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1043859 | Perceptual and Neural Olfactory Similarity in Honeybees | The question of whether or not neural activity patterns recorded in the olfactory centres of the brain correspond to olfactory perceptual measures remains unanswered. To address this question, we studied olfaction in honeybees Apis mellifera using the olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response. We condi... | Introduction Stimulus discrimination and generalisation constitute two major abilities exhibited by most living animals. Discrimination allows treating different signals as distinct, while generalisation allows treating different but similar stimuli as equivalents [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Similarity along one or several perceptu... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1043859.xml |
1043860 | Principles of MicroRNA–Target Recognition | MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in plants and animals. Although their biological importance has become clear, how they recognize and regulate target genes remains less well understood. Here, we systematically evaluate the minimal requirements for functional miRNA–target duplex... | Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that serve as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in plants and animals. They act by binding to complementary sites on target mRNAs to induce cleavage or repression of productive translation (reviewed in [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]). The importance of miRNA... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1043860.xml |
1043861 | Seeds of Destruction: Predicting How microRNAs Choose Their Target | null | Compare the gene number of fruitfly (13,000) to human (20,000), and it's pretty clear that complexity emerges not just from gene number but from how those genes are regulated. In recent years, it's become increasingly clear that one class of molecules, called microRNAs (miRNAs), exert significant regulatory control ove... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1043861.xml |
1043862 | Cracking the Olfactory Code | null | For Proust, a taste of cookie was enough to trigger vivid recollections of his childhood, the first of a long string of reveries that he fashioned into his famous memoir Remembrance of Things Past . For many animals, too, tastes and smells are evocative and play a crucial role in finding food, allowing them to build on... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1043862.xml |
1044830 | Recombination Difference between Sexes: A Role for Haploid Selection | Why the autosomal recombination rate differs between female and male meiosis in most species has been a genetic enigma since the early study of meiosis. Some hypotheses have been put forward to explain this widespread phenomenon and, up to now, only one fact has emerged clearly: In species in which meiosis is achiasmat... | Introduction Sex differences in recombination were discovered in the first linkage studies on Drosophila [ 1 , 2 ] and Bombyx (Tanaka [1914] in [ 3 ]) almost one century ago. However, this observation remains today largely unexplained despite several attempts. Based on very limited observations (see Table 1 ), especial... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044830.xml |
1044831 | Engineering Gene Networks to Emulate Drosophila Embryonic Pattern Formation | Pattern formation is essential in the development of higher eukaryotes. For example, in the Drosophila embryo, maternal morphogen gradients establish gap gene expression domain patterning along the anterior-posterior axis, through linkage with an elaborate gene network. To understand the evolution and behaviour of such... | Introduction Engineering a system to emulate a particular behaviour can be an extremely informative approach to systems biology [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Even if the natural biochemical interactions are well characterized, it remains a considerable challenge to reconstruct a physical system with the appropriate behaviour.... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044831.xml |
1044832 | Recent Origin and Cultural Reversion of a Hunter–Gatherer Group | Contemporary hunter–gatherer groups are often thought to serve as models of an ancient lifestyle that was typical of human populations prior to the development of agriculture. Patterns of genetic variation in hunter–gatherer groups such as the !Kung and African Pygmies are consistent with this view, as they exhibit low... | Introduction The Mlabri are an enigmatic group of about 300 people who nowadays range across the Nan, Phrae, and Phayao provinces of north and northeastern Thailand and the Sayaburi province of western Laos [ 1 , 2 ]. Their traditional lifestyle is to move frequently through the dense forests of the high mountains, bui... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044832.xml |
1044833 | Modeling the Mutualistic Interactions between Tubeworms and Microbial Consortia | The deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi forms large aggregations at hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico that may persist for over 250 y. Here, we present the results of a diagenetic model in which tubeworm aggregation persistence is achieved through augmentation of the supply of sulfate to hydr... | Introduction Complex positive species interactions have been shown to expand the ecological niche and increase the persistence of the organisms involved in a variety of systems. In terrestrial systems, increased diversity of mycorrhizal symbionts is correlated with increased biodiversity of plant communities, resulting... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044833.xml |
1044834 | Location Coding by Opponent Neural Populations in the Auditory Cortex | Although the auditory cortex plays a necessary role in sound localization, physiological investigations in the cortex reveal inhomogeneous sampling of auditory space that is difficult to reconcile with localization behavior under the assumption of local spatial coding. Most neurons respond maximally to sounds located f... | Introduction Topographic representation is a hallmark of cortical organization: primary somatosensory cortex contains a somatotopic map of the body surface, primary visual cortex contains a retinotopic map of visual (retinal) space, and primary auditory cortex contains a cochleotopic map of sound frequency. The necessi... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044834.xml |
1044835 | Grasping the Intentions of Others with One's Own Mirror Neuron System | Understanding the intentions of others while watching their actions is a fundamental building block of social behavior. The neural and functional mechanisms underlying this ability are still poorly understood. To investigate these mechanisms we used functional magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-three subjects watched t... | Introduction The ability to understand the intentions associated with the actions of others is a fundamental component of social behavior, and its deficit is typically associated with socially isolating mental diseases such as autism [ 1 , 2 ]. The neural mechanisms underlying this ability are poorly understood. Recent... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044835.xml |
1044836 | Selection on Sex Cells Favors a Recombination Gender
Gap | null | Males and females of the same species can be strikingly different. Peacocks strut around
with flashy feathers to attract mates, while peahens blend into their surroundings with
more subdued colors. But differences are not always as obvious or easily explainable as
in this classic exa... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044836.xml |
1044837 | How the Brain Signals a Sound Source | null | Navigating one's environment requires sensory filters to distinguish friend from foe, zero in on prey, and sense impending danger. For a barn owl, this boils down mostly to homing in on a field mouse scurrying in the night. For a human—no longer faced with the reputedly fearsome saber-toothed Megantereon —it might mean... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044837.xml |
1044838 | Engineering Gene Networks to Probe Embryonic Pattern Formation in Flies | null | When it comes to making the perfect body, it's all about expressing the right genes in the right place at the right time. This process begins even before the sperm and egg combine to form a zygote, because maternal factors are laid down in the egg that help establish the key axes of the body. After fertilization, preci... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044838.xml |
1044839 | Tubeworm May Live Longer by Cycling Its Sulfur Downward | null | Any organism may be limited by some essential nutrient in short supply—nitrogen for a plant on poor soil, for instance, or iron for phytoplankton in the open ocean. For the long-lived tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi , what it needs most and has least is sulfide. L. luymesi lives clustered around hydrocarbon-releasing o... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044839.xml |
1044840 | Predicting the Future: Mirror Neurons Reflect the Intentions of Others | null | One of the more intriguing recent discoveries in brain science is the existence of “mirror neurons,” a set of neurons in the premotor area of the brain that are activated not only when performing an action oneself, but also while observing someone else perform that action. It is believed mirror neurons increase an indi... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044840.xml |
