a land whose rich cultural heritage is discovered not only from within the walls of numerous museums, galleries and churches, many of which today, as zero category monuments are included in a part of the unesco world heritage list, but also in that magical place on the mediterranean, where even the shortest stroll becomes a journey down a staircase thousands of years old, which takes one through a history that is at the same time turbulent, exciting and glorious. with as many as seven cultural phenomena - the festivity of saint blaise, lace - making in lepoglava, hvar and pag, the bell ringers from the kastav region, the hvar procession za krizem, ( ‘ following the cross ’ ), two - part singing in the istrian scale, in istria and hrvatsko primorje, the spring procession of ‘ ljelje ’ and traditional manufacture of wooden toys in the hrvatsko zagorje region, croatia is among the countries with the most protected intangible cultural heritage elements, recorded on the unesco list. the famous scientist nikola tesla ( 1856 - 1943 ), inventor of alternating current. was born in smiljan, croatia, died in new york, usa. dog breed dalmatian originates from these areas? in a small franciscan monastery in zaostrog, there is a painting from 1724 which for the first time depicts a dalmatian dog … slavoljub eduard penkala in 1906, a croat slavoljub eduard penkala for the first time applied for a patent for a ballpoint ( penkala ) and a holder for a fountain pen. from time immemorial, the tie has been a part of the croatian national costume, which was preserved by the croats to the more recent times, who moved to central europe in the 16th century. it was later taken over by the croatian soldiers who were fighting in europe, and a part of their uniform was assumed by the french in the 17th century. under the leadership of the french „ god of sun " louis xiv there was a horsemen unit, the so - called royal cravate, who wore mostly red collar ribbons. the custom of wearing ribbons from the croats dates back to this time, which was later expanded around europe and the world, and today is inevitably the most important detail in men ' s fashion, and also an original croatian souvenir. the word « kravata » ( tie ) originates from the word « kroate »... the world


, high energy physics, astrophysics, fusion, nanosciences … information and health technologies : it tackles micro and nano - technologies for telecommunication and nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and medical imaging, it researches programs on biotechnology, molecular labelling, biomolecular engineering and structural biology, it shares its knowledge and know - how through education and training through the national institute for nuclear sciences and technologies ( instn ), it manages over 300 priority patents and is active in the creation of clusters. defense and national security : it conceives, builds, maintains then dismantles the nuclear warhead of the french deterrence force, it helps to fight against nuclear, biological and chemical weapons ( nrbc program ). the missions of the cea are similar to the department of energy in the united states. the cea has a network of counselor or representatives in french embassies around the world ( see joint map ). the french nuclear safety authority ( asn ) created in 2006, from the former dsin ( directorate for the safety of nuclear facilities ), the french nuclear safety authority is an independent administrative authority which is tasked with regulating nuclear safety and radiation protection in order to protect workers, patients, the public and the environment from the risks involved in nuclear activities. it also contributes to informing the public. like the nuclear regulatory commission in the united states, it carries out inspections and may pronounce sanctions, up to and including suspension of operation of an installation. french institute for radioprotection and nuclear safety ( irsn ) created in 2001 by merging the protection and nuclear safety institute ( ipsn ) and the ionizing radiations protection office ( opri ), the institute for radioprotection and nuclear safety is a public establishment of an industrial and commercial nature placed under the joint authority of the ministries of the environment, health, industry, research and defense. it is the expert in safety research and specialized assessments into nuclear and radiological risk serving public authorities whose work is complementary to the asn. its scope of activities includes : environment and response, human radiological protection, research on the prevention of major accidents, power reactor safety, fuel cycle facility safety, research installation safety, waste management safety ; nuclear defense expertise. national radioactive waste management agency ( andra ) created in 1991, the french national agency for radioactive waste management is a public industrial and commercial organization that operates independently of waste producers. it is responsible for the long - term management of radioactive waste produced in france under the supervision of the french ministries for energy,


- action research ( 6 posts ) - artist cpd ( 11 posts ) - barriers to participation ( 2 posts ) - change management ( 8 posts ) - co - construction ( 3 posts ) - community cohesion ( 12 posts ) - creative curriculum development ( 13 posts ) - creative teaching and learning ( 28 posts ) - cross - curricular working ( 21 posts ) - developing school ethos ( 6 posts ) - disability awareness ( 4 posts ) - diversity ( 3 posts ) - exchanges and trips ( 4 posts ) - experiential learning ( 6 posts ) - extracurricular work ( 3 posts ) - learning outcomes for artists ( 23 posts ) - learning outcomes for teachers ( 27 posts ) - learning outcomes for young people ( 37 posts ) - learning styles ( 13 posts ) - mentoring ( 2 posts ) - outdoor learning environment ( 1 post ) - parent engagement ( 4 posts ) - participation and engagement ( 29 posts ) - partnerships ( 37 posts ) - role of the practitioner ( 32 posts ) - school networks ( 2 posts ) - teacher cpd ( 17 posts ) - whole school working ( 13 posts ) - young people in decision making role ( 9 posts ) - youth leadership ( 5 posts ) - youth voice ( 16 posts ) select from the categories above, and scroll over the thumbnails to view information about each resource. you can download many of the resources as pdfs, view film or listen to audio. a new direction schools forum : effective partnership workingthis resource summarises key ideas from schools and arts & cultural organisations from a series of discussions around six different … a personal journey through preferred learning stylesan essay written by a creative practitioner who undertook action research into students ' preferred learning styles and creativity. artists and teachers partnershipsan essay exploring partnerships between creative practitioners and teachers from an early years setting and a secondary school. arts beyond the classrooma film documenting the experiences of the pupils and parents in the arts beyond the classroom project. beneath the hooda pack including a poignant film portrait of students at a pru, poetry cards and a resource guide for similar … building partnershipsan essay describing three effective partnership projects delivered in two primary schools and one fe college. co - construction of learninga case study exploring examples of creative projects which supported young people to guide school change through ' co - construction '. connecting countries : london to vancouvera film of a group of secondary school students who journey to vancouver for the 2010 winter paralympic games. creative interventions in the english facultyan essay providing an arts organisation ' s perspective of creative teaching strategies within


- construction '. connecting countries : london to vancouvera film of a group of secondary school students who journey to vancouver for the 2010 winter paralympic games. creative interventions in the english facultyan essay providing an arts organisation ' s perspective of creative teaching strategies within an east london school ' s english curriculum. creative teaching and learninga case study discussing the ways creative programmes have supported the development of creative teaching and learning. creativity and changean essay exploring structural and institutional change through creative programmes in three primaries and one special school. cross - curricular creative projectsan essay describing cross - curricular approaches in 3 primary schools and 1 secondary school in east london. developing a learning strategy for artsadmina paper detailing the development of an arts organisation ' s education programme in partnership with artists and local schools. engaging parents creatively in the foundation stagea paper presenting two examples that aimed to increase parental engagement and community involvement in the pupils ' work. forensic science murder mysterya film documenting a cross - curricular drama project with secondary school students inspired by a tv crime series. grove park special school takes over the borough of brenta film made by students with a range of physical and learning disabilities who investigate their local area. imaginationa film charting an 18 month whole school cross - curricular project culminating in a community carnival. imagine nationa short film of a poem and set of accompanying activities for literacy lessons exploring creativity and imagination. institutional changea paper exploring two different approaches to whole school change in a special school and a secondary school. ipc media schools design programmean essay describing the ipc media schools design programme, a graphic design work - related learning programme initiated in 2005. learning about learning : preferred learning styles and creativitya publication exploring education approaches to preferred learning styles. essays and a toolkit of lesson activities are included. london to beijing - a dance traveloguea film about dance students from a further education college who visit a dance school in beijing, china. making things happen - herea project case study and two films. a group of primary schools imagine something extraordinary for their community. olympics literacy resourcea set of classroom resources for all year groups for creating poetry around the theme of the olympics.


