fixing math education 2 aka " drill - n - kill " vs " inquiry based " aka " traditional " vs " progressive " notice how some terms just naturally sound better than others? does that have anything to do with the substance of the ideas? so there ' s really no general agreement on what constructivism is. some people argue it ' s not curriculum or pedagogy, it ' s brain science. i simply use it to refer to those approaches of teaching mathematics that require students to develop their own mathematics from scratch. it might include " problem solving, " " discovery learning, " and " inquiry - based learning ( ibl ). " my apologies to those who will claim that i do violence to their pet definitions here. but there do seem to be two general camps. on the one hand we have those who think students should learn efficient, time - tested methods of solving problems, and learn them to mastery ( automation ). these i call " traditionalists. " on the other hand, we have those who emphasize that students should learn to think creatively, develop strategies to solve novel problems, and develop deep insights into mathematics. these i call " constructivists. " the answer is actually simple. we need both. however, when sacrifices must be made, there is one approach that is essential, and one that is merely desirable. unfortunately, reasonable people will disagree about which is which. this, however, is my blog, so my opinion is right. the much - maligned traditional method is essential. we must first realize that there is a great deal of disinformation floating around about the traditional method. its opponents claim the traditional method teaches rote memorization without understanding or thinking. except perhaps in some isolated enclaves where stereotypically poor teaching took place, this has never been the case. all the widely used math textbooks of the 19th century, for example, emphasized " mental arithmetic, " that is, the ability to think through multiple - step problems " in your head " and give the solution, not only without a calculator but even without a pencil. the kinds of thinking and understanding that were required differed from what is expected today, because the skill set expected of an educated person has changed. so in those days, being able to carry sums in your head was far more important than, say, sketching the graph of an exponential function. in honest debate, we must realize that " back - to - the - basics " or " traditional education " does not imply restricting ourselves to the content or


your head was far more important than, say, sketching the graph of an exponential function. in honest debate, we must realize that " back - to - the - basics " or " traditional education " does not imply restricting ourselves to the content or objectives of a bygone era. the primary features of the traditional method include : 1 ) understanding a mathematical concept, e. g. " what does it mean to add two numbers? " 2 ) memorization of basic facts / definitions / results, e. g. " the times tables. " 3 ) application of memorized knowledge to novel problems and more advanced concepts. 4 ) review and maintenance of memorized knowledge. the traditional method results in efficient learning and provides the foundation necessary for creative thinking, even if it fails to sufficiently address that objective, according to its critics. and yes, even educators from singapore, whose students smoke the americans in international tests, are looking with envy at the creativity of some of our students. this demonstrates that a commitment to the essential objectives may not produce all the results that are desirable. it is well documented in cognitive science that the brain has a limited capacity to manipulate objects in " working memory. " it is often said that we cannot process more than seven memory objects at once, which supposedly explains why phone numbers have seven digits ( only now they have 10, but that ' s ok, because the phone remembers all the numbers for us ). the working memory is where problem solving and creative activities take place. the working memory can access permanent memory for information it needs. however, any new information that must be taken in to solve a problem must occupy space in the working memory, thus taking away from the space available for creative activity. that is why we quickly become frustrated when trying to follow assembly instructions that include many terms with which we are not familiar. even if the actual steps in the process are simple, if they involve several terms that are not defined in our permanent memory, those terms require space in our working memory which is then not available for solving the problem. this explains why the pedagogic fad of " learning to learn " is a failure. we do indeed need skills for learning - - but such skills are utterly dependent on a reliable bank of information which can be accessed instantly and does not require the use of working memory. the first step in problem solving or creativity must be putting as much relevant information as we can into permanent memory.


do you ever feel like no matter what you do to get healthier or fit that you don ’ t seem to succeed? have you tried every diet out there, only to find the restrictions too difficult to manage? have you attempted in earnest to maintain a fitness program only to find that, despite your best efforts, doing a consistent routine is too difficult to manage? with all these starts and stops over years and decades, you may think : what ’ s the point of trying? or maybe you ’ ve given up and resolved to just accept poor health as part of your life. well, the inability to “ stick with it ” has many facets, some of which you may not be able to control. in fact, research shows that the self - control needed to succeed in many of these cases may be a limited resource. in 2006, michael inzlicht and colleagues at the university of toronto scarborough studied what happens in the brain when humans try to abstain from something they want. that is, when we try to use willpower to refrain from acting on our urges to do something specific. failure to control one ’ s behavior is found in all aspects of life. it includes acting out, saying mean things, stealing and drug abuse. it also encompasses not doing things that are good for you like walking, eating healthy and getting plenty of rest. inzlicht set up a study, published in the journal psychological science, which tested participants ’ self - control over time. participants were first asked to do something to deplete their “ store ” of willpower or behavioral control and then see how much they had left for another, unrelated task. first, participants watched an emotionally upsetting movie and were asked to suppress their emotions and try not to cry during especially difficult scenes. following this, participants completed what is called a stroop task. stroop is a psychological test that measures the reaction time needed to name colors that are printed in a color not associated with the color word. in other words, saying “ green ” when the word “ green ” was printed in the color red. this task may seem simple. while this seems simple, if you try it you will see how much self - control it takes not to blurt out the printed color and to have to suppress that urge and replace it with a correct response. during both the watching of the film and the stroop task, participants ’ brain activity was measured by an eeg ( electroencephalography ) device. this records the electrical activity on the scalp


urge and replace it with a correct response. during both the watching of the film and the stroop task, participants ’ brain activity was measured by an eeg ( electroencephalography ) device. this records the electrical activity on the scalp to measure voltage changes within the brain ’ s neurons. what the researchers discovered was intriguing. when participants had to restrain themselves and exert quite a bit of self - control ( when not expressing emotions or when trying to say the names of colors ), there was an increase of brain activity in the part of the brain ’ s frontal lobe known as the anterior cingulate cortex. this is the region of the brain involved in autonomic functions, like regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision - making and emotion. the interesting finding in this study is that there was less frontal lobe activity with the stroop task after watching the gut - wrenching film. in other words, when a fair amount of self - control was previously used on one task, the next time it was needed there was less available for use. these findings suggest that people may not have as much willpower or control over their behavior as time progresses and demands are placed on them to exert such control. it is pretty discouraging to think that the human brain is capable only of providing a strong degree of self - control during a given time period. that might seem to leave most of us with little hope for change. think about it : if we use self - control to not eat a sticky bun with breakfast and force ourselves to take that morning jog, then we will have less available control over our behavior when it comes to making lunch and dinner choices, or passing on the second round of drinks, or going to the gym or to yoga class. is it any wonder why so many fail at diets and exercise routines time and time again? well, this needn ’ t be the case and more information has recently been published on this issue. a study again headed by inzlicht, this time with colleague brandon schmeichel of texas a & m university, appeared in the september issue of the journal perspectives on psychological science. in this further research, inzlicht now finds that the “ limited resource ” model of self - control is too narrow and does not explain the exceptions, the times when self - control is in place and one is able to maintain the level necessary to effect positive change by making repeated good choices. it is not


“ limited resource ” model of self - control is too narrow and does not explain the exceptions, the times when self - control is in place and one is able to maintain the level necessary to effect positive change by making repeated good choices. it is not a “ use it or lose it ” situation as previously thought, but more closely tied to motivation, this study shows. while previous research apparently pointed to a decrease in the amount of willpower available with each passing task requiring some form of self - control, this conclusion may be flawed because of the generic activity used in the studies. in other words, researchers had set up lab situations wherein subjects had no strong motivation influencing their behavior. the more recent study indicates that mood, personal beliefs, positive reinforcement and motivation play a big role in exerting willpower. inzlicht and schmeichel propose that “ engaging in self - control by definition, is hard work ; it involved deliberation, attention, and vigilance. ” it ’ s not the case that resisting an extra piece of bacon at breakfast uses up our daily store of willpower, making self - control more difficult later in the day when needed. rather, it seems that the motivation to exert our willpower later in the day seems less motivating. at that later time, we tend to want to reward ourselves for hard work done. in the end, as with everything else affecting health and well - being, you can divide your circumstances into things you can do to help reach your goals and things beyond your control. in the case of self - control, you need long - term behavior modification for success. my experience has shown that trying to restrict too many things is what leads to failure. for example, trying to set new exercise goals, diet routines and sleep patterns all at the same time creates an overwhelming struggle. instead, making one change for a few weeks before adding another seems to allow the brain and behaviors to reshape and recondition to the new activity. repetition over time turns a self - controlled behavior into a habit that then keeps taking place on autopilot. once the first piece of the healthy behavior is under new control, add the second piece, and so on. in this way, you don ’ t run out of your willpower stores, you don ’ t deplete your motivation and you learn new healthier behaviors along the way. without behavior modification, all programs for change will fail. think about times you have tried to make positive changes in your life and have fallen


