wife, the moon goddess Mama-Quilla. Inside the box, the scientists found a tiny rolled cylinder of gold sheeting and a figurine of a llama made from Spondylus, the coral-hued shell of a spiny oyster that was rare and valuable. Alternatively, and less comfortably, it may have been part of one of the other Inca religious rituals. Measuring about 14 by 10 by 6.5 inches, it had a concave offering cavity that was sealed by a round stone plug, undisturbed since the box was deposited more than five centuries ago. During the last five centuries several functions of the llama, and the other Andean camelids, have been replaced by animals of Old World origin, like the cow for meat, and the donkey for transport. And if you see the extension of the Inca Empire, if you compare them in the map with the Aztecs, it’s like four of five times more than the other big empire in the Americas. And as the Peruvian Inca expert Gabriel Ramon explains, llamas were sacrificed by the thousand: "As in any other big civilisation, I think that the Incas have [a] religious calendar. If we yield to the Inca, we shall be obliged to give up our former freedom, our best land, our most beautiful women and girls, our customs, our laws . This figurine has been made from hammered gold. Each Tuesday, Arts&Life will focus on one artefact on show as part of A History of the World in 100 Objects, an exhibition running until August 1 at Manarat Al Saadiyat, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi. Some of them were big enough to provide transport. This llama is important because very few Inca gold objects remain. Description: Hollow 18kt gold llama, standing on four cylindrical legs, each slightly flared to the tubular body and terminating with split-toe hooves. US Election map: which states have Donald Trump and Joe Biden won? It's the sound that around five hundred years ago accompanied the building of an empire, the Empire of the Inca - bigger than Ottoman Turkey, bigger than Ming China, in fact, the largest in the world. It's an engagingly sprightly figure. In 1532 the Spanish would come, and everything would collapse. All rights reserved. Coronavirus latest: UN calls special General Assembly session on pandemic, Saudi Arabia to host Formula One race in 2021, Biden in ‘no doubt’ he will win as gap narrows in key state but Trump cries foul, Second man charged with murder of man linked to Dubai crime boss, Trump or Biden: 54 celebrities who have spoken about who they'll be voting for, From Bella to Ramy: 11 Muslim US celebrities who have opened up about their faith, The country where he found love: Sean Connery's special connection to Morocco, Four Abu Dhabi cultural centres to reopen soon, 'Among Us': the online survival game that's all about deceit, Each Tuesday, Arts&Life will focus on one artefact on show as part of, , an exhibition running until August 1 at Manarat Al Saadiyat, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi. The domestication of the llama was important for the development of Andean civilisations in several ways: it’s a transport animal, its big enough to carry packs and so it permitted horizontal integration of human societies in the Andes, it permitted transport, eventually from Chile up to Ecuador in stages.
Question: How Big Are Continents Really? How big is Africa compared to continents? The continent of Africa is larger than the United States, China and Brazil combined. At 30.2 million square kilometers, its land mass covers 20.4 percent of the earth’s total land area. The population of Africa numbers 1 billion, while the North American continent is home to 528 million souls.. Is Greenland actually that big? The most glaring example of this distortion is Greenland, appears to be roughly the same size as Africa. In reality, as mentioned above Greenland is just 2,166,086 sq km and whereas Africa is 30,043,862 sq km, nearly 14-and-a-half times larger. Which country has the best map? Top 10 Countries with the Most Beautiful Shapes (on the map)Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka. … Croatia. Croatia. … Russia. Russia. … Greece. Greece. … Chile. Chile. … Cyprus. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean, after Sicily and Sardinia. … United Arab Emirates. United Arab Emirates. Look at that. … Italy. Italy. There it is.More items…• Is UK richer than Australia? Is Texas bigger than Australia? Australia is about 11 times bigger than Texas. Texas is approximately 678,052 sq km, while Australia is approximately 7,741,220 sq km, making Australia 1,042% larger than Texas. Where does Africa rank in size? Is Greenland bigger than Australia? What’s the size of Greenland? 2.166 million km²Greenland/Area Which map projection shows the true size of Australia? The map reveals Australia nearly covers the whole of Europe and when placed next to the United States – minus Alaska and Hawaii – below the equator appear to be the exact same size. The interactive map was inspired by the Mercator projection to have the 2D map accurately resemble the earth. How does the true size of work? Is Canada bigger than the US? Canada is considerably larger than the U.S., in sheer land mass, but has about one tenth the human population, some 31,000,000, creating some interesting challenges in animal protection. The entire population of Canada is about the same as can be found in the state of California. What country is the same size as Greenland? Why is Africa smaller on the map? It’s all down to the European cartographer Geert de Kremer, better known as Mercator, and his 16th century map projection — a common template for world maps today — which distorts the size of countries. Is Australia or USA bigger? Is Canada bigger than Australia? Australia is approximately 7,741,220 sq km, while Canada is approximately 9,984,670 sq km, making Canada 29% larger than Australia. Meanwhile, the population of Australia is ~25.5 million people (12.2 million more people live in Canada).
