| {"pdf_file": "Building Design and Construction Handbook, 6th Edition ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 772, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\nCONCRETE CONSTRUCTION\n9.17\nOther ACI 318 Building Code requirements for mix design are:\n1. Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing or to deicing chemicals while wet\nshould have air entrained within the limits in Table 9.3, and the water-cementitious\nmaterials ratio by weight should not exceed 0.45. If lightweight aggregate is used,\nshould be at least 4500 psi.\nƒ\u0001c\n2. For watertight, normal-weight concrete, maximum water-cementitious mate-\nrials ratios by weight are 0.50 for exposure to fresh water and 0.40 for seawater or\ndeicing chemicals. With lightweight aggregate, minimum\nis 4000 psi for concrete\nƒ\u0001c\nexposed to fresh water and\nis 5000 psi for seawater or deicing chemicals.\nƒ\u0001c\nAlthough the Code does not distinguish between a ‘‘concrete production facility’’\nwith in-house control and an independent concrete laboratory control service, the\ndistinction is important. Very large suppliers have in-house professional quality\ncontrol. Most smaller suppliers do not. Where the records of one of the latter might\nindicate a large standard deviation, but an independent quality-control service is\nutilized, the standard deviation used to select\nshould be based on the proven\nƒ\u0001cr\nrecord of the control agency. Ideally, the overdesign should be based, in these cases,\non the record of the control agency operating in the concrete plant used.\n9.11\nCHECK TESTS OF MATERIALS\nWithout follow-up field control, all the statistical theory involved in mixed propor-\ntioning becomes an academic exercise.\nThe complete description of initial proportions should include: cement analysis\nand source; specific gravity, absorption, proportions of each standard sieve size;\nfineness modulus; and organic tests for fine and coarse aggregates used, as well as\ntheir weights and maximum nominal sizes.\nIf the source of any aggregate is changed, new trial batches should be made. A\ncement analysis should be obtained for each new shipment of cement.\nThe aggregate gradings and organic content should be checked at least daily, or\nfor each 150 yd3. The moisture content (or slump) should be checked continuously\nfor all aggregates, and suitable adjustments should be made in batch weights. When\nthe limits of ASTM C33 or C330 for grading or organic content are exceeded,\nproper materials should be secured and new mix proportions developed, or until\nthese measurements can be effected, concrete production may continue on an emer-\ngency basis but with a penalty of additional cement.\n9.12\nAT THE MIXING PLANT—\nYIELD ADJUSTMENTS\nWell-equipped concrete producers have continuous measuring devices to record\nchanges in moisture carried in the aggregates or changes in total free water in the\ncontents of the mixer. The same measurements, however, may be easily made man-\nually by quality-control personnel.\nTo illustrate: for the example in Art. 9.5, the surface-dry basic mix is cement,\n564 lb; water, 300 lb; sand, 1170 lb; and gravel, 2000 lb. Absorption is 1% for the\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"Other ACI 318 Building Code requirements for mix design are:\"}, {\"0\": \"1. Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing or to deicing chemicals while wet\"}, {\"0\": \"should have air entrained within the limits in Table 9.3, and the water-cementitious\"}, {\"0\": \"materials ratio by weight should not exceed 0.45.If lightweight aggregate is used,\"}, {\"0\": \"ƒ(cid:1)should be atleast 4500 psi.\"}, {\"0\": \"2. For watertight, normal-weight concrete, maximum water-cementitious mate-\"}, {\"0\": \"rials ratios by weight are 0.50 for exposure to fresh water and 0.40 for seawater or\"}, {\"0\": \"deicing chemicals. With lightweight aggregate, minimumƒ(cid:1)is 4000 psi for concreteexposed to fresh water andƒ(cid:1)is 5000 psifor seawater or deicing chemicals.\"}, {\"0\": \"Although the Code does not distinguish between a ‘‘concrete production facility’’\"}, {\"0\": \"with in-house control and an independent concrete laboratory control service,the\"}, {\"0\": \"distinction isimportant. Very largesuppliers havein-house professional quality\"}, {\"0\": \"control. Most smaller suppliers do not. Where the records of one of the latter might\"}, {\"0\": \"indicate a large standard deviation, but an independent quality-controlservice is\"}, {\"0\": \"utilized,the standard deviation used to selectƒ(cid:1)should be based on the provencrrecord of the control agency. Ideally, the overdesign should be based, in these cases,\"}, {\"0\": \"on the record ofthe control agency operating in the concrete plant used.\"}, {\"0\": \"9.11CHECK TESTS OF MATERIALS\"}, {\"0\": \"Without follow-up field control, allthe statisticaltheory involved in mixed propor-\"}, {\"0\": \"tioning becomes an academic exercise.\"}, {\"0\": \"The complete description ofinitial proportions should include: cement analysis\"}, {\"0\": \"and source;specific gravity, absorption, proportions of each standard sieve size;\"}, {\"0\": \"fineness modulus; and organic tests for fine and coarse aggregates used, as well as\"}, {\"0\": \"their weights and maximum nominal sizes.\"}, {\"0\": \"Ifthe source of any aggregate is changed, new trial batches should be made. A\"}, {\"0\": \"cement analysis should be obtained for each new shipment of cement.\"}, {\"0\": \"The aggregate gradings and organic content should be checked atleast daily, or\"}, {\"0\": \"for each 150 yd3. The moisture content (or slump) should be checked continuouslyfor all aggregates, and suitable adjustments should be made in batch weights. When\"}, {\"0\": \"thelimits of ASTM C33 or C330 for grading or organiccontentare exceeded,\"}, {\"0\": \"proper materialsshould be secured and new mix proportions developed, or until\"}, {\"0\": \"these measurements can be effected, concrete production may continue on an emer-\"}, {\"0\": \"gency basis but with a penalty of additional cement.\"}, {\"0\": \"9.12AT THE MIXING PLANT—\"}, {\"0\": \"YIELD ADJUSTMENTS\"}, {\"0\": \"Well-equipped concrete producers havecontinuous measuring devicesto record\"}, {\"0\": \"changes in moisture carried in the aggregates or changes in totalfree waterin the\"}, {\"0\": \"contents of the mixer. The same measurements, however, may be easily made man-\"}, {\"0\": \"ually by quality-control personnel.\"}, {\"0\": \"To illustrate:forthe example in Art. 9.5,the surface-dry basic mix is cement,\"}, {\"0\": \"564 lb; water, 300 lb; sand, 1170 lb; and gravel, 2000 lb. Absorption is 1% for the\"}], [{\"Other ACI 318 Building Code requirements for mix design are:\\n1. Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing orto deicingchemicalswhilewet\\nshouldhaveairentrainedwithinthelimitsinTable9.3,andthewater-cementitious\\nmaterials ratio by weight should not exceed 0.45. If lightweight aggregate isused,\\nƒ(cid:1) should be at least 4500 psi.\\nc\\n2. For watertight, normal-weight concrete, maximum water-cementitiousmate-\\nrials ratios by weight are 0.50 forexposure to freshwaterand0.40forseawateror\\ndeicingchemicals.Withlightweightaggregate,minimumƒ(cid:1)is4000psiforconcrete\\nc\\nexposed to fresh water and ƒ(cid:1) is 5000 psi for seawater or deicing chemicals.\\nc\\nAlthoughtheCodedoesnotdistinguishbetweena‘‘concreteproductionfacility’’\\nwith in-house control and an independent concrete laboratory control service, the\\ndistinction is important. Very large suppliers have in-house professional quality\\ncontrol.Mostsmallersuppliersdonot.Wheretherecordsofoneofthelattermight\\nindicate a large standard deviation, but an independent quality-control service is\\nutilized, the standard deviation used to select ƒ(cid:1) should be based on the proven\\ncr\\nrecordofthecontrolagency.Ideally,theoverdesignshouldbebased,inthesecases,\\non the record of the control agency operating in the concrete plant used.\\n9.11 CHECK TESTS OF MATERIALS\": \"Without follow-up field control, all the statistical theoryinvolvedinmixedpropor-\\ntioning becomes an academic exercise.\\nThe complete description of initial proportions should include: cement analysis\\nand source; specific gravity, absorption, proportions of each standard sieve size;\\nfineness modulus; and organic tests for fine and coarse aggregatesused, aswellas\\ntheir weights and maximum nominal sizes.\\nIf the source of any aggregate is changed, new trial batches should be made. A\\ncement analysis should be obtained for each new shipment of cement.\\nThe aggregate gradings and organic content should be checked atleastdaily,or\\nfor each 150yd3.Themoisturecontent (orslump)shouldbecheckedcontinuously\\nforallaggregates,andsuitableadjustmentsshouldbemadeinbatchweights.When\\nthe limits of ASTM C33 or C330 for grading or organic content are exceeded,\\nproper materials should be secured and new mix proportions developed, or until\\nthesemeasurementscanbeeffected,concreteproductionmaycontinueonanemer-\\ngency basis but with a penalty of additional cement.\\n9.12 AT THE MIXING PLANT—\\nYIELD ADJUSTMENTS\"}, {\"Other ACI 318 Building Code requirements for mix design are:\\n1. Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing orto deicingchemicalswhilewet\\nshouldhaveairentrainedwithinthelimitsinTable9.3,andthewater-cementitious\\nmaterials ratio by weight should not exceed 0.45. If lightweight aggregate isused,\\nƒ(cid:1) should be at least 4500 psi.\\nc\\n2. For watertight, normal-weight concrete, maximum water-cementitiousmate-\\nrials ratios by weight are 0.50 forexposure to freshwaterand0.40forseawateror\\ndeicingchemicals.Withlightweightaggregate,minimumƒ(cid:1)is4000psiforconcrete\\nc\\nexposed to fresh water and ƒ(cid:1) is 5000 psi for seawater or deicing chemicals.\\nc\\nAlthoughtheCodedoesnotdistinguishbetweena‘‘concreteproductionfacility’’\\nwith in-house control and an independent concrete laboratory control service, the\\ndistinction is important. Very large suppliers have in-house professional quality\\ncontrol.Mostsmallersuppliersdonot.Wheretherecordsofoneofthelattermight\\nindicate a large standard deviation, but an independent quality-control service is\\nutilized, the standard deviation used to select ƒ(cid:1) should be based on the proven\\ncr\\nrecordofthecontrolagency.Ideally,theoverdesignshouldbebased,inthesecases,\\non the record of the control agency operating in the concrete plant used.\\n9.11 CHECK TESTS OF MATERIALS\": \"Well-equipped concrete producers have continuous measuring devices to record\\nchanges in moisture carried in the aggregates or changes in total free water in the\\ncontentsofthemixer.Thesamemeasurements,however,maybeeasilymademan-\\nually by quality-control personnel.\\nTo illustrate: for the example in Art. 9.5, the surface-dry basic mix is cement,\\n564 lb; water, 300 lb; sand, 1170 lb; and gravel, 2000 lb. Absorptionis1%forthe\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Design and Construction Han_a5882c5b_p0772.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Design and Construction Handbook, 6th Edition ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 773, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\n9.18\nSECTION NINE\nsand and 0.5% for the gravel. If the sand carries 5.5% and the gravel 1.0% total\nwater by weight, the added free water becomes:\nSand: 1170 (0.055 \u0003 0.01) \u0001 53 lb\nGravel: 2000 (0.010 \u0003 0.005) \u0001 10 lb\nBatch weights adjusted for yield become:\nCement: 564 lb\nWater: 300 \u0003 53 \u0003 10 \u0001 237 lb\nSand: 1170 \u0004 53 \u0001 1223 lb\nGravel: 2000 \u0004 10 \u0001 2010 lb\nNote that the corrective adjustment includes adding to aggregate weights as well\nas deducting water weight. Otherwise, the yield will be low, and slump (slightly)\nincreased. The yield would be low by about\n53 \u0004 10\n3\n3\n\u0001 0.381 ft /yd \u0001 1.4%\n2.65 \u0002 62.4\n9.13\nAT THE PLACING POINT—\nSLUMP ADJUSTMENTS\nWith good quality control, no water is permitted on the mixing truck. If the slump\nis too low (or too high) on arrival at the site, additional cement must be added. If\nthe slump is too low (the usual complaint), additional water and cement in the\nprescribed water-cementitious materials ratio can also be added. After such addi-\ntions, the contents must be thoroughly mixed, 2 to 3 min at high speed. Because\nplacing-point adjustments are inconvenient and costly, telephone or radio commu-\nnication with the supply plant is desirable so that most such adjustments may be\nmade conveniently at the plant.\nCommonly, a lesser degree of control is accepted in which the truck carries\nwater, the driver is on the honor system not to add water without written authori-\nzation from a responsible agent at the site, and the authorization as well as the\namounts added are recorded on the record (trip ticket) of batch weights.\nNote: If site adjustments are made, test samples for strength-test specimens\nshould be taken only after all site adjustments. For concrete in critical areas, such\nas lower-floor columns in high-rise buildings, strictest quality control is recom-\nmended.\n9.14\nSTRENGTH TESTS\nGenerally, concrete quality is measured by the specified compressive strength\nof\nƒ\u0001c\n6- \u0002 12-in cylinders after 28 days of laboratory curing.