, samples of blood and other bodily fluids are taken. these samples are analysed in order to determine how the drug is processed within the body and how well it is tolerated by the body. food effect studies are investigations into the effect of food intake on the absorption of the drug into the body. this involves two groups of subjects being given the same dose of the experimental drug but for one of the groups when fasting and for the other after a meal. alternatively, this could be done in a cross - over design whereby both groups receive the experimental drug in both conditions in sequence ( e. g. when fasting and on another occasion after a meal ). food effect studies allow researchers to see whether eating before the drug is given has any effect on the absorption of the drug by the body. phase ii trials having demonstrated the initial safety of the drug ( often on a relatively small sample of healthy individuals ), phase ii clinical trials can begin. phase ii studies are designed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of a treatment or drug in people who have the condition that the drug is intended to treat. they are sometimes called therapeutic exploratory trials and tend to be larger scale than phase i trials. phase ii trials can be divided into phase iia and phase iib although sometimes they are combined. phase iia is designed to assess dosing requirements i. e. how much of the drug should patients receive and up to what dose is considered safe? the safety assessments carried out in phase i can be repeated on a larger subject group. as more subjects are involved, some may experience side effects which none of the subjects in the phase i experienced. the researchers aim to find out more about safety, side effects and how to manage them. phase iib studies focus on the efficacy of the drug i. e. how well it works at the prescribed doses. researchers may also be interested in finding out which types of a specific disease or condition would be most suitable for treatment. phase ii trials can be randomised clinical trials which involve one group of subjects being given the experimental drug and others receiving a placebo and / or standard treatment. alternatively, they may be case series which means that the drug ’ s safety and efficacy is tested in a selected group of patients. if the researchers have adequately demonstrated that the experimental drug ( or device ) is effective against the condition for which it is being tested, they can proceed to phase iii. phase iii trials phase iii trials are the last stage before clinical approval for a new drug or device. by this stage, there will


2000 version of the helsinki declaration in which prudence was called for in the use of placebo in research trials and it was advised that placebo should only be used in cases where there was no proven therapy for the condition under investigation. a document clarifying the position of the wma regarding the use of placebo was issued by the wma in 2001 in which it was made clear that the use of placebo might be ethically acceptable even if proven therapy was available. the current version of this statement is article 32 of the 2008 revised helsinki declaration ( quoted in sub - section 7. 2. 1 ). the pcsbi ( 2011 ) highlight the importance of ensuring that the design of clinical trials enables the researchers to resolve controversy and uncertainty over the merits of the trial drug and whether the trial drug is better than an existing drug if there is one. they suggest that studies which cannot resolve such questions or uncertainty are likely to be ignored by the scientific community and this would be unethical as it would mean that people had been unnecessarily exposed to risk without there being any social benefit. reasons for participation people with dementia who take part in clinical trials may do so for a variety of reasons. one possible reason is that they hope to receive some form of treatment that will improve their condition or even result in a cure. this is sometimes called the “ therapeutic misconception ”. in such cases, clinical trials may seem unethical in that advantage is being taken of the vulnerability of some of the participants. on the other hand, the possibility of participating in such a trial may help foster hope which may even enable a person to maintain their morale. a review of 61 studies on attitudes to trials has shed some light on why people participate in clinical trials ( edwards, lilford and hewison, 1998 ). in this review, it was found that over 60 % of participants in seven studies stated that they did or would participate in clinical trials for altruistic reasons. however, in 4 studies, over 70 % of people stated that they participated out of self - interest and in two studies over 50 % of people stated that they would participate in such a study out of self - interest. as far as informed consent is concerned, in two studies ( which were also part of this review ) 47 % of responding doctors thought that few patients were actually aware that they were taking part in a clinical trial. on the other hand, an audit of four further studies revealed that at least 80 % of participants felt that they had made an autonomous decision.


contraindications avoided, which may necessitate “ de - blinding ” ( dubois, 2008 ). although many people would perhaps like to benefit from a new drug which is more effective than existing drugs, people have different ideas about what is an acceptable risk and different reasons for taking part in clinical trials. people who receive the placebo are not exposed to the same potential risks as those given the experimental drug. on the other hand, they have no possibility to benefit from the advantages the drug may offer. those receiving a drug commonly considered as the standard therapy are not necessarily better off than those receiving a placebo as some participants may already know that they do not respond well to the accepted treatment ( dubois, 2008 ). if people who participate in a clinical trial are not informed which arm of the trial they were in, valuable information is lost which might have otherwise contributed towards to treatment decisions made after the clinical trial. taylor and wainwright ( 2005 ) suggest that “ unblinding ” should occur at the end of all studies and so as not to interfere with the analysis of data, this could be done by a person who is totally independent of the analysis. this would, however, have implications for open label extended trials as in that case participants, whilst better equipped to give informed consent would have more information than the researchers and this might be conveyed to researchers in anad hocmanner. open label extension trails open label extension studies ( mentioned in sub - section 7. 1. 8 ) seem quite fair as they give each participant the opportunity to freely consent to continuing with the study in the full knowledge that s / he will receive the experimental drug. however, taylor and wainwright ( 2005 ) have highlighted a couple of ethical concerns linked to the consent process, the scientific value of such studies and issues linked to access to drugs at the end of the prior study. with regard to consent, they argue that people may have had a positive or negative experience of the trial but do not know whether this was due to the experimental drug, another drug or a placebo. they may nevertheless base their decision whether to continue on their experience so far. for those who were not taking the experimental drug, their experience in the follow - up trial may turn out to be very different. also, if they are told about the possibility of the open label extension trial when deciding whether or not to take part in the initial trial ( i. e. with the implication that whatever group they are ascribed to, in the follow - up study they will be guaranteed the experimental drug ),


drug on compassionate grounds, which whilst laudable, should not be camouflaged as scientific research. rather governments should take responsibility and set up the appropriate legal mechanisms to make it possible for participants whose medical condition merits prolonged treatment with the experimental drug to have access to it. minimising pain and discomfort certain procedures to which people with dementia or their representatives consent may by burdensome or painful or simply worrying but in accordance with the principles of autonomy or justice / equity, people with dementia have the right to participate. the fact that they have made an informed decision to participate and are willing to tolerate such pain or burden does not release researchers from the obligation to try to minimise it. for example, if repeated blood samples are going to be necessary, an indwelling catheter could be inserted under local anaesthetic to make it easier or medical staff should provide reassurance about the use of various scanning equipment which might be worrying or enable the person ’ s carer to be present. in order to minimize fear, trained personnel are needed who have experience dealing with people with dementia. the advice of the carer, if there is one, could also be sought. drug trials in countries with less developed safeguards clinical trials are sometimes carried out in countries where safeguards are not well developed and where the participants and even the general population are likely to have less possibility to benefit from the results of successful trials. for example, some countries have not signed the convention for the protection of human rights and dignity of the human being with regard to the application of biology and medicine ( 1997 ) ( referred to in section 188. 8. 131. 52 ). the participants in those countries may be exposed to possible risks but have little chance of future medical benefit if the trial is successful. yet people in countries with stricter safeguards for participants ( which are often richer countries ) stand to benefit from their efforts and from the risks they take, as they are more likely to be able to afford the drugs once developed. this raises ethical issues linked to voluntariness because there may be, in addition to the less developed safeguards, factors which make participation in such trials more attractive to potential participants. such practices also represent a lack of equity in the distribution of risk, burden and possible benefit within society and could be interpreted as using people as a means to an end. parallels can also be drawn to the situation whereby people in countries where stem cell research is banned profit from the results of studies carried out in countries where it is permitted or to the results of studies carried out


as using people as a means to an end. parallels can also be drawn to the situation whereby people in countries where stem cell research is banned profit from the results of studies carried out in countries where it is permitted or to the results of studies carried out in countries where research ethics are slack or inexistent. for a detailed discussion of the ethical issues linked to the involvement in research of people in other countries, particularly lower and middle income countries where standards of protection may by lower, please refer to the afore - mentioned report by the presidential commission for the study of bioethical issues. - researchers should consider including a placebo arm in clinical trials when there are compelling and sound methodological reasons for doing so. - researchers should ensure that patients are aware that the aim of a randomised controlled trial is to test a hypothesis and provide generalizable knowledge leading to the development of a medical drug or procedure. they should explain how this differs from medical treatment and care which are aimed at enhancing the health and wellbeing of individual patients and where there is a reasonable expectation that this will be successful. - researchers should ensure that potential participants understand that they may be allocated to the placebo group. - it should not be presumed that the treating doctor or contact person having proposed the participant for a trial has been successful in communicating the above information. - researchers conducting clinical trials may need training in how to ensure effective communication with people with dementia. - appropriate measures should be taken by researchers to minimize fear, pain and discomfort of participants. - all participants should, when possible, preferably have the option of receiving the experimental drug ( if proven safe ) after completion of the study. - pharmaceutical companies should not be discouraged from carrying out open - label extension studies but this should not be the sole possibility for participants to access the trial drug after the end of the study if it is proving beneficial to them. - in multi - centre clinical trials, where data is transferred to another country in which data protection laws are perhaps less severe, the data should be treated as stated in the consent form signed by the participant. last updated : jeudi 29 mars 2012