you wouldn ’ t guess that a bit of green slime could do so much. but from from food to fuel, petroalgae, inc. seems to have thought of everything. this florida - based renewable energy company has developed a technology in which algae and other microorganisms produce fuel to feed cars, animals, and even humans... and say they can do it cheaper than anyone else. with the addition of a few basic nutrients, algae gather most of their energy from the sun. the result is a protein and carbohydrate - rich slime that can be converted to a variety of products. first, the protein is extracted and processed into animal feed or blended into human food products. petroalgae actually lists one of its products as “ meal replacer ”, conjuring images of our new utopian future in which chewing is obsolete. after the protein extraction, what remains is a “ lipid - carbohydrate mash ”. petroalgae claims that this material can be sent directly to a petroleum refinery and processed into diesel, gas, or jet fuel without the need to retro - fit any of the refinery ’ s conventional equipment. algae cultivation requires very little square - footage relative to conventional crops, can be grown on non - arable land, and consumes up to twice its weight in carbon dioxide as it grows. in addition to algae, petroalgae draws from a large pool of microorganisms including diatoms, cyanobacteria, and micro - angiosperms ( tiny flowering plants ). while exact species remain unnamed, the company conscientiously notes that they use only species indigenous to the region in which a production facility will be installed. they have already begun licensing their technology to commercial facilities in asia, and are poised to complete contracts with the u. s. and several european countries this year. each licensee is promised the potential to produce 1. 5 million barrels of transportation fuel per year, or the equivalent of 1. 4 billion miles for a single truck. if petroalgae ’ s assertions hold true, the cost of fuel production is essentially paid for by the revenue from food and feed products, meaning that their microbe - derived fuels will remain competitive with fossil fuels, at any price. petroalgae is in the business of licensing its technology rather than building the algae plants itself. it already has deals with algae farms in india and china and is currently working on deals


. net type design guidelines | visual c # tutorials | |. net framework tutorials |. net type design guidelines | © 2006 microsoft corp. | | this tutorial —. net type design guidelines — is from framework design guidelines : conventions, idioms, and patterns for reusable. net libraries, by krzysztof cwalina, brad abrams. copyright © 2006 microsoft corp.. all rights reserved. this article is reproduced by permission. this tutorial has been edited especially for c # online. net. read the book review! | ( this article was written and annotated by members of the microsoft common language runtime ( clr ) and. net teams and other experts. ) type design guidelines in. net from the clr perspective, there are only two categories of types — reference types and value types — but for the purpose of framework design discussion we divide types into more logical groups, each with its own specific design rules. figure 4 - 1 shows these logical groups. classes are the general case of reference types. they make up the bulk of types in the majority of frameworks. classes owe their popularity to the rich set of object - oriented features they support and to their general applicability. base classes and abstract classes are special logical groups related to extensibility. extensibility and base classes are covered in chapter 6. interfaces are types that can be implemented both by reference types and value types. this allows them to serve as roots of polymorphic hierarchies of reference types and value types. in addition, interfaces can be used to simulate multiple inheritance, which is not natively supported by the clr. structs are the general case of value types and should be reserved for small, simple types, similar to language primitives. enums are a special case of value types used to define short sets of values, such as days of the week, console colors, and so on. static classes are types intended as containers for static members. they are commonly used to provide shortcuts to other operations. delegates, exceptions, attributes, arrays, and collections are all special cases of reference types intended for specific uses, and guidelines for their design and usage are discussed elsewhere in this book. - do ensure that each type is a well - defined set of related members, not just a random collection of unrelated functionality. - it is important that a type can be described in one simple sentence. a good definition should also rule out functionality that is only tangentially related. | if you


- defined set of related members, not just a random collection of unrelated functionality. - it is important that a type can be described in one simple sentence. a good definition should also rule out functionality that is only tangentially related. | if you have ever managed a team of people you know that they don ' t do well without a crisp set of responsibilities. well, types work the same way. i have noticed that types without a firm and focused scope tend to be magnets for more random functionality, which, over time, make a small problem a lot worse. it becomes more difficult to justify why the next member with even more random functionality does not belong in the type. as the focus of the members in a type blurs, the developer ' s ability to predict where to find a given functionality is impaired, and therefore so is productivity. | | good types are like good diagrams : what has been omitted is as important to clarity and usability as what has been included. every additional member you add to a type starts at a net negative value and only by proven usefulness does it go from there to positive. if you add too much in an attempt to make the type more useful to some, you are just as likely to make the type useless to everyone. | | when i was learning oop back in the early 1980s, i was taught a mantra that i still honor today : if things get too complicated, make more types. sometimes, i find that i am thinking really hard trying to define a good set of methods for a type. when i start to feel that i ' m spending too much time on this or when things just don ' t seem to fit together well, i remember my mantra and i define more, smaller types where each type has well - defined functionality. this has worked extremely well for me over the years. on the flip side, sometimes types do end up being dumping grounds for various loosely related functions. the. net framework offers several types like this, such as |


in statistics, a confidence region is a multi - dimensional generalization of a confidence interval. it is a set of points in an n - dimensional space, often represented as an ellipsoid around a point which is an estimated solution to a problem, although other shapes can occur. the confidence region is calculated in such a way that if a set of measurements were repeated many times and a confidence region calculated in the same way on each set of measurements, then a certain percentage of the time, on average, ( e. g. 95 % ) the confidence region would include the point representing the " true " values of the set of variables being estimated. however, unless certain assumptions about prior probabilities are made, it does not mean, when one confidence region has been calculated, that there is a 95 % probability that the " true " values lie inside the region, since we do not assume any particular probability distribution of the " true " values and we may or may not have other information about where they are likely to lie. the case of independent, identically normally - distributed errors suppose we have found a solution to the following overdetermined problem : where y is an n - dimensional column vector containing observed values, x is an n - by - p matrix which can represent a physical model and which is assumed to be known exactly, is a column vector containing the p parameters which are to be estimated, and is an n - dimensional column vector of errors which are assumed to be independently distributed with normal distributions with zero mean and each having the same unknown variance. a joint 100 ( 1 - ) % confidence region for the elements of is represented by the set of values of the vector b which satisfy the following inequality : where the variable b represents any point in the confidence region, p is the number of parameters, i. e. number of elements of the vector and s2 is an unbiased estimate of equal to the above inequality defines an ellipsoidal region in the p - dimensional cartesian parameter space rp. the centre of the ellipsoid is at the solution. according to press et al., it ' s easier to plot the ellipsoid after doing singular value decomposition. the lengths of the axes of the ellipsoid are proportional to the reciprocals of the values on the diagonals of the diagonal matrix, and the directions of these axes are given by the rows of the 3rd matrix of the decomposition. weighted and generalised least squares now let us consider the more general case where some distinct elements


| | this article has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. preventive medicine or preventive care consists of measures taken to prevent diseases, ( or injuries ) rather than curing them or treating their symptoms. this contrasts in method with curative and palliative medicine, and in scope with public health methods ( which work at the level of population health rather than individual health ). occupational medicine operates very often within the preventive medicine. preventive medicine strategies are typically described as taking place at the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary prevention levels. in addition, the term primal prevention has been used to describe all measures taken to ensure fetal well - being and prevent any long - term health consequences from gestational history and / or disease. the rationale for such efforts is the evidence demonstrating the link between fetal well - being, or " primal health, " and adult health. primal prevention strategies typically focus on providing future parents with : education regarding the consequences of epigenetic influences on their child, sufficient leave time for both parents or, for lack of it, at least some kin caregiving. simple examples of preventive medicine include hand washing, breastfeeding, and immunizations. preventive care may include examinations and screening tests tailored to an individual ' s age, health, and family history. for example, a person with a family history of certain cancers or other diseases would begin screening at an earlier age and / or more frequently than those with no such family history. on the other side of preventive medicine, some nonprofit organizations, such as the northern california cancer center, apply epidemiologic research towards finding ways to prevent diseases. | prevention levels | | doctor ’ s side | | primary prevention | | methods to avoid occurrence of disease. most population - based health promotion efforts are of this type. | | secondary prevention | | methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant morbidity. | | tertiary prevention | | methods to reduce negative impact of existent disease by restoring function and reducing disease - related complications. | | quaternary prevention | | methods to mitigate or avoid results of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system. | universal, selective, and indicated gordon ( 1987 ) in the area of disease prevention, and later kumpfer and baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three - tiered preventive intervention classification system : universal, selective, and indicated prevention. amongst others, this typology has