south america. uses sound to communicate living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria. found in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, in areas with a mediterranean climate. vegetation is dominated by stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough ( hard or waxy ) evergreen leaves. may be maintained by periodic fire. in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate helpers provide assistance in raising young that are not their own an animal that mainly eats the dung of other animals active at dawn and dusk having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect. animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds. an animal that mainly eats leaves. referring to a burrowing life - style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing. an animal that mainly eats seeds an animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants. offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters, clutches, etc. ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ). having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets. having more than one female as a mate at one time specialized for leaping or bounding locomotion ; jumps or hops. communicates by producing scents from special gland ( s ) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them breeding is confined to a particular season remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. places a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called " hoarding " uses touch to communicate that region of


combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female associates with others of its species ; forms social groups. places a food item in a special place to be eaten later. also called " hoarding " uses touch to communicate that region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ). living on the ground. defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement uses sight to communicate reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. young are relatively well - developed when born chavez, a., f. bozinovic, l. peichl, a. palacios. 2003. retinal spectral sensitivity, fur coloration, and urine reflectance in the genus octodon ( rodentia ) : implications for visual ecology. investigative opthalmology & visual science, 44 / 5 : 2290 - 2296. contreras, l., j. torres - mura, j. yanez. 1987. biogeography of octodontid rodents : an eco - evolutionary hypothesis. fieldiana : zoology, new series, 39 : 401 - 411. ebensperger, l., f. bozinovic. 2000. energetics and burrowing behaviour in the semifossorial degu octadon degus ( rodentia : octodontidae ). journal of zoology, 252 : 179 - 186. ebensperger, l., a. caiozzi. 2002. male degus, octodon degus, modify their dustbathing behavior in response to social familiarity of previous dustbathing marks. revista chilena de historia natural, 75 : 157 - 163. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado. 2005. on the relationship between herbaceous cover and vigilance activity of degus ( octodon degus ). ethology, 111 / 6 : 593 - 608. ebensperger, l., m. hurtado. 2005. seasonal changes in the time budget of degus, octadon degus.. behaviour, 142 : 91 - 112. ebensperger, l.


than other citizens ' and their rights can be limited due to security or other penological concerns. because of the particular challenges administrators face running prisons, the supreme court has acknowledged there is a compelling government interest which warrants limiting prisoners ' rights. courts have been deferential to prison officials ' assessments of security threats, and sensitive to their related regulatory decisions, even if such decisions impact inmates ' first amendment rights. a prison regulation that impinges on an inmate ' s constitutional rights will be upheld in court if that regulation is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives. this means that, generally, prison officials can ban extremist materials from prisons because of concerns that the distribution of such material will undermine prison security. extremist books, leaflets, and magazines have been forbidden to prisoners on this basis. such material has not been allowed through the mail and has not been kept in the prison library. however, prisons have less discretion to limit inmates ' religious practices than other first amendment rights due to a new federal law. because of the religious land use and institutionalized persons act ( rluipa ), prison officials ' discretion in limiting access to extremist material may depend in part on whether such material is related to an inmate ' s religious exercise. therefore, prison regulations that affect religious exercise, including access to religious literature, will be reviewed carefully if challenged in court. 3. what legal standard is used to determine the constitutionality of prison regulations? the supreme court announced the standard under which it would review the constitutionality of prison regulations in turner v. safley, a case involving a challenge to a complete prohibition on inmate marriage. as noted earlier, a prison regulation is constitutional if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives. under this standard, courts have upheld regulations based on the consideration of certain factors : - is there a valid, rational connection between the prison regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward to justify it? - are there alternative means of exercising the assert - ed right that remain open to inmates? - how great a negative impact will accommodating the inmates ' rights have on guards, other inmates, a nd on the allocation of prison resources? courts will consider the existence of obvious and easy alternatives to a challenged regulation as evidence of a regulation ' s arbitrariness. 4. is the same legal standard used to determine the constitutionality of prison regulations that implicate an inmate ' s right to free exercise of religion? no, the same standard is not applicable to determining the constitutionality of prison regulations


of review of such decisions. courts have tended to find prison regulations that ban all literature from particular groups unconstitutional. however, the determination of the constitutionality of a given regulation or the implementation of the regulation has tended to be very fact - specific. courts look not only at the regulation at issue but also consider the nature of the prison ( high, medium, or low security ) and the particular administrative challenges faced by the prison ( such as crowding and quantity of incoming mail ) in determining reasonableness, or the practical existence of less restrictive alternative measures. 6. can prison officials apply the same restrictions to outgoing prison material? the supreme court does not allow content regulation with respect to outgoing mail from inmates. while outgoing mail can be searched for contraband, 2 content regulation of outgoing mail is also more restricted because it implicates the first amendment rights of non - prisoner addressees. 3 in addition, outgoing material does not pose a threat to internal prison security ; therefore content limitations have been considered less urgent. however, regulations can limit the content of outgoing mail categorically. for example, escape plans, threats, running a business, and blackmail are categories that have been disallowed. therefore, correspondence from prisoners to extremist groups cannot be banned outright because of its content. however, inmates can be prevented from distributing a newsletter from prison when doing so constitutes running a business. 2 special rules exist with respect to attorney - client correspondence or mail that implicates an inmate ' s right to access the courts that are beyond the scope of this discussion. 3 however, prison officials can forbid all correspondence between incarcerated individuals. 7. can extremist " missionaries " be prevented from visiting prisons? prison officials can ban categories of prison visitors, such as former inmates or visitors who have previously broken visiting rules. an extremist " missionary " can be barred from a prison because of generally applicable rules. in addition, prisons can create procedures for requesting visiting ministers, and impose conditions on the selection of the ministers, such as sponsorship by an outside religious organization. prison officials can also exclude prison " missionaries " if they are advocating violence or otherwise fomenting prison unrest by encouraging racial tension. however, under rluipa, the prison would have to show that any restrictions on visiting clergy are the least restrictive means of achieving its end. prison officials do not have a responsibility to hire a minister for each religious denomination represented in the prison population. however, if visiting ministers of one denomination are compensated, visiting ministers of other denominations must be equally compensated. security


restrictive means of achieving its end. prison officials do not have a responsibility to hire a minister for each religious denomination represented in the prison population. however, if visiting ministers of one denomination are compensated, visiting ministers of other denominations must be equally compensated. security limitations can be placed on inmate - led prayer or services, but again, under rluipa, the prison would have to show that any restrictions on such gatherings is the least restrictive means of achieving its end. for example, it is more likely that the prison could limit the frequency of such meetings, the number of attendees and require supervision than that such gatherings could be banned outright. 8. under what circumstances must prisons accommodate prisoners ' religious dietary requirements? accommodating religiously based dietary rules has become an issue when dealing with extremists because incidents have raised concern that extremists " adopt " religious practices that are not based on sincere beliefs in order to obtain special privileges, such as specialized diets. generally, if an inmate ' s request for a special diet is because of a sincerely held belief and religious in nature, the inmate has a constitutionally protected interest. under rluipa, a request for a special religious diet can only be refused based on a compelling prison interest and if it is the least restrictive means possible for the prison protecting that interest. prisons may offer more limited food selection to prisoners with religious dietary limitations, such as providing only cold kosher meals rather than hot food. in the past, when determining whether a prison was required to provided a special diet for a prisoner, courts have considered whether the dietary restrictions were central to the prisoner ' s religious observance. under rluipa, such a determination would probably not be relevant. the threshold question in evaluating the prison ' s obligation to accommodate a request would still be whether the inmate ' s dietary request arose out of sincerely held beliefs that were religious in nature.


wikipedia sobre fisica de particulas rapidinho. me falaram que a definicao de fisica de particulas da wikipedia era muito ruim. e de fato, era assim : particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary particle | elementary subatomic constituents of matter and radiation, and their interactions. the field is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under ambient conditions on earth. they can only be created artificially during high energy collisions with other particles in particle accelerators. particle physics has evolved out of its parent field of nuclear physics and is typically still taught in close association with it. scientific research in this area has produced a long list of particles. mas hein? particulas que so podem ser criadas em aceleradores? fisica de particulas e ensinada junto com fisica nuclear? a pesquisa produz particulas ( essa e otima! )? em que mundo essa pessoa vive? reescrevi : particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the existence and interactions of particles, which are the constituents of what is usually referred as matter or radiation. in our current understanding, particles are excitations of quantum fields and interact following their dynamics. most of the interest in this area is in fundamental fields, those that cannot be described as a bound state of other fields. the set of fundamental fields and their dynamics are summarized in a model called the standard model and, therefore, particle physics is largely the study of the standard model particle content and its possible extensions. eu acho que ficou bem melhor. vamos ver em quanto tempo algum editor esquentado da wikipedia vai demorar para reverter. atualmente esta um saco participar da wikipedia por causa dessas pessoas.


