53 and 83 trillion cubic feet. turkmenistan hasbetween 98 and 155 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, making it the fourth largest producer. ( 7 ) some other muslim countries have valuable mineral resources. for instance, uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan are two of the world ' s leading gold producers. turkey has one of the world ' s richest boron reserves, only recently discovered to be very important, and tajikistan has the world ' s largest aluminum producing facilities. these advantages will become more important in the twenty - first century, which some have already christened the " energy century. " energy is an essential element of modern society in terms of the military, industry, urbanization, and transport. given that economic activity and manufacturing depend primarily upon energy, nations will do their best to achieve control over these energy resources. the islamic world is not using its resources effectively, for many of its members lack the infrastructure and technology to increase the production and use their natural resources to develop their industries. therefore, the resources ' contributions to the country ' s economy are limited to export earnings. these countries do not have the means to process their own crude oil, use it in their industrial complexes, or to develop their industries. worse still, some muslim nations do not even have the necessary means to explore and research their natural resources or to discover and extract them. explorations undertaken by foreign companies reveal that other muslim nations have oil and gas reserves, but they cannot benefit from their resources. naturally, the ineffective use of natural resources is not the islamic world ' s only economic problem. however, solving this problem can begin the process of solving many other problems. the economies of muslim nations contain differences in structure and functioning. some nations ' economies depend upon mineral resources, such as the members of opec, while other nations ' depend upon agriculture. these differences are also reflected, to some extent, in their social structures, such as the widely varying degrees of rural and urban populations. developing complementary relationships and helping each other in their respective areas of expertise can turn these differences into a source of riches. all of this will be possible with the islamic union. joint ventures and project partnerships will be an important step in the right direction, for they will enable countries to benefit from one another ' s experiences and the income earned from investment projects will benefit all of the participating countries. such mutual financial support is compatible with islamic morality, for helping the needy and having a sense of social responsibility are important characteristics that muslims strive to acquire. many verses in the qur ’ an remind muslims to watch over the


benefit all of the participating countries. such mutual financial support is compatible with islamic morality, for helping the needy and having a sense of social responsibility are important characteristics that muslims strive to acquire. many verses in the qur ’ an remind muslims to watch over the needy. society ' s internal cohesion must be extended to international relations. as international cooperation within a partnership cannot be one - sided, employment and income levels will rise in both countries. for example, one country will produce oil and another one will process it, and agriculturally dependent countries will be able to import the food they need from agriculturally developed countries. a manpower - poor country ’ s need will be met by another islamic country, while rich countries will be able to invest in and help out a manpower - rich country that does not have enough jobs for its people. this will be to the benefit of both. sharing know - how and experience will increase prosperity, and all muslims will benefit from technological developments. joint ventures that realize the islamic world ' s unification of opportunities and means will enable muslims to produce hi - tech products. the islamic common market will enable muslim - made products to be marketed in other muslim countries without the hindrance of customs, quotas, and other cross - border obstacles. the marketplace will grow, the market share and exports of all muslim nations will rise, industrialization will speed up, and economic development will bring progress in technology. the living standards and wealth of muslim nations will increase, and their existing inequalities will disappear. some free trade agreements are already in place between countries in the gulf, the pacific rim, and north africa. trade agreements signed by turkey are already operational in the islamic world. bilateral cooperation exists in some regions ; however, their scope must be widened. such cooperation will safeguard the rights and interests of all muslim nations and lead to all of them becoming developed — a result from which all of them will derive a far greater benefit than if they do not cooperate with each other. all of these can be realized only under a central authority ' s leadership and coordination. achieving this will be possible if muslim nations adopt the qur ' an ' s values and the prophet ' s ( may god bless him and grant him peace ) sunnah, or, in other words, if they adopt islamic culture. the islamic union must lead the way to this cultural awakening, as well as the resulting political and economic cooperation. mutual cooperation among muslims, part of the islamic code, must be adhered to by all muslims, for god commands people to refrain from avarice


contemporary full brown calf. small paper spine label. boards triple ruled in blind. edges speckled red. boards and joints rubbed and bumped. head and tale of the spine chipped. some toning and browning throughout, but mainly to preliminary and final leaves. leaves a2 and a3 with some chipping along fore - edge, not affecting text. a bit of marginal worming, not affecting text. previous owner ' s old ink signature on title - page and some instances of marginalia and text corrections in the same hand. overall a very good copy. “ bacon ’ s major contribution to the development of science lies in his natural philosophy, his philosophy of scientific method, and in his projects for the practical organization of science. during the last years of his life, he expounded these ideas in a series of works, of which the twoo bookes was the first. the only work bacon ever published in english, it was later expanded and latinized into de augmentis scientiarum ( 1623 ). in the twoo bookes, bacon concerned himself primarily with the classification of philosophy and the sciences and with developing his influential view of the relation between science and theology. while preserving the traditional distinction between knowledge obtained by divine revelation and knowledge acquired through the senses, bacon saw both theoretical and applied science as religious duties, the first for a greater knowledge of god through his creation, and the second for the practice of charity to one ’ s fellows by improving their condition. this view of science as a religious function maintained its authority throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and was an important factor in the public success of the scientific movement ” ( norman library ). gibson 82. stc 1165. hbs # 65822 $ 850


in the early 1900s, a dispute arose over who controlled greenland — norway or denmark. the case was submitted to the permanent court of international justice in 1933. the court ruled in denmark ’ s favor. after wwii, the united states developed a geopolitical interest in greenland. in 1946, they offered to buy the country from denmark for $ 100 million dollars. denmark refused to sell though. they did, however, allow the us to reopen thule air base in 1950. from 1951 and 1953, the base was greatly expanded as a part of a nato cold war defense strategy. it is still the us air forces ’ northernmost base, located inside the arctic circle. though xerxes did not found the achaemenid persian empire, he ruled it at its greatest size, and made it the global force that it was at the time. his failed invasion of greece has secured him a legendary place in not just asian, but also western culture. if once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing ; and from robbing he next comes to drinking and sabbath - breaking, and from that to incivility and procrastination. — thomas de quincey ( 1785 - 1859 ) tritones is a musical interval that spans three whole tones. this interval, the gap between two notes played in succession or simultaneously, was branded diabolus in musica or the devil ’ s interval by medieval musicians. one historian said, on the tritone : “ it apparently was the sound used to call up the beast. there is something very sexual about the tritone. in the middle ages when people were ignorant and scared, when they heard something like that and felt that reaction in their body they thought ‘ uh oh, here come the devil ’. ” the devil ’ s interval came back into vogue under wagner, of all people, who used it in his operas. since then, the tritone has been used for everything from acdc to the simpson ’ s theme song. the first light portrait and first human portrait every taken. from october or november, 1839. it is a self - portrait by robert cornelius. a caricature of europe right before wwi. for a full explanation of the imagery for each country, click on the image. around 300 bce, the maya began adopting a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. this civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the classic period, around 200 - 900 ce. their society consisted of many independent states, each with a


business language learning from apec hrdwg wiki as part of international education week 2010, apec has expanded on several themes of the seminar on " language education : an essential for a global economy, " to provide a guide for students and instructors interested in the critical importance of business language for strengthening business relations in a global context. these themes include business in the 21st century ; cross cultural awareness for 21st century business ; language for 21st century business ; business language learning ; and business language policy. in business language instruction, we learn that different economies use different methodologies by which to teach and learn the subject of business. we find that conflict may arise when these differing methodologies come together in a single classroom. another application of advanced communications technologies may be found in the classroom, where traditional textbooks may be supplemented with electronic media such as video clips, as well as live information from internet newsfeeds, essentially making textbook materials come alive. students today may not learn history, geography, and science as it was taught a few years ago. they may actually view and experience events via the internet as if they were present during the moment in which they took place. video conferencing in the classroom may have other applications, such as providing students access to language teachers in foreign countries and to subject matter experts thousands of miles away, who can appear in the classroom and guest lecture as if they were actually there. these powerful new communications technologies have enhanced business language instruction in schools and universities, as evidenced from the scenario presented below. - technology provides web - based content to expand, complement, and supplement textbooks and teacher instruction. - online educational materials blend face - to - face learning with digital teaching and curricula. - technology such as virtual classroom fosters peer - to - peer and instructor - peer relationship building, collaboration, and social networking. - when designing lesson plans for international students, educators must consider how cultural values affect the way students respond to specific assignments. - technology contributes to a green environment by saving paper and reducing travel. in the fictional scenario below, teaching and learning methodologies from different economies clash as they are brought together into a single classroom, made possible only by advancements in telecommunications technologies. a prestigious university located in collectivist economy a invited a marketing professor from a renowned university in individualistic economy b teach a year - long course on the fundamentals of marketing to first - year business students. the professor had recently published a book on mcburger, the hamburger chain, and its success in economy a. the students in economy a viewed