1044841 | An Evolutionary Road Less Traveled: From Farming to Hunting and Gathering | null | Invested with the arguably unique capacity for self-reflection, humans may well have asked the question, “Where did we come from?” ever since the dawn of self-awareness. From this universal question come origin stories as diverse as the cultures who tell them. In some cases, little is known about a population's evoluti... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1044841.xml |
1054879 | Cell-by-Cell Dissection of Gene Expression and Chromosomal Interactions Reveals Consequences of Nuclear Reorganization | The functional consequences of long-range nuclear reorganization were studied in a cell-by-cell analysis of gene expression and long-range chromosomal interactions in the Drosophila eye and eye imaginal disk. Position-effect variegation was used to stochastically perturb gene expression and probe nuclear reorganization... | Introduction From the broad level of the whole chromosome down to the individual gene, interphase chromosomes in every organism studied adhere to common organizational principles (reviewed in [ 1 ]). An aspect of chromosome structure important for organism function is long-range chromosomal interactions (LRCIs) between... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054879.xml |
1054880 | Highly Nonrandom Features of Synaptic Connectivity in Local Cortical Circuits | How different is local cortical circuitry from a random network? To answer this question, we probed synaptic connections with several hundred simultaneous quadruple whole-cell recordings from layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the rat visual cortex. Analysis of this dataset revealed several nonrandom features in synaptic con... | Introduction Understanding cortical function requires unraveling synaptic connectivity in cortical circuits, that is, establishing the wiring diagrams. Although smaller wiring diagrams can be reconstructed using electron microscopy [ 1 ], reconstruction on the scale of a cortical column is impossible with current techn... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054880.xml |
1054881 | Dissociation of Cohesin from Chromosome Arms and Loss of Arm Cohesion during Early Mitosis Depends on Phosphorylation of SA2 | Cohesin is a protein complex that is required to hold sister chromatids together. Cleavage of the Scc1 subunit of cohesin by the protease separase releases the complex from chromosomes and thereby enables the separation of sister chromatids in anaphase. In vertebrate cells, the bulk of cohesin dissociates from chromoso... | Introduction Faithful inheritance of the genome depends on its accurate replication and correct distribution to the two daughter cells. In eukaryotes, the two copies of a chromosome that are generated in S-phase (sister chromatids) remain connected until they are separated in anaphase of mitosis. This physical associat... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054881.xml |
1054882 | Shugoshin Prevents Dissociation of Cohesin from Centromeres During Mitosis in Vertebrate Cells | Cohesion between sister chromatids is essential for their bi-orientation on mitotic spindles. It is mediated by a multisubunit complex called cohesin. In yeast, proteolytic cleavage of cohesin's α kleisin subunit at the onset of anaphase removes cohesin from both centromeres and chromosome arms and thus triggers sister... | Introduction Cohesion between sister chromatids ensures that traction of sister chromatids towards opposite poles (known as bi-orientation) generates a tug-of-war between microtubules attempting to pull sisters apart and cohesion between them resisting this. The resulting tension is thought to stabilize the attachment ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054882.xml |
1054883 | Predictive Spatial Dynamics and Strategic Planning for Raccoon Rabies Emergence in Ohio | Rabies is an important public health concern in North America because of recent epidemics of a rabies virus variant associated with raccoons. The costs associated with surveillance, diagnostic testing, and post-exposure treatment of humans exposed to rabies have fostered coordinated efforts to control rabies spread by ... | Introduction Major recommendations from several Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Institute of Medicine reports on emerging diseases underscore the importance of improving and developing new surveillance strategies to better inform interventions limiting the impact of novel and reemerging disease [ 1... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054883.xml |
1054884 | Recombination Every Day: Abundant Recombination in a Virus during a Single Multi-Cellular Host Infection | Viral recombination can dramatically impact evolution and epidemiology. In viruses, the recombination rate depends on the frequency of genetic exchange between different viral genomes within an infected host cell and on the frequency at which such co-infections occur. While the recombination rate has been recently eval... | Introduction As increasing numbers of full-length viral sequences become available, recombinant or mosaic viruses are being recognized more frequently [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Recombination events have been demonstrated to be associated with viruses expanding their host range [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] or increasing their virulence [ 8 ,... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054884.xml |
1054885 | Separating Sisters: Shugoshin Protects SA2 at Centromeres but Not at Chromosome Arms | null | DNA replication leaves the cell with two identical copies of each chromosome. To ensure their proper segregation during the anaphase stage of mitosis, the members of each pair, called sister chromatids, are held together by a protein complex, aptly named cohesin, that links the two not only at the centromere, but also ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054885.xml |
1054886 | Location, Location, Location: How Position Affects Gene Expression in the Nucleus | null | Control of gene expression plays a role in determining cell fate, differentiation, and the maintenance of specific cell lineages. In the absence of regulation, aberrant gene expression can lead to developmental defects and disease. As a result, gene expression is highly regulated and that regulation takes many forms. C... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054886.xml |
1054887 | Lineage-Specific Expansions of Retroviral Insertions within the Genomes of African Great Apes but Not Humans and Orangutans | Retroviral infections of the germline have the potential to episodically alter gene function and genome structure during the course of evolution. Horizontal transmissions between species have been proposed, but little evidence exists for such events in the human/great ape lineage of evolution. Based on analysis of fini... | Introduction Mammalian genomic sequence is littered with various classes of endogenous retroviruses that have populated genomes during the course of evolution [ 1 , 2 ]. In the case of humans, approximately 8.3% of the genome sequence consists of long terminal repeat (LTR) and endogenous retrovirus elements classified ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054887.xml |
1054888 | The Few, the Strong: Rat Cortex Features Small Numbers of Powerful Connections | null | How is the brain wired up? Each neuron may connect with hundreds or even thousands of others, and the human brain has a hundred billion neurons. Determining the connection diagram for a whole brain is a truly daunting prospect, and currently well beyond reach. But one way into this thicket is to look for patterns in a ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054888.xml |
1054889 | Forecasting the Path of a Raccoon Rabies Epidemic | null | Rabies recently hit the national headlines when a Wisconsin teenager survived after showing full-blown symptoms. Even more remarkable, the girl—who was bitten by a bat—recovered after receiving a novel therapy, since doctors felt her case was too advanced for the standard rabies inoculations to work. Rabies is nearly a... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054889.xml |
1054890 | Recombination as a Way of Life: Viruses Do It Every Day | null | In theory, a cell's nuclear membrane guards its contents by barring access to potential foes. In reality, pathogens employ a diverse bag of tricks to circumvent this barrier. The murine leukemia virus (a retrovirus), for example, waits until the nuclear membrane degrades during cell division. Other retroviruses, like H... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054890.xml |
1054891 | The Chimp Genome Reveals a Retroviral Invasion in Primate Evolution | null | It's been known for a long time that only 2%–3% of human DNA codes for proteins. Much of the rest of our genomes—often referred to as junk DNA—consists of retroelements: genomic elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA, and then reinserted into a new spot in the genome. Human endogenous retr... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1054891.xml |
1059451 | Basal Immunoglobulin Signaling Actively Maintains Developmental Stage in Immature B Cells | In developing B lymphocytes, a successful V(D)J heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin (Ig) rearrangement establishes HC allelic exclusion and signals pro-B cells to advance in development to the pre-B stage. A subsequent functional light chain (LC) rearrangement then results in the surface expression of IgM at the immature B... | Introduction B lymphocytes follow a highly ordered program of development in the bone marrow (BM), beginning with the commitment of lymphoid progenitors to the B lineage and the somatic recombination of heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin (Ig) alleles [ 1 ]. Following an initial diversity (D H ) to joining (J H ) gene segm... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1059451.xml |
