date : august 2010 creator : allen, evette l. description : family communication has the potential to affect a variety of youth behavioral outcomes including adolescent sexual risk behavior. within chapter 1, i present past literature on adolescent sexual risk behaviors, family communication patterns, and the gaps associated with those areas. in chapter 2, i review previous literature on adolescent sexual risk behavior, parent - child communication and family communication patterns. in chapter 3, i present the method which includes a description of the participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis used. in chapter 4, i present the results of the study. according to the results of the study, father - child communication is not a better predictor of adolescent sexual risk behavior. a higher quantity of parent - child communication does not lead to less adolescent sexual risk behavior. participants with a pluralistic family type do significantly differ from laissez - faire and protective family types in regards to levels of parent - child communication. participants with a consensual family type do have significantly higher levels of parent - child communication in comparison to laissez - faire family types, but not protective family types. finally, in chapter 5, i present the discussion with a review of previous research ( consistent or inconsistent with the current findings ), limitations and conclusions for the current study. contributing partner : unt libraries


in some people, macular degeneration advances so slowly that it has little effect on their vision. but in others, the disease progresses faster and may lead to vision loss. sometimes only one eye is affected, while the other eye remains free of problems for many years. people with dry macular degeneration in one eye often do not notice any changes in their vision. with one eye seeing clearly, they can still drive, read, and see fine details. some people may notice changes in their vision only if macular degeneration affects both of their eyes. both dry and wet macular degeneration cause no pain. symptoms of macular degeneration include : blurred vision — this is an early sign. an example of early findings is that you may need more light for reading and other tasks. difficulty seeing details in front of you — you may have a difficult time seeing words in a book or faces. blind spot — a small, growing blind spot will appear in the middle of your field of vision. this spot occurs because a group of cells in the macula have stopped working properly. over time, the blurred spot may get bigger and darker, taking more of your central vision. crooked lines — an early symptom of wet macular degeneration is straight lines that will appear crooked or wavy. this happens because the newly formed blood vessels leak fluid under the macula. the fluid raises the macula from its normal place at the back of the eye and distorts your vision. lighting — images appear more gray in color and colors are not as bright contact your ophthalmologist immediately for an eye exam if you notice : - visual distortions - sudden decrease in central vision - a central blind spot - any other visual problems - reviewer : christopher cheyer, md - update date : 09 / 01 / 2011 -


survey data is a snapshot of a population, a moment captured in numbers, like vital signs : height, weight, temperature, blood pressure, etc. people build trend lines and watch for changes, shifting strategies as they make educated guesses about what ’ s going on. what ’ s holding steady? what ’ s spiking? what ’ s on the decline? just as a thermometer makes no judgment, the pew research center provides data about the changing world around us. we don ’ t advocate for outcomes or recommend policies. rather, we provide an updated record so that others can make those pronouncements and recommendations based on facts. the latest in our health research series is being released today. health online 2013 finds that internet access and interest in online health resources are holding steady in the u. s. for a quick overview, read on … what is new? 1 in 3 u. s. adults use the internet to diagnose themselves or someone else – and a clinician is more likely than not to confirm their suspicions. this is the first time we – or anyone else – has measured this in a straightforward, national survey question. 1 in 4 people looking online for health info have hit a pay wall. this is the first data i know of that begins to answer the important question : what is the public impact of closed - access journals? we added three new health topics : - 11 % of internet users have looked online for information about how to control their health care costs. - 14 % of internet users have looked online for information about caring for an aging relative or friend. - 16 % of internet users have looked online for information about a drug they saw advertised. ( a full list of all the health topics we ’ ve included, 2002 - 10, is available here. ) what has changed? the percentage of people who have consulted online reviews of drugs and medical treatments dropped ( and i don ’ t know why — do you have a theory? please post a comment. ) related : why aren ’ t health care review sites catching on? pew internet has tracked a boom in consumer reviews of other services and products — why not health care? what to keep an eye on? one of my favorite survey questions is asked of all adults and attempts to capture a broad portrait of health care resources that someone might tap into when they ’ re sick. it ’ s a useful question for keeping online resources in perspective. i think it ’ s also going to prove useful in the coming years as the landscape shifts and people have more


volume 4 number 2 ©the author ( s ) 2002 the continuity framework : a tool for building home, school, and community partnerships abstractwe will need to become savvy about how to build relationships, how to nurture growing, evolving things. all of us will need better skills in listening, communicating, and facilitating groups, because these are the talents that build strong relationships. ( wheatley, 1992, p. 38 ) in the face of today ' s challenging social and family issues, many new efforts are underway to help children and families. one solution that many communities have adopted is the establishment of a collaborative partnership that involves all the relevant partners — home, school, and community — in the planning and monitoring of services for children. unfortunately, achieving a strong partnership with meaningful participation can often be difficult and time - consuming. this article focuses on a set of training materials that has been developed to assist community partnerships in their efforts. these materials highlight eight elements of continuity and successful partnerships : ( 1 ) families as partners, ( 2 ) shared leadership, ( 3 ) comprehensive / responsive services, ( 4 ) culture and home language, ( 5 ) communication, ( 6 ) knowledge and skill development, ( 7 ) appropriate care and education, and ( 8 ) evaluation of partnership success. results from a field study that included more than 200 reviewers and 8 pilot sites are summarized. results indicate that a majority of reviewers found the training materials easy to understand, relevant to their work, and up - to - date. in addition, data gathered from the pilot sites indicate that the partnerships found the materials practical and useful for addressing a variety of issues, including time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. communities face a host of problems that threaten the health and well - being of their children and families. poverty, unemployment, inadequate care / education, and poor health care are just a few of the difficult issues that communities must confront. what makes these issues particularly challenging is that children and families who experience one problem are often likely to experience other problems as well. compounding the problem is that delivery of services to help children and families is typically fragmented and scattered. even efforts designed to increase the quality and supply of services to children and families have, at times, created greater fragmentation and discontinuity. in previous years, those who sought to improve outcomes for children concentrated only on the child. today, however, many service providers have come to understand that the best way to serve and preserve children is to serve and preserve the supportive networks that benefit


, and no two collaboratives operate in exactly the same way. however, certain guidelines seem to help smooth the way for a more successful partnership, including ( north central regional educational laboratory, 1993 ) : - involve all key stakeholders ; - establish a shared vision of how the partnership will operate and expected outcomes for the children and families served ; - build in ownership at all levels ; - establish communication and decision - making processes that are open and allow conflict to be addressed constructively ; - institutionalize changes through established policies, procedures, and program mandates ; - provide adequate time for partners to meet, plan, and carry out activities. the process of establishing and maintaining a collaborative partnership is not easy, and in the end, each partnership must find a way to proceed that is consistent with its community and unique set of circumstances. however, a number of resources and tools are available to help communities get started creating an effective system for delivering services. in this article, we describe one such tool that assembles elements essential to building a successful collaborative partnership. development of continuity framework materials for the past eight years, the 10 regional educational laboratories ( rels ) serving each region of the country have studied effective strategies for strengthening collaboration and increasing continuity among programs for young children and their families. the rels are overseen by the u. s. department of education ' s office of educational research and improvement [ now the institute of education sciences ], and their primary purpose is ensuring that those involved in educational improvement have access to the best information from research and practice. during the contract period of 1995 - 2000, the rels established a program called the laboratory network program ( lnp ), which convened representatives from each laboratory as a national network working on common issues. in 1995, the early childhood lnp developed continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ), a document designed with two key purposes in mind : first, an emphasis on the need for children and families to receive comprehensive and responsive services, reflected in the eight elements of continuity outlined in the framework ( see figure 1 ). taken together, the elements are intended to promote a comprehensive understanding of continuity and transition during early childhood. second, the framework offered a set of guidelines that partnerships could use to compare and assess their current policies and practices, as well as identify areas in need of improvement. figure 1. elements of continuity ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ) an extensive field review of the framework indicated that although the document was helpful