) in the area of disease prevention, and later kumpfer and baxley in the area of substance use proposed a three - tiered preventive intervention classification system : universal, selective, and indicated prevention. amongst others, this typology has gained favour and is used by the u. s. institute of medicine, the nida and the european monitoring centre for drugs and drug addiction. | universal prevention | | involves whole population ( nation, local community, school, district ) and aims to prevent or delay the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. all individuals, without screening, are provided with information and skills needed to prevent the problem. | | selective prevention | | involves groups whose risk of developing problems of alcohol abuse or dependence is above average. subgroups may be distinguished by traits such as age, gender, family history, or economic status. for example, drug campaigns in recreational settings. | | indicated prevention | | involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem consumption or conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc. | outside the scope of this three - tier model is environmental prevention. environmental prevention approaches are typically managed at the regulatory or community level and focus on ways to deter drug consumption. prohibition and bans ( e. g. on smoking, alcohol advertising ) may be viewed as the ultimate environmental restriction. however, in practice, environmental preventions programs embrace various initiatives at the macro and micro level, from government monopolies for alcohol sales through roadside sobriety or drug tests, worker / pupil / student drug testing, increased policing in sensitive settings ( near schools, at rock festivals ), and legislative guidelines aimed at precipitating punishments ( warnings, penalties, fines ). professionals involved in the public health aspect of this practice may be involved in entomology, pest control, and public health inspections. public health inspections can include recreational waters, swimming pools, beaches, food preparation and serving, and industrial hygiene inspections and surveys. in the united states, preventive medicine is a medical specialty, and has one of the 24 certifying boards recognized by the american board of medical specialties ( abms ) dedicated to it as well as one of the 18 certifying boards recognized by the american osteopathic association bureau of osteopathic specialists ( aoabos ). it encompasses three areas of specialization : - general preventive medicine and


) dedicated to it as well as one of the 18 certifying boards recognized by the american osteopathic association bureau of osteopathic specialists ( aoabos ). it encompasses three areas of specialization : - general preventive medicine and public health - aerospace medicine - occupational medicine to become board - certified in one of the preventive medicine areas of specialization, a licensed u. s. physician ( m. d. or d. o. ) must successfully complete a preventive medicine medical residency program following a one - year internship. following that, the physician must pass the preventive medicine board examination. the residency program is at least two years in length and includes completion of a master ' s degree in public health ( mph ) or equivalent. the board exam takes a full day : the morning session concentrates on general preventive medicine questions, while the afternoon session concentrates on the one of the three areas of specialization that the applicant has studied. in addition, there are two subspecialty areas of certification : these certifications require sitting for an examination following successful completion of an mt or uhb fellowship and prior board certification in one of the 24 abms - recognized specialties or 18 aoabos - recognized specialties. prophylaxis ( greek : προφυλασσω to guard or prevent beforehand ) is any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure, a disease or other medical issue. in general terms, prophylactic measures are divided between primary prophylaxis ( to prevent the development of a disease ) and secondary prophylaxis ( whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process ). some specific examples of prophylaxis include : - many vaccines are prophylactic, vaccines such as polio vaccine, smallpox vaccine, measles vaccine, mumps vaccine and others have greatly reduced many childhood diseases ; hpv vaccines prevent certain cancers ; influenza vaccine. - birth control methods are used to prevent unwanted pregnancy. condoms, for instance, are sometimes euphemistically referred to as " prophylactics " because of their use to prevent pregnancy, as well as the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. - daily and moderate physical exercise in various forms can be called prophylactic because it can maintain or improve one ' s health. cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular - and skeletal diseases, and overall mortality. - eating plenty


may be released into the environment in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant, or the detonation of a nuclear explosive ( see thyroid protection due to nuclear accidents and emergencies ). - prophylaxis may be administered as oral medication. oral prophylaxis includes : pep, npep, or prep. pep stands for post - exposure prophylaxis used in an occupational setting e. g., to prevent the spread of hiv or hepatitis c from patient to staff following an accidental needlestick. npep is non - occupational post - exposure prophylaxis. npep may be used in a sexual or injection exposure to hiv, hepatitis, or other infectious agents ; for example, during intercourse, if the condom breaks and one partner is hiv - positive, npep will help to decrease the probability that the hiv - negative partner becomes infected with hiv. ( an npep is sometimes known as a pepse - i. e. post - exposure prophylaxis sexual encounter. ) prep is a measure taken daily ( before, during, and after ) possible exposure ; for example, by a person who inconsistently uses condoms during sex with a partner who may have an hiv infection. since preventive medicine deals with healthy individuals or populations the costs and potential harms from interventions need even more careful examination than in treatment. for an intervention to be applied widely it generally needs to be affordable and highly cost effective. for instance, intrauterine devices ( iud ) are highly effective and highly cost effective contraceptives, however where universal health care is not available the initial cost may be a barrier. iuds work for several years ( 3 to 7 or more ) and cost less over a year or two ' s time than most other reversible contraceptive methods. they are also highly cost effective, saving health insurers and the public significant costs in unwanted pregnancies. making contraceptives available with no up front cost is one way to increase usage, improving health and saving money. preventive solutions may be less profitable and therefore less attractive to makers and marketers of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. birth control pills which are taken every day and may take in a thousand dollars over ten years may generate more profits than an iud, which despite a huge initial markup only generates a few hundred dollars over the same period. leading cause of preventable death | cause | | deaths caused ( millions per year ) | | sexually transmitted infections | | 3. 0 | | overweight and obesity | | 2.


gofrit on, shemer j, leibovici d, modan b, shapira sc. quaternary prevention : a new look at an old challenge. isr med assoc j. 2000 ; 2 ( 7 ) : 498 - 500. - gordon, r. ( 1987 ), ‘ an operational classification of disease prevention ’, in steinberg, j. a. and silverman, m. m. ( eds. ), preventing mental disorders, rockville, md : u. s. department of health and human services, 1987. - kumpfer, k. l., and baxley, g. b. ( 1997 ), ' drug abuse prevention : what works? ', national institute on drug abuse, rockville. - " what is prophylaxis? ". wisegeek. - jamie michelle womack ( 2010 ) " safety and adherence : issues that hinder childhood vaccinations " journal of the american academy of physician assistants - lars bo andersen et al. ( june 2000 ). " all - cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work ". archives of internal medicine 160 ( 11 ) : 1621 – 8. doi : 10. 1001 / archinte. 160. 11. 1621. pmid 10847255. - united states department of agriculture. " why is it important to eat fruit? ". united states department of agriculture. retrieved 8 february 2012. - " recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the united states. centers for disease control and prevention ". mmwr. recommendations and reports : morbidity and mortality weekly report. recommendations and reports / centers for disease control 50 ( rr - 14 ) : 1 – 42. 2001. pmid 11521913. - creeth, j. e. ; gallagher, a. ; sowinski, j. ; bowman, j. ; barrett, k. ; lowe, s. ; patel, k. ; bosma, m. l. ( 2009 ). " the effect of brushing time and dentifrice on dental plaque removal in vivo ". journal of dental hygiene : jdh / american dental hygienists ' association 83 ( 3 ) : 111 – 116. pmid 19723429. - de oliveira jc, martinelli m, d ' orio nishioka sa, et al. ( 2009 ). " efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to the


real form ( lie theory ) in mathematics, the notion of a real form relates objects defined over the field of real and complex numbers. a real lie algebra g0 is called a real form of a complex lie algebra g if g is the complexification of g0 : real forms for lie groups and algebraic groups using the lie correspondence between lie groups and lie algebras, the notion of a real form can be defined for lie groups. in the case of linear algebraic groups, the notions of complexification and real form have a natural description in the language of algebraic geometry. just as complex semisimple lie algebras are classified by dynkin diagrams, the real forms of a semisimple lie algebra are classified by satake diagrams, which are obtained from the dynkin diagram of the complex form by labeling some vertices black ( filled ), and connecting some other vertices in pairs by arrows, according to certain rules. it is a basic fact in the structure theory of complex semisimple lie algebras that every such algebra has two special real forms : one is the compact real form and corresponds to a compact lie group under the lie correspondence ( its satake diagram has all vertices blackened ), and the other is the split real form and corresponds to a lie group that is as far as possible from being compact ( its satake diagram has no vertices blackened and no arrows ). in the case of the complex special linear group sl ( n, c ), the compact real form is the special unitary group su ( n ) and the split real form is the real special linear group sl ( n, r ). the classification of real forms of semisimple lie algebras was accomplished by elie cartan in the context of riemannian symmetric spaces. in general, there may be more than two real forms. suppose that g0 is a semisimple lie algebra over the field of real numbers. by cartan ' s criterion, the killing form is nondegenerate, and can be diagonalized in a suitable basis with the diagonal entries + 1 or - 1. by sylvester ' s law of inertia, the number of positive entries, or the positive index of intertia, is an invariant of the bilinear form, i. e. it does not depend on the choice of the diagonalizing basis. this is a number between 0 and the dimension of g which is an important invariant of the real lie algebra, called its index. split real form a real form g0 of a complex semisimple lie algebra g


choice of the diagonalizing basis. this is a number between 0 and the dimension of g which is an important invariant of the real lie algebra, called its index. split real form a real form g0 of a complex semisimple lie algebra g is said to be split, or normal, if in each cartan decomposition g0 = k0 ⊕ p0, the space p0 contains a maximal abelian subalgebra of g0, i. e. its cartan subalgebra. elie cartan proved that every complex semisimple lie algebra g has a split real form, which is unique up to isomorphism. it has maximal index among all real forms. the split form corresponds to the satake diagram with no vertices blackened and no arrows. compact real form a real lie algebra g0 is called compact if the killing form is negative definite, i. e. the index of g0 is zero. in this case g0 = k0 is a compact lie algebra. it is known that under the lie correspondence, compact lie algebras correspond to compact lie groups. the compact form corresponds to the satake diagram with all vertices blackened. construction of the compact real form in general, the construction of the compact real form uses structure theory of semisimple lie algebras. for classical lie algebras there is a more explicit construction. let g0 be a real lie algebra of matrices over r that is closed under the transpose map, the complexification g of g0 decomposes into the direct sum of g0 and ig0. the real vector space of matrices is a subspace of the complex lie algebra g that is closed under the commutators and consists of skew - hermitian matrices. it follows that u0 is a real lie subalgebra of g, that its killing form is negative definite ( making it a compact lie algebra ), and that the complexification of u0 is g. therefore, u0 is a compact form of g. see also - helgason 1978, p. 426