our opinion on... - executive summary - necessity for a response - genetic testing - general principles - other considerations the present paper constitutes the input of alzheimer europe and its member organisations to the ongoing discussions within europe about genetic testing ( in the context of alzheimer ' s disease and other forms of dementia ). alzheimer europe would like to recall some general principles which guide this present response : - having a gene associated with alzheimer ' s disease or another form of dementia does not mean that a person has the disease. - people who have a gene linked to alzheimer ' s disease or another form of dementia have the same rights as anyone else. - genetic testing does not only affect the person taking the test. it may also reveal information about other relatives who might not want to know. - no genetic test is 100 % accurate. - the extent to which health cover is provided to citizens by the state social security system and / or privately contracted by individuals differs from one country to the next. on the basis of these principles, alzheimer europe has developed the following position with regard to genetic testing : - alzheimer europe firmly believes that the use and / or possession of genetic information by insurance companies should be prohibited. - alzheimer europe strongly supports research into the genetic factors linked to dementia which might further our understanding of the cause and development of the disease and possibly contribute to future treatment. - based on its current information, alzheimer europe does not encourage the use of any genetic test for dementia unless such test has a high and proven success rate either in assessing the risk of developing the disease ( or not as the case may be ) or in detecting the existence of it in a particular individual. - alzheimer europe requests further information on the accuracy, reliability and predictive value of any genetic tests for dementia. - genetic testing should always be accompanied by adequate pre - and post - test counselling. - anonymous testing should be possible so that individuals can ensure that such information does not remain in their medical files against their will. it is extremely important for people with dementia to be diagnosed as soon as possible. in the case of alzheimer ’ s disease, an early diagnosis may enable the person concerned to benefit from medication, which treats the global symptoms of the disease and is most effective in the early to mid stages of the disease. most forms of dementia involve the gradual deterioration of mental faculties ( e. g. memory, language and thinking etc. ) but in the early stages, it is still possible for the person affected to make decisions concerning his / her finances and care etc. – hence the importance of an early


deterioration of mental faculties ( e. g. memory, language and thinking etc. ) but in the early stages, it is still possible for the person affected to make decisions concerning his / her finances and care etc. – hence the importance of an early diagnosis. if it were possible to detect dementia before the first symptoms became obvious, this would give people a greater opportunity to make informed decisions about their future lives. this is one of the potential benefits of genetic testing. on the other hand, such information could clearly be used in ways which would be contrary to their personal interests, perhaps resulting in employment discrimination, loss of opportunities, stigmatisation, increased health insurance costs or even loss of health insurance to name but a few examples. the present discussion paper outlines some of the recommendations of alzheimer europe and its member organisations and raises a few points which deserve further clarification and discussion. the necessity for a response by alzheimer europe in the last few years, the issue of genetic testing has been increasingly debated. in certain european countries there are already companies offering such tests. unfortunately, the general public do not always fully understand what the results of such tests imply and there are no regulations governing how they are carried out i. e. what kind of information people receive, how the results are presented, whether there is any kind of counselling afterwards and the issue of confidentiality etc. in order to provide information to people with dementia and other people interesting in knowing about their own state of health and in order to protect them from the unscrupulous use of the results of genetic tests, alzheimer europe has developed the present position paper. these general principles as well as the convention of human rights and biomedicine and the universal declaration on the human genome and human rights dictate alzheimer europe ’ s position with regard to genetic testing. alzheimer europe would like to draw a distinction between tests which detect existing alzheimer ' s disease and tests which assess the risk of developing dementia alzheimer ' s disease at some time in the future : - diagnostic testing : familial early onset alzheimer ’ s disease ( fad ) is associated with 3 genes. these are the amyloid precursor protein ( app ), presenilin - 1 and presenilin - 2. these genetic mutations can be detected by genetic testing. however, it is important to note that the test only relates to those people with fad ( i. e. about 1 % of all people with alzheimer ’ s disease ). in the extremely limited number of families with this dominant genetic disorder, family members


remain confidential. we do not actually encourage the use of genetic testing for assessing the risk of developing alzheimer ' s disease. we feel that it is somewhat unethical as it does not entail any health benefit and the results cannot actually predict whether a person will develop dementia ( irrespective of the particular form of apoe s / he may have ). we are totally opposed to insurance companies having access to results from genetic tests for the following reasons : - this would be in clear opposition to the fundamental principle of insurance which is the mutualisation of risk through large numbers ( a kind of solidarity whereby the vast majority who have relatively good health share the cost with those who are less fortunate ). - failure to respect this principle would create an uninsurable underclass and lead to a genetically inferior group. - this in turn could entail the further stigmatisation of people with dementia and their carers. - in some countries, insurance companies manage to reach decisions on risk and coverage without access to genetic data. - we therefore urge governments and the relevant european bodies to take the necessary action to prohibit the use or possession of genetic data by insurance companies. alzheimer europe recognises the importance of research into the genetic determinants of alzheimer ’ s disease and other forms of dementia. consequently, - we support the use of genetic testing for the purposes of research provided that the person concerned has given informed consent and that the data is treated with utmost confidentiality ; and - we would also welcome further discussion about the problem of data management. in our opinion, any individual who wishes to take a genetic test should be able to choose to do so anonymously in order to ensure that such information does not remain in his / her medical file. at its annual general meeting in munich on 15 october 2000, alzheimer europe adopted recommendations on how to improve the legal rights and protection of adults with incapacity due to dementia. this included a section on bioethical issues. these recommendations obviously need to guide any response of the organisation regarding genetic testing for people who suspect or fear they may have dementia and also those who have taken the test and did develop dementia. - the adult with incapacity has the right to be informed about his / her state of health. - information should, where appropriate, cover the following : the diagnosis, the person ' s general state of health, treatment possibilities, potential risks and consequences of having or not having a particular treatment, side - effects, prognosis and alternative treatments. - such information should not be withheld solely on the grounds


the scientific world is abuzz with news of the ratification of the existence of the subatomic particle called the higgs boson - or more colloquially, the ' god particle. ' this subatomic particle ' s existence - which was verified recently ( with virtually near certainty ) by experiments at the large hadron collider in switzerland - lends credence to several long - standing physical theories such as the so - called standard model and the big bang theory. the nickname god particle is ironic for two reasons. first, generally, the nuclear physicists who deal with these matters - postulating the fundamental physical laws of the universe and then setting about to either verify or refute them - tend not to be regular church - goers. while there are some highly prominent scientists who balance personal, religious beliefs with professional, scientific quests, most probably go along with the thoughts of the world - famous physicist, stephen hawking : i regard the brain as a computer which will stop working when its components fail. there is no heaven or afterlife for broken down computers ; that is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark. [ interview in the guardian, 7 / 9 / 12 ] spontaneous creation is the reason there is something rather than nothing, why the universe exists, why we exist. it is not necessary to invoke god... [ from his book ; the grand design, 2010 ] so it is a bit ironic that physics ' most famous quest has resulted in the discovery of the ' god particle. ' most physicists are quite comfortable having their names associated with famous - even if dead - humans like newton, einstein or the afore - mentioned hawking. one will find few, if any, attributions to deities in the objects that physicists discover and name or the theories they propose. second, and more importantly, the discovery that the god particle really exists does not - as the name suggests - imply that god played some role in the creation of the universe. in fact, quite the opposite. the matter is discussed at some length in the july 9 daily beast by lawrence kraus, a well - known physicist / cosmologist from arizona state university : this term [ god particle ] appeared first in the unfortunate title of a book written by physicist leon lederman two decades ago, and while to my knowledge it was never used by any scientist ( including lederman ) before or since, it has captured the media ' s imagination. what makes this term particularly unfortunate is that nothing could be further from the truth.


two decades ago, and while to my knowledge it was never used by any scientist ( including lederman ) before or since, it has captured the media ' s imagination. what makes this term particularly unfortunate is that nothing could be further from the truth. assuming the particle in question is indeed the higgs, it validates an unprecedented revolution in our understanding of fundamental physics and brings science closer to dispensing with the need for any supernatural shenanigans all the way back to the beginning of the universe... if these bold, some would say arrogant, notions derive support from the remarkable results at the large hadron collider, they may reinforce two potentially uncomfortable possibilities : first, that many features of our universe, including our existence, may be accidental consequences of conditions associated with the universe ' s birth ; and second, that creating " stuff " from " no stuff " seems to be no problem at all - everything we see could have emerged as a purposeless quantum burp in space or perhaps a quantum burp of space itself. humans, with their remarkable tools and their remarkable brains, may have just taken a giant step toward replacing metaphysical speculation with empirically verifiable knowledge. the higgs particle is now arguably more relevant than god. so the term god particle was first used by a scientist, but was picked up and popularized by the media. it ' s catchy and enhances interest in the subject among the public. but like so much else that the media promotes, it is misleading and inappropriate.


acrylic a synthetic fabric often used as a wool substitute. it is warm, soft, holds colors well and often is stain and wrinkle resistant. angora a soft fiber knit from fur of the angora rabbit. angora wool is often combined with cashmere or another fiber to strengthen the delicate structure. dry cleaning is reccommended for angora products. bedford a strong material that is a raised corded fabric ( similar to corduroy ). bedford fabric wears well and is usually washable. boucle a fabric made with boucle yarn ( s ) in wool, rayon and or cotton causing the surface of the fabric to appear looped. brocade an all - over floral, raised pattern produced in a similar fashion to embroidery. burnout process of printing a design on a fabric woven of paired yarns of different fibers. one kind of yarn is burned out or destroyed leaving the ground unharmed. cable knit patterns, typically used in sweaters, where flat knit columns otherwise known as cables are overlapped vertically. cashmere a soft, silky, lightweight wool spun from the kashmir goat. cashmere must be dry - cleaned due to its delicate fibers and is commonly used in sweaters, shawls, outerwear, gloves and scarves for its warmth and soft feel. chiffon a common evening wear fabric made from silk, cotton, rayon or nylon. it ' s delicate in nature and sheer. chintz a printed and glazed fabric made of cotton. chintz is known for its bright colors and bold patterns. corduroy cotton fibers twisted as they are woven to create long, parallel grooves, called wales, in the fabric. this is a very durable material and depending on the width of the wales, can be extremely soft. cotton a natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. it is an inelastic fiber. cotton cashmere a blend of cotton and cashmere fibers, typically 85 % to 15 % respectively, this combination produces an extremely soft yarn with a matte finish. crepe used as a description of surfaces of fabrics. usually designates a fabris that is crimped or crinkled. crinoline a lightweight, plain weave, stiffened fabric with a low yarn count. used to create volume beneath evening or wedding dresses. crochet looping threads with a hooked needle that creates a wide, open knit. typically used on sweaters for warm seasons. denim cotton textile created with a twill weave to create a sturdy fabric.


