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	[

	{
	"system": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server, an FTP server, and an SSH server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"07/03-12:03:06.381276 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.14:49421",
	"07/03-12:03:06.445962 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.14:49425",
	"07/03-12:03:06.445963 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.14:49425",
	"07/03-12:03:06.447227 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.14:49426",
	"07/03-12:03:06.447227 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.14:49426",
	"07/03-12:03:15.792980 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.14:49431"
	],
	"Incident": "No",
	"Incident description": "There is no evidence of a security incident in the provided logs. The alerts are all of the type 'Reset outside window' originating from the internal DNS server (192.168.10.3), which is explicitly identified as a source of normal but noisy alerts (false positives) in the system description."
	"Recovery actions": []
	},
	{
	"System": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server, an FTP server, and an SSH server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"07/03-12:11:22.347561 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.91.23:80 -> 192.168.10.50:54542",
	"07/03-12:11:49.354744 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.5:49235 -> 202.79.241.201:443",
	"07/03-12:11:55.873021 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49997 -> 65.55.252.202:443",
	"07/03-12:12:00.506005 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 74.119.118.74:443 -> 192.168.10.9:1242",
	"07/03-12:12:12.921019 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.9:1289 -> 192.168.10.3:445",
	"07/03-12:12:12.921019 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.9:1289 -> 192.168.10.3:445",
	"07/03-12:12:16.162114 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49999 -> 65.55.252.202:443",
	"07/03-12:12:21.061057 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.50:38266 -> 52.216.21.133:443",
	"07/03-12:12:23.045660 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 69.31.33.227 -> 192.168.10.14",
	"07/03-12:12:25.721451 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50009",
	"07/03-12:12:25.721696 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50009",
	"07/03-12:12:25.721745 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50009",
	"07/03-12:12:25.453151 [] [119:19:2] (http_inspect) LONG HEADER [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:50009 -> 103.247.220.132:80",
	"07/03-12:12:26.037197 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50010",
	"07/03-12:12:26.038062 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50010",
	"07/03-12:12:26.038111 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50010",
	"07/03-12:12:26.048142 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50010",
	"07/03-12:12:26.304208 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50010",
	"07/03-12:12:26.304436 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50010",
	"07/03-12:12:26.304484 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50010",
	"07/03-12:12:26.570758 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50010",
	"07/03-12:12:26.570760 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50010",
	"07/03-12:12:26.833843 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50010"
	],
	"Incident": "No",
	"Incident description": "There is no evidence of a security incident. Based on the clarified understanding of the network's baseline, all alerts in the logs, including '(http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request' and '(http_inspect) LONG HEADER', are considered normal operational traffic and known false positives for this specific system.",
	"Recovery actions": []
	},
	{
	"System": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server, an FTP server, and an SSH server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"07/03-12:12:34.051888 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 163.171.72.197 -> 192.168.10.14",
	"07/03-12:12:33.880676 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 163.171.72.197 -> 192.168.10.14",
	"07/03-12:12:33.971702 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 163.171.72.197 -> 192.168.10.14",
	"07/03-12:12:34.266295 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 163.171.75.68 -> 192.168.10.14",
	"07/03-12:12:34.267036 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 163.171.75.68 -> 192.168.10.14",
	"07/03-12:12:28.583043 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 163.171.73.166:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50024",
	"07/03-12:12:28.631470 [] [120:6:1] (http_inspect) HTTP RESPONSE GZIP DECOMPRESSION FAILED [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 163.171.73.166:80 -> 192.168.10.14:50020",
	"07/03-12:12:37.535557 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 103.247.220.132:443 -> 192.168.10.14:50001",
	"07/03-12:12:41.389298 [] [129:5:1] Bad segment, adjusted size <= 0 [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:50030 -> 103.247.220.135:443",
	"07/03-12:12:44.406305 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49928 -> 65.55.44.109:443",
	"07/03-12:12:52.823400 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 208.185.118.89 -> 192.168.10.14",
	"07/03-12:12:53.411954 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 134.170.30.202:443 -> 192.168.10.5:49262",
	"07/03-12:12:56.600591 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 104.88.70.158:443 -> 192.168.10.9:1246",
	"07/03-12:13:38.736985 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:50092 -> 65.55.252.202:443",
	"07/03-12:13:54.660010 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 13.107.4.50 -> 192.168.10.14",
	"07/03-12:14:00.681189 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.9:1229 -> 157.240.18.19:443"
	],
	"Incident": "No",
	"Incident description": "There is no evidence of a security incident. All alerts in the provided logs, including a high volume of 'Reset outside window', '(http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING', and '(spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert', are consistent with the established baseline of normal operational traffic and known false positives for this system.",
	"Recovery actions": []
	},
	{
	"System": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"07/03-12:33:53.511627 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 23.207.194.221:443 -> 192.168.10.25:49380",
	"07/03-12:33:53.511629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 23.207.194.221:443 -> 192.168.10.25:49348",
	"07/03-12:33:53.513147 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 23.207.194.221:443 -> 192.168.10.25:49346",
	"07/03-12:33:53.522009 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 23.203.87.43:443 -> 192.168.10.25:49370",
	"07/03-12:33:53.523983 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 23.203.87.43:443 -> 192.168.10.25:49371",
	"07/03-12:33:53.534873 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 23.203.87.43:443 -> 192.168.10.25:49368",
	"07/03-12:33:06.669436 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 54.192.36.227:80 -> 192.168.10.25:49397",
	"07/03-12:33:54.134483 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.16:46384 -> 104.97.120.69:443",
	"07/03-12:33:54.134487 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.16:46384 -> 104.97.120.69:443",
	"07/03-12:33:56.899912 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.15:49579 -> 31.13.65.52:443",
	"07/03-12:33:56.903430 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 31.13.65.52:443 -> 192.168.10.15:49579",
	"07/03-12:33:58.138597 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.16:38936 -> 23.194.109.232:443",
	"07/03-12:33:58.138598 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.16:38936 -> 23.194.109.232:443",
	"07/03-12:33:58.150569 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.16:34488 -> 23.208.218.2:443",
	"07/03-12:33:58.150570 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.16:34488 -> 23.208.218.2:443",
	"07/03-12:34:00.883737 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.15:49603 -> 31.13.71.7:443",
	"07/03-12:34:00.889498 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 31.13.71.7:443 -> 192.168.10.15:49603",
	"07/03-12:34:02.472059 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.50:59556",
	"07/03-12:34:02.472061 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.50:59556",
	"07/03-12:34:02.522135 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.50:59560",
	"07/03-12:34:02.522136 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.50:59560",
	"07/03-12:34:02.911031 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.15:49621 -> 31.13.65.36:443",
	"07/03-12:34:02.911417 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 31.13.65.36:443 -> 192.168.10.15:49621",
	"07/03-12:34:05.713389 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 92.45.106.101:80 -> 192.168.10.12:59146",
	"07/03-12:34:05.903901 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 92.45.106.101:80 -> 192.168.10.12:59160",
	"07/03-12:34:05.907223 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 92.45.106.101:80 -> 192.168.10.12:59154",
	"07/03-12:34:06.033383 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 92.45.106.101 -> 192.168.10.12"
	],
	"Incident": "No",
	"Incident description": "There is no evidence of a security incident. All alerts in the logs, including '(http_inspect) HTTP RESPONSE GZIP DECOMPRESSION FAILED' and 'Bad segment, adjusted size <= 0', are consistent with the established baseline of normal operational traffic and known false positives for this specific system.",
	"Recovery actions": []
	},
	{
	"System": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server, an FTP server, and an SSH server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"07/03-12:39:55.599579 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 74.119.118.86:443 -> 192.168.10.9:62445",
	"07/03-12:39:58.608249 [] [129:5:1] Bad segment, adjusted size <= 0 [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.5:51688 -> 52.14.213.254:443",
	"07/03-12:39:58.608257 [] [129:5:1] Bad segment, adjusted size <= 0 [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.5:51686 -> 52.14.213.254:443",
	"07/03-12:39:58.608330 [] [129:5:1] Bad segment, adjusted size <= 0 [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.5:51684 -> 52.14.213.254:443",
	"07/03-12:39:58.698646 [] [129:5:1] Bad segment, adjusted size <= 0 [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.5:51685 -> 52.14.213.254:443",
	"07/03-12:39:58.698759 [] [129:5:1] Bad segment, adjusted size <= 0 [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.5:51687 -> 52.14.213.254:443",
	"07/03-12:39:59.890699 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 72.5.205.41:443 -> 192.168.10.14:51483",
	"07/03-12:40:01.780940 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 72.249.192.49:443 -> 192.168.10.9:62491",
	"07/03-12:40:01.993926 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:51513 -> 157.240.2.7:443",
	"07/03-12:40:01.998191 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:51514 -> 157.240.2.7:443",
	"07/03-12:40:02.026209 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:51510 -> 157.240.2.7:443",
	"07/03-12:40:02.027689 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 157.240.2.7:443 -> 192.168.10.14:51510",
	"07/03-12:40:02.059028 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:51512 -> 157.240.2.7:443",
	"07/03-12:40:02.059971 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 157.240.2.7:443 -> 192.168.10.14:51512",
	"07/03-12:40:02.390466 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:51522 -> 31.13.80.2:443",
	"07/03-12:40:02.391833 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 31.13.80.2:443 -> 192.168.10.14:51522",
	"07/03-12:40:04.082329 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 146.88.138.32:443 -> 192.168.10.9:62452",
	"07/03-12:40:07.292135 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 92.45.106.101:80 -> 192.168.10.12:59534",
	"07/03-12:40:07.586052 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 85.111.71.113:80 -> 192.168.10.12:51510",
	"07/03-12:40:07.586837 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 85.111.71.113:80 -> 192.168.10.12:51520",
	"07/03-12:40:07.624981 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.15.4.9:80 -> 192.168.10.12:38748",
	"07/03-12:40:07.747408 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 92.45.106.101 -> 192.168.10.12",
	"07/03-12:40:07.798825 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.9:62479 -> 178.250.0.78:443",
	"07/03-12:40:08.292279 [] [120:28:1] (http_inspect) INVALID CHUNK SIZE OR CHUNK SIZE FOLLOWED BY JUNK CHARACTERS [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.12:49970 -> 92.45.106.166:80",
	"07/03-12:40:08.292279 [] [120:28:1] (http_inspect) INVALID CHUNK SIZE OR CHUNK SIZE FOLLOWED BY JUNK CHARACTERS [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.12:49970 -> 92.45.106.166:80",
	"07/03-12:40:08.481422 [] [120:28:1] (http_inspect) INVALID CHUNK SIZE OR CHUNK SIZE FOLLOWED BY JUNK CHARACTERS [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.12:49970 -> 92.45.106.166:80",
	"07/03-12:40:08.481422 [] [120:28:1] (http_inspect) INVALID CHUNK SIZE OR CHUNK SIZE FOLLOWED BY JUNK CHARACTERS [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.12:49970 -> 92.45.106.166:80",
	"07/03-12:40:09.836203 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 184.25.203.54:443 -> 192.168.10.9:62536",
	"07/03-12:40:09.840695 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 23.36.34.44:443 -> 192.168.10.9:62539",
	"07/03-12:40:09.971647 [] [129:5:1] Bad segment, adjusted size <= 0 [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:51489 -> 23.50.75.27:80"
	],
	"Incident": "No",
	"Incident description": "There is no evidence of a security incident. All alerts in the logs are consistent with the established baseline of normal, albeit noisy, operational traffic for this system. This includes previously identified benign alerts and the newly observed 'SENSITIVE-DATA Email Addresses' and '(http_inspect) CHUNK SIZE MISMATCH DETECTED' alerts, which are also assessed as being part of this system's normal traffic profile.",
	"Recovery actions": []
	},
	{
	"System": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server, an FTP server, and an SSH server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"07/03-14:02:23.623676 [] [119:19:2] (http_inspect) LONG HEADER [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55852 -> 23.208.158.158:80",
	"07/03-14:02:23.643437 [] [119:19:2] (http_inspect) LONG HEADER [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55853 -> 23.208.158.158:80",
	"07/03-14:02:23.720561 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55850 -> 23.208.158.158:443",
	"07/03-14:02:23.720564 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55850 -> 23.208.158.158:443",
	"07/03-14:02:23.765687 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55854 -> 104.88.102.228:443",
	"07/03-14:02:23.765736 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55854 -> 104.88.102.228:443",
	"07/03-14:02:24.256044 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.217.50.210:80 -> 192.168.10.25:55875",
	"07/03-14:02:24.302379 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55869 -> 23.208.162.98:443",
	"07/03-14:02:24.302620 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55869 -> 23.208.162.98:443",
	"07/03-14:02:24.319576 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55866 -> 23.208.162.98:443",
	"07/03-14:02:24.319580 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55866 -> 23.208.162.98:443",
	"07/03-14:02:24.323379 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55857 -> 23.208.158.158:443",
	"07/03-14:02:24.339143 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55871 -> 23.208.162.98:443",
	"07/03-14:02:24.339144 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:55871 -> 23.208.162.98:443",
	"07/03-14:02:24.364310 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 104.97.102.189:443 -> 192.168.10.12:4822"
	],
	"Incident": "No",
	"Incident description": "There is no evidence of a security incident. All alerts in the provided logs, specifically '(http_inspect) LONG HEADER', 'Reset outside window', and 'NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE', are consistent with the established baseline of normal operational traffic and known false positives for this system.",
	"Recovery actions": []
	},
	{
	"System": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server, an FTP server, and an SSH server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"07/04-12:41:28.275717 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.50:51402",
	"07/04-12:41:28.297359 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.50:51406",
	"07/04-12:41:28.297361 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.50:51406",
	"07/04-12:41:35.934498 [] [125:5:2] (ftp_telnet) FTP command parameters contained potential string format [] [Classification: Attempted Administrator Privilege Gain] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 172.16.0.1:55046 -> 192.168.10.50:21",
	"07/04-12:41:48.240860 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 23.208.94.47:443 -> 192.168.10.15:51536",
	"07/04-12:42:04.335576 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.17:42761 -> 72.167.239.239:80",
	"07/04-12:42:04.508282 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.16.107.123:80 -> 192.168.10.16:37232",
	"07/04-12:42:04.589457 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.16.107.123:80 -> 192.168.10.16:37236",
	"07/04-12:42:05.328766 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.217.10.234:80 -> 192.168.10.16:43714",
	"07/04-12:42:05.234355 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.16.107.123:80 -> 192.168.10.16:37234",
	"07/04-12:42:05.970040 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.17:42754 -> 72.167.239.239:80",
	"07/04-12:42:07.749302 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 23.45.198.71:443 -> 192.168.10.17:45032",
	"07/04-12:42:11.685889 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 23.194.142.69:443 -> 192.168.10.15:51583"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "A brute-force attack has been detected against the public-facing FTP service (port 21) on the Ubuntu web server (192.168.10.50). An external entity (source IP masked as 172.16.0.1) likely gained initial user-level access, possibly by cracking or brute-forcing a weak password.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"On the main firewall, immediately block all incoming traffic from the external network targeting port 21 of the public IP 205.174.165.68 to contain the ongoing brute-force attack.",
	"Log into the Ubuntu server at 192.168.10.50 and analyze the FTP authentication logs (e.g., /var/log/vsftpd.log, /var/log/auth.log) to determine which user account was compromised and to identify the full scope of the attacker's activities.",
	"Create a complete, bit-for-bit forensic image of the hard drive of the compromised Ubuntu server (192.168.10.50) to preserve the state of the system for future investigation.",
	"Based on the log analysis, immediately disable or lock the specific user account that was compromised via the brute-force attack to remove the attacker's access.",
	"Harden the FTP server on 192.168.10.50 by enforcing a strong password policy for all users and configuring a tool like fail2ban to automatically ban IP addresses that generate more than 5 failed login attempts.",
	"After confirming the system is clean and hardened, remove the block on port 21 at the firewall, restart the FTP service on 192.168.10.50, and actively monitor both the server's authentication logs and the Snort IDS logs for any further suspicious activity."
	]
	},
	{
	"System": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server, an FTP server, and an SSH server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"07/04-17:08:52.966379 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.16:42512 -> 74.125.22.157:443",
	"07/04-17:08:52.971087 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.16:42512 -> 74.125.22.157:443",
	"07/04-17:08:52.971091 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.16:42512 -> 74.125.22.157:443",
	"07/04-17:09:02.067340 [] [128:4:2] (spp_ssh) Protocol mismatch [] [Classification: Detection of a non-standard protocol or event] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 172.16.0.1:46276 -> 192.168.10.50:22",
	"07/04-17:09:09.070177 [] [137:1:2] (spp_ssl) Invalid Client HELLO after Server HELLO Detected [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.25:57070 -> 54.192.37.254:443",
	"07/04-17:09:13.239555 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 163.172.107.82:443 -> 192.168.10.8:53822",
	"07/04-17:09:17.281560 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.51:50989 -> 157.240.11.22:443",
	"07/04-17:09:17.281608 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.51:50989 -> 157.240.11.22:443",
	"07/04-17:09:17.281609 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.51:50989 -> 157.240.11.22:443"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "A possible SSH brute-force attack has been detected. The alert '(spp_ssh) Protocol mismatch' shows an external source (IP masked as 172.16.0.1 per the system description) sending non-standard traffic to the SSH port (22) of the Ubuntu web server (192.168.10.50). This activity coulbe be an indicator of a reconnaissance scan to fingerprint the service or a direct pre-authentication exploit attempt. It could also be a possible brute-force attack. This targeted activity against a critical remote access service constitutes a clear threat.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"On the main firewall, create a temporary rule to block all incoming traffic from the external network targeting the SSH port (22) of the public IP 205.174.165.68 to immediately halt the potential attack and prevent any successful authentication.",
	"Access the Ubuntu server (192.168.10.50) via the internal network and inspect the SSH authentication logs (e.g., /var/log/auth.log) to correlate the 'Protocol mismatch' alerts with specific log entries, looking for patterns of a brute-force or reconnaissance scan, such as rapid connection attempts or cycling through usernames.",
	"Create and securely store timestamped copies of the relevant SSH logs from 192.168.10.50 and the associated Snort IDS logs containing the '(spp_ssh) Protocol mismatch' alerts to preserve a clear record of the suspicious activity.",
	"Perform a comprehensive audit of all user accounts on the server 192.168.10.50. Check the last login time for each user using the 'last' command to confirm that no unauthorized successful logins have occurred during the incident period.",
	"Harden the SSH service on 192.168.10.50 by modifying the sshd_config file to disable password-based authentication in favor of public key authentication. If passwords must be used, enforce a strong password policy and install 'fail2ban' to automatically block IPs after 3 failed login attempts.",
	"After hardening the SSH configuration, remove the temporary block on port 22 at the firewall. Restore access, ideally restricted to a whitelist of trusted source IPs, and implement continuous monitoring of SSH and IDS logs to ensure the threat is neutralized and detect future attempts."
	]
	},
	{
	"System": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server, an FTP server, and an SSH server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"Observed more than 500 instances of this alert within 1 minute: 07/05-12:48:46.774496 [] [120:18:3] (http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.50:80 -> 172.16.0.1:53444"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The public-facing Ubuntu web server (192.168.10.50) is the target of a high-volume Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. The server is being flooded with malicious inbound traffic, which is causing it to generate a storm of anomalous outbound responses. This has resulted in over 500 instances of the '(http_inspect) PROTOCOL-OTHER HTTP server response before client request' alert in a single minute. The goal of this attack is to exhaust the server's resources and network bandwidth, making it unavailable to legitimate users.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately contact the upstream Internet Service Provider (ISP) to report a high-volume Denial-of-Service attack against the public IP 205.174.165.68 and request urgent assistance in filtering the malicious traffic before it reaches the network perimeter.",
	"While the ISP begins mitigation, analyze the web server logs (e.g., /var/log/apache2/access.log) on the Ubuntu server (192.168.10.50) to identify the specific resources or pages being targeted by the flood of requests.",
	"On the external interface of the firewall, initiate a packet capture (pcap) of the incoming traffic. Securely copy and archive these packet captures along with the full Snort IDS logs and web server logs from 192.168.10.50 for the incident period.",
	"Collaborate with the ISP, providing them with patterns identified from the server logs and packet captures, to refine the upstream filtering rules to accurately block the attack traffic while minimizing the impact on legitimate users.",
	"Harden the system by implementing rate-limiting on the firewall for traffic destined for 205.174.165.68. Additionally, configure the web server on 192.168.10.50 with defensive modules, such as installing 'mod_evasive' to automatically throttle and block clients making excessive requests.",
	"Once upstream filtering is confirmed effective and server resource levels (CPU, memory) on 192.168.10.50 return to normal, formally end the incident response. Continuously monitor network traffic and web server performance to ensure the DoS attack has fully subsided and the service is stable."
	]
	},
	{
	"System": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server, an FTP server, and an SSH server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"07/05-13:15:43.252345 [] [1:41771:19] MALWARE-TOOLS slowhttptest DoS tool [] [Classification: Attempted Denial of Service] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 172.16.0.1:34262 -> 192.168.10.50:80",
	"07/05-13:15:43.607393 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.15:51366 -> 172.217.10.34:443",
	"07/05-13:15:43.605622 [] [119:19:2] (http_inspect) LONG HEADER [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.15:51272 -> 23.21.181.72:80",
	"07/05-13:15:44.352889 [] [1:41771:19] MALWARE-TOOLS slowhttptest DoS tool [] [Classification: Attempted Denial of Service] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 172.16.0.1:35376 -> 192.168.10.50:80",
	"07/05-13:15:44.538523 [] [119:19:2] (http_inspect) LONG HEADER [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.15:51317 -> 199.244.48.95:80",
	"07/05-13:15:42.677945 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 199.244.48.95:80 -> 192.168.10.15:51317",
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "A security incident is in progress. The public web server (192.168.10.50) is being targeted by an application-layer Denial of Service (DoS) attack. IDS alerts explicitly identify the malicious traffic as originating from the 'slowhttptest' DoS tool, which is designed to exhaust server connection resources and make it unavailable to legitimate users. All other observed alerts are considered normal network traffic for this environment.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"On the web server at 192.168.10.50, immediately lower the web server's connection timeout and header timeout values to be more aggressive, forcing the slow connections established by the 'slowhttptest' tool to drop and free up resources.",
	"Simultaneously, analyze the real-time traffic logs on the external interface of the main firewall to identify the true source IP address or addresses of the traffic that the IDS is flagging as 'slowhttptest' targeting the public IP 205.174.165.68.",
	"Create and securely archive timestamped copies of the specific Snort IDS logs identifying the 'slowhttptest' attack, along with the corresponding firewall logs that contain the true source IP(s) of the attacker.",
	"Based on the identified source IP(s), implement a rule on the main NAT router/firewall to explicitly block all inbound traffic from the attacker's IP address(es), effectively severing their connection to the network.",
	"Harden the web server on 192.168.10.50 against future application-layer attacks by installing and configuring a specialized security module, such as 'mod_reqtimeout' for Apache or 'mod_security', with rules specifically designed to reject clients that send data too slowly.",
	"Once the server-side hardening is in place and tested, remove the temporary IP block rule from the firewall. Closely monitor the server's active connections and resource utilization to confirm that the hardening measures are successfully mitigating the attack and the service is stable for legitimate users."
	]
	},
	{
	"System": "Our testbed infrastructure is divided into two completely separated networks, namely the internal network and the external network.