compare and assess their current policies and practices, as well as identify areas in need of improvement. figure 1. elements of continuity ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ) an extensive field review of the framework indicated that although the document was helpful and informative, many community partnerships continued to have difficulty " getting started. " as a result, a trainer ' s guide was developed to support the use of the framework and assist community partnerships in the first stages. these materials were developed by the early childhood lnp in collaboration with the national center for early development & learning. the trainer ' s guide provides an overview of the content and potential uses of the framework and includes all activities and materials necessary to conduct training sessions. the guide itself consists of four training sessions that are organized around the eight elements of continuity. the materials are designed so that a local partnership has everything needed to conduct the training : background information, scripts, handouts, transparencies, sample agendas, and checklists for additional equipment and supplies : - the first session, understanding continuity, is designed to introduce participants to the framework document and help participants develop a greater understanding and appreciation for continuity. - the second session, developing a continuity team, highlights the importance of broad representation and shared leadership among partnership members. - the third session, planning for continuity, emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to service delivery and encourages participants to examine their current partnership practices and policies. - the final session, formalizing continuity, focuses on the importance of effective communication among group members and provides participants with an opportunity to formulate action plans. the guide is designed to be a flexible training tool, adaptable to meet the needs of a particular audience. the intended audience includes local partnerships for children and families ( including smart start partnerships in north carolina ), head start program representatives, public schools, and communities. the overall objectives of the training are ( 1 ) to enhance the collaborative ' s knowledge and understanding of continuity, ( 2 ) to strengthen and support collaborative groups in their efforts to work as partners, and ( 3 ) to maximize the benefit they might receive from using the framework. what follows is a description of the field test that was designed to assess the use and effectiveness of the trainer ' s guide. the field test focused exclusively on the framework materials - - no other instructional sources were employed. we will present the major findings of the field test and summarize recommendations based on those findings. in addition, we will highlight the work of several collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study, and we will


no other instructional sources were employed. we will present the major findings of the field test and summarize recommendations based on those findings. in addition, we will highlight the work of several collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study, and we will describe some of the problems they encountered, how they used the framework materials to address those problems, and where they are today. specifically, the evaluation will explore : - to what extent is the information contained in the framework and trainer ' s guide relevant and useful to community partnerships? - what is the perceived impact of the training and framework on partnership activities? - how do partnerships incorporate elements of the framework into their ongoing activities? - of the review sites that indicated interest in the training materials, what proportion actually conducted the training? the overall usefulness and effectiveness of the trainer ' s guide was studied in two phases. phase one consisted of document review and feedback from individuals working in the early childhood field. in phase two of field testing, the training was actually piloted in eight partnership sites. phase one : document review reviewers for the trainer ' s guide were solicited through the laboratory network program ( lnp ) and at conferences related to early childhood issues. three hundred thirteen individuals / organizations requested a set of the framework materials ( participant manual, trainer ' s guide, and a sample color transparency ) and feedback form. feedback questions centered on four areas : ( 1 ) information ' s relevancy and accuracy, ( 2 ) format and organization of the trainer ' s guide, ( 3 ) specific training needs, and ( 4 ) possible barriers to conducting training. of the 313 requesting materials, 215 ( 68. 7 % ) reviewers returned feedback forms. twenty - one percent ( n = 45 ) of the respondents were members of a smart start partnership ( north carolina initiative ), 19 % ( n = 40 ) worked in head start agencies, and 11 % ( n = 24 ) worked in family resource centers. others included representatives from state agencies, school personnel, and university faculty. a majority ( 89 % ) of the respondents indicated that they are actively involved in a community partnership. final follow - up with select reviewer sites. of the original 215 organizations / individuals who reviewed the framework materials, 80 indicated an interest in conducting the training in its entirety and requested a complete set of transparencies. ( the original materials included one sample color transparency, and the rel offered a complete set of framework transparencies to all organizations making the request. ) approximately one year after receiving the materials, interviews were conducted with representatives


set of transparencies. ( the original materials included one sample color transparency, and the rel offered a complete set of framework transparencies to all organizations making the request. ) approximately one year after receiving the materials, interviews were conducted with representatives who received transparencies. the purpose of these follow - up telephone calls was to determine if the materials had been used and the degree to which outside support or assistance might be needed to conduct the training. phase two : pilot training during the second phase of the field testing, the training was piloted in eight collaborative partnerships from across the nation ( see table 1 ). these sites were recruited through the lnp and selected based on their interest in the project. to assist with logistical details, a liaison, identified at each site, coordinated training dates and assisted with data collection. sites varied according to demographics, partnership maturity, and sponsoring or lead agency. | site location | | community type | | sponsor / lead agency | | beaufort, sc | | rural | | success by 6 | | dothan, al | | urban | | family resource center | | walnut cove, nc | | rural | | smart start | | valdosta, ga | | rural | | family connections / county commission | | wheeling, wv | | rural | | head start | | troy, nc | | rural | | smart start | | concord, wv | | rural | | family resource center | five of the partnerships described themselves as existing collaboratives ( two years or more ), while the remaining three indicated that they were in the planning stages of building a collaborative partnership. sponsors of the partnerships included smart start ( 2 ) ; head start, family resource centers ( 2 ) ; success by 6 ; a public school system ; and a county task force. across the eight sites, a total of 160 individuals participated in the training. approximately 64 % of the attendees were white, 27 % were african american, and the remainder were either hispanic, american indian / alaskan native, or multiracial. several of the partnerships invited persons who were not part of the collaborative partnership to attend the training. as a result, slightly more than half ( 54 % ) of the participants reported that they were current members of the partnership. the majority of these had been members less than one year ( 53 % ). early childhood specialists represented the largest group attending the training ( 29 % ), followed by program administrators ( 18 % ), teachers / caregivers ( 14 % ), and parents ( 10 % ). other groups


" or " excellent. " participants tended to rate the second day of training as higher in quality and more effective than the first day of training ( m = 4. 392 and m = 4. 17, respectively, based on a 5 - point scale ). participants also evaluated the effects of the training and estimated its impact on future partnership practices. using a four - point likert - type scale, participants rated the extent to which they agreed with each statement. table 3 summarizes participants ' appraisal of the training and reinforces the focus of the original training objectives. objective 1 : to enhance the collaborative ' s knowledge and understanding of continuity | as a result of the training, i believe that i am motivated to build and strengthen continuity efforts in my community. | | 3. 44 | |. 65 | | as a result of the training, i believe that i have a better understanding of continuity and why it is important. | | 3. 41 | |. 65 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on increasing awareness of new skills and knowledge for our team. | | 3. 31 | | 63 | objective 2 : to strengthen and support collaborative groups in their efforts to works as partners | as a result of the training, i believe that i am better able to participate as a member of a home, school, and community partnership. | | 3. 40 | |. 65 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on how decisions are made and the planning we do for services. | | 3. 25 | |. 59 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on changing / enhancing the quality of community practices. | | 3. 23 | |. 58 | objective 3 : to maximize the benefit the collaborative might receive from using the framework | as a result of the training, i believe that i am better able to use the framework as a tool for exploring continuity and transition | | 3. 26 | |. 63 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on positively affecting outcomes for children and families. | | 3. 31 | |. 63 | | * note : according to the scale, 1 = strongly disagree and 4 = strongly agree. | in addition to participant ratings immediately following the training, data were collected on regular partnership activities after the training. analysis of materials such as meeting minutes revealed that during the six months following completion of the training, five of the eight sites reported that they continued to use the framework materials. exactly how the materials were used varied


children is to create a system that encourages service providers to work together and promotes continuity for children and their families. members of the partnership began by using the framework to build their own knowledge and skills about continuity ; however, they soon recognized the need to inform others of the importance of continuity in children ' s lives. as a result, the partnership conducted a series of focus groups and meetings among parents and family members within the community. they used information from elements 3 ( comprehensive / responsive services ) and 7 ( developmentally appropriate care / education ) to explain what was needed to support continuity and its potential benefits for children. these meetings were also an opportunity to inform families of the various resources and supports available within the community. later, the focus groups were expanded to include all stakeholders ( e. g., child care, kindergarten, head start, school administrators, special needs coordinators, etc ). the information gathered from these meetings has been used to guide the development and implementation of policies and practices that promote continuity. final interview with liaisons. in the final interview conducted with site liaisons, five of the seven liaisons reported that the overall goal of their partnership is to improve services for children and their families by connecting agencies and strengthening the collaborative bonds between those agencies. three of the liaisons specifically mentioned the need to improve transitions and create a system of responsive and comprehensive services. in addition, liaisons were asked to talk about their reasons for participating in the field - test process. at least three of the liaisons cited low levels of collaboration across agencies and indicated that partnership meetings were used primarily as a time for sharing information. others saw the training as an opportunity to invite additional partners to the table and begin a discussion of how they could better work together. finally, liaisons were asked to rate the extent to which the framework materials had been helpful in accomplishing their overall partnership goal. using a five - point scale, five of the liaisons rated the framework materials as either " helpful " ( 4 ) or " very helpful " ( 5 ). the remaining two liaisons rated the framework materials as at least " somewhat helpful " ( 3 ). developing and maintaining a community collaborative is hard work, and it is a challenge that requires a great deal of commitment and cooperation from those involved. training and resource materials available to help community partnerships build a more responsive system must address such issues as time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. given these challenges, the continuity framework and its trainer ' s guide seem to be important and useful tools for