\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"9.18SECTION NINE\"}, {\"0\": \"sand and 0.5% forthe gravel.Ifthe sand carries 5.5% and the gravel 1.0% total\"}, {\"0\": \"water by weight,the added free water becomes:\"}, {\"0\": \"Sand: 1170 (0.055 (cid:3) 0.01) (cid:1) 53 lb\"}, {\"0\": \"Gravel: 2000 (0.010 (cid:3) 0.005) (cid:1) 10 lb\"}, {\"0\": \"Batch weights adjusted for yield become:\"}, {\"0\": \"Cement: 564 lb\"}, {\"0\": \"Water: 300 (cid:3) 53 (cid:3) 10 (cid:1) 237 lb\"}, {\"0\": \"Sand: 1170 (cid:4) 53 (cid:1) 1223 lb\"}, {\"0\": \"Gravel: 2000 (cid:4) 10 (cid:1) 2010 lb\"}, {\"0\": \"Note thatthe corrective adjustmentincludes adding to aggregate weights as well\"}, {\"0\": \"as deducting water weight. Otherwise,the yield will be low, and slump (slightly)\"}, {\"0\": \"increased. The yield would be low by about\"}, {\"0\": \"53 (cid:4) 103(cid:1) 0.381 ft/ yd (cid:1) 1.4%\"}, {\"0\": \"2.65 (cid:2) 62.4\"}, {\"0\": \"9.13AT THE PLACING POINT—\"}, {\"0\": \"SLUMP ADJUSTMENTS\"}, {\"0\": \"With good quality control, no water is permitted on the mixing truck. If the slump\"}, {\"0\": \"is too low (ortoo high) on arrival atthe site, additional cement must be added.If\"}, {\"0\": \"theslump istoo low (the usualcomplaint),additional waterand cementin the\"}, {\"0\": \"prescribed water-cementitious materials ratio can also be added. After such addi-\"}, {\"0\": \"tions,the contents must be thoroughly mixed, 2 to 3 min at high speed. Because\"}, {\"0\": \"placing-point adjustments are inconvenient and costly,telephone orradio commu-\"}, {\"0\": \"nication with the supply plantis desirable so that most such adjustments may be\"}, {\"0\": \"made conveniently atthe plant.\"}, {\"0\": \"Commonly,alesser degree ofcontrolisaccepted in which thetruck carries\"}, {\"0\": \"water,the driveris on the honor system notto add water without written authori-\"}, {\"0\": \"zation from a responsible agent atthe site, and the authorization as well asthe\"}, {\"0\": \"amounts added are recorded on the record (trip ticket) of batch weights.Note:\"}, {\"0\": \"Ifsiteadjustmentsare made,testsamplesforstrength-testspecimens\"}, {\"0\": \"should be taken only after all site adjustments. For concrete in critical areas, such\"}, {\"0\": \"aslower-floorcolumnsin high-rise buildings,strictest quality controlisrecom-\"}, {\"0\": \"mended.\"}, {\"0\": \"9.14STRENGTH TESTS\"}, {\"0\": \"Generally, concrete quality is measured by the specified compressive strengthƒ(cid:1)of6- (cid:2) 12-in cylinders after 28 days oflaboratory curing.\"}], [{\"sand and 0.5% for the gravel. If the sand carries 5.5% and the gravel 1.0% total\\nwater by weight, the added free water becomes:\\nSand: 1170 (0.055 (cid:3) 0.01) (cid:1) 53 lb\\nGravel: 2000 (0.010 (cid:3) 0.005) (cid:1) 10 lb\\nBatch weights adjusted for yield become:\\nCement: 564 lb\\nWater: 300 (cid:3) 53 (cid:3) 10 (cid:1) 237 lb\\nSand: 1170 (cid:4) 53 (cid:1) 1223 lb\\nGravel: 2000 (cid:4) 10 (cid:1) 2010 lb\\nNotethatthecorrectiveadjustmentincludesaddingtoaggregateweightsaswell\\nas deducting water weight. Otherwise, the yield will be low, and slump (slightly)\\nincreased. The yield would be low by about\\n53 (cid:4) 10\\n(cid:1) 0.381 ft3/yd3 (cid:1) 1.4%\\n2.65 (cid:2) 62.4\\n9.13 AT THE PLACING POINT—\\nSLUMP ADJUSTMENTS\": \"With good quality control, no water is permitted on the mixing truck. Iftheslump\\nis too low (or too high) on arrival at the site, additional cement must be added. If\\nthe slump is too low (the usual complaint), additional water and cement in the\\nprescribed water-cementitious materials ratio can also be added. After such addi-\\ntions, the contents must be thoroughly mixed, 2 to 3 min at high speed. Because\\nplacing-point adjustments are inconvenient and costly, telephone or radio commu-\\nnication with the supply plant is desirable so that most such adjustments may be\\nmade conveniently at the plant.\\nCommonly, a lesser degree of control is accepted in which the truck carries\\nwater, the driver is on the honor system not to add water without written authori-\\nzation from a responsible agent at the site, and the authorization as well as the\\namounts added are recorded on the record (trip ticket) of batch weights.\\nNote: If site adjustments are made, test samples for strength-test specimens\\nshould be taken only after all site adjustments. For concrete in critical areas, such\\nas lower-floor columns in high-rise buildings, strictest quality control is recom-\\nmended.\\n9.14 STRENGTH TESTS\"}, {\"sand and 0.5% for the gravel. If the sand carries 5.5% and the gravel 1.0% total\\nwater by weight, the added free water becomes:\\nSand: 1170 (0.055 (cid:3) 0.01) (cid:1) 53 lb\\nGravel: 2000 (0.010 (cid:3) 0.005) (cid:1) 10 lb\\nBatch weights adjusted for yield become:\\nCement: 564 lb\\nWater: 300 (cid:3) 53 (cid:3) 10 (cid:1) 237 lb\\nSand: 1170 (cid:4) 53 (cid:1) 1223 lb\\nGravel: 2000 (cid:4) 10 (cid:1) 2010 lb\\nNotethatthecorrectiveadjustmentincludesaddingtoaggregateweightsaswell\\nas deducting water weight. Otherwise, the yield will be low, and slump (slightly)\\nincreased. The yield would be low by about\\n53 (cid:4) 10\\n(cid:1) 0.381 ft3/yd3 (cid:1) 1.4%\\n2.65 (cid:2) 62.4\\n9.13 AT THE PLACING POINT—\\nSLUMP ADJUSTMENTS\": \"Generally, concretequalityismeasuredbythespecifiedcompressivestrengthƒ(cid:1)of\\nc\\n6- (cid:2) 12-in cylinders after 28 days of laboratory curing.\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Design and Construction Han_a5882c5b_p0773.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Design and Construction Handbook, 6th Edition ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 930, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\n10.20\nSECTION TEN\ngood joint details, adequate flashing, good ventilation, and a well-drained site assure\nmoisture content of the wood continuously below 20%.\nWhere wood is in contact with the ground or with water, where there is air and\nthe wood may be alternately wet and dry, a preservative treatment, applied by a\npressure process, is necessary to obtain an adequate service life. In enclosed build-\nings where moisture given off by wet-process operations maintains equilibrium\nmoisture contents in the wood above 19%, wood structural members must be pre-\nservatively treated. So must wood exposed outdoors without protective roof cov-\nering and where the wood moisture content can go above 19% for repeated or\nprolonged periods.\nWhere wood structural members are subject to condensation by being in contact\nwith masonry or concrete, preservative treatment may be necessary.\nDesign values for wood structural members apply to products pressure-treated\nby an approved process and with an approved preservative. (The ‘‘AWPA Book of\nStandards,’’ American Wood Preservers Association, Granbury, TX, describes these\napproved processes.) Design values for pressure-preservative treated lumber are\nmodified with the usual adjustment factors described in Art. 10.5 with one excep-\ntion. Load duration factors greater than 1.6 (Table 10.5) do not apply to structural\nmembers pressure treated with waterborne preservatives or to structural members\ntreated with fire-retardant chemicals.\nEach type of preservative and method of treatment has certain advantages. The\npreservative to be used depends on the service expected of the member for the\nspecific conditions of exposure. The minimum retentions given in the applicable\nAmerican Wood Preservers Association (AWPA) standards for specific products and\nend-use applications may be increased where severe climatic or exposure conditions\nare involved.\nCreosote and creosote solutions have low volatility. They are practically insol-\nuble in water, and thus are most suitable for severe exposure, contact with ground\nor water, and where painting is not a requirement or a creosote odor is not objec-\ntionable.\nOilborne chemicals are organic compounds dissolved in an approved petroleum\ncarrier oil, and are suitable for outdoor exposure or where leaching may be a factor,\nor where painting is not required. Depending on the type of oil used, they may\nresult in relatively clean surfaces. While there is a slight odor from such treatment,\nit is usually not objectionable.\nWaterborne inorganic salts are dissolved in water or aqua ammonia, which evap-\norates after treatment and leaves the chemicals in the wood. The strength of solu-\ntions varies to provide net retention of dry salt required. These salts are suitable\nwhere clean and odorless surfaces are required. The surfaces are paintable after\nproper seasoning. See also Art. 4.36.\n(‘‘Design of Wood-Frame Structures for Permanence,’’ WCD No. 6, American\nForest & Paper Association, Washington, D.C.)\nFire-retardant treatment with approved chemicals can make wood highly re-\nsistant to the spread of fire. Although wood will char where exposed to fire or high\ntemperatures, even if it is treated with a fire retardant, chemicals will retard trans-\nmission of heat and rate of destruction. Treated with adequate quantities of an\napproved chemical, wood will not support combustion nor contribute fuel to a fire\nand will cease to burn after the ignition source is removed. The fire retardant may\nbe applied as a paint or by impregnation under pressure. The latter is more effective.\nIt may be considered permanent if the wood is used where it will be protected from\nthe weather.\nThe effects of fire-retardant impregnation treatments on strength should be con-\nsidered in design. Design values, including those for connections, for lumber and\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"10.20SECTION TEN\"}, {\"0\": \"good joint details, adequate flashing, good ventilation, and a well-drained site assure\"}, {\"0\": \"moisture content ofthe wood continuously below 20%.\"}, {\"0\": \"Where wood is in contact with the ground or with water, where there is air and\"}, {\"0\": \"the wood may be alternately wet and dry, a preservative treatment, applied by a\"}, {\"0\": \"pressure process,is necessary to obtain an adequate service life. In enclosed build-\"}, {\"0\": \"ings where moisture given off by wet-process operations maintainsequilibrium\"}, {\"0\": \"moisture contents in the wood above 19%, wood structural members must be pre-\"}, {\"0\": \"servatively treated. So must wood exposed outdoors without protective roof cov-\"}, {\"0\": \"ering and wherethe wood moisturecontentcan go above 19% forrepeated or\"}, {\"0\": \"prolonged periods.\"}, {\"0\": \"Where wood structural members are subjectto condensation by being in contact\"}, {\"0\": \"with masonry or concrete, preservative treatment may be necessary.\"}, {\"0\": \"Design valuesfor wood structural members apply to products pressure-treated\"}, {\"0\": \"by an approved process and with an approved preservative. (The ‘‘AWPA Book of\"}, {\"0\": \"Standards,’’ American Wood Preservers Association, Granbury, TX, describes these\"}, {\"0\": \"approved processes.) Design valuesfor pressure-preservativetreated lumberare\"}, {\"0\": \"modified with the usual adjustmentfactors described in Art. 10.5 with one excep-\"}, {\"0\": \"tion. Load duration factors greaterthan 1.6 (Table 10.5) do not apply to structural\"}, {\"0\": \"members pressure treated with waterborne preservatives orto structural members\"}, {\"0\": \"treated with fire-retardant chemicals.\"}, {\"0\": \"Each type of preservative and method oftreatment has certain advantages. The\"}, {\"0\": \"preservativeto be used depends on theservice expected ofthe memberforthe\"}, {\"0\": \"specific conditions of exposure. The minimum retentions given in the applicable\"}, {\"0\": \"American Wood Preservers Association (AWPA) standards for specific products and\"}, {\"0\": \"end-use applications may be increased where severe climatic or exposure conditions\"}, {\"0\": \"are involved.\"}, {\"0\": \"Creosote and creosote solutions have low volatility. They are practically insol-\"}, {\"0\": \"uble in water, and thus are most suitable for severe exposure, contact with ground\"}, {\"0\": \"or water, and where painting is not a requirement or a creosote odoris not objec-\"}, {\"0\": \"tionable.\"}, {\"0\": \"Oilborne chemicals are organic compounds dissolved in an approved petroleum\"}, {\"0\": \"carrier oil, and are suitable for outdoor exposure or where leaching may be a factor,\"}, {\"0\": \"or where painting is notrequired. Depending on the type of oil used,they may\"}, {\"0\": \"resultin relatively clean surfaces. While there is a slight odor from such treatment,\"}, {\"0\": \"itis usually not objectionable.\"}, {\"0\": \"Waterborne inorganic salts are dissolved in water or aqua ammonia, which evap-\"}, {\"0\": \"orates aftertreatment and leaves the chemicals in the wood. The strength of solu-\"}, {\"0\": \"tions variesto provide netretention of dry saltrequired. These salts are suitable\"}, {\"0\": \"where clean and odorlesssurfaces are required. The surfaces are paintable after\"}, {\"0\": \"proper seasoning. See also Art. 4.36.\"}, {\"0\": \"(‘‘Design of Wood-Frame Structures for Permanence,’’ WCD No. 6, American\"}, {\"0\": \"Forest & Paper Association, Washington, D.C.)\"}, {\"0\": \"treatment with approved chemicals can make wood highly re-\"}, {\"0\": \"sistantto the spread of fire. Although wood will char where exposed to fire or high\"}, {\"0\": \"temperatures, even ifitis treated with a fire retardant, chemicals will retard trans-\"}, {\"0\": \"mission of heatand rate of destruction. Treated with adequate quantities ofan\"}, {\"0\": \"approved chemical, wood will not support combustion nor contribute fuelto a fire\"}, {\"0\": \"and will cease to burn afterthe ignition source is removed. The fire retardant may\"}, {\"0\": \"be applied as a paint or by impregnation under pressure. The latter is more effective.\"}, {\"0\": \"It may be considered permanentif the wood is used where it will be protected from\"}, {\"0\": \"the weather.