| yoon jae kim, yj1dreamer at gmail. com ( a project report written under the guidance of prof. raj jain ) | | download | service oriented architecture ( soa ) is a design pattern which is composed of loosely coupled, discoverable, reusable, inter - operable platform agnostic services in which each of these services follow a well defined standard. each of these services can be bound or unbound at any time and as needed. [ jamil08 ] however, as defined, soa has a loosely - coupled feature, which makes soa open to the challenges of security. it means that soa must meet several requirements. the main requirements are as follows [ candolin07 ] : service discovery, service authentication, user authentication, access control, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and privacy. to ensure security in a loosely - coupled soa environment, the open standards communities that created web services developed a number of security standards for web services which is one of the most active and widely adopted implementation of soa. figure 1 depicts a notional reference model for web services security standards. this reference model maps the different standards to the different functional layers of a typical web service implementation. as described above, in the web services security stack the security assertion markup language ( saml ) and the extensible access control markup language ( xacml ) are the standard for access control which means that when the service is requested by a user the service must enforce the specified security policy related to access control. we focus on access control in the web services security and represent what saml and xacml are, how they work and where they are able to be applied together. saml, created by the security services technical committee of the organization for the advancement of structured information standards ( oasis ), is a an xml - based framework for communicating user authentication, entitlement, and attribute information. as its name suggests, saml allows business entities to make assertions regarding the identity, attributes, and entitlements of a subject ( an entity that is often a human user ) to other entities, such as a partner company or another enterprise application. [ madsen05 ] saml is a flexible and extensible protocol designed to be used - and customized if necessary - by other standards. web single sign - on in web sso, a user authenticates to one web site and then, without additional authentication, is able to access some personalized or customized resources at another


to be used - and customized if necessary - by other standards. web single sign - on in web sso, a user authenticates to one web site and then, without additional authentication, is able to access some personalized or customized resources at another site. saml enables web sso through the communication of an authentication assertion from the first site to the second which, if confident of the origin of the assertion, can choose to log in the user as if they had authenticated directly. a principal authenticates at the identity provider and is subsequently appropriately recognized ( and given corresponding access / service ) at the service provider. [ google ] for example, google made saml single sign - on ( sso ) service for google apps. and google apps provides a saml - based single sign - on ( sso ) service that offers partner companies with full control over the authorization and authentication of hosted user accounts that can access web - based applications like gmail or google calendar. as the service provider google offers services as gmail and start pages and partner companies control account information as identity provider. similar to the web sso scenario, the attribute - based authorization model has one web site communicating identity information about a subject to another web site in support of some transaction. however, the identity information may be some characteristic of the subject ( such as a person ' s role in a b2b scenario ) rather than, or in addition to, information about when and how the person was authenticated. the attribute - based authorization model is important when the individual ' s particular identity is either not important, should not be shared for privacy reasons, or is insufficient on its own. securing web services saml assertions can be used within soap messages in order to convey security and identity information between actors in web service interactions. the saml token profile produced by the oasis web services security ( wss ) tc specifies how saml assertions should be used for this purpose with the ws - security framework. the liberty alliance ' s identity web service framework ( id - wsf ) builds on these specifications to use saml assertions for enabling secure and privacy - respecting access to web services. ws - trust, one component of the private ws - * framework initiative, proposes protocols for the exchange and validation of security tokens used as described within ws - security. saml assertions are one such supported security token format. figure 3 illustrates these actors and information flow. as can be seen in the figure, the pap writes polices and policysets and


be performed before granting or denying access. a rule element defines the target elements to which the rule is applied and details conditions to apply the rule and has three components such as target, effect, and condition. a target element specifies the resources, subjects, actions and the environment to which the rule is applied. a condition element shows the conditions to apply the rule and a effect is the consequence of the rule as either permit or deny. a policy is the set of rules which are combined with some algorithms. these algorithms are called rule - combining algorithms. for instance " permit override " algorithm allows the policy to evaluate to " permit " if any rule in the policy evaluates to " permit ". a policy also contains target elements which shows the subjects, resources, actions, environment that policy is applied. a policyset consists of policies and policysets combined with policy - combined algorithm. it has also target like a policy. the xacml context shows how flexible and suitable the xacml is for various application. this feature makes it possible that xacml is applied to access control system with saml. section 4 shows the more detailed. saml is one standard suitable for providing the assertion and protocol mechanisms and specifies schemas for carrying the security and authorization related information and have the bindings to basic transportation mechanisms. therefore, oasis publishes a saml profile for the xacml ( oasis, 2005 ) [ anderson05 ] to carry the xacml messages between the xacml actors. this profile defines the usage of saml 2. 0 to protect, store, transport, request and respond with xacml instances and other information. it contains largely four categories. first, this profile specifies how to use saml attributes in an xacml system. this category contains three standard saml elements such as saml attribute, saml attributestatement and saml assertion, two standard saml protocol such as saml attributequery and saml response, and one new saml extension element, xacmlassertion. in an xacml system, saml attribute may be used to store and to transmit attribute values and must be transformed into an xacml attribute before used in an xacml request context. also saml attributestatement may be used to hold saml attribute instances. a saml assertion may be used to hold saml attributestatement instances in an xacml system, either in an attribute repository or in a saml response to a saml attributequery. to transform


should be granted to pep. xacml defines the content of request / response messages but does not define protocols or transport mechanisms, which saml provides by defining schemas for use in requesting and responding with various types of security assertions. this saml / xacml based access control is a very powerful and practical solution for dynamic and large - scale application domain because it is easier to change and maintain policies. so it can extend the authentication and authorization mechanism within a portal to external web services. | [ candolin07 ] | | candolin, catharina, " a security framework for service oriented architectures ", military communications conference, 2007. milcom 2007. ieee, 29 - 31 oct. 2007, pp. 1 - 6 http : / / ieeexplore. ieee. org / xpl / freeabs _ all. jsp? arnumber = 4455332 | | [ singhal07 ] | | singhal, anoop, " web services security : challenges and techniques " policy, eighth ieee international workshop on policies for distributed systems and networks ( policy ' 07 ), 2007, pp. 282 http : / / www2. computer. org / portal / web / csdl / doi / 10. 1109 / policy. 2007. 50 | | [ madsen05 ] | | madsen, paul, et al., " saml v2. 0 executive overview ", oasis committee draft, 12 april 2005 http : / / www. oasis - open. org / committees / download. php / 13525 / sstc - saml - exec - overview - 2. 0 - cd - 01 - 2col. pdf | | [ ragouzis08 ] | | ragouzis, nick, et al., " security assertion markup language ( saml ) v2. 0 technical overview ", committee draft 02, 25, march 2008, http : / / www. oasis - open. org / committees / download. php / 27819 / sstc - saml - tech - overview - 2. 0 - cd - 02. pdf | | [ sun ] | | " sun ' s xacml implementation ", july 2004, http : / / sunxacml. sourceforge. net / guide. html | | [ moses05 ] | | moses, tim, et al., " extensible access control markup language ( xacml ) version 2. 0 ",


/ code. google. com / apis / apps / sso / saml _ reference _ implementation. html | | corba | | common object request broker architecture | | dce | | distributed computing environment | | gsa | | general services administration | | idp | | general services administration | | j2se | | java platform standard edition | | id - wsf | | identity web services framework | | ldap | | lightweight directory access protocol | | oasis | | the organization for the advancement of structured information standards | | pap | | policy administration point | | pdp | | policy decision point | | pep | | policy enforcement point | | pip | | point information point | | saml | | security assertion markup language | | soa | | service oriented architecture | | soap | | simple object access protocol | | ssl | | secure sockets layer | | tls | | transport layer security | | wss | | web security service | | xacml | | extensible access control markup language | | xkms | | xml key management specification | | xml | | extensible markup language | | xslt | | extensible markup language | last modified : april, 19, 2009 this and other papers on latest advances in network security are available on line at http : / / www1. cse. wustl. edu / ~ jain / cse571 - 09 / index. html back to raj jain ' s home page


eighteen years ago, the eminent conservation biologist gary meffe warned of what he considered to be the greatest problem in human history – humanity ’ s inexorable and exponential increase in numbers. meffe ’ s paper, entitled ‘ human population control : the missing agenda ’ published in the journal conservation biology, outlined the threats posed by an ever - increasing human population to biodiversity in terms of species extinctions, and to the ecosystem services necessary for our survival. these include water and air purification, hydrologic cycling and food production. not only is humanity ’ s deluge drowning the creatures we share the earth with, but it also runs the risk of submerging itself too. but was this ‘ missing agenda ’ acknowledged? was a dam constructed to stem our exponential flow? nearly two decades later and we see the publication of the un ’ s state of world population report 2011. it announced that on october 31st we reached the population milestone of seven billion people inhabiting our world. instead of warning of future population growth and the associated negative impact, it had a more positive tone that encouraged us to ask “ what can i do to make our world better? ” rather than “ are we too many? ” this is the united nations after all, and understandably it has to take a progressive and reassuring stance rather than one of doom and gloom. but the angle taken is perhaps revealing of the prevailing attitude of the global collective consciousness – population growth is inevitable and cannot be stopped. of course there ’ s no such thing as a global collective consciousness, explaining in part why meffe ’ s view has been largely ignored, because humanity lacks a collective impetus and so anything that requires mass cohesion, for instance only having one child or reducing carbon emissions, is doomed to fail. seven billion people – it ’ s enough to make you feel insignificant. except it ’ s not, it ’ s just a number. a very big number too large to visualise, grasp or comprehend. incidentally, if you ’ re ever having trouble feeling insignificant, then listen to what the ‘ woody allen ’ of science, lawrence krauss has to say. in his recent lecture on cosmic connections for the school of life he stated that “ you are much more insignificant than you thought ” before going on to compete with brian cox for the title of ‘ king of making outlandish profound points ’, by explaining how we are all quite literally “ made of stars ”. every atom in our bodies comes from the remnants of an exploded star. it turns out moby was right ( see