the framework materials. framework training was provided over two consecutive days and built into the inservice training schedule of the elementary school. in addition to staff and faculty from the elementary school, representatives from other agencies and organizations participated, including the health department, the idaho department of disabilities, news media, schools, early childhood education, even start, parents, university students, attorneys, community leaders, and businesses. according the site liaison, the framework materials were used : - to improve awareness of key issues in providing high - quality services. the framework provides direction to help develop a program that really works. - to provide a common language and for internal communication enhancement. now everyone " speaks the same language. " - as an external communication tool. according to the liaison, " it is so much easier to talk with funding sources when you use the structure of the elements as a base. " - to validate their progress toward providing the best practices in early childhood education. - as a piece of the bovill elementary school improvement plan. positive impact on individual partnership members was cited as another basis for success of the training. many indicated they had a better understanding of continuity and were more motivated to continue to work on the difficult issues that often arise as part of the collaborative process. an added value of the training was the opportunity to spend time together and develop relationships with persons from other agencies. often, these individual relationships help form the basis for collaborative work within the partnership. based on the sites that continued to use the materials, the continuity framework and its trainer ' s guide seem to be equally useful to both existing and newly established partnerships. a common experience in the maturation of partnerships is that they are prone to lose initial momentum, often stagnating into " easy " roles such as simple information sharing. a serendipitous discovery of this study is that such partnerships evidenced rejuvenation of their efforts after participating in the training ( see the valdosta, georgia, example ). valdosta, georgia, collaborative the lowndes county / valdosta commission for children and youth has been in existence for more than a decade, and during this time, the partnership has experienced various " ups and downs. " according to site liaison vickie elliott, cycles are a normal part of the collaborative process, " they may be the result of staff turnover or changes in the board chair and / or board members. " she reports that participation in the training provided members with practical, research - based information. this information served as a reminder to members that


process, " they may be the result of staff turnover or changes in the board chair and / or board members. " she reports that participation in the training provided members with practical, research - based information. this information served as a reminder to members that they were doing good work and that their work was important. since the training, the partnership has continued to use framework materials as a reference and resource. for example, during a recent meeting, members began a discussion regarding the evaluation of partnership activities. they used element 8 : evaluation of partnership success to help shape and guide this discussion. in addition, the partnership has applied for and received a 21st century learning community grant. because of the knowledge and understanding they gained during the training, members requested funds for a case manager position to be based at each school and conducting home visits. it is hoped that this strategy will facilitate communication and create greater continuity of services for students and families. finally, the data indicate that change takes place slowly. participants reported that the training had had some impact on their community but felt that the greatest impact was yet to come. bringing everyone to the table is not enough. true collaboration that produces continuity in services for children takes place over a long period of time, as agencies that have not previously worked together begin to get to know each other and slowly modify procedures and practices. marshall county tadpole team, wheeling, wv efforts to collaborate are often driven by the realization that single agencies cannot solve problems alone. partners must be willing to jointly plan and implement new ventures, as well as pool resources such as money and personnel. nowhere is this need to collaborate and pool resources more crucial than in marshall county, wv. located in the northern part of west virginia, marshall county remains a predominantly rural county. with a population of approximately 36, 000, marshall county has seen a decline in the number of residents over the past two to three years, largely attributed to the economic hardships of the area. this part of west virginia relies heavily on the coal and steel industries, and as these industries have fallen on hard times, so too have many families. as a result, many families have moved away to find other employment ; however, many others have sought support from social services agencies within the community. in order to make the most of the limited resources and support available within the county, many of the local agencies ( e. g., northern panhandle head start, starting points center, tadpoles team ) came together to form a community collaborative. although their collaborative meetings began more as a time


support available within the county, many of the local agencies ( e. g., northern panhandle head start, starting points center, tadpoles team ) came together to form a community collaborative. although their collaborative meetings began more as a time for sharing information, members soon realized that to be a true " working group, " they would need to broaden the meeting agendas and formalize the collaborative relationships. using the framework materials as an assessment tool, members worked through each element identifying the gaps in services and generating ideas for possible programs and procedures to address those gaps. this shift encouraged members to devote meeting times to discussing specific issues facing the community. moreover, it encouraged members to formalize the partnership with written agreements. these agreements have allowed members to make a solid commitment to the collaborative, as well as clarify specific roles and responsibilities for services. beyond the content of the training and issues related to the collaborative process, the field study underscored the importance of training structure and design. many study participants praised the framework materials for flexibility and relevance to a variety of contexts. the training materials were designed so that particular attention was devoted to issues such as target audience attributes ( e. g., varied educational and professional development backgrounds ), which dictate the appropriate level of sophistication as well as the need for course module structure ( i. e., overall organization and scripting ) to be highly adaptable to local training needs. the field studies indicate that community partnerships benefit from training and technical assistance that help with the process of getting started, as well as recapturing momentum and focus. additional research is needed to document the ongoing efforts of these communities and explore whether the framework materials continue to have an impact on community practices and outcomes, as many of the participants predicted. further study also is needed to determine what other kinds of training or technical assistance might be useful to these partnerships as they work to build capacity and expand or grow new programs. bronfenbrenner, urie. ( 1979 ). the ecology of human development. cambridge, ma : harvard university press. bruner, charles ; kunesh, linda ; & knuth, randy. ( 1992 ). what does research say about interagency collaboration? [ online ]. oak brook, il : north central regional educational laboratory. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / stw _ esys / 8agcycol. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this ur


central regional educational laboratory. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / stw _ esys / 8agcycol. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. family support america. ( 1996 ). making the case for family support [ online ]. chicago : author. available : http : / / www. familysupportamerica. org / content / pub _ proddef. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. hoffman, stevie ( ed. ). ( 1991 ). educational partnerships : home - school - community [ special issue ]. elementary school journal, 91 ( 3 ). kagan, sharon lynn. ( 1992 ). the strategic importance of linkages and the transition between early childhood programs and early elementary school. in sticking together : strengthening linkages and the transition between early childhood education and early elementary school ( summary of a national policy forum ). washington, dc : u. s. department of education. ed 351 152. kunesh, linda. ( 1994 ). integrating community services for children, youth, and families. oak brook, il : north central regional educational laboratory. melaville, atelia ; blank, martin ; & asayesh, gelareh. ( 1996 ). together we can : a guide for crafting a profamily system of education and human services ( rev. ed. ). washington, dc : u. s. department of education. available : http : / / eric - web. tc. columbia. edu / families / twc / editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. [ 2002, october 22 ]. ed 443 164. north central regional educational laboratory. ( 1993 ). ncrel ' s policy briefs : integrating community services for young children and their families. oak brook, il : author. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / issues / envrnmnt / go / 93 - 3toc. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. u. s. department of education and u. s. department of health and human services. ( 1995 ). continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages [ online ]. washington, dc : author. available : http : / / www. sedl. org / prep / hs


and human services. ( 1995 ). continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages [ online ]. washington, dc : author. available : http : / / www. sedl. org / prep / hsclinkages. pdf [ 2002, october 22 ]. ed 395 664. wheatley, margaret j. ( 1992 ). leadership and the new science. san francisco : berrett - koehler. dr. glyn brown is a senior program specialist with serve regional educational laboratory. she studied at the university of alabama ( b. s. ), the university of southern mississippi ( m. s. ), and completed her ph. d. in family and child development at auburn university. prior to coming to serve, dr. brown worked as a children ' s therapist in a community mental health program. as a program specialist with serve, dr. brown provides training and direct consultation to school personnel, child care providers, and community partnerships. serve regional educational laboratory 1203 governor ' s square blvd., suite 400 tallahassee, fl 32301 carolynn amwake, a program specialist at the serve regional educational laboratory, has extensive experience working with families, child care providers, teachers, administrators, and community partners. she received her b. s. from radford university in early childhood education and special education and has taught children with special needs in elementary schools, children ' s homes, and child care centers. her experiences as an educator and parent led to an interest in improving the quality and continuity of early childhood transitions for both children and families. serve regional educational laboratory 1203 governor ' s square blvd., suite 400 tallahassee, fl 32301 timothy speth is a research associate at northwest regional educational laboratory ( nwrel ). he received his b. s. in psychology from south dakota state university and his m. a. from san diego state university. he has extensive training and experience in research design, statistics, and program evaluation. mr. speth is currently involved with several research and evaluation projects throughout the northwest, as a research associate of nwrel ' s child and family program. he is the primary external evaluator for six alaska schools participating in the comprehensive school reform demonstration project ( csrd ) and assists in csrd - related activities throughout the northwest. northwest regional educational laboratory 101 s. w. main street, suite 500 portland, or 97204 - 3297 catherine scott - little, ph. d., is