\"}, {\"0\": \"The effects of fire-retardantimpregnation treatments on strength should be con-\"}, {\"0\": \"sidered in design. Design values,including those for connections,forlumber and\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Design and Construction Han_a5882c5b_p0930.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Design and Construction Handbook, 6th Edition ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 993, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\nWOOD CONSTRUCTION\n10.83\nTABLE 10.41\nSafe Concentric Column Loads on Douglas-Fir and\nSouthern-Pine Poles, lb*\nTop diam, in\n8\n7\n6\n5\nPole class\n2\n3\n5\n6\nUnsupported pole length,\nft (above ground line):\n0\n68,500\n52,500\n38,500\n26,000\n10\n68,500\n51,000\n28,500\n14,000\n12\n61,500\n36,500\n20,500\n10,000\n14\n46,000\n27,500\n15,500\n8,000\n16\n36,000\n22,000\n12,500\n6,500\n18\n29,500\n17,500\n10,000\n5,000\n20\n24,500\n15,000\n8,500\n4,500\n25\n16,500\n10,000\n6,000\n30\n12,500\n7,500\n35\n10,000\n6,000\n*See the latest edition of Standard Specifications and Dimensions for Wood\nPoles, ANSI 05.1.\n(See also ‘‘Design Properties of Round, Sawn and Laminated Preservatively\nTreated Construction Poles and Posts,’’ ASAE Engineering Practice, EP 388.2 for\nadditional information.)\n10.28\nDESIGN FOR FIRE SAFETY\nFor buildings with structural lumber or timber framing, fire protection of the oc-\ncupants and of the property itself can be enhanced by taking advantage of the fire-\nendurance properties of wood in large cross sections and selecting details that make\nbuildings fire-safe. Building materials or features alone or detection and fire-\nextinguishing equipment alone cannot provide maximum safety from fire in build-\nings. A proper combination of these measures, however, will provide the necessary\nfire protection (Art. 3.5).\nWhen exposed to fire, wood forms a self-insulating surface layer of char, which\nprovides fire protection. Even though the surface chars, the undamaged wood be-\nneath retains most of its strength and will support loads in accordance with the\ncapacity of the uncharred section. Heavy-timber members have often retained their\nstructural integrity through long periods of fire exposure and remained serviceable\nafter refinishing the charred surfaces. This fire endurance and excellent performance\nof heavy timber are attributable to the size of the wood members, and to the slow\nrate at which the charring penetrates.\nThe structural framing of a building, which is the criterion for classifying a\nbuilding as combustible or noncombustible, has little to do with the hazard from\nfire to the building occupants. Most fires start in the building furnishings or contents\nand create conditions that render the inside of the structure uninhabitable long\nbefore the structural framing becomes involved in a fire. Thus, whether the building\nis of a combustible or noncombustible classification has little bearing on the po-\ntential hazard to the occupants. However, once the fire starts in the contents, the\nmaterial of which the building is constructed can be of significant help in facilitating\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"Top diam,\", \"1\": \"in\", \"2\": \"8\", \"3\": \"7\", \"4\": \"6\", \"5\": \"5\"}, {\"0\": \"Pole class\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"2\", \"3\": \"3\", \"4\": \"5\", \"5\": \"6\"}, {\"0\": \"Unsupported pole length,\", \"1\": \"(above ground line):\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"010\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"68,50068,500\", \"3\": \"52,50051,000\", \"4\": \"38,50028,500\", \"5\": \"26,00014,000\"}, {\"0\": \"1214\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"61,50046,000\", \"3\": \"36,50027,500\", \"4\": \"20,50015,500\", \"5\": \"10,0008,000\"}, {\"0\": \"1618\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"36,00029,500\", \"3\": \"22,00017,500\", \"4\": \"12,50010,000\", \"5\": \"6,5005,000\"}, {\"0\": \"2025\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"24,50016,500\", \"3\": \"15,00010,000\", \"4\": \"8,5006,000\", \"5\": \"4,500\"}, {\"0\": \"3035\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"12,50010,000\", \"3\": \"7,5006,000\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}], [{\"0\": \"* See the latest edition of Standard Specifications and Dimensionsfor WoodPoles, ANSI 05.1.\"}, {\"0\": \"(Seealso ‘‘Design Properties of Round, Sawn and Laminated Preservatively\"}, {\"0\": \"Treated Construction Poles and Posts,’’ ASAE Engineering Practice, EP 388.2 for\"}, {\"0\": \"additionalinformation.)\"}, {\"0\": \"10.28DESIGN FOR FIRE SAFETY\"}, {\"0\": \"For buildings with structurallumber ortimberframing, fire protection ofthe oc-\"}, {\"0\": \"cupants and of the property itself can be enhanced by taking advantage of the fire-\"}, {\"0\": \"endurance properties of wood in large cross sections and selecting details that make\"}, {\"0\": \"buildingsfire-safe. Building materialsorfeaturesaloneordetectionandfire-\"}, {\"0\": \"extinguishing equipment alone cannot provide maximum safety from fire in build-\"}, {\"0\": \"ings. A proper combination of these measures, however, will provide the necessary\"}, {\"0\": \"fire protection (Art. 3.5).\"}, {\"0\": \"When exposed to fire, wood forms a self-insulating surface layer of char, which\"}, {\"0\": \"provides fire protection. Even though the surface chars,the undamaged wood be-\"}, {\"0\": \"neath retains most ofitsstrength and willsupportloadsin accordance with the\"}, {\"0\": \"capacity of the uncharred section. Heavy-timber members have often retained their\"}, {\"0\": \"structuralintegrity through long periods of fire exposure and remained serviceable\"}, {\"0\": \"after refinishing the charred surfaces. This fire endurance and excellent performance\"}, {\"0\": \"of heavy timber are attributable to the size ofthe wood members, and to the slow\"}, {\"0\": \"rate at which the charring penetrates.\"}, {\"0\": \"Thestructuralframing ofa building, which isthecriterion forclassifying a\"}, {\"0\": \"building as combustible or noncombustible, haslittle to do with the hazard from\"}, {\"0\": \"fire to the building occupants. Most fires start in the building furnishings or contents\"}, {\"0\": \"and createconditionsthatrendertheinside ofthestructure uninhabitablelong\"}, {\"0\": \"before the structural framing becomes involved in a fire. Thus, whether the building\"}, {\"0\": \"is of a combustible or noncombustible classification haslittle bearing on the po-\"}, {\"0\": \"tential hazard to the occupants. However, once the fire startsin the contents,the\"}, {\"0\": \"material of which the building is constructed can be of significant help in facilitating\"}], [{\"TABLE10.41 SafeConcentricColumnLoadsonDouglas-Firand\\nSouthern-PinePoles,lb*\\nTopdiam,in 8 7 6 5\\nPoleclass 2 3 5 6\\nUnsupportedpolelength,\\nft(abovegroundline):\\n0 68,500 52,500 38,500 26,000\\n10 68,500 51,000 28,500 14,000\\n12 61,500 36,500 20,500 10,000\\n14 46,000 27,500 15,500 8,000\\n16 36,000 22,000 12,500 6,500\\n18 29,500 17,500 10,000 5,000\\n20 24,500 15,000 8,500 4,500\\n25 16,500 10,000 6,000\\n30 12,500 7,500\\n35 10,000 6,000\\n*See the latest edition of Standard SpecificationsandDimensionsforWood\\nPoles,ANSI05.1.\": \"\"}, {\"TABLE10.41 SafeConcentricColumnLoadsonDouglas-Firand\\nSouthern-PinePoles,lb*\\nTopdiam,in 8 7 6 5\\nPoleclass 2 3 5 6\\nUnsupportedpolelength,\\nft(abovegroundline):\\n0 68,500 52,500 38,500 26,000\\n10 68,500 51,000 28,500 14,000\\n12 61,500 36,500 20,500 10,000\\n14 46,000 27,500 15,500 8,000\\n16 36,000 22,000 12,500 6,500\\n18 29,500 17,500 10,000 5,000\\n20 24,500 15,000 8,500 4,500\\n25 16,500 10,000 6,000\\n30 12,500 7,500\\n35 10,000 6,000\\n*See the latest edition of Standard SpecificationsandDimensionsforWood\\nPoles,ANSI05.1.\": \"(See also ‘‘Design Properties of Round, Sawn and Laminated Preservatively\\nTreated Construction Poles and Posts,’’ASAE Engineering Practice, EP 388.2 for\\nadditional information.)\\n10.28 DESIGN FOR FIRE SAFETY\"}, {\"TABLE10.41 SafeConcentricColumnLoadsonDouglas-Firand\\nSouthern-PinePoles,lb*\\nTopdiam,in 8 7 6 5\\nPoleclass 2 3 5 6\\nUnsupportedpolelength,\\nft(abovegroundline):\\n0 68,500 52,500 38,500 26,000\\n10 68,500 51,000 28,500 14,000\\n12 61,500 36,500 20,500 10,000\\n14 46,000 27,500 15,500 8,000\\n16 36,000 22,000 12,500 6,500\\n18 29,500 17,500 10,000 5,000\\n20 24,500 15,000 8,500 4,500\\n25 16,500 10,000 6,000\\n30 12,500 7,500\\n35 10,000 6,000\\n*See the latest edition of Standard SpecificationsandDimensionsforWood\\nPoles,ANSI05.1.\": \"For buildings with structural lumber or timber framing, fire protection of the oc-\\ncupants and of the property itself can be enhanced by taking advantageofthefire-\\nendurancepropertiesofwoodinlargecrosssectionsandselectingdetailsthatmake\\nbuildings fire-safe. Building materials or features alone or detection and fire-\\nextinguishing equipment alone cannot provide maximum safety from fire in build-\\nings.Apropercombinationofthesemeasures,however,willprovidethenecessary\\nfire protection (Art. 3.5).\\nWhen exposed to fire, woodformsa self-insulatingsurfacelayerofchar,which\\nprovides fire protection. Even though the surface chars, the undamaged wood be-\\nneath retains most of its strength and will support loads in accordance with the\\ncapacity of the uncharred section. Heavy-timbermembershaveoftenretainedtheir\\nstructural integrity through long periods of fire exposure and remainedserviceable\\nafterrefinishingthecharredsurfaces.Thisfireenduranceandexcellentperformance\\nof heavy timber are attributable to the size of the wood members, and to the slow\\nrate at which the charring penetrates.\\nThe structural framing of a building, which is the criterion for classifying a\\nbuilding as combustible or noncombustible, has little to do with the hazard from\\nfiretothebuildingoccupants.Mostfiresstartinthebuildingfurnishingsorcontents\\nand create conditions that render the inside of the structure uninhabitable long\\nbeforethestructuralframingbecomesinvolvedinafire.Thus,whetherthebuilding\\nis of a combustible or noncombustible classification has little bearing on the po-\\ntential hazard to the occupants. However, once the fire starts in the contents, the\\nmaterialofwhichthebuildingisconstructedcanbeofsignificanthelpinfacilitating\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Design and Construction Han_a5882c5b_p0993.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Design and Construction Handbook, 6th Edition ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 1308, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\n14.12\nSECTION FOURTEEN\n14.6.7\nValves\nThese are devices incorporated in pipelines to control the flow into, through, and\nfrom them. Valves are also known as faucets, cocks, bibs, stops, and plugs. The\nterm cock is generally used with an adjective indicating its use; for example, a sill\ncock (also called a hose bib) is a faucet used on the outside of a building for\nconnection with a garden hose. A faucet is a valve installed on the end of a pipe\nto permit or stop withdrawal of water from the pipe.\nValves usually are made of cast or malleable iron, brass, or bronze. Faucets in\nbathrooms or kitchens are usually faced with nickel-plated brass.\nThe types of valves generally used in water-supply systems are gate, globe,\nangle, ball, and check valves.\nGate valves control flow by sliding a disk perpendicular to the water flow to fit\ntightly against seat rings when a handwheel is turned. This type of valve is usually\nused in locations where it can be left completely open or closed for long periods\nof time.\nGlobe valves control the flow by changing the size of the passage through which\nwater can flow past the valves. Turning a handwheel moves a disk attached at the\nend of the valve stem to vary the passage area. When the valve is open, the water\nturns 90\u0001 to pass through an orifice enclosed by the seat and then turns 90\u0001 again\npast the disk, to continue in the original direction. Flow can be completely stopped\nby turning the handwheel to compress the disk or a gasket on it against the seat.\nThis type of valve usually is used in faucets.\nAngle valves are similar to globe valves but eliminate one 90\u0001 turn of the water\nflow. Water is discharged from the valves perpendicular to the inflow direction.\nCheck valves are used to prevent reversal of flow in a pipe. In the valves, water\nmust flow through an opening with which is associated a movable plug (or flapper).\nWhen water flows in the desired direction, the plug automatically moves out of the\nway; however, a reverse flow forces the plug into the opening, to seal it.\nBall valves are quick-closing (1⁄4 turn to close) valves, which consist of a drilled\nball that swivels on its vertical axis. This type of valve creates little water turbulence\nowing to its straight-through flow design.\n14.6.8\nPipe Supports\nWhen standard pipe is used for water supply in a building, stresses due to ordinary\nwater pressure are well within the capacity of the pipe material. Unless the pipe is\nsupported at short intervals, however, the weight of the pipe and its contents may\noverstress the pipe material. Generally, it is sufficient to support vertical pipes at\ntheir base and at every floor. Maximum support spacing for horizontal pipes de-\npends on pipe diameter and material. The plumbing code should be consulted to\ndetermine maximum horizontal and vertical hanger spacings allowed.