title of ‘ king of making outlandish profound points ’, by explaining how we are all quite literally “ made of stars ”. every atom in our bodies comes from the remnants of an exploded star. it turns out moby was right ( see video below ). this digression aside, the ineffably large human population will continue to increase and even if we wanted to implement population control, doing so would be unethical and practically speaking impossible. very few people, not even many devout conservationists, would be willing to sacrifice the right to have children. i for one wouldn ’ t, it is in our evolutionary spirit. instead of tackling the so called ‘ root cause ’ of the population problem by implementing unrealistic, unfavourable, and unwanted population control, efforts have been directed at addressing offshoot issues such as those relating to overconsumption and overexploitation of natural resources. if we can adopt new cleaner technologies and practices to ensure our impact on the environment is neutral or at least negligible, it will be a step in the right direction. just this week the production of a ‘ microbial fuel cell ’ has been announced which can purportedly produce electricity from human urine! researchers at the university of the west of england ( uwe ) have found that by utilising anaerobic bacteria as they metabolise organic waste waters, electrons can be harnessed and useful electricity generated. by ‘ useful ’ it is meant that enough electricity would be generated to charge a battery say, but presumably not enough to heat a home for instance, yet. for now, no one is suggesting this is the answer to the world ’ s problems, but switching to technologies that rely less on finite earth resources and more on recycling waste products will help ameliorate the effects our species has on the planet. unfortunately though, those who sing the praises of such advances are often branded with the stigma of being too ‘ preachy ’. increasing public apathy to important issues such as clean technology, climate change and biodiversity decline should be at least as worrying to everyone as financial crises or global terrorism.


idaho state university researchers study newly discovered earthquake fault in idaho ’ s sawtooth mountains posted september 28, 2010 while looking at a highly detailed new topographic image of idaho ’ s sawtooth range, idaho state university geosciences professor glenn thackray had an " eureka moment " when he discovered a previously unknown active earthquake fault about 65 miles, as the crow flies, from boise. the researchers examined a light detection and ranging ( lidar ) image. lidar is a remote sensing system used to collect topographic data with aircraft - mounted lasers capable of recording elevation measurements at a rate of 25, 000 pulses per second and can have a vertical precision of about six inches. the images can be displayed so they don ' t show an area ' s vegetation. four years ago while doing some research on glaciers in the sawtooth range, thackray was examining a high - resolution, " bare - earth " lidar image of the mountains : this is when he noticed a line running through the image in the vicinity of redfish lake. " the black line stood out and i thought that it had to be an earthquake fault, " thackray said. " it was long suspected that there was an active fault in the sawtooths, but without the lidar technology it would have been exceptionally hard to find. " since that time, isu researchers have been on the ground documenting the fault that is at least 25 miles long and could be as long as 40 miles. it is located on the eastern edge of the range and comes within about five miles from the town of stanley. a portion of it runs through the upper end of redfish lake. it runs along the range approximately from near stanley lake to at least as far south as petitt lake. “ the reason this discovery is so important is that it is within the heavily visited areas of the sawtooth national recreation area, very close to the town of stanley, and within 65 miles of idaho ’ s largest city, boise, and the most populated area in the state, ” thackray said. “ we would like to know how big the earthquakes are along this fault and how active it is. ” thackray emphasized that the fault is cause for concern, but not alarm, for visitors to and residents of the stanley - sawtooth area, and to the residents of the wood river or boise valleys. the discovery may have implications for land - use and emergency planning, and perhaps building codes. depending on the magnitude of a potential earthquake, it could do damage to surrounding areas. there are


as christo pantev prowled the halls of toronto ' s baycrest center for geriatric care he was struck, over and over, by the vitality of many of the elderly patients who played a musical instrument. " i saw much more activity in these people than in the others, " says pantev, a neuroscientist at the center ' s rotman research institute. he saw a difference even among those who were slipping over the edge into dementia. memory begins to fade as the patients slide toward that dark abyss, but the last thing that goes — the last bit of memory — he says, is their ability to remember music. and he thinks he may know why. musician and scientist he has developed evidence over the years that the study of music may change the way the human brain is wired. and that has kept him on a course that has guided nearly his entire professional career. he has a few questions he would like to answer, including : does learning a skill, like playing the violin, physically change the brain and improve cognitive and perceptive skills among children, and maybe even stave off mental illness among the elderly? maybe, he reasons, the intense concentration and the long hours of practice that make someone a skilled musician have benefits that far outweigh the rewards of playing a musical instrument. those are tall questions, but pantev has spent the last few years laying the groundwork for research that is just getting underway at the institute. as a child, pantev spent years studying the violin, and it became his passion. even today, he says, " if i work, i have to hear music. " in time, the violin gave way to neuroscience, but it was to return later as a key player in his research. while working at the university of muenster ' s institute for experimental audiology in germany, panlev and a colleague began studying people who had lost a limb to see how their brains adapted to their new environment. it was known that persons who had lost a hand sometimes felt pain, or other sensations, in their fingers, even though the hand was no longer there. the researchers used sensitive equipment that could measure electric activity and magnetic fields in the brain to see which areas were active when the person reported feeling " phantom pain " in the missing limb. the results, published in a 1995 issue of the journal nature, showed that other parts of the body commandeered the neurons formerly used by the missing limb. if the lip took over those neurons, for example,


pain " in the missing limb. the results, published in a 1995 issue of the journal nature, showed that other parts of the body commandeered the neurons formerly used by the missing limb. if the lip took over those neurons, for example, simply biting the lip caused the person to feel pain in the phantom limb. the research showed that the brain adapted to its new environment by rewiring itself, and that led pantev to his next question. " can we modify the functional brain organization by training? " he asks. playing violin, wearing a helmet to answer that, the researchers needed a model, something they could test to see if training had a measurable impact on the brain. pantev knew from his own experience that playing the violin required far more dexterity in the left hand than the right. " the right hand is much less involved, " he says. pantev, the violinist, thus supplied pantev, the neuroscientist, with " the perfect model. " like the research into phantom pain, the difference between the use of the left hand as opposed to the right gave the researchers something to measure in the brain. over time, they reasoned, practicing the violin several hours a day should cause a neurological shift in the brain.


australian bureau of statistics 1301. 0 - year book australia, 2009 – 10 previous issue released at 11 : 30 am ( canberra time ) 04 / 06 / 2010 | page tools : print page rss search this product | feature article : households and renewable energy householders have increased their use of energy saving measures in their homes. in 2008, 59 % of households had energy saving lighting installed ( up from 33 % in 2005 ) ( graph 2. 40 ) ; and energy star ratings were the main household consideration when replacing refrigerators, freezers, dishwashers and clothes dryers. counteracting this, graph 2. 39 shows more households now own coolers ( 66 % in 2008 up from 35 % in 1999 ) and dishwashers ( 45 % in 2008 up from 30 % in 1999 ) and other appliances, such as lcd and plasma televisions, the latter using almost three times the amount of energy compared to a standard television ( end note 6 ). types of energy electricity is the main energy source used in people ' s homes. in 2007 - 08, about half ( 49 % ) of the energy used by households was sourced from electricity. household electricity consumption rose to 210 petajoules ( pj ) in 2007 - 08, up 48 % from 1990 - 91 ( abare, 2009 ). in march 2008, electricity was the primary source throughout australia for household cooking ( three - quarters of ovens used electricity and more than half ( 56 % ) of cooktops ) and for hot water systems ( 46 % ). there has been a fall in the use of electricity for hot water systems between 2002 and 2008 from 61 % to 46 %. of those homes with heaters, electricity was the main source of energy for space heating ( 45 % ), followed by gas ( 41 % for mains gas and lpg / bottled together ) and wood ( 13 % ). natural gas is the second most common source of energy used in the home, used by more than six in ten households ( 61 % ) in 2008. in total, households used 137 pj of natural gas in 2007 - 08, equivalent to almost a third ( 32 % ) of total household energy use ( abare, 2009 ). for almost one in three australian households ( 31 % ), gas ( mains or lpg / bottled ) was the main source of energy for space heating and 37 % used gas for hot water systems. in the main gas - producing states of victoria and western australia, gas was used as an energy source in nine