volume beneath evening or wedding dresses. crochet looping threads with a hooked needle that creates a wide, open knit. typically used on sweaters for warm seasons. denim cotton textile created with a twill weave to create a sturdy fabric. used as the primary material of blue jeans. dobby woven fabric where the weave of the fabric actually produces the garment ' s design. embroidery detailed needlework, usually raised and created by yarn, silk, thread or embroidery floss. eyelet a form of lace in a thicker material that consists of cut - outs that are integrated and repeated into a pattern. usually applied to garments for warmer seasons. faille a textured fabric with faint ribbing. wears wonderfully for hours holding its shape due to the stiffness of the texture. used in wedding dresses and women ' s clothes. fil ' coupe a small jacquard pattern on a light weight fabric, usually silk, in which the threads connecting each design are cut, creating a frayed look. french terry a knit cloth that contains loops and piles of yarn. the material is very soft, absorbent and has stretch. gabardine a tightly woven twill fabric, made of different fibers such as wool, cotton and silk. georgette a crinkly crepe type material usually made out of silk that consists of tightly twisted threads. georgette is sheer and has a flowy feeling. gingham two different color stripes " woven " in pattern to appear checked. glen plaid design of woven, broken checks. a form of traditional plaid. guipure lace a lace without a mesh ground, the pattern in held in place by connecting threads. herringbone a pattern originating from masonry, consists of short rows of slanted parallel lines. the rows are formatted opposing each other to create the pattern. herringbone patterns are used in tweeds and twills. hopsack a material created from cotton or woolthat is loosely woven together to form a coarse fabric. houndstooth a classic design containing two colors in jagged / slanted checks. similar to glen plaid. jacquard a fabric of intricate varigated weave or pattern. typically shown on elegant and more expensive pieces. jersey a type of knit material usually made from cotton and known to be flexible, stretchy, soft and very warm. it is created using tight stitches. knit a knit fabric is made by interlocking loops of one or more yarns either by hand with knitting needles or by machine. linen an exquisite material created from the


commonly seen in the front of button - down shirts. also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. piping binding a seam with decoration. piping is similar to tipping or edging where a decorative material is sewn into the seams. pointelle an open - work knitting pattern used on garments to add texture. typically a cooler and general knit sweater. polyester a fabric made from synthetic fibers. polyester is quick drying, easy to wash and holds its shape well. ponte a knit fabric where the fibers are looped in an interlock. the material is very strong and firm. poplin a strong woven fabric, heavier in weight, with ribbing. rayon a manufactured fiber developed originally as an alternative for silk. rayon drapes well and looks luxurious. sateen a cotton fabric with sheen that resembles satin. seersucker slack - tension weave where yarn is bunched together in certain areas and then pulled taught in others to create this summery mainstay. shirring similar to ruching, shirring gathers material to create folds. silk one of the most luxurious fabrics, silk is soft, warm and has shine. it is created from female silkworm ' s eggs. silk shantung a rough plain weave fabric made of uneven yarns to produce a textured effect, made of fibers such silk in which all knots and lumps are retained. space dyed technique of yarn dyeing to produce a multi - color effect on the yarn itself. also known as dip dyed yarn. spandex also known as lycra ( trademark symbol ), this material is able to expand 600 % and still snap back to its original shape and form. spandex fibers are woven with cotton and other materials to make fabrics stretch. tipping similar to edging, tipping includes embellishing a garment at the edges of the piece, hems, collars etc. tissue linen a type of linen that is specifically made for blouses or shirts due to its thinness and sheerness. tweed a loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed which provides warmth and comfortability. twill a fabric woven in a diagonal weave. commonly used for chinos and denim. variegated multi - colored fabrics where colors are splotched or in patches. velour a stretchy knit fabric that looks similar to velvet. very soft to the touch. velvet a soft, silky woven fabric that is similar to velour. velvet is much more expensive than velour due to the amount of thread and steps it takes to


injection molds. what assembly process is correct for a part? as stated earlier, ultrasonic, hot - plate, spin, thermal, vibration, and laser welding are the most common methods used in production today. each method has unique advantages. ultrasonic assembly is a fast, repeatable, and reliable process that allows for sophisticated process control. high - volume small parts that have very tight assembly tolerances lend themselves well to ultrasonic assembly. ultrasonic systems have the capability of exporting relevant assembly process data for spc documentation and fda validation. ultrasonic welding can be easily integrated into automated systems. hot - plate welding can accommodate a wide range of parts sizes and configurations. these machines offer high - reliability hermetic seals and strong mechanical bonds on complex part geometries. the process is fairly simple ; the two parts to be jointed are brought in close proximity to a heated platen until the joint area is in a molten state. the platen is removed and the parts are clamped together until the joint cools off and returns to a solid state. spin welding is a very cost - effective method for joining large, medium, or small circular parts such as washing machine tubs to agitator components. water purification filters, thermal mugs, and irrigation assemblies typically are joined using the spin welding process. careful attention to joint design is critical for parts that require flash - free appearance. assemblies that require inserts at multiple points on multiple planes, like computer or vacuum cleaner housings, typically benefit from thermal insertion / staking. thermal staking is ideal for attachment of non - plastic components to the plastic housing, such as circuit boards and metal brackets. dates coding, embossing, and degating are other uses for thermal presses. thermal welding can be a slower assembly process than ultrasonic, so, depending on the volumes of assemblies required, ultrasonic maybe a better choice. vibration welding physically moves one of the two parts horizontally under pressure to create heat through surface friction. compared to ultrasonic welding, vibration welding operates at much lower frequencies, much higher amplitude, and with greater clamping force. the limitation to vibration welding is simply that the joint must be in a single plane in at least one axis in order to allow the vibration motion. like hot - plate welding, vibration welding is a highly reliable process that can handle large parts in challenging materials or multiple parts per cycle with ease. chain saw housings, blower and pump assemblies, and large refrigerator bins are examples of potential vibration welding applications. cycle times for vibration


welding is a highly reliable process that can handle large parts in challenging materials or multiple parts per cycle with ease. chain saw housings, blower and pump assemblies, and large refrigerator bins are examples of potential vibration welding applications. cycle times for vibration welds are very short, thus they are ideal for high volume and are easily automated. laser welding is the newest technology of the processes available today. one benefit of laser welding is that the weld joints produce no flash or particulate outside of the joint. assemblies that require absolutely no contamination for particulate, like medical filters, are good candidates. a second benefit is that the assembly is not exposed to heat or vibration. devices that have very sensitive electronic internal components that may be damaged from vibration can now be assembled effectively. laser welding requires the parts to be transmissive and absorbive, specifically how transparent the parts appear to the laser beam. one material transmits the coherent laser light and the other material absorbs the light and converts it to heat. parts that appear black to the human eye can be transparent or opaque at the wavelength of the laser light. clear - to - clear joints and joints that are optically transparent can be readily achieved by use of special coatings. depending on the part geometry, laser welding can be a slower process then vibration or ultrasonic welding. plastic appliance components are the direction of the future - they can be assembled economically and produce functional products. this information is provided by michael johnston, national sales and marketing manager, dukane charles, il, u. s. ).


conventionally associated with plants. listeria is usually thought of as a pathogen of humans. we hadn ’ t really expected to see it behaving like a traditional, benign inhabitant of a green plant. “ it ’ s still a relatively new face for listeria, and requires a whole new way of thinking about it. ” in related work, gorski is homing in on genetic differences that may explain the widely varying ability of eight different listeria strains to successfully colonize root hairs of alfalfa sprouts — and to resist being washed off by water. in a 2004 article in the journal of food protection, gorski, palumbo, and former albany associate kimanh d. nguyen reported those differences. poorly attaching strains formed fewer than 10 listeria cells per sprout during the lab experiment, while the more adept colonizers formed more than 100, 000 cells per sprout. salmonella ’ s cling genes colleague jeri d. barak, a microbiologist at albany, led another sprout investigation, this time probing the ability of s. enterica to attach to alfalfa sprouts. from a pool of 6, 000 genetically different salmonella samples, barak, gorski, and coinvestigators found 20 that were unable to attach strongly to sprouts. scientists elsewhere had already identified some genes as necessary for salmonella to successfully invade and attach to the guts of animals such as cows and chickens. in the albany experiments, some of those same genes were disrupted in the salmonella specimens that couldn ’ t cling to alfalfa sprouts. their 2005 article in applied and environmental microbiology helped set the stage for followup studies to tease out other genes that salmonella uses when it is living on and in plants. a deeper understanding of those and other genes may lead to sophisticated defense strategies to protect tomorrow ’ s salad greens — and us. — by marcia wood, agricultural research service information staff. geneticist michael cooley collects a sediment sample to test for e. coli o157 : h7. the pathogen was found near fields implicated in the 2006 outbreak of e. coli o157 : h7 on baby spinach. environmental surveillance exposes a killer it started as a manhunt for a microbe, but it became one of the nation ’ s most intensive farmscape searches for the rogue pathogen e. coli o157 : h7. ars microbiologist robert e. mandrell and geneticist