	The internal network consists of three servers and eleven workstations. The servers have IPs: 192.168.10.3 (Windows server that runs DNS), 192.168.10.50 (Ubuntu 16 server that runs a web server, an FTP server, and an SSH server with public IP 205.174.165.68), and 192.168.10.51 (Ubuntu 12 server that runs a web server with public IP 205.174.165.66). The internal network is behind a NAT router/firewall which is connected to the Internet through the public network 205.174.165.80/224 and which has an internal interface with IP 172.16.0.1. The Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) runs on the internal interface, which means that the source address of all external traffic appears as 172.16.0.1. The workstations have IP addresses 192.168.10.8-25.

	The public network can be accessed by external clients and potential attackers. They have IPs in the network 205.174.165.80/224 but due to the NAT their source address in the IDS logs looks like 172.16.0.1.

	The IDS generates a lot of false positives. These are typical alerts generated by normal client traffic:

	07/03-12:05:36.957629 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 204.79.197.200:443 -> 192.168.10.14:49485
	07/03-12:05:51.907477 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:51.907478 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38270
	07/03-12:05:59.405218 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.95.83:80 -> 192.168.10.16:45126
	07/03-12:06:00.095163 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 91.189.88.152 -> 192.168.10.16
	07/03-12:06:00.433385 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 91.189.88.149:80 -> 192.168.10.16:58870
	07/03-12:06:11.303492 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49497 -> 40.77.228.92:443
	07/03-12:06:12.487278 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 40.112.209.67:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49467
	07/03-12:06:26.164543 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49515 -> 104.27.175.43:443
	07/03-12:06:26.686365 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49530
	07/03-12:06:26.688207 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49526
	07/03-12:06:26.711157 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 104.27.175.43:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49528
	07/03-12:06:26.745028 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:26.963735 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 104.27.175.43 -> 192.168.10.14
	07/03-12:06:29.161689 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 23.208.165.24:80 -> 192.168.10.14:49560
	07/03-12:06:29.298588 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49566 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:29.299000 [] [120:8:3] (http_inspect) INVALID CONTENT-LENGTH OR CHUNK SIZE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49569 -> 72.167.239.239:80
	07/03-12:06:30.928004 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:49582 -> 172.217.10.131:443
	07/03-12:06:33.197169 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.3:88 -> 192.168.10.16:38282"
	"Logs": [
	"07/06-13:40:13.193380 [] [1:19439:10] SQL 1 = 1 - possible sql injection attempt [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 172.16.0.1:36198 -> 192.168.10.50:80",
	"07/06-13:40:22.025267 [] [1:19439:10] SQL 1 = 1 - possible sql injection attempt [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 172.16.0.1:36200 -> 192.168.10.50:80",
	"07/06-13:40:25.564609 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 195.225.138.206:80 -> 192.168.10.14:61319",
	"07/06-13:40:25.906139 [] [120:28:1] (http_inspect) INVALID CHUNK SIZE OR CHUNK SIZE FOLLOWED BY JUNK CHARACTERS [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 192.168.10.14:61324 -> 195.225.138.206:80",
	"07/06-13:40:25.977687 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 178.32.200.56:80 -> 192.168.10.14:61328",
	"07/06-13:40:26.072097 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 178.32.200.56:80 -> 192.168.10.14:61330"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "A critical web application attack is underway. An external entity (source IP masked as 172.16.0.1) is attempting to exploit a SQL Injection (SQLi) vulnerability on the public web server (192.168.10.50). The IDS detected multiple Priority 1 alerts for a classic '1 = 1' SQLi probe, indicating a deliberate attempt to manipulate the application's backend database, potentially to bypass authentication or exfiltrate data. The other lower-priority alerts are considered unrelated background network noise.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately apply a rule on the main firewall to block the attacker's true source IP address, which must be found by correlating the timestamps of the Priority 1 IDS alerts with the external network traffic logs, to instantly cut off the attack.",
	"Analyze the web server's access logs on 192.168.10.50 to pinpoint the exact vulnerable URL, script, and input parameter that the attacker is targeting with the '1 = 1' payload. This identifies the precise location of the vulnerability in the application code.",
	"Create and securely archive immutable copies of all relevant logs, including the Snort IDS alerts for the SQLi, the detailed web server access logs showing the malicious HTTP requests, and the database's query and error logs from the time of the attack.",
	"A developer must immediately take the identified vulnerable application script offline and fix the code by rewriting the database query logic to use parameterized queries (prepared statements), which is the standard defense against SQL injection.",
	"As a defense-in-depth measure, deploy a Web Application Firewall (WAF) and configure it with a default security policy to inspect all inbound traffic to 205.174.165.68, specifically enabling rules that block common SQL injection patterns and character sets.",
	"After deploying the patched application code, restore the database from the last known-good backup created before the incident. Remove the attacker-specific IP block from the firewall and transition to monitoring the WAF and web server logs to ensure the fix is effective and the application is stable."
	]
	},
	{
	"System": "Our IT infrastructure is segmented into two subnetworks: subnetwork A and B. They are connected via a switch that is also connected to the Internet. All servers run the Microsoft Windows XP SP2 operating system."
	"Logs": [
	"08/10-09:06:59.441198 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 195.88.191.59:80 -> 147.32.84.165:1052",
	"08/10-09:07:11.086711 [] [1:31033:6] MALWARE-CNC Win.Trojan.Cryptodefence variant outbound connection [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 147.32.84.165:1057 -> 222.88.205.195:443",
	"08/10-09:07:11.086723 [] [129:5:1] Bad segment, adjusted size <= 0 [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 147.32.84.165:1057 -> 222.88.205.195:443",
	"08/10-09:07:11.086723 [] [1:31033:6] MALWARE-CNC Win.Trojan.Cryptodefence variant outbound connection [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 147.32.84.165:1057 -> 222.88.205.195:443",
	"08/10-09:08:01.114491 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 195.88.191.59 -> 147.32.84.165",
	"08/10-09:08:41.960702 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 195.88.191.59:80 -> 147.32.84.165:1270",
	"08/10-09:09:01.881576 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 195.88.191.59:80 -> 147.32.84.165:1283",
	"08/10-09:09:03.192524 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 195.88.191.59 -> 147.32.84.165",
	"08/10-09:09:17.368028 [] [1:31033:6] MALWARE-CNC Win.Trojan.Cryptodefence variant outbound connection [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 147.32.84.165:1280 -> 222.88.205.195:443",
	"08/10-09:09:17.368041 [] [129:5:1] Bad segment, adjusted size <= 0 [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 147.32.84.165:1280 -> 222.88.205.195:443",
	"08/10-09:09:17.368041 [] [1:31033:6] MALWARE-CNC Win.Trojan.Cryptodefence variant outbound connection [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 147.32.84.165:1280 -> 222.88.205.195:443",
	"08/10-09:10:17.682702 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 222.88.205.195:443 -> 147.32.84.165:1310"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "A critical ransomware incident is in progress. The server at 147.32.84.165, running the obsolete Windows XP SP2 operating system, is confirmed to be infected with the 'Win.Trojan.Cryptodefence' ransomware. High-priority IDS alerts show the infected server is making active outbound Command and Control (C2) connections to a malicious server at 222.88.205.195. This indicates the ransomware is active on the network and may be preparing to encrypt files or has already begun doing so.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately and physically disconnect the Ethernet cable of the infected server at 147.32.84.165 to sever its network connection. Concurrently, configure a rule on the main internet switch/firewall to block all outbound traffic to the malicious C2 server IP address 222.88.205.195.",
	"Analyze the central switch and firewall logs to scan all network traffic from both subnetwork A and B for any other hosts attempting to make connections to the malicious IP 222.88.205.195, in order to identify the full scope of the infection.",
	"Before altering the infected server, create a complete bit-for-bit forensic image of its hard drive (147.32.84.165). This preserves the ransomware executable, encrypted files, and other evidence for future analysis without risking further damage.",
	"Completely wipe the hard drive of the infected server (147.32.84.165). Do not attempt to clean or salvage the existing Windows XP installation. If other infected machines were discovered, they must also be taken offline and wiped.",
	"The root cause of the incident is the obsolete operating system. Formulate and begin executing a critical plan to upgrade all servers from Windows XP SP2 to a modern, supported server OS that receives security patches. Implement network-wide egress filtering to block traffic to known malicious destinations.",
	"Restore the server's data from a trusted, offline backup that is verified to be clean and dated prior to the incident. Once the server is rebuilt with a modern OS and its data restored, reconnect it to the network and closely monitor for any anomalous activity."
	]
	},
	{
	"System": "Our IT infrastructure is segmented into two subnetworks: subnetwork A and B. They are connected via a switch that is also connected to the Internet. All servers run the Microsoft Windows XP SP2 operating system."
	"Logs": [
	"08/11-08:37:59.154690 [] [139:1:1] (spp_sdf) SDF Combination Alert [] [Classification: Senstive Data] [Priority: 2] {PROTO:254} 69.64.58.224 -> 147.32.84.165",
	"08/11-08:38:07.419001 [] [1:30320:5] MALWARE-OTHER connection to malware sinkhole [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 50.16.214.154:80 -> 147.32.84.165:1111",
	"08/11-08:38:07.419001 [] [1:25018:6] MALWARE-OTHER connection to malware sinkhole [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 50.16.214.154:80 -> 147.32.84.165:1111",
	"08/11-08:38:11.121893 [] [120:28:1] (http_inspect) INVALID CHUNK SIZE OR CHUNK SIZE FOLLOWED BY JUNK CHARACTERS [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 147.32.84.165:1121 -> 77.238.167.32:80",
	"08/11-08:38:11.121893 [] [120:28:1] (http_inspect) INVALID CHUNK SIZE OR CHUNK SIZE FOLLOWED BY JUNK CHARACTERS [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 147.32.84.165:1121 -> 77.238.167.32:80"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "A server at 147.32.84.165 is confirmed to be compromised with an active Trojan. High-priority IDS alerts indicate the server is attempting to connect to a known malware sinkhole, which is definitive proof of infection. The malware is also generating other suspicious outbound traffic, including malformed HTTP requests and data flagged as sensitive, suggesting it may be attempting to exfiltrate information. The server's obsolete Windows XP SP2 operating system is a critical vulnerability and the likely enabling factor for this compromise.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately physically unplug the server at 147.32.84.165 from the network switch to instantly halt all inbound and outbound traffic, including the active data exfiltration and connections to the malware sinkhole.",
	"Analyze the central firewall and IDS logs to compile a complete list of all external IP addresses the compromised server was attempting to contact. Use this list to scan the traffic from all other servers on the network to determine if the Trojan has spread.",
	"Before modifying the compromised server, create a full bit-for-bit forensic disk image of its hard drive. This preserves the Trojan's files and system changes for future malware analysis to determine its capabilities and origin.",
	"Format the hard drive of the server at 147.32.84.165. The use of an obsolete OS like Windows XP SP2 makes any attempt to 'clean' the system untrustworthy; the only safe eradication method is to completely wipe the storage and start fresh.",
	"Initiate an emergency project to upgrade the server from the obsolete Windows XP SP2 to a modern, supported operating system. As a network-wide hardening measure, configure strict egress filtering rules on the perimeter firewall to block all outbound traffic by default, only allowing connections to pre-approved, necessary services.",
	"Rebuild the server with the new, secure operating system and restore its data from a trusted, offline backup taken before the compromise. After reconnecting the server to the network, place it under enhanced monitoring, scrutinizing all outbound connection attempts to verify the eradication was successful."
	]
	},
	{
	"System": "Our IT infrastructure is segmented into two subnetworks: subnetwork A and B. They are connected via a switch that is also connected to the Internet. All servers run the Microsoft Windows XP SP2 operating system."
	"Logs": [
	"08/17-13:26:31.878931 [] [120:3:2] (http_inspect) NO CONTENT-LENGTH OR TRANSFER-ENCODING IN HTTP RESPONSE [] [Classification: Unknown Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 98.126.71.122:80 -> 147.32.84.204:3582",