( mains or lpg / bottled ) was the main source of energy for space heating and 37 % used gas for hot water systems. in the main gas - producing states of victoria and western australia, gas was used as an energy source in nine out of ten households ( 90 % and 87 % respectively, compared with six out of ten households nationally ). used primarily as a source of heating, wood use by households has declined 26 % in the last 10 years, from 82 pj in 1997 - 98 to 60 pj in 2007 - 08 ( abare, 2009 ). in 2008, 13 % of australian households used wood as a source of energy in the home. more than one - third ( 35 % ) of households in tasmania used wood as an energy source, a decrease from more than half ( 52 % ) in 2002 ( graph 2. 41 ). due to air pollution concerns, households have been encouraged to stop using wood for heating or to convert open fires to slow combustion fires, which are more energy efficient and produce less greenhouse emissions than open fires. firewood collection can have a detrimental effect on australia ' s native wildlife, as dead trees and fallen timber provide habitat for a diverse range of fauna including a number of threatened species ( end note 7 ). a range of government grants and rebates have been made available to households in recent years to encourage people to use solar energy in the home. in 2008, 7 % of households used solar energy to heat water, up from 4 % of households in 2005. more than half of all households in the northern territory used solar energy to heat water ( 54 % ) - a much larger proportion than in western australia ( 21 % ) and no other state or territory exceeded 10 % ( graph 2. 42 ). greenpower provides an option for people to pay a premium for electricity generated from renewable sources that is fed into the national power grid. greenpower was first established in new south wales in 1997 and since then has spread to other states and territories. by march 2009, just over 984, 000 households were paying for greenpower, up from 132, 300 customers in march 2005 ( end note 8 ). there has also been an increase in the awareness of greenpower products in the past decade. in 1999, less than one - fifth ( 19 % ) of households were aware of greenpower. nearly a decade later, this had risen to more than half ( 52 % ) of all households in 2008, including 5 % who reported that they were already paying for greenpower. households


fifth ( 19 % ) of households were aware of greenpower. nearly a decade later, this had risen to more than half ( 52 % ) of all households in 2008, including 5 % who reported that they were already paying for greenpower. households in the australian capital territory had the highest rate of greenpower awareness ( 71 %, including 5 % who were paying for greenpower ) while western australian households had the lowest awareness ( 39 % ) ( graph 2. 43 ). biomass is plant material, vegetation or agricultural waste used as a fuel or energy source. biomass can also be processed to produce liquid biofuels ( biodiesel ) or a gas biofuel ( biogas ). hydro - electric power is electricity produced from the energy of falling water using dams, turbines and generators. solar / solar photovoltaic : photovoltaics ( pv ) convert sunlight directly into electricity. photovoltaic systems differ from solar hot water systems that absorb sunlight directly into the water - carrying tubes contained in the panel. wind turbines can be used to drive a generator to create electricity. 1. australian energy regulator, state of electricity market 2008, viewed 22 january 2009, < http : / / www. aer. gov. au > 2. department of climate change ( dcc ), australia ' s national greenhouse accounts : national inventory by economic sector 2007, last viewed 20 october 2009, < http : / / www. climatechange. gov. au / inventory > 3. australian bureau of agricultural and resource economics ( abare ), energy update 2009, electronic datasets, viewed 22 september 2009, < http : / / www. abare. gov. au > 4. australian bureau of agricultural and resource economics ( abare ), energy update 2009, table f, viewed 22 september 2009, < http : / / www. abare. gov. au > 5. department of climate change ( dcc ), australia ' s national greenhouse accounts : national inventory by economic sector 2007, dcc, 2009, canberra. 6. energy australia, typical household appliance wattages, viewed 29 january 2009, < http : / / www. energy. com. au >. 7. department of environment, water, heritage and the arts, land pressures, viewed 28 october 2009, < http : / / www. environment. gov. au / land > 8. greenpower, you can bank on greenpower, viewed 26 november 2008, < http : / / www. greenpower. gov. au >


genetic model organisms have revolutionized science, and today, with the rapid advances in technology, there is significant potential to launch many more plant species towards model status. however, these new model organisms have to be carefully selected. hemerocallis ( the daylily ) satisfies multiple criteria for selection and deserves serious consideration as a subject of intensive biological investigation. several attributes of the genus are of great biological interest. these include the strict control of flower opening and, within a short period, the precisely regulated floral death by a programmed cell death system. the self - incompatibility system in hemerocallis is also noteworthy and deserves more attention. importantly, the genus is widely cultivated for food, medicinal value and ornamental interest. hemerocallis has considerable potential as a ‘ nutraceutical ’ food plant and the source of new compounds with biomedical activity. the genus has also been embraced by ornamental plant breeders and the extraordinary morphological diversity of hybrid cultivars, produced within a relatively short time by amateur enthusiasts, is an exceptional resource for botanical and genetic studies. this paper in aob plants explores these points in detail, explaining the reasons why this genus has considerable value – both academic and socio - economic – and deserves new resources devoted to its exploration as a model. its impact as a future model will be enhanced by its amenability to cultivation in laboratory and field conditions. in addition, established methods for various tissue and cell culture systems as well as transformation will permit maximum exploitation of this genus by science. rodriguez - enriquez, m. j., and grant - downton, r. t. ( 2012 ) a new day dawning : hemerocallis ( daylily ) as a future model organism. aob plants 5 : pls055 doi : 10. 1093 / aobpla / pls055


discover the cosmos! each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2001 december 20 explanation : viewed from earth, the solar system ' s planets do a cosmic dance that is hard to appreciate on any single night. but consider this well planned animated sequence combining 23 pictures taken at approximately 2 week intervals from june 2000 through may 2001. it reveals the graceful looping or retrograde motion of bright wanderers jupiter ( leftmost ) and saturn. loitering among the background stars are the familiar pleiades ( above right ) and v - shaped hyades ( below left ) star clusters. the planets didn ' t actually loop by reversing the direction of their orbits, though. their apparent retrograde motion is a reflection of the motion of the earth itself. retrograde motion can be seen each time earth overtakes and laps planets orbiting farther from the sun, earth moving more rapidly through its own relatively close - in orbit. astronomer tunc tezel captured jupiter and saturn ' s " paired " retrograde loop in this remarkable series made after the close alignment of these gas giants in may 2000. the next opportunity to see these two planets dance such a pas de deux will be in the year 2020. authors & editors : jerry bonnell ( usra ) nasa technical rep. : jay norris. specific rights apply. a service of : lhea at nasa / gsfc & michigan tech. u.


. it was german political parties, such as the socialists, the catholic centre party, and the democrats, forming various coalition governments, that were solely responsible for the policies they conducted. of course, admission of responsibility for any calamity cannot be expected from any political party. | how could a european nation that prided itself on its high levels of education and scholarly knowledge suffer such a thorough destruction of its money? | the reasoning that led these parties to inflate the national currency at such astronomical rates is not only interesting for economic historians, but also very revealing of the rationale for monetary destruction. the doctrines and theories that led to the german monetary destruction have since then caused destruction in many other countries. in fact, they may be at work right now all over the western world. in our judgment, four erroneous doctrines or theories guided the german monetary authorities in those baleful years. the most amazing economic sophism that was advanced by eminent financiers, politicians, and economists endeavored to show that there was neither monetary nor credit inflation in germany. these experts readily admitted that the nominal amount of paper money issued was indeed enormous. but the real value of all currency in circulation, that is, the gold value in terms of gold or goods prices, they argued, was much lower than before the war or than that of other industrial countries.


successful. the pros and cons of the approach have been cogently summed up by hardaker et al. ( 1984a ; 1984b ) and ward ( 1984 ). aside from problems common to any project - based introduction, a specific constraint to the full realization of the potential of agroforestry by institutional means relates to the disciplinary compart - mentalization that characterizes institutions concerned with land use, whereby - as the director of icraf commented - " agriculture and forestry normally fall under different ministries or, if they are under the same ministry, under separate departments, ' ( lundgren 1987, 44 ). writing specifically of the forestry sector in the south pacific, watt ( 1980, 302 - 303 ) noted that " the separation of agricultural and forestry extension services encourages the impression that agriculture and forestry are mutually exclusive alternatives rather than complementary land uses. " following on from and related to this sectoral compartmentalization is each institution ' s imperative to maximize the individual component that is the focus of that institution. in contrast, as has often been observed : the subsistence land user ' s strategy and aims are to use his labour and land resources to optimize, with minimum risk, the production of various products and services required to satisfy all his basic needs. the fundamental inadequacy of conventional - discipline - oriented institutions lies in the failure to acknowledge and understand these basic facts, strategies and aims, and in the inability to adapt to them. the aims, infrastructure, rationale and philosophy of these institutions, as well as the training of their experts, are geared to the maximization of individual components, be they food crops, cash crops, animals or trees. there is little understanding that the land user needs to share out his resources for the production of other commodities or services ( lundgren 1987, 46 ). when maximization is aimed at commercial products, as it most frequently is in the pacific, a set of sometimes contradictory processes comes into play. for example, attempts to produce cash crops while continuing to meet subsistence needs may bring agricultural involution if land is limited, or it may result in an extension of cropping onto marginal sloping lands as cash crops or cattle take over better lands. a specialization in commercial products may not be accompanied by any concomitant increase in labour availability or extension advice ( often restricted to larger producers ) on how to increase subsistence production ( ward 1986 ; yen 1980b ). even the fiji - german forestry project, which commenced in the mid1980s, appears mainly focused