economy b teach a year - long course on the fundamentals of marketing to first - year business students. the professor had recently published a book on mcburger, the hamburger chain, and its success in economy a. the students in economy a viewed his book as a premier marketing book in the field of international business. conducted virtually over internet video stream, the course was the first [ ed note : for which economy? using a mix of traditional and technology - mediated instruction is not that new. it may be a stretch to say it was the first time for such a mix. ] to integrate traditional methods of teaching with new technologies. the professor would present a traditional lecture from the university ' s video conferencing room in economy b and the students in economy a would view the lecture and participate in discussion as if the professor were in their classroom. students would submit all assignments and exams to the professor through a " digital drop box, " and the professor would return graded materials back to students via this medium. using advanced technology in the classroom allowed students to learn from a renowned professor while enrolling in a " green course, " one in which the professor did not need to travel to the economy and no paper would be used for assignments. to prepare for the course, the professor chose various marketing, advertising, and strategy cases from around the world. on the first day of class, he presented a case study on boca rola, and its advent into economy c. he gave the students 30 minutes to read the case study, and then encouraged the students to share their views about : ( 1 ) boca rola ’ s strategy to enter the market in economy c, ( 2 ) the barriers boca rola faced in entering the market, ( 3 ) perceptions of foreign products previously unavailable in a particular economy, and ( 4 ) consumers ' reaction to the new product. he found the students reluctant to share their individual views in the class. thus, he presented his own views from the perspective of an outsider to economy c, and shared his views about how boca rola ’ s business culture may be different than the culture of economy c in which it was operating. at the end of class, the professor gave the students a list of questions about the case study. he asked the students to form small groups of 3 - 4 students and discuss the answers to the questions. after they discussed the questions, he asked each team to submit a 5 - 6 page summary of the responses in three days. additionally, he assigned another case study for the students to read


of 3 - 4 students and discuss the answers to the questions. after they discussed the questions, he asked each team to submit a 5 - 6 page summary of the responses in three days. additionally, he assigned another case study for the students to read – one that focused on a large multinational company ’ s entry into the beauty care segment in economy d for future discussion. when the professor reviewed the students ’ responses to the boca rola case study, he discovered that the 20 students had submitted 5 separate sets of case study responses, as required. however, each group provided the same responses to the same questions, with no variation. he knew that this could not be a blatant incidence of cheating. when the next class reconvened, he asked the students why they turned in identical sets of answers. the students looked surprised, believing that they had followed his instructions, but had perhaps misinterpreted them. finally, one student raised his hand and stated that the class had formed groups of 3 - 4 students, but that each group tackled one question, and then shared the answers with the other groups. the students believed that it was not time efficient to discuss each question. rather, they decided that each group would respond to just one question, and then share the response with the other groups, who would do the same. the professor smiled in exasperation, and, frustrated by his inability to engage the students in an open discussion, began discussing the beauty company ’ s entry into economy d. points to consider - how has technology enhanced international educational opportunities for both students and instructors? other than the examples cited, what other ways can technology facilitate international educational opportunities? - to what extent did the professor understand the students ’ motivation to learn, the context in which they learn, and their willingness to experiment and use different approaches to demonstrate what they can do and what they know? - why was the strategy of open classroom discussion widely popular in economy b and a widely used strategy to introduce opposing views, and to encourage critical thinking? - to what extent can strategies such as lesson study encourage students in economy a to demonstrate problem solving skills, critical thinking, and creativity? - what could the professor do to model how each group could engage in separate discussions to understand the various perceptions about boca rola ’ s strategy to enter the market in economy c? - individualistic cultures are those cultures in which the opinion of the individual is greatly sought after and deeply valued, even though it may differ from the views of the group. these cultures believe that it is


s strategy to enter the market in economy c? - individualistic cultures are those cultures in which the opinion of the individual is greatly sought after and deeply valued, even though it may differ from the views of the group. these cultures believe that it is a variety of individual opinions that produce the best solutions to problems and that promote success, whether in social relationships or in the workplace. - collectivist cultures, on the other hand, value group consensus and harmony. these cultures believe that an environment conducive for business and personal success can only be created when members of the group align in sync with one another. members of groups will first debate the merits of a question among themselves, and then choose the opinion that they deem most valuable before presenting it to a higher authority. - the professor from economy b was used to receiving individual responses to his case discussion questions, responses that varied greatly from one another. although not all responses he received were correct, he enjoyed reading the individual opinions present in them before discussing the correct answers with the class during the following lecture. economy a students were, however, from a collectivist culture and valued sharing their responses with their group first before reaching a consensus on a particular answer choice. - the professor noticed that, although he had received only one response per question, it was more or less correct, although there was not a way for him to ascertain which of his students had provided the response, how the learning had occurred, and what the viewpoints of those who disagreed might be. - teaching tips for iew 2010 provided by tesol - teaching tips for iew 2009 submitted by teachers throughout the asia - pacific region - videos from the apec - relc international language seminar presentation " creating prosperity : using the internet to revolutionize language learning " - new paths of communication through : - technology providing access to content beyond books - video from the apec - relc international language seminar presentation " changes in our field : where are we going? " - e - language learning for students - a collection of online language learning resources from various apec members - related tips for teaching 21st century workplace skills more content from international education week 2010


education and health outcomes for social minorities in india : an analysis using sur model abstractthe current study analyzes the health and education outcomes of fifteen year old children in india and investigates the question of inequality of such outcomes for socio - religious categories. to study the effect of health on education, sur estimation has been undertaken. the comparison of sur and ols results shows that sur estimates have smaller standard errors than the ols estimates. of the three categories analyzed in the data, sts have worst outcomes for both education and health and scs lag behind in the health field. the results have important implications for policy regarding education and health of the socio - religious minorities. download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. bibliographic infopaper provided by agricultural and applied economics association in its series 2012 annual meeting, august 12 - 14, 2012, seattle, washington with number 124840. date of creation : 2012 date of revision : contact details of provider : postal : 555 east wells street, suite 1100, milwaukee, wisconsin 53202 phone : ( 414 ) 918 - 3190 fax : ( 414 ) 276 - 3349 web page : http : / / www. aaea. org more information through edirc health economics and policy ; this paper has been announced in the following nep reports : please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your repec author service profile, click on " citations " and make appropriate adjustments. : - sonalde desai & veena kulkarni, 2008. " changing educational inequalities in india in the context of affirmative action, " demography, springer, vol. 45 ( 2 ), pages 245 - 270, may. - vani borooah & sriya iyer, 2005. " vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, " the journal of development studies, taylor and francis journals, vol. 41 ( 8 ), pages 1369 - 1404. - vani k. borooah & sriya iyer, 2002. " vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, " icer


pages 1369 - 1404. - vani k. borooah & sriya iyer, 2002. " vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, " icer working papers 32 - 2002, icer - international centre for economic research. - behrman, jere r, 1996. " the impact of health and nutrition on education, " world bank research observer, world bank group, vol. 11 ( 1 ), pages 23 - 37, february. - dreze, jean & kingdon, geeta gandhi, 2001. " school participation in rural india, " review of development economics, wiley blackwell, vol. 5 ( 1 ), pages 1 - 24, february. - jean dreze & geeta gandhi kingdon, 1999. " school participation in rural india, " sticerd - development economics papers - from 2008 this series has been superseded by economic organisation and public policy discussion papers 18, suntory and toyota international centres for economics and related disciplines, lse. - jean dreze & geeta gandhi kingdon, 1999. " school participation in rural india, " working papers 69, centre for development economics, delhi school of economics. - ashwini deshpande, 2000. " recasting economic inequality, " review of social economy, taylor and francis journals, vol. 58 ( 3 ), pages 381 - 399. - case, anne & fertig, angela & paxson, christina, 2005. " the lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance, " journal of health economics, elsevier, vol. 24 ( 2 ), pages 365 - 389, march. for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( agecon search ). if you have authored this item and are not yet registered with repec, we encourage you to do it here. this allows to link your profile to this item. it also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about. if references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form. if the full references list an item that is present in repec, but the system did not link to it, you can help with this form. if you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. if