	"08/17-13:26:48.635354 [] [124:1:2] (smtp) Attempted command buffer overflow: more than 512 chars [] [Classification: Attempted Administrator Privilege Gain] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 147.32.84.165:1692 -> 98.136.185.95:587",
	"08/17-13:26:48.995628 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 98.136.185.95:587 -> 147.32.84.165:1692",
	"08/17-13:26:48.995637 [] [129:15:2] Reset outside window [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 98.136.185.95:587 -> 147.32.84.165:1692"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "A server at 147.32.84.165 is confirmed to be compromised and is being used as a platform to launch attacks against external systems. A Priority 1 IDS alert shows the server connecting to an external mail server (on port 587) and attempting to trigger a command buffer overflow. This is definitive evidence that the server is infected with a malicious spambot or worm, which is trying to exploit other mail servers to propagate itself across the internet. The server's obsolete Windows XP SP2 operating system is the likely root cause of the initial compromise.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately physically disconnect the server at 147.32.84.165 from the network to instantly stop it from launching further attacks. Simultaneously, create a firewall rule at the network edge to block all outbound traffic on SMTP ports (25, 465, 587) from all internal hosts except for authorized mail servers.",
	"Analyze firewall and IDS logs to compile a complete list of all external IP addresses that the compromised server targeted. This information is critical for assessing the scope of the incident and for potential communication with the owners of the targeted systems.",
	"Before wiping the system, create a complete bit-for-bit forensic image of the hard drive from the compromised server (147.32.84.165). This preserves the spambot/worm malware for future analysis to understand its propagation methods and origin.",
	"Completely format the hard drive of the server at 147.32.84.165. Given the severity of the compromise and the total lack of security in the Windows XP operating system, no attempt to clean the existing installation can be trusted.",
	"The top priority for hardening is to begin an immediate, mandatory migration project to upgrade all servers from the obsolete Windows XP SP2 to a modern, supported operating system. Furthermore, implement a default-deny egress filtering policy on the main firewall to block all outbound internet traffic except for what is explicitly approved.",
	"Rebuild the server with the new, hardened OS and restore its data from a verified-clean, offline backup. After reconnecting it to the network, check major DNS blacklists to see if the organization's IP range has been listed and, if so, follow the procedures for removal."
	]
	},
	{
	"System": "Our IT infrastructure is segmented into two subnetworks: subnetwork A and B. They are connected via a switch that is also connected to the Internet. All servers run the Microsoft Windows XP SP2 operating system."
	"Logs": [
	"I observe hundreds of these alerts per second:
	08/18-09:53:06.470930 [] [123:8:2] (spp_frag3) Fragmentation overlap [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {UDP} 147.32.84.192 -> 147.32.96.69
	08/18-09:53:06.471261 [] [123:8:2] (spp_frag3) Fragmentation overlap [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {UDP} 147.32.84.204 -> 147.32.96.69
	08/18-09:53:06.473663 [] [123:8:2] (spp_frag3) Fragmentation overlap [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {UDP} 147.32.84.192 -> 147.32.96.69
	08/18-09:53:06.473933 [] [123:8:2] (spp_frag3) Fragmentation overlap [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {UDP} 147.32.84.204 -> 147.32.96.69
	08/18-09:53:06.483644 [] [123:8:2] (spp_frag3) Fragmentation overlap [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {UDP} 147.32.84.192 -> 147.32.96.69
	08/18-09:53:06.483920 [] [123:8:2] (spp_frag3) Fragmentation overlap [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {UDP} 147.32.84.204 -> 147.32.96.69
	08/18-09:53:06.488395 [] [123:8:2] (spp_frag3) Fragmentation overlap [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {UDP} 147.32.84.165 -> 147.32.96.69
	08/18-09:53:06.493640 [] [123:8:2] (spp_frag3) Fragmentation overlap [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {UDP} 147.32.84.192 -> 147.32.96.69
	08/18-09:53:06.493946 [] [123:8:2] (spp_frag3) Fragmentation overlap [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {UDP} 147.32.84.204 -> 147.32.96.69
	08/18-09:53:06.495260 [] [123:8:2] (spp_frag3) Fragmentation overlap [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {UDP} 147.32.84.165 -> 147.32.96.69"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "A widespread, internal Denial of Service (DoS) attack is in progress, indicating a significant network compromise. Multiple internal servers (including 147.32.84.192, 147.32.84.204, and 147.32.84.165) are compromised and are acting in concert to flood another internal host (147.32.96.69) with malformed, overlapping UDP fragments. The alert volume of 'hundreds per second' confirms a packet flood is occurring. This is characteristic of a 'Teardrop' or similar fragmentation attack designed to crash the target machine's vulnerable Windows XP operating system.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately physically disconnect all identified attacking servers (147.32.84.192, 147.32.84.204, 147.32.84.165) from the network switch. Concurrently, disconnect the target server (147.32.96.69) to protect it from crashing and prevent further compromise.",
	"Analyze the central network switch's traffic logs to identify every internal IP address that was sending UDP traffic to the target (147.32.96.69). This will create a complete list of all compromised hosts across the entire network that are part of the attack.",
	"Select one of the disconnected attacking servers, such as 147.32.84.165, and create a complete bit-for-bit forensic image of its hard drive. Securely archive the switch and IDS logs that recorded the internal UDP flood.",
	"Every single server that was identified as compromised must be methodically wiped by formatting its hard drive. Due to the presence of a self-propagating worm and the obsolete Windows XP OS, no attempt to clean the systems in-place can be trusted.",
	"The fundamental vulnerability is the universal use of Windows XP. A top-priority, network-wide project must be initiated to upgrade all servers to a modern OS. Additionally, re-architect the network to include internal segmentation using VLANs and firewall rules to prevent unconstrained host-to-host communication.",
	"Begin a phased recovery by rebuilding the wiped servers with the new, hardened operating system and restoring their data from verified-clean, offline backups. Reconnect servers one by one into the newly segmented network under intense monitoring to ensure the threat is completely eliminated."
	]
	},
	{
	"System": "An IT Infrastructure with 32 servers. External clients (and possible adversaries) access services of the infrastructure through a public gateway. The infrastructure is segmented into different zones, one zone is directly accessible from the public gateway, other zones can only be reached through intermediary nodes. The IP addresses are in the range 15.9.0.0/16. External clients, the gateway, and possible adversaries are on the subnet 15.9.1.0/24. The internal subnetworks (behind the gateway) are on the IP ranges 15.9.2.0/24, 15.9.3.0/24, 15.9.4.0/24, 15.9.5.0/24, 15.9.6.0/24, and 15.9.7.0/24. The services in the infrastructure run various network servies including SSH (on all servers) FTP, web services, SNMP, databases (e.g., Postgres), IRC, elasticsearch, NTP, etc."
	"Logs": [
	"[] [1:2002901:4] ET SCAN Potential SMB Scan [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 15.9.1.137:54321 -> 15.9.2.3:445 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T10:50:15.112458+0200]",
	"[] [1:49090:1] SERVER-SAMBA Samba is_known_pipe arbitrary module load code execution attempt [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.137:54322 -> 15.9.2.3:445 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T10:51:08.459102+0200]",
	"[] [1:483:5] SNMP public access udp [] [Classification: Attempted Information Leak] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 15.9.7.10:34567 -> 15.9.4.55:161 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T10:51:21.781337+0200]",
	"[] [1:2014520:5] ET TROJAN Generic CnC Beacon to External IP (TCP) [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.2.3:41234 -> 15.9.1.137:8443 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T10:53:44.912888+0200]",
	"[] [1:2003318:4] ET SCAN Behavioral Unusual Portscan (Continuous Scans) [] [Classification: Attempted Reconnaissance] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 15.9.2.3:45678 -> 15.9.4.1:22 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T10:55:30.224510+0200]",
	"[] [1:1807:11] WEB-MISC ../ directory traversal [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.210:60123 -> 15.9.3.80:80 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T10:56:05.673421+0200]"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "Based on the alerts, the logs indicate a targeted remote code execution attack where an external adversary exploited the SambaCry vulnerability (CVE-2017-7494) on server 15.9.2.3. The attack appears to have been successful, as the compromised server established a command-and-control beacon back to the attacker. Following the initial breach, the attacker is now using the compromised host to scan other internal networks in preparation for lateral movement.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately isolate the compromised server 15.9.2.3 from the network by applying a firewall rule to block all its inbound and outbound traffic.",
	"Analyze firewall, gateway, and IDS logs for all traffic originating from server 15.9.2.3 and any connections from the attacker's IP 15.9.1.137 to determine the scope of the breach.",
	"Create a full forensic disk image and memory dump of the compromised server 15.9.2.3 before performing any remediation actions.",
	"Wipe the hard drive of server 15.9.2.3 and rebuild it from a known-good, trusted operating system image and application source.",
	"Patch the Samba service on all 32 servers across the infrastructure to a version not vulnerable to CVE-2017-7494 and audit all shares for anonymous write permissions.",
	"Restore application data from a clean backup to the rebuilt server, and after a security review, remove the network isolation to return server 15.9.2.3 to full operational service."
	]
	},


	{
	"System": "An IT Infrastructure with 32 servers. External clients (and possible adversaries) access services of the infrastructure through a public gateway. The infrastructure is segmented into different zones, one zone is directly accessible from the public gateway, other zones can only be reached through intermediary nodes. The IP addresses are in the range 15.9.0.0/16. External clients, the gateway, and possible adversaries are on the subnet 15.9.1.0/24. The internal subnetworks (behind the gateway) are on the IP ranges 15.9.2.0/24, 15.9.3.0/24, 15.9.4.0/24, 15.9.5.0/24, 15.9.6.0/24, and 15.9.7.0/24. The services in the infrastructure run various network servies including SSH (on all servers) FTP, web services, SNMP, databases (e.g., Postgres), IRC, elasticsearch, NTP, etc."
	"Logs": [
	"[] [1:2013031:3] ET SCAN ZmEu Scanner Request [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.55:49871 -> 15.9.4.74:80 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T11:00:10.543210+0200]",
	"[] [1:2001002:18] ET WEB_SERVER Generic SQL Injection Attempt [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.55:49872 -> 15.9.4.74:80 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T11:01:25.112987+0200]",
	"[] [1:2010935:4] ET SCAN Potential SSH Scan (Inbound) [] [Classification: Attempted Reconnaissance] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 15.9.1.180:51000 -> 15.9.5.12:22 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T11:01:45.881234+0200]",
	"[] [1:2001581:16] ET WEB_SERVER SELECT UNION Attack In Progress [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.55:49873 -> 15.9.4.74:80 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T11:03:10.345778+0200]",
	"[] [1:2003358:6] ET POLICY Credit Card Number Detected in Clear (Response) [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 15.9.4.74:80 -> 15.9.1.55:49873 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T11:03:12.998211+0200]",
	"[] [1:2013410:3] ET WEB_SERVER Possible PHP Single-Line Webshell Upload [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.55:49874 -> 15.9.4.74:80 [Timestamp: 2025-06-21T11:04:22.765432+0200]"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The logs show a multi-stage web attack targeting the DVWA server at 15.9.4.74, beginning with reconnaissance and progressing to a SQL injection. The attacker successfully used a UNION SELECT payload to exfiltrate sensitive information, as indicated by alerts showing credit card numbers in the server's outbound traffic. Following the data theft, the adversary attempted to upload a PHP web shell to establish persistent access on the compromised web server.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Apply a block rule on the public gateway to deny all external traffic to the web server at 15.9.4.74 on ports 80 and 443.",
	"Analyze the web server's access and error logs on 15.9.4.74, correlating them with Snort alerts, to identify all malicious requests from the attacker's IP 15.9.1.55 and the exact data that was exfiltrated.",
	"Take a complete forensic disk image of the web server 15.9.4.74 to preserve evidence of the SQL injection and the attempted web shell upload.",
	"Delete all application files from the web root on 15.9.4.74 and scrub the associated database of any malicious artifacts or injected users.",
	"Review and rewrite the application's database query functions to use parameterized statements (prepared statements) and implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) as a preventative control.",
	"Deploy the hardened and vulnerability-free version of the application to the server and, after a successful security audit, remove the gateway block rule to restore public access."
	]
	},