the cia, the nsa, the fbi and all other three - letter, intelligence - gathering, secret - keeping agencies mimic and are modeled after secret societies. they gather and filter information by compartmentalizing the organization in a pyramid - like hierarchical structure keeping everyone but the elite on a need - to - know basis. the cia was born from the wwii intelligence arm, the oss ( office of strategic services ), and was funded into permanence by the rockefeller and carnegie foundations, which donated $ 34 million 1945 - 48 alone. nearly every person instrumental in the creation of the cia was already a member of the cfr, including the rockefellers and dulles brothers. in 1945 when the cia was still the oss, they began operation paperclip which brought over 700 nazi scientists directly into the forming cia, nsa, and other high - level government organizations. since it was illegal to even allow these nazis into the us, let alone into top - secret government agencies, the cia convinced the vatican to issue american passports for these 700 + nazi scientists under the pretense that it was to keep them out of the hands of the russians. “ after wwii ended in 1945, victorious russian and american intelligence teams began a treasure hunt throughout occupied germany for military and scientific booty. they were looking for things like new rocket and aircraft designs, medicines, and electronics. but they were also hunting down the most precious ‘ spoils ’ of all : the scientists whose work had nearly won the war for germany. the engineers and intelligence officers of the nazi war machine. following the discovery of flying discs ( foo - fighters ), particle / laser beam weaponry in german military bases, the war department decided that nasa and the cia must control this technology, and the nazi engineers that had worked on this technology. there was only one problem : it was illegal. u. s. law explicitly prohibited nazi officials from immigrating to america - - and as many as three - quarters of the scientists in question had been committed nazis. ” - operation paperclip casefile : new world order and nazi germany hundreds of nazi mind - control specialists and doctors who performed horrific experiments on prisoners instantly had their atrocious german histories erased and were promoted into high - level american jobs. kurt blome, for instance, was a high - ranking nazi scientist who experimented with plague vaccines on concentration camp prisoners. he was hired by the u. s. army chemical corps to work on chemical warfare projects. major general walter schreiber was a head doctor during nazi concentration


deciphering the function and regulation of auts2 university of california, san francisco autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with complex genetic and environmental causes. many gene mutations have been associated with autism ; however, they explain only a small part of the genetic cause for this disorder. 98 % of our genome does not encode for protein and is thus termed noncoding. in this noncoding space are gene regulatory sequences that tell genes when, where and at what amount to turn on or off. mutations in these gene regulatory elements could thus be an important cause of autism. despite the potential importance of these noncoding gene regulatory regions in autism susceptibility, very few studies have been performed trying to implicate them in this disorder. this pilot study focuses on a strong autism candidate gene, the autism susceptibility candidate 2 ( auts2 ) gene. mutations in its regulatory elements have been associated with autism and its function is not well known. using both zebrafish and mice as the model organisms, the project aims to identify noncoding gene regulatory sequences of auts2. the fellow will then look to see if any individuals with autism have mutations in the regulatory regions identified. they will also reduce the expression of this gene in zebrafish and look for abnormalities to further clarify its function. this study promises to further our understanding of how differences in the noncoding region of the genome can lead to autism. it also aims to advance our understanding of a gene of unknown function that has been implicated in autism.


a belt pack or radio wire creates many of the same problems inherent in hardwire systems, particularly tangled cords. moreover, belt packs generally have less than half the transmission range of self - contained systems worn on the head. does the system use dect or bluetooth technology? transmission technology can dramatically affect how well wireless systems perform in the field. systems that employ bluetooth technology generally have a limited range and are subject to radio frequency interference from nearby devices. look for systems that use digital enhanced cordless telecommunications technology. dect units generally offer up to 30 times more coverage and are less subject to interference than bluetooth. dect transmissions also have multipath capability, meaning the signal will bounce up, over and around objects in order to establish the best possible connection. dect signals are also digitally encoded to ensure privacy. is the system full - duplex or half - duplex? half - duplex systems allow communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time. that ’ s a walkie - talkie. on the other hand, full - duplex systems allow communication in both directions simultaneously. full - duplex capabilities are an important safety consideration because they allow the parties to speak and hear others at the same time. is the system radio - compatible? communication during pushback and towing is generally confined to the flight deck, wing walkers and tractor operator ; however, other ground support functions may benefit from the ability to communicate with remote users over a two - way radio. look for a system with maximum radio - interface flexibility.


the spikelet and not from a glum. remember that you can review grass flower terminology at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / fl _ grass. htm. the spikelets of most oat plants don ' t bear needlelike awns. you ' re likely to see both awned and awnless kinds growing as weeds in our area. when i first saw the awns i thought this might be one of the " wild oat " species, for several species reside in the oat genus avena, and one of those grows wild in the us southeast. however, florets of the other species bear long, brownish hairs, and you can see that ours are hairless, or " glabrous. " the other species ' awns also are twisted, but regular oat awns, when present, are rigid and straight. both oat species are native to eurasia. how did that oat plant make its way to the side of our isolated mississippi backroad? near where the grass grew there was a large game farm where exotic animals are kept so hunters can pay high fees to kill them. i ' m betting that the animals are fed oats. our plant was in an often - flooded spot downstream from the farm, so maybe an oat grain had washed there. that ' s a roadcut through a special kind of very fine - grained clay called loess. the word loess derives from the german loß. a deep mantel of loess was deposited here at the end of the last ice age about 10, 000 years ago. deep loess deposits occur in a narrow band of upland immediately east of the mississippi river over most of its entire course. the loess region sometimes is called the loess hills. loess profoundly affects the area ' s ecology. for one thing, the farther east you go from the mississippi river, the thinner the loess is, the poorer and more acidic the soil becomes, and the more pines you get instead of broadleaf deciduous trees. loess is so important here, and so interesting, that years ago i developed a web portal called " loess hills of the lower mississippi valley, " at http : / / www. backyardnature. net / loess / loess. html. i had hoped to engage local folks in an effort to recognize the loess hills as a very interesting, scenic and biologically important, distinct region with ecotourism potential, but nothing ever came from it. at that


brookhaven national laboratory was established in 1947 on the eastern end of long island at the former site of the u. s. army ’ s camp upton. originally built out of a post - world war ii desire to explore the peaceful applications of atomic energy, the laboratory now has a broader mission : to perform basic and applied research at the frontiers of science, including nuclear and high - energy physics ; physics and chemistry of materials ; nanoscience ; energy and environmental research ; national security and nonproliferation ; neurosciences and medical imaging ; structural biology ; and computational sciences. over its history, brookhaven lab has housed three research reactors, numerous one - of - a - kind particle accelerators, and other cutting - edge research facilities responsible for discoveries leading to many advances for science and society as well as seven nobel prizes. brookhaven was originally conceived, in part, to establish a national laboratory in the northeastern united states to design, construct and operate large scientific machines that individual institutions could not afford to develop on their own. throughout the years, brookhaven ’ s scientists and visiting researchers have used these unique facilities to make discoveries in biology, physics, chemistry, geophysics, medicine, and materials science. since brookhaven opened its doors, countless innovations and inventions by staff and visiting scientists have contributed to research in many fields. discoveries made here have shaped our understanding of the atom and the universe, advanced medical imaging techniques, and created new technology and tools for studying microbiology, climate and pollutants, energy storage and more.


description : over the last thirty years, scholars have begun to explore the implications of an ancient jewish and christian tradition that referred to the “ minor prophets ” as “ the twelve, ” “ the twelve prophets, ” or the “ book of the twelve. ” scholarly work on the book of the twelve in the last quarter century has focused on two issues in particular : 1 ) developing models regarding how the book of the twelve came to be recorded on a single scroll, and 2 ) isolating unifying elements that transcend the individual writings and take on new significance when the book of the twelve becomes a single collection rather than twelve distinct writings. dr. nogalski ’ s comprehensive and accessible commentary offers an overview of the ancient traditions concerning the book of the twelve that lay the foundation for understanding these recent developments. subjects : bible, hebrew bible / old testament, prophetic literature, book of the twelve, literature, micah, nahum, habakkuk, zephaniah, haggai, zechariah, malachi review by lena - sofia tiemeyer read the review citation : lena - sofia tiemeyer, review of james d. nogalski, the book of the twelve, review of biblical literature [ http : / / www. bookreviews. org ] ( 2012 ). adobe acrobat reader all rbl reviews are published in pdf format. to view these reviews, you must have downloaded and installed the free version of adobe acrobat reader. if you do not have the reader or you have an older version of the reader, you can download the most recent version now.