- published : 19 mar 2013 - views : 42 - author : t. a. b possibly testing on weans, that worries me http : / / www. bbc. co. uk / news / world - us - canada - 21849808. a vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. a vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease - causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. the agent stimulates the body ' s immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and " remember " it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. vaccines can be prophylactic ( example : to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by any natural or " wild " pathogen ), or therapeutic ( e. g. vaccines against cancer are also being investigated ; see cancer vaccine ). the term vaccine derives from edward jenner ' s 1796 use of cow pox ( latin variola vaccinia, adapted from the latin vaccin - us, from vacca, cow ), to inoculate humans, providing them protection against smallpox. vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a disease. sometimes, this is because the host ' s immune system simply does not respond adequately or at all. this may be due to a lowered immunity in general ( diabetes, steroid use, hiv infection, age ) or because the host ' s immune system does not have a b cell capable of generating antibodies to that antigen. even if the host develops antibodies, the human immune system is not perfect and in any case the immune system might still not be able to defeat the infection immediately. in this case, the infection will be less severe and heal faster. adjuvants are typically used to boost immune response. most often aluminium adjuvants are used, but adjuvants like squalene are also used in some vaccines and more vaccines with squalene and phosphate adjuvants are being tested. larger doses are used in some cases for older people ( 50 – 75 years and up ), whose immune response to a given vaccine is not as strong. the efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on a number of factors : when a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against, the disease is likely to be milder than without vaccination. the


immunization. attenuated vaccines have some advantages and disadvantages. they have the capacity of transient growth so they give prolonged protection, and no booster dose is required. but they may get reverted to the virulent form and cause the disease. toxoid vaccines are made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the micro - organism. examples of toxoid - based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria. toxoid vaccines are known for their efficacy. not all toxoids are for micro - organisms ; for example, crotalus atrox toxoid is used to vaccinate dogs against rattlesnake bites. protein subunit – rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated micro - organism to an immune system ( which would constitute a " whole - agent " vaccine ), a fragment of it can create an immune response. examples include the subunit vaccine against hepatitis b virus that is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus ( previously extracted from the blood serum of chronically infected patients, but now produced by recombination of the viral genes into yeast ), the virus - like particle ( vlp ) vaccine against human papillomavirus ( hpv ) that is composed of the viral major capsid protein, and the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of the influenza virus. subunit vaccine is being used for plague immunization. conjugate – certain bacteria have polysaccharide outer coats that are poorly immunogenic. by linking these outer coats to proteins ( e. g. toxins ), the immune system can be led to recognize the polysaccharide as if it were a protein antigen. this approach is used in the haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. a number of innovative vaccines are also in development and in use : while most vaccines are created using inactivated or attenuated compounds from micro - organisms, synthetic vaccines are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates or antigens. vaccines may be monovalent ( also called univalent ) or multivalent ( also called polyvalent ). a monovalent vaccine is designed to immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism. a multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microorganisms. in certain cases a monovalent vaccine may be preferable for rapidly developing a strong


that the boy did not catch smallpox. further experimentation demonstrated the efficacy of the procedure on an infant. since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in england, was banned in 1840. louis pasteur generalized jenner ' s idea by developing what he called a rabies vaccine, and in the nineteenth century vaccines were considered a matter of national prestige, and compulsory vaccination laws were passed. the twentieth century saw the introduction of several successful vaccines, including those against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella. major achievements included the development of the polio vaccine in the 1950s and the eradication of smallpox during the 1960s and 1970s. maurice hilleman was the most prolific of the developers of the vaccines in the twentieth century. as vaccines became more common, many people began taking them for granted. however, vaccines remain elusive for many important diseases, including malaria and hiv. | | the neutrality of this section is disputed. please see the discussion on the talk page. please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. ( october 2011 ) | | | this article is missing information about scientific rebuttal to the attacks. this concern has been noted on the talk page where whether or not to include such information may be discussed. ( october 2011 ) | opposition to vaccination, from a wide array of vaccine critics, has existed since the earliest vaccination campaigns. although the benefits of preventing suffering and death from serious infectious diseases greatly outweigh the risks of rare adverse effects following immunization, disputes have arisen over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of vaccination. some vaccination critics say that vaccines are ineffective against disease or that vaccine safety studies are inadequate. some religious groups do not allow vaccination, and some political groups oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of individual liberty. in response, concern has been raised that spreading unfounded information about the medical risks of vaccines increases rates of life - threatening infections, not only in the children whose parents refused vaccinations, but also in other children, perhaps too young for vaccines, who could contract infections from unvaccinated carriers ( see herd immunity ). one challenge in vaccine development is economic : many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including hiv, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases, because there is little revenue potential. even in more


is economic : many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including hiv, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries. pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases, because there is little revenue potential. even in more affluent countries, financial returns are usually minimal and the financial and other risks are great. most vaccine development to date has relied on " push " funding by government, universities and non - profit organizations. many vaccines have been highly cost effective and beneficial for public health. the number of vaccines actually administered has risen dramatically in recent decades. [ when? ] this increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines administered to children before entry into schools may be due to government mandates and support, rather than economic incentive. the filing of patents on vaccine development processes can also be viewed as an obstacle to the development of new vaccines. because of the weak protection offered through a patent on the final product, the protection of the innovation regarding vaccines is often made through the patent of processes used on the development of new vaccines as well as the protection of secrecy. vaccine production has several stages. first, the antigen itself is generated. viruses are grown either on primary cells such as chicken eggs ( e. g., for influenza ), or on continuous cell lines such as cultured human cells ( e. g., for hepatitis a ). bacteria are grown in bioreactors ( e. g., haemophilus influenzae type b ). alternatively, a recombinant protein derived from the viruses or bacteria can be generated in yeast, bacteria, or cell cultures. after the antigen is generated, it is isolated from the cells used to generate it. a virus may need to be inactivated, possibly with no further purification required. recombinant proteins need many operations involving ultrafiltration and column chromatography. finally, the vaccine is formulated by adding adjuvant, stabilizers, and preservatives as needed. the adjuvant enhances the immune response of the antigen, stabilizers increase the storage life, and preservatives allow the use of multidose vials. combination vaccines are harder to develop and produce, because of potential incompatibilities and interactions among the antigens and other ingredients involved. vaccine production techniques are evolving. cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination. recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccine is expected to grow


evolving. cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination. recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccine is expected to grow in popularity for the production of bacterial vaccines that use toxoids. combination vaccines are expected to reduce the quantities of antigens they contain, and thereby decrease undesirable interactions, by using pathogen - associated molecular patterns. in 2010, india produced 60 percent of world ' s vaccine worth about $ 900 million. many vaccines need preservatives to prevent serious adverse effects such as staphylococcus infection that, in one 1928 incident, killed 12 of 21 children inoculated with a diphtheria vaccine that lacked a preservative. several preservatives are available, including thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, and formaldehyde. thiomersal is more effective against bacteria, has better shelf life, and improves vaccine stability, potency, and safety, but in the u. s., the european union, and a few other affluent countries, it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines, as a precautionary measure due to its mercury content. although controversial claims have been made that thiomersal contributes to autism, no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims. there are several new delivery systems in development [ when? ] that will hopefully make vaccines more efficient to deliver. possible methods include liposomes and iscom ( immune stimulating complex ). the latest developments [ when? ] in vaccine delivery technologies have resulted in oral vaccines. a polio vaccine was developed and tested by volunteer vaccinations with no formal training ; the results were positive in that the ease of the vaccines increased. with an oral vaccine, there is no risk of blood contamination. oral vaccines are likely to be solid which have proven to be more stable and less likely to freeze ; this stability reduces the need for a " cold chain " : the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration, which, in turn, may decrease costs of vaccines. a microneedle approach, which is still in stages of development, uses " pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin ". a nanopatch is a needle free vaccine delivery system which is under development. a stamp - sized patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20, 000


uses " pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin ". a nanopatch is a needle free vaccine delivery system which is under development. a stamp - sized patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20, 000 microscopic projections per square inch. when worn on the skin, it will deliver vaccine directly to the skin, which has a higher concentration of immune cells than that in the muscles, where needles and syringes deliver. it thus increases the effectiveness of the vaccination using a lower amount of vaccine used in traditional syringe delivery system. the use of plasmids has been validated in preclinical studies as a protective vaccine strategy for cancer and infectious diseases. however, in human studies this approach has failed to provide clinically relevant benefit. the overall efficacy of plasmid dna immunization depends on increasing the plasmid ' s immunogenicity while also correcting for factors involved in the specific activation of immune effector cells. vaccinations of animals are used both to prevent their contracting diseases and to prevent transmission of disease to humans. both animals kept as pets and animals raised as livestock are routinely vaccinated. in some instances, wild populations may be vaccinated. this is sometimes accomplished with vaccine - laced food spread in a disease - prone area and has been used to attempt to control rabies in raccoons. where rabies occurs, rabies vaccination of dogs may be required by law. other canine vaccines include canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, adenovirus - 2, leptospirosis, bordatella, canine parainfluenza virus, and lyme disease among others. vaccine development has several trends : principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor - made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. for example, the experimental vaccine cyt006 - angqb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure. factors that have impact on the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, demographics, regulatory science, political, cultural, and social responses. | modern vaccine and adjuvant production and characterization, genetic engineering & biotechnology news | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well