	{
	"System": "An IT Infrastructure with 32 servers. External clients (and possible adversaries) access services of the infrastructure through a public gateway. The infrastructure is segmented into different zones, one zone is directly accessible from the public gateway, other zones can only be reached through intermediary nodes. The IP addresses are in the range 15.9.0.0/16. External clients, the gateway, and possible adversaries are on the subnet 15.9.1.0/24. The internal subnetworks (behind the gateway) are on the IP ranges 15.9.2.0/24, 15.9.3.0/24, 15.9.4.0/24, 15.9.5.0/24, 15.9.6.0/24, and 15.9.7.0/24. The services in the infrastructure run various network servies including SSH (on all servers) FTP, web services, SNMP, databases (e.g., Postgres), IRC, elasticsearch, NTP, etc."
	"Logs": [
	"[2025-06-21T11:10:15.823456+0200] [1:2013032:4] [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.88:51234 -> 15.9.3.54:80 [] ET WEB_SERVER Common Administrative or CGI File Access (/cgi-bin/)",
	"[2025-06-21T11:11:30.112987+0200] [1:2019327:4] [] [Classification: Attempted Administrator Privilege Gain] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.88:51235 -> 15.9.3.54:80 [] ET WEB_SERVER bash environment variable injection attack (Shellshock)",
	"[2025-06-21T11:11:55.445123+0200] [1:2002021:7] [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 15.9.1.215:60123 -> 15.9.6.20:21 [] ET POLICY FTP Login Failed",
	"[2025-06-21T11:12:45.987654+0200] [1:2019328:4] [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.88:51236 -> 15.9.3.54:80 [] ET WEB_SERVER GNU Bash CVE-2014-6271 (Shellshock) Remote Code Execution w/wget",
	"[2025-06-21T11:12:48.102345+0200] [1:2012647:3] [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.3.54:34567 -> 15.9.1.88:4444 [] ET TROJAN Possible Reverse Shell TCP (External)",
	"[2025-06-21T11:13:10.654321+0200] [1:2002336:7] [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 15.9.2.100:6667 -> 15.9.7.30:6667 [] ET CHAT IRC NICK command"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The logs indicate an attacker exploited the Shellshock vulnerability (CVE-2014-6271) in a CGI script on the web server at 15.9.3.54. This was achieved by injecting a malicious command into an HTTP header, which successfully instructed the server to download a payload and initiate a reverse shell. The resulting outbound connection to the attacker's machine signifies that the adversary has likely gained interactive command-line access to the server.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately apply a firewall rule at the gateway to block all inbound and outbound traffic for the compromised server at 15.9.3.54.",
	"Analyze web server logs on 15.9.3.54 to identify the vulnerable CGI script and review bash history and running processes for commands executed by the attacker.",
	"Create a full forensic disk image and memory dump of server 15.9.3.54 to preserve evidence of the commands executed via the Shellshock vulnerability.",
	"Wipe the server 15.9.3.54 and reinstall the operating system from a trusted, known-good source to ensure all attacker modifications are removed.",
	"Update the Bash package to the latest patched version on all 32 servers in the infrastructure and audit all web servers to remove unnecessary CGI scripts.",
	"Re-deploy the necessary applications from a secure source onto the rebuilt server, and after a security verification, remove the network isolation to restore service."
	]
	},

	{
	"System": "An IT Infrastructure with 32 servers. External clients (and possible adversaries) access services of the infrastructure through a public gateway. The infrastructure is segmented into different zones, one zone is directly accessible from the public gateway, other zones can only be reached through intermediary nodes. The IP addresses are in the range 15.9.0.0/16. External clients, the gateway, and possible adversaries are on the subnet 15.9.1.0/24. The internal subnetworks (behind the gateway) are on the IP ranges 15.9.2.0/24, 15.9.3.0/24, 15.9.4.0/24, 15.9.5.0/24, 15.9.6.0/24, and 15.9.7.0/24. The services in the infrastructure run various network servies including SSH (on all servers) FTP, web services, SNMP, databases (e.g., Postgres), IRC, elasticsearch, NTP, etc."
	"Logs": [
	"[2025-06-21T11:15:02.123456+0200] [1:2020939:2] [] [Classification: Attempted Information Leak] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 15.9.1.112:54321 -> 15.9.5.62:9200 [] ET SCAN ElasticSearch Default Port 9200-9400 TCP Scan",
	"[2025-06-21T11:16:10.789012+0200] [1:33149:2] [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.112:54322 -> 15.9.5.62:9200 [] ET EXPLOIT ElasticSearch Dynamic Scripting RCE (CVE-2015-1427)",
	"[2025-06-21T11:16:35.556789+0200] [1:483:5] [] [Classification: Attempted Information Leak] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 15.9.7.10:34567 -> 15.9.2.15:161 [] SNMP public access udp",
	"[2025-06-21T11:17:05.112233+0200] [1:2012647:3] [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.5.62:41234 -> 15.9.1.112:4444 [] ET TROJAN Possible Reverse Shell TCP (External)",
	"[2025-06-21T11:18:20.445566+0200] [1:2018957:4] [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.5.62:41238 -> 91.198.174.192:80 [] ET TROJAN Likely Malicious File Download Via Curl",
	"[2025-06-21T11:18:50.987654+0200] [1:2014819:3] [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 15.9.4.101:53535 -> 15.9.7.53:53 [] ET DNS Query for .su TLD (Soviet Union) Often Malware Related"
	] ,
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The logs show an attack against the Elasticsearch server at 15.9.5.62, where an external adversary exploited a remote code execution vulnerability (CVE-2015-1427) in the Groovy scripting engine. The attacker sent a specially crafted search query to the server, which successfully triggered a reverse shell and granted them command-line access to the system. Subsequently, the compromised server was used to download additional malicious files, indicating the attacker is solidifying their foothold and escalating the intrusion.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately create a firewall rule to block all traffic to and from the compromised Elasticsearch server at 15.9.5.62.",
	"Analyze Elasticsearch and system logs on 15.9.5.62 to identify all commands executed by the attacker and check for signs of lateral movement.",
	"Take a full forensic disk image and memory dump of server 15.9.5.62 to preserve evidence of the RCE payload and post-exploitation activity.",
	"Wipe server 15.9.5.62 and rebuild it from a trusted OS image, as the RCE provides root-level access that makes simple cleanup unreliable.",
	"Upgrade Elasticsearch to a version not vulnerable to CVE-2015-1427 on all relevant servers, and disable dynamic scripting in the configuration (script.disable_dynamic: true) as a critical hardening step.",
	"Restore the Elasticsearch cluster data from a clean backup, and after a security audit of the new configuration, remove the network isolation to return the node to service."
	]
	},

	{
	"System": "An IT Infrastructure with 32 servers. External clients (and possible adversaries) access services of the infrastructure through a public gateway. The infrastructure is segmented into different zones, one zone is directly accessible from the public gateway, other zones can only be reached through intermediary nodes. The IP addresses are in the range 15.9.0.0/16. External clients, the gateway, and possible adversaries are on the subnet 15.9.1.0/24. The internal subnetworks (behind the gateway) are on the IP ranges 15.9.2.0/24, 15.9.3.0/24, 15.9.4.0/24, 15.9.5.0/24, 15.9.6.0/24, and 15.9.7.0/24. The services in the infrastructure run various network servies including SSH (on all servers) FTP, web services, SNMP, databases (e.g., Postgres), IRC, elasticsearch, NTP, etc."
	"Logs": [
	"[2025-06-21T11:20:05.123987+0200] [1:570:8] [] [Classification: Attempted Information Leak] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 15.9.1.42:48751 -> 15.9.2.178:21 [] FTP anonymous login",
	"[2025-06-21T11:21:14.456123+0200] [1:34447:1] [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 15.9.1.42:48751 -> 15.9.2.178:21 [] POLICY-OTHER ProFTPD mod_copy unauthenticated file copy attempt",
	"[2025-06-21T11:21:16.887654+0200] [1:34225:1] [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 15.9.1.42:48751 -> 15.9.2.178:21 [] PROTOCOL-FTP ProFTPD mod_copy remote code execution attempt",
	"[2025-06-21T11:21:45.332145+0200] [1:2001588:12] [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.42:49102 -> 15.9.2.178:80 [] ET WEB_SERVER PHP Easter Egg Information-Disclosure",
	"[2025-06-21T11:22:01.776543+0200] [1:2016362:3] [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.2.178:33487 -> 15.9.1.42:4444 [] ET TROJAN Possible Metasploit Reverse Shell",
	"[2025-06-21T11:22:30.918273+0200] [1:2100498:7] [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 15.9.3.11:137 -> 15.9.3.255:137 [] ET INFO Netbios Name Query NBSTAT"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The logs indicate an unauthenticated attacker exploited a critical vulnerability in the ProFTPD server at 15.9.2.178, specifically CVE-2015-3306 in the mod_copy module. The attacker leveraged SITE CPFR/CPTO commands to write a malicious PHP file to a web-accessible directory. Subsequent alerts show the attacker accessing this new file via a web browser to execute code and successfully establish a reverse shell, giving them interactive control over the server.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately block all traffic to and from the compromised FTP server 15.9.2.178 by applying an isolation rule on the network firewall.",
	"Analyze FTP and web server logs on 15.9.2.178 to identify all files created or modified by the attacker and review system logs for executed commands.",
	"Create a full forensic disk image and memory dump of server 15.9.2.178 to preserve evidence of the file-copy exploit and subsequent actions.",
	"Wipe the server 15.9.2.178 and rebuild it from a trusted operating system image, as the RCE provides complete control to the attacker.",
	"Upgrade the ProFTPD package to a patched version (1.3.5a+ or 1.3.6+) on all servers and explicitly disable the mod_copy module if it is not essential.",
	"Restore application data from a verified clean backup, and after a security review, remove the firewall isolation rule to return the server to service."
	]
	},


	{
	"System": "An IT Infrastructure with 32 servers. External clients (and possible adversaries) access services of the infrastructure through a public gateway. The infrastructure is segmented into different zones, one zone is directly accessible from the public gateway, other zones can only be reached through intermediary nodes. The IP addresses are in the range 15.9.0.0/16. External clients, the gateway, and possible adversaries are on the subnet 15.9.1.0/24. The internal subnetworks (behind the gateway) are on the IP ranges 15.9.2.0/24, 15.9.3.0/24, 15.9.4.0/24, 15.9.5.0/24, 15.9.6.0/24, and 15.9.7.0/24. The services in the infrastructure run various network servies including SSH (on all servers) FTP, web services, SNMP, databases (e.g., Postgres), IRC, elasticsearch, NTP, etc."
	"Logs": [
	"[2025-06-21T11:25:10.432109+0200] [1:2013031:3] [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.99:56789 -> 15.9.6.24:80 [] ET SCAN ZmEu Scanner Request",
	"[2025-06-21T11:26:15.876543+0200] [1:2024399:2] [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.99:56790 -> 15.9.6.24:80 [] ET EXPLOIT Possible PHPMailer CVE-2016-10033 Remote Code Execution Attempt",
	"[2025-06-21T11:26:40.112233+0200] [1:2100498:7] [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 15.9.4.22:137 -> 15.9.4.255:137 [] ET INFO Netbios Name Query NBSTAT",
	"[2025-06-21T11:27:05.554321+0200] [1:2018957:4] [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.6.24:51234 -> 91.198.174.192:80 [] ET TROJAN Likely Malicious File Download Via Curl",
	"[2025-06-21T11:27:08.778899+0200] [1:2012647:3] [] [Classification: A Network Trojan was detected] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.6.24:51235 -> 15.9.1.99:4444 [] ET TROJAN Possible Reverse Shell TCP (External)",
	"[2025-06-21T11:27:35.998877+0200] [1:483:5] [] [Classification: Attempted Information Leak] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 15.9.7.10:34567 -> 15.9.5.111:161 [] SNMP public access udp"
	],
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The logs detail a web-based attack against the server at 15.9.6.24, which hosts an application vulnerable to the PHPMailer remote code execution exploit (CVE-2016-10033). The attacker sent a malicious POST request to a web form, likely a contact or registration page, which exploited the vulnerability to execute commands on the server. Subsequent alerts indicate the compromised server downloaded additional malware and then initiated a reverse shell, giving the attacker full interactive control.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately apply a rule on the public gateway to block all HTTP/S traffic to the compromised web server at 15.9.6.24.",
	"Analyze the web server's access logs on 15.9.6.24 to identify the exact POST request containing the exploit and review system logs for all commands executed by the web server process.",
	"Create a full forensic disk image and memory dump of server 15.9.6.24 to preserve evidence of the web shell and post-exploitation activity.",
	"Wipe server 15.9.6.24 and rebuild it from a trusted OS image, as RCE from a web application context can lead to deep system compromise.",
	"Update the PHPMailer library to a patched version (5.2.18 or newer) within the application's source code and redeploy it; audit all other libraries for known vulnerabilities.",
	"Restore necessary application data from a clean backup, and after a thorough security scan and code review, remove the gateway block to return the application to service."
	]
	},

	{
	"System": "An IT Infrastructure with 32 servers. External clients (and possible adversaries) access services of the infrastructure through a public gateway. The infrastructure is segmented into different zones, one zone is directly accessible from the public gateway, other zones can only be reached through intermediary nodes. The IP addresses are in the range 15.9.0.0/16. External clients, the gateway, and possible adversaries are on the subnet 15.9.1.0/24. The internal subnetworks (behind the gateway) are on the IP ranges 15.9.2.0/24, 15.9.3.0/24, 15.9.4.0/24, 15.9.5.0/24, 15.9.6.0/24, and 15.9.7.0/24. The services in the infrastructure run various network servies including SSH (on all servers) FTP, web services, SNMP, databases (e.g., Postgres), IRC, elasticsearch, NTP, etc."
	"Logs": [
	"[2025-06-21T11:15:10.456123+0200] [1:2100498:7] [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 15.9.4.22:137 -> 15.9.4.255:137 [] ET INFO Netbios Name Query NBSTAT",
	"[2025-06-21T11:16:25.887654+0200] [1:483:5] [] [Classification: Attempted Information Leak] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 15.9.7.10:34567 -> 15.9.5.111:161 [] SNMP public access udp",
	"[2025-06-21T11:17:02.998211+0200] [1:2001588:12] [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 15.9.1.210:60123 -> 15.9.3.80:80 [] ET WEB_SERVER PHP Easter Egg Information-Disclosure",
	"[2025-06-21T11:18:15.112233+0200] [1:2002338:7] [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 15.9.2.55:51987 -> 15.9.7.30:6667 [] ET CHAT IRC JOIN command",
	"[2025-06-21T11:19:05.776543+0200] [1:2002021:7] [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 15.9.1.148:44321 -> 15.9.2.178:21 [] ET POLICY FTP Login Failed",
	"[2025-06-21T11:19:55.332145+0200] [1:2010937:4] [] [Classification: Attempted Reconnaissance] [Priority: 2] {TCP} 15.9.7.150:34902 -> 15.9.6.10:8080 [] ET SCAN Nessus User-Agent Inbound"
	]
	"Incident": "No",
	"Incident description": "There is no evidence of a security incident that warrants recovery actions in the provided logs.",
	"Recovery actions": []
	},