\nWhile the supports should be firmly attached to the building, they should permit\npipe movement caused by thermal dimensional changes or differences in settlement\nof building and pipe. Risers should pass through floors preferably through sleeves\nand transfer their load to the floors through tight-fitting collars. Horizontal pipe runs\nmay be carried on rings or hooks on metal hangers attached to the underside of\nfloors. The hangers and anchors used for plumbing piping should be metal and\nstrong enough to prevent vibration.\nEach hanger and anchor should be designed and installed to carry its share of\nthe total weight of the pipe.\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"14.12SECTION FOURTEEN\"}, {\"0\": \"14.6.7Valves\"}, {\"0\": \"These are devices incorporated in pipelines to controlthe flow into,through, and\"}, {\"0\": \"from them. Valves are also known asfaucets, cocks, bibs,stops, and plugs. The\"}, {\"0\": \"term cock is generally used with an adjective indicating its use; for example, a sill\"}, {\"0\": \"cock (also called a hose bib)isafaucet used on the outside ofa building for\"}, {\"0\": \"connection with a garden hose. A faucetis a valve installed on the end of a pipe\"}, {\"0\": \"to permit or stop withdrawal of waterfrom the pipe.\"}, {\"0\": \"Valves usually are made of cast or malleable iron, brass, or bronze. Faucets in\"}, {\"0\": \"bathrooms or kitchens are usually faced with nickel-plated brass.\"}, {\"0\": \"Thetypes of valves generally used in water-supply systemsare gate, globe,\"}, {\"0\": \"angle, ball, and check valves.\"}, {\"0\": \"Gate valves control flow by sliding a disk perpendicular to the water flow to fit\"}, {\"0\": \"tightly against seat rings when a handwheelis turned. This type of valve is usually\"}, {\"0\": \"used in locations where it can be left completely open or closed forlong periods\"}, {\"0\": \"oftime.\"}, {\"0\": \"Globe valves control the flow by changing the size of the passage through which\"}, {\"0\": \"water can flow pastthe valves. Turning a handwheel moves a disk attached atthe\"}, {\"0\": \"end ofthe valve stem to vary the passage area. When the valve is open,the water\"}, {\"0\": \"turns 90(cid:1)pastthe disk,to continue in the original direction. Flow can be completely stopped\"}, {\"0\": \"by turning the handwheelto compress the disk or a gasket on it againstthe seat.\"}, {\"0\": \"This type of valve usually is used in faucets.\"}, {\"0\": \"Angle valves are similar to globe valves but eliminate one 90(cid:1) turn of the waterflow. Wateris discharged from the valves perpendicular to the inflow direction.\"}, {\"0\": \"Check valves are used to prevent reversal of flow in a pipe. In the valves, water\"}, {\"0\": \"must flow through an opening with which is associated a movable plug (or flapper).\"}, {\"0\": \"When water flows in the desired direction,the plug automatically moves out of the\"}, {\"0\": \"way; however, a reverse flow forces the plug into the opening,to sealit.\"}, {\"0\": \"Ball valves are quick-closing (1⁄4 turn to close) valves, which consist of a drilledball that swivels on its vertical axis. This type of valve creates little water turbulence\"}, {\"0\": \"owing to its straight-through flow design.\"}, {\"0\": \"14.6.8Pipe Supports\"}, {\"0\": \"When standard pipe is used for water supply in a building, stresses due to ordinary\"}, {\"0\": \"water pressure are well within the capacity of the pipe material. Unless the pipe is\"}, {\"0\": \"supported at shortintervals, however,the weight ofthe pipe and its contents may\"}, {\"0\": \"overstressthe pipe material. Generally,itis sufficientto support vertical pipes at\"}, {\"0\": \"their base and at every floor. Maximum supportspacing for horizontal pipes de-\"}, {\"0\": \"pends on pipe diameter and material. The plumbing code should be consulted to\"}, {\"0\": \"determine maximum horizontal and vertical hanger spacings allowed.\"}, {\"0\": \"While the supports should be firmly attached to the building,they should permit\"}, {\"0\": \"pipe movement caused by thermal dimensional changes or differences in settlement\"}, {\"0\": \"of building and pipe. Risers should pass through floors preferably through sleeves\"}, {\"0\": \"and transfer their load to the floors through tight-fitting collars. Horizontal pipe runs\"}, {\"0\": \"may be carried on rings or hooks on metal hangers attached to the underside of\"}, {\"0\": \"floors. The hangers and anchors used for plumbing piping should be metal and\"}, {\"0\": \"strong enough to prevent vibration.\"}, {\"0\": \"Each hanger and anchor should be designed and installed to carry its share of\"}, {\"0\": \"the total weight ofthe pipe.\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Design and Construction Han_a5882c5b_p1308.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Design and Construction Handbook, 6th Edition ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 1314, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\n14.18\nSECTION FOURTEEN\nFIGURE 14.3\nTypical water closets: (a) siphon-vortex; (b) siphon-jet; (c) reverse trap; (d)\nwashdown; (e) blowout.\nof people may utilize the restroom facilities in a short period of time; for example,\nat half-time at a football game.\nThe plumbing fixtures are at the terminals of the water-supply system and the\nstart of the wastewater system. To a large extent, the flow from the fixtures deter-\nmines the quantities of wastewater to be drained from the building.\nTraps.\nSeparate traps are required for most fixtures not fitted with an integral trap.\nThe trap should be installed as close as possible to the unit served. More than one\nfixture may be connected to a trap if certain code regulations are observed. For\nspecific requirements, refer to the governing code.\nA water seal of at least 2 in, and not more than 4 in, is generally required in\nmost traps. Traps exposed to freezing should be suitably protected to prevent ice\nformation in the trap body. Clean-outs of suitable size are required on all traps\nexcept those made integral with the fixture or those having a portion which is easily\nremoved for cleaning of the interior body. Most codes prohibit use of traps in which\na moving part is needed to form the seal. Double trapping is also usually prohibited.\nTable 14.4 lists minimum trap sizes for various fixtures.\nShowers.\nSpecial care should be taken in selection of showers, especially shower\nvalves. To ensure that a user is not scalded when pressure fluctuations occur in the\nwater distribution system, pressure-balancing or temperature-limiting shower valves\nthat prevent extreme variations in the outlet water temperature may be specified. In\nfacilities with large numbers of showers, a central tempered water system may be\nused to serve the showers. As with the shower valves, the mixing valve serving a\ntempered water system should also be of a pressure-balancing or temperature-\nlimiting type.\nWater Closets.\nThese consist of a bowl and integral trap, which always contains\nwater, and a tank or a flushometer valve, which supplies water for flushing the bowl\n(Fig. 14.3). The passage through the trap to the discharge usually is large enough\nto pass a solid ball 2 to 3 in in diameter. Siphon-jet flushometer valves generally\nrequire a pressure of at least 15 psi for operation and blowout flushometer valves\ngenerally require 25 psi for operation. The water level in a tank of a tank-type\nwater closet is raised above the water level in the bowl so that gravity provides\nsufficient pressure for flushing.\nThe cleansing action of water flow in the bowl may be achieved in any of several\ndifferent ways. One method is illustrated by the siphon jet in Fig. 14.3b. The tank\ndischarges water around the rim and also jets water into the up leg of the trap. As\na result, the contents of the bowl are siphoned out of the down leg of the discharge\npipe. Other types of action include the reverse trap (Fig. 14.3c), which is similar\nto the siphon-jet type but smaller; the siphon vortex (Fig. 14.3a), in which water\nfrom the rim washes the bowl, creates a vortex, becomes a jet, and discharges by\nsiphonage; the washdown (Fig. 14.3d), in which pressure buildup causes the up\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"14.18SECTION FOURTEEN\"}, {\"0\": \"of people may utilize the restroom facilities in a short period of time; for example,\"}, {\"0\": \"at half-time at a football game.\"}, {\"0\": \"The plumbing fixtures are atthe terminals ofthe water-supply system and the\"}, {\"0\": \"start ofthe wastewater system. To a large extent,the flow from the fixtures deter-\"}, {\"0\": \"mines the quantities of wastewater to be drained from the building.\"}, {\"0\": \"Traps.Separate traps are required for most fixtures not fitted with an integral trap.\"}, {\"0\": \"The trap should be installed as close as possible to the unit served. More than one\"}, {\"0\": \"fixture may be connected to a trap if certain code regulations are observed. For\"}, {\"0\": \"specific requirements, refer to the governing code.\"}, {\"0\": \"A water seal of atleast 2 in, and not more than 4 in,is generally required in\"}, {\"0\": \"mosttraps. Traps exposed to freezing should be suitably protected to preventice\"}, {\"0\": \"formation in thetrap body. Clean-outs ofsuitable size are required on alltraps\"}, {\"0\": \"except those made integral with the fixture or those having a portion which is easily\"}, {\"0\": \"removed for cleaning of the interior body. Most codes prohibit use of traps in which\"}, {\"0\": \"a moving part is needed to form the seal. Double trapping is also usually prohibited.\"}, {\"0\": \"Table 14.4 lists minimum trap sizes for various fixtures.\"}, {\"0\": \"Showers.Special care should be taken in selection of showers, especially shower\"}, {\"0\": \"valves. To ensure that a user is not scalded when pressure fluctuations occur in the\"}, {\"0\": \"water distribution system, pressure-balancing or temperature-limiting shower valves\"}, {\"0\": \"that prevent extreme variations in the outlet water temperature may be specified. In\"}, {\"0\": \"facilities with large numbers of showers, a centraltempered water system may be\"}, {\"0\": \"used to serve the showers. As with the shower valves,the mixing valve serving a\"}, {\"0\": \"tempered watersystem shouldalsobeofapressure-balancingortemperature-\"}, {\"0\": \"limiting type.\"}, {\"0\": \"Water Closets.These consist of a bowl and integraltrap, which always contains\"}, {\"0\": \"water, and a tank or a flushometer valve, which supplies water for flushing the bowl\"}, {\"0\": \"(Fig. 14.3). The passage through the trap to the discharge usually is large enough\"}, {\"0\": \"to pass a solid ball 2 to 3 in in diameter. Siphon-jet flushometer valves generally\"}, {\"0\": \"require a pressure of atleast 15 psifor operation and blowout flushometer valves\"}, {\"0\": \"generally require 25 psifor operation. The waterlevelin a tank of atank-type\"}, {\"0\": \"water closetisraised above the waterlevelin the bowlso that gravity provides\"}, {\"0\": \"sufficient pressure for flushing.\"}, {\"0\": \"The cleansing action of water flow in the bowl may be achieved in any of several\"}, {\"0\": \"different ways. One method is illustrated by the siphon jet in Fig. 14.3b. The tank\"}, {\"0\": \"discharges water around the rim and also jets water into the up leg ofthe trap. As\"}, {\"0\": \"a result,the contents of the bowl are siphoned out of the down leg of the discharge\"}, {\"0\": \"pipe. Othertypes of action include the reverse trap (Fig. 14.3c ), which is similar\"}, {\"0\": \"to the siphon-jettype but smaller;the siphon vortex (Fig. 14.3a ),in which water\"}, {\"0\": \"from the rim washes the bowl, creates a vortex, becomes a jet, and discharges by\"}, {\"0\": \"siphonage;the washdown (Fig. 14.3d ),in which pressure buildup causesthe up\"}], [{\"of people may utilize therestroom facilitiesinashort periodoftime;forexample,\\nat half-time at a football game.\\nThe plumbing fixtures are at the terminals of the water-supply system and the\\nstart of the wastewater system. To a large extent, the flow from the fixtures deter-\\nmines the quantities of wastewater to be drained from the building.\\nTraps. Separatetrapsarerequiredformostfixturesnotfittedwithanintegraltrap.\\nThe trap should be installed as close as possible to the unit served. Morethanone\\nfixture may be connected to a trap if certain code regulations are observed. For\\nspecific requirements, refer to the governing code.\\nA water seal of at least 2 in, and not more than 4 in, is generally required in\\nmost traps. Traps exposed to freezing should be suitably protected to prevent ice\\nformation in the trap body. Clean-outs of suitable size are required on all traps\\nexceptthosemadeintegralwiththefixtureorthosehavingaportionwhichiseasily\\nremovedforcleaningoftheinteriorbody.Mostcodesprohibituseoftrapsinwhich\\namovingpartisneededtoformtheseal.Doubletrappingisalsousuallyprohibited.\\nTable 14.4 lists minimum trap sizes for various fixtures.\\nShowers. Special care should be taken in selectionofshowers,especiallyshower\\nvalves. To ensure that a userisnot scalded when pressurefluctuationsoccurinthe\\nwaterdistributionsystem,pressure-balancingortemperature-limitingshowervalves\\nthatpreventextremevariationsintheoutletwatertemperaturemaybespecified.In\\nfacilities with large numbers of showers, a central tempered water system may be\\nused to serve the showers. As with the shower valves, the mixing valve serving a\\ntempered water system should also be of a pressure-balancing or temperature-\\nlimiting type.