, genetic engineering & biotechnology news | the world news ( wn ) network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. the following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn. com, as well as e - mail newsletters. we do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. for example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details ( name, e - mail address, mailing address, etc. ). we may retain other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. such third parties may be provided with access to personally identifiable information needed to perform their functions, but may not use such information for any other purpose. in addition, we may disclose any information, including personally identifiable information, we deem necessary, in our sole discretion, to comply with any applicable law, regulation, legal proceeding or governmental request. we do not want you to receive unwanted e - mail from us. we try to make it easy to opt - out of any service you have asked to receive. if you sign - up to our e - mail newsletters we do not sell, exchange or give your e - mail address to a third party. e - mail addresses are collected via the wn. com web site. users have to physically opt - in to receive the wn. com newsletter and a verification e - mail is sent. wn. com is clearly and conspicuously named at the point ofcollection. if you no longer wish to receive our newsletter and promotional communications, you may opt - out of receiving them by following the instructions included in each newsletter or communication or by e - mailing us at michaelw ( at ) wn. com the security of your personal information is important to us. we follow generally accepted industry standards to protect the personal information submitted to us, both during registration and once we receive it. no method of transmission over the internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100 percent secure, however. therefore, though we strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect your personal information, we cannot guarantee its absolute security. if we decide to change our e - mail practices, we will post those changes to this privacy statement, the homepage, and other places we think appropriate so that you are aware of what information we collect, how we use it, and under what circumstances, if any, we disclose it. if we make material


the sludge into ethanol. a pelletizer compresses undigested waste into pellets that are fed into a gasification unit, which produces composite gas. the ethanol, composite gas and a 10 - percent diesel drip are injected into a diesel generator to produce electricity, according to scientists. it takes about six hours for the tiger to power up. when it works, the device can power a 60 - kilowatt generator. the prototypes are being tested at camp victory in baghdad initial runs proved successful. the prototypes have been used to power an office trailer. at their peak, they could power two to three trailers. in recent weeks, the scientists suffered a setback : the above - 100 degree temperatures caused a chiller device to overheat and shut off occasionally. a new chiller from edgewood just arrived at the site, kennedy said. after the 90 - day testing phase that ends aug. 10, the army will decide whether to fund the project further. its developers envision the device being used to respond to crises such as hurricane katrina, when there is no lack of garbage but a great need for electricity. spiller, of the army ' s rapid equipping force, said he is optimistic. " the mere fact we wrote a check means we think it ' s got a high chance of success, " spiller said.


belgian physicist francois englert, left, speaks with british physicist … ( fabrice coffrini / afp / getty … ) for physicists, it was a moment like landing on the moon or the discovery of dna. the focus was the higgs boson, a subatomic particle that exists for a mere fraction of a second. long theorized but never glimpsed, the so - called god particle is thought to be key to understanding the existence of all mass in the universe. the revelation wednesday that it - - or some version of it - - had almost certainly been detected amid more than hundreds of trillions of high - speed collisions in a 17 - mile track near geneva prompted a group of normally reserved scientists to erupt with joy. for the record los angeles times friday, july 06, 2012 home edition main news part a page 4 news desk 1 inches ; 48 words type of material : correction large hadron collider : in some copies of the july 5 edition, an article in section a about the machine used by physicists at the european organization for nuclear research to search for the higgs boson referred to the $ 5 - billion large hadron collider. the correct amount is $ 10 billion. peter higgs, one of the scientists who first hypothesized the existence of the particle, reportedly shed tears as the data were presented in a jampacked and applause - heavy seminar at cern, the european organization for nuclear research. " it ' s a gigantic triumph for physics, " said frank wilczek, an mit physicist and nobel laureate. " it ' s a tremendous demonstration of a community dedicated to understanding nature. " the achievement, nearly 50 years in the making, confirms physicists ' understanding of how mass - - the stuff that makes stars, planets and even people - - arose in the universe, they said. it also points the way toward a new path of scientific inquiry into the mass - generating mechanism that was never before possible, said ucla physicist robert cousins, a member of one of the two research teams that has been chasing the higgs boson at cern. " i compare it to turning the corner and walking around a building - - there ' s a whole new set of things you can look at, " he said. " it is a beginning, not an end. " leaders of the two teams reported independent results that suggested the existence of a previously unseen subatomic particle with a mass of about 125 to 126 billion electron volts. both groups got


he said. " it is a beginning, not an end. " leaders of the two teams reported independent results that suggested the existence of a previously unseen subatomic particle with a mass of about 125 to 126 billion electron volts. both groups got results at a " five sigma " level of confidence - - the statistical requirement for declaring a scientific " discovery. " " the chance that either of the two experiments had seen a fluke is less than three parts in 10 million, " said uc san diego physicist vivek sharma, a former leader of one of the higgs research groups. " there is no doubt that we have found something. " but he and others stopped just shy of saying that this new particle was indeed the long - sought higgs boson. " all we can tell right now is that it quacks like a duck and it walks like a duck, " sharma said. in this case, quacking was enough for most. " if it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it ' s probably at least a bird, " said wilczek, who stayed up past 3 a. m. to watch the seminar live over the web while vacationing in new hampshire. certainly cern leaders in geneva, even as they referred to their discovery simply as " a new particle, " didn ' t bother hiding their excitement. the original plan had been to present the latest results on the higgs search at the international conference on high energy physics, a big scientific meeting that began wednesday in melbourne. but as it dawned on cern scientists that they were on the verge of " a big announcement, " cousins said, officials decided to honor tradition and instead present the results on cern ' s turf. the small number of scientists who theorized the existence of the higgs boson in the 1960s - - including higgs of the university of edinburgh - - were invited to fly to geneva. for the non - vip set, lines to get into the auditorium began forming late tuesday. many spent the night in sleeping bags. all the hubbub was due to the fact that the discovery of the higgs boson is the last piece of the puzzle needed to complete the so - called standard model of particle physics - - the big picture that describes the subatomic particles that make up everything in the universe, and the forces that work between them. over the course of the 20th century, as physicists learned more about the standard model, they struggled to answer one very basic question : why does


" helplessness " and " confusion " are words that easily come to mind when the issue of sick building syndrome is mentioned. it is a problem that does not have a regulatory solution, and is bound with engineering, medicine and emotions that will challenge the best of school administrators. a careful management style and knowledgeable use of technologies in medicine, toxicology and property maintenance are a school administrator ' s best allies in preparing to deal with or prevent this new generation of health and safety challenges. defining sick building syndrome there is no regulatory definition for sick building syndrome. although it often relates to indoor - air - quality problems, it simply means that the environment of a building is inspiring complaints of discomfort and / or disease. fundamentally, the causes of sick buildings relate to architecture and engineering patterns institutionalized in school construction following world war ii. schools of glass, rock and wood, with high ceilings, cross - ventilation via a transom over the door, and windows and radiators that could be adjusted by teachers no longer were built. these schools were being replaced with new, factory - like buildings featuring a temperamental, eccentric system of master controls for indoor environment. buildings were constructed with no regard to the environment around them or to people within the property. today, allowing for the ambiguity in defining sick buildings, somewhere between 1 - in - 5 and 1 - in - 15 school facilities are in a situation where discomfort and disease can be attributed to operations of the building. health symptoms in a sick building are highly variable, but generally split into three categories : - radical reaction - - a number of people clearly and suddenly ill. this usually involves limited air exchange combined with a " smoking gun, " which can include a new chemical cleaner, misbatched chlorine in a pool area, a weather inversion preventing a kiln from venting properly or a failure of a mechanical air - exchange system. - unhealthy atmosphere - - many people experiencing ongoing subtle illness or discomfort. the most common symptoms involve the dehydration of sensitive tissue, including sore eyes, throat or nasal membranes ; a feeling of lethargy ; a higher incidence of upper - respiratory infection ; asthmatic reactions ; low - grade headaches ; and a continuum of muscle pain and general discomfort among building occupants. much of this relates to oxygen deprivation typically caused by oxygen being displaced by other compounds, and occasionally by infestation of microbes as a result of excessive moisture remaining within the property. - hypersensitive reaction or multiple chemical sensitivity reaction - - one or two individuals extremely