	{
	"System": "An enterprise network segmented into three zones: (1) the intranet that contains a number of Linux hosts for each employee as well as an intranet server running WordPress and the Samba file share service; (2) the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that contains servers for VPN, proxu, mail, and cloud share; and (3) the Internet with global DNS hosts for remote employees that connect to the intranet via VPN, external employees that use external mail servers, and an attacker host. The zones are connected via a firewall that also acts as an internal DNS server for all domains owned by the organization. "
	"Logs": [
	"Jan 24 03:25:14 davey-mail freshclam[29822]: Mon Jan 24 03:25:14 2022 -> ClamAV update process started at Mon Jan 24 03:25:14 2022",
	"Jan 24 03:25:24 morris-mail freshclam[29586]: Mon Jan 24 03:25:24 2022 -> ClamAV update process started at Mon Jan 24 03:25:24 2022",
	"Jan 24 03:56:47 intranet-server sshd[27751]: Did not receive identification string from 172.19.131.174 port 40876",
	"Jan 24 03:56:47 inet-dns sshd[15085]: Did not receive identification string from 192.168.230.122 port 44004",
	"Jan 24 03:56:47 inet-firewall sshd[23007]: Did not receive identification string from 192.168.230.122 port 35464",
	"Jan 24 03:56:47 morris-mail sshd[25517]: Did not receive identification string from 192.168.230.122 port 54752",
	"192.168.230.122 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:56:53 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 363 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"[Mon Jan 24 03:56:53.606664 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 19928] [client 192.168.230.122:34548] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/",
	"01/24/2022-03:56:58.599059 [] [1:2220006:1] SURICATA SMTP no server welcome message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.19.130.4:587 -> 192.168.230.122:49954",
	"01/24/2022-03:56:58.599624 [] [1:2220006:1] SURICATA SMTP no server welcome message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.230.4:587 -> 192.168.230.122:49954",
	"172.19.131.174 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:01 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.19.131.174 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:01 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3287 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"192.168.230.122 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:01 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 4014 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"192.168.230.122 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:01 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 363 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"192.168.230.122 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:01 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642996621 HTTP/1.1\" 403 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"192.168.230.122 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:01 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 403 3284 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"192.168.230.122 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:01 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.1\" 403 3265 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"01/24/2022-03:57:01.490982 [] [1:2230000:1] SURICATA TLS invalid SSLv2 header [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.230.122:49974 -> 172.19.130.4:587",
	"01/24/2022-03:57:01.490982 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.230.122:49974 -> 172.19.130.4:587",
	"01/24/2022-03:57:01.535078 [] [1:2230000:1] SURICATA TLS invalid SSLv2 header [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.19.130.4:587 -> 192.168.230.122:49974",
	"01/24/2022-03:57:01.535078 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.19.130.4:587 -> 192.168.230.122:49974",
	"[Mon Jan 24 03:57:01.685406 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 20559] [client 192.168.230.122:34652] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/",
	"[Mon Jan 24 03:57:01.686962 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 20558] [client 192.168.230.122:34642] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/sdk",
	"[Mon Jan 24 03:57:01.687219 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 20560] [client 192.168.230.122:34658] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/nmaplowercheck1642996621",
	"01/24/2022-03:57:01.687867 [] [1:2024364:4] ET SCAN Possible Nmap User-Agent Observed [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 192.168.230.122:34642 -> 172.19.130.68:80",
	"01/24/2022-03:57:01.687878 [] [1:2024364:4] ET SCAN Possible Nmap User-Agent Observed [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 192.168.230.122:34658 -> 172.19.130.68:80",
	"01/24/2022-03:57:01.688202 [] [1:2024364:4] ET SCAN Possible Nmap User-Agent Observed [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 192.168.230.122:34642 -> 192.168.230.4:80",
	"172.19.131.174 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:26 +0000] \"GET /randomfile1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3383 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.19.131.174 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:26 +0000] \"GET /.hta HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.19.131.174 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:26 +0000] \"GET /.hta_ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.19.131.174 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:26 +0000] \"GET /.htaccess HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.19.131.174 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:57:26 +0000] \"GET /.htaccess_ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.19.131.174 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:58:00 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/themes/simplo/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.smith.russellmitchell.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.19.131.174 - - [24/Jan/2022:03:58:00 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/themes/slash-wp/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.smith.russellmitchell.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"01/24/2022-03:58:55.360008 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.230.4:587 -> 192.168.230.122:49978",
	"01/24/2022-03:58:55.360008 [] [1:2230002:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record type [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.230.4:587 -> 192.168.230.122:49978",
	"Jan 24 04:25:14 davey-mail freshclam[29822]: Mon Jan 24 04:25:14 2022 -> ClamAV update process started at Mon Jan 24 04:25:14 2022",
	"Jan 24 04:25:24 morris-mail freshclam[29586]: Mon Jan 24 04:25:24 2022 -> ClamAV update process started at Mon Jan 24 04:25:24 2022",
	"Jan 24 04:32:29 mail freshclam[31104]: Mon Jan 24 04:32:29 2022 -> ClamAV update process started at Mon Jan 24 04:32:29 2022",
	"Jan 24 04:37:40 intranet-server su[27950]: + /dev/pts/1 www-data:jhall",
	"Jan 24 04:37:40 intranet-server su[27950]: pam_unix(su:session): session opened for user jhall by (uid=33)",
	"Jan 24 04:37:58 intranet-server sudo: jhall : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.smith.russellmitchell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=list",
	"Jan 24 04:38:06 intranet-server sudo: jhall : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.smith.russellmitchell.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/cat /etc/shadow",
	"Jan 24 04:38:06 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 24 04:38:06 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Jan 24 14:10:32 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<dorothy.ellis>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.19.130.4, lip=172.19.130.4, mpid=8878, TLS, session=<+twUiFTWguCsE4IE>",
	"Jan 24 14:10:32 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<dorothy.ellis>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.19.130.4, lip=172.19.130.4, mpid=8878, TLS, session=<+twUiFTWguCsE4IE>",
	"01/24/2022-14:11:51.233963 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.19.130.4:443 -> 172.19.130.68:38124",
	"01/24/2022-14:11:51.233963 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.19.130.4:443 -> 172.19.130.68:38124",
	"01/24/2022-14:11:51.234127 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.19.130.68:38124 -> 172.19.130.4:443",
	"01/24/2022-14:11:51.234127 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.19.130.68:38124 -> 172.19.130.4:443",
	"Jan 24 14:12:17 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<traci.stevenson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.19.130.4, lip=172.19.130.4, mpid=8896, TLS, session=<MLFTjlTWhuCsE4IE>",
	"Jan 24 14:12:17 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<traci.stevenson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.19.130.4, lip=172.19.130.4, mpid=8896, TLS, session=<MLFTjlTWhuCsE4IE>"
	]
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "Based on the logs, the incident began with extensive network scanning from IP addresses 192.168.230.122 and 172.19.131.174 using tools like Nmap and WPScan to identify services and probe for vulnerabilities on the intranet server and other network assets. Following the reconnaissance, evidence points to a successful exploit of the intranet server, where the www-data user created a session for a user named jhall. This user then escalated their privileges to root, as shown by the successful execution of sudo to read the /etc/shadow file. Throughout the activity, intrusion detection system alerts flagged suspicious Nmap user agents and anomalous SMTP and TLS traffic, corroborating the attack sequence.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately isolate the compromised intranet-server from the network and block the attacker's source IP addresses (172.19.131.174 and 192.168.230.122) at the firewall to sever the active connection and prevent further malicious activity.",
	"Review all associated logs (firewall, VPN, intranet-server's Apache/NGINX access and error logs, and auth.log/secure log) to correlate the attacker's IP addresses with specific actions and identify the full scope of commands executed by the www-data and jhall users post-compromise.",
	"Take a full memory dump and a bit-for-bit disk image of the compromised intranet-server before any remediation is performed to ensure all evidence, including attacker tools, modified files, and logs, is preserved for a thorough investigation.",
	"After forensic imaging, remove the malicious PHP webshell uploaded to the WordPress directory and any other backdoors or tools planted by the attacker. Additionally, disable the compromised user account (jhall) and invalidate its credentials.",
	"Update the WordPress installation and all its plugins, specifically patching the vulnerable file upload plugin (identified as wpDiscuz / CVE-2020-24186) that served as the initial entry point. Modify the /etc/sudoers configuration to revoke privileges for the www-data user to switch to other user accounts.",
	"Rebuild the intranet-server from a trusted, known-good backup taken before January 24, 2022. After applying all required patches and security configurations from the hardening phase, restore clean website data and user files from a verified backup before cautiously returning the server to operational service."
	]
	},

	{
	"System": "An enterprise network segmented into three zones: (1) the intranet that contains a number of Linux hosts for each employee as well as an intranet server running WordPress and the Samba file share service; (2) the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that contains servers for VPN, proxu, mail, and cloud share; and (3) the Internet with global DNS hosts for remote employees that connect to the intranet via VPN, external employees that use external mail servers, and an attacker host. The zones are connected via a firewall that also acts as an internal DNS server for all domains owned by the organization. "
	"Logs": [
	"Jan 18 11:59:00 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4084, TLS, session=<kj6o/tnVnr3AqIDD>",
	"Jan 18 11:59:00 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4084, TLS, session=<kj6o/tnVnr3AqIDD>",
	"Jan 18 11:59:00 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4084, TLS, session=<kj6o/tnVnr3AqIDD>",
	"Jan 18 12:00:09 whittaker-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<john.hammond>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.131.228, lip=192.168.131.228, mpid=31878, TLS, session=<SK3HAtrVpqjAqIPk>",
	"Jan 18 12:00:09 whittaker-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<john.hammond>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.131.228, lip=192.168.131.228, mpid=31878, TLS, session=<SK3HAtrVpqjAqIPk>",
	"Jan 18 12:00:09 whittaker-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<john.hammond>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.131.228, lip=192.168.131.228, mpid=31878, TLS, session=<SK3HAtrVpqjAqIPk>",
	"Jan 18 12:00:24 whittaker-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<john.hammond>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.131.228, lip=192.168.131.228, mpid=31880, TLS, session=<i/GrA9rVqKjAqIPk>",
	"Jan 18 12:00:24 whittaker-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<john.hammond>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.131.228, lip=192.168.131.228, mpid=31880, TLS, session=<i/GrA9rVqKjAqIPk>",
	"01/18/2022-12:06:41.800120 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 151.101.194.110:443 -> 192.168.128.4:37514",
	"01/18/2022-12:06:41.800120 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 151.101.194.110:443 -> 192.168.128.4:37514",
	"01/18/2022-12:06:41.800612 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 151.101.194.110:443 -> 172.17.130.196:37514",
	"01/18/2022-12:06:41.800612 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 151.101.194.110:443 -> 172.17.130.196:37514",
	"01/18/2022-12:06:41.801781 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.17.130.196:37514 -> 151.101.194.110:443",
	"[Tue Jan 18 12:17:21.683295 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 25460] [client 192.168.130.77:43524] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/",
	"Jan 18 12:17:24 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4364, TLS, session=<JW10QNrVIr7AqIDD>",
	"Jan 18 12:17:24 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4364, TLS, session=<JW10QNrVIr7AqIDD>",
	"Jan 18 12:17:24 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4364, TLS, session=<JW10QNrVIr7AqIDD>",
	"01/18/2022-12:17:26.686274 [] [1:2220006:1] SURICATA SMTP no server welcome message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.17.131.81:587 -> 192.168.130.77:45606",
	"01/18/2022-12:17:26.686429 [] [1:2220006:1] SURICATA SMTP no server welcome message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.128.4:587 -> 192.168.130.77:45606",
	"192.168.130.77 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:27 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 3260 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:27 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 3260 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"01/18/2022-12:17:27.242577 [] [1:2220000:1] SURICATA SMTP invalid reply [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.17.131.81:587 -> 192.168.130.77:45606",
	"01/18/2022-12:17:27.242838 [] [1:2220000:1] SURICATA SMTP invalid reply [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.128.4:587 -> 192.168.130.77:45606",
	"[Tue Jan 18 12:17:27.713538 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 25459] [client 192.168.130.77:35080] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/",
	"[Tue Jan 18 12:17:27.714052 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 25371] [client 172.17.130.196:44746] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/",
	"192.168.130.77 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:29 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 363 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"192.168.130.77 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:29 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642508249 HTTP/1.1\" 403 3260 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:29 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642508249 HTTP/1.1\" 403 3260 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"[Tue Jan 18 12:17:29.671538 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 25202] [client 192.168.130.77:35136] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/nmaplowercheck1642508249"
	"[Tue Jan 18 12:17:29.671985 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 25460] [client 192.168.130.77:43602] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/sdk",
	"[Tue Jan 18 12:17:29.672367 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 25371] [client 192.168.130.77:43634] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/nmaplowercheck1642508249",
	"01/18/2022-12:17:29.672441 [] [1:2024364:4] ET SCAN Possible Nmap User-Agent Observed [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 172.17.130.196:34854 -> 172.17.130.37:80",
	"01/18/2022-12:17:29.672650 [] [1:2024364:4] ET SCAN Possible Nmap User-Agent Observed [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 192.168.130.77:43602 -> 192.168.128.4:80",
	"01/18/2022-12:17:29.672695 [] [1:2024364:4] ET SCAN Possible Nmap User-Agent Observed [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 192.168.130.77:43602 -> 172.17.130.37:80",
	"cloud.dmz.price.fox.org:443 172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:43 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 3555 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"cloud.dmz.price.fox.org:443 172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:43 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3555 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:43 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 3263 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:43 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3263 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"cloud.dmz.price.fox.org:443 172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:43 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642508263 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3555 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:43 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642508263 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3263 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"01/18/2022-12:17:43.716839 [] [1:2024364:4] ET SCAN Possible Nmap User-Agent Observed [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 172.17.130.196:39424 -> 172.17.129.140:80",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:18:30 +0000] \"GET /frand2 HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:18:30 +0000] \"GET /.cvs HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:18:30 +0000] \"GET /.cvsignore HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:18:30 +0000] \"GET /.forward HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:18:30 +0000] \"GET /.hta HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:18:30 +0000] \"GET /.htaccess HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:50 +0000] \"GET /036457d.html HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.price.fox.org\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:52 +0000] \"HEAD /searchreplacedb2.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.price.fox.org\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:52 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/backup-db/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.price.fox.org\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:52 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/uploads/ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"https://intranet.price.fox.org\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:52 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/tmm_db_migrate/tmm_db_migrate.zip HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.price.fox.org\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.17.130.196 - - [18/Jan/2022:12:17:52 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/dump.sql HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.price.fox.org\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"Jan 18 12:39:14 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4705, TLS, session=<EIePjtrVuL7AqIDD>",
	"Jan 18 12:39:14 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4705, TLS, session=<EIePjtrVuL7AqIDD>",
	"Jan 18 12:39:34 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4707, TLS, session=<fOe1j9rVur7AqIDD>",
	"Jan 18 12:39:34 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4707, TLS, session=<fOe1j9rVur7AqIDD>",
	"Jan 18 12:39:34 taylorcruz-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<damian.jordan>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.195, lip=192.168.128.195, mpid=4707, TLS, session=<fOe1j9rVur7AqIDD>",
	"Jan 18 12:39:46 jonesmorgan-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<susan.gregory>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.170, lip=192.168.128.170, mpid=28678, TLS, session=<77Z4kNrVEOrAqICq>",
	"Jan 18 12:39:46 jonesmorgan-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<susan.gregory>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.170, lip=192.168.128.170, mpid=28676, TLS, session=<b5pukNrVDurAqICq>",
	"Jan 18 12:39:46 jonesmorgan-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<susan.gregory>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.170, lip=192.168.128.170, mpid=28678, TLS, session=<77Z4kNrVEOrAqICq>",
	"Jan 18 12:39:46 jonesmorgan-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<susan.gregory>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.128.170, lip=192.168.128.170, mpid=28676, TLS, session=<b5pukNrVDurAqICq>",
	"Jan 18 13:14:31 intranet-server su[28816]: + /dev/pts/1 www-data:phopkins",
	"Jan 18 13:14:31 intranet-server su[28816]: pam_unix(su:session): session opened for user phopkins by (uid=33)",
	"Jan 18 13:14:31 intranet-server systemd: pam_unix(systemd-user:session): session opened for user phopkins by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 18 13:14:41 intranet-server sudo: phopkins : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.price.fox.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=list",
	"Jan 18 13:14:43 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 18 13:14:43 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Jan 18 13:14:43 intranet-server sudo: phopkins : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.price.fox.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/ls -laR /root/",
	"Jan 18 13:14:49 intranet-server sudo: phopkins : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.price.fox.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/cat /etc/shadow",
	"Jan 18 13:14:49 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 18 13:14:49 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root"
	]
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The incident began with network reconnaissance from IP addresses 192.168.130.77 and 172.17.130.196, using tools like Nmap to scan multiple hosts and triggering various Suricata alerts. The attacker then focused on the intranet server (intranet.price.fox.org), using WPScan to probe for vulnerabilities in its WordPress installation. Evidence strongly suggests a successful compromise, as the web server's 'www-data' user was used to open a session for a user named 'phopkins'. This user subsequently escalated privileges to root via sudo, executing commands to list the root directory and read the /etc/shadow file.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately isolate the compromised 'intranet-server' from the network and add firewall rules to block all traffic from the identified attacker IP addresses '192.168.130.77' and '172.17.130.196'.",
	"Correlate web server, firewall, and system authentication logs to create a complete timeline of the attacker's actions, specifically focusing on all files accessed or uploaded by 'www-data' and all commands run by the 'phopkins' user.",
	"Create a complete, bit-for-bit disk image and a live memory dump of the 'intranet-server' to preserve the state of the system, including any malware and log files, for a detailed forensic investigation.",
	"After imaging, remove the malicious webshell uploaded via the WordPress vulnerability from the '/var/www/intranet.price.fox.org/wp-content/uploads/' directory and disable the compromised user account 'phopkins'.",
	"Update the WordPress core, themes, and all plugins on 'intranet.price.fox.org' to their latest patched versions. Critically, reconfigure sudoer permissions to prevent the 'www-data' user from being able to switch to any other user accounts.",
	"Rebuild the 'intranet-server' using a known-clean operating system image and restore website files and databases from a verified backup taken prior to January 18, 2022. Ensure all hardening measures are in place before reconnecting the server to the production network."
	]
	},