1059452 | Two-Way Traffic in B Cell Development: Implications for Immune Tolerance | null | Development generally proceeds in one direction. Undifferentiated, pluripotent cells, which can become several different cell types, first of all become committed to restricted cell lineages. Then, under the control of developmental signals, committed cells gradually take on specialized characteristics, eventually prod... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1059452.xml |
1062889 | The Global Threat of Counterfeit Drugs: Why Industry and Governments Must Communicate the Dangers | The production of substandard and fake drugs is a vast and underreported problem, particularly affecting poorer countries. Cockburn and colleagues argue that the pharmaceutical industry and governments must both take action | Introduction The production of substandard and fake drugs is a vast and underreported problem, particularly affecting poorer countries. It is an important cause of unnecessary morbidity, mortality, and loss of public confidence in medicines and health structures. The prevalence of counterfeit drugs appears to be rising... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1062889.xml |
1064074 | The Na+–H+ exchanger-1 induces cytoskeletal changes involving reciprocal RhoA and Rac1 signaling, resulting in motility and invasion in MDA-MB-435 cells | Introduction An increasing body of evidence shows that the tumour microenvironment is essential in driving neoplastic progression. The low serum component of this microenvironment stimulates motility/invasion in human breast cancer cells via activation of the Na + –H + exchanger (NHE) isoform 1, but the signal transduc... | Introduction Tumour invasion and metastasis associated with neoplastic progression are the major causes of cancer deaths. The invasive process occurs through a complex series of interactions with the host tissue, resulting in infiltration and penetration of normal tissue by cancer cells [ 1 ]. Recent advances have high... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064074.xml |
1064075 | The progesterone receptor Val660→Leu polymorphism and breast cancer risk | Background Recent evidence suggests a role for progesterone in breast cancer development and tumorigenesis. Progesterone exerts its effect on target cells by interacting with its receptor; thus, genetic variations, which might cause alterations in the biological function in the progesterone receptor ( PGR ), can potent... | Introduction Until recently, the role of progesterone on mammary gland tumorigenesis was not well understood. Data from epidemiological studies revealed a higher risk for breast cancer in postmenopausal women who used a combination of estrogens and progestins, in comparison with those women who used estrogens alone [ 1... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064075.xml |
1064076 | Genetic polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase gene, antioxidant intake, and breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study | Introduction It has been suggested that oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA damage play important roles in breast cancer carcinogenesis. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a major enzyme that is responsible for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria. A T → C substitution in the MnSO... | Introduction More than 90% of the body's oxygen is consumed by the electron transport chain in mitochondria [ 1 ], and about 1–5% of it is released as superoxide (O 2 •- ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) [ 2 ]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may also be generated from estrogen metabolism through catechol estrogen redox... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064076.xml |
1064077 | Proteotypic classification of spontaneous and transgenic mammary neoplasms | Introduction Mammary tumors in mice are categorized by using morphologic and architectural criteria. Immunolabeling for terminal differentiation markers was compared among a variety of mouse mammary neoplasms because expression of terminal differentiation markers, and especially of keratins, provides important informat... | Introduction Architectural and cytological patterns have been the basis for mammary tumor categorization for more than a century [ 1 ]. Over the past 20 years, immunohistochemistry has added a molecular dimension to the categorization of mammary neoplasms: altered expression of oncogenes, oncosuppressor genes, hormone ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064077.xml |
1064078 | Birthweight, parental age, birth order and breast cancer risk in African-American and white women: a population-based case–control study | Introduction Much recent work has focused on hypotheses that very early life exposures influence adult cancer risk. For breast cancer it has been hypothesized that high in utero estrogen exposure may increase risk. Methods We used data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case–control study of inci... | Introduction Recent epidemiologic studies have investigated the possibility that very early life exposures increase adult cancer risk. Trichopoulos [ 1 ] postulated that a highly estrogenic intrauterine environment would create a 'fertile soil' for carcinogenesis in breast tissue and lead to higher risk for breast canc... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064078.xml |
1064080 | Frequency of CHEK2 mutations in a population based, case–control study of breast cancer in young women | Introduction The cell-cycle checkpoint kinase (CHEK)2 protein truncating mutation 1100delC has been associated with increased risk for breast or prostate cancer. Multiple studies have found an elevated frequency of the 1100delC variant in specific stratifications of breast cancer patients with a family history of the d... | Introduction Cell-cycle checkpoint kinase (CHEK)2 has been shown to play a role in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair, at least in part through phosphorylation of p53 and BRCA1 in response to DNA damage [ 1 , 2 ]. Several studies have reported associations of germline mutations in CHEK2, especially the 11... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064080.xml |
1064081 | Ratios of involved nodes in early breast cancer | Introduction The number of lymph nodes found to be involved in an axillary dissection is among the most powerful prognostic factors in breast cancer, but it is confounded by the number of lymph nodes that have been examined. We investigate an idea that has surfaced recently in the literature (since 1999), namely that t... | Introduction Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm in women. Nodal status as determined by pathologic examination of lymph nodes has repeatedly been shown to be the single most important predictor of survival in breast cancer [ 1 ]. The absolute number of pathologically involved nodes has also been shown to be an i... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064081.xml |
1064082 | Over-expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptor-2 in human invasive ductal carcinoma | Introduction Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid with diverse effects on various cells. It interacts with at least three G-protein-coupled transmembrane receptors, namely LPA1, LPA2 and LPA3, whose expression in various tumours has not been fully characterized. In the present study we characterized ... | Introduction Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA; 1- or 2-acyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphate), the simplest glycerophospholipid, mediates a broad range of cellular responses including smooth muscle cell contraction, platelet aggregation, neurite retraction/cell rounding, regulation of cell proliferation, protection from apoptosis, m... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064082.xml |
1064084 | Menopausal status dependence of the timing of breast cancer recurrence after surgical removal of the primary tumour | Introduction Information on the metastasis process in breast cancer patients undergoing primary tumour removal may be extracted from an analysis of the timing of clinical recurrence. Methods The hazard rate for local-regional and/or distant recurrence as the first event during the first 4 years after surgery was studie... | Introduction The 1970s and 1980s witnessed a revolution in the conventional approach to the treatment of primary breast cancer. Early in the 1970s, the favourable results of postoperative systemic adjuvant therapy in women with positive axillary lymph nodes [ 1 , 2 ] started an avalanche of clinical trials that explore... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064084.xml |
1064093 | The p53-dependent apoptotic pathway of breast cancer cells (BC-M1) induced by the bis-type bioreductive compound aziridinylnaphthoquinone | Introduction Several aziridinylbenzoquinone drugs have undergone clinical trials as potential antitumor drugs. These bioreductive compounds are designed to kill cells preferentially within the hypoxia tumor microenvironment. The bioreductive compound of bis-type naphthoquinone synthesized in our laboratory, 2-aziridin-... | Introduction The bioreductive drugs, aziridinylbenzoquinones, are a class of compounds designed to exploit one of the features of solid tumor biology caused by an inadequate blood supply to the solid tumor; namely, tumor hypoxia. Such regions generally are resistant to radiation and other oxygen-requiring treatment [ 1... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064093.xml |