Why Don’t Hunters See Bigfoot? BigfootA common criticism consistent with Bigfoot skeptics is that if there are Bigfoot creatures living in the forest why is it that hunters don’t see them and shoot them? Why don’t hunters see Bigfoot? The visual Bigfoot reports suggest that the question itself is not true. Sportsmen do see Bigfoot. Hunters tracking game animals accidentally stumble across Bigfoot in the forests quite often. Like anomalien.com on Facebook To stay in touch & get our latest news It happens almost every hunting season in every state where Bigfoot is believed to reside. Somewhere around two in every ten actual Bigfoot sightings are from a sportsman. Every year a large amount of consistent Bigfoot sightings come from creditable hunters, fisherman and other outdoor sportsman all over the United States. Answering the first part of the question gives Bigfoot skeptics what they believe is more validity for the claim that there is no Bigfoot. If so many hunters see Bigfoot why is it that none of them have bothered to shoot one. It’s a good question and there are good answers. When the hunters who have seen Bigfoot are asked that question their answers are almost always the same. It looked too “humanlike” to shoot. Hunters are trained not to shoot at anything that looks like it could be another human being. It’s really this simple – If it’s walking on two legs hunters won’t shoot it. Some hunters have also said that they didn’t want to take a chance at shooting because it could have been someone walking around in a costume. While not completely impossible it would be an extremely dangerous prank for someone to put on a fur suit and strut around in the forest during hunting season. Hunter’s go into the forest looking for a specific game animal to kill like deer, rabbit, wild turkey, etc. They do not go into the forest deliberately looking for Bigfoot. When a hunter comes upon a Bigfoot they almost immediately go into shock. They expected to see a deer bouncing through the forest instead they are confronted by an enormous seven to eight feet tall, 300 to 600 pound creature the likes of which they have never seen before. Almost all hunters said that if threatened by a Bigfoot they would defend themselves. However, hunters never have to resort to self-defense. When confronted the Bigfoot seems to be just as shocked as the hunter. Their first reaction is to turn tail and head steadily in the opposite direction. A Bigfoot creature usually doesn’t waste any time fleeing the scene that’s why most sighting don’t last for more than 15 to 30 seconds. Hunters never attempt to follow the Bigfoot deeper into the forest. Fear and shock usually forces the hunter to do the natural thing, which is to get out of the forest as fast as possible. There have been hunters treated at local hospitals for severe trauma related symptoms after reporting a face-to-face encounter with a Bigfoot. A few hunters have said that they were temped to take a shot at Bigfoot, but after examining the situation decided not to because of the creature’s incredible size and muscular shape. They thought that the simple hunting rifles they were using would not be enough to bring down the massive creature, and they feared that if threatened the Bigfoot might turn and attack the hunter. Before someone asks why hunters don’t equip themselves with high-powered guns and go off into the forest to blast a Bigfoot it must be pointed out that it is illegal to carry firearms in US forests beyond a certain caliber, (caliber varies from state to state). If you are caught with an illegal firearm you will be looking at some serious fines and jail time – possibly felony charges weapons charges. Also, shooting a Bigfoot anywhere in the United States is considered poaching, another crime that carries serious penalties. The vast majority of hunters obey all of the federal and state hunting laws. It is also a common misconception that hunting dogs, or bloodhounds should be able to track down Bigfoot. As most hunters already know these hunting dogs are taught from birth to only pursue a certain animal’s scent and to ignore all other scents. Bloodhounds can track human beings using scent, but again these dogs have been trained to track human beings. You can’t just tell a dog to, “find a Bigfoot” and expect the dog to run off into the forest and return with a Bigfoot in their mouth. Whether you believe in Bigfoot or not, it can not be said that hunter’s do not experience Bigfoot sightings. Outdoor Sportsmen make up a large majority of eyewitness reports. During certain times of each year both hunters and Bigfoot share the forest. It’s not coincidence that eventually by accident these two would meet. When you’re hunting in the forest keep an eye out for giants. Newsletter Updates Enter your email address below to subscribe to our newsletter Leave a Reply
cursor: hand; and cursor: pointer explanation – level 200 Even though FireFox is now losing ground to Internet Explorer, web developers must still ensure websites and web applications look good and function well in all the browsers potential customers may be using. It is irresponsible to only test a web application in one browser when users may use the application for multiple browsers. There are many special things one must do to ensure browser compatibility. Using CSS is one of them, but even with a well-defined style sheet, browser differences can cause headaches. In order to ensure that the mouse pointer is a hand over any given element, use: cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; This will be effective in all the major browsers. cursor: hand; works in IE, and without testing with another browser, one would not find this visual bug. FireFox, for instance will only recognize cursor: pointer; IE 6 will recognize cursor: pointer, but IE 5 won’t. Using both declarations will ensure the proper look in all the major browsers.