	{
	"System": "An enterprise network segmented into three zones: (1) the intranet that contains a number of Linux hosts for each employee as well as an intranet server running WordPress and the Samba file share service; (2) the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that contains servers for VPN, proxu, mail, and cloud share; and (3) the Internet with global DNS hosts for remote employees that connect to the intranet via VPN, external employees that use external mail servers, and an attacker host. The zones are connected via a firewall that also acts as an internal DNS server for all domains owned by the organization. "
	"Logs": [
	"02/08/2022-07:05:46.761609 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 192.168.131.109:38637 -> 192.168.128.1:53",
	"02/08/2022-07:05:46.763479 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 172.28.192.4:40464 -> 172.28.255.254:53",
	"Feb 8 07:06:07 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<hunter.smith>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.237.2.255, lip=10.237.2.255, mpid=23086, TLS, session=<u5npWXzXrI0K7QL/>",
	"Feb 8 07:06:07 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<hunter.smith>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.237.2.255, lip=10.237.2.255, mpid=23086, TLS, session=<u5npWXzXrI0K7QL/>",
	"Feb 8 07:06:07 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<hunter.smith>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.237.2.255, lip=10.237.2.255, mpid=23086, TLS, session=<u5npWXzXrI0K7QL/>",
	"02/08/2022-07:06:07.833079 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 192.168.131.109:37152 -> 192.168.128.1:53",
	"02/08/2022-07:06:07.838277 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 172.28.192.4:15699 -> 172.28.255.254:53",
	"02/08/2022-07:06:07.873556 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.237.2.255:443 -> 10.237.0.166:55108",
	"02/08/2022-07:06:07.873556 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.237.2.255:443 -> 10.237.0.166:55108",
	"02/08/2022-07:16:31.699480 [] [1:2220006:1] SURICATA SMTP no server welcome message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.28.192.4:587 -> 172.28.192.242:43810",
	"172.28.192.242 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:32 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 3278 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"02/08/2022-07:16:32.274343 [] [1:2220000:1] SURICATA SMTP invalid reply [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.28.192.4:587 -> 172.28.192.242:43810",
	"02/08/2022-07:16:32.274907 [] [1:2220000:1] SURICATA SMTP invalid reply [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.237.2.255:587 -> 172.28.192.242:43810",
	"[Tue Feb 08 07:16:32.742397 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 25621] [client 172.28.192.242:47596] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3281 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1644304594 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3281 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1644304594 HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.28.192.242 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 363 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"172.28.192.242 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 3278 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"172.28.192.242 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1644304594 HTTP/1.1\" 403 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.28.192.242 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 403 3278 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.28.192.242 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.1\" 403 344 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"172.28.192.242 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 403 3278 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.28.192.242 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:16:34 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 403 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"02/08/2022-07:16:34.865498 [] [1:2024364:4] ET SCAN Possible Nmap User-Agent Observed [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 10.237.1.238:42780 -> 192.168.131.215:80",
	"02/08/2022-07:16:34.865961 [] [1:2024364:4] ET SCAN Possible Nmap User-Agent Observed [] [Classification: Web Application Attack] [Priority: 1] {TCP} 10.237.1.238:42774 -> 192.168.131.215:80",
	"[Tue Feb 08 07:16:34.866070 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 25611] [client 172.28.192.242:57478] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/nmaplowercheck1644304594",
	"[Tue Feb 08 07:16:34.866306 2022] [authz_core:error] [pid 25605] [client 172.28.192.242:57484] AH01630: client denied by server configuration: /var/www/html/sdk",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:41 +0000] \"GET /aa04078.html HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:43 +0000] \"HEAD /searchreplacedb2.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:43 +0000] \"HEAD /fantastico_fileslist.txt HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:44 +0000] \"HEAD /installer-log.txt HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:44 +0000] \"HEAD /emergency.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:44 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/tmm_db_migrate/tmm_db_migrate.zip HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:44 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/backup-db/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:44 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/debug.log HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:44 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/mu-plugins/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:44 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/uploads/ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:28:44 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/dump.sql HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:29:41 +0000] \"GET /.htpasswd_ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:29:41 +0000] \"GET /.listing HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:29:41 +0000] \"GET /.mysql_history HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:29:41 +0000] \"GET /.perf HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:29:41 +0000] \"GET /.profile HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:29:41 +0000] \"GET /.rhosts HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:29:41 +0000] \"GET /.svn HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:29:41 +0000] \"GET /.swf HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.237.1.238 - - [08/Feb/2022:07:29:41 +0000] \"GET /_baks HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"Feb 8 07:56:24 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<logan.wright>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.237.2.255, lip=10.237.2.255, mpid=23616, TLS, session=<Riy3DX3Xeo4K7QL/>",
	"Feb 8 07:56:24 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<logan.wright>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.237.2.255, lip=10.237.2.255, mpid=23616, TLS, session=<Riy3DX3Xeo4K7QL/>",
	"Feb 8 07:56:24 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<logan.wright>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.237.2.255, lip=10.237.2.255, mpid=23616, TLS, session=<Riy3DX3Xeo4K7QL/>",
	"02/08/2022-07:56:24.184825 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.237.2.255:443 -> 10.237.0.166:55998",
	"02/08/2022-07:56:24.184825 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.237.2.255:443 -> 10.237.0.166:55998",
	"02/08/2022-07:57:46.170336 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 172.28.192.4:61987 -> 172.28.255.254:53",
	"Feb 8 07:57:54 smith-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<tom.hancock>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.28.192.97, lip=172.28.192.97, mpid=9265, TLS, session=<jU8YE33XVKasHMBh>",
	"Feb 8 07:57:54 smith-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<tom.hancock>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.28.192.97, lip=172.28.192.97, mpid=9265, TLS, session=<jU8YE33XVKasHMBh>",
	"Feb 8 07:57:54 smith-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<tom.hancock>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.28.192.97, lip=172.28.192.97, mpid=9265, TLS, session=<jU8YE33XVKasHMBh>",
	"Feb 8 07:57:55 smith-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<tom.hancock>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.28.192.97, lip=172.28.192.97, mpid=9314, TLS, session=<7CUkE33XWKasHMBh>",
	"Feb 8 07:57:55 smith-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<tom.hancock>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.28.192.97, lip=172.28.192.97, mpid=9314, TLS, session=<7CUkE33XWKasHMBh>",
	"02/08/2022-08:36:07.660058 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 172.28.192.4:1928 -> 172.28.255.254:53",
	"02/08/2022-08:36:12.058665 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.237.2.255:443 -> 10.237.0.166:56954",
	"02/08/2022-08:36:12.058665 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.237.2.255:443 -> 10.237.0.166:56954",
	"Feb 8 08:36:59 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Feb 8 08:36:59 intranet-server sudo: jward : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/ls -laR /root/",
	"Feb 8 08:36:59 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"02/08/2022-08:37:00.918698 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 192.168.131.109:35998 -> 192.168.128.1:53",
	"02/08/2022-08:37:00.922710 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 172.28.192.4:64521 -> 172.28.255.254:53",
	"Feb 8 08:37:08 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Feb 8 08:37:08 intranet-server sudo: jward : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/ls -l /home",
	"Feb 8 08:37:08 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Feb 8 08:37:10 taylor-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<wayne.riley>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.28.192.7, lip=172.28.192.7, mpid=18998, TLS, session=<KfWEn33X9O2sHMAH>"

	]
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The incident commenced with suspicious DNS queries to a '.biz' top-level domain, flagged as potentially bad traffic, alongside extensive network scanning from IPs 10.237.1.238 and 172.28.192.242 using Nmap. The attacker then focused reconnaissance on the intranet WordPress server (intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com) with WPScan, probing for vulnerable files and directories. Subsequent logs show a user named 'jward' executing commands from within a WordPress uploads directory, strongly indicating a compromise via a file upload vulnerability. This user then successfully escalated privileges to root using sudo to conduct further internal reconnaissance on the server's home and root directories.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Isolate the 'intranet-server' from the network. Block the attacker's source IPs '10.237.1.238' and '172.28.192.242' at the firewall. Additionally, create a firewall rule to block all outbound DNS requests to the '.biz' TLD to sever potential command-and-control or data exfiltration channels.",
	"Analyze the web server and system authentication logs on the 'intranet-server' to identify the precise time and method of the initial compromise and to create a full audit of all commands executed by the 'jward' user.",
	"Before making any system changes, capture a full bit-for-bit disk image and a live memory dump of the 'intranet-server' to preserve evidence of the attacker's tools and activities for a detailed investigation.",
	"Delete the malicious webshell from the '/var/www/intranet.mannsmith.harrison.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02' directory. Disable the compromised 'jward' user account and any other unauthorized accounts discovered during the investigation.",
	"Update the WordPress core, themes, and all plugins to their latest versions to patch the exploited vulnerability. Review and rewrite sudoer rules to ensure web-accessible service accounts and non-administrative users cannot escalate privileges to root.",
	"Rebuild the 'intranet-server' from a trusted backup created prior to February 8, 2022. Apply all identified security patches and hardening configurations before restoring clean website data and cautiously returning the system to service."
	]
	},

	{
	"System": "An enterprise network segmented into three zones: (1) the intranet that contains a number of Linux hosts for each employee as well as an intranet server running WordPress and the Samba file share service; (2) the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that contains servers for VPN, proxu, mail, and cloud share; and (3) the Internet with global DNS hosts for remote employees that connect to the intranet via VPN, external employees that use external mail servers, and an attacker host. The zones are connected via a firewall that also acts as an internal DNS server for all domains owned by the organization. "
	"Logs": [
	"Jan 17 11:16:03 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<cindy.turner>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21415, TLS, session=<irg6R8XVVL6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:16:03 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<cindy.turner>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21415, TLS, session=<irg6R8XVVL6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:16:03 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<cindy.turner>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21415, TLS, session=<irg6R8XVVL6sFYMy>",
	"01/17/2022-11:18:43.274160 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 54.173.41.153:443 -> 10.229.0.4:58774",
	"01/17/2022-11:18:43.274160 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 54.173.41.153:443 -> 10.229.0.4:58774",
	"01/17/2022-11:18:43.274773 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.229.0.4:58774 -> 54.173.41.153:443",
	"01/17/2022-11:18:43.274773 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.229.0.4:58774 -> 54.173.41.153:443",
	"01/17/2022-11:18:44.585085 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 185.54.150.22:443 -> 10.229.0.4:53762",
	"01/17/2022-11:18:44.585085 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 185.54.150.22:443 -> 10.229.0.4:53762",
	"cloud.dmz.smith.santos.com:80 172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642418506 HTTP/1.1\" 404 7533 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"cloud.dmz.smith.santos.com:80 172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 7535 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"cloud.dmz.smith.santos.com:443 172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 10478 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642418506 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3269 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3269 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 3970 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"cloud.dmz.smith.santos.com:443 172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 10482 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"cloud.dmz.smith.santos.com:443 172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642418506 HTTP/1.1\" 404 10480 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642418506 HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642418506 HTTP/1.1\" 404 4002 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"cloud.dmz.smith.santos.com:80 172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 7525 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:21:46 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 3269 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:02 +0000] \"GET /randomfile1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3365 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:02 +0000] \"GET /frand2 HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:02 +0000] \"GET /.cache HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:02 +0000] \"GET /.config HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:02 +0000] \"GET /.forward HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:02 +0000] \"GET /.htpasswd_ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:02 +0000] \"GET /.mysql_history HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:23 +0000] \"GET /24a3425.html HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.smith.santos.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:24 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/mu-plugins/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.smith.santos.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:24 +0000] \"HEAD /fantastico_fileslist.txt HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.smith.santos.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:24 +0000] \"HEAD /searchreplacedb2.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.smith.santos.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:24 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/debug.log HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.smith.santos.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:24 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/backup-db/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.smith.santos.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:24 +0000] \"HEAD /installer-log.txt HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.smith.santos.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:25 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/uploads/ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"https://intranet.smith.santos.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.21.128.119 - - [17/Jan/2022:11:22:25 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/tmm_db_migrate/tmm_db_migrate.zip HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.smith.santos.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"Jan 17 11:23:07 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<cindy.turner>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21514, TLS, session=<NB94YMXVkL6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:23:07 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<cindy.turner>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21514, TLS, session=<NB94YMXVkL6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:23:07 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<cindy.turner>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21514, TLS, session=<NB94YMXVkL6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:23:11 rogersturnbull-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<katelyn.clayton>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.229.0.32, lip=10.229.0.32, mpid=31234, TLS, session=<R8mwYMXVsI0K5QAg>",
	"Jan 17 11:23:11 rogersturnbull-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<katelyn.clayton>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.229.0.32, lip=10.229.0.32, mpid=31234, TLS, session=<R8mwYMXVsI0K5QAg>",
	"01/17/2022-11:25:35.146884 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.229.0.4:51472 -> 185.54.150.85:443"
	"01/17/2022-11:25:35.146884 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.229.0.4:51472 -> 185.54.150.85:443",
	"Jan 17 11:25:36 rogersturnbull-mail freshclam[28546]: Mon Jan 17 11:25:36 2022 -> ClamAV update process started at Mon Jan 17 11:25:36 2022",
	"Jan 17 11:27:44 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21560, TLS, session=<8Kn8cMXVtL6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:27:44 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21560, TLS, session=<8Kn8cMXVtL6sFYMy>"
	"Jan 17 11:27:44 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21560, TLS, session=<8Kn8cMXVtL6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:27:45 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21562, TLS, session=<TqsJccXVuL6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:27:45 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21562, TLS, session=<TqsJccXVuL6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:27:45 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21562, TLS, session=<TqsJccXVuL6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:27:53 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21567, TLS, session=<HfGCccXVur6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:27:53 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21567, TLS, session=<HfGCccXVur6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:27:53 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21567, TLS, session=<HfGCccXVur6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:28:10 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=21569, TLS, session=<06+CcsXVwr6sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:58:11 rogersturnbull-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<katelyn.clayton>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.229.0.32, lip=10.229.0.32, mpid=31537, TLS, session=<uCze3cXVFo4K5QAg>",
	"Jan 17 11:58:11 rogersturnbull-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<katelyn.clayton>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.229.0.32, lip=10.229.0.32, mpid=31537, TLS, session=<uCze3cXVFo4K5QAg>",
	"Jan 17 11:58:11 rogersturnbull-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<katelyn.clayton>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.229.0.32, lip=10.229.0.32, mpid=31537, TLS, session=<uCze3cXVFo4K5QAg>",
	"Jan 17 11:58:17 intranet-server su[20749]: + /dev/pts/1 www-data:gmorgan",
	"Jan 17 11:58:27 intranet-server sudo: gmorgan : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.smith.santos.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=list",
	"Jan 17 11:58:28 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<danny.jarvis>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=22016, TLS, session=<jXDt3sXVyr+sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:58:28 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<danny.jarvis>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=22016, TLS, session=<jXDt3sXVyr+sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:58:28 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<danny.jarvis>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=22016, TLS, session=<jXDt3sXVyr+sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:58:29 intranet-server sudo: gmorgan : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.smith.santos.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/cat /etc/shadow",
	"Jan 17 11:58:29 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 17 11:58:29 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Jan 17 11:58:43 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=22021, TLS, session=<HrjE38XVzr+sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:58:43 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=22021, TLS, session=<HrjE38XVzr+sFYMy>",
	"Jan 17 11:58:43 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<taylor.johnson>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.21.131.50, lip=172.21.131.50, mpid=22021, TLS, session=<HrjE38XVzr+sFYMy>",
	"01/16/2022-07:17:30.399560 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 13.89.179.10:443 -> 10.229.0.4:52372",
	"01/16/2022-07:17:30.399560 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 13.89.179.10:443 -> 10.229.0.4:52372",
	"01/16/2022-07:17:30.407671 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.229.0.4:52372 -> 13.89.179.10:443",
	"01/16/2022-07:17:30.407671 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.229.0.4:52372 -> 13.89.179.10:443"
	]
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The incident began with network reconnaissance from IP address 172.21.128.119, which used Nmap to scan hosts like 'cloud.dmz.smith.santos.com' before focusing on the intranet server. The attacker then employed WPScan to probe for vulnerabilities on the 'intranet.smith.santos.com' WordPress site, searching for sensitive files and misconfigurations. A successful compromise is confirmed by logs showing the web server user, 'www-data', spawning a shell for a user named 'gmorgan'. Subsequently, the 'gmorgan' user escalated privileges to root using sudo and attempted to read the '/etc/shadow' file, indicating credential theft was in progress from a compromised web directory.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately disconnect the compromised 'intranet-server' from the network and add a rule to the firewall to block all inbound and outbound traffic from the attacker's IP address, '172.21.128.119'.",
	"Review the web server's access and error logs on the 'intranet-server' to identify the specific vulnerability and malicious file used for the initial breach. Concurrently, analyze system authentication logs to create a full timeline of activities performed by the 'www-data' and 'gmorgan' users.",
	"Before performing any remediation, capture a full bit-for-bit disk image and a live memory dump of the 'intranet-server' to preserve all evidence, including attacker tools and logs, for a detailed investigation.",
	"Delete the malicious webshell from the '/var/www/intranet.smith.santos.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01' directory and any other attacker-planted files. Disable the compromised 'gmorgan' user account to revoke access.",
	" Update the WordPress core, themes, and all plugins on the 'intranet-server' to the latest available versions to patch the file upload vulnerability. Reconfigure sudo permissions to ensure that the 'www-data' service account cannot initiate user sessions or execute privilege escalation commands.",
	"Rebuild the 'intranet-server' from a trusted, known-good backup created before January 17, 2022. Apply all identified hardening measures and security patches, restore clean website data from a verified backup, and closely monitor the server's traffic and logs upon its return to service."
	]
	},