1064094 | Presence of papillomavirus sequences in condylomatous lesions of the mamillae and in invasive carcinoma of the breast | Background Viruses including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a human equivalent of murine mammary tumour virus (MMTV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) have been implicated in the aetiology of human breast cancer. We report the presence of HPV DNA sequences in areolar tissue and tumour tissue samples from female patients with b... | Introduction Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in the USA, and the incidence of breast carcinoma has increased by more than 40% over 25 years [ 1 ]. The aetiology of breast cancer remains unknown. Many risk factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of this disease, including fam... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064094.xml |
1064095 | Polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk among African American women and white women in North Carolina: a population-based case-control study | Introduction Epidemiologic studies have not shown a strong relationship between blood levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and breast cancer risk. However, two recent studies showed a stronger association among postmenopausal white women with the inducible M2 polymorphism in the cytochrome P450 1A1 ( CYP1A1 ) gen... | Introduction The role of organochlorine compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as etiologic agents for breast cancer has been investigated in several epidemiologic studies, but findings are inconsistent [ 1 ]. Initial studies examining breast tissue or serum showed significantly higher concentrations of PCB... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064095.xml |
1064097 | Imaging in situ breast carcinoma (with or without an invasive component) with technetium-99m pentavalent dimercaptosuccinic acid and technetium-99m 2-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile scintimammography | Introduction The aim of the study was to retrospectively define specific features of the technetium-99m pentavalent dimercaptosuccinic acid ( 99m Tc-(V)DMSA) and technetium-99m 2-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile ( 99m Tc-Sestamibi [ 99m Tc-MIBI]) distribution in ductal breast carcinoma in situ and lobular breast carcinoma i... | Introduction Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, alone or in the presence of an invasive tumor (invasive ductal carcinoma [IDC]), presents a problem in its detection and treatment. DCIS represents a number of biologically different processes that exhibit variable frequencies of occult invasion and variable r... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064097.xml |
1064098 | Breast fibroblasts modulate epithelial cell proliferation in three-dimensional in vitro co-culture | Background Stromal fibroblasts associated with in situ and invasive breast carcinoma differ phenotypically from fibroblasts associated with normal breast epithelium, and these alterations in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) may promote breast carcinogenesis and cancer progression. A better understanding of the ch... | Introduction The structure and homeostasis of normal breast parenchyma is maintained by dynamic interactions between breast epithelial cells and their associated stroma. These stromal elements include the vasculature, adipocytes, resident immune cells, and fibroblasts with their numerous cellular products, including va... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064098.xml |
1064099 | Systemic chemotherapy induces microsatellite instability in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of breast cancer patients | Introduction Systemic chemotherapy is an important part of treatment for breast cancer. We conducted the present study to evaluate whether systemic chemotherapy could produce microsatellite instability (MSI) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction of breast cancer patients. Methods We studied 119 sequential b... | Introduction Systemic chemotherapy is an important part of treatment for breast cancer in both the adjuvant and palliative settings. Despite the consistent improvement in overall survival afforded by systemic adjuvant chemotherapy, about 1% of patients develop secondary leukaemia and/or myelodysplasia, probably as a co... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064099.xml |
1064100 | Variants in estrogen-biosynthesis genes CYP17 and CYP19 and breast cancer risk: a family-based genetic association study | Background Case-control studies have reported inconsistent results concerning breast cancer risk and polymorphisms in genes that control endogenous estrogen biosynthesis. We report findings from the first family-based association study examining associations between female breast cancer risk and polymorphisms in two ke... | Introduction Cumulative exposure to circulating estrogen is considered to be of primary importance in breast cancer etiology. Estrogen biosynthesis, cellular binding and metabolism involve many steps, and the genes controlling these steps may contribute to inherent variability in breast cancer susceptibility. Endogenou... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064100.xml |
1064101 | Histopathological features of breast tumours in BRCA1, BRCA2 and mutation-negative breast cancer families | Introduction Histopathological features of BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumours have previously been characterised and compared with unselected breast tumours; however, familial non- BRCA1/2 tumours are less well known. The aim of this study was to characterise familial non- BRCA1/2 tumours and to evaluate routine immunohistochemic... | Introduction Women predisposed to hereditary or familial breast cancer form a heterogeneous group. It would be useful if we could identify carriers of the high-risk BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and target the expensive and time-consuming genetic testing to individuals who most probably carry those mutations. Besides family hi... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064101.xml |
1064102 | Breast cancer oestrogen independence mediated by BCAR1 or BCAR3 genes is transmitted through mechanisms distinct from the oestrogen receptor signalling pathway or the epidermal growth factor receptor signalling pathway | Introduction Tamoxifen is effective for endocrine treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancers but ultimately fails due to the development of resistance. A functional screen in human breast cancer cells identified two BCAR genes causing oestrogen-independent proliferation. The BCAR1 and BCAR3 genes both enco... | Introduction The development and progression of breast cancer is dependent on steroid sex hormones and polypeptide growth factors. Oestrogen action has been implicated in the development of breast cancers and frequently contributes to tumour growth. The action of oestrogen is relayed through its specific nuclear oestro... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064102.xml |
1064103 | Prenylation inhibitors stimulate both estrogen receptor α transcriptional activity through AF-1 and AF-2 and estrogen receptor β transcriptional activity | Introduction We showed in a previous study that prenylated proteins play a role in estradiol stimulation of proliferation. However, these proteins antagonize the ability of estrogen receptor (ER) α to stimulate estrogen response element (ERE)-dependent transcriptional activity, potentially through the formation of a co... | Introduction Both estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ, are ligand-activated transcription factors. ERα is the major ER in mammary epithelium and is an important regulator of cell growth, differentiation and malignant transformation. After binding to estrogen, the receptors associate with specific estrogen resp... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064103.xml |
1064104 | Membrane estrogen receptor-α levels in MCF-7 breast cancer cells predict cAMP and proliferation responses | Introduction 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) can rapidly induce cAMP production, but the conditions under which these cAMP levels are best measured and the signaling pathways responsible for the consequent proliferative effects on breast cancer cells are not fully understood. To help resolve these issues, we compared cAMP mechani... | Introduction It has long been recognized that cAMP is an important intracellular messenger that is capable of regulating diverse functions such as steroidogenesis in the ovary, sugar metabolism in the liver, and contractility of the cardiac muscle [ 1 - 5 ]. In addition to these crucial and specific physiological funct... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064104.xml |