\\nWater Closets. These consist of a bowl and integral trap, which always contains\\nwater,andatankoraflushometervalve,whichsupplieswaterforflushingthebowl\\n(Fig. 14.3). The passage through the trap to the discharge usually is large enough\\nto pass a solid ball 2 to 3 in in diameter. Siphon-jet flushometer valves generally\\nrequire a pressure of at least 15 psi for operation and blowout flushometer valves\\ngenerally require 25 psi for operation. The water level in a tank of a tank-type\\nwater closet is raised above the water level in the bowl so that gravity provides\\nsufficient pressure for flushing.\\nThecleansingactionofwaterflowinthebowlmaybeachievedinanyofseveral\\ndifferent ways. One method isillustrated by thesiphonjetinFig.14.3b.Thetank\\ndischarges water around the rim and also jets water into the up leg of the trap. As\\naresult,thecontentsofthebowlaresiphonedoutofthedownlegofthedischarge\\npipe. Other types of action include the reverse trap (Fig. 14.3c), which is similar\\nto the siphon-jet type but smaller; the siphon vortex (Fig. 14.3a), in which water\\nfrom the rim washes the bowl, creates a vortex, becomes a jet, and discharges by\\nsiphonage; the washdown (Fig. 14.3d), in which pressure buildup causes the up\": \"\"}, {\"of people may utilize therestroom facilitiesinashort periodoftime;forexample,\\nat half-time at a football game.\\nThe plumbing fixtures are at the terminals of the water-supply system and the\\nstart of the wastewater system. To a large extent, the flow from the fixtures deter-\\nmines the quantities of wastewater to be drained from the building.\\nTraps. Separatetrapsarerequiredformostfixturesnotfittedwithanintegraltrap.\\nThe trap should be installed as close as possible to the unit served. Morethanone\\nfixture may be connected to a trap if certain code regulations are observed. For\\nspecific requirements, refer to the governing code.\\nA water seal of at least 2 in, and not more than 4 in, is generally required in\\nmost traps. Traps exposed to freezing should be suitably protected to prevent ice\\nformation in the trap body. Clean-outs of suitable size are required on all traps\\nexceptthosemadeintegralwiththefixtureorthosehavingaportionwhichiseasily\\nremovedforcleaningoftheinteriorbody.Mostcodesprohibituseoftrapsinwhich\\namovingpartisneededtoformtheseal.Doubletrappingisalsousuallyprohibited.\\nTable 14.4 lists minimum trap sizes for various fixtures.\\nShowers. Special care should be taken in selectionofshowers,especiallyshower\\nvalves. To ensure that a userisnot scalded when pressurefluctuationsoccurinthe\\nwaterdistributionsystem,pressure-balancingortemperature-limitingshowervalves\\nthatpreventextremevariationsintheoutletwatertemperaturemaybespecified.In\\nfacilities with large numbers of showers, a central tempered water system may be\\nused to serve the showers. As with the shower valves, the mixing valve serving a\\ntempered water system should also be of a pressure-balancing or temperature-\\nlimiting type.\\nWater Closets. These consist of a bowl and integral trap, which always contains\\nwater,andatankoraflushometervalve,whichsupplieswaterforflushingthebowl\\n(Fig. 14.3). The passage through the trap to the discharge usually is large enough\\nto pass a solid ball 2 to 3 in in diameter. Siphon-jet flushometer valves generally\\nrequire a pressure of at least 15 psi for operation and blowout flushometer valves\\ngenerally require 25 psi for operation. The water level in a tank of a tank-type\\nwater closet is raised above the water level in the bowl so that gravity provides\\nsufficient pressure for flushing.\\nThecleansingactionofwaterflowinthebowlmaybeachievedinanyofseveral\\ndifferent ways. One method isillustrated by thesiphonjetinFig.14.3b.Thetank\\ndischarges water around the rim and also jets water into the up leg of the trap. As\\naresult,thecontentsofthebowlaresiphonedoutofthedownlegofthedischarge\\npipe. Other types of action include the reverse trap (Fig. 14.3c), which is similar\\nto the siphon-jet type but smaller; the siphon vortex (Fig. 14.3a), in which water\\nfrom the rim washes the bowl, creates a vortex, becomes a jet, and discharges by\\nsiphonage; the washdown (Fig. 14.3d), in which pressure buildup causes the up\": \"FIGURE 14.3 Typical water closets: (a) siphon-vortex; (b) siphon-jet; (c) reverse trap; (d)\\nwashdown;(e)blowout.\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Design and Construction Han_a5882c5b_p1314.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Design and Construction Handbook, 6th Edition ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 1529, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\nCONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT\n17.43\nThe interests of contractors, subcontractors, and building owners are very closely\nallied. Particular attention should be given to the definition of these respective\ninterests in all insurance policies. Where the insurable interest lies may depend\nupon the terms of the contract. Competent advice is frequently needed in order that\nall policies protect all interests as required.\nWhile the forms of protection purchased and the adequacy of limits are of great\nimportance to a prime or general contractor, it is also of great importance that the\ninsurance carried by subcontractors be written at adequate limits and be broad\nenough to protect against conditions that might arise as a result of their acts. Also,\nthe policies should include the interests of the prime or general contractor insofar\nas much interests should be protected.\nThis section merely outlines those forms of insurance that may be considered\nfundamental (Table 17.1). It includes brief, but not complete, descriptions of cov-\nerages without which a contractor should not operate. It is not intended to take the\nplace of the advice of experienced insurance personnel.\n17.15.1\nFire Insurance\nFire insurance policies are well standardized. They insure buildings, contents, and\nmaterials on job sites against direct loss or damage by fire or lightning. They also\ninclude destruction that may be ordered by civil authorities to prevent advance of\nfire from neighboring property. Under such a policy, the fire insurance company\nagrees to pay for the direct loss or damage caused by fire or lightning and also to\npay for removal of property from premises that may be damaged by fire.\nAttention should be given to the computation of the amount of insurance to be\napplied to property exposed to loss. In addition, the cost of debris removal should\nbe taken into consideration if the property could be subject to total loss. Under no\ncircumstances will the amount paid ever exceed the amount stated in the policy. If\nthe fire insurance policy has a coinsurance clause, the problem of valuation and\nadequate amount of insurance becomes even more important.\nThe form of fire insurance particularly applicable in the construction industry is\nknown as Builders Risk Insurance. The purpose of this form is to insure an owner\nor contractor, as their interests may appear, against loss by fire while buildings are\nunder construction. Such buildings may be insured under the Builders Risk form\nby the following methods:\n1. The reporting form, under which values are reported monthly or as more\nbuildings are started. Reports must be made regularly and accurately. If so, the form\nautomatically covers increases in value.\n2. The completed-value form under which insurance is written for the actual\nvalue of the building when it is completed. This is written at a reduced rate because\nit is recognized that the full amount of insurance is not at risk during the entire\nterm of the policy. No reports are necessary in connection with this form.\n3. Automatic Builders Risk Insurance, which insures the contractor’s interest\nautomatically in new construction, pending issuance of separate policies for a period\nnot exceeding 30 days. This form generally is used for contractors who are engaged\nin construction at a number of different locations.\nThere are certain hazards which, though not quite so common as fire and light-\nning, are nevertheless real. The contractor should insist that these be included in\nthe insurance, by endorsement. A few of the available endorsements are:\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"17.43CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT\"}, {\"0\": \"The interests of contractors, subcontractors, and building owners are very closely\"}, {\"0\": \"allied. Particularattention should be given to the definition oftheserespective\"}, {\"0\": \"interestsin allinsurance policies. Wheretheinsurableinterestlies may depend\"}, {\"0\": \"upon the terms of the contract. Competent advice is frequently needed in order that\"}, {\"0\": \"all policies protect allinterests as required.\"}, {\"0\": \"While the forms of protection purchased and the adequacy of limits are of great\"}, {\"0\": \"importance to a prime or general contractor,itis also of greatimportance thatthe\"}, {\"0\": \"insurancecarried by subcontractors be written atadequatelimitsand be broad\"}, {\"0\": \"enough to protect against conditions that might arise as a result of their acts. Also,\"}, {\"0\": \"the policies should include the interests ofthe prime or general contractorinsofar\"}, {\"0\": \"as much interests should be protected.\"}, {\"0\": \"Thissection merely outlinesthose forms ofinsurance that may be considered\"}, {\"0\": \"fundamental(Table 17.1).Itincludes brief, but not complete, descriptions of cov-\"}, {\"0\": \"erages without which a contractor should not operate. Itis notintended to take the\"}, {\"0\": \"place ofthe advice of experienced insurance personnel.\"}, {\"0\": \"17.15.1Fire Insurance\"}, {\"0\": \"Fire insurance policies are well standardized. They insure buildings, contents, and\"}, {\"0\": \"materials on job sites against directloss or damage by fire or lightning. They also\"}, {\"0\": \"include destruction that may be ordered by civil authorities to prevent advance of\"}, {\"0\": \"fire from neighboring property. Undersuch a policy,the fire insurance company\"}, {\"0\": \"agrees to pay forthe directloss or damage caused by fire orlightning and also to\"}, {\"0\": \"pay forremoval of property from premises that may be damaged by fire.\"}, {\"0\": \"Attention should be given to the computation ofthe amount ofinsurance to be\"}, {\"0\": \"applied to property exposed to loss.In addition,the cost of debris removal should\"}, {\"0\": \"be taken into consideration if the property could be subjectto totalloss. Under no\"}, {\"0\": \"circumstances willthe amount paid ever exceed the amount stated in the policy. If\"}, {\"0\": \"the fire insurance policy has a coinsurance clause,the problem of valuation and\"}, {\"0\": \"adequate amount ofinsurance becomes even more important.\"}, {\"0\": \"The form of fire insurance particularly applicable in the construction industry is\"}, {\"0\": \"known as Builders Risk Insurance. The purpose of this form is to insure an owner\"}, {\"0\": \"or contractor, as their interests may appear, againstloss by fire while buildings are\"}, {\"0\": \"under construction. Such buildings may be insured underthe Builders Risk form\"}, {\"0\": \"by the following methods:\"}, {\"0\": \"1. Thereporting form, under which valuesarereported monthly oras more\"}, {\"0\": \"buildings are started. Reports must be made regularly and accurately. If so, the form\"}, {\"0\": \"automatically covers increases in value.\"}, {\"0\": \"2. The completed-value form under which insurance is written forthe actual\"}, {\"0\": \"value of the building when it is completed. This is written at a reduced rate because\"}, {\"0\": \"itisrecognized thatthe full amount ofinsurance is not atrisk during the entire\"}, {\"0\": \"term ofthe policy. No reports are necessary in connection with this form.\"}, {\"0\": \"3. Automatic Builders Risk Insurance, which insuresthe contractor’sinterest\"}, {\"0\": \"automatically in new construction, pending issuance of separate policies for a period\"}, {\"0\": \"not exceeding 30 days. This form generally is used for contractors who are engaged\"}, {\"0\": \"in construction at a number of differentlocations.\"}, {\"0\": \"There are certain hazards which,though not quite so common as fire and light-\"}, {\"0\": \"ning, are neverthelessreal. The contractorshould insistthatthese be included in\"}, {\"0\": \"the insurance, by endorsement. A few ofthe available endorsements are:\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Design and Construction Han_a5882c5b_p1529.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Design and Construction Handbook, 6th Edition ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 1545, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\n17.59\nFIGURE 17.22\nPayroll report for a construction project.