	{
	"System": "An enterprise network segmented into three zones: (1) the intranet that contains a number of Linux hosts for each employee as well as an intranet server running WordPress and the Samba file share service; (2) the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that contains servers for VPN, proxu, mail, and cloud share; and (3) the Internet with global DNS hosts for remote employees that connect to the intranet via VPN, external employees that use external mail servers, and an attacker host. The zones are connected via a firewall that also acts as an internal DNS server for all domains owned by the organization. "
	"Logs": [
	"Jan 29 14:37:09 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<howard.palmer>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.24.251.90, lip=172.24.251.90, mpid=24404, TLS, session=<7VN3fLnWQJGsGPta>",
	"Jan 29 14:37:09 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<howard.palmer>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.24.251.90, lip=172.24.251.90, mpid=24404, TLS, session=<7VN3fLnWQJGsGPta>",
	"Jan 29 14:37:09 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<howard.palmer>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.24.251.90, lip=172.24.251.90, mpid=24404, TLS, session=<7VN3fLnWQJGsGPta>",
	"Jan 29 14:38:38 inet-dns sshd[21691]: Did not receive identification string from 10.70.33.202 port 58182",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:38:52 +0000] \"GET /faf5bcd.html HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:38:53 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/mu-plugins/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:38:53 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/uploads/ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"https://intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:38:53 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/dump.sql HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:38:53 +0000] \"HEAD /searchreplacedb2.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:38:53 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/debug.log HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:38:53 +0000] \"HEAD /installer-log.txt HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:38:53 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/tmm_db_migrate/tmm_db_migrate.zip HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /randomfile1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3377 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /.bashrc HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /.cache HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /.config HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /.cvs HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /.cvsignore HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /.listing HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /.passwd HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /.rhosts HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /.sh_history HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"172.24.249.224 - - [29/Jan/2022:14:39:14 +0000] \"GET /.subversion HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"Jan 29 14:43:26 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<howard.palmer>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.24.251.90, lip=172.24.251.90, mpid=24485, TLS, session=<RR35krnWSJGsGPta>",
	"Jan 29 14:43:26 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<howard.palmer>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.24.251.90, lip=172.24.251.90, mpid=24485, TLS, session=<RR35krnWSJGsGPta>",
	"Jan 29 14:43:26 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<howard.palmer>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.24.251.90, lip=172.24.251.90, mpid=24485, TLS, session=<RR35krnWSJGsGPta>",
	"01/29/2022-14:44:38.002686 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 114.179.184.93:443 -> 10.70.32.4:40922",
	"01/29/2022-14:44:38.002686 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 114.179.184.93:443 -> 10.70.32.4:40922",
	"01/29/2022-14:44:38.004974 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.70.32.4:40922 -> 114.179.184.93:443",
	"01/29/2022-14:44:38.004974 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.70.32.4:40922 -> 114.179.184.93:443",
	"01/29/2022-14:44:38.268510 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 114.179.184.93:443 -> 10.70.32.4:40924",
	"Jan 29 15:20:37 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<jonathan.owen>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.24.251.90, lip=172.24.251.90, mpid=25018, TLS, session=<tTT0F7rWmpKsGPta>",
	"Jan 29 15:20:37 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<jonathan.owen>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.24.251.90, lip=172.24.251.90, mpid=25018, TLS, session=<tTT0F7rWmpKsGPta>",
	"Jan 29 15:20:37 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<jonathan.owen>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.24.251.90, lip=172.24.251.90, mpid=25018, TLS, session=<tTT0F7rWmpKsGPta>",
	"Jan 29 15:21:02 intranet-server sudo: gmarsh : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=list",
	"Jan 29 15:21:04 intranet-server sudo: gmarsh : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/ls -laR /root/",
	"Jan 29 15:21:04 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 29 15:21:05 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Jan 29 15:21:09 intranet-server sudo: gmarsh : TTY=pts/0 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/cat /etc/shadow",
	"Jan 29 15:21:09 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Jan 29 15:21:09 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 28 21:12:13 collinsbecker-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<diana.delgado>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.70.34.215, lip=10.70.34.215, mpid=8880, TLS, session=<SmCJ46rWmIsKRiLX>",
	"Jan 28 21:12:13 collinsbecker-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<diana.delgado>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.70.34.215, lip=10.70.34.215, mpid=8880, TLS, session=<SmCJ46rWmIsKRiLX>",
	"Jan 28 21:12:13 collinsbecker-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<diana.delgado>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.70.34.215, lip=10.70.34.215, mpid=8882, TLS, session=<IX6L46rWmosKRiLX>",
	"Jan 28 21:12:13 collinsbecker-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<diana.delgado>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.70.34.215, lip=10.70.34.215, mpid=8882, TLS, session=<IX6L46rWmosKRiLX>",
	"Jan 28 21:12:13 collinsbecker-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<diana.delgado>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.70.34.215, lip=10.70.34.215, mpid=8877, TLS, session=<ajaH46rWlosKRiLX>"
	]
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The incident began with a direct reconnaissance attack from IP 172.24.249.224, which used WPScan to probe the 'intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info' WordPress server for vulnerabilities and sensitive files. Following the scan, the attacker conducted further brute-force checks for hidden system files on the web server. Evidence strongly indicates a successful compromise, as logs later show a user named 'gmarsh' operating out of a WordPress uploads directory. This user then successfully escalated privileges to root using sudo, executing commands to list directories and attempting to steal credentials by reading the '/etc/shadow' file.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately isolate the 'intranet-server' from all network traffic and add a firewall rule to block any communication with the attacker's IP address, '172.24.249.224'.",
	"Analyze the web server's access logs on 'intranet-server' to identify the specific file uploaded during the WPScan probing. Cross-reference with system authentication logs to create a full timeline of every command executed by the 'gmarsh' user.",
	"Before altering the system state, capture a full bit-for-bit disk image and a live memory dump of the 'intranet-server' to preserve all evidence, including the webshell and attacker logs, for a detailed investigation.",
	"After imaging, delete the malicious webshell from the '/var/www/intranet.thomasmurray.shaw.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/01' directory. Disable the compromised 'gmarsh' user account and reset the passwords for all administrative and privileged accounts.",
	"Update the WordPress core, themes, and all installed plugins to their latest patched versions to eliminate the file upload vulnerability. Review and modify sudoer permissions to prevent service accounts and non-administrative users from executing commands with root privileges.",
	"Rebuild the 'intranet-server' from a trusted, known-good backup created before January 29, 2022. Apply all identified hardening configurations and patches, restore clean website data from a verified backup, and enable enhanced monitoring before reconnecting the server to the network."
	]
	},

	{
	"System": "An enterprise network segmented into three zones: (1) the intranet that contains a number of Linux hosts for each employee as well as an intranet server running WordPress and the Samba file share service; (2) the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that contains servers for VPN, proxu, mail, and cloud share; and (3) the Internet with global DNS hosts for remote employees that connect to the intranet via VPN, external employees that use external mail servers, and an attacker host. The zones are connected via a firewall that also acts as an internal DNS server for all domains owned by the organization. "
	"Logs": [
	"Jan 23 12:10:04 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<deborah.hunt>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.132.56.171, lip=10.132.56.171, mpid=5901, TLS, session=<m2xquz7WFLoKhDir>",
	"Jan 23 12:10:04 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<deborah.hunt>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.132.56.171, lip=10.132.56.171, mpid=5901, TLS, session=<m2xquz7WFLoKhDir>",
	"Jan 23 12:10:04 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<deborah.hunt>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.132.56.171, lip=10.132.56.171, mpid=5901, TLS, session=<m2xquz7WFLoKhDir>",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:15 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3283 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"192.168.96.3 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:15 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642939875 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3974 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:15 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 3283 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:15 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642939875 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3283 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"192.168.96.3 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:15 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 3974 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:15 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:15 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642939875 HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:15 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:15 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1642939875 HTTP/1.1\" 404 4016 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:29 +0000] \"GET /580a005.html HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:30 +0000] \"HEAD /searchreplacedb2.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:30 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/mu-plugins/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:30 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/uploads/ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:30 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/tmm_db_migrate/tmm_db_migrate.zip HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:30 +0000] \"HEAD /emergency.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:30 +0000] \"HEAD /fantastico_fileslist.txt HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:30 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/debug.log HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:30 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/backup-db/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:30 +0000] \"HEAD /installer-log.txt HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:30 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/dump.sql HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"[Sun Jan 23 12:11:30.902359 2022] [autoindex:error] [pid 28324] [client 10.132.56.81:49560] AH01276: Cannot serve directory /var/www/intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info/wp-content/uploads/: No matching DirectoryIndex (index.html,index.cgi,index.pl,index.php,index.xhtml,index.htm) found, and server-generated directory index forbidden by Options directive, referer: https://intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:49 +0000] \"GET /randomfile1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3379 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:49 +0000] \"GET /.cache HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:49 +0000] \"GET /.cvs HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:49 +0000] \"GET /.cvsignore HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:49 +0000] \"GET /.forward HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:49 +0000] \"GET /.git/HEAD HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:49 +0000] \"GET /.history HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:49 +0000] \"GET /.htaccess_ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.132.56.81 - - [23/Jan/2022:12:11:49 +0000] \"GET /.htpasswd HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"Jan 23 12:12:27 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<deborah.hunt>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.132.56.171, lip=10.132.56.171, mpid=5950, TLS, session=<cqrywz7WJLoKhDir>",
	"Jan 23 12:12:27 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<deborah.hunt>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.132.56.171, lip=10.132.56.171, mpid=5950, TLS, session=<cqrywz7WJLoKhDir>",
	"Jan 23 12:12:27 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<deborah.hunt>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.132.56.171, lip=10.132.56.171, mpid=5950, TLS, session=<cqrywz7WJLoKhDir>",
	"01/23/2022-12:12:33.375606 [] [1:2230002:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record type [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.132.56.171:465 -> 10.132.56.81:60254",
	"01/23/2022-12:12:33.375606 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.132.56.171:465 -> 10.132.56.81:60254",
	"01/23/2022-12:14:28.076864 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.132.56.171:587 -> 10.132.56.81:41332",
	"01/23/2022-12:14:28.076864 [] [1:2230002:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record type [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.132.56.171:587 -> 10.132.56.81:41332",
	"01/23/2022-12:15:35.918400 [] [1:2013504:6] ET POLICY GNU/Linux APT User-Agent Outbound likely related to package management [] [Classification: Not Suspicious Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.96.4:35042 -> 91.189.95.85:80",
	"01/23/2022-12:15:35.918561 [] [1:2013504:6] ET POLICY GNU/Linux APT User-Agent Outbound likely related to package management [] [Classification: Not Suspicious Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.21.240.214:35042 -> 91.189.95.85:80",
	"01/23/2022-12:15:35.924026 [] [1:2013504:6] ET POLICY GNU/Linux APT User-Agent Outbound likely related to package management [] [Classification: Not Suspicious Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 192.168.96.4:49458 -> 91.189.88.142:80",
	"01/23/2022-12:15:35.924140 [] [1:2013504:6] ET POLICY GNU/Linux APT User-Agent Outbound likely related to package management [] [Classification: Not Suspicious Traffic] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 172.21.240.214:49458 -> 91.189.88.142:80",
	"Jan 23 12:54:18 watkins-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<jean.hughes>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.96.99, lip=192.168.96.99, mpid=9537, TLS, session=<obaZWT/WNI3AqGBj>",
	"Jan 23 12:54:18 watkins-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<jean.hughes>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.96.99, lip=192.168.96.99, mpid=9537, TLS, session=<obaZWT/WNI3AqGBj>",
	"Jan 23 12:54:18 watkins-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<jean.hughes>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.96.99, lip=192.168.96.99, mpid=9537, TLS, session=<obaZWT/WNI3AqGBj>",
	"Jan 23 12:55:01 intranet-server su[28708]: + /dev/pts/1 www-data:blord",
	"Jan 23 12:55:01 intranet-server su[28708]: pam_unix(su:session): session opened for user blord by (uid=33)",
	"Jan 23 12:55:01 intranet-server systemd: pam_unix(systemd-user:session): session opened for user blord by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 23 12:55:04 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<michael.bennett>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.132.56.171, lip=10.132.56.171, mpid=6392, TLS, session=<iKhcXD/WxroKhDir>",
	"Jan 23 12:55:04 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<michael.bennett>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.132.56.171, lip=10.132.56.171, mpid=6392, TLS, session=<iKhcXD/WxroKhDir>",
	"Jan 23 12:55:04 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<michael.bennett>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.132.56.171, lip=10.132.56.171, mpid=6392, TLS, session=<iKhcXD/WxroKhDir>",
	"Jan 23 12:55:14 intranet-server sudo: blord : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=list",
	"Jan 23 12:55:15 intranet-server sudo: blord : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/cat /etc/shadow",
	"Jan 23 12:55:15 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 23 12:55:16 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Jan 23 12:55:19 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 23 12:55:19 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Jan 23 12:55:19 intranet-server sudo: blord : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/ls -laR /root/"
	]
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The incident began with a broad Nmap scan from IPs 10.132.56.81 and 192.168.96.3, which quickly focused on the intranet WordPress server, 'intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info'. The attacker used WPScan to identify vulnerabilities, including a misconfiguration that exposed the contents of the uploads directory. A successful compromise is confirmed by logs showing the web server's 'www-data' user creating a session for a new user, 'blord'. This 'blord' user then immediately used sudo to escalate privileges to root, proceeding to perform reconnaissance and attempt to steal credentials by reading the '/etc/shadow' file.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately isolate the 'intranet-server' from the network and add firewall rules to block all traffic from the identified attacker IP addresses '10.132.56.81' and '192.168.96.3'.",
	"Analyze the web server access and error logs on 'intranet-server' to identify the specific vulnerability exploited and the file that was uploaded. Review system authentication logs for a complete timeline of all actions performed by the 'www-data' and 'blord' users.",
	"Before performing any remediation, capture a full bit-for-bit disk image and a live memory dump of the 'intranet-server' to preserve all evidence of the attacker's tools and activities for a detailed investigation.",
	"After imaging the system, delete the malicious webshell from the '/var/www/intranet.hurstwong.wardbeck.info/wp-content/uploads/2022/01' directory. Disable the compromised 'blord' user account and scan for any other persistence mechanisms.",
	"Update the WordPress core, themes, and all plugins to their latest patched versions. Modify the web server configuration to explicitly disable directory indexing (`Options -Indexes`). Review and tighten sudoer rules to prevent privilege escalation from service accounts.",
	"Rebuild the 'intranet-server' using a known-clean operating system image and restore website files from a verified backup created prior to January 23, 2022. Apply all hardening configurations and security patches before cautiously returning the server to the network."
	]
	},