1064105 | Membrane estrogen receptor-α levels predict estrogen-induced ERK1/2 activation in MCF-7 cells | Introduction We examined the participation of a membrane form of estrogen receptor (mER)-α in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK]1 and ERK2) related to cell growth responses in MCF-7 cells. Methods We immunopanned and subsequently separated MCF-7 cells (using... | Introduction Estrogen receptor (ER)-α has traditionally been defined as a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates its target genes by binding to estrogen response elements present in the promoters of many responsive genes [ 1 ]. However, an ever-increasing number of reports indicate that the cellular actio... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064105.xml |
1064108 | Alphavirus replicon particles containing the gene for HER2/neu inhibit breast cancer growth and tumorigenesis | Introduction Overexpression of the HER2/ neu gene in breast cancer is associated with an increased incidence of metastatic disease and with a poor prognosis. Although passive immunotherapy with the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) has shown some effect, a vaccine capable of inducing T-cell and humo... | Introduction The management of breast cancer currently relies on surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite recent advances in clinical management of breast cancer once metastasis has occurred, the probability of a complete cure is greatly reduced. Of the women who have no detectable lymph node metastases at the t... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064108.xml |
1064109 | Immunohistochemical expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in invasive breast cancers and ductal carcinoma in situ: implications for clinicopathology and patient outcome | Introduction Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) differentially modulates breast epithelial cell growth through insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent and IGF-independent pathways and is a direct (IGF-independent) growth inhibitor as well as a mitogen that potentiates EGF (epidermal growth factor... | Introduction Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) regulate the cellular growth of normal and malignant breast epithelial cells with a role in malignant transformation [ 1 - 3 ]. IGFs are potent mitogens and are synergistic with oestrogen and epidermal growth factor (EGF) to stimulate cellular proliferation[ B... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064109.xml |
1064111 | Hypersensitive K303R oestrogen receptor-α variant not found in invasive carcinomas | Introduction Genetic abnormalities or mutations in premalignant breast lesions may have a role in progression toward malignancy or influence the behaviour of subsequent disease. The A908G (Lys303→Arg) change in the gene encoding oestrogen receptor-α (ER-α) creates a hypersensitivity to oestradiol and would have signifi... | Introduction Most breast cancers overexpress oestrogen receptor-α (ER-α), and this molecule is the major target of the anti-estrogens, such as tamoxifen, used to treat the disease. Not all patients respond to anti-oestrogen treatment and many who do respond later relapse. The reasons for treatment failure are still unc... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064111.xml |
1064114 | Atm heterozygous deficiency enhances development of mammary carcinomas in p53 heterozygous knockout mice | Introduction Ataxia-telangiectasia is an autosomal-recessive disease that affects neuro-immunological functions, associated with increased susceptibility to malignancy, chromosomal instability and hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation. Although ataxia-telangiectasia mutated ( ATM ) heterozygous deficiency has been pro... | Introduction Ataxia-telangiectasia is an autosomal-recessive disease that affects neuro-immunologic functions, and is associated with increased susceptibility to malignancy, chromosomal instability and hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation [ 1 , 2 ]. ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) heterozygous deficiency has been... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064114.xml |
1064115 | Letrozole sensitizes breast cancer cells to ionizing radiation | Introduction Radiotherapy (RT) is considered a standard treatment option after surgery for breast cancer. Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, is being evaluated in the adjuvant setting. We determined the effects of the combination of RT and letrozole in the aromatase-expressing breast tumour cell line MCF-7CA, stably tr... | Introduction The aromatase inhibitor letrozole has been shown to be superior to tamoxifen (TAM) in the first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer [ 1 , 2 ]. A randomized clinical trial comparing these two drugs in the adjuvant setting is currently ongoing, and should soon provide insight into the relative efficac... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064115.xml |
1064126 | The androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and modification of breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers | Introduction The androgen receptor ( AR ) gene exon 1 CAG repeat polymorphism encodes a string of 9–32 glutamines. Women with germline BRCA1 mutations who carry at least one AR allele with 28 or more repeats have been reported to have an earlier age at onset of breast cancer. Methods A total of 604 living female Austra... | Introduction A CAG length polymorphism within exon 1 of the androgen receptor ( AR ) gene encodes a string of 9–32 glutamines. Even within this normal range, CAG repeat number is inversely associated with AR-mediated transcriptional activation in vitro [ 1 , 2 ]. Involvement of the AR in breast tumourigenesis is sugges... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064126.xml |
1064127 | Haplotype analysis of common variants in the BRCA1 gene and risk of sporadic breast cancer | Introduction Truncation mutations in the BRCA1 gene cause a substantial increase in risk of breast cancer. However, these mutations are rare in the general population and account for little of the overall incidence of sporadic breast cancer. Method We used whole-gene resequencing data to select haplotype tagging single... | Introduction Truncation mutations in the BRCA1 gene are high-penetrance, low-prevalence factors in risk of breast cancer. BRCA1 is hypothesized to be a locus under recombinational inhibition, and very few haplotypes have been described. In fact, only one haplotype block and two major haplotypes have been shown to exist... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064127.xml |
1064128 | Breast implants following mastectomy in women with early-stage breast cancer: prevalence and impact on survival | Background Few studies have examined the effect of breast implants after mastectomy on long-term survival in breast cancer patients, despite growing public health concern over potential long-term adverse health effects. Methods We analyzed data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Breast Implant Surveill... | Introduction Over the past 30 years, an estimated 1.5–2 million women have received breast implants in the United States [ 1 ]. Starting in the 1980s, widespread public health concern arose regarding their potential adverse health effects [ 2 ]. Numerous epidemiologic investigations have focused on systemic complicatio... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064128.xml |
1064129 | Knockdown of c-Myc expression by RNAi inhibits MCF-7 breast tumor cells growth in vitro and in vivo | Introduction Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Elevated expression of c-Myc is a frequent genetic abnormality seen in this malignancy. For a better understanding of its role in maintaining the malignant phenotype, we used RNA interference (RNAi) directed against c-Myc in our study. ... | Introduction Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Despite advances in detection and chemotherapy, many women with breast cancer continue to die of this malignancy [ 1 ]. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in breast cancer formation and progression should b... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064129.xml |
1064130 | SULT1A1 genotype, active and passive smoking, and breast cancer risk by age 50 years in a German case–control study | Introduction Sulfotransferase 1A1 (encoded by SULT1A1 ) is involved in the metabolism of procarcinogens such as heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, both of which are present in tobacco smoke. We recently reported a differential effect of N -acetyltransferase ( NAT ) 2 genotype on the association b... | Introduction Epidemiologic evidence linking cigarette smoking to increased risk for development of breast cancer is mounting (for review [ 1 , 2 ]). In addition, findings from both epidemiology and molecular biology indicate that there is differential susceptibility within the population to development of malignant neo... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064130.xml |
1064131 | High expression of focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK) in node-negative breast cancer is related to overexpression of HER-2/neu and activated Akt kinase but does not predict outcome | Introduction Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates multiple cellular processes including growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility and apoptosis. In breast carcinoma, FAK overexpression has been linked to cancer progression but the prognostic relevance remains unknown. In particular, with regard to lymph node-negativ... | Introduction Breast cancer is a major cause of death among women. Adjuvant systemic therapy may considerably improve survival rates, but it is associated with severe toxic side effects. Especially in patients with node-negative breast cancer, the pros and cons of adjuvant systemic therapy are always critically weighted... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064131.xml |