\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\"}], [{\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\", \"6\": \"\", \"7\": \"\", \"8\": \"\", \"9\": \"\", \"10\": \"\", \"11\": \"\", \"12\": \"\", \"13\": \"\", \"14\": \"\", \"15\": \"\", \"16\": \"\", \"17\": \"\", \"18\": \"\", \"19\": \"\", \"20\": \"\", \"21\": \"\", \"22\": \"\", \"23\": \"\", \"24\": \"\", \"25\": \"\", \"26\": \"\", \"27\": \"\", \"28\": \"\", \"29\": \"\", \"30\": \"\", \"31\": \"\", \"32\": \"\", \"33\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\", \"6\": \"\", \"7\": \"\", \"8\": \"\", \"9\": \"\", \"10\": \"\", \"11\": \"\", \"12\": \"\", 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Masonry; Wood)\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Bearings\", \"1\": \"7.76\", \"2\": \"7.78\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"(See also Plates, sill; sole; steel, bearing;\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Rockers; Rollers)\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Bed molds\", \"1\": \"11.46\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Bel\", \"1\": \"11.149\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Belts, laminated rubber\", \"1\": \"4.94\", \"2\": \"4.95\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Bending moments:\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"carry-over\", \"1\": \"5.8\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"computation of:\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"for continuous beams\", \"1\": \"5.8\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"for fixed-end beams\", \"1\": \"5.82\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"for one-way slabs\", \"1\": \"9.42\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"for simple beams\", \"1\": \"5.35\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"defined\", \"1\": \"5.34\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"diagrams of:\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"for concentrated loads\", \"1\": \"5.33\", \"2\": \"5.34\", \"3\": \"5.47\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"defined\", \"1\": \"5.34\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"plotting of\", \"1\": \"5.34\", \"2\": \"5.35\", \"3\": \"5.79\", \"4\": \"5.80\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"for triangular loading\", \"1\": \"5.53\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"for uniform loads\", \"1\": \"5.34\", \"2\": \"5.46\", \"3\": \"5.51\", \"4\": \"5.52\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"influence lines for\", \"1\": \"5.36\", \"2\": \"5.37\", \"3\": \"5.73\", \"4\": \"5.74\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"maximum:\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"for moving loads\", \"1\": \"5.37\", \"2\": \"5.38\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"for uniform loads\", \"1\": \"5.35\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"relation to shear\", \"1\": \"5.36\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"sign conventions for\", \"1\": \"5.34\", \"2\": \"5.79\", \"3\": \"5.80\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Bentonite\", \"1\": \"4.19\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Bents:\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"braced\", \"1\": \"7.37\", \"2\": \"7.38\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"defined\", \"1\": \"5.101\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"deflections of\", \"1\": \"5.105\", \"2\": \"5.106\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"drift limitations for\", \"1\": \"3.6\", \"2\": \"3.14\", \"3\": \"5.179\", \"4\": \"5.181\", \"5\": \"5.182\"}, {\"0\": \"lateral-load distribution to\", \"1\": \"5.101\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"(See also Bracing; Frames; Framing)\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Bidders:\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"instructions to\", \"1\": \"2.24\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"prequalification of\", \"1\": \"2.24\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Bidding requirements\", \"1\": \"2.22\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Bids:\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"analysis of\", \"1\": \"2.24\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"contents of\", \"1\": \"2.24\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"contingency allowances in\", \"1\": \"19.1\", \"2\": \"19.2\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"estimates for (see Cost estimates)\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"invitations for\", \"1\": \"1.5\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Design and Construction Han_a5882c5b_p1619.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Materials & Construction Planning Textbook free ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 1, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[OCR TEXT]\nNEW AGE\n\nBUILDING\nei\n\n \n\nTHIRD REVISED EDITION\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\nS. K. Duggal\n\nfal NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS", "page_type": "diagram", "image": "Building Materials & Construction Pl_81fb26b0_p0001.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Materials & Construction Planning Textbook free ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 2, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\nBUILDING\nMATERIALS", "page_type": "text", "image": null} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Materials & Construction Planning Textbook free ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 3, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\nThis page\nintentionally left\nblank\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"This pageintentionally left\", \"2\": \"blank\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Materials & Construction Pl_81fb26b0_p0003.png"} |
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| {"pdf_file": "Building Materials & Construction Planning Textbook free ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 10, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\nCONTENTS\nPreface to the Third Edition\nv\nPreface to the Second Edition\nvi\nPreface to the First Edition\nvii\n1. Principal Properties of Building Materials\n1\n1.1 Introduction\n1\n1.2 Physical Properties\n2\n1.3 Mechanical Properties\n6\n1.4 Characteristic Behaviour under Stress\n7\nExercises\n7\n2. Structural Clay Products\n8\n2.1 Introduction\n8\n2.2 Clay and its Classifications\n9\n2.3 Physical Properties of Clays\n9\n2.4 Bricks\n10\n2.5 Classification of Bricks\n11\n2.6 Characteristics of Good Brick\n14\n2.7 Ingredients of Good Brick Earth\n14\n2.8 Harmful Substances in Brick Earth\n15\n2.9 Manufacturing of Bricks\n16\n2.10 Different Forms of Bricks\n24\n2.11 Testing of Bricks\n26\n2.12 Defects of Bricks\n29\n2.13 Heavy Duty Burnt Clay Bricks (IS: 2180)\n30\n2.14 Burnt Clay Perforated Bricks (IS : 2222)\n30\n2.15 Burnt Clay Paving Bricks (IS : 3583)\n31\n2.16 Burnt Clay Soling Bricks (IS : 5779)\n31\n2.17 Burnt Clay Hollow Blocks (IS : 3952)\n32\n2.18 Burnt Clay Jallis (IS: 7556)\n32\n2.19 Clay Tiles\n33\n2.21 Fire-clay Bricks or Refractory Bricks\n39\n2.22 Terracotta\n40\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"Preface to the Third Edition\", \"1\": \"v\"}, {\"0\": \"Preface to the Second Edition\", \"1\": \"vi\"}, {\"0\": \"Preface to the First Edition\", \"1\": \"vii\"}, {\"0\": \"1. Principal Properties of Building Materials\", \"1\": \"1\"}, {\"0\": \"1.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"1\"}, {\"0\": \"1.2 Physical Properties\", \"1\": \"2\"}, {\"0\": \"1.3 Mechanical Properties\", \"1\": \"6\"}, {\"0\": \"1.4 Characteristic Behaviour under Stress\", \"1\": \"7\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"7\"}, {\"0\": \"2. Structural Clay Products\", \"1\": \"8\"}, {\"0\": \"2.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"8\"}, {\"0\": \"2.2 Clay and its Classifications\", \"1\": \"9\"}, {\"0\": \"2.3 Physical Properties of Clays\", \"1\": \"9\"}, {\"0\": \"2.4 Bricks\", \"1\": \"10\"}, {\"0\": \"2.5 Classification of Bricks\", \"1\": \"11\"}, {\"0\": \"2.6 Characteristics of Good Brick\", \"1\": \"14\"}, {\"0\": \"2.7Ingredients of Good Brick Earth\", \"1\": \"14\"}, {\"0\": \"2.8 Harmful Substances in Brick Earth\", \"1\": \"15\"}, {\"0\": \"2.9 Manufacturing of Bricks\", \"1\": \"16\"}, {\"0\": \"2.10 Different Forms of Bricks\", \"1\": \"24\"}, {\"0\": \"2.11 Testing of Bricks\", \"1\": \"26\"}, {\"0\": \"2.12 Defects of Bricks\", \"1\": \"29\"}, {\"0\": \"2.13 Heavy Duty Burnt Clay Bricks (IS: 2180)\", \"1\": \"30\"}, {\"0\": \"2.14 Burnt Clay Perforated Bricks (IS : 2222)\", \"1\": \"30\"}, {\"0\": \"2.15 Burnt Clay Paving Bricks (IS : 3583)\", \"1\": \"31\"}, {\"0\": \"2.16 Burnt Clay Soling Bricks (IS : 5779)\", \"1\": \"31\"}, {\"0\": \"2.17 Burnt Clay Hollow Blocks (IS : 3952)\", \"1\": \"32\"}, {\"0\": \"2.18 Burnt Clay Jallis (IS: 7556)\", \"1\": \"32\"}, {\"0\": \"2.19 Clay Tiles\", \"1\": \"33\"}, {\"0\": \"2.21Fire-clay Bricks or Refractory Bricks\", \"1\": \"39\"}, {\"0\": \"2.22 Terracotta\", \"1\": \"40\"}], [{\"0\": \"2.6 Characteristics of Good Brick\", \"1\": \"14\"}, {\"0\": \"2.7Ingredients of Good Brick Earth\", \"1\": \"14\"}, {\"0\": \"2.8 Harmful Substances in Brick Earth\", \"1\": \"15\"}, {\"0\": \"2.9 Manufacturing of Bricks\", \"1\": \"16\"}, {\"0\": \"2.10 Different Forms of Bricks\", \"1\": \"24\"}, {\"0\": \"2.11 Testing of Bricks\", \"1\": \"26\"}, {\"0\": \"2.12 Defects of Bricks\", \"1\": \"29\"}, {\"0\": \"2.13 Heavy Duty Burnt Clay Bricks (IS: 2180)\", \"1\": \"30\"}, {\"0\": \"2.14 Burnt Clay Perforated Bricks (IS : 2222)\", \"1\": \"30\"}, {\"0\": \"2.15 Burnt Clay Paving Bricks (IS : 3583)\", \"1\": \"31\"}, {\"0\": \"2.16 Burnt Clay Soling Bricks (IS : 5779)\", \"1\": \"31\"}, {\"0\": \"2.17 Burnt Clay Hollow Blocks (IS : 3952)\", \"1\": \"32\"}, {\"0\": \"2.18 Burnt Clay Jallis (IS: 7556)\", \"1\": \"32\"}, {\"0\": \"2.19 Clay Tiles\", \"1\": \"33\"}, {\"0\": \"2.21Fire-clay Bricks or Refractory Bricks\", \"1\": \"39\"}, {\"0\": \"2.22 Terracotta\", \"1\": \"40\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Materials & Construction Pl_81fb26b0_p0010.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Materials & Construction Planning Textbook free ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 12, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\nContents\nxi\n4.17 Applications of Wood and Wood-products\n135\nExercises\n136\nObjective Type Questions\n138\n5. Materials for Making Concrete-I Cement\n144\n5.1 Introduction\n144\n5.2 Portland Cement\n145\n5.3 Chemical Composition of Raw Materials\n146\n5.4 Composition of Cement Clinker\n147\n5.5 Hydration of Cement\n149\n5.6 Rate of Hydration\n151\n5.7 Water Requirement for Hydration\n151\n5.8 Manufacture of Cement\n152\n5.9 Testing of Cement\n154\n5.10 Types of Cement\n169\n5.11 Storage of Cement\n174\nExercises\n175\nObjective Type Questions\n175\n6. Materials for Making Concrete-II Aggregates\n181\n6.1 Introduction\n181\n6.2 Classification of Aggregates\n181\n6.3 Characteristics of Aggregate\n183\n6.4 Deleterious Materials and Organic Impurities\n187\n6.5 Soundness\n187\n6.6 Alkali-Aggregate Reaction\n187\n6.7 Thermal Properties of Aggregate\n189\n6.8 Fine Aggregate\n189\n6.9 Coarse Aggregate\n190\n6.10 Cinder Aggregates\n191\n6.11 Broken Brick Coarse Aggregate\n191\n6.12 Testing of Aggregates\n191\nExercises\n207\nObjective Type Questions\n207\n7. Materials for Making Concrete-III Water\n209\n7.1 Introduction\n209\n7.2 Quality of Mixing Water\n209\n7.3 Effect of Mixing Water from Different Sources\n211\n7.4 Water for Washing Aggregates\n212\n7.5 Curing Water\n212\nExercises\n212\nObjective Type Questions\n212\n8. Materials for Making Concrete-IV Lime\n214\n8.1 Introduction\n214\n8.2 Impurities in Limestones\n216\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"Contents\", \"2\": \"xi\"}, {\"0\": \"4.17 Applications of Wood and Wood-products\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"135\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"136\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"138\"}, {\"0\": \"5. Materials for Making Concrete-I Cement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"144\"}, {\"0\": \"5.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"144\"}, {\"0\": \"5.2 Portland Cement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"145\"}, {\"0\": \"5.3 Chemical Composition of Raw Materials\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"146\"}, {\"0\": \"5.4 Composition of Cement Clinker\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"147\"}, {\"0\": \"5.5 Hydration of Cement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"149\"}, {\"0\": \"5.6 Rate of Hydration\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"151\"}, {\"0\": \"5.7 Water Requirement for Hydration\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"151\"}, {\"0\": \"5.8 Manufacture of Cement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"152\"}, {\"0\": \"5.9 Testing of Cement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"154\"}, {\"0\": \"5.10 Types of Cement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"169\"}, {\"0\": \"5.11Storage of Cement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"174\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"175\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"175\"}, {\"0\": \"6. Materials for Making Concrete-II Aggregates\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"181\"}, {\"0\": \"6.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"181\"}, {\"0\": \"6.2 Classification of Aggregates\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"181\"}, {\"0\": \"6.3 Characteristics of Aggregate\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"183\"}, {\"0\": \"6.4 Deleterious Materials and Organic Impurities\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"187\"}, {\"0\": \"6.5Soundness\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"187\"}, {\"0\": \"6.6 Alkali-Aggregate Reaction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"187\"}, {\"0\": \"6.7 Thermal Properties of Aggregate\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"189\"}, {\"0\": \"6.8Fine Aggregate\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"189\"}, {\"0\": \"6.9 Coarse Aggregate\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"190\"}, {\"0\": \"6.10 Cinder Aggregates\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"191\"}, {\"0\": \"6.11 Broken Brick Coarse Aggregate\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"191\"}, {\"0\": \"6.12 Testing of Aggregates\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"191\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"207\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"207\"}, {\"0\": \"7. Materials for Making Concrete-III Water\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"209\"}, {\"0\": \"7.