New Explanation For Missing Global Warming? Scientists Claim Extratropical Volcanoes Underestimated! Share this... Readers should note that among climate modelers volcanoes and atmospheric aerosols have been a favorite way of fudging climate models to explain away inconvenient cooling periods that weren’t supposed to happen in a system that is supposed to be dominated by trace gas CO2. Extratropical volcanoes influence climate more than assumed Study shows surprisingly strong cooling after volcanic eruptions in mid and high latitudes Sarychev volcano (Russia’s Kuril Islands, northeast of Japan) in an early stage of eruption on June 12, 2009. Image: NASA GEOMAR, 28 January 2019 / Kiel, Oslo. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 had a significant impact on climate, decreasing global mean temperature by about 0.5°C. Like the famous eruptions of Krakatau (1883) and Tambora (1815), Pinatubo is located in the tropics, which has been considered an important factor underlying its strong climate forcing. However, an international research group led by the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel has published today a study in the journal Nature Geoscience that shows that explosive extratropical eruptions can have a strong impact on the climate too. Volcanic impact on climate significantly upgraded In recent decades, extratropical eruptions including Kasatochi (Alaska, USA, 2008) and Sarychev Peak (Russia, 2009) have injected sulfur into the lower stratosphere. The climatic forcing of these eruptions has however been weak and short-lived. So far, scientists have largely assumed this to be a reflection of a general rule; that extratropical eruptions lead to weaker forcing than their tropical counterparts. Researchers from the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, the University of Oslo, the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg together with colleagues from Switzerland, the UK and the USA now contradict this assumption in the international journal Nature Geoscience. Extratropical eruptions actually cool more than tropical eruptions “Our investigations show that many extratropical volcanic eruptions in the past 1250 years have caused pronounced surface cooling over the Northern Hemisphere, and in fact, extratropical eruptions are actually more efficient than tropical eruptions in terms of the amount of hemispheric cooling in relation to the amount of sulfur emitted by the eruptions,” says Dr. Matthew Toohey from GEOMAR, first author of the current study. Large-scale cooling after volcanic eruptions occurs when volcanoes inject large quantities of sulfur gases into the stratosphere, a layer of the atmosphere which starts at about 10-15 kilometers height. There the sulfur gases produce a sulfuric aerosol haze that persists for months or years. The aerosols reflect a portion of incoming solar radiation, which can no longer reach the lower layers of the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface. Until now, the assumption was that aerosols from volcanic eruptions in the tropics have a longer stratospheric lifetime because they have to migrate to mid or high latitudes before they can be removed. As a result they would have a greater effect on the climate. Aerosols from eruptions at higher latitudes would be removed from the atmosphere more quickly. The recent extratropical eruptions, which had minimal but measurable effects on the climate, fit this picture. However, these eruptions were much weaker than that of Pinatubo. To quantify the climate impact of extratropical vs. tropical eruptions, Dr. Toohey and his team compared new long-term reconstructions of volcanic stratospheric sulfur injection from ice cores with three reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere summer temperature from tree rings extending back to 750 CE. Surprisingly, the authors found that extratropical explosive eruptions produced much stronger hemispheric cooling in proportion to their estimated sulfur release than tropical eruptions. To help understand these results, Dr. Toohey and his team performed simulations of volcanic eruptions in the mid to high latitudes with sulfur amounts and injection heights equal to that of Pinatubo. They found that the lifetime of the aerosol from these extratropical explosive eruptions was only marginally smaller than for tropical eruptions. Furthermore, the aerosol was mostly contained within the hemisphere of eruption rather than globally, which enhanced the climate impact within the hemisphere of eruption. Injection height plays key role The study goes on to show the importance of injection height within the stratosphere on the climate impact of extratropical eruptions. “Injections into the lowermost extratropical stratosphere lead to short-lived aerosol, while those with stratospheric heights similar to Pinatubo and the other large tropical eruptions can lead to aerosol lifetimes roughly similar to the tropical eruptions”, says co-author Prof. Dr. Kirstin Krüger from the University of Oslo. Climatologists forced to revamp the models The results of this study will help researchers better quantify the degree to which volcanic eruptions have impacted past climate variability. It also suggests that future climate will be affected by explosive extratropical eruptions. “There have been relatively few large explosive eruptions recorded in the extratropics compared to the tropics over the last centuries, but they definitely do happen” says Dr. Toohey. The strongest Northern Hemisphere cooling episode of the past 2500 years was initiated by an extratropical eruption in 536 CE. This new study helps explain how the 536 CE eruption could have produced such strong cooling. Share this... 5 responses to “New Explanation For Missing Global Warming? Scientists Claim Extratropical Volcanoes Underestimated!” 