oxygen deprivation typically caused by oxygen being displaced by other compounds, and occasionally by infestation of microbes as a result of excessive moisture remaining within the property. - hypersensitive reaction or multiple chemical sensitivity reaction - - one or two individuals extremely ill. this can result if even tiny exposures occur to anyone that has a highly sensitive reaction to certain chemicals. typically, these complaints should be viewed as warnings that some low - level toxin is in the area. although sick building syndrome usually relates to the general nature of the building itself, there are some specifics that account for most indoor - air problems : * combustibles ; any possible introduction of carbon monoxide. * moisture as it may relate to mold ( look for growths on drywall ). * moisture as it may relate to airborne infectious agents ( standing water and consequent growths ). * volatile organic compounds ( vocs ), usually cleaning agents or building materials, which may give off unpleasant, sometimes toxic gases. * formaldehydes in new carpet, pressed wood or other building products. * any new or newly exposed particleboard. * applied poisons ( pesticides, insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides ). a proactive approach administrators are dealing with a generation of post - world war ii properties prone to indoor - air - quality problems, particularly buildings constructed or remodeled during the 1970s energy crisis. a school district should take several steps before a problem strikes. first, initiate patterns for preventing air - quality problems. second, establish baseline information that will profile the building to facilitate an efficient, inexpensive and confidence - inspiring response. building occupants and the community need to see a clear and confident administrative approach should a problem arise in the future. the proactive investigation of the building should involve a limited amount of basic testing, particularly a professional review of the microbial matrix within the building - - the number of colony - forming units or what kinds of microbes presently are nesting in the building. understanding what is living in the ambient air can help administrators understand if there is a problem or, more importantly, can help to quickly isolate the exact nature of a problem. similarly, administrators should consider hiring an outside contractor to review how air - handling and mechanical - engineering systems are managed. a knowledgeable person should walk the area and observe the mechanical systems to see how the filtering system, the air - dispersion system and the air - dilution patterns of the building are operating. finally, a reliable epidemiological profile of comparative absenteeism should


varying densities. these particles within the matter are kinetic and in constant motion. the slower the motion of the particles, the more dense the matter becomes. also, as the particles are pushed closer together, the matter also becomes more dense. the best way to slow down kinetic molecules is to cool the matter. the best way to get them to move closer together is to add pressure to the matter. inversely, when you remove the pressure or heat any material, the molecules within the material moves faster and further apart, thus making the material less dense. the least dense form of matter is, of course, gas. if a gas is cooled and compressed, at some point it will become a liquid. if that liquid is then cooled further, then at some point it will become a solid. also, when you take the pressure off any gas or liquid, that material will grow less dense and expand. this is essentially what happens to the gaseous molecules of our atmosphere. our atmosphere contains approximately 79 % nitrogen and 21 % oxygen, a constant ratio until you reach an altitude of about 270, 000 feet. so the question that always comes up is ; " if i have 21 % oxygen at sea level and 21 % at 40, 000 feet, why do i succumb to the effects of hypoxia within 20 seconds at that altitude? " the answer is, atmospheric pressure! if you could picture all the gaseous nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the atmosphere, they would stack up from the surface of the earth to the fringe of space. all these molecules stacking on top each other create a great deal of weight, or pressure. at sea level, one square - inch of any surface has about 15 pounds of air sitting on top of it. at 18, 000 feet, that same square inch has only 7. 5 pounds per square - inch ( psi ) exerted on it. what has caused this atmospheric pressure drop? the answer is simple : there is more air stacked up at sea level than above 18, 000 feet, and therefore, more weight. as you recall, when molecules are subjected to this pressure, they are going to move closer together. this will make the air more dense with oxygen and nitrogen molecules. for example, if at sea level you take in a breath of air that has an atmospheric pressure of 15 psi, then that air may contain 500 billion molecules of oxygen ( this a fictitious number to be used only as an example ) ; if you go to 18, 000 feet and take the same breath where atmospheric pressure


, alterations may be made in the constitution ” through the amendment process. delegates agreed to add the language “ not exceeding ” to the one representative for 40, 000 citizen ratio, making that a ceiling and not a floor. controversy over this provision would re - emerge before the end of the convention, however. the specter of slavery likewise, controversy would emerge about slavery. consideration of the apportionment of representatives raised the question of whether slaves would be included within that ratio. morris rose on august 8 and gave a withering criticism of the institution. moving to specify that this ratio would include only “ free ” inhabitants, morris called slavery “ a nefarious institution, ” and “ the curse of heaven ”. comparing free with slave states, morris noted, on the one hand, “ a rich and noble cultivation [ which ] marks the prosperity and happiness of the people, ” and on the other “ the misery and poverty which overspread the barren wastes of virginia, maryland, and the other states having slaves. ” morris ’ s motion was defeated 10 - 1, but the issue of how slavery would be addressed by the new union was by no means resolved. for more detailed information on the constitutional convention, please visit prof. gordon lloyd ’ s web companion to the philadelphia convention. posted in countdown to the constitution


in 2006, two scientists announced that they had cooked an egg by placing it in between two cell phones. it has been thrououghly disproven and analyzed since the surface of the claim, but it is still an excellent opportunity to use the scientific thinking principles on! # 1 : ruling out rival hypotheses this principle isn ' t the most relevant because the experiment doesn ' t exactly prove any hypotheses. but it can still apply to the attempt to cook an egg between two cell phones because there could be other effects causing that outcome. # 2 : correlation vs. causation there are so many other reasons that the egg could ' ve cooked! maybe it was really hot out? or the cell phone egg set up was within a microwave? not the most probable of all possible causations, but it proves the point. there could be many other ways this egg could ' ve cooked ( or in actuality, the fact that it didn ' t cook at all ) that we need to examine or at least acknowledge that they could be there. this claim is very out there so it has a really good chance of being able to be falsified. as we will see in # 4, after replicating the incident one can find almost instantly that it is in fact a hoax. as many people did, reproducing the egg cooking experiement will prove that it is in fact a hoax. every reproduction that was prodcued failed to yield the same results as the first, which made everything make sense when the site ' s webmaster that published the article stepped forward to say it was in fact completely fake. # 5 : extraordinary claims the claim that you can cook an egg with two cell phones is pretty extraordinary yet there is no extraordinary evidence to back it up! in fact, it is just too extraordinary to be real. # 6 : occam ' s razor in my mind, the simpliest explaination would be that it simply is not true. the end. i ' m not going to lie, if this claim was true i would be thrilled. in addition to being in awe of the power of technology, it would make cooking meals for myself in my dorm room a whole lot easier! unfortunately though, this is a hoax. with the help of the six principles of scientific thinking, i will never fall for this or any other raw food cooking claim ever again!


how to win at science fairs ( dec, 1960 ) how to win at science fairs by ronald benrey you can win at a science fair as long as one thing interests you more than winning does. this is your project itself. it is going to be judged on scientific thought, creative ability, and presentation. you will really have to know the field your project is concerned with. this takes effort. since you lack the means of a professional laboratory, you will have to do much with little. this takes trial and error and just plain work. your presentation must be attractive and clear. this means good workmanship, which takes time and care. you are going to have to show some originality. after all, there is no use doing what everybody else is doing : be different. for this, you have to have the other three under control. by the way, the “ laymen ” who see your exhibit will ask all kinds of questions. have good answers at your fingertips. the judges won ’ t be laymen, and any double - talk will scream to them that you don ’ t know your subject. it may also make them suspect that the best parts of your project are not your work. this would be unjust, perhaps, but deadly. now, whether your entry covers a large table top or can just be tucked under your arm, it is going to be a big job. it can ’ t be left for a “ crash program ” in the last few weeks before the fair. it is going to eat up big portions of your time, energy, and spending money for the next several months. all this demands your interest. but it isn ’ t simply a matter of “ fun. ” licking this challenge may be a turning point in your life. with or without a scholarship prize, your career may begin with it. as a reader of electronics illustrated your project will probably deal with electronics or applied physics rather than with biological or earth sciences. select your topic carefully from a broad subject that really interests you. a massive effort in the direction of a passing fancy will result in a mediocre project at best. take a limited subtopic that you think worth investigating and that you feel able to handle. to ease financial strain, plan now to build your project over a long period of time, say six months, on a pay - as - you - build basis. once you have a rough idea of your project ’ s general form, don ’ t dash into construction. visit technical libraries and learn all you can about current professional


this is an important judging criterion. remember, how you solved your problem is what counts at a science fair, and not merely that you solved it. also, neatness counts! aside from being impossible to troubleshoot, a rat ’ s nest of wiring is typical of losing projects. time spent color - coding leads, installing wire harness and cable clamps will result in a much more attractive and more reliable project. but know what you are doing! don ’ t harness leads in a circuit that demands point - to - point wiring, or cable grid and plate leads together in an amplifier circuit. read up on layout and construction techniques, and allow yourself time to make and correct mistakes. prior planning will also pay off in dollars and cents, since you can save by purchasing some components ( like resistors ) in quantity, and if you live near a big city you can shop around for some items in the military surplus stores, modifying your design if necessary to take odd - value components. now, sit back and start your thinking. the time to start is right now. is your winning project here? radio telescope : home - built sensitive low - noise receiver, simple antenna system. try to make simple “ radio map. ” guidance system : for model ear. can be programmed to run around science fair grounds without hitting anything, or to reach pre - chosen destination. solar cells : home - built unit as part of demonstration of basic physics of solar cells : display on recent professional research results : off - beat practical applications ( eyeglass type hearing aid? ). moon mouse : “ to be landed on the moon. ” self - propelled, radio controlled from earth, instrumented and transmitter equipped. some functions solar powered? these are only suggestions. you may come up with ideas regarding fuel cells, space communications, navigation, etc.