30 : 44 edt - cameras catch snow leopards in afghanistanfrom upithu, 14 jul 2011, 5 : 30 : 29 edt - cameras catch snow leopards in afghanistanfrom upiwed, 13 jul 2011, 18 : 00 : 26 edt - snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom science blogwed, 13 jul 2011, 14 : 00 : 23 edt - snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom science dailywed, 13 jul 2011, 13 : 30 : 31 edt - snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom physorgwed, 13 jul 2011, 12 : 32 : 13 edt - healthy snow leopard population discovered in afghanistanfrom newswise - scinewswed, 13 jul 2011, 12 : 32 : 02 edt latest science newsletterget the latest and most popular science news articles of the week in your inbox! it ' s free! check out our next project, biology. net from other science news sites popular science news articles - uc davis engineers create on - wetting fabric drains sweat - not just blowing in the wind : compressing air for renewable energy storage - amazon river exhales virtually all carbon taken up by rain forest - 1 in 10 teens using ' study drugs, ' but parents aren ' t paying attention - slow earthquakes : it ' s all in the rock mechanics no popular news yet no popular news yet - stem cell transplant restores memory, learning in mice - 2 landmark studies report on success of using image - guided brachytherapy to treat cervical cancer - researchers discover mushrooms can provide as much vitamin d as supplements - cutting back on sleep harms blood vessel function and breathing control - study : low - dose aspirin stymies proliferation of 2 breast cancer lines


woodrow wilson, as described in the introductory section of the text, was the leader of the immediate post - war period and was the architect of an internationalist vision for a new world order. yet, as discussed in the paragraphs below, he was not able to persuade the other allied leaders at the peace settlement negotiations in paris to embrace his vision. but it was not just the opposition of clemenceau and lloyd george to some of his ideas that moved the conference away from wilson ' s vision. wilson became so blindingly caught up in his vision, thinking that everything he advocated was what democracy and justice wanted, that he completely alienated the other negotiators in paris, and they stopped listening to him. another historian points to a different problem, that wilson himself stopped listening to his earlier vision, having become convinced that a harsh peace was justified and desirable. even if that historical view is accurate, wilson was probably still more moderate in his conception of a harsh peace than were clemenceau and lloyd george. but as the conference dragged on and the departure from wilsonianism became more and more pronounced, wilson clung to his proposal for the league of nations. in fact, he seemed to place all his faith in his pet project, believing it would solve all the evils the negotiators were unable to solve during the conference. unfortunately, wilson made it clear that the league was his primary objective, and it came to be his only bargaining chip. he then compromised on numerous issues that had no corollary in his vision in order to maintain the support for the creation of the league. thus, though full of good intentions and a vision for a just and peaceful future, wilson ' s arrogance and ineffective negotiating skills largely contibuted to the downfall of his vision. finally, it must be mentioned that wilson ' s inability to negotiate with the senate in its discussion of the ratification of the treaty of versailles caused the senate to reject the treaty, leaving the united states noticeably absent from the newly created league of nations, which greatly undermined the effectiveness and importance of wilson ' s principal goal. nonetheless, wilson was awarded the 1919 nobel peace prize for his efforts to secure a lasting peace and the success in the creation of the league of nations. david lloyd george, the british prime minister, entered the negotiations in paris with the clear support of the british people, as evidenced by his convincing win in the so - called khaki election of december 1918. during the weeks leading up to the election, though, he had publicly committed


cognitive moral development and loevinger ' s concept of ego development ( kohlberg ) this study explored the nature of the relationship between cognitive moral development as defined by lawrence kohlberg and ego development as defined by jane loevinger. the effects of general cognitive development were controlled by the selection of subjects who were capable of formal operational thinking. subjects were 120 jewish volunteers comprised of equal numbers of junior high - school, senior high - school, and college students of both sexes. all subjects received three tests : a screening measure for formal operations, the sentence completion test ( sct ) which measures ego development, and the moral judgment interview ( mji ). results indicated the existence of significant positive correlations between the sct and mji in the overall sample, in the total male and female samples, in the entire college group, and in the female college group. no significant correlations were found in the junior high - school and senior high - school groups, possibly due to restricted ranges of scores. in addition, most subjects at moral development stages 3 / 4 and above had attained at least the conscientious - conformist level. results also indicated the presence of differences between male and female scores. the correlations for females were consistently higher than for males, females scored significantly higher on the sct, males scored significantly higher on the mji, and the relationship between specific moral and ego development stages seemed to be stronger for females than for males. the differences found in this study between the sexes in performance on the mji are consistent with gilligan ' s theory about the distinctions between male and female approaches to moral dilemmas. however, that theory was found to be inadequate in explaining the stronger relationship between mji and sct scores manifested by the females in this study. the sct was criticized for not specifying clearly the ego development features that it measured. it was suggested that the exact nature of the interplay between moral and ego development could be illuminated more fully by research that focused on specific well - defined features of ego development. ^ " cognitive moral development and loevinger ' s concept of ego development ( kohlberg ) " ( january 1, 1984 ). etd collection for fordham university.


dwc is prone to root rot, always due to low do * altitude play an important role in how much do a solution can carry. if you reduce your nute loads, your solution can carry more do. if you live in denver, you may have a problem indoor growing with any temps above 65ºf if you check out roseypanties experiment, you will see he had much better result using a reduced nute load. there were two positive effects on the plants, that were grown using the reduced nute load. the first good thing that happened was, his do increased, due to the reduced salinity, of his nutrient solution. second, osmotic pressure was reduced in the rhyzome, allowing the plant to take in more h2o and thus grow faster. what does this second statement really mean? take your hand, and leave it in salt water for an hour. your skin wrinkles,... why? because the salt has caused the osmotic pressure on the outdside of your skin to be higher than the pressure inside your skin, and as the water in your hand is sucked out through your skin, your hand actually shrinks from the loss of fluid and the skin becomes loose it is harder for your plant to uptake water and nutrients when you use high nute loads, because the salt creates negative osmotic pressure ( hypertonicity ) against the semipermeable membrane of the root cell walls. here is the wiki " scientific answer ". osmotic pressure is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane ( your roots ) due to a differential in the concentrations of solute. osmoregulation is the homeostasis mechanism of an organism to reach balance in osmotic pressure. osmotic potential is the opposite of water potential with the former meaning the degree to which a solvent ( usually water ) would want to stay in a liquid and not pass through the membrane. hypertonicity is a solution that causes cells to shrink. it may or may not have a higher osmotic pressure than the cell interior since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane. hypotonicity is a solution that causes cells to swell it may or may not have a lower osmotic pressure than the cell interior, since the rate of water entry will depend upon the permeability of the cell membrane. isotonic is a solution that produces no change in cell


communities were strangled by the ever - growing amoral beast of capitalism. in contrast, there were revolutionary movements, initially based in europe, that sought to gain power for workers through struggle. karl marx and frederick engels were only two of those associated with this approach. these movements also co - existed ( and usually not very well ) with revolutionary anarchists who envisioned the immediate end of not only capitalism, but any governmental / state system. it was also during the 19th century that the first great experiment in the creation of a worker ’ s state took place during the short - lived paris commune of 1871. this urban uprising of the dispossessed shook the world and suggested that worker power was more than a slogan. the 20th century was the moment for the great socialist experiments, beginning with the russian / soviet revolution in october 1917, and continuing on with china, vietnam, cuba and numerous other locales. time and space do not permit anything approaching an exhaustive look at the twists and turns of the socialist experiments of the last century and the many conclusions that we could draw. for the purposes of this essay, let us say that revolutionary transformation proved to be far more difficult than the overthrow of a particular state structure. among other things, capitalism is not simply about a ruling class of capitalists, but about toxic practices, many of them day - to - day, which people have learned over generations and, as the great italian marxist antonio gramsci would say, have come to be accepted as “ common sense. ” these practices and expectations operate like the ghostly hands of demons in a graveyard reaching out and placing often unexpected constraints on the ability to break free of such haunted spaces. we also discovered that socialism was about far more than economics. it must be about the expansion of democracy and the actual control over the lives of working people by the workers themselves. this means that there will be mistakes, setbacks, and detours. but the people themselves need to take these on, since there is no omnipotent individual or organization that can ensure success in a process that knows no guarantees. socialism, then, is not a utopia but a step in a process that takes us in the direction of an idea - that is, a society free of all exploitation and oppression, and with the elimination of all oppressing and oppressed classes. for me, it is summarized not in the text of a great socialist treatise, but, ironically perhaps, in the words of a fictional character, captain jean luc picard of the starship enterprise, in the film star trek