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"209\"}, {\"0\": \"7.2 Quality of Mixing Water\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"209\"}, {\"0\": \"7.3 Effect of Mixing Water from Different Sources\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"211\"}, {\"0\": \"7.4 Water for Washing Aggregates\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"212\"}, {\"0\": \"7.5 Curing Water\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"212\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"212\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"212\"}, {\"0\": \"8. Materials for Making Concrete-IV Lime\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"214\"}, {\"0\": \"8.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"214\"}, {\"0\": \"8.2Impurities in Limestones\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"216\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Materials & Construction Pl_81fb26b0_p0012.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Materials & Construction Planning Textbook free ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 14, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\nContents\nxiii\n11. Concrete Mix Design\n307\n11.1 Introduction\n307\n11.2 Principles of Mix Design\n309\n11.3 Ingredients of the Mix\n312\n11.4 Acceptance Criteria\n319\n11.5 Proportioning the Ingredients\n323\n11.6 IS Method of Mix Design\n325\nExercises\n337\nObjective Type Questions\n338\n12. Building Mortars\n340\n12.1 Introduction\n340\n12.2 Classification\n341\n12.3 Characteristics of Good Mortar\n342\n12.4 Functions of Ingredients\n343\n12.5 Cement Mortar\n343\n12.6 Lime Mortar\n345\n12.7 Surkhi Mortar\n347\n12.8 Lime-Cement Mortar\n347\n12.9 Mud Mortar\n348\n12.10 Special Mortars\n348\n12.11 Selection of Mortar\n349\n12.12 Testing\n349\n12.13 Grout\n352\n12.14 Guniting\n352\nExercises\n354\nObjective Type Questions\n355\n13. Ferrous Metals\n356\n13.1 Introduction\n356\n13.2 Structures of Ferrous Metal\n356\n13.3 Iron\n357\n13.4 Pig Iron\n357\n13.5 Cast Iron\n358\n13.6 Wrought Iron\n362\n13.7 Steel\n363\n13.8 Rolled Steel Sections\n368\n13.9 Reinforcing Steel Bars\n369\n13.10 Rusting and Corrosion\n372\n13.11 Tensile Testing of Steel Sections (IS: 1608)\n373\n13.12 Alloy Steel\n375\nExercises\n377\nObjective Type Questions\n378\n14. Non-Ferrous Metals\n380\n14.1 Introduction\n380\n14.2 Aluminium\n380\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"Contents\", \"2\": \"xiii\"}, {\"0\": \"11. Concrete Mix Design\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"307\"}, {\"0\": \"11.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"307\"}, {\"0\": \"11.2 Principles of Mix Design\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"309\"}, {\"0\": \"11.3Ingredients of the Mix\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"312\"}, {\"0\": \"11.4 Acceptance Criteria\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"319\"}, {\"0\": \"11.5 Proportioning the Ingredients\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"323\"}, {\"0\": \"11.6IS Method of Mix Design\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"325\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"337\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"338\"}, {\"0\": \"12. Building Mortars\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"340\"}, {\"0\": \"12.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"340\"}, {\"0\": \"12.2 Classification\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"341\"}, {\"0\": \"12.3 Characteristics of Good Mortar\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"342\"}, {\"0\": \"12.4Functions of Ingredients\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"343\"}, {\"0\": \"12.5 Cement Mortar\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"343\"}, {\"0\": \"12.6 Lime Mortar\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"345\"}, {\"0\": \"12.7Surkhi Mortar\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"347\"}, {\"0\": \"12.8 Lime-Cement Mortar\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"347\"}, {\"0\": \"12.9 Mud Mortar\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"348\"}, {\"0\": \"12.10Special Mortars\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"348\"}, {\"0\": \"12.11Selection of Mortar\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"349\"}, {\"0\": \"12.12 Testing\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"349\"}, {\"0\": \"12.13 Grout\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"352\"}, {\"0\": \"12.14 Guniting\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"352\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"354\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"355\"}, {\"0\": \"13.Ferrous Metals\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"356\"}, {\"0\": \"13.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"356\"}, {\"0\": \"13.2Structures of Ferrous Metal\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"356\"}, {\"0\": \"13.3Iron\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"357\"}, {\"0\": \"13.4 Pig Iron\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"357\"}, {\"0\": \"13.5 Cast Iron\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"358\"}, {\"0\": \"13.6 Wrought Iron\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"362\"}, {\"0\": \"13.7Steel\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"363\"}, {\"0\": \"13.8 Rolled Steel Sections\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"368\"}, {\"0\": \"13.9 Reinforcing Steel Bars\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"369\"}, {\"0\": \"13.10 Rusting and Corrosion\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"372\"}, {\"0\": \"13.11 Tensile Testing of Steel Sections (IS: 1608)\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"373\"}, {\"0\": \"13.12 Alloy Steel\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"375\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"377\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"378\"}, {\"0\": \"14. Non-Ferrous Metals\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"380\"}, {\"0\": \"14.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"380\"}, {\"0\": \"14.2 Aluminium\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"380\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Materials & Construction Pl_81fb26b0_p0014.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Materials & Construction Planning Textbook free ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 16, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\nContents\nxv\n17.12 Distemper\n431\n17.13 Water Wash and Colour Wash\n432\n17.14 Varnish\n432\n17.15 French Polish\n434\n17.16 Wax Polish\n434\n17.17 Miscellaneous Paints\n434\nExercises\n436\nObjective Type Questions\n437\n18. Tar, Bitumen and Asphalt\n440\n18.1 Introduction\n440\n18.2 Bitumen\n441\n18.3 Tar\n443\n18.4 Pitch\n444\n18.5 Asphalt\n444\n18.6 The Choice of Product\n446\n18.7 General Properties\n446\n18.8 Testing\n448\n18.9 Applications of Bituminous Materials\n454\nExercises\n456\nObjective Type Questions\n456\n19. Gypsum\n458\n19.1 Introduction\n458\n19.2 Effect of Heat and Moisture\n459\n19.3 Setting and Hardening\n459\n19.4 Classification\n460\n19.5 Manufacture\n460\n19.6 Plaster of Paris or Stucco\n461\n19.7 Gypsum Wall Plasters\n462\n19.8 Hard Finish Plaster\n463\n19.9 Gypsum Plaster Boards\n463\n19.10 Non-load Bearing Gypsum Partition Blocks\n464\n19.11 Pyrocell\n464\nExercises\n464\nObjective Type Questions\n465\n20. Special Cements and Cement Concretes\n466\n20.1 Introduction\n466\n20.2 Acid-resistant Cements\n466\n20.3 Expanding Cements\n467\n20.4 Oil-Well Cement\n468\n20.5 Reinforced Cement Concrete\n471\n20.6 Prestressed Concrete\n472\n20.7 Polymer Concrete\n473\n20.8 Fibre Reinforced Concrete\n474\n20.9 Ferrocement\n475\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"Contents\", \"2\": \"xv\"}, {\"0\": \"17.12 Distemper\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"431\"}, {\"0\": \"17.13 Water Wash and Colour Wash\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"432\"}, {\"0\": \"17.14 Varnish\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"432\"}, {\"0\": \"17.15French Polish\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"434\"}, {\"0\": \"17.16 Wax Polish\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"434\"}, {\"0\": \"17.17 Miscellaneous Paints\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"434\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"436\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"437\"}, {\"0\": \"18. Tar, Bitumen and Asphalt\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"440\"}, {\"0\": \"18.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"440\"}, {\"0\": \"18.2 Bitumen\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"441\"}, {\"0\": \"18.3 Tar\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"443\"}, {\"0\": \"18.4 Pitch\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"444\"}, {\"0\": \"18.5 Asphalt\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"444\"}, {\"0\": \"18.6 The Choice of Product\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"446\"}, {\"0\": \"18.7 General Properties\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"446\"}, {\"0\": \"18.8 Testing\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"448\"}, {\"0\": \"18.9 Applications of Bituminous Materials\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"454\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"456\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"456\"}, {\"0\": \"19. Gypsum\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"458\"}, {\"0\": \"19.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"458\"}, {\"0\": \"19.2 Effect of Heat and Moisture\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"459\"}, {\"0\": \"19.3Setting and Hardening\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"459\"}, {\"0\": \"19.4 Classification\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"460\"}, {\"0\": \"19.5 Manufacture\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"460\"}, {\"0\": \"19.6 Plaster of Paris or Stucco\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"461\"}, {\"0\": \"19.7 Gypsum Wall Plasters\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"462\"}, {\"0\": \"19.8 Hard Finish Plaster\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"463\"}, {\"0\": \"19.9 Gypsum Plaster Boards\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"463\"}, {\"0\": \"19.10 Non-load Bearing Gypsum Partition Blocks\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"464\"}, {\"0\": \"19.11 Pyrocell\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"464\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"464\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"465\"}, {\"0\": \"20. Special Cements and Cement Concretes\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"466\"}, {\"0\": \"20.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"466\"}, {\"0\": \"20.2 Acid-resistant Cements\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"466\"}, {\"0\": \"20.3 Expanding Cements\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"467\"}, {\"0\": \"20.4 Oil-Well Cement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"468\"}, {\"0\": \"20.5 Reinforced Cement Concrete\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"471\"}, {\"0\": \"20.6 Prestressed Concrete\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"472\"}, {\"0\": \"20.7 Polymer Concrete\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"473\"}, {\"0\": \"20.8Fibre Reinforced Concrete\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"474\"}, {\"0\": \"20.9Ferrocement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"475\"}], [{\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"Contents\", \"2\": \"xv\"}, {\"0\": \"17.12 Distemper\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"431\"}, {\"0\": \"17.13 Water Wash and Colour Wash\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"432\"}, {\"0\": \"17.14 Varnish\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"432\"}, {\"0\": \"17.15French Polish\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"434\"}, {\"0\": \"17.16 Wax Polish\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"434\"}, {\"0\": \"17.17 Miscellaneous Paints\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"434\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"436\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"437\"}, {\"0\": \"18. Tar, Bitumen and Asphalt\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"440\"}, {\"0\": \"18.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"440\"}, {\"0\": \"18.2 Bitumen\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"441\"}, {\"0\": \"18.3 Tar\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"443\"}, {\"0\": \"18.4 Pitch\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"444\"}, {\"0\": \"18.5 Asphalt\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"444\"}, {\"0\": \"18.6 The Choice of Product\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"446\"}, {\"0\": \"18.7 General Properties\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"446\"}, {\"0\": \"18.8 Testing\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"448\"}, {\"0\": \"18.9 Applications of Bituminous Materials\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"454\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"456\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"456\"}, {\"0\": \"19. Gypsum\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"458\"}, {\"0\": \"19.