1. sasquatch Extratropical eruption that didn’t go unnoticed. Laki Eruption 2. tom0mason Also of note is the Aleutian Arc, from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, and forms the northern portion of the Pacific “ring of fire”. Maybe, like sasquatch’s linked paper, the recent continual burbling of these volcanoes are cooling the northern hemisphere, and may do more so in the coming decades. 3. RickWill More proof that climate modellers are incompetent and their models useless. Yesterday they thought they had misplaced a lot of heat in the oceans. Today they think the missing heat wasn’t there anyway. They dream up these fairy tales simply to avoid the obvious – there is no connection between atmospheric CO2 concentration and surface temperature. A kindy child could come up with better stories. 4. Yonason Behind the scenes, how the warming saga began. 5. rah It’s never ending. No waders are high enough to get through the mountain of crap that is produced and labeled as “science” these days. The streets of San Francisco are clean compared to the mountains of excrement that Academia piles upon us every day.
The Long History of Hypergamy and "Marrying Up" By: Carrie Whitney, Ph.D. \| Traditionally hypergamy has been when a man has married a woman of lower status than himself. The practice has shifted since early times partly because of the changing roles of women in education and the workplace. sesame/Getty Images You've heard the terms before: Gold digger. Trophy wife. They most often apply to women whose social or economic status is "lower" than their husbands.' You might even know of a few couples where these terms could apply. But this act of a woman vying for "higher status" when marrying also has a scholarly name and a long history. It's called hypergamy (hī-pûr′gə-mē). And while the Oxford dictionary defines hypergamy in neutral terms — "the action of marrying or forming a sexual relationship with a person of a superior sociological or educational background" — social scientists explain it in a more gendered way. "[Hypergamy] is when men marry women of lower status than themselves," says Christine Schwartz, professor in the department of sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Or in other words, when women marry men of higher status, whether it's related to education, income or occupation. Scholars have also looked at marrying up in other ways, for example geographically. In the introduction to the journal article "Cross-Border Marriages: Gender and Mobility in Transnational Asia," author Nicole Constable explains global hypergamy as "the movement of brides from more remote and less developed locations to increasingly developed and less isolated ones." History of Hypergamy We might not know just how far back the tradition of men partnering with women of lower status than themselves goes. Hypergamy can be seen as a natural response to women's inability in early history to earn a living and "marriage was the only way a woman determined her status in life," Kay Hymowitz wrote for the Institute for Family Studies. What we do know is the term hypergamy likely has origins in the Hindu tradition of women wanting to marry men from higher castes. It was first used in 1881 in the "Panjab Castes," a book based on the census report of the Panjab province of British India by Sir Denzil Ibbetson. It describes a situation in which a man sought to marry his daughter to a "member of a tribe" superior to his, anthropologist T. Mohanadoss explains in the article "Hypergamy and Its Inherent Contradictions." Mohanadoss writes that hypergamy is associated with "the assumption that man is superior to woman." Interestingly, while this type of marriage raises the status of the bride-giver — the father — it also admits his inferiority to his in-laws. But if all women are striving to marry up, hypergamy must eventually lead to a situation where the women at the top of the social ladder won't have anyone to marry, and the men at the bottom won't have women to marry either. That's what scholars in the 1970s found anyway, Mohanadoss writes. But that's where hypogamy comes in. Indian marriage illustration The term hypergamy likely has origins in the Hindu tradition of women wanting to marry men from higher castes. This vintage illustration shows an Indian couple in the Palace of Delights, in 19th-century Mughal India. duncan1890/Getty Images Hypergamy vs. Hypogamy It does happen that men marry women of a higher status, and women "marry down." There's a name for that too: hypogamy. The sociology dictionary defines it as "a marriage between a male of low status to a female of higher status." There is even a word for marriage between people with similar characteristics and statuses. Did you figure out that it has to be homogamy? What's changed since that 19th-century anthropological study in the Panjab? Are we more homogamous today? Or are women still focused on marrying up? Hypergamy Today In many countries, the practice of hypergamy has shifted since the earlier research, and part of the reason has to do with the changing roles of women in education and the