correlation and application of statistics to problems of heredity 63 oxford, and the three last were two men who committed suicide under circumstances of great disgrace and palmer, the rugeley murderer, who was hanged. there is possibly little knowledge to be obtained from the result for a single medical school, but comparative statistics for several would be of considerable value. chapter v deals with normal variability, and galton shows how the distribution depends only on the two constants, the median and the quartile, and further that if two individuals whose grades are known be actually measured, then the median and quartile, and so the whole distribution of variation, can be discovered ( p. 62, footnote, and cf. our vol. ii, p. 385 ). the origin of the normal distribution is illustrated mechanically by aid of the " quincunx " ( see our pp. 9 and 10 ). nor is galton able to avoid becoming poetically enthusiastic in a paragraph headed the charms of statistics, for he writes " it is difficult to understand why statisticians commonly limit their inquiries to averages and do not revel in more comprehensive views. their souls seem as dull to the charm of variety as that of the native of one of our flat english counties, whose retrospect of switzerland was that, if its mountains could be thrown into its lakes, two nuisances would be got rid of at once. an average is but a solitary fact, whereas if a single other fact be added to it, an entire normal scheme, which nearly corresponds to the observed one, starts potentially into existence. " some people hate the very name of statistics, but i find them full of beauty and interest. whenever they are not brutalised, but delicately handled by the higher methods, and are warily interpreted, their power of dealing with complicated phenomena is extraordinary. they are the only tools by which an opening can be cut through the formidable thicket of difficulties that bars the path of those who pursue the science of man. " ( pp. 62 - 63. ) galton at the end of his chapter v gives the two fundamental propositions on which his normal surface for the distribution of characters in two relatives depends. he envisages it in the following manner. " ( 1 ) bullets are fired by a man who aims at the centre of a target, which we will call its 11f, and we will suppose the marks that the bullets make to be painted red, for the sake of distinction. the system of lateral deviations of these red marks from the


who aims at the centre of a target, which we will call its 11f, and we will suppose the marks that the bullets make to be painted red, for the sake of distinction. the system of lateral deviations of these red marks from the centre m will be approximately normal, whose q [ probable error ] we will call c. [ this is the distribution of the first relative. ] then another man takes aim, not at the centre of the target, but at one or other of the red marks, selecting these at random. we will suppose his shots to be painted green. the lateral distance of any green shot from the red mark at which it was aimed will have a probable error, that we will call b. now if the lateral distance of a particular green mark from m is given [ a ], what is the most probable distance from m of the red mark at which it was aimed? it is + b2 a *. " ( 2 ) what is the probable error of this determination? in other words, if estimates have been made for a great many distances founded upon the formula in ( 1 ), they would be correct on the average, though erroneous in particular cases. the errors thus made would form a normal system whose q [ probable error ] it is desired to determine. its value is, / b2 l2 1. " * unfortunately galton has the value v o + b21 which is very liable to confuse the reader. t in more modern notation, this may be looked upon as the variability of the array of the second relative = c2 ( 1 -? - ' i ) ; therefore r =. / c2 / ( c2 + b 2 ). hence the regression of first relative on second relative = rc / jc2 + b2 x a = ~ + b2 x a. again the variance of the difference in character between the two relatives = c2 + ( c2 + b2 ) - 2c1 / c2 + b2 r = b2, or b has for physical meaning the probable error of the distribution of the difference in character between the two relatives.


| page ( 1 ) of 1 - 03 / 02 / 13 | | email article | | print page | the power is in the pixels : power generation game added to thinking skills club ( march 02, 2013 ) toronto, on ( prweb ) march 02, 2013 a steam kettle whistles. the steam activates an electric current causing a beaker of water to heat up and drip onto a turbine, which activates a new current and completes the circuit. not the usual way to get energy from point a to point b, but a creative and compelling way to get to the next level in an online game called electric box. the game, hosted by candystand. com, was recently added to the thinking skills club, an after school club where in grades 3 through 8 play computer games that help kids develop a variety of cognitive skills. thinking skills club founder mitch moldofsky says the game was chosen because it employs logic, the concept of cause and effect, planning and making mistakes in order to win. " making mistakes is very important in learning, " says moldofsky, an educator and cognitive science graduate from the university of toronto, " i do it all the time. " moldofsky believes the game encourages the development of executive function skills in the frontal lobes of the brain, based on another executive function training method, tools of the mind. " what they ' ve found with tools of the mind is that simply modifying activities during the school day to include things like self - reflection, evaluation, planning and trial and error can radically shape a student ' s approach to activities outside the classroom as well, such as behavior, " says moldofsky. " games like these encompass all of these skills. " unlike other brain training games on the web, which moldofsky claims are often repetitive and boring, the games on the thinking skills club are " fun - tested, " since they are culled from gaming sites. " these games are already being played by the kids in this age group, without the coercion of parents or teachers. they ' re intrinsically rewarding, " he says. there are five other types of games on the thinking skills club aside from executive function, including attention and memory, even social skills. " there ' s some good new research out there about the effects of prosocial games, " says moldofsky, " and they ' re not too hard to find if you know where to look. " read the full story at http : / / www. prweb. com /


about the effects of prosocial games, " says moldofsky, " and they ' re not too hard to find if you know where to look. " read the full story at http : / / www. prweb. com / releases / 2013 / 3 / prweb10486757. htm. related keywords : education, adult education, further education, religious education, computing and information technology, satellite technology, wireless technology, science and technology, technology ( general ), identification technology, agricultural research and technology, plastic art, internet, entertainment award, entertainment ( general ), arts ( general ), arts, culture and entertainment, arts, culture and entertainment, entertainment ( general ), entertainment award, computer crime, commonwealth games, winter goodwill games, summer asian games, winter asian games, panamerican games, african games, mediterranean games, southeast asiatic games, panpacific games, southpacific games, panarabic games, summer goodwill games, world games, paralympic games, government aid, government debt, government contract, education, adult education, further education, religious education, government health care, government, national government, government departments, non government organizations ( ngo ), family, family planning, market research, research and development, medical research, science and technology, applied science, material science, human science, natural science, philosophical science, research, science ( general ), animal science, micro science,, weather science, agricultural research and technology


a. j. nestebatteries at a station on a philadelphia commuter line capture excess current when trains brake and store the power for use when a train accelerates. a giant battery bank installed by the side of the southeast pennsylvania transit authority ’ s subway tracks a little over a month ago is saving about nine megawatt - hours of power a week, its manufacturer says, which is more electricity than the typical apartment - dweller uses in a year. the battery system, which i wrote about last year, is allowing the trains to run a bit like prius hybrids. when they slow down at a station, their motors turn into generators, converting torque into current. before the battery bank was installed, some of that current was returned to the third rail ; but if the voltage got too high, it was shunted instead into a giant electric heater under the train, which simply dissipated the energy as heat. now the battery captures excess current, about 3. 5 to 4 kilowatt - hours per train that stops, and puts it back on the line when a train is accelerating. sometimes it does this for several trains at once. the battery bank is also receiving signals every four seconds from the regional grid operator and either absorbing energy or giving it back to the grid to help balance supply and demand. until very recently, the solar industry was mainly concerned with getting a toehold in the production of electricity at a utility - level scale. now a new jersey company is looking for its niche in a different field — how to handle a system that is saturated with solar energy, sometimes enough to destabilize the electric grid. the company, petra solar, has a highly visible product : it is under contract to supply 200, 000 panels that public service electric & gas will attached to utility poles around new jersey. around 75, 000 are already up. about six feet wide and four feet high, the panels make 200 watts when in full sun, and newer models will make 225 watts, the company says. on a mild day, one could almost meet the needs of an entire house in the daytime ; on a hot day, four or five would run a window air conditioner. on the top side of the panel, the side angled toward the sun, is the obvious attention - getter, the polycrystalline solar cell. what is different is the electronics bolted to the bottom, which are meant to prevent a solar power overdose. they could turn out to be crucial, according to company executives.