using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration goswami, nandu and roma, peter g. and de boever, patrick and clement, gilles and hargens, alan r. and loeppky, jack a. and evans, joyce m. and stein, t. peter and blaber, andrew p. and van loon, jack j. w. a. and mano, tadaaki and iwase, satoshi and reitz, guenther and hinghofer - szalkay, helmut g. ( 2012 ) using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration. planetary and space science, epub ahead of print ( in press ). elsevier. doi : 10. 1016 / j. pss. 2012. 07. 030. full text not available from this repository. due to its proximity to earth, the moon is a promising candidate for the location of an extra - terrestrial human colony. in addition to being a high - fidelity platform for research on reduced gravity, radiation risk, and circadian disruption, the moon qualifies as an isolated, confined, and extreme ( ice ) environment suitable as an analogue for studying the psychosocial effects of long - duration human space exploration missions and understanding these processes. in contrast, the various antarctic research outposts such as concordia and mcmurdo serve as valuable platforms for studying biobehavioral adaptations to ice environments, but are still earth - bound, and thus lack the low - gravity and radiation risks of space. the international space station ( iss ), itself now considered an analogue environment for long - duration missions, better approximates the habitable infrastructure limitations of a lunar colony than most antarctic settlements in an altered gravity setting. however, the iss is still protected against cosmic radiation by the earth magnetic field, which prevents high exposures due to solar particle events and reduces exposures to galactic cosmic radiation. on moon the ice environments are strengthened, radiations of all energies are present capable of inducing performance degradation, as well as reduced gravity and lunar dust. the interaction of reduced gravity, radiation exposure, and ice conditions may affect biology and behavior - - and ultimately mission success - - in ways the scientific and operational communities have yet to appreciate, therefore a long - term or permanent human presence on the moon would ultimately provide invaluable high - fidelity opportunities for integrated multidisci


and behavior - - and ultimately mission success - - in ways the scientific and operational communities have yet to appreciate, therefore a long - term or permanent human presence on the moon would ultimately provide invaluable high - fidelity opportunities for integrated multidisciplinary research and for preparations of a manned mission to mars. | title : | | using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration | | journal or publication title : | | planetary and space science | | in open access : | | no | | in isi web of science : | | yes | | volume : | | epub ahead of print ( in press ) | | keywords : | | physiology, orthostatic tolerance, muscle deconditioning, behavioural health, psychosocial adaptation, radiation, lunar dust, genes, proteomics | | hgf - research field : | | aeronautics, space and transport, aeronautics, space and transport | | hgf - program : | | space, raumfahrt | | hgf - program themes : | | w ew - erforschung des weltraums, r ew - erforschung des weltraums | | dlr - research area : | | space, raumfahrt | | dlr - program : | | w ew - erforschung des weltraums, r ew - erforschung des weltraums | | dlr - research theme ( project ) : | | w - vorhaben msl - radiation ( old ), r - vorhaben msl - radiation | | institutes and institutions : | | institute of aerospace medicine > radiation biology | | deposited by : | | kerstin kopp | | deposited on : | | 27 aug 2012 08 : 05 | | last modified : | | 07 feb 2013 20 : 40 | repository staff only : item control page


in this section we will describe some basis of hardware involved in nano. block diagram power supply jz4720 support 3 different boot sources. the boot sequence is controlled by boot _ sel pin values [ 1 : 0 ]. the configuration of boot _ sel1 and boot _ sel1 [ 1 : 0 ] is showed as below : | 0 | | 0 | | boot from external rom at cs4 | | 0 | | 1 | | boot from usb device | | 1 | | 0 | | boot from 512 page size nand flash at cs1 | | 1 | | 1 | | boot from 2048 page size nand flash at cs1 | arquitectura general it is necessary, for the operation of the nanonote board to store many sections of executable programs in volatile and non - volatile memories. the volatile memories are used like random access memories ( ram ) due to its low access time and unlimited number of read / write cycles. on the other hand, the non - volatile memories ( nand, sd ) stores for long periods of time the required information to operate the embedded system. universal serial bus ( usb ) is a way of setting up communication between a computer and peripheral devices. usb is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports. usb can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, pdas, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and external hard drives. for many of those devices, usb has become the standard connection method. a usb system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream usb ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered - star topology. additional usb hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. a usb host may have multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more usb ports. up to 127 devices, including the hub devices, may be connected to a single host controller. serial and jtag the nand in the ben nanonote : - has pages that are 4096 bytes in length - has blocks that are 128 pages in length - has 4096 blocks of storage in total - 4096 × 128 × 4096 = 2147483648 bytes ( 2 gb ) root @ ben : / # cat / proc / mtd dev : size erasesize name mtd0 : 00400000 0008000


unicef decided to discontinue their halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns ; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program. games and other activities there are several games traditionally associated with halloween parties. one common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called " dooking " in scotland in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. the practice is thought by some to have derived from the roman practices in celebration of pomona. a variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup - coated scones by strings ; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face. some games traditionally played at halloween are forms of divination. a traditional scottish form of divining one ' s future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one ' s shoulder. the peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse ' s name. unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. however, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. the custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards from the late 19th century and early 20th century. another game / superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. people would write fortunes in milk on white paper. after drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. when the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. folks would also play fortune teller. in order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. her " fortune " would stick to the hand. paper symbols included : dollar sign - wealth, button - bachelorhood, thimble - spinsterhood, clothespin - poverty, rice - wedding, umbrella - journey, caldron - trouble, 4 - leaf clover - good luck, penny - fortune, ring - early marriage, and key - fame. the telling of ghost stories and


sabermetrics is the specialized analysis of baseball through objective evidence, especially baseball statistics that measure in - game activity. the term is derived from the acronym sabr, which stands for the society for american baseball research. it was coined by bill james, who is one of its pioneers and is often considered its most prominent advocate and public face. general principles the sabermetric manifesto by david grabiner ( 1994 ) begins : bill james defined sabermetrics as " the search for objective knowledge about baseball. " thus, sabermetrics attempts to answer objective questions about baseball, such as " which player on the red sox contributed the most to the team ' s offense? " or " how many home runs will ken griffey hit next year? " it cannot deal with the subjective judgments which are also important to the game, such as " who is your favorite player? " or " that was a great game. " it may, however, attempt to settle questions such as " was willie mays faster than mickey mantle? " by establishing several possible parameters for examining speed in objective studies ( how many triples each man hit, how many bases each man stole, how many times he was caught stealing ) and then reaching a tentative conclusion on the basis of these individual studies. sabermetricians frequently question traditional measures of baseball skill. for instance, they doubt that batting average is as useful as conventional wisdom says it is because team batting average provides a relatively poor fit for team runs scored. sabermetric reasoning would say that runs win ballgames, and that a good measure of a player ' s worth is his ability to help his team score more runs than the opposing team. this may imply that the traditional rbi ( runs batted in ) is an effective metric ; however, sabermetricians also reject rbi, for a number of reasons. rather, sabermetric measures are usually phrased in terms of either runs or team wins. for example, a player might be described as being worth 54 offensive runs more than a replacement - level player at the same position over the course of a full season, as the sabermetric statistic vorp can indicate. sabermetrics is concerned both with determining the value of a player or team in current or past seasons and with attempting to predict the value of a player or team in the future. many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement. early history sabermetrics research began in the middle of the 20th century. earnshaw cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. cook gathered the


. many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement. early history sabermetrics research began in the middle of the 20th century. earnshaw cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. cook gathered the majority of his research in his 1964 book, percentage baseball. the book was the first of its kind to gain national media attention, although it was widely criticized and not accepted by most baseball organizations. - base runs ( bsr ) - batting average on balls in play ( babip ) - defense independent pitching statistics ( dips ) - defensive runs saved ( drs ) - equivalent average ( eqa ) - fantasy batter value ( fbv ) - late - inning pressure situations ( lips ) - on - base plus slugging ( ops ) - pecota ( player empirical comparison and optimization test algorithm ) - peripheral era ( pera ) - pythagorean expectation - range factor - runs created - secondary average - similarity score - speed score - super linear weights - total player rating, or batter - fielder wins ( tpr, bfw ) ; total pitcher index, or pitcher wins ( tpi, pw ) - ultimate zone rating ( uzr ) - value over replacement player ( vorp ) - win shares - wins above replacement ( war ) notable proponents - russ brandon : team president and ceo of the buffalo bills is going to incorporate sabermetrics to contracts, and use in conjunction with scouting and player analysis beginning in 2013. - sandy alderson : former general manager of the oakland athletics, alderson began focusing on sabermetric principles toward obtaining relatively undervalued players in 1995. he became gm of the new york mets in late 2010. - billy beane : athletics ' general manager since 1997. although not a public proponent of sabermetrics, it has been widely noted that beane has steered the team during his tenure according to sabermetric principles. in 2003, michael lewis published moneyball about billy beane ' s use of a more quantitative approach. in 2011, a film based on lewis ' book which dramatised beane ' s use of sabermetrics was released, starring brad pitt in the role of beane. - carson cistulli : senior editor of fangraphs, member of the bbwaa - earnshaw cook : early researcher and proponent of statistical baseball research. his 1964 book percentage baseball was the first book of baseball statistics studies to gain national media attention. - paul depodesta : a key figure in