the history of the british isles and its inhabitants, both human and canine, has long been entwined. breed reveals the enduring and affectionate relationship between the british people and their dogs and explores the very beginnings of pedigree dog breeding in britain. this is a " self delivery " pack which has been designed specifically for national science and engineering week 2013. the science behind fingeprints is well known! what is not so well known is the link between fingerprints and footprints. right angle events have launched a new education pack called ‘ toes for turf ’ comprising at least 4 hours of fun teaching material linked to key stage 1 - 4 mathematics. we have designed a fantastic scheme especially for national science & engineering week called " toes for turf ". the science behind fingerprints is well known. what is not so well known is the science behind footprints or " feet prints ". this activity enables students to take, classify and " lift " both fingerprints and foot prints. as the research on footprints is meagre, this scheme will allow students to make some discoveries about the correlation or otherwise between fingerprints and feet prints. we will be running a science club for children from the junior school for 8 weeks before science week. children will be working on projects designed by local scientists and making posters to show what they ' ve done. a competition will be held and prizes will be given for the best posters and projects. during science week we ' ll have a science day for the whole school. local scientists will come to the school and we ' ll have science themed activities all day. imagine you are part of the team planning and designing the first manned mission to mars. your job is to investigate just one problem of the mission, and come up with an idea that might solve it. you ’ re asked to create a poster, no bigger than a1 - sized, to explain the problem and your idea. the idea can be anything you like, but it must be based on real - science. the competition is for years 7, 8, or 9. we can accept both individual and team entries. all posters must be received by us by 4pm 12th march 2013. you can hand your posters in through participating schools and stem clubs. primary school competition - teams of four to prepare a 5 minute demo and supporting display on the theme of inventions and discoveries. winning team from each school to compete at chipping campden school primary science conference on march 18th. an egg race type activity will also form part of the competition. a demo lecture will finish the proceedings.


transferable knowledge and a range of intellectual abilities drawn from different modes of inquiry across disciplines are essential components of any liberal education. these courses help students develop important academic capacities for use during their undergraduate career and in the rapidly - changing world they will enter after college. ( one writing - intensive w - 1 course in the fall of the first year ) students will develop writing, reading, speaking, listening, and information literacy skills necessary for collegiate - level academic work. students will develop capacities for independent academic work and become self - regulated learners. ( one course from the list of designated courses ) students will develop a unified understanding of scientific theory and practice in modern natural science. students will demonstrate an understanding of the development of science as an intellectual pursuit and of the ways in which scientific ideas are formulated, modified, and come to be accepted. students will demonstrate skill in the application of scientific techniques and methods, including the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and communication of results. ( one course from the list of designated courses ; not required for class of 2014 ) students will study language as a complex multifunctional phenomenon - as a system for communicating thought and information and as an essential element of human thought processes, perceptions, and self - expression - that allows students to understand different peoples and their communities. students will examine the world, their own culture, and their own language through the lens of a foreign language and culture. integrated perspectives course ( one team - taught interdisciplinary course taken during the sophomore year from the list of designated courses ; not required for class of 2014 ) students will recognize, construct, and evaluate connections among different intellectual methods, ways of learning, and bodies of knowledge.


heat a room from the floor up under - floor radiant heating involves underlaying the floor with a hot element or tubing that transfers heat into the room via infrared radiation and convection, making forced or blowing air unnecessary. according to the u. s. department of energy ' s energy savers website, radiant heating " is more efficient than baseboard heating and usually more efficient than forced - air heating because no energy is lost through ducts. " it is also flexible as it can run off electricity, gas, oil, wood, solar and other sources or combinations thereof can feed radiant systems. and radiant heating is a good choice for those with severe allergies as no potentially irritating particles get blown around the room. several aspects of radiant heating make it more energy efficient. for starters, the uniform heat distribution over the entire surface of a floor heats the lower half of the room, enveloping inhabitants in warmth at a lower overall temperature — in some cases up to five degrees fahrenheit cooler — than a conventional heating system. " radiators and other forms of ' point ' heating circulate heat inefficiently and hence need to run for longer periods to obtain comfort levels, " reports the residential energy services network ( resnet ). " they draw cold air across the floor and send warm air up to the ceiling, where it then falls, heating the room from the top down, creating drafts and circulating dust and allergens. " resnet adds that radiant systems transmit heat on average some 15 percent more efficiently than conventional radiators. the efficiency gains can be magnified significantly with good insulation and a well - designed system. while tearing out old heating systems and / or replacing decent existing flooring might be overkill for the sake of moving to radiant heat, you can certainly consider it if you are embarking on new building projects or contemplating major renovations. according to tlc network ' s green living guide, there are two main types of radiant heating, electric and hydronic. in the former, heated wires installed in the floor radiate heat upward. this type of radiant heat is most commonly used to retrofit a single room — especially a bathroom or kitchen — in an older house or building. meanwhile, hydronic radiant heating, whereby heated water is forced through tubes under the floor, is more often designed into a new structure from the get - go and is more energy efficient overall. tlc points out that while radiant heat is definitely more efficient in smaller, snug homes with lower roofs,


. q44, 1996 rosenberg reference encyclopedia of american religion and politics. paul a. djupe and laura r. olson. new york : facts on file, c2003. bl 2525. d58 2003 rosenberg reference. electronic reference sources from the ccsf ebooks collection for more information about ebooks go to : http : / / www. ccsf. edu / library / ebooks. html encyclopedia of religious rites, rituals, and festivals 2004 encyclopedia of new religious movements 2006 encyclopedia of women and religion in north america 2006 a popular dictionary of buddhism 1997 who ' s who in the old testament together with the apocrypha 2002 the quran : an encyclopedia 2006 for articles in periodical databases databases group together journal, magazine, and newspaper articles by subject. they also usually provide abstracts ( brief summaries ) and the full text of the articles. do you need help identifying the differences between scholarly journal v. popular magazine articles? databases are part of the private, passworded web, so you will need to have a current ccsf id card with a barcode to access those that ccsf subscribes to. all current ccsf student id cards should already have a barcode. more information about obtaining a library bar code. infotrac is a brand name for several databases with coverage from 1980 to the present. most relevant for religion topics is infotrac ’ s religion & philosophy database which covers topics in the areas of both religion and philosophy. infotrac ’ s expanded academic asap and onefile databases also have useful materials. these databases let you limit your results to articles only from scholarly journals by checking the box " refereed titles. " literature resource center literature resource center has traditional reference works, critical information on authors and their works, and current journal articles. it is valuable for biographical information on authors of works relating to religion, and for critical information on both an individual work and an author ’ s body of work cq provides lengthy research reports written by the editorial staff of the congressional quarterly co. there are many reports related to religion. some examples are religion in america, evolution versus creationism, prayer and healing, and religious persecution. there are also reports on related moral or ethical issues such as issues of reproductive ethics, teaching values, assisted suicide, designer humans, and the ethics of war. ethnic newswatch is comprised of newspapers, magazines and journals of the ethnic, minority and native press in america. search here for ethnic aspects of topics related to religion. below are some examples of academic / scholarly


designer humans, and the ethics of war. ethnic newswatch is comprised of newspapers, magazines and journals of the ethnic, minority and native press in america. search here for ethnic aspects of topics related to religion. below are some examples of academic / scholarly web sites on religion. if you use a search engine, such as google, remember to evaluate the quality of the results. web resources for general reference virtual religion index an extensive and well organized index of web resources with useful annotations that speed the targeting and process of research. from rutgers university. voice of the shuttle – religious studies page links to resources including general studies, specific religions ( christianity, judaism, islam, buddhism, sikkism, etc. ), nonreligious views ( atheism, agnosticism ), issues of law and religion, society and religion, and religious studies courses and departments. from the university of california, santa barbara. encyclopedia of religion and society “ full text online of the encyclopedia, with table of contents, covering the spectrum of religions. ” the encyclopedia of religion and society is from the hartford institute for religious research, and its editorial board is comprised of a number of respected sociologists of religion. the internet sacred text archive “ a freely available archive of electronic texts about religion, mythology, legends and folklore, and occult and esoteric topics ” particular focus is on believers ’ ( defined very broadly ) sacred texts, including both primary and secondary materials. content evaluation guidelines advice from the medical library association webpages : techniques to apply and questions to ask a uc berkeley - teaching library internet workshops analyzing information sources developed by olin - kroch - uris libraries at cornell university. and citing source a quick and easy check list to use when determining the quality of web documents. prepared by librarians at ccsf. help you may contact the reference desk by phone at ( 415 ) 452 - 5543 or stop by the east and west reference desks at the rosenberg and citing information sources electronic reference service to ccsf students, faculty, staff and registered community users. use this service when you are not in a ccsf library. and web research workshops fifty minute workshops are given throughout the semester on effective methods in searching for books, articles and information on the several useful sources for evaluating the quality of web pages, how to prepare citations for a " bibliography " or " works cited " list, and how to avoid plagiarism. online writing lab one of the most thorough and easy to navigate writing labs avaialble! research and writing hosted


study promoter activity using the living colors fluorescent timer, a fluorescent protein that shifts color from green to red over time ( 1 ). this color change provides a way to visualize the time frame of promoter activity, indicating where in an organism the promoter is active and also when it becomes inactive. easily detect the red and green emissions indicating promoter activity with fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. easily characterize promoter activity the fluorescent timer is a mutant form of the dsred fluorescent reporter, containing two amino acid substitutions which increase its fluorescence intensity and endow it with a distinct spectral property : as the fluorescent timer matures, it changes color — in a matter of hours, depending on the expression system used. shortly after its synthesis, the fluorescent timer begins emitting green fluorescence but as time passes, the fluorophore undergoes additional changes that shift its fluorescence to longer wavelengths. when fully matured the protein is bright red. the protein ’ s color shift can be used to follow the on and off phases of gene expression ( e. g., during embryogenesis and cell differentiation ). fluorescent timer under the control of the heat shock promoter hsp16 - 41 in a transgenic c. elegans embryo. the embryo was heat - shocked in a 33°c water bath. promoter activity was studied during the heat shock recovery period. green fluorescence was observed in the embryo as early as two hr into the recovery period. by 50 hr after heat shock, promoter activity had ceased, as indicated by the lack of green color. ptimer ( left ) is primarily intended to serve as a convenient source of the fluorescent timer cdna. use ptimer - 1 ( right ) to monitor transcription from different promoters and promoter / enhancer combinations inserted into the mcs located upstream of the fluorescent timer coding sequence. without the addition of a functional promoter, this vector will not express the fluorescent timer. detecting timer fluorescent protein you can detect the fluorescent timer with the dsred polyclonal antibody. you can use the dsred1 - c sequencing primer to sequence wild - type dsred1 c - terminal gene fusions, including timer fusions. terskikh, a., et al. ( 2000 ) science290 ( 5496 ) : 1585 – 1588.