- current issue sign in to access the harper ’ s archive alert : usernames and passwords from the old harpers. org will no longer work. to create a new password and add or verify your email address, please sign in to customer care and select email / password information. ( to learn about the change, please read our faq. ) from “ what democracy? the case for abolishing the united states senate, ” by richard n. rosenfeld in the may 2004 harper ’ s. americans believe in the idea of democracy. we fight wars in its name and daily pledge allegiance to its principles. curiously, the fervor with which we profess our faith in democracy is matched only by the contempt with which we regard our politics and politicians. how interesting that we should so dislike the process that we claim to revere. perhaps, however, our unhappiness with politics points to something significant ; perhaps americans dislike the daily reality of their political system precisely because it falls short of being a proper democracy. indeed, in the last presidential election, we saw a man take office who did not win the popular vote. money above all else shapes our political debate and determines its outcome, and in the realm of public policy, even when an overwhelming democratic majority expresses its preference ( as for national health insurance ), deadlocks, vetoes, filibusters, and “ special interests ” stand in the way. no wonder so few people vote in national elections ; we have become a nation of spectators, not citizens. the united states of america is not, strictly speaking, a democracy ; indeed, the u. s. constitution was deliberately designed to prevent the unfettered expression of the people ’ s will. yet the founders were not, as some imagine, of one mind concerning the proper shape of the new american union, and their disputes are instructive. the political dysfunction that some imagine to be a product of recent cultural decadence has been with us from the beginning. in fact, the document that was meant to prevent democracy in america has bequeathed the american people a politics of minority rule in which our leaders must necessarily pursue their unpopular aims by means of increasingly desperate stratagems of deceit and persuasion. yet hope remains, for if americans have little real experience of democracy, they remain a nation convinced that the best form of government is by and for the people. growing numbers of americans suspect that all is not right with the american way. citizens, faced with the prospect of sacrificing the well -


what does the term " flawed democracy " actually mean? why are some of the world ' s successful democracies like france, israel and india rated " flawed democracies " by the economist intelligence unit? first off the wikipedia page that you cite to is based on the economist intelligence unit ' s democracy index ( " eiudi " ) which is not an academic source. the methodology used to assemble the report is not known, but that doesn ' t mean that it is not useful. with that in mind from the eiudi 2011 report : the eiudi report uses five criteria to measure a country ' s democracy : the countries that you are interested in scored as follows for these five categories : france : france scores relatively low on " functioning of government, " " political participation, " and " political culture. " israel : israel scores pretty bad on " civil liberties, " and sort of mediocre on everything else. india : india scores bad on both " political participation, " and " political culture. " so these countries have good governments, but there are certain issues typically related to the political culture that bring their overall score down and make them flawed democracies according to the index. | show 2 more comments | democracy, in this index in particular, mostly refers to participation in the governments system of elections. not electioneering, laws or even policies that could inherently discriminate. it is a weak index and is only useful for investors looking for a predictable government to trade with, or to entrench a western cultural world view. its virtually guaranteed that foreign exchange controls and this index are highly correlated. besides the methodology of collecting information being scientifically unsound, this is not an indicator of human rights, discrimination in the public space, respect for international law or even outright racist laws and policies. these can all be violated " democratically ". but then again, this is the economist, which has proven repeatedly to present a highly neo - liberal bias in it ' s political commentary ( white - male - westerners will likely disagree ). not a good index, not representative of the reality of the world. civil rights : the most important thing in a democracy is human and civil rights, as well as the rule of the law ( ie not arbitrary decisions ). with the indefinite detention act voted in the usa, plus guantanamo, non respect for international laws, drones strikes, the enforced role of the military in the civilian sector, police brutality... and so much more, the usa is way down in the rank


the indefinite detention act voted in the usa, plus guantanamo, non respect for international laws, drones strikes, the enforced role of the military in the civilian sector, police brutality... and so much more, the usa is way down in the rank of democracies. political culture : this is set upside down, a ridiculous way of evaluation. france gives exposure to all presidential as well as house representatives candidates : equal time to speak on tv, equal exposure in all aspects during the weeks before the elections. and that ' s how you can promote knowledge and awareness, which is culture. it is not at all this way in america. on the contrary, the us people are stuck with their two political parties system that represents the rich and powerful elite only, those capable of paying to be heard and known by the public. " culture " in the us is only available on given topics, the point of views of the rich and interests of big business only. this only promotes ignorance. actually, the usa is not democracy, it ' s plutocracy. it does not deserve a high rank. it has one of the lowest and most backwards political culture and system in the western world, belonging to the beginning of the 20th century, no longer to the 21rst. corruption should be a major criterion to include in the index. there, france ranks very low. so does the usa. freedom of press is an aspect, but the actual representation of a greater diversity of points of views from all sides should be the criterion to include in the index. that ' s the means and obstructions to freedom of expression. it is huge in the usa with over 85 % of all news coming out of 5 corporations linked to the cia, defense conglomerate and corporate interests in general. and much more.


permanent adultery " as a missionary once tried to tell me. adultery is never permanent. it is a momentary relationship in secrecy with no responsibility involved. polygamy, on the other hand, is a public state, often based on a legally valid contract. it involves life - long responsibility and obligations. if polygamy is marriage, separation is divorce. if we compare marriage with a living organism, husband and wife can be compared with the two essential organs, the head and the heart. in all higher - developed organisms one head corresponds to one heart. only primitive organisms are just a plurality of cells, as for example the alga volvox globator. parts of that organism are relatively independent from the whole. a tapeworm can be cut apart and the parts are still able to live. one could compare polygamy with a primitive organism, which has not yet reached the state in which one head corresponds to one heart. still, a tapeworm is one organism as much as polygamy is marriage. our dilemma is that we want monogamy and we do not want divorce. yet, in a polygamous situation we cannot have one without the other. there are situations in life where we have the choice between two sins and where the next step can only be taken in counting on the forgiveness of our crucified savior. it is in such situations where luther gave the advice in all evangelical freedom, " sin bravely! " being guided by the love for your neighbor and by what is most helpful to that neighbor. for me, there is no doubt that in omodo ' s case the most helpful solution for his second wife would be to marry the man she loves. the case of omodo ' s third wife, whom he had inherited from his late brother, is probably the most difficult one. in 0modo ' s case it was especially difficult, because she was blind. i would have gathered the elders of the church and explored possibilities with them on how to support her through congregational help in case she wanted to live independently. the way a congregation treats their widows is the best test of their willingness and ability to carry responsibility for the individual. one question is still open : when would i have baptized omodo? i do not know. one cannot answer this question theoretically. i hope you understand that what i have just described is not the work of an afternoon, but of months, maybe years. under the condition that this work is done, the moment chosen for baptism is not of decisive importance. there


who are taught using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h1 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are taught using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h0 : there is no significant improvement in average score in speaking between students who are taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h2 : there is a significant improvement in average score in speaking between students who are taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h0 : there is no significant improvement in average score in speaking between students ’ who are already taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h3 : there is a significant improvement in average score in speaking between students ’ who are already taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students ’ after taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h4 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students ’ after being taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students ’ after being taught speaking using brainstorming technique. h5 : there is a significant difference in average score in speaking between students ’ after being taught speaking using brainstorming technique and conventional technique. h0 : there is no significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are being taught speaking using brainstorming and conventional technique. h6 : there is a significant difference in average score in speaking between students who are being taught speaking using brainstorming and conventional technique. h0 : there is no interaction effect of using brainstorming technique and conventional technique towards students ’ speaking achievements. h7 : there is no interaction effect of using brainstorming technique and conventional technique towards students ’ speaking achievements. 1. 6 the criteria for testing hypothesis in this study, the hypothesis that has been formulated before, the writer used the critical value of t - table at the significance 0. 05 is with n = 30. if the value of t - obtained is higher than value of t - table, the alternative hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be accepted and the null hypothesis will be rejected. and if the value of t - table is higher than value of t - obtained, they null hypothesis will be accepted and the alternative hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be rejected. in variance analysis, at the significance 0. 05 is with n = 30. - ii. literature review the use of brainstorming brainstorming is a


hypothesis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 will be rejected. in variance analysis, at the significance 0. 05 is with n = 30. - ii. literature review the use of brainstorming brainstorming is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution of a problem. in 1953 the method was popularized by alex faickney osborn in a book called applied imagination. osborn proposed that groups could double their creative output with brainstorming. oxford defined that brainstorming is a way of making a group of people all think about something at the same time, often in order to solve a problem or to create good ideas. brainstorming is the name given to a situation when a group of people meet to generate new ideas around a specific area of interest. using rules which remove inhibitions, people are able to think more freely and move into new areas of thought and so create numerous new ideas and solutions. the participants shout out ideas as they occur to them and then build on the ideas raised by others. all the ideas are noted down and are not criticized. only when the brainstorming session is over are the ideas evaluated. the other meaning of brainstorming is to brainstorm is to use a set of specific rules and techniques which encourage and spark off new ideas which would never have happened under normal circumstances. so there you have it : brainstorming will help you come up with new ideas. and not only will you come up with new ideas but you will do so with surprisingly little effort. brainstorming makes the generation of new ideas easy and is a tried - and - tested process. exactly what you apply brainstorming techniques to depends on what you want to achieve. you can apply them to develop new products, services and processes in your job, or you can apply them to develop your personal life. there are two models of brainstorming - traditional brainstorming the normal view of brainstorming is where a group of people sit in a room and shout out ideas as they occur to them. they are told to lose their inhibitions and that no ideas will be judged so that people are free to shout out any ideas at all without feeling uncomfortable. people should build on the ideas called out by other participants. the purpose of this is to gain as many ideas as possible for later analysis. out of the many ideas suggested there will be some of great value. because of the free - thinking environment, the session will help promote radical new ideas which break free from