- published : 12 feb 2012 - views : 396745 - author : musicisprettyneat pretty great blocked in germany. irony artist / band : kraftwerk album : the man - machine year : 1978 genre : " synthpop " / electronic wikipedia article : http : / / en. wik... man - machine may refer to : | this disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. if an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. a machine is a tool consisting of one or more parts that is constructed to achieve a particular goal. machines are powered devices, usually mechanically, chemically, thermally or electrically powered, and are frequently motorized. historically, a device required moving parts to classify as a machine ; however, the advent of electronics technology has led to the development of devices without moving parts that are considered machines. the word " machine " is derived from the latin word machina, which in turn derives from the doric greek μαχανα ( machana ), ionic greek μηχανη ( mechane ) " contrivance, machine, engine " and that from μηχος ( mechos ), " means, expedient, remedy ". the meaning of machine is traced by the oxford english dictionary to an independently functioning structure and by merriam - webster dictionary to something that has been constructed. this includes human design into the meaning of machine. a simple machine is a device that simply transforms the direction or magnitude of a force, but a large number of more complex machines exist. examples include vehicles, electronic systems, molecular machines, computers, television and radio. | this section requires expansion. | perhaps the first example of a human made device designed to manage power is the hand axe, made by chipping flint to form a wedge. a wedge is a simple machine that transforms lateral force and movement of the tool into a transverse splitting force and movement of the workpiece. the idea of a " simple machine " originated with the greek philosopher archimedes around the 3rd century bc, who studied the " archimedean " simple machines : lever, pulley, and screw. he discovered the principle of mechanical advantage in the lever. later greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines ( excluding the inclined plane ) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage. heron of alexandria ( ca. 10 – 75 ad ) in his work mechanics lists five mechanisms that can "


in the lever. later greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines ( excluding the inclined plane ) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage. heron of alexandria ( ca. 10 – 75 ad ) in his work mechanics lists five mechanisms that can " set a load in motion " ; lever, windlass, pulley, wedge, and screw, and describes their fabrication and uses. however the greeks ' understanding was limited to the statics of simple machines ; the balance of forces, and did not include dynamics ; the tradeoff between force and distance, or the concept of work. during the renaissance the dynamics of the mechanical powers, as the simple machines were called, began to be studied from the standpoint of how much useful work they could perform, leading eventually to the new concept of mechanical work. in 1586 flemish engineer simon stevin derived the mechanical advantage of the inclined plane, and it was included with the other simple machines. the complete dynamic theory of simple machines was worked out by italian scientist galileo galilei in 1600 in le meccaniche ( " on mechanics " ). he was the first to understand that simple machines do not create energy, only transform it. the classic rules of sliding friction in machines were discovered by leonardo da vinci ( 1452 – 1519 ), but remained unpublished in his notebooks. they were rediscovered by guillaume amontons ( 1699 ) and were further developed by charles - augustin de coulomb ( 1785 ). | simple machines | | inclined plane, wheel and axle, lever, pulley, wedge, screw | | mechanical components | | axle, bearings, belts, bucket, fastener, gear, key, link chains, rack and pinion, roller chains, rope, seals, spring, wheel | | clock | | atomic clock, chronometer, pendulum clock, quartz clock | | compressors and pumps | | archimedes ' screw, eductor - jet pump, hydraulic ram, pump, trompe, vacuum pump | | heat engines | | external combustion engines | | steam engine, stirling engine | | internal combustion engines | | reciprocating engine, gas turbine | | heat pumps | | absorption refrigerator, thermoelectric refrigerator, regenerative cooling | | linkages | | pantograph, cam, peaucellier - lipkin | | turbine | | gas turbine, jet engine, steam turbine, water turbine, wind generator, windmill | | aerofoil | | sail, wing, rudder, flap, propeller | | electronic


first mechanical calculator. this machine is considered to be the forerunner of the modern computer though none of them were built in his lifetime. study of the molecules and proteins that are the basis of biological functions has led to the concept of a molecular machine. for example, current models of the operation of the kinesin molecule that transports vesicles inside the cell as well as the myocin molecule that operates against actin to cause muscle contraction ; these molecules control movement in response to chemical stimuli. researchers in nano - technology are working to construct molecules that perform movement in response to a specific stimulus. in contrast to molecules such as kinesin and myosin, these nano - machines or molecular machines are constructions like traditional machines that are designed to perform in a task. machines are assembled from standardized types of components. these elements consist of mechanisms that control movement in various ways such as gear trains, transistor switches, belt or chain drives, linkages, cam and follower systems, brakes and clutches, and structural components such as frame members and fasteners. modern machines include sensors, actuators and computer controllers. the shape, texture and color of covers provide a styling and operational interface between the mechanical components of a machine and its users. assemblies within a machine that control movement are often called " mechanisms. " mechanisms are generally classified as gears and gear trains, cam and follower mechanisms, and linkages, though there are other special mechanisms such as clamping linkages, indexing mechanisms and friction devices such as brakes and clutches. controllers combine sensors, logic, and actuators to maintain the performance of components of a machine. perhaps the best known is the flyball governor for a steam engine. examples of these devices range from a thermostat that as temperature rises opens a valve to cooling water to speed controllers such the cruise control system in an automobile. the programmable logic controller replaced relays and specialized control mechanisms with a programmable computer. servomotors that accurately position a shaft in response to an electrical command are the actuators that make robotic systems possible. design plays an important role in all three of the major phases of a product lifecycle : the industrial revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. it began in the united kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout western europe, north america, japan, and eventually the rest of the world. starting in the later part of


technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. it began in the united kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout western europe, north america, japan, and eventually the rest of the world. starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of great britain ' s previously manual labour and draft - animal – based economy towards machine - based manufacturing. it started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron - making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. mechanization or mechanisation ( be ) is providing human operators with machinery that assists them with the muscular requirements of work or displaces muscular work. in some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools. in modern usage, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more complex than hand tools and would not include simple devices such as an un - geared horse or donkey mill. devices that cause speed changes or changes to or from reciprocating to rotary motion, using means such as gears, pulleys or sheaves and belts, shafts, cams and cranks, usually are considered machines. after electrification, when most small machinery was no longer hand powered, mechanization was synonymous with motorized machines. automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. in the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. an automaton ( plural : automata or automatons ) is a self - operating machine. the word is sometimes used to describe a robot, more specifically an autonomous robot. an alternative spelling, now obsolete, is automation. | wikimedia commons has media related to : machines | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well as e - mail newsletters. we do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. for example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details ( name, e


atlas faust, md dark matter and dark energy these are two words you often hear thrown around and more often that not i come across people who don ’ t know precisely what they are or even that they are two quite different things. so here we go. when you take a look at a galaxy you see a certain characteristic known as gravitational lensing where light is warped in a certain way by mass. from this you can deduce an estimate of the mass of the galaxy. however when we compare this to the mass we estimated based on the concentration, size and distribution of visible mass within the galaxy we find the two numbers to be at odds and not only this but the greatest curving of space time is found in the spaces between objects where nothing can be seen. the difference in masses is believed to be caused by the elusive dark matter, so called because it warps spacetime like regular matter but is completely invisible ( hence the dark ). all in all dark matter constitutes 23 % of the mass - energy density of the universe and a worrying 83 % of the total amount of matter. the universe is made chiefly of stuff you cannot see. dark energy is also the answer to a problem, behaving somewhat like the x value in an algebraic equation we ’ re forced to solve. the problem lays in the fact that the universe is continuing to expand at an ever increasing rate and we have no idea why. when you think about it it really doesn ’ t make any sense, you would expect the universe ’ s expansion to slow down or at least stay constant but unfortunately this isn ’ t the case. thus we call this mysterious energy that is causing the increasing the rate at which the universe expands “ dark energy ”. we really know so very little.


here ' s a fine think - piece by susan cain that praises some introversion as indispensable for creativity. to some great extent, socrates and jesus were solitary men. and the wisdom they shared with us couldn ' t have been captured in group reports or multi - authored articles. not only that, we live in a society that discourages, in so many ways, thinking for ourselves. we defer so readily to public opinion, fashion, and what the experts say and the studies show. most studies that show stuff have a lot more than one author. most books that change our lives have only one, and we don ' t live in a time when many are being written. just about every good play or novel or painting, of course, has its source in the vision of a single artist. we also see, of course, that in the disciplines that require deep thought and personal interpretation ( such as philosophy — especially political philosophy — and history ), articles almost only have one author. technical and scientific reports usually have more authors than they do pages. if we want learning to be personal, personal thought has to be encouraged and rewarded. and persons, of course, have to be held personally responsible for both what they ' ve learned and the ways in which they have expressed their thoughts. in a class dealing with " real books " ( such as ones written by plato or kant or jane austen or pascal or simone weil ), i find that the best students get less than ten percent of what ' s really going on, and " what ' s gotten " differs dramatically from student to student. if they had to produce a multi - authored paper, the result would be flattened out to what they can explain to each other. it goes without saying the good students would be particularly shy about expressing their most unconventional thoughts to each other, especially ones that have to do with god, love, death, and such to the other group members. they would also be shy about being too enthusiastic or " erotic " about what they ' ve read to others who just didn ' t work as hard or care as much as they did. ( all this is why i can ' t stand " peer review " as even a stage in evaluating student papers. ) it also goes without saying that the natural result is for good students to have quite different views on the truth and significance of what they ' ve read — in part, due to what else they ' ve read and their personal experiences. how could they possibly write a conclusion based on some consensus that ' s