this is an old lecture by linguist and political activist noam chomsky ( professor at mit ) given at uc berkeley in 2003. for that evening in the charles m. and martha hitchcock lecture series, chomsky examined biolinguistics - the study of relations between physiology and speech. a second video of chomsky is featured below, which is the second half of this talk. fair warning - this is not easy material - chomsky is speaking to people who are well - versed in this field. chomsky has been one the most influential scholars over the last three or four decades - between 1980 and 1992, he was cited as a source more than any other living scholar, and ranked eighth overall. as background for this lecture, wikipedia offers a good summary of his influence in linguistics ( below the video ). chomskyan linguisticschomskyan linguistics, beginning with his syntactic structures, a distillation of his logical structure of linguistic theory ( 1955, 75 ), challenges structural linguistics and introduces transformational grammar. this approach takes utterances ( sequences of words ) to have a syntax characterized by a formal grammar ; in particular, a context - free grammar extended with transformational rules. perhaps his most influential and time - tested contribution to the field, is the claim that modeling knowledge of language using a formal grammar accounts for the " productivity " or " creativity " of language. in other words, a formal grammar of a language can explain the ability of a hearer - speaker to produce and interpret an infinite number of utterances, including novel ones, with a limited set of grammatical rules and a finite set of terms. he has always acknowledged his debt to panini for his modern notion of an explicit generative grammar although it is also related to rationalist ideas of a priori knowledge. it is a popular misconception that chomsky proved that language is entirely innate and discovered a " universal grammar " ( ug ). in fact, chomsky simply observed that while a human baby and a kitten are both capable of inductive reasoning, if they are exposed to exactly the same linguistic data, the human child will always acquire the ability to understand and produce language, while the kitten will never acquire either ability. chomsky labeled whatever the relevant capacity the human has which the cat lacks the " language acquisition device " ( lad ) and suggested that one of the tasks for linguistics should be to figure out what the lad is and what constraints it puts on the range of possible human languages. the


relevant capacity the human has which the cat lacks the " language acquisition device " ( lad ) and suggested that one of the tasks for linguistics should be to figure out what the lad is and what constraints it puts on the range of possible human languages. the universal features that would result from these constraints are often termed " universal grammar " or ug. the principles and parameters approach ( p & p ) — developed in his pisa 1979 lectures, later published as lectures on government and binding ( lgb ) — makes strong claims regarding universal grammar : that the grammatical principles underlying languages are innate and fixed, and the differences among the world ' s languages can be characterized in terms of parameter settings in the brain ( such as the pro - drop parameter, which indicates whether an explicit subject is always required, as in english, or can be optionally dropped, as in spanish ), which are often likened to switches. ( hence the term principles and parameters, often given to this approach. ) in this view, a child learning a language need only acquire the necessary lexical items ( words, grammatical morphemes, and idioms ), and determine the appropriate parameter settings, which can be done based on a few key examples. proponents of this view argue that the pace at which children learn languages is inexplicably rapid, unless children have an innate ability to learn languages. the similar steps followed by children all across the world when learning languages, and the fact that children make certain characteristic errors as they learn their first language, whereas other seemingly logical kinds of errors never occur ( and, according to chomsky, should be attested if a purely general, rather than language - specific, learning mechanism were being employed ), are also pointed to as motivation for innateness. more recently, in his minimalist program ( 1995 ), while retaining the core concept of " principles and parameters, " chomsky attempts a major overhaul of the linguistic machinery involved in the lgb model, stripping from it all but the barest necessary elements, while advocating a general approach to the architecture of the human language faculty that emphasizes principles of economy and optimal design, reverting to a derivational approach to generation, in contrast with the largely representational approach of classic p & p. chomsky ' s ideas have had a strong influence on researchers of the language acquisition in children, though many researchers in this area such as elizabeth bates and michael tomasello argue very strongly against chomsky ' s theories, and instead advocate emergentist or connectionist theories, explaining language


chinese researchers have turned to the light absorbing properties of butterfly wings to significantly increase the efficiency of solar hydrogen cells, using biomimetics to copy the nanostructure that allows for incredible light and heat absorption. butterflies are known to use heat from the sun to warm themselves beyond what their bodies can provide, and this new research takes a page from their evolution to improve hydrogen fuel generation. analyzing the wings of papilio helenus, the researchers found scales that are described as having : [... ] ridges running the length of the scale with very small holes on either side that opened up onto an underlying layer. the steep walls of the ridges help funnel light into the holes. the walls absorb longer wavelengths of light while allowing shorter wavelengths to reach a membrane below the scales. using the images of the scales, the researchers created computer models to confirm this filtering effect. the nano - hole arrays change from wave guides for short wavelengths to barriers and absorbers for longer wavelengths, which act just like a high - pass filtering layer. so, what does this have to do with fuel cells? splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen takes energy, and is a drain on the amount you can get out of a cell. to split the water, the process uses a catalyst, and certain catalysts — say, titanium dioxide — function by exposure to light. the researchers synthesized a titanium dioxide catalyst using the pattern from the butterfly ' s wings, and paired it with platinum nanoparticles to make it more efficient at splitting water. the result? a 230 % uptick in the amount of hydrogen produced. the structure of the butterfly ' s wing means that it ' s better at absorbing light — so who knows, you might also see the same technique on solar panels, too.


of withholding end - of - life medical interventions. once a person is terminal, as determined by a physician who understands the disease process, a caregiver may decide to engage hospice services. the physician must be willing to certify that a person will die within six months. if the person does not die within six months, they are not disqualified from the program. hospice services are usually provided by a local home health agency. hospice services can be provided in the home, assisted living facility as well as a skilled nursing facility. when a family signs up for hospice benefits they agree to forgo extreme invasive procedures and agree to support procedures that alleviate pain for the person with dementia. this is known as " palliative care " or comfort measures. at the final stage of death, water and food are withheld as the individual no longer desires this. this is a part of the natural process of dying. families can anticipate the final stages of death by the various physical stages a person may be going through. barbara karne, a hospice r. n. developed a very comprehensive booklet entitled " gone from my sight : the dying experience " which delineates the various physical stages of death and dying. to obtain a booklet, contact her at the following address : barbara karnes, r. n., p. o. box 335, stillwell, kansas, 60085, 1995. in karnes ' booklet she describes what occurs, one - three months prior to death, one to two weeks before death, days or hours before death, and then the final minutes. this information has been extremely helpful to families and can be summarized as follows : one to three months prior to death · withdrawal from world and people · decreased food intake · increased sleep · going inside self · less communication one to two weeks prior to death · talking with unseen · picking at clothes · physical changes o decreased blood pressure o pulse increase or decrease o color changes ; pale, bluish o increased perspiration o respiration irregularities o sleeping but responding o complaints of body tired and heavy o not eating, taking little fluids o body temperature hot / cold days or hours · intensification of 1 - 2 week signs · surge of energy · decrease in blood pressure · eyes glassy, tearing, half open · irregular breathing, stop / start · restlessness or no activity · purplish knees, feet, hands, blotchy · pulse weak and hard to fine · decreased urine output · may wet or stool the bed · fish out of water