accreditation is a form of independent, professional certification that focuses on schools and programs in a particular field. accreditation of universities in the usa therefore assures you and your parents that the school adheres to high quality standards. which means the programs are delivered by qualified faculty and are constantly updated to follow the changes and meet the needs of the relevant industry or working world. attending an accredited school or program is often thought to make you more competitive on the job market. university accreditation in the usa takes place at different levels. at the highest level, governmental and other agencies govern and recognize the accrediting bodies. for instance, the us department of education, the council for higher education association ( chea ) and the association of specialized and professional accreditors ( aspa ) grant power to associations that oversee accreditation at the regional, institutional or program level. regional : the us department of education recognizes 6 distinct higher educational regions, each of which is overseen by a different accrediting body. this is the type of accreditation most commonly referred to and is for a university as a whole, not for individual programs. accreditation by these regional agencies isn ' t automatic : this is voluntary accreditation. institutional : depending on the kind of university or college it is ( e. g., private, public, christian, etc. ) it may also be accredited by institute - type specific agencies. america ' s universities are extremely different in character, size, location and in the programs they offer. therefore a school may be accredited by one or more organizations. specialized : specialized accreditation focuses on specific areas of study and individual university programs. this is sometimes called professional accreditation, because it means specific programs meet the national standards for that field of study. universities in the usa cover a huge range of programs, and each institution usually has a page on its website listing both institutional and individual program accreditation. when assessing quality, international students can also look at whether a school or program has any memberships in, or endorsements by, professional associations which reflect certain standards of quality, but this is not the same as official accreditation. for instance, the american association of state colleges and universities does not accredit programs, but is a national organization committed to maintaining and promoting the quality of america ' s higher education system. regional accrediting agencies for universities in the usa middle states association of colleges and schools, commission on higher education new england association of schools and colleges, commission on institutions of higher education north central association of colleges and schools, the higher learning commission northwest commission on colleges and universities southern association of


in the american electoral system, a primary election is an election that determines the nominee for each political party, who then competes for the office in the general election. a presidential primary is a state election that picks the delegates committed to nominate particular candidates for president of the united states. a presidential caucus, as in iowa, requires voters to meet together for several hours in face - to - face meetings that select county delegates, who eventually pick the delegates to the national convention. no other country uses primaries ; they choose their candidates in party conventions. primaries were introduced in the progressive era in the early 20th century to weaken the power of bosses and make the system more democratic. in presidential elections, they became important starting in 1952, when the first - in - the - nation new hampshire primary helped give dwight d. eisenhower the republican nomination, and knocked harry s. truman out of the democratic race because of his poor showing. in 1964, lyndon b. johnson ended his reelection campaign after doing poorly in new hampshire. after 1968, both parties changed their rules to emphasize presidential primaries, although some states still use the caucus system. in recent decades, new hampshire holds the first primary a few days after iowa holds the first caucus. that gives these two states enormous leverage, as the candidates and the media focus there. new hampshire and iowa receive about half of all the media attention given all primaries. the primary allows voters to choose between different candidates of the some political parties, perhaps representing different wings of the party. for example, a republican primary may choose between a range of candidates from moderate to conservative. gallup ' s 2008 polling data indicated a trend in primary elections towards more conservative candidates, despite the more liberal result in the general election. in recent years the primary seasons has come earlier and earlier, as states move up to earlier dates in the hope it will give them more leverage. for example, barry goldwater won the 1964 nomination because he won the last primary in california. the logic is faulty - - in highly contested races the later primaries have more leverage. thus in 2008 california gave up its traditional last - in - the - nation role and joined 20 other states on super tuesday. neither the candidates not the voters paid it much attention. michigan and florida moved up their primaries in defiance of national democratic party rules and were penalized. the result is the primary season is extended, and is far more expensive, and no state gets an advantage - - except for iowa and new hampshire, which now have dates in early january. in late 2009 the two national parties are meeting to


ctcomms sends on average 2 million emails monthly on behalf of over 125 different charities and not for profits. take the complexity of technology and stir in the complexity of the legal system and what do you get? software licenses! if you ' ve ever attempted to read one you know how true this is, but you have to know a little about software licensing even if you can ' t parse all of the fine print. by : chris peters march 10, 2009 a software license is an agreement between you and the owner of a program which lets you perform certain activities which would otherwise constitute an infringement under copyright law. the software license usually answers questions such as : the price of the software and the licensing fees, if any, are sometimes discussed in the licensing agreement, but usually it ' s described elsewhere. if you read the definitions below and you ' re still scratching your head, check out categories of free and non - free software which includes a helpful diagram. free vs proprietary : when you hear the phrase " free software " or " free software license, " " free " is referring to your rights and permissions ( " free as in freedom " or " free as in free speech " ). in other words, a free software license gives you more rights than a proprietary license. you can usually copy, modify, and redistribute free software without paying a fee or obtaining permission from the developers and distributors. in most cases " free software " won ' t cost you anything, but that ' s not always the case – in this instance the word free is making no assertion whatsoever about the price of the software. proprietary software puts more restrictions and limits on your legal permission to copy, modify, and distribute the program. free, open - source or foss? in everyday conversation, there ' s not much difference between " free software, " " open source software, " and " foss ( free and open - source software ). " in other words, you ' ll hear these terms used interchangeably, and the proponents of free software and the supporters of open - source software agree with one another on most issues. however, the official definition of free software differs somewhat from the official definition of open - source software, and the philosophies underlying those definitions differ as well. for a short description of the difference, read live and let license. for a longer discussion from the " free software " side, read why open source misses the point of free software. for the " open - source " perspective, read why free software is


a user cal or a device cal ) in one of two licensing modes : per seat or per server. you make this decision when you ' re installing your windows server products, not when you acquire the cals. the cals themselves don ' t have any mode designation, so you can use either a user cal or a device cal in either mode. per seat mode is the default mode, and the one used most frequently. the description of user cals and device cals above describes the typical per seat mode. in " per server " mode, windows treats each license as a " simultaneous connection. " in other words, if you have 40 cals, windows will let 40 authenticated users have access. the 41st user will be denied access. however, in per server mode, each cal is tied to a particular instance of windows server, and you have to acquire a new set of licenses for each new server you build that runs windows. therefore, per server mode works for some small organisations with one or two servers and limited access requirements. you don ' t " install " client licenses the way you install software. there are ways to automate the tracking of software licenses indirectly, but the server software can ' t refuse access to a user or device on licensing grounds. the licenses don ' t leave any " digital footprint " that the server software can read. an exception to this occurs when you license windows server in per server mode. in this case, if you have 50 licenses, the 51st authenticated user will be denied access ( though anonymous users can still access services ). some key points to remember about client licensing : the licensing scenarios described in this section arise less frequently, and are too complex to cover completely in this article, so they ' re described briefly below along with more comprehensive resources. you don ' t need client licenses for anonymous, unauthenticated external users. in other words, if someone accesses your web site, and that site runs on internet information server ( iis ), microsoft ' s web serving software, you don ' t need a client license for any of those anonymous users. if you have any authenticated external users who access services on your windows - based servers, you can obtain cals to cover their licensing requirements. however, the external connector license ( ecl ) is a second option in this scenario. the ecl covers all use by authenticated external users, but it ' s a lot more expensive than a cal, so only get one if you ' ll have a lot of external users.