for good students to have quite different views on the truth and significance of what they ' ve read — in part, due to what else they ' ve read and their personal experiences. how could they possibly write a conclusion based on some consensus that ' s more than a bunch of feel - good banalities? good students do, of course, learn from each other through conversation. part of a great class is something like a socratic dialogue — keeping in mind that the participant closest to socrates ( me ) dominates the discussion in various ways. the community of learners doesn ' t mean that all the learners are equal in the ways relevant to actual learning. in the end : the student paper should be a rather solitary, introverted effort, although not one so introverted that the author is not excited about the possibility that the truth can be shared in common. " shared in common " in the socratic sense is a long distance from groupthink or what ' s usually meant by collaborative learning. another problem with " group projects " as a learning tool is that our society already rewards being witty and fashionable and pleasing to others far too much. it also already rewards too much shirkers whose main talent is taking credit for the real work of others. let sucking up be saved for the actual world of business. it ' s not a skill that should be rewarded by college credit. here ' s another problem : collaborative learning is also often an excuse for professorial laziness. why read twenty papers when you can read five ( written by groups of four )? the group dynamic also means that the papers will only be so good or so bad, and that means that the professor won ' t be taxed by a product that is too " outside the box " of what ' s expected. if you ever sign up for a class that ' s a mixture of powerpoint presentations based on some textbook followed up by group projects and presentations, immediately drop it and ask for your money back. the philosopher rousseau was against taking the idea of dispersing wisdom to everyone characteristic of the enlightenment too seriously because the real goal of that approach is the production of a vain and pseudo - sophisticated herd of seemingly meritocratic techno - elitists. the philosopher — or the genuinely enlightened person — is always a law unto himself. he ' s almost always not characterized by the ambiguous virtue of working well with others.


wednesday, january 30, 2013 summary : this book discusses : * where to look for birds close to home - - often - overlooked spots in cities and suburban neighborhoods that can be bird magnets * how to get deeper by studying the birds around your home and participating in citizen science and conservation projects * green birding listing challenges and groups the green birder can get involved in * includes advice on how to adapt your equipment to a new style of birding and how to attract more birds to your home garden. recommendation : a brief but detailed overview on the subject. 2 ) pagel, mark. wired for culture : origins of the human social mind. 2013. w. w. norton. paperback : 416 pages. price : $ 18. 95 u. s. summary : a unique trait of the human species is that our personalities, lifestyles, and worldviews are shaped by an accident of birth — namely, the culture into which we are born. it is our cultures and not our genes that determine which foods we eat, which languages we speak, which people we love and marry, and which people we kill in war. but how did our species develop a mind that is hardwired for culture — and why? evolutionary biologist mark pagel tracks this intriguing question through the last 80, 000 years of human evolution, revealing how an innate propensity to contribute and conform to the culture of our birth not only enabled human survival and progress in the past but also continues to influence our behavior today. shedding light on our species ’ defining attributes — from art, morality, and altruism to self - interest, deception, and prejudice — wired for culture offers surprising new insights into what it means to be human. recommendation : for those with an interest in human social evolution.


“ moral, ” in some sense – solution. ) in the 1980s, researchers began investigating a potential link between addiction and genetics – and almost immediately started talking about whether genetics would explain why some races or nationalities had higher incidences of problem drinking than others. again, it was offered as a morally neutral alternative to existing stereotypes about weak - willed, shiftless or mean drunks, particularly those in certain minority groups ( native americans, and to a much, much, lesser extent, irish - americans ). brown university epidemiologist stephen buka, in a paper discussing health disparities as they relate to substance abuse, notes that there is greater genetic variability within major racial groups than between them and that racial disparities in health status. research on ethnicity and race as they relate to heavy drinking is intrinsically problematic, if not impossible to conduct, because these are plastic concepts that change with society ; discussions about the ethnic connection to drinking invariably group all native americans ( on both continents ) into one single ethnic category ; in the same discussions, the irish are presented as genetically distinct from all other european ethnicities. the same way that evolutionary psychology ( or at least, bad reporting on evolutionary research ) often conveniently reinforces sexist stereotypes about the role of men and women in the 21st society, genetic explanations for alcoholism tend to reinforce preexisting stereotypes about certain ethnic groups and races – in the case of both native americans and ( now fully assimilated, but still cheekily stereotyped ) irish - americans, these are stereotypes that date back centuries before the discovery of dna ; stories about the purported “ out - of - control ” drinking habits of native americans date back to the first interactions between white explorers and natives, with the former presenting their own drinking norms as refined and in control. socioogist and social worker richard thatcher, author of the 2004 book fighting firewater fictions : moving beyond the disease model of alcoholism, argues that both the disease model and the “ firewater myth ” not only cast native american people in the most essentialist terms, but considers problem drinking from the social, cultural and economic realities with which many indigenous people cope – perpetuating a racist status quo and leading many young people to believe they will eventually, inevitably become alcoholics themselves. that becomes a self - fulfilling prophecy, particularly in cultures ( thatcher ' s work focuses on indigenous people in canada ) where no effort is made to address the other societal factors that lead to problem drinking. people drink for a lot of reasons : to celebrate, to grie


intellectual disability begins in childhood. people with intellectual disability have limits in their mental functioning seen in below - average intelligence ( iq ) tests and in their ability to communicate, socialize, and take care of their everyday needs. the degree of disability can vary from person to person. it can be categorized as mild, moderate, severe, or profound. some causes of intellectual disability can be prevented with proper medical care. children diagnosed with an intellectual disability are most successful when they get help early in life. if you suspect that your child may have an intellectual disability, contact your doctor. several hundred causes of intellectual disability have been discovered, but many are still unknown. the most common ones are : biomedical causes resulting from : - abnormal genes inherited from parents - errors when genes combine, such as down syndrome and fragile x syndrome - nutritional deficiencies - metabolic conditions, such as phenylketonuria ( pku ), galactosemia, and congenital hypothyroidism - developmental brain abnormality, such as hydrocephalus and brain malformation - infections during pregnancy, such as : - behavioral issues during pregnancy, such as : problems at birth, such as : - premature delivery or low birth weight - baby doesn ’ t get enough oxygen during birth - baby is injured during birth factors during childhood, such as : - nutritional deficiencies - illnesses or infections that affect the brain, including meningitis, encephalitis, chickenpox, whooping cough, and measles - exposure to lead, mercury, and other toxins - head injury or near drowning - social factors, such as child stimulation and adult responsiveness - educational deficiencies a child could be at higher risk for intellectual disability due to any of the causes listed above, or due to intellectual disability in other family members. if you are concerned that your child is at risk, tell your child ' s doctor. symptoms appear before a child reaches age 18. symptoms vary depending on the degree of the intellectual disability. if you think your child has any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to intellectual disability. these symptoms may be caused by other, less serious health conditions. - learning and developing more slowly than other children of the same age - difficulty communicating or socializing with others - lower than average scores on iq tests - trouble learning in school - inability to do everyday things like getting dressed or using the bathroom without help - difficulty hearing, seeing, walking, or talking - inability to think logically the following categories are often used to describe the level


scores on iq tests - trouble learning in school - inability to do everyday things like getting dressed or using the bathroom without help - difficulty hearing, seeing, walking, or talking - inability to think logically the following categories are often used to describe the level of intellectual disability : - iq 50 - 70 - slower than normal in all areas - no unusual physical signs - can learn practical skills - reading and math skills up to grades 3 - 6 - can conform socially - can learn daily task skills - functions in society - iq 35 - 49 - noticeable delays, particularly speech - may have unusual physical signs - can learn simple communication - can learn elementary health and safety skills - can participate in simple activities and self - care - can perform supervised tasks - can travel alone to familiar places - iq 20 - 34 - significant delays in some areas ; may walk late - little or no communication skills, but some understanding of speech with some response - can be taught daily routines and repetitive activities - may be trained in simple self - care - needs direction and supervision socially - iq < 20 - significant delays in all areas - congenital abnormalities present - needs close supervision - requires attendant care - may respond to regular physical and social activity - not capable of self - care if you suspect your child is not developing skills on time, tell the doctor as soon as possible. your doctor will ask about your child ’ s symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. standardized tests may be given that measure : - intelligence — iq tests measure a person ’ s ability to do things such as think abstractly, learn, and solve problems. a child may have intellectual disability if iq test results are 70 or below. adaptive behavior — these are skills needed to function in everyday life, including : - conceptual skills like reading and writing - social skills like responsibility and self - esteem - practical skills like the ability to eat, use the bathroom, and get dressed children with intellectual disability have a higher risk for other disabilities such as hearing impairment, visual problems, seizures, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or orthopaedic conditions. additional testing may be needed to check for other conditions. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for your child. treatment is most helpful if it begins as early as possible. treatment includes : - early intervention programming for infants and toddlers up to age three - family counseling - human development training, including emotional skills and hand - eye coordination - special education programs - life skills training, such as preparing food, bathing - job coaching - social opportunities - housing services to help