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"458\"}, {\"0\": \"19.2 Effect of Heat and Moisture\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"459\"}, {\"0\": \"19.3Setting and Hardening\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"459\"}, {\"0\": \"19.4 Classification\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"460\"}, {\"0\": \"19.5 Manufacture\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"460\"}, {\"0\": \"19.6 Plaster of Paris or Stucco\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"461\"}, {\"0\": \"19.7 Gypsum Wall Plasters\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"462\"}, {\"0\": \"19.8 Hard Finish Plaster\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"463\"}, {\"0\": \"19.9 Gypsum Plaster Boards\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"463\"}, {\"0\": \"19.10 Non-load Bearing Gypsum Partition Blocks\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"464\"}, {\"0\": \"19.11 Pyrocell\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"464\"}, {\"0\": \"Exercises\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"464\"}, {\"0\": \"Objective Type Questions\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"465\"}, {\"0\": \"20. Special Cements and Cement Concretes\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"466\"}, {\"0\": \"20.1Introduction\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"466\"}, {\"0\": \"20.2 Acid-resistant Cements\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"466\"}, {\"0\": \"20.3 Expanding Cements\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"467\"}, {\"0\": \"20.4 Oil-Well Cement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"468\"}, {\"0\": \"20.5 Reinforced Cement Concrete\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"471\"}, {\"0\": \"20.6 Prestressed Concrete\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"472\"}, {\"0\": \"20.7 Polymer Concrete\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"473\"}, {\"0\": \"20.8Fibre Reinforced Concrete\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"474\"}, {\"0\": \"20.9Ferrocement\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"475\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Materials & Construction Pl_81fb26b0_p0016.png"} |
| {"pdf_file": "Building Materials & Construction Planning Textbook free ( PDFDrive ).pdf", "page_num": 94, "prompt": "Analyze this page with diagrams, tables, formulas, calculations, and explanations.", "response": "[NATIVE TEXT]\n\u000f\u0010\u0011\u0012\u000e\b\n\u0006\u0005\b\u0013\u000b\u0010\u0006\f\u000e\n\u001c\u001c\n\u0001\u0002\u0003\f \t\n\u0007\u0014\u001b\u0004\u0015\u0004\u0006\u0019\u0012\b\u000f\u0012\u0016\u0006\b\u0005\u0013\u0016\nQuarrying and cutting have a great bearing on the weathering properties of stones. Stone from\ntop ledges of limestone, granite and slate and from the exposed faces of the rock bed is likely\nto be less hard and durable. Highly absorbent stone should not be quarried in freezing weather\nsince the rock is likely to split. The method of blasting and cutting also influences the strength\nof the stone and its resistance to freezing and temperature changes. Small, uniformly distributed\ncharge of blasting powder has a lesser weakening effect than large concentrations of explosives.\nA porous stone is less durable than a dense stone, since the former is less resistant to freezing.\nAlso, rocks with tortuous pores and tubes are more apt to be injured by freezing than those of\nequal porosity having straight pores and tubes. Repeated hammering in cutting is likely to\ninjure the stone. Polished stone is more enduring than rough surfaced work, since the rain\nslides off the former more easily. Stones from stratified rocks should be placed along the\nnatural bed in order to secure maximum weathering resistance. Pyrite, magnetite and iron\ncarbonate oxidize in weathering and cause discolouration of the stone in which they are present.\nSince oxidation is accompanied by a change in volume, the surrounding structure is weakened.\n\u0001\u0002\u0003\u0001 \"\u0007\u0013\u0016\u0013\u0007#\u0014\u0006\u0004\b\u0005\u0012\b\u000f\u0012\u0016\u0006\b\u0005\u0013\u0016\nPreservation of stone is essential to prevent its decay. Different types of stones require different\ntreatments. But in general stones should be made dry with the help of blow lamp and then a\ncoating of paraffin, linseed oil, light paint, etc. is applied over the surface. This makes a\nprotective coating over the stone. However, this treatment is periodic and not permanent.\nWhen treatment is done with the linseed oil, it is boiled and applied in three coats over the\nstone. Thereafter, a coat of dilute ammonia in warm water is applied.\nThe structure to be preserved should be maintained by washing stones frequently with\nwater and steam so that dirt and salts deposited are removed from time to time. However, the\nbest way is to apply preservatives. Stones are washed with thin solution of silicate of soda or\npotash. Then, on drying a solution of CaCl2 is applied over it. These two solutions called\nSzerelmy’s liquid, combine to form silicate of lime which fills the pores in stones. The common\nsalt formed in this process is washed afterwards. The silicate of lime forms an insoluble film\nwhich helps to protect the stones.\nSometimes lead paint is also used to preserve the stones, but the natural colour of the stone\nis spoilt. Painting stone with coal tar also helps in the preservation but it spoils the beauty of\nthe stone. Use of chemicals should be avoided as far as possible, especially the caustic alkalis.\nAlthough cleaning is easy with chemicals, there is the risk of introducing salts which may\nsubsequently cause damage to the stone.\nIn industrial towns, stones are preserved by application of solution of baryta, Ba(OH)2 —\nBarium hydrate. The sulphur dioxide present in acid reacts on the calcium contents of stones\nto form calcium sulphate. Soot and dust present in the atmosphere adhere to the calcium\nsulphate and form a hard skin. In due course of time, the calcium sulphate so formed flakes off\nand exposes fresh stone surface for further attack. This is known as sulphate attack. Baryta reacts\nwith calcium sulphate deposited on the stones and forms insoluble barium sulphate and calcium\nhydroxide. The calcium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to form calcium carbonate.\nBa (OH)2 + CaSO4\n\t\t\t\n BaSO4 + Ca(OH)2\n(Barium sulphate) (Calcium hydroxide)\n\n[TABLES]\n[[{\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:10)(cid:6)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:16)(cid:6)(cid:12)(cid:14)\", \"3\": \"(cid:28)(cid:28)\"}, {\"0\": \"(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:12) (cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:7)(cid:20)(cid:27)(cid:4)(cid:21)(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:18)(cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:18)(cid:22)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:19)(cid:22)\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"Quarrying and cutting have a great bearing on the weathering properties of stones. Stone from\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"top ledges of limestone, granite and slate and from the exposed faces of the rock bed is likely\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"to be less hard and durable. Highly absorbent stone should not be quarried in freezing weather\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"since the rock is likely to split. The method of blasting and cutting also influences the strength\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"of the stone and its resistance to freezing and temperature changes. Small, uniformly distributed\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"charge of blasting powder has a lesser weakening effect than large concentrations of explosives.\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"A porous stone is less durable than a dense stone, since the former is less resistant to freezing.\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"Also, rocks with tortuous pores and tubes are more apt to be injured by freezing than those of\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"equal porosity having straight pores and tubes. Repeated hammering in cutting is likely to\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"injure the stone. Polished stone is more enduring than rough surfaced work, since the rain\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"slides off the former more easily. Stones from stratified rocks should be placed along the\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"natural bed in order to secure maximum weathering resistance. Pyrite, magnetite and iron\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"carbonate oxidize in weathering and cause discolouration of the stone in which they are present.\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"Since oxidation is accompanied by a change in volume, the surrounding structure is weakened.\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:1) \\\"(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:7)#(cid:20)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:18)(cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:18)(cid:22)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:5)(cid:19)(cid:22)\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"Preservation of stone is essential to prevent its decay. Different types of stones require different\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"treatments. But in general stones should be made dry with the help of blow lamp and then a\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"coating of paraffin, linseed oil, light paint, etc. is applied over the surface. This makes a\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"protective coating over the stone. However, this treatment is periodic and not permanent.\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"When treatment is done with the linseed oil, it is boiled and applied in three coats over the\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"stone. Thereafter, a coat of dilute ammonia in warm water is applied.\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"The structure to be preserved should be maintained by washing stones frequently with\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"water and steam so that dirt and salts deposited are removed from time to time. However, the\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"best way is to apply preservatives. Stones are washed with thin solution of silicate of soda or\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"potash. Then, on drying a solution of CaCl2 is applied over it. These two solutions called\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Szerelmy’s liquid, combine to form silicate of lime which fills the pores in stones. The common\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"salt formed in this process is washed afterwards. The silicate of lime forms an insoluble film\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"which helps to protect the stones.\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"Sometimes lead paint is also used to preserve the stones, but the natural colour of the stone\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"is spoilt. Painting stone with coal tar also helps in the preservation but it spoils the beauty of\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"the stone. Use of chemicals should be avoided as far as possible, especially the caustic alkalis.\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Although cleaning is easy with chemicals, there is the risk of introducing salts which may\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"subsequently cause damage to the stone.\", \"1\": \"\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"In industrial towns, stones are preserved by application of solution of baryta, Ba(OH)2 —\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"Barium hydrate. The sulphur dioxide present in acid reacts on the calcium contents of stones\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"to form calcium sulphate. Soot and dust present in the atmosphere adhere to the calcium\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"sulphate and form a hard skin. In due course of time, the calcium sulphate so formed flakes off\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"and exposes fresh stone surface for further attack. This is known as sulphate attack. Baryta reacts\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"with calcium sulphate deposited on the stones and forms insoluble barium sulphate and calcium\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"\", \"1\": \"hydroxide. The calcium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to form calcium carbonate.\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}, {\"0\": \"Ba (OH)2 + CaSO4\", \"1\": \"(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:10) BaSO4 + Ca(OH)2\", \"2\": \"\", \"3\": \"\"}]]", "page_type": "mixed", "image": "Building Materials & Construction Pl_81fb26b0_p0094.png"} |
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