( arabic : كتابة الكتاب, which means " writing the book " ), a period that ranges from a few months to a year or more to get used to living with one another. after this time period, a wedding takes place and fulfills the marriage. muslims tend to marry other muslims only. unable to find other suitable muslim syrian americans, many muslim syrian american have married other muslim americans. syrian american marriages are usually very strong ; this is reflected by the low divorce rates among syrian americans, which are below the average rates in the united states. generally, syrian american partners tend to have more children than average american partners ; syrian american partners also tend to have children at early stages of their marriages. according to the united states 2000 census, almost 62 % of syrian american households were married - couple households. syrian americans, including the earliest immigrants, have always placed a high premium on education. like many other americans, syrian americans view education as a necessity. generally, syrian and other arab americans are more highly educated than the average american. in the 2000 census it was reported that the proportion of syrian americans to achieve a bachelor ' s degree or higher is one and a half times that of the total american population. many syrian americans now work as engineers, scientists, pharmacists, and physicians. syrians are mainly arabic speakers. while some may speak the formal literary arabic, many syrians speak syrian arabic, a dialect which belongs to the levantine arabic family of dialects. there are also sub - dialects in syrian arabic ; for example, people from aleppo have a distinct and distinguishable accent, one that differs considerably from that of people from homs or al - hasakah. syrians can usually comprehend and understand the dialects of most arabs, especially those who speak any form of levantine arabic. many old syrian american families have lost their linguistic traditions because many parents do not teach their children arabic. newer immigrants, however, maintain their language traditions. the 2000 census shows that 79. 9 % of syrian americans speak english " very well ". throughout the united states, there are schools which offer arabic language classes ; there are also some eastern orthodox churches which hold arabic services. notable people and contributions sometimes some confusion occurs between greater syria and the modern syria when determining the place of origin of the earliest syrian americans. however, the following list comprises notable americans who are originally people of modern syrian heritage. - paula abdul ( born june 19, 1962 ), is a television personality, jewelry designer, multi - platinum


menezes, pradeep l and kishore, * and kailas, satish v ( 2006 ) studies on friction and transfer layer using inclined scratch. in : tribology international, 39 ( 2 ). pp. 175 - 183. restricted to registered users only download ( 562kb ) | request a copy friction influences the nature of transfer layer formed at the interface between die and sheet during forming. in the present investigation, basic studies were conducted using ' inclined scratch test ' to understand the mechanism of transfer layer formation during sliding of pins made of an al - mg alloy on en8 steel flats of different surface roughness under dry and lubricated conditions. the surfaces produced can be categorized into three different types : ( a ) uni - directional ( b ) 8 - ground and ( c ) random. rubbing the en8 flat in a uni - directional manner and a criss - cross manner on emery sheets produced the uni - directional and 8 ground surfaces. the random surfaces were produced by polishing the en8 flats using various abrasive powders. the influence of the ' nature of surface roughness ' on material transfer and coefficient of friction were investigated. scanning electron microscopy studies were performed on the contact surfaces of the al - mg alloy pins and en8 steel flats to reveal the morphology of the transfer layer obtained. it was seen that the transfer layer is dependant on the coefficient of friction. the coefficient of friction, which has two components - the adhesion component and the plowing component, is controlled by the ' nature of surface '. a surface that promotes plane strain conditions near the surfaces increases the plowing component of friction. | item type : | | journal article | | additional information : | | copyright for this article belongs to elsevier. | | keywords : | | friction ; nature of surface ; inclined scratch | | department / centre : | | division of mechanical sciences > materials engineering ( formerly metallurgy ) division of mechanical sciences > mechanical engineering | date deposited : | | 19 jan 2006 | | last modified : | | 19 sep 2010 04 : 23 | actions ( login required )


fauziah, catur khurotul ( 2007 ) hubungan antara religiusitas dengan kepuasan hidup pada lanjut usia. other thesis, university of muhammadiyah malang. download ( 58kb ) | preview religiosity is an appreciation, confidence, experience or individual conscience against religious teachings are realized in practice worship and religious rituals. terbinanya religiosity properly, can raises life satisfaction for the elderly. where life satisfaction is a state which includes feelings of passion in it, have assertiveness and tough or resilient, the match between the desire to achievement of goals, have positive self concept, and mood calm. the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between religiosity to life satisfaction in elderly. this study uses a quantitative approach. the subject of this research is the elderly who followed the routine recitation in boarding school nurul ulum. the sampling technique used is total sampling. with number of study subjects 50 people. data collection methods used there are 2 kinds of scales are scales of religiosity and life satisfaction scale. data collected and then analyzed by using correlation product moment using the computer program spss for windows version 10. results obtained from this study indicate that there is a relationship positive and highly significant correlation between religiosity to life satisfaction in advanced age ( r = 0. 419 p = 0. 002 ). this means that the higher the religiosity which is owned the higher the person ' s life satisfaction, and vice versa the lower the religiosity of a person will get low life satisfaction. the effective contribution of religiosity to the satisfaction living elderly by 17. 6 %, while 82, 4 % influenced by other variables had not been examined. | item type : | | thesis ( other ) | | subjects : | | b philosophy. psychology. religion > bf psychology | | divisions : | | faculty of psychology > department of psychology | | depositing user : | | zainul afandi | | date deposited : | | 29 may 2012 09 : 29 | | last modified : | | 29 may 2012 09 : 29 | actions ( login required )


rodrigues, a. s. l., andelman, s. j., bakarr, m. i., boitani, l., brooks, t. m., cowling, r. m., fishpool, l. d. c., da fonseca, g. a. b., gaston, k. j., hoffmann, m., long, j. s., marquet, p. a., pilgrim, j. d., pressey, r. l., schipper, j., sechrest, w., stuart, s. n., underhill, l. g., waller, r. w., watts, m. e. j. and yan, x. ( 2004 ) effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. nature, 428 ( 6983 ). pp. 640 - 643. issn 0028 - 0836full text available as : the fifth world parks congress in durban, south africa, announced in september 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11. 5 % of the planet ' s land surface. this surpasses the 10 % target proposed a decade earlier, at the caracas congress, for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes. such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning. although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned. in practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. we show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform — that is, ' one size fits all ' — conservation targets. | copyright, publisher and additional information : | | © 2004 nature publishing group | | academic units : | | the university of sheffield > faculty of science ( sheffield ) > school of biological sciences ( sheffield ) > department of animal and plant sciences ( sheffield ) | | depositing user : | | repository officer | | date deposited : | | 12 jan 2005 | | last modified : | | 08 feb 2013 16 : 47 | actions ( login required )


the socialist doctrine. you know their doctrine ; crime is a protest against the abnormality of the social organisation and nothing more, and nothing more ; no other causes admitted!... ” “ you are wrong there, ” cried porfiry petrovitch ; he was noticeably animated and kept laughing as he looked at razumihin, which made him more excited than ever. “ nothing is admitted, ” razumihin interrupted with heat. “ i am not wrong. i ’ ll show you their pamphlets. everything with them is ‘ the influence of environment, ’ and nothing else. their favourite phrase! from which it follows that, if society is normally organised, all crime will cease at once, since there will be nothing to protest against and all men will become righteous in one instant. human nature is not taken into account, it is excluded, it ’ s not supposed to exist! they don ’ t recognise that humanity, developing by a historical living process, will become at last a normal society, but they believe that a social system that has come out of some mathematical brain is going to organise all humanity at once and make it just and sinless in an instant, quicker than any living process! that ’ s why they instinctively dislike history, ‘ nothing but ugliness and stupidity in it, ’ and they explain it all as stupidity! that ’ s why they so dislike the living process of life ; they don ’ t want a living soul! the living soul demands life, the soul won ’ t obey the rules of mechanics, the soul is an object of suspicion, the soul is retrograde! but what they want though it smells of death and can be made of india - rubber, at least is not alive, has no will, is servile and won ’ t revolt! and it comes in the end to their reducing everything to the building of walls and the planning of rooms and passages in a phalanstery! the phalanstery is ready, indeed, but your human nature is not ready for the phalanstery — it wants life, it hasn ’ t completed its vital process, it ’ s too soon for the graveyard! you can ’ t skip over nature by logic. logic presupposes three possibilities, but there are millions! cut away a million, and reduce it all to the question of comfort! that ’ s the easiest solution of the problem! it ’ s seductively clear and you musn ’ t think about it. that ’ s the great thing, you mustn