i like projects. i really liked this project. the pipe insulation roller coaster project is one of the most enjoyable projects i ' ve ever used in class. it was my second year teaching physics. during the unit on energy, the book we were using frequently used roller coasters in their problems. we even had a little " roller coaster " to use with photo gates. i thought we could do better. my original idea was to get some flexible hot wheels tracks and make some loop - de - loops and hills. turns out a class set of hot wheels track is pretty expensive. on an unrelated yet serendipitous visit to my local big box hardware store, i ran across the perfect ( and cheap! ) substitute : pipe insulation!. for $ 1. 30 or so you can get six feet of pipe insulation - which doubles nicely as a marble track1 when you split the pipe insulation into two equal halves. it ' s really easy to cut pipe insulation with a sharp pair of scissors. just be sure you don ' t buy the " self - sealing " pipe insulation, which has glue pre - applied - it ' s more expensive and it ' d turn into a sticky mess. at first i planning to simply design a one - period long investigation using the pipe insulation ( my original ideas morphed into the pre - activity for this project ). as i started to think through the project more and more, i realized we could go way bigger. and thus, the pipe insulation roller coaster project was born. building the coasters in groups of three, students were given 24 feet of pipe insulation ( 4 pieces ), a roll of duct tape2, and access to a large pile of cardboard boxes3. all groups had to adhere to a few standard requirements : - construction requirements - the entire roller coaster must fit within a 1. 0m x 2. 0m rectangle4. - there must be at least two inversions ( loops, corkscrews, etc. ). - all 24 feet of pipe insulation must be used. - the track must end 50 cm above the ground. in addition to meeting the above requirements, students were required to utilize their understanding of the work - energy theorem, circular motion, and friction to do the following : - determine the average rolling friction, kinetic energy, and potential energy at 8 locations on their roller coaster. - determine the minimum velocities required for the marble to stay on the track at the top of all the inversions - determine the g - forces the marble experiences


friction, kinetic energy, and potential energy at 8 locations on their roller coaster. - determine the minimum velocities required for the marble to stay on the track at the top of all the inversions - determine the g - forces the marble experiences through the inversions and at least five additional corners, hills, or valleys. - the g - forces must be kept at " safe " levels5. - rolling friction, kinetic energy, and potential energy - the potential energy ( ) is easy enough to find after measuring the height of the track and finding the mass of the marble. the kinetic energy is trickier and can be done by filming the marble and doing some analysis with tracker, but since the speed of the marble is likely to be a little too fast for most cameras to pick up clearly, it ' s probably easier ( and much faster ) to simply measure the time it takes the marble travel a certain length of track. i describe how this can be done in a previous post, so check that out for more info. that post also includes how to calculated the coefficient of friction by finding how much work was done on the marble due to friction - so i ' ll keep things shorter here by not re - explaining that process. - pro - tip : have students mark every 10 cm or so on their track before they start putting together their coasters ( note the tape marks in this pic ). since d in in this case is the length of track the marble has rolled so far, it makes finding the value for d much easier than trying to measure a twisting, looping roller coaster track. - this is also called the critical velocity. that ' s fitting. if you ' re riding a roller coaster it ' s pretty critical that you make it around each loop. also, you might be in critical condition if you don ' t. while falling to our death would be exciting, it also limits the ability to ride roller coasters in the future ( and i like roller coasters ). since we ' re primarily concerned with what is happening to the marble at the top of the loop, here ' s a diagram of the vertical forces on the marble at the very top of the loop : so just normal force ( the track pushing on the marble ) and gravitational force ( the earth pulling on the marble ). since these forces are both acting towards the center of the loop together they ' re equal to the radial force : when the marble is just barely making it around the loop ( at the critical velocity ), the normal force goes to zero


the marble ). since these forces are both acting towards the center of the loop together they ' re equal to the radial force : when the marble is just barely making it around the loop ( at the critical velocity ), the normal force goes to zero. that is, the track stops pushing on the marble for just an instant at the top of the loop. if the normal force stays zero for any longer than that it means the marble is in free fall, and that ' s just not safe. so : then when you substitute in masses and accelerations for the forces and do some rearranging : there you go. all you need to know is the radius of the loop, and that ' s easy enough to measure. of course, you ' d want a little cushion above the critical velocity, especially because we ' re ignoring the friction that is constantly slowing down the marble as it makes its way down the track. - an exciting roller coaster will make you weightless and in the next instant squish you into your seat. a really bad roller coaster squishes you until you pass out. this is awesomely known as g - loc ( g - force induced loss of consciousness ). with the proper training and gear, fighter pilots can make it to about 9g ' s before g - loc. mere mortals like myself usually experience g - loc between 4 and 6g ' s. as i mentioned, i set the limit for pipe insulation roller coasters at 30g ' s simply because it allowed more creative and exciting coaster designs. while this would kill most humans, it turns out marbles have a very high tolerance before reaching g - loc. raise the stakes students become fiercely proud of their roller coasters. they ' ll name them. brag about them. drag their friends in during lunch to show them off. seeing this, i had students show off their creations to any teachers, parents, or administrators that i was able to cajole into stopping by for the official testing of the coasters. i even made up a fun little rubric (. doc file ) for any observers to fill out for each coaster. this introduces some level of competition into the project, which gives me pause - though from day one students generally start some friendly smack talk about how their coaster is akin to the millenium force while all other coasters are more like the woodstock express. the students love to show off their coasters, and it seems the people being shown enjoy the experience as well. assessment is massively


how their coaster is akin to the millenium force while all other coasters are more like the woodstock express. the students love to show off their coasters, and it seems the people being shown enjoy the experience as well. assessment is massively important. however, this post is already long. the exciting conclusion of this post will feature the assessment piece in : part 2 : pipe insulation roller coaster assessment. the pipe insulation roller coaster series - pipe insulation roller coasters and rolling friction - pipe insulation roller coasters - pipe insulation roller coaster assessment - the first day we played with pipe insulation in class i had students use some marble - sized steel balls. unfortunately because the steel balls are so much heavier and the pipe insulation is spongy and flexible, there was just too much friction. when we switched to marbles the next day everything worked like a charm. ( back ) - most groups typically use more than one roll of duct tape. my first couple years i bought the colored duct tape and gave each group a different color. that was a nice touch, but also a bit more expensive than using the standard silver. whatever you decide, i highly recommend avoiding the cut - rate duct tape. the cheap stuff just didn ' t stick as well which caused students to waste a lot of time fixing places where the duct tape fell and in the end used a lot more duct tape. ( back ) - i had an arrangement with our school ' s kitchen manager to set broken down boxes aside for me for a few weeks before we started the project. if that ' s not an option, i ' ve also found if you talk to a manager of a local grocery store they ' re usually more than willing to donate boxes. ( back ) - i made it a requirement for groups to start by building a cardboard rectangle with the maximum dimensions. this served two functions : ( 1 ) it made it easy for the groups to see what space they had to work with, and ( 2 ) it allows the roller coasters to be moved around a little by sliding them across the floor. ( back ) - originally i wanted students to keep g - forces below 10. very quickly it became apparent that under 10g ' s was overly restrictive and i upped it to 30g ' s. that ' s not really safe for living creatures, but it would certainly make it more " exciting. " ( back )


it is obvious that some people are more successful in different intellectual domains than others. gardner ' s multiple intelligences suggests eight different domains of intellectual skill people can identify with. the domains consist of the following, in which people can score any level in all categories : linguistic, logico - mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily - kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic. although his model is impossible to falsify, this idea is important because it serves as a good starting point in which scientists can begin distinguishing what qualifies as an " intelligence " versus a talent. however, it is possible that talents and intelligence are actually the same, when intelligence is defined among gardner ' s approach. it is impossible to say einstein had a talent in math yet didn ' t identify with that intelligence. a causation approach seems to be inapplicable because research points towards intelligence being considerably stable, while talents can be improved... yet those talents remain in the same realm as its partnering intelligence. this article talks about how there is a controversy on the misuse of his idea into new teaching methods. however, who said that just because someone is intelligent in music means that they will all of a sudden learn geography classes significantly better based on singing the information? they would simply just excel in the musical part of tasks, further concluding their continued talent / intelligence. as suggested in the text, i prefer to conclude i have an intelligence in humor, but one could beg to differ. overall, i now wonder if someones iq could actually be the degree in which every arguable intelligence is taken into consideration, then somehow calculated. the wais test seems to imply there are different areas of intelligence, so why not add them all...? oh, how psychology is incredibly ambiguous. multiple intelligences : possibly interchangeable with talent? trackback url : http : / / blog. lib. umn. edu / cgi - bin / mt - tb. cgi / 168052