	{
	"System": "An enterprise network segmented into three zones: (1) the intranet that contains a number of Linux hosts for each employee as well as an intranet server running WordPress and the Samba file share service; (2) the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that contains servers for VPN, proxu, mail, and cloud share; and (3) the Internet with global DNS hosts for remote employees that connect to the intranet via VPN, external employees that use external mail servers, and an attacker host. The zones are connected via a firewall that also acts as an internal DNS server for all domains owned by the organization. "
	"Logs": [
	"01/30/2022-07:35:16.938835 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 10.38.243.125:34010 -> 10.38.242.1:53",
	"01/30/2022-07:35:16.944637 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 10.38.243.125:34010 -> 10.38.242.1:53",
	"01/30/2022-07:35:16.947572 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 10.38.243.125:40403 -> 10.38.242.1:53",
	"01/30/2022-07:35:16.951505 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 10.38.243.125:58131 -> 10.38.242.1:53",
	"01/30/2022-07:35:16.951661 [] [1:2027863:4] ET INFO Observed DNS Query to .biz TLD [] [Classification: Potentially Bad Traffic] [Priority: 2] {UDP} 10.38.243.125:38261 -> 10.38.242.1:53",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:18 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1643528358 HTTP/1.1\" 403 3270 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:18 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1643528358 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3273 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.27.181.218 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:18 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 403 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"cloud.dmz.flores.wheeler.biz:443 10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:18 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1643528358 HTTP/1.1\" 404 10480 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"cloud.dmz.flores.wheeler.biz:80 10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:18 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 7527 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"cloud.dmz.flores.wheeler.biz:80 10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:18 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1643528358 HTTP/1.1\" 404 7521 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:18 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 3273 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"172.27.181.218 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:18 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 363 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:18 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 363 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:56:07 +0000] \"GET /574ca05.html HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.flores.wheeler.biz\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:56:09 +0000] \"HEAD /searchreplacedb2.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.flores.wheeler.biz\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:56:09 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/backup-db/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.flores.wheeler.biz\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:56:09 +0000] \"HEAD /installer-log.txt HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.flores.wheeler.biz\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:56:09 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/dump.sql HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.flores.wheeler.biz\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:56:09 +0000] \"HEAD /emergency.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.flores.wheeler.biz\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:29 +0000] \"GET /.cvsignore HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:29 +0000] \"GET /.history HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:29 +0000] \"GET /.htpasswd HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:29 +0000] \"GET /.mysql_history HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:29 +0000] \"GET /randomfile1 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3369 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:29 +0000] \"GET /frand2 HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:29 +0000] \"GET /.git/HEAD HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.38.243.125 - - [30/Jan/2022:07:39:29 +0000] \"GET /.htaccess HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"01/30/2022-07:56:48.674242 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 44.236.35.47:443 -> 172.27.180.4:58234",
	"01/30/2022-07:56:48.674242 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 44.236.35.47:443 -> 172.27.180.4:58234",
	"01/30/2022-17:51:19.743790 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.38.243.24:48546 -> 10.38.242.195:443",
	"01/30/2022-17:51:19.743790 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.38.243.24:48546 -> 10.38.242.195:443",
	"Jan 30 17:51:52 intranet-server su[6892]: pam_unix(su:session): session opened for user kford by (uid=33)",
	"Jan 30 17:51:52 intranet-server su[6892]: + /dev/pts/2 www-data:kford",
	"Jan 30 17:51:52 intranet-server su[6892]: pam_unix(su:session): session opened for user kford by (uid=33)",
	"Jan 30 17:51:52 intranet-server su[6892]: + /dev/pts/2 www-data:kford",
	"01/30/2022-17:52:03.903971 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.38.242.195:443 -> 10.38.243.24:48570",
	"01/30/2022-17:52:03.903971 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.38.242.195:443 -> 10.38.243.24:48570",
	"01/30/2022-17:52:03.904166 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.38.243.24:48570 -> 10.38.242.195:443",
	"01/30/2022-17:52:03.904166 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.38.243.24:48570 -> 10.38.242.195:443",
	"Jan 30 17:52:07 intranet-server sudo: kford : TTY=pts/2 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.flores.wheeler.biz/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=list",
	"Jan 30 17:52:10 intranet-server sudo: kford : TTY=pts/2 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.flores.wheeler.biz/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/cat /etc/shadow",
	"Jan 30 17:52:10 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 30 17:52:10 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Jan 30 17:52:13 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Jan 30 17:52:13 intranet-server sudo: kford : TTY=pts/2 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.flores.wheeler.biz/wp-content/uploads/2022/01 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/cat /etc/passwd",
	"Jan 30 17:52:13 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Jan 29 05:28:24 fischer-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<kieran.hughes>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.27.183.191, lip=172.27.183.191, mpid=25557, TLS, session=<c0YB0rHWQrusG7e/>",
	"Jan 29 05:28:24 fischer-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<kieran.hughes>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.27.183.191, lip=172.27.183.191, mpid=25560, TLS, session=<hk0D0rHWRLusG7e/>",
	"Jan 29 05:28:24 fischer-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<kieran.hughes>, method=PLAIN, rip=172.27.183.191, lip=172.27.183.191, mpid=25557, TLS, session=<c0YB0rHWQrusG7e/>"
	]
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The incident began with suspicious DNS queries to a '.biz' TLD, followed by network-wide reconnaissance from IPs 10.38.243.125 and 172.27.181.218 using Nmap. The attacker then focused on the 'intranet.flores.wheeler.biz' server, conducting a targeted WPScan to identify vulnerabilities within its WordPress installation. A successful compromise is confirmed by logs showing the 'www-data' web user spawning a shell for a system user named 'kford'. This compromised user then escalated privileges to root from a WordPress uploads directory and proceeded to exfiltrate user credentials by reading both the '/etc/shadow' and '/etc/passwd' files.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately isolate the 'intranet-server' from the network. Block all traffic from the attacker IPs '10.38.243.125' and '172.27.181.218' at the firewall, and additionally block all outbound DNS requests to the '.biz' TLD to disrupt potential data exfiltration.",
	"Analyze the web server access logs and system authentication logs on the 'intranet-server' to identify the specific exploit used and to create a definitive list of all commands executed and files accessed by the 'kford' user after gaining access.",
	"Before performing any system changes, create a complete, bit-for-bit disk image and a live memory dump of the 'intranet-server' to preserve the state of the system for a full forensic investigation.",
	"After imaging the system, locate and remove the malicious webshell from the '/var/www/intranet.flores.wheeler.biz/wp-content/uploads/2022/01' directory. Disable the compromised 'kford' user account and any other unauthorized accounts or persistence mechanisms found.",
	"Update the WordPress core, themes, and all plugins on the server to their latest patched versions. Review and strictly rewrite sudoer permissions to prevent web-accessible service accounts like 'www-data' from executing any privilege escalation commands.",
	"Rebuild the 'intranet-server' from a known-clean operating system image and restore website files from a verified backup created prior to January 30, 2022. Ensure all hardening measures are applied before reconnecting the server to the production network."
	]
	},

	{
	"System": "An enterprise network segmented into three zones: (1) the intranet that contains a number of Linux hosts for each employee as well as an intranet server running WordPress and the Samba file share service; (2) the demilitarized zone (DMZ) that contains servers for VPN, proxu, mail, and cloud share; and (3) the Internet with global DNS hosts for remote employees that connect to the intranet via VPN, external employees that use external mail servers, and an attacker host. The zones are connected via a firewall that also acts as an internal DNS server for all domains owned by the organization. "
	"Logs": [
	"02/07/2022-10:57:49.120278 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.193.181:443 -> 10.182.194.5:60902",
	"02/07/2022-10:57:49.120278 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.193.181:443 -> 10.182.194.5:60902",
	"02/07/2022-10:57:49.120548 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.194.5:60902 -> 10.182.193.181:443",
	"02/07/2022-10:57:49.120548 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.194.5:60902 -> 10.182.193.181:443",
	"02/07/2022-10:57:53.549508 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 34.243.89.47:443 -> 192.168.224.4:54504",
	"02/07/2022-10:57:53.549508 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 34.243.89.47:443 -> 192.168.224.4:54504",
	"02/07/2022-10:57:53.549943 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 34.243.89.47:443 -> 10.182.193.78:54504",
	"02/07/2022-10:57:53.549943 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 34.243.89.47:443 -> 10.182.193.78:54504",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:33 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1644231573 HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:33 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 3277 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:33 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1644231573 HTTP/1.1\" 404 3277 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:33 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 363 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:33 +0000] \"GET / HTTP/1.0\" 403 3274 \"-\" \"-\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:33 +0000] \"GET /nmaplowercheck1644231573 HTTP/1.1\" 403 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:33 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 403 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"192.168.226.71 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:33 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 403 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:33 +0000] \"GET /HNAP1 HTTP/1.1\" 403 3274 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:33 +0000] \"POST /sdk HTTP/1.1\" 404 360 \"-\" \"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Nmap Scripting Engine; https://nmap.org/book/nse.html)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:11:19:57 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/backup-db/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:11:19:57 +0000] \"HEAD /installer-log.txt HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:11:19:57 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/uploads/ HTTP/1.1\" 403 366 \"https://intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:11:19:57 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/tmm_db_migrate/tmm_db_migrate.zip HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:11:19:57 +0000] \"HEAD /fantastico_fileslist.txt HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:11:19:57 +0000] \"HEAD /searchreplacedb2.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:11:19:57 +0000] \"HEAD /wp-content/uploads/dump.sql HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:11:19:57 +0000] \"HEAD /emergency.php HTTP/1.1\" 404 146 \"https://intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:11:19:57 +0000] \"GET /wp-content/mu-plugins/ HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"https://intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com\" \"WPScan v3.8.20 (https://wpscan.com/wordpress-security-scanner)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:44 +0000] \"GET /.svn/entries HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:44 +0000] \"GET /.swf HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:44 +0000] \"GET /.web HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:44 +0000] \"GET /@ HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:44 +0000] \"GET /_data HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:44 +0000] \"GET /_db_backups HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:44 +0000] \"GET /_files HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:44 +0000] \"GET /_include HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:44 +0000] \"GET /_media HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"10.182.193.78 - - [07/Feb/2022:10:59:44 +0000] \"GET /_mmserverscripts HTTP/1.1\" 404 363 \"-\" \"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)\"",
	"02/07/2022-11:20:28.627087 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.193.181:443 -> 10.182.194.5:33720",
	"02/07/2022-11:20:28.627087 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.193.181:443 -> 10.182.194.5:33720",
	"02/07/2022-11:20:28.627271 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.194.5:33720 -> 10.182.193.181:443",
	"02/07/2022-11:20:28.627271 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.194.5:33720 -> 10.182.193.181:443",
	"02/07/2022-11:20:28.747357 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.193.181:443 -> 10.182.194.5:33722",
	"02/07/2022-11:20:28.747357 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.193.181:443 -> 10.182.194.5:33722",
	"02/07/2022-11:20:28.749258 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.194.5:33722 -> 10.182.193.181:443",
	"Feb 7 11:20:52 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<patrick.wood>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.182.193.181, lip=10.182.193.181, mpid=12814, TLS, session=<968Uy2vX5JAKtsG1>",
	"Feb 7 11:20:52 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<patrick.wood>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.182.193.181, lip=10.182.193.181, mpid=12814, TLS, session=<968Uy2vX5JAKtsG1>",
	"Feb 7 11:20:52 mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<patrick.wood>, method=PLAIN, rip=10.182.193.181, lip=10.182.193.181, mpid=12814, TLS, session=<968Uy2vX5JAKtsG1>",
	"02/07/2022-11:20:52.019427 [] [1:2230003:1] SURICATA TLS invalid handshake message [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.193.181:443 -> 10.182.194.5:33780",
	"02/07/2022-11:20:52.019427 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.193.181:443 -> 10.182.194.5:33780",
	"02/07/2022-11:20:52.019562 [] [1:2230010:1] SURICATA TLS invalid record/traffic [] [Classification: Generic Protocol Command Decode] [Priority: 3] {TCP} 10.182.194.5:33780 -> 10.182.193.181:443",
	"Feb 7 11:48:12 lane-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<shelby.webster>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.226.198, lip=192.168.226.198, mpid=30185, TLS, session=<SWPeLGzXELXAqOLG>",
	"Feb 7 11:48:12 lane-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<shelby.webster>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.226.198, lip=192.168.226.198, mpid=30185, TLS, session=<SWPeLGzXELXAqOLG>",
	"Feb 7 11:48:12 lane-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<shelby.webster>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.226.198, lip=192.168.226.198, mpid=30185, TLS, session=<SWPeLGzXELXAqOLG>",
	"Feb 7 11:48:18 intranet-server su[6084]: + /dev/pts/1 www-data:jwilkinson",
	"Feb 7 11:48:18 intranet-server su[6084]: pam_unix(su:session): session opened for user jwilkinson by (uid=33)",
	"Feb 7 11:48:18 intranet-server systemd: pam_unix(systemd-user:session): session opened for user jwilkinson by (uid=0)",
	"Feb 7 11:48:32 intranet-server sudo: jwilkinson : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=list",
	"Feb 7 11:48:39 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Feb 7 11:48:39 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root",
	"Feb 7 11:48:39 intranet-server sudo: jwilkinson : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/cat /etc/passwd",
	"Feb 7 11:48:50 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)",
	"Feb 7 11:48:50 lane-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<irene.williams>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.226.198, lip=192.168.226.198, mpid=30194, TLS, session=<q/cjL2zXGLXAqOLG>",
	"Feb 7 11:48:50 intranet-server sudo: jwilkinson : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/var/www/intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02 ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/sbin/iptables -L",
	"Feb 7 11:48:50 lane-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<irene.williams>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.226.198, lip=192.168.226.198, mpid=30194, TLS, session=<q/cjL2zXGLXAqOLG>",
	"Feb 7 11:48:50 lane-mail dovecot: imap-login: Login: user=<irene.williams>, method=PLAIN, rip=192.168.226.198, lip=192.168.226.198, mpid=30194, TLS, session=<q/cjL2zXGLXAqOLG>",
	"Feb 7 11:48:51 intranet-server sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root"
	]
	"Incident": "Yes",
	"Incident description": "The incident began with a broad Nmap scan from IPs 10.182.193.78 and 192.168.226.71, which quickly evolved into a targeted WPScan against the 'intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com' WordPress server. The attacker probed for sensitive files like database dumps and backup directories before successfully exploiting a vulnerability. A compromise is confirmed by logs showing the web server's 'www-data' user creating a shell for a system user named 'jwilkinson'. This attacker then escalated privileges to root, proceeding to perform internal reconnaissance by gathering user data from '/etc/passwd' and inspecting the local firewall configuration with 'iptables'.",
	"Recovery actions": [
	"Immediately isolate the 'intranet-server' from the network and add firewall rules to block all traffic from the identified attacker IP addresses '10.182.193.78' and '192.168.226.71'.",
	"Analyze the web server's access logs and system authentication logs on the 'intranet-server' to pinpoint the specific vulnerability exploited and to compile a complete list of commands executed by the 'jwilkinson' user.",
	"Before performing any system modifications, capture a full bit-for-bit disk image and a live memory dump of the 'intranet-server' to preserve all evidence of the attacker's tools and actions for a thorough investigation.",
	"After imaging the system, delete the malicious webshell from the '/var/www/intranet.hallbrown.wilson.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02' directory. Disable the compromised 'jwilkinson' user account and revert any unauthorized changes made to the system, such as firewall rules.",
	"Update the WordPress core, themes, and all plugins to their latest patched versions to eliminate the initial entry vector. Critically, review and restrict sudo permissions to ensure service accounts like 'www-data' cannot be used for privilege escalation.",
	"Rebuild the 'intranet-server' from a trusted backup created prior to February 7, 2022. Apply all identified hardening measures and security patches, restore clean website data from a verified backup, and enable enhanced monitoring before returning the server to the network."
	]
	}
	]