1064132 | Downregulation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC)7 in invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast and its clinicopathologic relationships | Introduction The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a multiprotein complex with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, which is required for the ubiquitination of securin and cyclin-B. Moreover, the mitotic spindle checkpoint is activated if APC activation is prevented. In addition, several APC-targeting molecules such as secu... | Introduction The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls mitotic progression [ 1 , 2 ]. APC is a polymeric protein complex composed of at least 11 subunits, which contains tetratricopeptide repeat proteins (APC3, 5, 6, 7, and 8), a cullin homolog (APC2), and a ring-H2 finger domain (APC... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064132.xml |
1064134 | Relative microvessel area of the primary tumour, and not lymph node status, predicts the presence of bone marrow micrometastases detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in patients with clinically non-metastatic breast cancer | About 50% of patients with breast cancer have no involvement of axillary lymph nodes at diagnosis and can be considered cured after primary locoregional treatment. However, about 20–30% will experience distant relapse. The group of patients at risk is not well characterised: recurrence is probably due to the establishm... | Introduction The development of distant metastases is the primary cause of death in breast cancer patients. The involvement of the axillary lymph nodes, tumour size, histopathological grade and hormone receptor status determine prognosis and treatment options at initial diagnosis [ 1 ]. Nevertheless, these parameters d... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064134.xml |
1064135 | Common ERBB2 polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer in a white British population: a case–control study | Introduction About two-thirds of the excess familial risk associated with breast cancer is still unaccounted for and may be explained by multiple weakly predisposing alleles. A gene thought to be involved in low-level predisposition to the disease is ERBB2 (HER2) . This gene is involved in cell division, differentiatio... | Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer in women in the United Kingdom and is, after lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer death (Office for National Statistics). Positive family history is a well-established risk factor for the disease: the risk to first-degree relatives of a breast cancer... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064135.xml |
1064136 | Claudin-1, -3 and -4 proteins and mRNA expression in benign and malignant breast lesions: a research study | Introduction We compared levels of protein and mRNA expression of three members of the claudin (CLDN) family in malignant breast tumours and benign lesions. Methods Altogether, 56 sections from 52 surgically resected breast specimens were analyzed for CLDN1, CLDN3 and CLDN4 expression by immunohistochemistry. mRNA was ... | Introduction In epithelial cells, tight junctions (TJs) are the most apical intercellular junctions, and function as selective barriers to macromolecules and prevent diffusion of lipids and proteins between apical and basolateral membrane domains. TJs appear as a network of continuous and anastomosing filaments on the ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064136.xml |
1064138 | Claudin 7 expression and localization in the normal murine mammary gland and murine mammary tumors | Introduction Claudins, membrane-associated tetraspanin proteins, are normally associated with the tight junctions of epithelial cells where they confer a variety of permeability properties to the transepithelial barrier. One member of this family, claudin 7, has been shown to be expressed in the human mammary epitheliu... | Introduction The claudins comprise a large family of tetraspanin membrane proteins thought to be the major barrier-forming proteins of tight junctions, the cell–cell contacts at the apical border of epithelial cells that control the paracellular movement of solutes. These proteins are highly conserved, with four transm... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064138.xml |
1064139 | Long-term prognostic significance of HER-2/neu in untreated node-negative breast cancer depends on the method of testing | Introduction The prognostic significance of HER-2/ neu in breast cancer is a matter of controversy. We have performed a study in 101 node-negative breast cancer patients with long-term follow-up not treated in the adjuvant setting, and analysed the prognostic significance of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence ... | Introduction Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 is a proto-oncogene that encodes a cell-surface receptor designated HER-2/ neu or c-erbB-2. Gene amplification and/or protein overexpression occurs in 14–30% of all breast cancers [ 1 - 3 ]. Initially, the adverse prognostic impact of HER-2/ neu in breast cancer was... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064139.xml |
1064140 | Polysomy of chromosome 17 in breast cancer tumors showing an overexpression of ERBB2: a study of 175 cases using fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry | Introduction One of the most common genetic aberrations associated with breast cancer is the amplification and overexpression of the ERBB2 proto-oncogene located at chromosome 17, bands q12-21. The amplification/overexpression occurs in 25 to 30% of all breast cancers. In breast cancer, aneusomy of chromosome 17, eithe... | Introduction Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are two classes of genes with central roles in the regulation of cell growth. One of the most common genetic alterations associated with human breast cancer is the amplification of the ERBB2 proto-oncogene [ 1 ]. The ERBB2 gene located on 17q12-q21 encodes a 185 k... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064140.xml |
1064849 | Adult Murine Skeletal Muscle Contains Cells That Can Differentiate into Beating Cardiomyocytes In Vitro | It has long been held as scientific fact that soon after birth, cardiomyocytes cease dividing, thus explaining the limited restoration of cardiac function after a heart attack. Recent demonstrations of cardiac myocyte differentiation observed in vitro or after in vivo transplantation of adult stem cells from blood, fat... | Introduction The difficulty in recovery of cardiac function after cardiomyocyte death, such as occurs with a heart attack, contrasts with injury to skeletal muscle in which myocyte numbers can increase through the recruitment of new myocytes from a local stem-cell pool called satellite cells. At present, cardiac transp... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064849.xml |
1064850 | Gray Wolves as Climate Change Buffers in Yellowstone | Understanding the mechanisms by which climate and predation patterns by top predators co-vary to affect community structure accrues added importance as humans exert growing influence over both climate and regional predator assemblages. In Yellowstone National Park, winter conditions and reintroduced gray wolves (Canis ... | Introduction Average earth temperatures have increased by 0.6 °C over the last 100 years [ 1 ] and are predicted to increase by 1.4–5.8 °C over the next century [ 2 ]. Commensurate with rising global temperatures are regional changes in weather patterns affecting the quantity and timing of precipitation and moisture le... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064850.xml |
1064851 | Functional Evolution of a cis-Regulatory Module | Lack of knowledge about how regulatory regions evolve in relation to their structure–function may limit the utility of comparative sequence analysis in deciphering cis- regulatory sequences. To address this we applied reverse genetics to carry out a functional genetic complementation analysis of a eukaryotic cis- regul... | Introduction The annotation of genes from comparative sequence data rests on a fundamental evolutionary dictum, first elaborated by M. Kimura, that the rate of molecular evolution will be inversely related to the level of functional constraint. But the application of this principle would not be interpretable without a ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064851.xml |
1064852 | Light Controls Growth and Development via a Conserved Pathway in the Fungal Kingdom | Light inhibits mating and haploid fruiting of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, but the mechanisms involved were unknown. Two genes controlling light responses were discovered through candidate gene and insertional mutagenesis approaches. Deletion of candidate genes encoding a predicted opsin or phytoc... | Introduction Light is the fundamental energy source for life on earth and as such is a major environmental signal for organisms from all kingdoms of life. In the fungal kingdom, light can regulate growth, the direction of growth, asexual and sexual reproduction, and pigment formation, all of which are important aspects... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064852.xml |