- our story - in memory vaccination and immunotherapy for alzheimer ’ s disease vaccination against amyloid is a promising approach for the development of alzheimer ’ s disease ( ad ) therapeutics. approximately half of the investigational new therapeutics in human clinical trials for ad are active or passive immunotherapeutics. active vaccination involves the injection of an antigen and relies on the production of antibodies in the vaccinated patient. four human clinical trials of active vaccination currently are under way. passive immunization is also a promising strategy that involves the production of antibodies outside of the patient and injection of these antibodies. there are currently 12 clinical trials of passive immunization. you can check for alzheimer therapeutics in human clinical trials by visiting www. clinicaltrials. gov and searching for key words “ alzheimer ’ s and immunotherapy. ” thinking out of the box the development of vaccinations as a strategy for treating or preventing alzheimer ’ s is an example of thinking out of the box. vaccinations commonly are associated with infectious diseases, like influenza, small pox and polio, which appear to have little in common with neurodegenerative diseases, like alzheimer ’ s. moreover, the brain is an immunoprivileged site with little access to antibodies, so it seems unlikely antibodies would be protective in the brain. researchers were pleasantly surprised when dale schenk and co - workers at elan inc. reported that vaccination of transgenic mouse models of ad against the amyloid aß peptide prevented amyloid deposition in young animals and removed pre - existing amyloid deposits in older animals. subsequent work showed that immunization against aß prevented or reversed many other pathological features and prevented cognitive dysfunction in transgenic mice and non - human primates. this vaccine ( elan an1792 ) was tested in human clinical trials, where it showed similar beneficial effects of removing amyloid deposits and slowing cognitive decline in patients with significant levels of anti - aß antibodies, but the clinical trial was halted because 6 percent of the patients developed meningoencephalitis, an inflammatory side effect. second - generation vaccines and passive immunization to circumvent the unwanted inflammatory side effects, second - generation active vaccines have been developed and passive immunization strategies have been explored. the second - generation vaccines use small pieces of the amyloid aß sequence to avoid activating the t - cells responsible for mening


dr. glabe ’ s strategy relies on the fact that when the aß peptide aggregates into ß - sheet oligomers, it creates new antibody recognition sites, known as epitopes, that are not found on native proteins. the surprising finding is that these oligomer - specific antibodies recognize amyloid oligomers from other diseases that involve amyloids formed from sequences unrelated to aß. this means the same antibodies also may be effective for other amyloid - related neurodegenerative diseases, like parkinson ’ s disease. the explanation for why the antibodies are specific for amyloid oligomers that involve several individual peptide strands arranged in a sheet and yet recognize these sheets when they are formed from other amino acid sequences is simple and elegant ( figure 1 ). it is now known that most pathological amyloids aggregate into simple and very regular structures where the peptide strands are arranged in parallel and where the amino acid sequence is in exact register. this is like a sheet of paper upon which the same sentence is written on each line. the individual amino acids line up and down the sheet in homogeneous tracts, known as “ steric zippers. ” the steric zippers do not occur in normal protein structures and the oligomer - specific antibodies are thought to recognize these steric zipper patterns on the surface of the sheets. since all proteins are made up using the same 20 amino acids, any sequence in this parallel, in - register structure gives rise to the same steric zippers regardless of the linear sequence, which can explain why the antibodies recognize the oligomers formed by different proteins. dr. moir ’ s group is working on caps, where aß is cross - linked by oxidation of a tyrosine residue at position 10 of the peptides ’ sequence. aß is oxidized after it is produced from the amyloid precursor protein as a consequence of the abnormally high level of oxidative activity in a brain with ad and the peptides ’ propensity to bind redox active metals. excessive caps generation is associated with the disease state and is not a normal feature of aß biology. the cross - linking at tyrosine 10 that gives rise to caps may serve to align the peptides in a parallel, in - register fashion and promote the generation of still - larger oligomeric aggregates that display steric zippers on their surface. dr. moir and dr. rudy tanzi ’ s labs found that natural antibodies to caps are reduced in the blood of patients with


and promote the generation of still - larger oligomeric aggregates that display steric zippers on their surface. dr. moir and dr. rudy tanzi ’ s labs found that natural antibodies to caps are reduced in the blood of patients with ad. more recently, evidence published by tony weiss - coray ’ s group at stanford university supports the idea that antibodies that recognize steric zippers and caps may be important for protecting against alzheimer ’ s disease. the levels of these antibodies that target the zippers and caps were among the highest in young, normal humans ; levels dropped with aging and with ad. furthermore, the results of a recent study supported by baxter biosciences of patients that received human antibodies purified from normal individuals ( ivig ) reported that antibody treatment reduced the risk of being diagnosed with ad by 42 percent over the five - year study period. this is one of the most remarkable reports of prevention of ad by any therapy. although the normal human antibodies that target amyloid primarily recognize the steric zippers and caps, these antibodies are present at relatively low levels. it is reasonable to imagine that an even greater protective effect might be achieved by boosting the levels of these protective antibodies by either active vaccination or passive immunization. figure 1 shows how the same steric zipper patterns are formed on parallel, in - register oligomers from completely different sequences. a segment of the aß sequences is shown in the upper left corner and a random sequence is shown in the upper right. each amino acid is designated by a capital letter. typical antibodies recognize the linear sequence ( from left to right ) indicated in the horizontal boxes, which is unique to each sequence. when the peptides aggregate to form pathological oligomers, they line up in a parallel, in - register fashion, shown below. this gives rise to steric zippers that run up and down the sheet perpendicular to the sequence, shown in vertical boxes. aggregation - dependent, disease - specific antibodies recognize the steric zippers from many different amyloid sequences. zippers from f and v amino acids are shown in boxes, but there are potentially 20 different zippers ; one for each of the 20 amino acids. the fact that a completely random sequence can form the same type of steric zipper as is found in aß amyloid in alzheimer ’ s disease means we can use a non - human, random peptide sequence as a vaccine to produce a protective immune response that has a very low potential for autoimmune side effects. vaccines based


in insects, mainly during metamorphosis. a series of long - chain alkanols ( more than 23 carbon atoms ) were identified in settling particles and surface sediments from japanese lakes and were shown to be produced by planktonic bacteria being thus useful molecular markers ( fukushima k et al., org geochem 2005, 36, 311 ). cutin and suberin contain as monomer saturated alcohols from c16 to c22 up to 8 % of the total polymers. c18 : 1 alcohol ( oleyl alcohol ) is also present. long - chain di - alcohols ( 1, 3 - alkanediols ) have been described in the waxes which impregnate the matrix covering all organs of plants ( vermeer cp et al., phytochemistry 2003, 62, 433 ). these compounds forming about 11 % of the leaf cuticular waxes of ricinus communis were identified as homologous unbranched alcohols ranging from c22 to c28 with hydroxyl group at the carbon atoms 1 and 3. in the leaf cuticular waxes of myricaria germanica ( tamaricaceae ) several alkanediols were identified ( jetter r, phytochemistry 2000, 55, 169 ). hentriacontanediol ( c31 ) with one hydroxyl group in the 12 - position and the second one in positions from 2 to 18 is the most abundant diol ( 9 % of the wax ). others were far less abundant : c30 - c34 alkanediols with one hydroxyl group on a primary and one on a secondary carbon atom, c25 - c43 b - diols and c39 - c43 g - diols. very - long - chain 1, 5 - alkanediols ranging from c28 to c38, with strong predominance of even carbon numbers, were identified in the cuticular wax of taxus baccata ( wen m et al., phytochemistry 2007, 68, 2563 ). the predominant diol had 32 carbon atoms ( 29 % of the total ). long - chain saturated c30 - c32 diols occur in most marine sediments and in a few instances, such as in black sea sediments, they can be the major lipids ( de leeuw jw et al., geochim cosmochim acta 1981, 45, 2281 ). a microalgal


in a few instances, such as in black sea sediments, they can be the major lipids ( de leeuw jw et al., geochim cosmochim acta 1981, 45, 2281 ). a microalgal source for these compounds was discovered when volkman jk et al. ( org geochem 1992, 18, 131 ) identified c30 - c32 diols in marine eustigmatophytes from the genus nannochloropsis. two nonacosanetriols ( 7, 8, 11 - nonacosanetriol and 10, 12, 15 - nonacosanetriol ) have been isolated from the outer fleshy layer ( sarcotesta ) of the ginkgo biloba " fruit " ( zhou g et al., chem phys lipids 2012, 165, 731 ). they exhibited slight activity of antithrombin and moderate activities of platelet aggregation in vitro. the chief lipid fraction in the uropygial gland excretion of the domestic hen is a diester wax. the unsaponifiable fraction consists of a series of three homologous compounds, which have been named the uropygiols and identified as 2, 3 - alkanediols containing 22 - 24 carbon atoms. these fatty alcohols are esterified by saturated normal c22 - c24 fatty acids ( haahti e et al., j lipid res 1967, 8, 131 ). - unsaturated alcohols some fatty alcohols have one double bond ( monounsaturated ). their general formula is : the unique double bond may be found in different positions : at the c6 : i. e. cis - 6 - octadecen - 1 - ol ( petroselenyl alcohol ), c9 i. e cis - 9 - octadecen - 1 - ol ( oleyl alcohol ) and c11 i. e cis - 11 - octadecen - 1 - ol ( vaccenyl alcohol ). some of these alcohols have insect pheromone activity. as an example, 11 - eicosen - 1 - ol is a major component of the alarm pheromone secreted by the sting apparatus of the worker honeybee. in zooplankton, the cis - 11 - docosen - 1 - ol ( 22 : 1 ( n - 11 ) alcohol ) is not only present in high proportion in wax este


by the sting apparatus of the worker honeybee. in zooplankton, the cis - 11 - docosen - 1 - ol ( 22 : 1 ( n - 11 ) alcohol ) is not only present in high proportion in wax esters ( 54 to 83 % ) but may be also predominant in free form ( 75 - 94 % of free alcohols ) in ctenophores ( graeve m et al., mar biol 2008, 153, 643 ). this presence is unexplained because pathways for conversion and catabolism of fatty alcohols in ctenophores are still unknown. some short - chain unsaturated alcohols are components of mushroom flavor, such as 1 - octen - 3 - ol, t2 - octen - 1 - ol, and c2 - octen - 1 - ol ( maga ja, j agric food chem 1981, 29, 1 ). an acetoxy derivative of a 16 - carbon alcohol with one double bond, gyptol ( 10 - acetoxy cis - 7 - hexadecen - 1 - ol ), was described to be a strong attractive substance secreted by a female moth ( porthetria dispar, " gypsy moth " ). a fatty alcohol with two double bonds, bombykol ( tr - 10, cis - 12 - hexadecadien - 1 - ol ), was also shown to be excreted as a very strong attractive substance by the female of silk - worm ( bombyx mori ). this first discovery of a pheromone was made by butenandt a et al. ( z naturforsch 1959, 14, 283 ) who was formerly nobel laureate ( in 1939 ) for his work in sex hormones. another pheromone, 8, 10 - dodecadienol ( codlemone ), is secreted by the codling moth cydia pomonella, has been used for monitoring and mating in apple and pear orchards in the usa and europe. this molecule was also used to monitor the population of the pea moth cydia nigricana. likewise, 7, 9 - dodecadienol, the female pheromone of the european grapewine moth lobesia botrana, was used to control this important pest in vineyards. a fatty triol with one double bond, avocadene ( 16 - heptadecene - 1, 2, 4 - triol ) is found in