open · irregular breathing, stop / start · restlessness or no activity · purplish knees, feet, hands, blotchy · pulse weak and hard to fine · decreased urine output · may wet or stool the bed · fish out of water breathing · cannot be awakened it is important that individuals be aware of their wishes and that the wishes be formally documented in a legal document that is known as an " advance directive ". each state has different instruments for these directives and the caregiver should contact the local medical facility to determine the appropriate document to be used. the advance directive delineates one ' s wishes regarding medical treatment and appoints a surrogate decision - maker on a person ' s behalf. of course, the important aspect of the advance directive is to discuss end - of - life care before one becomes diagnosed with dementia or has an another debilitating illness. pp. 309 - 311. beckerman, anita g. and tappen, ruth. m. 2000. it takes more than love. health professions press : baltimore, md. 1. review the video clip on death and dying narrated by dixie merrill. dixie merrill is a caregiver who is also taking care of three sets of parents - - in laws, step parents, as well as parents. dixie has been part of a support group and has indicated how information learned in the group has helped her cope with the death and dying. note how she describes the process of death and dying as peaceful and calming. she indicates talking about death and dying has made it less fearful and she also emphasizes the importance of advance directives. 2. consider the following questions for reflection when watching the video : · what strategies helped the merrill family cope with their mother ' s death and dying process? · how can " advance directives " help individuals cope with the dying process? link back to index. html


friday, 11 december 2009 mental ray _ adding glow to the window glass the above image was produced whilst at gmj design ltd in our latest book, we have covered a number of ways of emulating light without the need of creating a physical light. production companies often adopt similar methods to reduce the rendering times and retain the overall quality. it is worth pointing out that the usage of ambient occlusion ( i. e. ao ) as a separate pass or / and directly from max is utterly imperative for the final shot. the following exercise will take you through another unique methodology of achieving similar results with reduced rendering times : another quick way of emulating “ glow ” / " light " on windows, is to in fact enable the glow function on the glass panes themselves. to do this, simply go to the main material parameters, under the " refraction " group. 1 - reduce the transparency to about 0. 9 to prevent the surface from being fully transparent. 2 - to add a bit of blur to the transparency, decrease the glossiness to about 0. 78. note that, these values may vary depending on one ’ s camera angle... and the level of transparency / blurriness intended. 3 - next, change the colour swatch from white to a warm yellow. also, the " fast ( interpolate ) " function, can be enabled for quick and fast results, as the glossiness and its samples can often slow down the renders. however, it may create artifacts. 4 - pan down to the " self illumination ( glow ) " parameters and enable the " self illumination ( glow ) " function. 5 - under the " luminance " group, change it from " unitless " to " physical units : cd / m2 ) ". also, pick and choose any relevant bitmap ( i. e. photo ) that has a prominent light source. note : the " unitless " function often creates artifacts on glossy reflections, therefore, to be avoided at all costs. depending on time in hand, one can set the glow to generate light, or not, through the fg, by checking the " illuminates the scene ( when using fg ) " function.... and... “... let there be light... ”!!! the final rendered image below was achieved using this technique. i hope you like it. i hope you have found this post interesting. also check this new article in this blog : 3d realism : practical & easy


it ' s normal for parents to disagree and argue from time to time. parents might disagree about money, home chores, or how to spend time. they might disagree about big things — like important decisions they need to make for the family. they might even disagree about little things that don ' t seem important at all — like what ' s for dinner or what time someone gets home. sometimes parents can disagree with each other and still manage to talk about it in a calm way, where both people get a chance to listen and to talk. but many times when parents disagree, they argue. an argument is a fight using words. most kids worry when their parents argue. loud voices and angry words parents might use can make kids feel scared, sad, or upset. even arguments that use silence — like when parents act angry and don ' t talk to each other at all — can be upsetting for kids. if the argument has anything to do with the kids, kids might think they have caused their parents to argue and fight. if kids think it ' s their fault, they might feel guilty or even more upset. but parents ' behavior is never the fault of kids. what does it mean when parents fight? kids often worry about what it means when parents fight. they might jump to conclusions and think arguments mean their parents don ' t love each other anymore. they might think it means their parents will get a divorce. but parents ' arguments usually don ' t mean that they don ' t love each other or that they ' re getting a divorce. most of the time the arguments are just a way to let off steam when parents have a bad day or feel stressed out over other things. most people lose their cool now and then. just like kids, when parents get upset they might cry, yell, or say things they don ' t really mean. sometimes an argument might not mean anything except that one parent or both just lost their temper. just like kids, parents might argue more if they ' re not feeling their best or are under a lot of stress from a job or other worries. kids usually feel upset when they see or hear parents arguing. it ' s hard to hear the yelling and the unkind words. seeing parents upset and out of control can make kids feel unprotected and scared. kids might worry about one parent or the other during an argument. they might worry that one parent may feel especially sad or hurt because of being yelled at by the other parent. they might worry that one parent seems angry enough to lose control.


s planetary protection protocols that were established to minimize the chance of contaminating any indigenous life - potential material with hitchhiking microbes from earth. scientists don ' t believe mercury is or was suitable for ancient life, but the discovery of organics on an inner planet of the solar system may shed light on how life got started on earth and how life may evolve on planets beyond the solar system. " finding a place in the inner solar system where some of these same ingredients that may have led to life on earth are preserved for us is really exciting, " paige said. messenger, which stands for mercury surface, space environment, geochemistry and ranging, is due to complete its two - year mission at mercury in march. scientists are seeking nasa funding to continue operations for at least part of a third year. the probe will remain in mercury ' s orbit until the planet ' s gravity eventually causes it to crash onto the surface. whether the discovery of organics now prompts nasa to select a crash zone rather than leave it up to chance remains to be seen. microbes that may have hitched a ride on messenger likely have been killed off by the harsh radiation environment at mercury. the research is published in this week ' s edition of the journal science. ( editing by kevin gray and vicki allen )


very good series of infographics explaining the economy. it ’ s called all about the benjamins. videos & slideshows : boomtown to bust is a new york times slideshow on the recession ’ s effect in florida. the sacramento bee has a series of photos chronicling the economic downturn. long lines of job seekers continue is a slideshow from the washington post. downturn leaves more families homeless is another slideshow from the washington post. the wall street journal has excerpts from recent songs that have been written about the recession. following a closing, the struggle to find work is another slideshow from the new york times. a community facing hunger is a video from the new york times. out of work in china is a video showing the effects of the recession in that country. a painful return is a slideshow discussing the recession ’ s effects in china. tough times for summitville tiles is a wall street journal slideshow about the closing of a factory. black thursday in france is a wall street journal slideshow about protests in that country demanding that the government do more to stop the recession. ohio town faces economic collapse is a slideshow from pixcetra. the american economy : down and out is a slideshow from time magazine. tough times in cleveland is another time slideshow. an audio slideshow from the new york times called in economic vise, pontiac struggles. there goes retirement is an online video from the wall street journal. the progressive magazine the nation has a useful slideshow called the great recession. it ’ s a bit ideological, but provides a different kind of analysis and response to the recession. it also includes links to articles that would not be accessible to ell ’ s. however, the images, teacher modifications of the articles, and lesson ideas provided by them could offer some good opportunities for student discussion and higher order thinking. the faces of the unemployed is a slideshow from the new york times. searching for a job is a series of photos from the sacramento bee. looking for work is an audio slideshow from reuters. desperately seeking a salary is another audio slideshow from reuters. job seekers flood local job fair is a slideshow from the sacramento bee. recession hits the saddle is a slideshow from the new york times. auto town struggles with unemployment is a slideshow from the new york times. dark stores from time magazine. the new york times has an audio slideshow about people looking for work in the state of tennessee. inside california ’ s tent cities is the newest addition to this list. it


a nuzzle of the neck, a stroke of the wrist, a brush of the knee — these caresses often signal a loving touch, but can also feel highly aversive, depending on who is delivering the touch, and to whom. interested in how the brain makes connections between touch and emotion, neuroscientists at the california institute of technology ( caltech ) have discovered that the association begins in the brain ’ s primary somatosensory cortex, a region that, until now, was thought only to respond to basic touch, not to its emotional quality. “ we demonstrated for the first time that the primary somatosensory cortex — the brain region encoding basic touch properties such as how rough or smooth an object is — also is sensitive to the social meaning of a touch, ” explains michael spezio, a visiting associate at caltech who is also an assistant professor of psychology at scripps college in claremont, california. “ it was generally thought that there are separate brain pathways for how we process the physical aspects of touch on the skin and for how we interpret that touch emotionally — that is, whether we feel it as pleasant, unpleasant, desired, or repulsive. our study shows that, to the contrary, emotion is involved at the primary stages of social touch. ”