1064853 | Two Distinct E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Have Complementary Functions in the Regulation of Delta and Serrate Signaling in Drosophila | Signaling by the Notch ligands Delta (Dl) and Serrate (Ser) regulates a wide variety of essential cell-fate decisions during animal development. Two distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases, Neuralized (Neur) and Mind bomb (Mib), have been shown to regulate Dl signaling in Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio, respectively. Wh... | Introduction Cell-to-cell signaling mediated by receptors of the Notch (N) family has been implicated in various developmental decisions in organisms ranging from nematodes to mammals [ 1 ]. N is well-known for its role in lateral inhibition, a key patterning process that organizes the regular spacing of distinct cell ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064853.xml |
1064854 | PGC-1α Deficiency Causes Multi-System Energy Metabolic Derangements: Muscle Dysfunction, Abnormal Weight Control and Hepatic Steatosis | The gene encoding the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) was targeted in mice. PGC-1α null (PGC-1α −/− ) mice were viable. However, extensive phenotyping revealed multi-system abnormalities indicative of an abnormal energy metabolic phenotype. The postnatal ... | Introduction Mitochondrial functional capacity is dynamically regulated to meet the diverse energy demands imposed on the mammalian organism following birth. Postnatal mitochondrial biogenesis involves multiple signaling and transcriptional regulatory pathways that control the coordinate expression of nuclear and mitoc... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064854.xml |
1064855 | Heart Repair Gets New Muscle | null | When you think of the cell as the fundamental unit of life, it's not surprising that some organs deal with injury better than others. A flesh wound or muscle tear might hurt, but, assuming you are otherwise healthy, both will heal. The prognosis for a heart attack, on the other hand, is not so clear-cut. What accounts ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064855.xml |
1064856 | Gray Wolves Help Scavengers Ride Out Climate Change | null | Average earth temperatures rose 0.6 °C over the last century, according to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. But that increase pales in comparison to the 1.4–5.8 °C expected increase over this century. As temperatures climb, climate models predict that high-latitude, high-altitude regions like Yello... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064856.xml |
1064857 | A New Role for a Protein Involved in Energy Metabolism | null | Adjusting to life after birth takes a lot of energy. One way cells meet increased demand is by ramping up synthesis of mitochondria, the cells' power generators This ability to increase mitochondria becomes limited in a variety of diseases including diabetes and heart failure. Therefore, it is important to identify the... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064857.xml |
1064858 | Plus Ça Change: Gene Enhancers Upset Evolutionary Assumption | null | A standard evolutionary assumption is that the DNA of closely related species should be more similar in both structure and function than that of more distantly related ones. This parsimonious rule of thumb holds true across wide expanses of time and among widely divergent species, but it has exceptions. In this issue, ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064858.xml |
1064859 | Crucial Roles in Drosophila Development for Little-Known Protein | null | In the intricate dance of animal development, several critical steps are choreographed by the Notch receptor and its ligands, including Delta (Dl) and Serrate (Ser). When these ligands bind, an intracellular segment of the receptor is cleaved off and becomes a transcriptional regulator within the nucleus. While Dl and ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064859.xml |
1064860 | White Collar Proteins Help Fungi Do It in the Dark | null | Fungi live mainly in the dark, and they like it that way—out of the sunlight, they can avoid desiccation and damage from ultraviolet rays. The ability to sense light, therefore, is adaptive for fungi of all kinds. A pair of light-sensing proteins had been identified in the model fungus Neurospora crassa , an ascomycete... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064860.xml |
1064861 | Collagen type II (CII)-specific antibodies induce arthritis in the absence of T or B cells but the arthritis progression is enhanced by CII-reactive T cells | Antibodies against type II collagen (anti-CII) are arthritogenic and have a crucial role in the initiation of collagen-induced arthritis. Here, we have determined the dependence of T and B cells in collagen-antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) during different phases of arthritis. Mice deficient for B and/or T cells were ... | Introduction Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a widely used animal model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Immunization with native collagen type II (CII) in adjuvant induces autoimmune polyarthritis in susceptible rodents and primates [ 1 ]. The separate roles of T cells and B cells in both the initial and the progres... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064861.xml |
1064864 | Use of HLA-B27 tetramers to identify low-frequency antigen-specific T cells in Chlamydia-triggered reactive arthritis | Reports of the use of HLA-B27/peptide tetrameric complexes to study peptide-specific CD8 + T cells in HLA-B27 + -related diseases are rare. To establish HLA-B27 tetramers we first compared the function of HLA-B27 tetramers with HLA-A2 tetramers by using viral epitopes. HLA-B27 and HLA-A2 tetramers loaded with immunodom... | Introduction Chlamydia -triggered reactive arthritis (Ct-ReA) is strongly associated with HLA-B27 like other spondylarthropathies, and especially ankylosing spondylitis [ 1 , 2 ]. ReA occurs 1 to 4 weeks after urogenital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis or gastroenteral infection with enterobacteria such as Yersini... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064864.xml |
1064865 | Expression analysis of three isoforms of hyaluronan synthase and hyaluronidase in the synovium of knees in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction | Hyaluronan is a major molecule in joint fluid and plays a crucial role in joint motion and the maintenance of joint homeostasis. The concentration and average molecular weight of hyaluronan in the joint fluids are reduced in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we analyzed the... | Introduction High-molecular-weight (HMW) hyaluronan (average molecular weight 6–7 × 10 6 Da) is a major component of synovial joint fluids [ 1 - 5 ]. It physically acts as a viscous lubricant for slow joint movements, such as walking, and as an elastic shock absorber during rapid movements, such as running [ 6 ]. HMW h... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064865.xml |
1064866 | Analysis of HLA DR, HLA DQ, C4A, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIIa, MBL, and IL-1Ra allelic variants in Caucasian systemic lupus erythematosus patients suggests an effect of the combined FcγRIIa R/R and IL-1Ra 2/2 genotypes on disease susceptibility | Dysfunction in various parts of immune defence, such as immune response, immune complex clearance, and inflammation, has an impact on pathogenesis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We hypothesised that combinations of common variants of genes involved in these immune functions are associated with susceptibility to... | Introduction The genetic contribution to the aetiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is high, as is indicated by familial aggregation and a higher concordance rate in monozygotic than dizygotic twins [ 1 ]. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype HLA DR3-DQ2-C4AQ0 is strongly associated with SLE in... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064866.xml |
1064867 | Intrathecal levels of matrix metalloproteinases in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system engagement | Symptoms originating from the central nervous system (CNS) occur frequently in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and CNS involvement in lupus is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We recently showed that neurones and astrocytes are continuously damaged during the course of CNS lupus. The... | Introduction Central nervous system (CNS) involvement has been reported to occur in 14–75% of all systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients [ 1 - 3 ]. However, frequency rates vary considerably, depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. CNS lupus can occur at any time during the course of SLE, and its symptoms ar... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064867.xml |
1064868 | Infliximab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis-induced specific antinuclear and antiphospholipid autoantibodies without autoimmune clinical manifestations: a two-year prospective study | Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with infliximab (Remicade ® ) has been associated with the induction of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) autoantibodies. In the present study we investigated the humoral immune response induced by infliximab against organ-specific or non-o... | Introduction Clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have demonstrated that antibodies directed against tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) (adalimumab, infliximab [Remicade ® ]) are highly beneficial for most patients who are refractory to classic treatment with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, methotrexate or ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064868.xml |