chem 2009, 57, 11030 ). experiments with human intestinal cells demonstrate that aliphatic c17 - polyacetylenes ( panaxydol, falcarinol, falcarindiol ) are potential anticancer principles of carrots and related vegetables ( parsley, celery, parsnip, fennel ) and that synergistic interaction between bioactive polyacetylenes may be important for their bioactivity ( purup s et al., j agric food chem 2009, 57, 8290 ). compounds very similar to falcarinol and extracted from panax japonicus are potent a - glucosidase inhibitors ( chan hh et al., phytochemistry 2010, 71, 1360 ). these inhibitors may potentially reduce the progression of diabetes by decreasing digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. the water dropwort ( oenanthe crocata ), which lives near streams in the northern hemisphere, contains a violent toxin, cicutoxin, resulting in convultions and respiratory paralysis ( uwai k et al., j med chem 2000, 43, 4508 ). the biochemistry and bioactivity of polyacetylenes are presented in a review ( christensen lp et al., j pharm biomed anal 2006, 41, 683 ) as well methods for the isolation and quantification of these compounds. many other polyacetylenic alcohols were found in primitive marine organisms, such as sponges and ascidians. these invertebrates have no physical defenses and thus they have developed efficient chemical mechanisms such as polyacetylenic metabolites to resist predators and bacteria. a c36 linear diacetylene alcohol named lembehyne was found in an indonesian marine sponge ( haliclona sp ) ( aoki s et al., tetrahedron 2000, 56, 9945 ) and was later able to induce neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma cell ( aoki s et al., biochem biophys res comm 2001, 289, 558 ). several polyacetylenic alcohols with 22 carbon atoms were isolated and identified in lipid extract from a red sea sponge, callyspongia sp ( youssef dt et al., j nat prod 2003, 66, 679 ). their physical study revealed the presence of 4 triple bonds and one, two or three double bonds


from a red sea sponge, callyspongia sp ( youssef dt et al., j nat prod 2003, 66, 679 ). their physical study revealed the presence of 4 triple bonds and one, two or three double bonds. the structure of one of these callyspongenols is given below. several di - and tri - acetylenic di - alcohols with a chain of 26 up to 31 carbon atoms, named strongylodiols, have been isolated from a petrosia okinawan marine sponge ( watanabe k et al., j nat prod 2005, 68, 1001 ). some of them have cytotoxic several polyacetylenic alcohols with 21 carbon atoms were isolated from a marine ascidian ( polyclinidae ) and were determined to have two triple bonds combined with a conjugated dienyne group ( gavagnin m et al., lipids 2004, 39, 681 ). some of them have an additional hydroxyl group or only three double bonds. the structure of one of these molecules is given below. several brominated polyacetylenic diols with cytotoxic properties were isolated from a philippines sponge diplastrella sp ( lerch ml et al., j nat prod 2003, 66, 667 ). one of these molecules is shown below. a comprehensive survey of acetylenic alcohols in plant and invertebrates with information on their anticancer activity has been released by dembitsky vm ( lipids 2006, 41, 883 ). - sulfated alcohols long - chain di - hydroxy alcohols in which both the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups are converted to sulfate esters and one to five chlorine atoms are introduced at various places have been discovered in the alga ochromonas danica ( chrysophyceae, chrysophyta ) where they constitute 15 % of the total lipids ( haines th, biochem j 1969, 113, 565 ). an example of these chlorosulfolipids is given below. there may be several types of chlorine addition : one at r4, two at r3 and r5 or r1 and r2, five at r1 to r5 and six at r1 to r6. similar molecules with a 24 carbon chain was also described in ochromonas malhamensis ( review in dembitsky vm et al.


their chain length covers the broad spectrum of compounds ranging from 6 up to 130 carbon atoms ( rezanka t et al., j chromatogr a 2001, 936, 95 ). - 4. dolichol types, the a terminal is saturated. most eukaryotic cells contain one type of polyisoprenoid alcohols with one a - saturated isoprenoid unit ( 2, 3 - dihydro polycis - prenols ) which have been called dolichol by pennock jf et al. ( nature 1960, 186, 470 ), a derivative of prenols. most of these carry two trans units at the w - end of the chain. dolichols ( fro the greek dolikos : long ) have the general structure : dolichols isolated from yeast or animal cells consist mainly of seven to eight compounds, those with 16, 18, or 19 isoprenoid units being the most abundant ( ragg ss, biochem biophys res comm 1998, 243, 1 ). dolichol amount was shown to be increased in the brain gray matter of elderly ( pullarkat rk et al., j biol chem 1982, 257, 5991 ). dolichols with 19, 22 and 23 isoprenoid units were described as early as 1972 in marine invertebrates ( walton mj et al., biochem j 1972, 127, 471 ). furthermore, the pattern of their distribution may be considered as a chemotaxonomic criterion. it has been reported that a high proportion of dolichols is esterified to fatty acids. as an example, 85 - 90 % of dolichols are esterified in mouse testis ( potter j et al., biochem biophys res comm 1983, 110, 512 ). in addition, dolichyl dolichoate has been found in bovine thyroid ( steen l. et al., biochim biophys acta, 1984, 796, 294 ). they are well known for their important role as glycosyl carrier in a phosphorylated form in the synthesis of polysaccharides and glycoproteins in yeast cells, and animals. dolichyl phosphate is an obligatory intermediate in the biosynthesis of n - glycosidically linked oligosaccharide chains. conversely, they have been identified as the predominant isoprenoid


bryophyta ) after mechanical wounding ( croisier e et al., phytochemistry 2010, 71, 574 ). it was shown that they were produced by oxidative fragmentation of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( c18, c20 ). trans - 2 - nonenal is an unsaturated aldehyde with an unpleasant odor generated during the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. it participates to body odor and is found mainly covalently bound to protein in vivo ( ishino k et al., j biol chem 2010, 285, 15302 ). fatty aldehydes may be determined easily by tlc or gas liquid chromatography ( follow that link ). the most common method for the determination of aldehydes involves derivatization with an acidic solution of 2, 4 - dinitrophenylhydrazine to form corresponding hydrazones followed by hplc separation and uv – vis detection. an optimized derivatization procedure for the determination of aliphatic c1 - c10 aldehydes has been described ( stafiej a et al., j biochem biophys meth 2006, 69, 15 ). other short - chain aldehydes ( octadienal, octatrienal, heptadienal ) are produced via a lipoxygenase - mediated pathway from polyunsaturated fatty acids esterifying glycolipids in marine diatoms ( d ' ippolito g et al., biochim biophys acta 2004, 1686, 100 ). heighteen species of diatoms have been shown to release unsaturated aldehydes ( c7 : 2, c8 : 2, c8 : 3, c10 : 2, and c10 : 3 ) upon cell disruption ( wichard t et al., j chem ecol 2005, 31, 949 ). several short - chain aldehydes were shown to induce deleterious effects on zooplankton crustaceans and thus limiting the water secondary production ( birth - control aldehydes ) ( d ' ippolito g et al., tetrahedron lett 2002, 43, 6133 ). in laboratory experiments, three decatrienal isomers produced by various diatoms were shown to arrest embryonic development in copepod and sea ur


. long after the demonstration of the presence of iodinated lipids in thyroid ( besides iodinated aminoacids ), it was shown that the major iodinated lipid formed in thyroid when incubated in vitro with iodide was 2 - iodohexadecanal ( pereira a et al, j biol chem 1990, 265, 17018 ). in rat and dog thyroid, 2 - iodooctadecanal was determined to be more abundant that the 16 - carbon aldehyde. these compounds, which are thought to play a role in the regulation of thyroid function, were recently shown to be formed by the attack of reactive iodine on the vinyl ether group of pe plasmalogen. this attack generates an unstable iodinated derivative which breaks into lysophosphatidylethanolamine and 2 - iodo aldehydes ( panneels v et al, j biol chem 1996, 271, 23006 ). in some bacteria, aldehyde analogs of cyclopropane fatty acids were described. several fatty aldehydes are known to have pheromone functions. studies in african and asian countries have shown that the use of 10, 12 - hexadecadienal could be effective for control of the spiny bollworm earias insulana, a cotton pest. the sex pheromone of the navel orange worm, amyelois transitella, 11, 13 - hexadecadienal, is usually used in the control of this citric pest. a branched saturated aldehyde ( 3, 5, 9 - trimethyldodecenal, stylopsal ) has been identified as a female - produced sex pheromone in stylops ( strepsiptera ), an entomophagous endoparasitic insect ( cvacka j et al., j chem ecol 2012, 38, 1483 ). several isoprenoid aldehydes are important in insect biology as pheromones and in botany as volatile odorous substances. some examples are given below : these three terpenic aldehydes are produced in large amounts by the mandibular glands of ants and may function as defensive repellents ( regnier fe et al., j insect physiol 1968, 14, 955 ). in contrast, the same molecules have a role of recruiting pheromones in honey