the purpose of this is to gain as many ideas as possible for later analysis. out of the many ideas suggested there will be some of great value. because of the free - thinking environment, the session will help promote radical new ideas which break free from normal ways of thinking. - advanced brainstorming the model we propose is an extension of the traditional brainstorming scenario and makes the whole process easier and more effective. advanced brainstorming builds on the current methods of brainstorming to produce more original ideas in a more efficient way. specialized techniques, better processes and better awareness, combined with new technologies make traditional brainstorming a less frustrating process. most of the problems associated with traditional brainstorming disappear as a more effective process is used. keep on reading for more details of how you can do advanced brainstorming for great profit to you and your organization. advanced brainstorming uses : - new processes and new training to reduce inhibitions - creative and lateral thinking techniques - new materials for stimulation and recording ideas motivation in learning english motivation is the driving force which help causes us to achieve goals. motivation is said to be intrinsic or extrinsic. according to various theories, motivation may be rooted in a basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, goal, state of being, ideal, or it may be attributed to less - apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. there are many things instructors can do to prevent glazed - over eyes or nodding heads in a classroom. faculty can help maintain and increase student motivation by - establishing challenging, but not impossible goals for students. offering intellectual tasks that are a “ reach ” can spur learners to higher levels of success. - helping students set their own goals for learning that are ambitious, but realistic and achievable. research shows that, if given a choice, people will choose a challenging, though not daunting task over one that is too hard – or too easy. while it ’ s often helpful to offer an easy question first in a discussion or on an exam, it ’ s counterproductive to make everything too easy. - being clear, specific, and concrete in explaining course material and in giving examples. - organizing student learning ; for example, consciously building new material on facts or concepts that students already know. - offering positive, consistent, and timely feedback – which doesn ’ t have to mean grades. a brief comment – if sincere – may


examples. - organizing student learning ; for example, consciously building new material on facts or concepts that students already know. - offering positive, consistent, and timely feedback – which doesn ’ t have to mean grades. a brief comment – if sincere – may suffice. engaging students in a variety of teaching activities, such as role - playing, problem - solving, or any kind of student interaction, especially if these activities can relate the course to students ’ interests and skills. the key here is activity, as passivity can be an impediment to feeling motivated. speaking means to be able to use language ( oxford, 1986 : 6 ). according to finnociaro and brumfit ( 1983 : 1440 ) in nurkhasanah speaking is one of the important language skills that have to be mastered by language learners. they consider that speaking skill is a complex skill, which involves the knowledge of sound, vocabulary and cultural sub - system of english language. it means that the knowledge from pronunciation, structure, vocabulary and cultural system of english system are important and much needed for communicating to society. according to yorkey, speaking skill is a skill and like other skill, it must be practiced continuously. the teacher role is becoming important for students later. there are many keys to support speaking skill by listening cassette, watching tv, watching film, practicing with foreigners, practicing with partners. dobson is quoted by fita krisnawati in her thesis. speaking is an ability when students can judge how accurate their selling and how they use the sentences they have learned and it merely different when it is conveyed to writing skill, they usually produce rather mistakes but in free speaking, they have tendency to make mistakes that they wouldn ’ t make in writing 2. speaking is easy, but conveys the speaking in to meaning is not easy. by having some experts ’ statement and some guidance, the writer believes that speaking will easier when someone else opens a certain topic or do the brainstorming. brainstorming can motivate student to speak because the way of brainstorming work is interesting. it can be compared to students who have no any topic to be talked, they will keep silent because they don ’ t know what should be talked, the feel afraid to speak, the afraid of making mistakes etc. the use of brainstorming is a good idea to convey students in speaking english everyday. nurkhasanah, iin. the effectiveness of teaching speaking through debate activity of efac course in intermediate level. 2007 richard c york


november 9, 2012 a couple of cups of coffee may help our brains process some words faster, a small experiment suggests. but we only get the message faster if the words are emotionally positive. the study included 66 healthy young men. they were told to consume no caffeine, nicotine or alcohol in the 12 hours before the experiment. the men were randomly divided into 2 groups. one group took a tablet containing 200 milligrams of coffee, about the amount in 2 to 3 cups of coffee. each person in the other group received a placebo ( fake ) pill. half an hour later, the men were given tests that involved being shown a series of real and invented words. they had to press buttons to indicate whether a word was real or not. men who took the caffeine pills did this faster and more accurately for words with a positive emotional connotation. they did not perform better than men who got the placebo pills for recognizing neutral or negative words. the journal plos one published the study online. healthday news wrote about it november 8. by howard lewine, m. d. harvard medical school what is the doctor ' s reaction? you often hear people say things like " don ' t talk to me. i haven ' t had my coffee yet. " researchers from germany offer us new insight into why we might feel that way. the study comes from the department of psychology at ruhr university. in general, people recognize and process the meaning of words faster if the words have a positive emotional slant. what these researchers found is that caffeine speeds up that link even more. but caffeine did not speed up how quickly people recognize and process emotionally neutral or negative words. low doses of caffeine tend to put you in a more positive mood. caffeine also generally helps you do mental tasks faster and with fewer errors. now we can add the faster processing of positively charged emotional content. these are good explanations for why you want that first cup of coffee before talking to anyone. how caffeine affects the brain is not completely understood. but here is how most experts explain it. caffeine gets absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. it enters the blood stream and is distributed throughout the body, including the brain. once it reaches the brain, caffeine probably has multiple targets. but the main one seems to be adenosine receptors. adenosine is a chemical that dampens brain activity. this counters the action of another brain chemical, dopamine.


12. june 2012 10 : 55 retinal hemorrhage occurs when the blood vessels in the retina get damaged or ruptured, leading to abnormal bleeding. the retina, which is composed of rods and cones is the region of the eye responsible for sensitivity to light, and vision. the retinal vein and artery, along with a dense network of capillaries, are responsible for transmitting the blood supply to the retina. when these blood vessels are damaged, due to any reason, this affects the blood supply to the retina, which in turn leads to a decrease in visual acuity. diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in people aged between 20 and 65. the dense network of cells in the retina is extremely sensitive, and can be damaged with even a slight trauma. the causes due to which this damage might occur include : - high blood pressure - forceful blows in the head region - child abuse in infants - improper development of blood vessels in infants born prematurely - blurred vision - spotted vision - lines in the field of vision - blind spots - distorted vision - progressive vision loss - the disease is diagnosed by an ophthalmologist, who uses an opthalmoscope to examine the internal structure of the eye. - another method that is commonly used to detect the abnormalities in the blood vessels is a fluorescein angiography test, in which a fluorescent dye is injected into the patient ’ s bloodstream, after which photographs are clicked to view the blood vessels. - in some cases, the physician might also order for a blood test to be performed. - the disorder is self - limiting in most patients, with more than 85 % cases healing on their own. - the most common treatment for retinal hemorrhages is laser treatment, in which a laser beam is used to remove the affected blood vessels. - if the disease is caused by some underlying medical condition like diabetes or hypertension, the treatment focuses on eliminating that disorder. - injection of anti - vegf drugs like avestin has been found to be effective in the treatment of hemorrhages associated with the growth of new vessels. - the administration of various nutritional and herbal supplements like antioxidants, omega - 3 - rich foods, antioxidant vitamins, zinc, lutein, pine bark extract, grape seed extract, etc. has also been found to be effective in improving the symptoms of the disease. we at killeen eyecare center are renowned throughout killeen for providing the


by chris wickham london ( reuters ) - scientists in switzerland have come up with a material mimicking the way tendons connect to bones, which could speed the development of stretchy, wearable electronic devices. the stretchable electronics industry is in its infancy but devices that are able to flex without breaking could revolutionize devices from smartphones and solar cells to medical implants. futurists have long predicted clothes with sensors that monitor the vital signs of the wearer, or smartphones and screens woven into the fabric of shirts or jackets. but while circuits and wiring are quite happy on rigid surfaces like those in a tablet computer, they break easily when combined with materials that stretch. " you have two materials with very different mechanical properties, " andre studart, a researcher at the swiss federal institute of technology in zurich, told reuters. " the challenge is to bridge these different properties. " studart and his team have overcome the problem with a stretchy material made from polyurethane that contains " islands " stiff enough to house and protect delicate circuits. while the soft part can stretch by 350 percent, the stiff regions created by impregnating the material with tiny platelets of aluminum oxide and a synthetic clay called laponite, hardly deform and can protect the electronics. the material, presented in research published in the journal nature communications, is made from bonded layers and because the concentration of the platelets is gradually increased, the junction between the stretchy and stiff parts is also durable. " there are many biological materials that have these properties as well, like the way tendons link muscle to bone, " said studart. " but there are not so many examples in synthetic materials. " one of the companies trying to commercialize stretchable electronics is mc10 inc, a massachusetts - based start - up born out of research by john rogers and his team at the university of illinois. the firm recently announced plans to start selling a sensor - laden, flexible skullcap that monitors impacts to the head during sports. it was developed with reebok and goes on sale next year. amar kendale, the company ' s strategist, said the skullcap gives a level of contact with the head that previous attempts to put sensors in helmets or gum shields have not been able to achieve. mc10 is using a different approach from the zurich team. the company uses extremely thin silicon chips sandwiched in a stretchable polymer and connected by tiny wires in a concertina configuration that can stretch about 60 percent, about the same as the