we have in this chapter to consider why the females of many birds have not acquired the same ornaments as the male ; and why, on the other hand, both sexes of many other birds are equally, or almost equally, ornamented? in the following chapter we shall consider the few cases in which the female is more conspicuously coloured than the male. in my origin of species * i briefly suggested that the long tail of the peacock would be inconvenient and the conspicuous black colour of the male capercailzie dangerous, to the female during the period of incubation : and consequently that the transmission of these characters from the male to the female offspring had been checked through natural selection. i still think that this may have occurred in some few instances : but after mature reflection on all the facts which i have been able to collect, i am now inclined to believe that when the sexes differ, the successive variations have generally been from the first limited in their transmission to the same sex in which they first arose. since my remarks appeared, the subject of sexual colouration has been discussed in some very interesting papers by mr. wallace, * ( 2 ) who believes that in almost all cases the successive variations tended at first to be transmitted equally to both sexes ; but that the female was saved, through natural selection, from acquiring the conspicuous colours of the male, owing to the danger which she would thus have incurred during incubation. * fourth edition, 1866, p. 241. * ( 2 ) westminster review, july, 1867. journal of travel, vol. i., 1868, p. 73. this view necessitates a tedious discussion on a difficult point, namely, whether the transmission of a character, which is at first inherited by both sexes can be subsequently limited in its transmission to one sex alone by means of natural selection. we must bear in mind, as shewn in the preliminary chapter on sexual selection, that characters which are limited in their development to one sex are always latent in the other. an imaginary illustration will best aid us in seeing the difficulty of the case ; we may suppose that a fancier wished to make a breed of pigeons, in which the males alone should be coloured of a pale blue, whilst the females retained their former slaty tint. as with pigeons characters of all kinds are usually transmitted to both sexes equally, the fancier would have to try to convert this latter form of inheritance into sexually - limited transmission. all that he could do would be to persevere in selecting


coloured birds, which are almost always hens ; and he himself has bred ten such females. it is on the other hand a very unusual event when a silver male is produced ; so that nothing would be easier, if desired, than to make a breed of dragons with blue males and silver females. this tendency is indeed so strong that when mr. tegetmeier at last got a silver male and matched him with one of the silver females, he expected to get a breed with both sexes thus coloured ; he was however disappointed, for the young male reverted to the blue colour of his grandfather, the young female alone being silver. no doubt with patience this tendency to reversion in the males, reared from an occasional silver male matched with a silver hen, might be eliminated, and then both sexes would be coloured alike ; and this very process has been followed with success by mr. esquilant in the case of silver turbits. * dr. chapius, le pigeon voyageur belge, 1865, p. 87. * ( 2 ) the field, sept., 1872. with fowls, variations of colour, limited in their transmission to the male sex, habitually occur. when this form of inheritance prevails, it might well happen that some of the successive variations would be transferred to the female, who would then slightly resemble the male, as actually occurs in some breeds. or again, the greater number, but not all, of the successive steps might be transferred to both sexes, and the female would then closely resemble the male. there can hardly be a doubt that this is the cause of the male pouter pigeon having a somewhat larger crop, and of the male carrier pigeon having somewhat larger wattles, than their respective females ; for fanciers have not selected one sex more than the other, and have had no wish that these characters should be more strongly displayed in the male than in the female, yet this is the case with both breeds. the same process would have to be followed, and the same difficulties encountered, if it were desired to make a breed with the females alone of some new colour. lastly, our fancier might wish to make a breed with the two sexes differing from each other, and both from the parent species. here the difficulty would be extreme, unless the successive variations were from the first sexually limited on both sides, and then there would be no difficulty. we see this with the fowl ; thus the two sexes of the pencilled hamburghs differ greatly from each


difficulty would be extreme, unless the successive variations were from the first sexually limited on both sides, and then there would be no difficulty. we see this with the fowl ; thus the two sexes of the pencilled hamburghs differ greatly from each other, and from the two sexes of the aboriginal gallus bankiva ; and both are now kept constant to their standard of excellence by continued selection, which would be impossible unless the distinctive characters of both were limited in their transmission. the spanish fowl offers a more curious case ; the male has an immense comb, but some of the successive variations, by the accumulation of which it was acquired, appear to have been transferred to the female ; for she has a comb many times larger than that of the females of the parent species. but the comb of the female differs in one respect from that of the male, for it is apt to lop over ; and within a recent period it has been ordered by the fancy that this should always be the case, and success has quickly followed the order. now the lopping of the comb must be sexually limited in its transmission, otherwise it would prevent the comb of the male from being perfectly upright, which would be abhorrent to every fancier. on the other hand, the uprightness of the comb in the male must likewise be a sexually - limited character, otherwise it would prevent the comb of the female from lopping over. from the foregoing illustrations, we see that even with almost unlimited time at command, it would be an extremely difficult and complex, perhaps an impossible process, to change one form of transmission into the other through selection. therefore, without distinct evidence in each case, i am unwilling to admit that this has been effected in natural species. on the other hand, by means of successive variations, which were from the first sexually limited in their transmission, there would not be the least difficulty in rendering a male bird widely different in colour or in any other character from the female ; the latter being left unaltered, or slightly altered, or specially modified for the sake of protection. as bright colours are of service to the males in their rivalry with other males, such colours would be selected whether or not they were transmitted exclusively to the same sex. consequently the females might be expected often to partake of the brightness of the males to a greater or less degree ; and this occurs with a host of species. if all the successive variations were transmitted equally to both sexes, the females would be indistinguishable from the males


to partake of the brightness of the males to a greater or less degree ; and this occurs with a host of species. if all the successive variations were transmitted equally to both sexes, the females would be indistinguishable from the males ; and this likewise occurs with many birds. if, however, dull colours were of high importance for the safety of the female during incubation, as with many ground birds, the females which varied in brightness, or which received through inheritance from the males any marked accession of brightness, would sooner or later be destroyed. but the tendency in the males to continue for an indefinite period transmitting to their female offspring their own brightness, would have to be eliminated by a change in the form of inheritance ; and this, as shewn by our previous illustration, would be extremely difficult. the more probable result of the long - continued destruction of the more brightly - coloured females, supposing the equal form of transmission to prevail would be the lessening or annihilation of the bright colours of the males, owing to their continual crossing with the duller females. it would be tedious to follow out all the other possible results ; but i may remind the reader that if sexually limited variations in brightness occurred in the females, even if they were not in the least injurious to them and consequently were not eliminated, yet they would not be favoured or selected, for the male usually accepts any female, and does not select the more attractive individuals ; consequently these variations would be liable to be lost, and would have little influence on the character of the race ; and this will aid in accounting for the females being commonly duller - coloured than the males. in the eighth chapter instances were given, to which many might here be added, of variations occurring at various ages, and inherited at the corresponding age. it was also shewn that variations which occur late in life are commonly transmitted to the same sex in which they first appear ; whilst variations occurring early in life are apt to be transmitted to both sexes ; not that all the cases of sexually - limited transmission can thus be accounted for. it was further shewn that if a male bird varied by becoming brighter whilst young, such variations would be of no service until the age for reproduction had arrived, and there was competition between rival males. but in the case of birds living on the ground and commonly in need of the protection of dull colours, bright tints would be far more dangerous to the young and inexperienced than to the adult males. consequently the males which