“ in nine months, a group of children left alone with a computer in any language will reach the same standard as an office secretary in the west. ” ~ dr. sugata mitra one fine day on 26 january 1999, the chief scientist at niit and his team plan to dig a hole in their office wall adjacent to the delhi slum area. they install a freely accessible computer and observe the rest. this computer created instant ripples and the inferences were revolutionary. the slum children not only learn basic computer skills but teach other children as well. this experiment known as the hole in the wall is the discovery of professor sugata mitra. he also coined the concept of minimally invasive education ; a pedagogy under which children driven by curiosity and peer support teach themselves and others. professor sugata mitra had always been fascinated with the idea of unsupervised learning and computers and when finally he put it into practice, it won him another award. on tuesday, february 26. dr. mitra was given the ted award 2013 which grants him $ 1 million to set up his own learning laboratory based on this concept. dr. mitra plans to set up learning spaces that would be totally automated and controlled from the cloud. the supervisor will not be a teacher or a computer expert but only a safety and health supervisor. probably set up in india, these learning spaces would take the hole in the wall experiment to the implementation stage. dr. mitra has been the chief scientist at niit and is currently professor of educational technology at newcastle university, uk. dr. mitra is a winner of “ man of peace award ” from together for peace foundation, usa, and “ social innovation award ” from institute of social inventions, uk. he has also been given the “ dewang mehta award ” by the government of india in recognition for his work related to hole - in - the - wall. according to dr. mitra, the learners of the new age need two things. a broadband connection and a teacher to stand back. he says, “ the victorians were great engineers. they engineered a [ schooling ] system that was so robust that it ’ s still with us today, continuously producing identical people for a machine that no longer exists. ” we were fortunate enough to have prof. mitra with us in one of the wiziq conversations. you can revisit his works and words anytime. professor mitra was self - taught and has a firm belief that others can do the same through technology and


combined gas law the combined gas law combines charles law, boyle s law and gay lussac s law. the combined gas law states that a gas pressure x volume x temperature = constant. alright. in class you should have learned about the three different gas laws. the first one being boyle ' s law and it talks about the relationship between pressure and volume of a particular gas. the next one should be charles law which talks about the volume and temperature of a particular gas. and the last one should be gay lussac ' s law which talks about the relationship between pressure and temperature of a particular gas. okay. but what happens when you have pressure, volume and temperature all changing? well, we ' re actually going to combine these gas laws to form one giant gas law called the combined gas law. okay. if you notice then these three gas laws the pressure and volume are always in the numerator. so we ' re going to keep them on the numerator. p1v1. and notice the temperature is in the denominator over t1. so all these things are just squished into one and then p2v2 over t2. okay. so this is what we ' re going to call the combined gas law. so let ' s actually get an example and do one together. alright, so i have a problem up here that says a gas at 110 kilo pascals and 33 celsius fills a flexible container with an initial volume of two litres, okay? if the temperature is raised to 80 degrees celsius and the pressure is raised to 440 kilo pascals, what is the new volume? okay. so notice we have three variables. we ' re talking about pressure, temperature and volume. okay, so now we ' re going to employ this combined gas law dealing with all three of these variables. so we ' re going to look at our first, our first number 110 kilo pascals and that ' s going to, that is the unit of pressure. so we know that ' s p1. our p1 is 110 kilo pascals, at 30 degree celsius. i don ' t like things with celsius so i ' m going to change this to kelvin. so i ' m going to add 273 to that which makes it 303 kelvin. that ' s our temperature. and my initial volume is two litres so i ' m going to say v1 = 2 litres. okay then i continue reading. if the temperature is raised at 80


to add 273 to that which makes it 303 kelvin. that ' s our temperature. and my initial volume is two litres so i ' m going to say v1 = 2 litres. okay then i continue reading. if the temperature is raised at 80 degree celsius, again we want it in kelvin, so we ' re going to add 273 making it to 353. so our t2 is 353 kelvin and the pressure increased to 440 kilo pascals, the pressure p2 is equal to 440 kilo pascals which i ' m very happy that i kept it in kilo pascals that i kept it in kilo pascals. i ' ve got to make sure these units are the same because pressure can be measured in several different units. i ' m going to make sure all units are the same. and what is the new volume? so our v2 is our variable, what we ' re trying to find. okay. so let ' s basically plug all these variable in into our combined gas law to figure out what the new volume would be. okay. so i ' m going to erase this and say our pressure one is 110 kilo pascals. our volume one is two litres. our temperature one is 303 kelvin. our pressure two is 440 kilo pascals. we don ' t know our volume so we ' re just going to say v2 over 353 kelvin. okay. when i ' m looking for a variable i ' m going to cross multiply these guys. so i ' m going to say 353 times 110 times 2 and that should give me seven, 77660, if you put that in a calculator. so i just cross multiply these guys. and i cross multiply these guys 303 times 440 times v2 gives me 133320v2. okay, so then i want to get my, i want to isolate my variable, so i ' m going to divide 133320. 133320. and i find that my new volume is 0. 58. 0. 58 metres. and that is how you do the combined gas law.


epilepsy phenome / genome project ( epgp ) the purpose of this study is to collect detailed information about the characteristics and genetics of a large number of individuals with epilepsy. | study design : | | observational model : case control time perspective : prospective | official title : | | epilepsy phenome / genome project : a phenotype / genotype analysis of epilepsy | - epgp will recruit persons with specific forms of epilepsy. dna will be isolated from participants ' blood and genetic variants associated with common forms of epilepsy will be identified. [ time frame : over 4. 5 years ] [ designated as safety issue : no ] biospecimen retention : samples with dna | study start date : | | november 2007 | | estimated study completion date : | | december 2013 | | estimated primary completion date : | | december 2012 ( final data collection date for primary outcome measure ) | individuals with epilepsy epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders and is a major public health concern. approximately 30 percent of people with epilepsy have medically intractable epilepsy, and the medical and social consequences of the disorder are enormous. treatments developed for epilepsy have largely been experimental rather than based on knowledge of basic mechanisms because the mechanisms are poorly understood. the epilepsy phenome / genome project ( epgp ) is a large - scale, international, multi - institutional, collaborative research project aimed at advancing the understanding of the genetic basis of the most common forms of epilepsy. the overall goal of epgp is to collect detailed, high quality phenotypic ( i. e., characteristics of individuals, from the molecular level to the whole person ) information on persons with epilepsy and to compare the phenotypic information with genomic information. epgp will provide a resource that may lead to many discoveries related to the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, including the eventual development of new therapies based on a better understanding of causes of the disorder. show 25 study locations | principal investigator : | | daniel lowenstein, md | | university of california, san francisco, department of neurology | | principal investigator : | | ruben kuzniecky, md | | new york university, comprehensive epilepsy center |


expanding community resources : a collaborative effort - chapter 7. teaching and learning basic invasion - game tactics in 4th grade : a descriptive study from situated and constraints theoretical perspectives. rovegno, inez ; nevett, michael ; brock, sheri ; babiarz, matthew / / journal of teaching in physical education ; jul2001, vol. 20 issue 4, p370 focuses on the description of invasion - game tactics using theoretical perspective. implication of the content, instruction and learning ; recognition of the qualitative data ; identification of the high - ability and low - ability group. - the learning revolution : perched at the millennium. o ' banion, terry / / community college week ; 01 / 12 / 98, vol. 10 issue 12, p4 opinion. comments on the shift which has emerged in education in the united states, focusing on that change in community colleges. what this shift emerged initially as ; how some observers characterized this shift ; need for overhauling the architecture of education. - feedback. kelley, susan ; jones, barbara ; gordon, brian / / community college week ; 07 / 27 / 98, vol. 10 issue 26, p5 presents several feedback from educators on the learning revolution. problems with student learning ; measurement of the effectiveness of teaching ; support for and conversation about learning colleges. - what ' s your learning style? / / current health 1 ; oct96 1 of 2, vol. 20 issue 2, p23 describes a variety of learning styles. visual learning ; aural learning ; cooperative learning ; highlights of a teacher - students discussion on learning styles. - the notebook. white, elizabeth ross / / christian science monitor ; 6 / 16 / 98, vol. 90 issue 140, pb2 offers news briefs related to learning. gorp. com, a web site that provides outdoor recreation information ; details on the children ' s scholarship fund ; maine college of art exchange program with hanoi fine arts college in vietnam ; ministers to teach religion in a public high school in buena... - alignment and gategory learning. lassaline, mary e. ; murphy, gregory l. / / journal of experimental psychology. learning, memory & cognition ; jan1998, vol. 24 issue 1, p144 presents information on a series of studies which shows that alignment is involved in category learning. details on the experiments ; results of the experiments ; discussion on the experiments. - dynamic changes in hypermnesia across early and late tests ; a relation / item - specific account.


a series of studies which shows that alignment is involved in category learning. details on the experiments ; results of the experiments ; discussion on the experiments. - dynamic changes in hypermnesia across early and late tests ; a relation / item - specific account. mcdaniel, mark a. ; moore, brent a. ; whiteman, howard l. / / journal of experimental psychology. learning, memory & cognition ; jan1998, vol. 24 issue 1, p173 presents information on experiments which tested predictions derived from r. r. hunt, and m. a. mcdaniel ' s relational / item - specific account of hypermnesia. methodology of the experiments ; results of the experiments ; discussion on the experiments. - influences of temporal organization on sequence learning and transfer : comments on stadler ( 1995 ).. dominey, peter ford / / journal of experimental psychology. learning, memory & cognition ; jan1998, vol. 24 issue 1, p234 investigates the hypothesis that both the serial order of events and their temporal organization influence the internal representation of a sequence and thus influence its learnability. methodology of the investigation ; results of the investigation ; discussion on the investigation. - helping your child learn. / / humpty dumpty ' s magazine ; dec96, vol. 44 issue 8, p34 suggests techniques to encourage learning in children. promotion of reading by setting up a home library ; telling of family stories ; meeting with teachers.