achieve. mc10 is using a different approach from the zurich team. the company uses extremely thin silicon chips sandwiched in a stretchable polymer and connected by tiny wires in a concertina configuration that can stretch about 60 percent, about the same as the body ' s soft tissues. mc10 has also developed a balloon catheter with built - in electronic sensors for heart patients, which researchers plan to start testing on people in the next year or so. " decorating the surface of the balloon with sensors or a mechanism that delivers energy gives a good way of delivering therapy to soft tissue, like the heart, to correct arrhythmia, " kendale said. market potential is difficult to estimate but kendale said the technology could be applied to the monitoring and management of chronic diseases from diabetes to hypertension. the swiss researchers say their technique could also be used to build synthetic cartilage or false teeth with better matches to their natural counterparts. currently the ceramics used for dental fillings are so hard they can damage natural teeth if a patient bites too hard. and one treatment for women with crumbling vertebrae from osteoporosis involves injecting a stiff polymer that over time can damage the surrounding healthy vertebrae. " the problem is that it is equally stiff everywhere, " said studart. " the vision is that you will be able to make materials that are as heterogeneous as the biological ones. " ( editing by david holmes )


knowledge is from the heart as well as the mind. it is not a mere mental perception of the forms of things or a knowledge of their material nature ; it must include the soul of things, the divine ideas that they enshrine. everything is dependent on the small things : relaxation - you always relax more ; acceptance, oneself and others - can always try ; house - cleaning - will always be just as difficult, but at least you have done it before. it is important to do all these little things question : - how can we discern whether it is the divine conscience animating us and directing us in a certain direction, or the animal soul seeking release from seemingly unfavorable environments : answer : - the divine conscience acts in all struggles for betterment, but clouded more or less in each by reason of education and habit of thought ; hence it varies in brightness. it is not possible to make a hard - and - fast fixed rule for finding out what is the animating motive. if we are trying to get into a better state, it is for us to decide if that be simply and wholly selfish. all actions are surrounded by desire as the rust is round the polished metal or the smoke round the fire, but we must try. so if we fix for ourselves the rule that we will try to do the best we can for others, we will generally be led right. if we rely on the higher self and aspire to be guided by it, we will be led to the right even if the road goes through pain, for sorrow and pain are necessary for purification of the soul. but if we wish to run away from an environment because we do not like it and without trying to live in it while not of it, we are not altering ourselves but simply altering the circumstances, and may not always gain anything. questioner : what is your attitude to the early teachings of theosophy, the blavatsky type? do you consider we have deteriorated or advanced? krishnamurti : i am afraid i do not know, because i do not know what madame blavatsky ' s teachings are. why should i? why should you know of someone else ' s teachings? you know, there is only one truth, and therefore there is only one way, which is not distant from the truth ; there is only one method to that truth, because the means are not distinct from the end. now you who have studied madame blavatsky ' s and the latest theosophy, or whatever it is,


is not distant from the truth ; there is only one method to that truth, because the means are not distinct from the end. now you who have studied madame blavatsky ' s and the latest theosophy, or whatever it is, why do you want to be students of books instead of students of life? why do you set up leaders and ask whose teachings are better? don ' t you see? please, i am not being harsh, or anything of that kind. don ' t you see? you are christians ; find out what is true and false in christianity — and you will then find out what is true. find out what is true and false in your environment with all its oppressions and cruelties, and then you will find out what is true. why do you want philosophies? because life is an ugly thing, and you hope to run away from it through philosophy. life is so empty, dull, stupid, ignominious, and you want something to bring romanticism into your world, some hope, some lingering, haunting feeling ; whereas, if you really faced the world as it is, and tackled it, you would find it something much more, infinitely greater than any philosophy, greater than any book in the world, greater than any teaching or greater than any teacher. we have really lost all sense of feeling, feeling for the oppressed, and feeling for the oppressor. you only feel when you are oppressed. so gradually we have intellectually explained away all our feelings, our sensitiveness, our delicate perceptions, until we are absolutely shallow ; and to fill that shallowness, to enrich ourselves, we study books. the theosophical society has had three objects for more than a century. they are : of these three objects the first has been considered the most important, at least since the time h. p. blavatsky and h. s. olcott arrived in india in 1879. strangely enough the ' mission - statement ' of the theosophical society in wheaton ( adyar ) rephrases the above, but leaves brotherhood out. it is as follows : to encourage open - minded enquiry into world religions, philosophy, science, and the arts in order to understand the wisdom of the ages, respect the unity of all life, and help people explore spiritual self - transformation. a mission statement is merely another word for aim or object. so one would expect the three objects of the theosophical society to agree precisely with


of the ages, respect the unity of all life, and help people explore spiritual self - transformation. a mission statement is merely another word for aim or object. so one would expect the three objects of the theosophical society to agree precisely with the mission - statement. one would also expect the wording of the mission - statement to be more modern. in that vein it would have been a nice challenge if the board of directors of the us - section of the ts had found a new sex - neutral way of saying that people should treat each other well. what else does a ' nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity ( etc ) ' mean? but to leave it all out is really going too far for me, and for several of the people i met in wheaton this summer. this mission - statement sounds selfish to me. great : i find an organisation where people will help me with my self - transformation en where my open enquiry into religions, spirituality and science will be supported. wonderful. and there is no suggestion that i personally need to do anything at all. i don ' t need to practice loving kindness. i don ' t need to find tolerance in my heart for those i ' ve learned to despise or ignore. i will perhaps learn to respect the unity of all life in abstract, but there is no need for me to do anything practical at all... i ' m obviously being cynical. in actual fact the attempt to form a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity, without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or color is work. it means a constant attempt to overcome my conditioning. it means reaching out to people. it means practicing kindness. it means learning to deal with people i may not like. i find it very disappointing that the ts in america has edited this very important attempt out of its ' mission statement ' and hope they will change things soon. each summer the american section of the theosophical society ( ts ) has a gathering that is both business meeting and summer school. non - members of the ts are not explicitly invited, but in practice nothing is done to discourage them from coming either. the atmosphere of the gathering was both very familiar to me, as strange and new. familiar, as it was as comfortable talking to these overseas theosophists, as it has always been talking to theosophists here in the netherlands. strange as well, as inevitably things are done differently, when there is a different host - country. the opening was a lot former than


that several people told me that they had a tendency to fall asleep during the morning - meditation. the lectures were very good. radha burnier ' s opening lecture was about finding balance. she meant finding a balance between the development of buddhi ( roughly intuition ), thought, emotion and action. if there is insight, don ' t act on it immediately. let it germinate, it will express itself naturally in action or words at some point. spiritual aspiration as well needs to be in harmony. too much of it leads to ambition, too much tension or waste of energy. mental balance includes overcoming the duality of thought. this means that likes and dislikes will disappear and we will neither accept nor reject what is. diana chapotin, in her lecture about the theosophical order of service ( tos ), stressed that theosophists are active in social service in various ways. one of the main ways is individual action. she meant that theosophists all over the world are active in social work through organisations that have nothing to do with theosophy. the second way in which theosophists are active practically in the world is through the activities of local theosophical lodges and sections. the tos complements all that with very specific projects in area ' s like education, animal welfare, vegetarianism and help in case of natural disasters like recently katrina. on an organisational level tos - groups are led by theosophists, but the volunteers don ' t have to be members. though any kind of social work can be taken on, it is necessary that central theosophical values behind the work are communicated regularly to keep the work theosophical. diana explained that the work of the tos has grown dramatically recently under her leadership. she can ' t cope on her own anymore and a reorganisation is necessary. joy mills gave a public lecture on the vitality of living truth. she stressed the difference between living wisdom and book wisdom. theosophists always risk not going beyond book wisdom. if we really see the truth, our heart and our whole being will change. that ' s the power of living truth. in order for that to happen, we need to actually practice truth as we know it ( not as we want it to be ) in our daily lives. every experience that broadens our sensitivity, mirrors living truth for us. in modern thought the interconnectedness of everything is becoming quite clear. h. p. blavatsky actually went one