interested. ” “ i analysed, if i remember, the psychology of a criminal before and after the crime. ” “ yes, and you maintained that the perpetration of a crime is always accompanied by illness. very, very original, but … it was not that part of your article that interested me so much, but an idea at the end of the article which i regret to say you merely suggested without working it out clearly. there is, if you recollect, a suggestion that there are certain persons who can … that is, not precisely are able to, but have a perfect right to commit breaches of morality and crimes, and that the law is not for them. ” raskolnikov smiled at the exaggerated and intentional distortion of his idea. “ what? what do you mean? a right to crime? but not because of the influence of environment? ” razumihin inquired with some alarm even. “ no, not exactly because of it, ” answered porfiry. “ in his article all men are divided into ‘ ordinary ’ and ‘ extraordinary. ’ ordinary men have to live in submission, have no right to transgress the law, because, don ’ t you see, they are ordinary. but extraordinary men have a right to commit any crime and to transgress the law in any way, just because they are extraordinary. that was your idea, if i am not mistaken? ” “ what do you mean? that can ’ t be right? ” razumihin muttered in bewilderment. raskolnikov smiled again. he saw the point at once, and knew where they wanted to drive him. he decided to take up the challenge. “ that wasn ’ t quite my contention, ” he began simply and modestly. “ yet i admit that you have stated it almost correctly ; perhaps, if you like, perfectly so. ” ( it almost gave him pleasure to admit this. ) “ the only difference is that i don ’ t contend that extraordinary people are always bound to commit breaches of morals, as you call it. in fact, i doubt whether such an argument could be published. i simply hinted that an ‘ extraordinary ’ man has the right … that is not an official right, but an inner right to decide in his own conscience to overstep … certain obstacles, and only in case it is essential for the practical fulfilment of his idea ( sometimes, perhaps, of benefit to the whole of humanity ). you say that my article


that it ’ s somewhat arbitrary, but i don ’ t insist upon exact numbers. i only believe in my leading idea that men are in general divided by a law of nature into two categories, inferior ( ordinary ), that is, so to say, material that serves only to reproduce its kind, and men who have the gift or the talent to utter a new word. there are, of course, innumerable sub - divisions, but the distinguishing features of both categories are fairly well marked. the first category, generally speaking, are men conservative in temperament and law - abiding ; they live under control and love to be controlled. to my thinking it is their duty to be controlled, because that ’ s their vocation, and there is nothing humiliating in it for them. the second category all transgress the law ; they are destroyers or disposed to destruction according to their capacities. the crimes of these men are of course relative and varied ; for the most part they seek in very varied ways the destruction of the present for the sake of the better. but if such a one is forced for the sake of his idea to step over a corpse or wade through blood, he can, i maintain, find within himself, in his conscience, a sanction for wading through blood — that depends on the idea and its dimensions, note that. it ’ s only in that sense i speak of their right to crime in my article ( you remember it began with the legal question ). there ’ s no need for such anxiety, however ; the masses will scarcely ever admit this right, they punish them or hang them ( more or less ), and in doing so fulfil quite justly their conservative vocation. but the same masses set these criminals on a pedestal in the next generation and worship them ( more or less ). the first category is always the man of the present, the second the man of the future. the first preserve the world and people it, the second move the world and lead it to its goal. each class has an equal right to exist. in fact, all have equal rights with me — and _ vive la guerre eternelle _ — till the new jerusalem, of course! ” “ then you believe in the new jerusalem, do you? ” “ i do, ” raskolnikov answered firmly ; as he said these words and during the whole preceding tirade he kept his eyes on one spot on the carpet. “ and … and do you believe in god? excuse my curiosity.


considerable danger here, and you really need not be uneasy for they never go very far. of course, they might have a thrashing sometimes for letting their fancy run away with them and to teach them their place, but no more ; in fact, even this isn ’ t necessary as they castigate themselves, for they are very conscientious : some perform this service for one another and others chastise themselves with their own hands …. they will impose various public acts of penitence upon themselves with a beautiful and edifying effect ; in fact you ’ ve nothing to be uneasy about …. it ’ s a law of nature. ” “ well, you have certainly set my mind more at rest on that score ; but there ’ s another thing worries me. tell me, please, are there many people who have the right to kill others, these extraordinary people? i am ready to bow down to them, of course, but you must admit it ’ s alarming if there are a great many of them, eh? ” “ oh, you needn ’ t worry about that either, ” raskolnikov went on in the same tone. “ people with new ideas, people with the faintest capacity for saying something new, are extremely few in number, extraordinarily so in fact. one thing only is clear, that the appearance of all these grades and sub - divisions of men must follow with unfailing regularity some law of nature. that law, of course, is unknown at present, but i am convinced that it exists, and one day may become known. the vast mass of mankind is mere material, and only exists in order by some great effort, by some mysterious process, by means of some crossing of races and stocks, to bring into the world at last perhaps one man out of a thousand with a spark of independence. one in ten thousand perhaps — i speak roughly, approximately — is born with some independence, and with still greater independence one in a hundred thousand. the man of genius is one of millions, and the great geniuses, the crown of humanity, appear on earth perhaps one in many thousand millions. in fact i have not peeped into the retort in which all this takes place. but there certainly is and must be a definite law, it cannot be a matter of chance. ” “ why, are you both joking? ” razumihin cried at last. “ there you sit, making fun of one another. are you serious, rodya? ” ras


be a definite law, it cannot be a matter of chance. ” “ why, are you both joking? ” razumihin cried at last. “ there you sit, making fun of one another. are you serious, rodya? ” raskolnikov raised his pale and almost mournful face and made no reply. and the unconcealed, persistent, nervous, and discourteous sarcasm of porfiry seemed strange to razumihin beside that quiet and mournful face. “ well, brother, if you are really serious … you are right, of course, in saying that it ’ s not new, that it ’ s like what we ’ ve read and heard a thousand times already ; but what is really original in all this, and is exclusively your own, to my horror, is that you sanction bloodshed in the name of conscience, and, excuse my saying so, with such fanaticism …. that, i take it, is the point of your article. but that sanction of bloodshed by conscience is to my mind … more terrible than the official, legal sanction of bloodshed …. ” “ you are quite right, it is more terrible, ” porfiry agreed. “ yes, you must have exaggerated! there is some mistake, i shall read it. you can ’ t think that! i shall read it. ” “ all that is not in the article, there ’ s only a hint of it, ” said raskolnikov. “ yes, yes. ” porfiry couldn ’ t sit still. “ your attitude to crime is pretty clear to me now, but … excuse me for my impertinence ( i am really ashamed to be worrying you like this ), you see, you ’ ve removed my anxiety as to the two grades getting mixed, but … there are various practical possibilities that make me uneasy! what if some man or youth imagines that he is a lycurgus or mahomet — a future one of course — and suppose he begins to remove all obstacles …. he has some great enterprise before him and needs money for it … and tries to get it … do you see? ” zametov gave a sudden guffaw in his corner. raskolnikov did not even raise his eyes to him. “ i must admit, ” he went on calmly, “ that such cases certainly must arise. the vain and foolish are particularly apt to fall into that snare ; young people


. raskolnikov did not even raise his eyes to him. “ i must admit, ” he went on calmly, “ that such cases certainly must arise. the vain and foolish are particularly apt to fall into that snare ; young people especially. ” “ yes, you see. well then? ” “ what then? ” raskolnikov smiled in reply ; “ that ’ s not my fault. so it is and so it always will be. he said just now ( he nodded at razumihin ) that i sanction bloodshed. society is too well protected by prisons, banishment, criminal investigators, penal servitude. there ’ s no need to be uneasy. you have but to catch the thief. ” “ and what if we do catch him? ” “ then he gets what he deserves. ” “ you are certainly logical. but what of his conscience? ” “ why do you care about that? ” “ simply from humanity. ” “ if he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. that will be his punishment — as well as the prison. ” “ but the real geniuses, ” asked razumihin frowning, “ those who have the right to murder? oughtn ’ t they to suffer at all even for the blood they ’ ve shed? ” “ why the word ought? it ’ s not a matter of permission or prohibition. he will suffer if he is sorry for his victim. pain and suffering are always inevitable for a large intelligence and a deep heart. the really great men must, i think, have great sadness on earth, ” he added dreamily, not in the tone of the conversation. he raised his eyes, looked earnestly at them all, smiled, and took his cap. he was too quiet by comparison with his manner at his entrance, and he felt this. everyone got up. “ well, you may abuse me, be angry with me if you like, ” porfiry petrovitch began again, “ but i can ’ t resist. allow me one little question ( i know i am troubling you ). there is just one little notion i want to express, simply that i may not forget it. ” “ very good, tell me your little notion, ” raskolnikov stood waiting, pale and grave before him. “ well, you see … i really don ’ t know how to express it properly …. it ’ s a playful, psychological idea …. when you were writing your article, surely


uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, which is made up of the iris, ciliary body and choroid. together, these form the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera ( white of the eye ). the eye is shaped like a tennis ball, with three different layers of tissue surrounding the central gel - filled cavity, which is called the vitreous. the innermost layer is the retina, which senses light and helps to send images to your brain. the outermost layer is the sclera, the strong white wall of the eye. the middle layer between the sclera and retina is called the uvea. the uvea contains many blood vessels — the veins, arteries and capillaries — that carry blood to and from the eye. because the uvea nourishes many important parts of the eye ( such as the retina ), inflammation of the uvea can damage your sight. there are several types of uveitis, defined by the part of the eye where it occurs. - iritis affects the front of your eye. also called anterior uveitis, this is the most common type of uveitis. iritis usually develops suddenly and may last six to eight weeks. some types of anterior uveitis can be chronic or recurrent. - if the uvea is inflamed in the middle or intermediate region of the eye, it is called pars planitis ( or intermediate uveitis ). episodes of pars planitis can last between a few weeks to years. the disease goes through cycles of getting better, then worse. - posterior uveitis affects the back parts of your eye. posterior uveitis can develop slowly and often lasts for many years. - panuveitis occurs when all layers of the uvea are inflamed. next page : uveitis causes


basic use to make a new number, a simple initialization suffices : var foo = 0 ; / / or whatever number you want foo = 1 ; / / foo = 1 foo + = 2 ; / / foo = 3 ( the two gets added on ) foo - = 2 ; / / foo = 1 ( the two gets removed ) number literals define the number value. in particular : they appear as a set of digits of varying length. negative literal numbers have a minus sign before the set of digits. floating point literal numbers contain one decimal point, and may optionally use the e notation with the character e. an integer literal may be prepended with " 0 ", to indicate that a number is in base - 8. ( 8 and 9 are not octal digits, and if found, cause the integer to be read in the normal base - 10 ). an integer literal may also be found with " 0x ", to indicate a hexadecimal number. the math object unlike strings, arrays, and dates, the numbers aren ' t objects. the math object provides numeric functions and constants as methods and properties. the methods and properties of the math object are referenced using the dot operator in the usual way, for example : var varone = math. ceil ( 8. 5 ) ; var varpi = math. pi ; var sqrt3 = math. sqrt ( 3 ) ; methods random ( ) generates a pseudo - random number. var myint = math. random ( ) ; max ( int1, int2 ) returns the highest number from the two numbers passed as arguments. var myint = math. max ( 8, 9 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 9 min ( int1, int2 ) returns the lowest number from the two numbers passed as arguments. var myint = math. min ( 8, 9 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 8 floor ( float ) returns the greatest integer less than the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. floor ( 90. 8 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 90 ; ceil ( float ) returns the least integer greater than the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. ceil ( 90. 8 ) ; document. write ( myint ) ; / / 91 ; round ( float ) returns the closest integer to the number passed as an argument. var myint = math. round ( 90.


large, flat network, the point can be reached when it is continually in topology change status. the resulting high level of flooding can lead to an unstable stp environment. to deal with this problem, vendors have come up with ways to avoid tcn generation for certain events. for example, the network manager can configure the bridge so that it issues a tcn when a server is power cycled, but not when client devices are power cycled. if a bridge port going up or down is not deemed an important event, this event too can be programmed not to issue a tcn. source - route bridging ( srb ) is used in the token - ring environment as the method by which a station establishes a route through a multiple - ring network to its destination. the first step for a station to reach another is to create a packet called an explorer. this packet is copied by all bridges in the network, with each of them adding information about itself before passing it on. the explorer packet ’ s routing information field ( rif ) contains the information of where it has traversed through the network and within the rif ; a route descriptor stores the path it has taken through the network. as the explorer packet is constructed on its way through the network, the destination station will start receiving data packets from the originating station. based on the contents of the explorer packet, the destination station will then decide which route to use to send data packets back to the originating station. or it will send its own explorer packet so that the originating station can determine its own route. the explorer packet is limited in terms of how many rings it can hold in the routing information field. although the rif can hold a total of 14 rings, ibm long ago limited this to seven. other vendors also adopted this limitation. consequently, an explorer packet that has traversed seven rings will be dropped in the network. to control traffic in the network with more precision, parameters can be set in the bridge to decrease this number even further, so that packets that reach x number of rings ( any number below seven ) will be dropped. while explorers are limited to traversing only seven rings, in a meshed ring environment, one explorer can finish being copied by many bridges, which can cause too many explorers. explorer storms can be prevented in redundant network topologies by setting the bridge to filter out explorers that have already been forwarded once. since explorer traffic can be distinguished from regular source route traffic, the network manager can issue commands that check the bridge for various parameters


storms can be prevented in redundant network topologies by setting the bridge to filter out explorers that have already been forwarded once. since explorer traffic can be distinguished from regular source route traffic, the network manager can issue commands that check the bridge for various parameters, such as the number of explorers that were dropped outbound on that interface. while ethernet has become the network of choice for new installations, there is still a good amount of token ring in use, making it necessary to mix the two environments for data exchange. doing so is complicated because some very fundamental differences between ethernet and token ring must be reconciled. token ring has functional addresses, while ethernet primarily relies on broadcasts. furthermore, mac addresses on the ethernet are different from mac addresses on the token ring. ethernet does not have a source - route bridging capability and token ring has a routing information field. finally, token ring and ethernet use different methods to read the bits into their adapters. to unify the two environments, vendors have come up with various methods such as translation bridging. this is a type of bridging that is implemented on networks that use different mac sublayer protocols, providing a method of resolving differences in header formats and protocol specifications. since there are no real standards in how communication between two media types should occur, however, no single translation implementation can be called correct. the only consideration for network managers is to select a method of translation and implement it uniformly throughout the network. essentially, the bridges reorder source and destination address bits when translating between ethernet and token - ring frame formats. the problem of embedded mac - addresses can be resolved by programming the bridge to look for various types of mac addresses. some translation - bridges simply check for the most popular embedded addresses. if others are used, the bridge must be programmed to look for them as well. but if translation - bridging software runs in a multi - protocol router, which is very common today, these protocols can be routed and the problem avoided entirely. token ring ’ s rif field has a component that indicates the largest frame size that can be accepted by a particular source - route bridging implementation. translation bridges that send frames from the transparent - bridging domain to the srb domain usually set the maximum transfer unit ( mtu ) field to 1, 500 bytes to limit the size of token - ring frames entering the transparent - bridging domain, because this is the maximum size of ethernet frames. some hosts cannot process this field correctly, in which case translation bridges are forced to drop


to 1, 500 bytes to limit the size of token - ring frames entering the transparent - bridging domain, because this is the maximum size of ethernet frames. some hosts cannot process this field correctly, in which case translation bridges are forced to drop the frames that exceed ethernet ’ s mtu size. bits representing token - ring functions that are absent in ethernet are discarded by translation bridges. for example, token ring ’ s priority, reservation, and monitor bits are discarded during translation. and token ring ’ s frame status bits are treated differently, depending on the bridge manufacturer ; the products of some manufacturers may even ignore these bits. sometimes, the bridge will have the c bit set, indicating that the frame has been copied, but not the a bit set, indicating that the destination station recognizes the address. in the former case, a token - ring source node determines if the frame it sent has become lost. advocates of this approach claim that reliability mechanisms, such as the tracking of lost frames, are better left for implementation in layer 4 of the osi model. advocates of setting the c bit argue that this bit must be set to track lost frames, but that the a bit cannot be set because the bridge is not the final destination. translation bridges also can be used to create a software gateway between the token ring and ethernet domains. to the srb end stations, the translation bridge has a ring number and a bridge number associated with it, so it looks like a standard source - route bridge. in this case, the ring number reflects the entire transparent - bridging domain. to the transparent - bridging domain, the translation bridge is just another transparent bridge. when bridging from the srb domain to the transparent - bridging domain, srb information is removed. token ring ’ s routing information fields usually are cached for use by any subsequent return traffic. when bridging from the transparent bridging to the srb domain, the translation bridge checks the frame to see if it has a multicast or unicast destination. if the frame has a multicast or broadcast destination, it is sent into the srb domain as a spanning - tree explorer. if the frame has a unicast address, the translation bridge looks up the destination in the rif cache. if a path is found, it is used and the rif information is added to the frame ; otherwise, the frame is sent as a spanning - tree explorer. another solution to unify the ethernet and token - ring environments is source - route