1064871 | Apolipoprotein A-I infiltration in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue: a control mechanism of cytokine production? | The production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by monocytes is strongly induced by direct contact with stimulated T lymphocytes, and this mechanism may be critical in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) blocks contact-mediated activation of monocytes,... | Introduction Inflammation is a critical host-defense mechanism. One of its functions is to direct plasma factors and immunoinflammatory cells to lesions in order to eradicate infection and facilitate tissue repair. In many chronic inflammatory diseases, infiltration of the target tissue by blood-derived cells precedes ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064871.xml |
1064873 | Resistance to IL-10 inhibition of interferon gamma production and expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 in CD4+ T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis | IL-10 has been shown to block the antigen-specific T-cell cytokine response by inhibiting the CD28 signaling pathway. We found that peripheral blood CD4 + T cells from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were able to produce greater amounts of interferon gamma after CD3 and CD28 costimulation in the presence... | Introduction IL-10 is a key cytokine in regulating inflammatory responses, mainly by inhibiting the production and function of proinflammatory cytokines. IL-10 binds to the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) complex that is composed of two subunits, the primary ligand-binding component type 1 IL-10R (IL-10R1) and the accessory co... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064873.xml |
1064878 | p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations in fibroblast-like synoviocytes from erosion synovium and non-erosion synovium in rheumatoid arthritis | Abnormalities in the p53 tumor suppressor gene have been detected in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and could contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic disease. To determine whether synoviocytes from invasive synovium in RA have an increased number of mutations compared with non-erosion synoviocytes, p53 cDNA subclones from... | Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by synovial tissue proliferation with progressive joint destruction. The etiology of RA remains unknown, but many factors, including autoimmunity, cytokines and genetic factors, participate in its pathogenesis [ 1 , 2 ]. Although inf... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064878.xml |
1064879 | The critical role of arginine residues in the binding of human monoclonal antibodies to cardiolipin | Previously we reported that the variable heavy chain region (V H ) of a human beta 2 glycoprotein I-dependent monoclonal antiphospholipid antibody (IS4) was dominant in conferring the ability to bind cardiolipin (CL). In contrast, the identity of the paired variable light chain region (V L ) determined the strength of ... | Introduction The identification of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) is a key laboratory feature in the diagnosis of patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). The cardinal manifestations of this syndrome are vascular thrombosis, recurrent pregnancy loss, livedo reticularis and thrombocytopenia [ 1 , 2 ]. ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064879.xml |
1064880 | Relaxin's induction of metalloproteinases is associated with the loss of collagen and glycosaminoglycans in synovial joint fibrocartilaginous explants | Diseases of specific fibrocartilaginous joints are especially common in women of reproductive age, suggesting that female hormones contribute to their etiopathogenesis. Previously, we showed that relaxin dose-dependently induces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in isolated joint fibrocartilaginous cells. Here ... | Introduction In certain sites in and around joints, ligaments and tendons subjected to complex tensile and compressive loading specialize into fibrocartilaginous tissues [ 1 - 3 ] containing types I and II collagens and cartilage-specific proteoglycans. These tissues include specific regions of the metacarpophalangeal ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064880.xml |
1064881 | Interleukin-7 deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis: consequences for therapy-induced lymphopenia | We previously demonstrated prolonged, profound CD4 + T-lymphopenia in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients following lymphocyte-depleting therapy. Poor reconstitution could result either from reduced de novo T-cell production through the thymus or from poor peripheral expansion of residual T-cells. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) i... | Introduction Peripheral blood T-cell lymphopenia is long-lasting in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving lymphodepleting therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies [ 1 - 3 ] or high-dose cyclophosphamide with autologous stem cell rescue (autologous stem cell transplantation) [ 4 , 5 ]. It has now been extens... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064881.xml |
1064882 | Natural killer cell dysfunction is a distinguishing feature of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and macrophage activation syndrome | Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) has been reported in association with many rheumatic diseases, most commonly in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (sJRA). Clinically, MAS is similar to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a genetic disorder with absent or depressed natural killer (NK) function. We have pr... | Introduction The term 'macrophage activation syndrome' (MAS) in pediatric rheumatology refers to a set of symptoms caused by the excessive activation and proliferation of T cells and well-differentiated macrophages [ 1 - 4 ]. This activation leads to an overwhelming inflammatory reaction that can be fatal. The pathogno... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064882.xml |
1064883 | Elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with systemic sclerosis | Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, autoimmune disease, and various pathologic conditions characterized by excessive fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the expression of MMP-9 and its clinical significance in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The patients ( n = 42) with S... | Introduction Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized disorder of connective tissue characterized by microvacular damage and excessive fibrosis in the skin and internal organs, including the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. One of the major hallmarks of the disease is an increased amount of collagen deposits ... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064883.xml |
1064884 | Identification of a SmD3 epitope with a single symmetrical dimethylation of an arginine residue as a specific target of a subpopulation of anti-Sm antibodies | Anti-Sm antibodies, identified in 1966 by Tan and Kunkel, are highly specific serological markers for systemic lupus erythrematosus (SLE). Anti-Sm reactivity is found in 5–30% of SLE patients, depending on the autoantibody detection system and the racial background of the SLE population. The Sm autoantigen complex comp... | Introduction Systemic rheumatic diseases are characterized by circulating autoantibodies to defined intracellular targets (for review [ 1 ]). Historically, among the earliest of these autoantibodies to be identified was anti-Sm, which was subsequently considered a serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (S... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064884.xml |
1064885 | Nifedipine protects against overproduction of superoxide anion by monocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis | We have reported previously that dihydropyridine-type calcium-channel antagonists (DTCCA) such as nifedipine decrease plasma markers of oxidative stress damage in systemic sclerosis (SSc). To clarify the cellular basis of these beneficial effects, we investigated the effects in vivo and in vitro of nifedipine on supero... | Introduction Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease, characterised by vascular involvement with generalised microangiopathy culminating in systemic fibrosis. Several lines of evidence suggest that the generation of oxygen free radicals is of major importance in the pathogenesis of SSc [ 1 ]. Frequent e... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064885.xml |
1064886 | Gene expression profiles in the rat streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis model identified using microarray analysis | Experimental arthritis models are considered valuable tools for delineating mechanisms of inflammation and autoimmune phenomena. Use of microarray-based methods represents a new and challenging approach that allows molecular dissection of complex autoimmune diseases such as arthritis. In order to characterize the tempo... | Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology that is characterized by infiltration of monocytes, T cells and polymorphonuclear cells into the synovial joints. The pathogenesis of this disease is still poorly understood, and fundamental questions regarding the... | D:\keerthana\PMC001xxxxxx\PMC1064886.xml |
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