workplace. "We see that all over the world, this isn't true in every case, but the general pattern is that there's much less hypergamy than there has been in the past," says Schwartz, who contributed to an article on this topic, "The End of Hypergamy: Global Trends and Implications." In plenty of societies, it is now more common for women to be more educated than men. That's been the trend in the United States since around the 1990s, but it wasn't really recognized until the early 2000s. But women in the United States now have higher average education attainment than men. That means women sometimes have little choice but to marry men with less education than they have. In fact, according to Margarita Chudnovskaya and Ridhi Kashyap, who wrote the academic journal article "Is the End of Educational Hypergamy the End of Status Hypergamy? Evidence from Sweden," in the United States and most European countries, "the prevalence of educational hypogamy (women 'partnering down') now exceeds that of educational hypergamy (men 'partnering down')." Add to that the 2020 finding from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics that women make up more than half of the non-farm labor market in the U.S., and it might seem like hypergamy is on its way out, at least in America. But there is another factor to consider, and that is economic — a gender pay gap to be more specific. "It is true that in the United States it's now more common for a woman to have more education than her husband than the other way around, but it's still less common for women to outearn their male partners," says Schwartz. For couples married between 2005 and 2009, just 30 percent of wives made more money than their husbands, she says. "There is a definitely a difference in the U.S. at least between education and income." Chudnovskaya and Kashyap's Swedish study found that in various types of couples, even when the woman had higher education, occupational prestige and social class, the man was still a higher earner. "One reasonable guess is that men's income advantage is due not to the persistence of hypergamy but rather to the gender wage gap, which sits at about 14 percent in Sweden," writes Hymowitz. Today, educational hypogamy is more common, but hypergamy still rules in the financial realm. wedding topper Today in many countries it's more common for women to be more educated than men. That means women sometimes have little choice but to marry men with less education than they have. Peter Dazeley/Getty Images Non-hetero Hypergamy With all this gender-specific hyper- and hypogamy, where does that leave same-sex or non-binary couples? Schwartz says we can still talk about these types of relationship statuses. "It's just when one partner has higher status than the other," she explains. And research has shown that members of same-sex couples tend be more different from each other in terms of education. In her article "Cruising to Familyland: Gay Hypergamy and Rainbow Kinship," sociologist Judith Stacey says that hypergamous relationships happen more frequently among "those who breach sexual norms" than among heterosexuals and "gay men can cruise their way to creative, multicultural permutations of hypergamous kinship." Do Hypergamous Relationships Last? "There is a perception that still exists that successful women who are highly educated and highly paid won't be able to find partners," Schwartz says. But societies around the world have changed. In response to these demographic trends, increasingly relationships are forming where women have higher status than their partners, and studies are showing that these marriages do last. A study published in 2018 used Belgian census and register data for 458,499 marriages contracted between 1986 and 2001. It found that neither hypogamy nor homogamy was associated with higher divorce rates. It was educationally hypergamous marriages — those in which the husband was more highly educated than the wife — that had the highest rates of divorce.
Think your friends know you? Think again University of Michigan and Columbia University scientists say people tend to overestimate personal information they get from close friends more than comments from acquaintances. "Think your friends know you pretty well? Think again," write Andrew Gershoff of the University of Michigan and Gita Johar of Columbia University. "We make our worst estimates for our closest friends. This is important because it affects how willing we are to rely on our friends' advice and word-of-mouth recommendations." Why do we think our friends know us better than they really do? One explanation, according to Gershoff and Johar, is the high regard protects the relationship, at least in our minds. "To maintain our self image we want to believe we are important to others, particularly to others we care about. So when we think about our close friends, we are more motivated to think they know us well compared to our less close friends, and so we overestimate more for our close friends." The study will appear in the March 2006 issue of the Journal of Consumer Research. Copyright 2006 by United Press International Explore further As mysterious disease kills Florida's reefs, a massive 'Noah's Ark' effort tries to save them Citation: Think your friends know you? Think again (2006, January 30) retrieved 25 October 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2006-01-friends.html Feedback to editors

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