influenza, or “ the flu, ” is a contagious viral infection of the nose, throat, and lungs which occurs most often in the late fall, winter, and early spring. flu is a serious infection which is associated, on average, with more than 200, 000 hospitalizations due to flu related complications and can lead to thousands of deaths every year in the united states. “ no one wants to spread the flu to family, friends, or colleagues. yet many of us admit to tossing our manners aside when we have the flu, ” said anna post, great - great - granddaughter of emily post and co - author of the 18th edition of emily post ’ s etiquette. “ knowing how to politely cancel an event you ’ re hosting or how to avoid shaking your client ’ s hand because you ’ re sick can help avoid a potentially difficult and awkward situation. by following appropriate flu etiquette, we can all play a role in preventing the spread of the flu virus. ” the emily post institute offers the following etiquette tips to manage common situations where the flu virus might be spread from one person to another : 1. share space, not the flu – covering sneezes and coughs is a good habit all year round, especially during flu season. the flu virus can spread up to six feet away from coughing, sneezing, or even just talking. 2. know when to take a sick day – the flu is highly contagious and the people you work with don ’ t want to get sick. knowing the symptoms of flu versus a cold is important so you know when to take a sick day and see a doctor. remember the acronym f. a. c. t. s. to recognize if you might have the flu ( fever, aches, chills, tiredness with sudden onset ). 3. in tight quarters – it ’ s tough to point out someone ’ s behavior mid - flight with hours left to go. however, flu is highly contagious. if there ’ s no other seat available, consider saying, “ i can see you ’ re not feeling well — would you mind covering your mouth when you cough? thanks. ” most people when prompted are eager to show good manners and do the right thing. “ every year, millions of americans get influenza. we are all personally responsible for helping to control its spread, ” says susan j. rehm, md, medical director at the national foundation for infectious diseases ( nfid ). “ the centers for disease control and


record : darwin, c. r. geological diary : port desire. cul - dar34. 29 - 34 transcribed by kees rookmaaker, edited by john van wyhe ( darwin online, http : / / darwin - online. org. uk / ). revision history : transcribed by kees rookmaaker and john van wyhe, corrections by van wyhe and gordon chancellor 1. 2011. rn2 note : this document, part of the largest scientific document composed by darwin during the voyage of the beagle, is written mostly in ink. marginal notes are here integrated into the text. editorial symbols used in the transcription : [ some text ] ' some text ' is an editorial insertion [ some text ] ' some text ' is the conjectured reading of an ambiguous word or passage [ some text ] ' some text ' is a description of a word or passage that cannot be transcribed < > word ( s ) destroyed < some text > ' some text ' is a description of a destroyed word or passage text in small red font is a hyperlink or notes added by the editors. reproduced with the permission of the syndics of cambridge university library and william huxley darwin. n side of river. porphyry. — ascending which you arrive at a dead level plain, much divided & cut up by vallies one side corresponds to the other. — this plain reaches up to the foot of two hills is seen stretching to the west - ward. to the sw. & south of [ river ]. all level forming square pieces of table land. — covered with gravel of porphyry. — endless varieties, & some white quartz. pebbles here the size of r negro but evidently same sort — all water brackish, more or less. v [ bottle ] : is it washing any salt water of old sea? in one valley, which was deep, there was a coating of salt which resembled the salitrales more to the north. — v. specimen. — on the high plain, there are groups of many shells lying thick together, & curiously perfect, considering exposure to weather. — patellae. & mytilus with colour. — ( same as new bay ) not covered with diluvium. — recent sea cause of sterility. — i should imagine gravel 10 20 or 30 feet thick, for beneath this there appears a white. calcareo - sandy clay — clayey sandstone in soft. forming beds. seen in vallies at foot of 2 hills. —


inferior rocks. — more especially as the junction is slightly inducted. — whatever origin of 1679 is it must be the same for all porphiries 1634 - - 39. for where section f is ; the cliffs end & great porphyritic formation begins of which ( 1677 ) present in external form & nature a good type. — yet i cannot think rocks such as 1681. which pass into 1675. & such, 1673.,. 1674. which lie over rocks of aqueous origin such rocks as 1673 passing into. 1649 & pass into each other & alternate without marked change can owe their origins to such different causes as fire & water. section f is interesting, where porphyry 1677 dips into the sea. i thought it belonged to the range of hills behind the fort — it was only at its outcrop. i saw it overlying such rocks as 1678. 1679. ) & other coarser varieties with small pebbles such as ( 1649 ). — the dip is here w n w. — which is unusual & it is the point of a bite or bay & commencement of the tw softer rocks. — the general dip of all the above rocks is nnw. — but not accurately ; the stratification is in plains considerably disturbed. at dip at about 15°. — i noticed here the same fact as at the falklands namely outcrop behind outcrop without anticlinal lines. — [ sketch of anticlinal lines ] gran 1650 1675 white [ illeg ] 1681 1650 1674 red [ illeg ] 1649 1651 mortar & f. b. 1681 i may notice that form of harbor roughly agrees with stratification. creek running to the s. of w & e. — in the east of the fort, where the spaniards have quarried.. — the following rocks are visible. — 1682 — — to 1691. — which tell something like same tale as section f. viz. that porphyry ( 1684 ) ( which is part of same bed with ( 1690 : 1691 ) & which include the principal varieties in the country. lies over rocks of a very earthy nature, sometimes quite soft. & very commonly lined with horizontal or waving ferruginous lines. as in sandstone, evidently formed in water. — these 6 rocks occur without any determinate order & pass into each other. — the passage of porhyry 1684. is certain. the laminated variety 1691. occurs at top


lines. as in sandstone, evidently formed in water. — these 6 rocks occur without any determinate order & pass into each other. — the passage of porhyry 1684. is certain. the laminated variety 1691. occurs at top of bed. — which appears to be its common position. — these beds ( porphyry ) inducted dip to sse at 10° ( or about ). now they rest on s side of great porphyry range. behind the fort. — this range runs about ene & wsw or ne & w. which line continued falls to the south of the cliffs. & therefore their northerly dip is explained by line of violence continued, although no actual hills are produced. the following facts are i think proved by geology of port desire viz that earthy & crystalline porphiries were formed, were covered by conglomerates & other mechanical rock ; that rocks partaking of both character of mechanical & chemical passed into each other & alternated an argument for the wernerians ; that there was a common deposit of white earthy feldspar : & that the dykes are of curious chemical nature, that the conglomerates are formed from the rolling of porphyries rocks now present. that these beds were upheaved by the chain of hills north of the fort. — that this roughly impressed the present form of land. — that in certain places, a great bed of yellowish sandy clay was deposited abounding with large ostreae very generally same fossils. with s josef & st fe contemporaneous. that the upper parts of this bed was purer clay & contained layers of gypsum, that above this there is bed of to earthy sandstone, sometimes generally ( same as in r. chupat near rios calcareous. — that these beds show no sign of violence. — that after this a most enormous alluvial action removed parts of the lower beds & deposited a vast thickness of rounded porphyry & white quartz pebbles. ( if these were two upheavals one took place at this period? ) — that the sea remained or this gave time enough to leave shells which now exist, even with their colours. elevated 247 feet above the sea. — then the land was elevated or sea subsided. — that some this there has been very great alluvial action, more than the present dry climate can account for. even if we put out of the case the great removals & immense vallies in the upper plain, where there are little


american journal of physical anthropology doi : 10. 1002 / ajpa. 21350 a mitochondrial revelation of early human migrations to the tibetan plateau before and after the last glacial maximum zhendong qin et al. as the highest plateau surrounded by towering mountain ranges, the tibetan plateau was once considered to be one of the last populated areas of modern humans. however, this view has been tremendously changed by archeological, linguistic, and genetic findings in the past 60 years. nevertheless, the timing and routes of entry of modern humans into the tibetan plateau is still unclear. to make these problems clear, we carried out high - resolution mitochondrial - dna ( mtdna ) analyses on 562 tibeto - burman inhabitants from nine different regions across the plateau. by examining the mtdna haplogroup distributions and their principal components, we demonstrated that maternal diversity on the plateau reflects mostly a northern east asian ancestry. furthermore, phylogeographic analysis of plateau - specific sublineages based on 31 complete mtdna sequences revealed two primary components : pre - last glacial maximum ( lgm ) inhabitants and post - lgm immigrants. also, the analysis of one major pre - lgm sublineage a10 showed a strong signal of post - lgm population expansion ( about 15, 000 years ago ) and greater diversity in the southern part of the tibetan plateau, indicating the southern plateau as a refuge place when climate dramatically changed during lgm.


date : december 2004 creator : habel, agnieszka description : this problem in lieu of thesis is a discussion of two topics : brownian movement and quantum computers. brownian movement is a physical phenomenon in which the particle velocity is constantly undergoing random fluctuations. chapters 2, 3 and 4, describe brownian motion from three different perspectives. the next four chapters are devoted to the subject of quantum computers, which are the signal of a new era of technology and science combined together. in the first chapter i present to a reader the two topics of my problem in lieu of thesis. in the second chapter i explain the idea of brownian motion, its interpretation as a stochastic process and i find its distribution function. the next chapter illustrates the probabilistic picture of brownian motion, where the statistical averages over trajectories are related to the probability distribution function. chapter 4 shows how to derive the langevin equation, introduced in chapter 1, using a hamiltonian picture of a bath with infinite number of harmonic oscillators. the chapter 5 explains how the idea of quantum computers was developed and how step - by - step all the puzzles for the field of quantum computers were created. the next chapter, chapter 6, discus the basic quantum unit of information... contributing partner : unt libraries