with the development of science and technology, computer has become more and more popular in our daily life, which is intended to be a part of our life. but at the same time it also brings the safety problem, because increasing number of bad people would like to break into computer systems to steal the secret information. it seems that computer safety has been a serious problem by now. maybe you could learn something about the safety terms in microsoft so that you could adopt the different methods according to different cases. what is malware? in fact malware, short for “ malicious software ”, is any kind of software which is installed without your complete permission and is not in need at all. the famous malware areviruses, worms, and trojan horses, which are almost known to us all. even though you are not familiar with them, you must have heard of it at ordinary times. if you want to protect your computer from the malware, you could make sure that the automatic updating is turned on all the time to get the latest updates. 2 antispyware software antispyware software helps protect your computer, and prevent the pop - ups, slow performance, and security threats caused by spyware and other adverse software. every computer user must keep antispyware software up to date in order to keep in touch with the latest spyware. aimed at protecting our computer, we could use microsoft security essentials, free download software, to be against spyware and other malicious software. a firewall is used to help screen out hackers, viruses, and worms that try to attack your computer through the internet. in fact, if you are the one who use the computer at home, the most efficient and important step is to enable firewall when you start your computer. a virus will slip through and infect you ; the only effective way by protecting yourself is using a firewall. a firewall monitors your internet connections and allows you to specify which programs are allowed to connect and which are not. 4 antivirus software antivirus software is a kind of computer program which can be used to test, defend, and take actions to remove or delete malicious software program. as we all know, computer virus is some programs, which can specially disturb computer operation. so we should update antivirus software in regular time to prevent against the latest virus. 5 windows password besides the above mentioned software, you could have an alternative at the same time, namely windows password. with a password like this, you can prevent your privacy from being let out


just as there are many variants and forms of electronic malware and internet - based threats around the globe, so there are many forms of protection against these threats. signature - based detection is one of the multifarious forms of defense that have been developed in order to keep us safe from malicious content. although signature - based detection can be argued to have been overshadowed by more sophisticated methods of protection in some environments, it remains as a core ‘ technique ’ featuring in the anti - virus controls of packages and suites that work to protect a user ’ s system today. how does signature - based detection work? signature - based detection works by scanning the contents of computer files and cross - referencing their contents with the “ code signatures ” belonging to known viruses. a library of known code signatures is updated and refreshed constantly by the anti - virus software vendor. if a viral signature is detected, the software acts to protect the user ’ s system from damage. suspected files are typically quarantined and / or encrypted in order to render them inoperable and useless. clearly there will always be new and emerging viruses with their own unique code signatures. so once again, the anti - virus software vendor works constantly to assess and assimilate new signature - based detection data as it becomes available, often in real time so that updates can be pushed out to users immediately and zero - day vulnerabilities can be avoided. next - generation signature - based detection new variants of computer virus are of course developed every day and security companies now work to also protect users from malware that attempts to disguise itself from traditional signature - based detection. virus authors have tried to avoid their malicious code being detected by writing “ oligomorphic “, “ polymorphic ” and more recently “ metamorphic ” viruses with signatures that are either disguised or changed from those that might be held in a signature directory. despite these developments, the internet at large does of course still function on a daily basis. populated as it is by users who not only have up to date security software installed, but also by those who have educated themselves as to the type of risks discussed here.


by jason kohn, contributing columnist like many of us, scientific researchers tend to be creatures of habit. this includes research teams working for the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ), the u. s. government agency charged with measuring the behavior of oceans, atmosphere, and weather. many of these climate scientists work with massive amounts of data – for example, the national weather service collecting up - to - the - minute temperature, humidity, and barometric readings from thousands of sites across the united states to help forecast weather. research teams then rely on some the largest, most powerful high - performance computing ( hpc ) systems in the world to run models, forecasts, and other research computations. given the reliance on hpc resources, noaa climate researchers have traditionally worked onsite at major supercomputing facilities, such as oak ridge national laboratory in tennessee, where access to supercomputers are just steps away. as researchers crate ever more sophisticated models of ocean and atmospheric behavior, however, the hpc requirements have become truly staggering. now, noaa is using a super - high - speed network called “ n - wave ” to connect research sites across the united states with the computing resources they need. the network has been operating for several years, and today transports enough data to fill a 10 - gbps network to full capacity, all day, every day. noaa is now upgrading this network to allow even more data traffic, with the goal of ultimately supporting 100 - gbps data rates. “ our scientists were really used to having a computer in their basement, ” says jerry janssen, manager, n - wave network, noaa, in a video about the project. “ when that computer moved a couple thousand miles away, we had to give them a lot of assurances that, one, the data would actually move at the speed they needed it to move, but also that they could rely on it to be there. the amount of data that will be generated under this model will exceed 80 - 100 terabits per day. ” the n - wave project means much more than just a massive new data pipe. it represents a fundamental shift in the way that scientists can conduct their research, allowing them to perform hugely demanding supercomputer runs of their data from dozens of remote locations. as a result, it gives noaa climate scientists much more flexibility in where and how they work. “ for the first time, noaa scientists and engineers in completely separate parts of the country, all the way to places


from dozens of remote locations. as a result, it gives noaa climate scientists much more flexibility in where and how they work. “ for the first time, noaa scientists and engineers in completely separate parts of the country, all the way to places like alaska and hawaii and puerto rico, will have the bandwidth they need, without restriction, ” says janssen. “ noaa will now be able to do things it never thought it could do before. ” in addition to providing fast, stable access to hpc resources, n - wave is also allowing noaa climate scientists to share resources much more easily with scientists in the u. s. department of energy and other government agencies. ideally, this level of collaboration and access to supercomputing resources will help climate scientists continue to develop more effective climate models, improve weather forecasts, and allow us to better understand our climate. powering vital climate research the high - speed nationwide hpc connectivity capability provided by n - wave is now enabling a broad range of noaa basic science and research activities. examples include : - basic data dissemination, allowing research teams to collect up - to - the - minute data on ocean, atmosphere, and weather from across the country, and make that data available to other research teams and agencies nationwide. - ensemble forecasting, where researchers run multiple hpc simulations using different initial conditions and modeling techniques, in order to refine their atmospheric forecasts and minimize errors. - severe weather modeling, where scientists draw on hpc simulations, real - time atmospheric data, and archived storm data to better understand and predict the behavior of storms. - advancing understanding of the environment to be able to better predict short - term and long - term environmental changes, mitigate threats, and provide the most accurate data to inform policy decisions. all of this work is important, and will help advance our understanding of earth ’ s climate. and it is all a testament to the amazing networking technologies and infrastructure that scientists now have at their disposal, which puts the most powerful supercomputing resources in the world at their fingertips – even when they are thousands of miles away.


- november 15th, 2008 - derek robertson - comments : 7 comments » tags : consolarium, endless ocean, games based learning, wii endless ocean for the nintendo wii was one of those games that immediately caught my eye. a wonderful world in which the player can become immersed in a rich, vibrant and somewhat hypnotically therapeutic underwater world. i ’ ve written about how i thought it might be used to drive learning before but my initial ideas have been put into place and extended beyond recognition by some really creative teachers. last week i went with margaret cassidy from stirling council to cowie ps to see a teacher that was using endless ocean with her class : mrs bullivant and her class of p. 6 children treated me to an afternoon of sheer joy. i walked in to a class that had been turned into an underwater world that was awash with a tide of enthusiastic and industrious learnning. - streamers of various shades of blue were hung from two lines that criss - crossed the class. from these lines also hung starfish, sharks and other underwater creatures that the children had made. - the wii was hooked up to the whiteboard and the gameplay was integral to the learning. - the children were divided into ‘ dive teams ’ and their ‘ dive leader ’ had to manage certain aspects of how the children worked together. - children were engaged with a teacher led leson that investigated buoyancy. - children were searching the web to find out more about some of the creatures that they discovered in the game. - a spreadsheet activity detailing the range of creatures that they had discovered was in place. - a shipwreck ( created by the janitor ) was sitting in the class. this helped drive much of the creative writing work. - the children created treasure maps and were using these to look at grid references. - mermaids were created in art and design and very lifelike they were too! - reference books were in great demand when i was in the class and the initial stimulus of the game appeared to drive a real interest for what could be found in the complementary resource that was the book. - children actively encouraged to measure exactly how long 7 metres is as a result of finding out that that was how long a great white shark was. this was just a wonderful visit and an example of what learning in class can be. yes we need creative teachers to lead this but isn ’ t that what we are meant to be. the work that was in evidence in this class was delightful to witness and further cemented my ideas of