was competition between rival males. but in the case of birds living on the ground and commonly in need of the protection of dull colours, bright tints would be far more dangerous to the young and inexperienced than to the adult males. consequently the males which varied in brightness whilst young would suffer much destruction and be eliminated through natural selection ; on the other hand, the males which varied in this manner when nearly mature, notwithstanding that they were exposed to some additional danger, might survive, and from being favoured through sexual selection, would procreate their kind. as a relation often exists between the period of variation and the form of transmission, if the bright - coloured young males were destroyed and the mature ones were successful in their courtship, the males alone would acquire brilliant colours and would transmit them exclusively to their male offspring. but i by no means wish to maintain that the influence of age on the form of transmission, is the sole cause of the great difference in brilliancy between the sexes of many birds. when the sexes of birds differ in colour, it is interesting to determine whether the males alone have been modified by sexual selection, the females having been left unchanged, or only partially and indirectly thus changed ; or whether the females have been specially modified through natural selection for the sake of protection. i will therefore discuss this question at some length, even more fully than its intrinsic importance deserves ; for various curious collateral points may thus be conveniently considered. before we enter on the subject of colour, more especially in reference to mr. wallace ' s conclusions, it may be useful to discuss some other sexual differences under a similar point of view. a breed of fowls formerly existed in germany * in which the hens were furnished with spurs ; they were good layers, but they so greatly disturbed their nests with their spurs that they could not be allowed to sit on their own eggs. hence at one time it appeared to me probable that with the females of the wild gallinaceae the development of spurs had been checked through natural selection, from the injury thus caused to their nests. this seemed all the more probable, as wing - spurs, which would not be injurious during incubation, are often as well developed in the female as in the male ; though in not a few cases they are rather larger in the male. when the male is furnished with leg - spurs the female almost always exhibits rudiments of them, - the rudiment sometimes consisting of a mere scale, as in gallus. hence it might be argued that the females had


' s pheasant it is sometimes actually seventy - two inches long in the male and sixteen in the female. thus in the several species, the tail of the female differs much in length, irrespectively of that of the male ; and this can be accounted for, as it seems to me, with much more probability, by the laws of inheritance, - that is by the successive variations having been from the first more or less closely limited in their transmission to the male sex than by the agency of natural selection, resulting from the length of tail being more or less injurious to the females of these several allied species. we may now consider mr. wallace ' s arguments in regard to the sexual colouration of birds. he believes that the bright tints originally acquired through sexual selection by the males would in all, or almost all cases, have been transmitted to the females, unless the transference had been checked through natural selection. i may here remind the reader that various facts opposed to this view have already been given under reptiles, amphibians, fishes and lepidoptera. mr. wallace rests his belief chiefly, but not exclusively, as we shall see in the next chapter, on the following statement, * that when both sexes are coloured in a very conspicuous manner, the nest is of such a nature as to conceal the sitting bird ; but when there is a marked contrast of colour between the sexes, the male being gay and the female dull - coloured, the nest is open and exposes the sitting bird to view. this coincidence, as far as it goes, certainly seems to favour the belief that the females which sit on open nests have been specially modified for the sake of protection ; but we shall presently see that there is another and more probable explanation, namely, that conspicuous females have acquired the instinct of building domed nests oftener than dull - coloured birds. mr. wallace admits that there are, as might have been expected, some exceptions to his two rules, but it is a question whether the exceptions are not so numerous as seriously to invalidate them. * journal of travel, edited by a. murray, vol. i., 1868, p. 78. there is in the first place much truth in the duke of argyll ' s remark * that a large domed nest is more conspicuous to an enemy, especially to all tree - haunting carnivorous animals, than a smaller open nest. nor must we forget that with many birds which build open nests, the male sits on the eggs and aids the female in feeding the


relate to species which build domed or concealed nests. but similar gradations may likewise be observed in groups in which the sexes as a general rule resemble each other, but which build open nests. as i have before instanced the australian parrots, so i may here instance, without giving any details, the australian pigeons. * it deserves especial notice that in all these cases the slight differences in plumage between the sexes are of the same general nature as the occasionally greater differences. a good illustration of this fact has already been afforded by those kingfishers in which either the tail alone or the whole upper surface of the plumage differs in the same manner in the two sexes. similar cases may be observed with parrots and pigeons. the differences in colour between the sexes of the same species are, also, of the same general nature as the differences in colour between the distinct species of the same group. for when in a group in which the sexes are usually alike, the male differs considerably from the female, he is not coloured in a quite new style. hence we may infer that within the same group the special colours of both sexes when they are alike, and the colours of the male, when he differs slightly or even considerably from the female, have been in most cases determined by the same general cause ; this being sexual selection. * gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. ii., pp. 109 - 149. it is not probable, as has already been remarked, that differences in colour between the sexes, when very slight, can be of service to the female as a protection. assuming, however, that they are of service, they might be thought to be cases of transition ; but we have no reason to believe that many species at any one time are undergoing change. therefore we can hardly admit that the numerous females which differ very slightly in colour from their males are now all commencing to become obscure for the sake of protection. even if we consider somewhat more marked sexual differences, is it probable, for instance, that the head of the female chaffinch, - the crimson on the breast of the female bullfinch, - the green of the female greenfinch, - the crest of the female golden - crested wren, have all been rendered less bright by the slow process of selection for the sake of protection? i cannot think so ; and still less with the slight differences between the sexes of those birds which build concealed nests. on the other hand, the differences in colour between the sexes, whether great or small


slow process of selection for the sake of protection? i cannot think so ; and still less with the slight differences between the sexes of those birds which build concealed nests. on the other hand, the differences in colour between the sexes, whether great or small, may to a large extent be explained on the principle of the successive variations, acquired by the males through sexual selection, having been from the first more or less limited in their transmission to the females. that the degree of limitation should differ in different species of the same group will not surprise any one who has studied the laws of inheritance, for they are so complex that they appear to us in our ignorance to be capricious in their action. * * see remarks to this effect in variation of animals and plants under domestication, vol. ii., chap. xii. as far as i can discover there are few large groups of birds in which all the species have both sexes alike and brilliantly coloured, but i hear from mr. sclater, that this appears to be the case with the musophagae or plantain - eaters. nor do i believe that any large group exists in which the sexes of all the species are widely dissimilar in colour : mr. wallace informs me that the chatterers of s. america ( cotingidae ) offer one of the best instances ; but with some of the species, in which the male has a splendid red breast, the female exhibits some red on her breast ; and the females of other species shew traces of the green and other colours of the males. nevertheless we have a near approach to close sexual similarity or dissimilarity throughout several groups : and this, from what has just been said of the fluctuating nature of inheritance, is a somewhat surprising circumstance. but that the same laws should largely prevail with allied animals is not surprising. the domestic fowl has produced a great number of breeds and sub - breeds, and in these the sexes generally differ in plumage ; so that it has been noticed as an unusual circumstance when in certain sub - breeds they resemble each other. on the other hand, the domestic pigeon has likewise produced a vast number of distinct breeds and sub - breeds, and in these, with rare exceptions, the two sexes are identically alike. therefore if other species of gallus and columba were domesticated and varied, it would not be rash to predict that similar rules of sexual similarity and dissimilarity, depending on the form of transmission, would


are identically alike. therefore if other species of gallus and columba were domesticated and varied, it would not be rash to predict that similar rules of sexual similarity and dissimilarity, depending on the form of transmission, would hold good in both cases. in like manner the same form of transmission has generally prevailed under nature throughout the same groups, although marked exceptions to this rule occur. thus within the same family or even genus, the sexes may be identically alike, or very different in colour. instances have already been given in the same genus, as with sparrows, flycatchers, thrushes and grouse. in the family of pheasants the sexes of almost all the species are wonderfully dissimilar, but are quite alike in the eared pheasant or crossoptilon auritum. in two species of chloephaga, a genus of geese, the male cannot be distinguished from the females, except by size ; whilst in two others, the sexes are so unlike that they might easily be mistaken for distinct species. * * the ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 122. the laws of inheritance can alone account for the following cases, in which the female acquires, late in life, certain characters proper to the male, and ultimately comes to resemble him more or less completely. here protection can hardly have come into play. mr. blyth informs me that the females of oriolus melanocephalus and of some allied species, when sufficiently mature to breed, differ considerably in plumage from the adult males ; but after the second or third moults they differ only in their beaks having a slight greenish tinge. in the dwarf bitterns ( ardetta ), according to the same authority, " the male acquires his final livery at the first moult, the female not before the third or fourth moult ; in the meanwhile she presents an intermediate garb, which is ultimately exchanged for the same livery as that of the male. " so again the female falco peregrinus acquires her blue plumage more slowly than the male. mr. swinhoe states that with one of the drongo shrikes ( dicrurus macrocercus ) the male, whilst almost a nestling, moults his soft brown plumage and becomes of a uniform glossy greenish - black ; but the female retains for a long time the white striae and spots on the axillary feathers ; and does not