. if a path is found, it is used and the rif information is added to the frame ; otherwise, the frame is sent as a spanning - tree explorer. another solution to unify the ethernet and token - ring environments is source - route translation bridging ( srtlb ). this entails the addition of bridge groups to the interfaces of both the token ring and ethernet bridges to create a transparent bridge domain between the two environments. the bridges at each end are responsible for establishing the path through the network. when a bridge on a token ring receives a packet from an ethernet, for example, path establishment is handled as follows ( see figure 5. 2 ) : figure 5. 2 : source - route translation bridging, from token ring to ethernet. bridge - 1 receives a packet from the ethernet. this is from pc - 1 to the host. bridge - 1 needs a rif to reach the host, so it creates an explorer to learn the path to reach the host. after bridge - 1 receives the response, it sends the response ( without a rif ) to the ethernet station. pc - 1 sends an exchange identifier ( xid ) to the host mac address. bridge - 1 gets the ethernet packet, attaches the rif to the host, and sends the packet on its way. as far as the host is concerned, the ethernet is sitting on a pseudo ring. this is configured with the source - bridge transparent command on the bridge. the pseudo ring makes the host treat the ethernet as if it were a token ring. | < day day up > | lans to wans ( c ) the complete management guide authors : muller n. j. published year : 2003


releases its heat by radiation. as environmental temperatures approach your body temperature, you lose less heat through radiation. in fact, people working on hot summer days actually gain heat through radiation from the sun. this leaves evaporation as the only way to effectively control body temperature. water loss your body is about half water. you lose about 2 quarts every day ( breathing, urinating, bowel movements and sweat ). a working adult can produce 2 quarts of sweat per hour for short periods and up to 15 quarts per day. because the body ' s water absorption rate of 1. 5 quarts per hour is less than the body ' s 2 quarts per hour sweat rate, dehydration results. this happens because you cannot drink enough water to keep up with your sweat losses. if you drink only when you are thirsty, you are dehydrated already. thirst is not a good guide for when to drink water. in fact, in hot and humid conditions, you may be so dehydrated by the time you become thirsty that you will have trouble catching up with your fluid losses. one guideline regarding your water intake is to monitor your urine. you are getting enough water if you produce clear urine at least five times a day. cloudy or dark urine, or urinating less than five times a day, means you should drink more. in the gulf war, american armed forces followed the practice of the israeli army : drinking a minimum of 1 quart of fluid per hour. this tactic resulted in zero deaths from heat illness. in contrast, during the six day war of 1967, more than 20, 000 egyptian soldiers died3 / 4with no visible wounds3 / 4most likely from dehydration and heat illness because they were restricted to 3 quarts daily. while working in hot weather, drink 8 ounces of water every 20 minutes. generally, 16 ounces is the most a person can comfortably drink at once. you cannot " catch up " by drinking extra water later because only about 1 quart of water per hour can pass out of the stomach. therefore, if possible, workers should begin drinking water before they start work. cool water ( 50of ) is easier for the stomach to absorb than warm water, and a little flavoring may make the water more tasty. the best fluids are those that leave the stomach fast and contain little sodium and some sugar ( less than 8 percent ). you should avoid coffee and tea because they contain caffeine, which is a diuretic that


data structures for manipulating ( biological ) sequences. generally supports both nucleotide and protein sequences, some functions, like revcompl, only makes sense for nucleotides. | a sequence is a header, sequence data itself, and optional quality data. sequences are type - tagged to identify them as nucleotide, amino acids, or unknown type. all items are lazy bytestrings. the offset type can be used for indexing. | a sequence consists of a header, the sequence data itself, and optional quality data. the type parameter is a phantom type to separate nucleotide and amino acid sequences | an offset, index, or length of a seqdata | the basic data type used in sequences | quality data is normally associated with nucleotide sequences | basic type for quality data. range 0.. 255. typical phred output is in the range 6.. 50, with 20 as the line in the sand separating good from bad. | quality data is a qual vector, currently implemented as a bytestring. | read the character at the specified position in the sequence. | return sequence length. | return sequence label ( first word of header ) | return full header. | return the sequence data. | check whether the sequence has associated quality data. | return the quality data, or error if none exist. use hasqual if in doubt. | adding information to header | modify the header by appending text, or by replacing all but the sequence label ( i. e. first word ). | converting to and from [ char ] | convert a string to seqdata | convert a seqdata to a string returns a sequence with all internal storage freshly copied and with sequence and quality data present as a single chunk. by freshly copying internal storage, defragseq allows garbage collection of the original data source whence the sequence was read ; otherwise, use of just a short sequence name can cause an entire sequence file buffer to be retained. by compacting sequence data into a single chunk, defragseq avoids linear - time traversal of sequence chunks during random access into | map over sequences, treating them as a sequence of ( char, word8 ) pairs. this will work on sequences without quality, as long as the function doesn ' t try to examine it. the current implementation is not very efficient. | phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types | nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [ a, c, g, t ]. iup


the function doesn ' t try to examine it. the current implementation is not very efficient. | phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types | nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [ a, c, g, t ]. iupac specifies an extended nucleotide alphabet with wildcards, but it is not supported at this point. | complement a single character. i. e. identify the nucleotide it can hybridize with. note that for multiple nucleotides, you usually want the reverse complement ( see revcompl for that ). | calculate the reverse complement. this is only relevant for the nucleotide alphabet, and it leaves other characters unmodified. | calculate the reverse complent for seqdata only. | for type tagging sequences ( protein sequences use amino below ) | proteins are chains of amino acids, represented by the iupac alphabet. | translate a nucleotide sequence into the corresponding protein sequence. this works rather blindly, with no attempt to identify orfs or otherwise qa the result. | convert a sequence in iupac format to a list of amino acids. | convert a list of amino acids to a sequence in iupac format. | display a nicely formated sequence. | a simple function to display a sequence : we generate the sequence string and | call putstrln | returns a properly formatted and probably highlighted string | representation of a sequence. highlighting is done using ansi - escape | default type for sequences | produced by haddock version 2. 6. 1 |


contemporary world politics make it necessary for nations to integrate into international unions in the interest of their own national security and economy. in these international unions, which are usually based upon geographic location, such factors as natural resources, trading blocs, and even cultural values play an important role. many neighboring countries combine their resources under the auspices of such organizations, create defensive alliances, and cooperate on a wide array of issues. the goal of such unions is to preserve peace, control the arms race, resolve disputes through diplomacy, promote socioeconomic development, and protect fundamental human rights and democracy. at the present time, nato, the osce, the eu, nafta, opec, asean, the g - 8, the d - 8, and apec are the foremost international political, military, and economic unions. these institutions are subject to organizational reforms because of new members or a widening of scope. all of these organizations, formed in the aftermath of the second world war, have contributed to creating stability and order in the world and have played a major role in global socioeconomic development. member nations protect their economic and military interests, and also acquire a stronger regional and international position. even the developed world perceives the necessity of such partnerships. the creation of free trade zones, regional trade agreements, abolished customs controls, and even a common currency ( as in the eu ) safeguard the future of member states. defensive pacts enable member states to reduce military expenditures and to divert those resources to cultural and educational fields. a similar organization will provide considerable benefits to muslim nations. for those that are desperate for technological as well as economic development, the foremost step toward stability is the creation of a central organization or, in other words, a unified islamic world under the auspices of the islamic union. economic development and increasing prosperity economic cooperation is necessary on two counts : stability and development. muslim nations must bring stability and solidity to their economies. developing industries and making the required investments is vital, as is the need for a comprehensive development plan and the simultaneous development of education, economy, culture, science, and technology. while various sectors are developed technologically, the labor force ' s educational levels and standards must be raised accordingly. society must be motivated to become more productive, and the resulting economic cooperation will play a major role in eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in muslim countries. this partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas. most muslim


eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in muslim countries. this partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas. most muslim countries have geostrategic importance as well as rich natural resources ( e. g., natural gas and crude oil ). these resources and strategic opportunities, however, are not being used effectively. in the islamic world, 86 % of the population ' s living standards fall below $ 2, 000, 76 % under $ 1, 000, and 67 % under $ 500 per year. when the islamic world ' s total resources are considered, ( 1 ) this is quite a paradox : roughly half of the petrol consumed in the west is exported from the islamic world, as is 40 % of the world ' s agricultural production. ( 2 ) many economists and strategists freely admit that the world economy depends upon the islamic world ' s oil and gas exports, in particular those of the persian gulf. ( 3 ) the persian gulf holds two - thirds of the planet ' s discovered crude oil reserves. data obtained from research concludes that saudi arabia alone holds 25. 4 % of the world ' s oil reserves, or 262 billion barrels. a further 11 % is found in iraq, 9. 6 % in the uae, 9. 2 % in kuwait, 8. 6 % in iran, 13 % in other opec member states. the rest is distributed across the remainder of the world. ( 4 ) research commissioned by the u. s. department of energy shows that between 2000 and 2020, oil exports from the area will increase by 125 %. ( 5 ) this means that the world will continue to meet most of its energy needs by imports from the gulf region. moreover, the middle east has 40 % of the global natural gas reserves ; 35 % of these reserves are in the gulf region. ( 6 ) algeria, libya, and other north african countries have 3. 7 % of the world ' s reserves. the caucasus and central asia are also rich in oil, natural gas, and other natural resources. for instance, kazakhstan has between 10 - 17. 6 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, and its natural gas reserves are estimated at between 53 and 83 trillion cubic feet. turkmenistan hasbetween 98 and 155 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, making it the fourth largest producer. ( 7 ) some other muslim countries have valuable mineral resources. for instance, uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan are two