public papers - 1991 white house fact sheet on the strategic arms reduction treaty ( start ) today, the united states and the soviet union signed the strategic arms reduction treaty. this treaty marks the first agreement between the two countries in which the number of deployed strategic nuclear weapons will actually be reduced. reductions will take place over a period of 7 years, and will result in parity between the strategic nuclear forces of the two sides at levels approximately 30 percent below currently deployed forces. deeper cuts are required in the most dangerous and destabilizing systems. start provisions are designed to strengthen strategic stability at lower levels and to encourage the restructuring of strategic forces in ways that make them more stable and less threatening. the treaty includes a wide variety of very demanding verification measures designed to ensure compliance and build confidence. the treaty sets equal ceilings on the number of strategic nuclear forces that can be deployed by either side. in addition, the treaty establishes an equal ceiling on ballistic missile throw - weight ( a measure of overall capability for ballistic missiles ). each side is limited to no more than : - - 1600 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles ( deployed intercontinental ballistic missiles [ icbm ' s ], submarine launched ballistic missiles [ slbm ' s ], and heavy bombers ), a limit that is 36 percent below the soviet level declared in september 1990 and 29 percent below the u. s. level. - - 6000 total accountable warheads, about 41 percent below the current soviet level and 43 percent below the current u. s. level. - - 4900 accountable warheads deployed on icbm ' s or slbm ' s, about 48 percent below the current soviet level and 40 percent below the current u. s. level. - - 1540 accountable warheads deployed on 154 heavy icbm ' s, a 50 - percent reduction in current soviet forces. the u. s. has no heavy icbm ' s. - - 1100 accountable warheads deployed on mobile icbm ' s. - - aggregate throw - weight of deployed icbm ' s and slbm ' s equal to about 54 percent of the current soviet aggregate throw - weight. ballistic missile warhead accountability the treaty uses detailed counting rules to ensure the accurate accounting of the number of warheads attributed to each type of ballistic missile. - - each deployed ballistic missile warhead counts as 1 under the 4900 ceiling and 1 under the 6000 overall warhead ceiling. - - each side is allowed 10 on - site inspections each year to verify that deployed ballistic missiles contain no more warheads than the number that is attributed to them under the


1 under the 4900 ceiling and 1 under the 6000 overall warhead ceiling. - - each side is allowed 10 on - site inspections each year to verify that deployed ballistic missiles contain no more warheads than the number that is attributed to them under the treaty. downloading ballistic missile warheads the treaty also allows for a reduction in the number of warheads on certain ballistic missiles, which will help the sides transition their existing forces to the new regime. such downloading is permitted in a carefully structured and limited fashion. - - the u. s. may download its three - warhead minuteman iii icbm by either one or two warheads. the soviet union has already downloaded it ' s seven warhead ss - n - 18 slbm by four warheads. - - in addition, each side may download up to 500 warheads on two other existing types of ballistic missiles, as long as the total number of warheads removed from downloaded missiles does not exceed 1250 at any one time. the treaty places constraints on the characteristics of new types of ballistic missiles to ensure the accuracy of counting rules and prevent undercounting of missile warheads. - - the number of warheads attributed to a new type of ballistic missile must be no less than the number determined by dividing 40 percent of the missile ' s total throw - weight by the weight of the lightest rv tested on that missile. - - the throw - weight attributed to a new type must be no less than the missile ' s throw - weight capability at specified reference ranges ( 11, 000 km for icbm ' s and 9, 500 km for slbm ' s ). start places significant restrictions on the soviet ss - 18 heavy icbm. - - a 50 - percent reduction in the number of soviet ss - 18 icbm ' s ; a total reduction of 154 of these soviet missiles. - - new types of heavy icbm ' s are banned. - - downloading of heavy icbm ' s is banned. - - heavy slbm ' s and heavy mobile icbm ' s are banned. - - heavy icbm ' s will be reduced on a more stringent schedule than other strategic arms. because mobile missiles are more difficult to verify than other types of ballistic missiles, start incorporates a number of special restrictions and notifications with regard to these missiles. these measures will significantly improve our confidence that start will be effectively verifiable. - - nondeployed mobile missiles and non - deployed mobile launchers are numerically and geographically limited so as to limit


offensive arms. start will have a duration of 15 years, unless it is superseded by a subsequent agreement. if the sides agree, the treaty may be extended for successive 5 - year periods beyond the 15 years. noncircumvention and third countries start prohibits the transfer of strategic offensive arms to third countries, except that the treaty will not interfere with existing patterns of cooperation. in addition, the treaty prohibits the permanent basing of strategic offensive arms outside the national territory of each side. air - launched cruise missiles ( alcm ' s ) start does not directly count or limit alcm ' s. alcm ' s are limited indirectly through their association with heavy bombers. - - only nuclear - armed alcm ' s with a range in excess of 600 km are covered by start. - - long - range, conventionally armed alcm ' s that are distinguishable from nuclear - armed alcm ' s are not affected. - - long - range nuclear - armed alcm ' s may not be located at air bases for heavy bombers not accountable as being equipped for such alcm ' s. - - multiple warhead long - range nuclear alcm ' s are banned. sea launched cruise missiles ( slcm ' s ) slcms are not constrained by the treaty. however, each side has made a politically binding declaration as to its plans for the deployment of nuclear - armed slcm ' s. conventionally - armed slcm ' s are not subject to such a declaration. - - each side will make an annual declaration of the maximum number of nuclear - armed slcm ' s with a range greater than 600 km that it plans to deploy for each of the following 5 years. - - this number will not be greater than 880 long - range nuclear - armed slcm ' s. - - in addition, as a confidence building measure, nuclear - armed slcm ' s with a range of 300 - 600 km will be the subject of a confidential annual data exchange. the soviet backfire bomber is not constrained by the treaty. however, the soviet side has made a politically binding declaration that it will not deploy more than 800 air force and 200 naval backfire bombers, and that these bombers will not be given intercontinental capability. the start agreement consists of the treaty document itself and a number of associated documents. together they total more than 700 pages. the treaty was signed in a public ceremony by presidents bush and gorbachev in st. vladimir ' s hall in the kremlin. the associated documents were signed in a private ceremony at novo


first - you might want to redefine you search. are you looking for happiness or rather positive affect? happiness is fairly ambigious term, and it ' s much more associated with positive psychology studies on well - being. if you are interested in more global definition of happiness, check the work of mihaly csikszentmihalyi. on the other hand, there is a large number of studies on physiological measurements of positive affect. one such physiological measurement is electromyography ( emg ) - recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. emg will detect very brief smiles or higher activity in cheek muscles ( zygomaticus major ) which are correlated with positive affect. there is quite classic ( but very quoted ) paper on that : cacioppo jt, petty re, losch me, kim hs. ( 1986 ) electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions. j pers soc psychol., 50 ( 2 ) : 260 - 8. download another simple physiological assesment is heart rate measured by the interbeat interval ( ibi ). for example, study by brosschot & thayer ( 2003 ) shows that heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. brosschot jf, thayer jf. ( 2003 ) heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. int j psychophysiol., in fact, the full spectrum of somatic measurements have been used along heart rate including pulse transmission time to the finger, skin conductance level or pupil dilation ( partala, 2003 ). all those are a bit less reliable methods and usually they detect arousal rather then indicate physiological differences between positive and negative affect. partala t. ; surakka v. ( 2003 ) pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing. international journal of human - computer studies, finally, i would advise browsing literature on measurements of negative affect. you are likely to find some interesting methods there, like in this paper on the psychophysiology of crying ( gross et al., 1994 ). gross jj, frederickson bl, levenson rw. ( 1994 ) the psychophysiology of crying. psychophysiology, 31 ( 5 ) : 460 - 8. download


bone thickness and signs of wear along the borders of the holes, products of extended burial in the soil, indicate that openings made by cheek teeth were at first less rounded and slightly smaller, the researchers hold. moreover, the simultaneous pressure of an upper and lower tooth produced a set of opposing holes, one partial and one complete, they maintain. prehistoric, carnivore - chewed bear bones in two spanish caves display circular punctures aligned in much the same way as those on the slovenian find. in the march antiquity, francesco d ' errico of the institute of quaternary prehistory and geology in talence, france, and his colleagues describe the spanish bones. in a different twist, bob fink, an independent musicologist in canada, has reported on the internet ( http : / / www. webster. sk. ca / greenwich / fl - compl. htm ) that the spacing of the two complete and two partial holes on the back of the slovenian bone conforms to musical notes on the diatonic ( do, re, mi... ) scale. the bone is too short to incorporate the diatonic scale ' s seven notes, counter nowell and chase. working with pennsylvania musicologist robert judd, they estimate that the find ' s 5. 7 - inch length is less than half that needed to cover the diatonic spectrum. the recent meeting presentation is " a most convincing analysis, " comments j. desmond clark of the university of california, berkeley, although it ' s possible that neandertals blew single notes through carnivore - chewed holes in the bone. " we can ' t exclude that possibility, " nowell responds. " but it ' s a big leap of faith to conclude that this was an intentionally constructed flute. " to the editor, science news ( reply by bob fink, may 1998 ) ( see an update of this discussion on bob fink ' s web site, november 2000 ) the doubts raised by nowell and chase ( april 4th, doubts aired over neanderthal bone ' flute ' ) saying the neanderthal bone is not a flute have these weaknesses : the alignment of the holes - - all in a row, and all of equivalent diameter, appear to be contrary to most teeth marks, unless some holes were made independently by several animals. the latter case boggles the odds for the holes ending up being in line. it also would be strange that animals homed in on this one bone in a cave full of bones, where no reports of