use of biomedical engineering and music for k - 12 math / science education the study proposes the use of biomedical engineering ( bme ) ph. d. track graduate students to assist middle and high school teachers to teach math / science skills, by providing additional tools and training to optimize their use. the emphasis is on the use of disciplinary knowledge to enhance how people learn with the aid of computer technology ; showing the students the importance of this knowledge to solve real world problems. three school districts have committed to participate in a cross - disciplinary education program ( shelby county, shades mountain independent, and the alabama school of fine arts ). students from uab ’ s biomedical engineering ( bme ) and the alabama school of fine arts ( asfa ) departments will develop, implement, and evaluate the four interventions used to enhance math / science skills. - music education - math / science kits and six - week projects - science fair project development - a technology of fine arts class when the cost - effectiveness of each intervention has been determined, decisions whether to expand the intervention, within each school system will be made. information about successful programs would be made available, on the internet or other media, to interested groups. trained personnel from this project would serve as facilitators for these groups. - investigators : a. eberhardt, r. thompson, m. froning, d. kilpadi


the list is the origin of culture. it ' s part of the history of art and literature. what does culture want? to make infinity comprehensible. it also wants to create order — not always, but often. and how, as a human being, does one face infinity? how does one attempt to grasp the incomprehensible? through lists, through catalogs, through collections in museums and through encyclopedias and dictionaries. there is an allure to enumerating how many women don giovanni slept with : it was 2, 063, at least according to mozart ' s librettist, lorenzo da ponte. we also have completely practical lists — the shopping list, the will, the menu — that are also cultural achievements in their own right. … at first, we think that a list is primitive and typical of very early cultures, which had no exact concept of the universe and were therefore limited to listing the characteristics they could name. but, in cultural history, the list has prevailed over and over again. it is by no means merely an expression of primitive cultures. a very clear image of the universe existed in the middle ages, and there were lists. a new worldview based on astronomy predominated in the renaissance and the baroque era. and there were lists. and the list is certainly prevalent in the postmodern age. it has an irresistible magic. … we like lists because we don ' t want to die. here is much more. make sure you read the quotation under the photo ; i don ' t want to reproduce it on a family blog. i wonder if this interview was translated from some other language, given the difference between " lists " and " enumeration. " here is an important mr post : jeffrey lonsdale writes. i thank cardiff garcia for the pointer.


- partial fractions [ 01 / 29 / 1998 ] how do i express 3 / 1 - ( x ^ 3 ) in partial fractions? - pascal ' s triangle pattern [ 04 / 22 / 1999 ] what pattern does multiplying each entry by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... in order, and adding the products yield? - perfect square : solving two equations [ 6 / 14 / 1996 ] x ^ 2 + 5 is a perfect square, and x ^ 2 - 5 is a perfect square. - perimeter equals area in a triangle [ 4 / 2 / 1996 ] when will the area and perimeter of a right triangle be numerically - picture frame, triangle measurements [ 5 / 20 / 1996 ] my teacher gave us ten questions to answer and i could do all except two : 1 ) a framed rectangular picture is 35cm long and 25cm wide... 2 ) the base of a triangle is 9cm more than the perpendicular height... - plus or minus sign [ 03 / 08 / 2002 ] what does this equation mean : y = + - k? the - sign is directly under the - point equidistant from 3 other points [ 04 / 11 / 1999 ] how do you find a point that is equidistant from three other points? - point on a line [ 03 / 23 / 2001 ] can you please tell me a formula to find if a point exists on a line? both are in x, y form. - polynomial brain - twisters [ 12 / 4 / 1995 ] i ' m stumped on some similar polynomial problems... - polynomial degrees and definition of a field [ 03 / 02 / 1998 ] the degree of polynomials added together, and definition of a field. - polynomial factoring rules [ 04 / 02 / 1997 ] how do i apply the polynomial factoring rules to t ^ 21 + 1 and 25y ^ 2 - 144 = - polynomial problem [ 3 / 11 / 1995 ] a remainder of 9 results when the polynomial p ( x ) is divided by x - 2, a remainder of - 3 when p ( x ) is divided by x + 2, and a remainder of 3 when divided by x - 1. find the remainder when p ( x ) is divided by ( x - 2 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x - - population and percentage [ 03 / 07 / 1999 ] given population data, find the number of women in two different years. - positive unit fractions [ 10 / 02 / 2002 ] find five


- 2 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x - - population and percentage [ 03 / 07 / 1999 ] given population data, find the number of women in two different years. - positive unit fractions [ 10 / 02 / 2002 ] find five different positive unit fractions whose sum is 1. ( a unit fraction is a fraction whose numerator is 1. all denominators must also be natural numbers. ) - precedence of unary operators [ 09 / 01 / 99 ] the pemdas rule for order of operations ignores unary operators. can you explain the proper precedence for them, and give an example showing how not knowing the rule can cause an incorrect result? - preparing for an algebra test [ 11 / 1 / 1995 ] a 9th grade math student asks for help preparing for final exams. what is the difference between the terms : solve and simplify? how do you find the gradient in a graph? - prize money [ 09 / 04 / 1997 ] if first prize wins $ 1, 000 out of $ 6, 000 and twentieth prize wins $ 100, how much money do second through nineteenth place win? is this a - probability of a function having complex roots [ 05 / 11 / 2000 ] what is the probability that the function f ( x ) = x ^ 2 + px + q = 0 will have complex roots when p and q lie between 0 and 1?... when p and q lie between 0 and 5?... when p and q are greater than 0?


welcome to medlibrary. org. for best results, we recommend beginning with the navigation links at the top of the page, which can guide you through our collection of over 14, 000 medication labels and package inserts. for additional information on other topics which are not covered by our database of medications, just enter your topic in the search box below : chromatography [ | krəʊmə | tɒgrəfi ] ( from greek χρωμα chroma " color " and γραφειν graphein " to write " ) is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. the mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase. the various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate. the separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. subtle differences in a compound ' s partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation. chromatography may be preparative or analytical. the purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for more advanced use ( and is thus a form of purification ). analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. the two are not mutually exclusive. chromatography, literally " color writing ", was first employed by russian - italian scientist mikhail tsvet in 1900. he continued to work with chromatography in the first decade of the 20th century, primarily for the separation of plant pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenes, and xanthophylls. since these components have different colors ( green, orange, and yellow, respectively ) they gave the technique its name. new types of chromatography developed during the 1930s and 1940s made the technique useful for many separation processes. chromatography technique developed substantially as a result of the work of archer john porter martin and richard laurence millington synge during the 1940s and 1950s. they established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, and their work encouraged the rapid development of several chromatographic methods : paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. researchers found that the main principles


development of several chromatographic methods : paper chromatography, gas chromatography, and what would become known as high performance liquid chromatography. since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. researchers found that the main principles of tsvet ' s chromatography could be applied in many different ways, resulting in the different varieties of chromatography described below. advances are continually improving the technical performance of chromatography, allowing the separation of increasingly similar molecules. chromatography terms - the analyte is the substance to be separated during chromatography. - analytical chromatography is used to determine the existence and possibly also the concentration of analyte ( s ) in a sample. - a bonded phase is a stationary phase that is covalently bonded to the support particles or to the inside wall of the column tubing. - a chromatogram is the visual output of the chromatograph. in the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture. - plotted on the x - axis is the retention time and plotted on the y - axis a signal ( for example obtained by a spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer or a variety of other detectors ) corresponding to the response created by the analytes exiting the system. in the case of an optimal system the signal is proportional to the concentration of the specific analyte separated. - a chromatograph is equipment that enables a sophisticated separation e. g. gas chromatographic or liquid chromatographic separation. - chromatography is a physical method of separation that distributes components to separate between two phases, one stationary ( stationary phase ), while the other ( the mobile phase ) moves in a definite direction. - the eluate is the mobile phase leaving the column. - the eluent is the solvent that carries the analyte. - an eluotropic series is a list of solvents ranked according to their eluting power. - an immobilized phase is a stationary phase that is immobilized on the support particles, or on the inner wall of the column tubing. - the mobile phase is the phase that moves in a definite direction. it may be a liquid ( lc and capillary electrochromatography ( cec ) ), a gas ( gc ), or a supercritical fluid ( supercritical - fluid chromatography,