for manipulation of food, explaining why animals might chew on its ends later. it is also well - known that dogs chase and maul even sticks, despite their non - nutritional nature. what appears " weak " is not the case for a flute, but the case against it by nowell and chase. letter to the editor : antiquity journal : " a bone to pick " by bob fink i have a bone to pick with francesco d ' errico ' s viewpoint in the march issue of antiquity ( article too long to reproduce here ) regarding the neanderthal flute found in slovenia by ivan turk. d ' errico argues the bone artifact is not a flute. d ' errico omits dealing with the best evidence that this bone find is a flute. regarding the most important evidence, that of the holes being lined up, neither d ' errico nor turk make mention of this. this line - up is remarkable especially if they were made by more than one carnivore, which apparently they ' d have to be, based on turk ' s analysis of the center - spans of the holes precluding their being made by a single carnivore or bite ( turk, * pp. 171 - 175 ). to account for this possible difficulty, some doubters do mention " one or more " carnivores ( chase & nowell, science news 4 / 4 / 98 ). my arguments over the past year pointed out the mathematical odds of the lining up of the holes occurring by chance - chewing are too difficult to believe. the appendix in my essay ( " neanderthal flute - - a musicological analysis " ) proves that the number of ways a set of 4 random holes could be differently spaced ( to produce an audibly different set of tones ) are 680 ways. the chances a random set would match the existing fragment ' s spacing [ which also could produce a match to four diatonic notes of the scale ] are therefore only one in hundreds. if, in calculating the odds, you also allowed the holes to be out of line, or to be less than 4 holes as well, then the chance of a line - up match is only one from many tens of thousands. and yet randomness and animal bites still are acceptable to account for holes being in line that could also play some notes of the scale? this is too much coincidence for me to believe occurred by chance. d ' errico mentions my essay in his article and what he thought it was about, but he overs


ento, fishes, herps, iz, mammals, ms, or paleo and querystring is ( use a plus - sign to separate words ) : - one or more catalog numbers, e. g. - one or more barcodes, e. g. - the name of a type specimen, e. g. : - the name of a specimen or object, e. g. : - the name ( qn ) and / or type status ( qt ) of a specimen, and / or its collector ( co ), and / or the collection ( cn ) it is part of, e. g. : ( holotypes whose name includes torre and bartsch collected by webb and part of the henderson collection ) - to open the collections search to a specific search tab, e. g. tabs are numbered left to right, beginning with zero. - iz /? ti = 1 ( invertebrate zoology keywords search ) - mammals /? ti = 3 ( mammals whale collection search ) there are ways to speed up your queries ( or slow them down! ) and to find specific information. - the more specific you make your queries the faster they will execute. using more, rather than fewer, terms will very likely speed up your search. - these following special characters modify the interpretation of search terms ( use with as many other terms as possible to avoid slowing your search ) : - * matches any number of characters, e. g. * pseudo * -? matches a single character, e. g. young? lus frank? -! negates the presence of a term, e. g.! new - ~ matches all terms with the given stem, e. g. ~ spear for spear, spears, spearing, etc. - = match is case - sensitive, e. g. = paris - query results are typically limited to 5000 records. avoid general queries, when you can, that are likely to bring back very large numbers of records, e. g. searching for poaceae. - long running queries are automatically terminated, with no results returned. please use the feedback page to report back any problems you find with the data, or with using these search pages.


, who also played the role of literary man ( typically badly ). the talent therefore went into a repertory of new and dazzling mannerisms, which teuffel calls " utter unreality. " crutwell picks up this theme : the foremost of these [ characteristics ] is unreality, arising from the extinction of freedom … hence arose a declamatory tone, which strove by frigid and almost hyterical exaggeration to make up for the healthy stimulus afforded by daily contact with affairs. the vein of artificial rhetoric, antithesis and epigram … owes its origin to this forced contentment with an uncongenial sphere. with the decay of freedom, taste sank … in crutwell ' s view ( which had not been expressed by teuffel ), silver latin was a " rank, weed - grown garden ", a " decline. " cruttwell had already decried what he saw as a loss of spontaneity in golden latin. that teuffel should regard the silver age as a loss of natural language and therefore of spontaneity, implying that the golden age had it, is passed without comment. instead, tiberius brought about a " sudden collapse of letters. " the idea of a decline had been dominant in english society since edward gibbon ' s decline and fall of the roman empire. once again, cruttwell evidences some unease with his stock pronouncements : " the natural history of pliny shows how much remained to be done in fields of great interest. " the idea of pliny as a model is not consistent with any sort of decline ; moreover, pliny did his best work under emperors at least as tolerant as augustus had been. to include some of the best writings of the silver age, cruttwell found he had to extend the period through the death of marcus aurelius, 180 ad. the philosophic prose of that good emperor was in no way compatible with either teuffel ' s view of unnatural language or cruttwell ' s depiction of a decline. having created these constructs, the two philologists found they could not entirely justify them ; apparently, in the worst implications of their views, there was no classical latin by the ancient definition at all and some of the very best writing of any period in world history was a stilted and degenerate unnatural language. writers of the silver age include the following. of the additional century granted by cruttwell and


by the ancient definition at all and some of the very best writing of any period in world history was a stilted and degenerate unnatural language. writers of the silver age include the following. of the additional century granted by cruttwell and others of his point of view to silver latin but not by teuffel the latter says " the second century was a happy period for the roman state, the happiest indeed during the whole empire … but in the world of letters the lassitude and enervation, which told of rome ' s decline, became unmistakeable … its forte is in imitation. " teuffel, however, excepts the jurists ; others find other " exceptions, " recasting teuffels ' s view. the style of language refers to repeatable features of speech that are somewhat less general than the fundamental characteristics of the language. the latter give it a unity allowing it to be referenced under a single name. thus old latin, classical latin, vulgar latin, etc., are not considered different languages, but are all referenced under the name of latin. this is an ancient practice continued by moderns rather than a philological innovation of recent times. that latin had case endings is a fundamental feature of the language. whether a given form of speech prefers to use prepositions such as ad, ex, de for " to ", " from " and " of " rather than simple case endings is a matter of style. latin has a large number of styles. each and every author has a style, which typically allows his prose or poetry to be identified by experienced latinists. the problem of comparative literature has been to group styles finding similarities by period, in which case one may speak of old latin, silver latin, late latin as styles or a phase of styles. the ancient authors themselves first defined style by recognizing different kinds of sermo, or " speech. " in making the value judgement that classical latin was " first class " and that it was better to write with latinitas they were themselves selecting the literary and upper - class language of the city as a standard style and all sermo that differed from it was a different style ; thus in rhetoric cicero was able to define sublime, intermediate and low styles ( within classical latin ) and st. augustine to recommend the low style for sermons ( from sermo ). style therefore is to be defined by differences in speech from a standard. teuffel defined that standard as golden latin.


i will only point out two caveats : - we cannot assume that click speakers of the african southwest are necessarily indigenous to that region, and - it is possible that, the greater phonemic diversity is due to ancient admixture between quite divergent peoples who possessed two different types of phonemic inventories, while most africans inherited only the phonemic inventory of one of these peoples, which then decayed as per the author ' s theory away from africa. science 15 april 2011 : vol. 332 no. 6027 pp. 346 - 349 phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language expansion from africa quentin d. atkinson human genetic and phenotypic diversity declines with distance from africa, as predicted by a serial founder effect in which successive population bottlenecks during range expansion progressively reduce diversity, underpinning support for an african origin of modern humans. recent work suggests that a similar founder effect may operate on human culture and language. here i show that the number of phonemes used in a global sample of 504 languages is also clinal and fits a serial founder – effect model of expansion from an inferred origin in africa. this result, which is not explained by more recent demographic history, local language diversity, or statistical non - independence within language families, points to parallel mechanisms shaping genetic and linguistic diversity and supports an african origin of modern human languages.