a definite direction. it may be a liquid ( lc and capillary electrochromatography ( cec ) ), a gas ( gc ), or a supercritical fluid ( supercritical - fluid chromatography, sfc ). the mobile phase consists of the sample being separated / analyzed and the solvent that moves the sample through the column. in the case of hplc the mobile phase consists of a non - polar solvent ( s ) such as hexane in normal phase or polar solvents in reverse phase chromotagraphy and the sample being separated. the mobile phase moves through the chromatography column ( the stationary phase ) where the sample interacts with the stationary phase and is separated. - preparative chromatography is used to purify sufficient quantities of a substance for further use, rather than analysis. - the retention time is the characteristic time it takes for a particular analyte to pass through the system ( from the column inlet to the detector ) under set conditions. see also : kovats ' retention index - the sample is the matter analyzed in chromatography. it may consist of a single component or it may be a mixture of components. when the sample is treated in the course of an analysis, the phase or the phases containing the analytes of interest is / are referred to as the sample whereas everything out of interest separated from the sample before or in the course of the analysis is referred to as waste. - the solute refers to the sample components in partition chromatography. - the solvent refers to any substance capable of solubilizing another substance, and especially the liquid mobile phase in liquid chromatography. - the stationary phase is the substance fixed in place for the chromatography procedure. examples include the silica layer in thin layer chromatography chromatography is based on the concept of partition coefficient. any solute partitions between two immiscible solvents. when we make one solvent immobile ( by adsorption on a solid support matrix ) and another mobile it results in most common applications of chromatography. if matrix support is polar ( e. g. paper, silica etc. ) it is forward phase chromatography, and if it is non polar ( c - 18 ) it is reverse phase. techniques by chromatographic bed shape column chromatography column chromatography is a separation technique in which the stationary bed is within a tube.


mixture travel different distances according to how strongly they interact with the stationary phase as compared to the mobile phase. the specific retention factor ( rf ) of each chemical can be used to aid in the identification of an unknown substance. paper chromatography paper chromatography is a technique that involves placing a small dot or line of sample solution onto a strip of chromatography paper. the paper is placed in a jar containing a shallow layer of solvent and sealed. as the solvent rises through the paper, it meets the sample mixture, which starts to travel up the paper with the solvent. this paper is made of cellulose, a polar substance, and the compounds within the mixture travel farther if they are non - polar. more polar substances bond with the cellulose paper more quickly, and therefore do not travel as far. thin layer chromatography thin layer chromatography ( tlc ) is a widely employed laboratory technique and is similar to paper chromatography. however, instead of using a stationary phase of paper, it involves a stationary phase of a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel, alumina, or cellulose on a flat, inert substrate. compared to paper, it has the advantage of faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different adsorbents. for even better resolution and to allow for quantification, high - performance tlc can be used. displacement chromatography the basic principle of displacement chromatography is : a molecule with a high affinity for the chromatography matrix ( the displacer ) competes effectively for binding sites, and thus displace all molecules with lesser affinities. there are distinct differences between displacement and elution chromatography. in elution mode, substances typically emerge from a column in narrow, gaussian peaks. wide separation of peaks, preferably to baseline, is desired for maximum purification. the speed at which any component of a mixture travels down the column in elution mode depends on many factors. but for two substances to travel at different speeds, and thereby be resolved, there must be substantial differences in some interaction between the biomolecules and the chromatography matrix. operating parameters are adjusted to maximize the effect of this difference. in many cases, baseline separation of the peaks can be achieved only with gradient elution and low column loadings. thus, two drawbacks to elution mode chromatography, especially at the preparative


maximize the effect of this difference. in many cases, baseline separation of the peaks can be achieved only with gradient elution and low column loadings. thus, two drawbacks to elution mode chromatography, especially at the preparative scale, are operational complexity, due to gradient solvent pumping, and low throughput, due to low column loadings. displacement chromatography has advantages over elution chromatography in that components are resolved into consecutive zones of pure substances rather than “ peaks ”. because the process takes advantage of the nonlinearity of the isotherms, a larger column feed can be separated on a given column with the purified components recovered at significantly higher concentrations. techniques by physical state of mobile phase gas chromatography gas chromatography ( gc ), also sometimes known as gas - liquid chromatography, ( glc ), is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. gas chromatography is always carried out in a column, which is typically " packed " or " capillary " ( see below ). gas chromatography is based on a partition equilibrium of analyte between a solid stationary phase ( often a liquid silicone - based material ) and a mobile gas ( most often helium ). the stationary phase is adhered to the inside of a small - diameter glass tube ( a capillary column ) or a solid matrix inside a larger metal tube ( a packed column ). it is widely used in analytical chemistry ; though the high temperatures used in gc make it unsuitable for high molecular weight biopolymers or proteins ( heat denatures them ), frequently encountered in biochemistry, it is well suited for use in the petrochemical, environmental monitoring and remediation, and industrial chemical fields. it is also used extensively in chemistry research. liquid chromatography liquid chromatography ( lc ) is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. liquid chromatography can be carried out either in a column or a plane. present day liquid chromatography that generally utilizes very small packing particles and a relatively high pressure is referred to as high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ). in hplc the sample is forced by a liquid at high pressure ( the mobile phase ) through a column that is packed with a stationary phase composed of irregularly or spherically shaped particles, a porous monolithic layer, or a porous membrane. hplc is historically divided into two


a liquid at high pressure ( the mobile phase ) through a column that is packed with a stationary phase composed of irregularly or spherically shaped particles, a porous monolithic layer, or a porous membrane. hplc is historically divided into two different sub - classes based on the polarity of the mobile and stationary phases. methods in which the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase ( e. g., toluene as the mobile phase, silica as the stationary phase ) are termed normal phase liquid chromatography ( nplc ) and the opposite ( e. g., water - methanol mixture as the mobile phase and c18 = octadecylsilyl as the stationary phase ) is termed reversed phase liquid chromatography ( rplc ). ironically the " normal phase " has fewer applications and rplc is therefore used considerably more. specific techniques under this broad heading are listed below. affinity chromatography affinity chromatography is based on selective non - covalent interaction between an analyte and specific molecules. it is very specific, but not very robust. it is often used in biochemistry in the purification of proteins bound to tags. these fusion proteins are labeled with compounds such as his - tags, biotin or antigens, which bind to the stationary phase specifically. after purification, some of these tags are usually removed and the pure protein is obtained. affinity chromatography often utilizes a biomolecule ' s affinity for a metal ( zn, cu, fe, etc. ). columns are often manually prepared. traditional affinity columns are used as a preparative step to flush out unwanted biomolecules. however, hplc techniques exist that do utilize affinity chromatogaphy properties. immobilized metal affinity chromatography ( imac ) is useful to separate aforementioned molecules based on the relative affinity for the metal ( i. e. dionex imac ). often these columns can be loaded with different metals to create a column with a targeted affinity. supercritical fluid chromatography supercritical fluid chromatography is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure. techniques by separation mechanism ion exchange chromatography ion exchange chromatography ( usually referred to as ion chromatography ) uses an ion exchange mechanism to separate analytes based on their respective charges. it is usually performed in columns but can also be useful in


exchange chromatography ion exchange chromatography ( usually referred to as ion chromatography ) uses an ion exchange mechanism to separate analytes based on their respective charges. it is usually performed in columns but can also be useful in planar mode. ion exchange chromatography uses a charged stationary phase to separate charged compounds including anions, cations, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. in conventional methods the stationary phase is an ion exchange resin that carries charged functional groups that interact with oppositely charged groups of the compound to retain. ion exchange chromatography is commonly used to purify proteins using fplc. size - exclusion chromatography size - exclusion chromatography ( sec ) is also known as gel permeation chromatography ( gpc ) or gel filtration chromatography and separates molecules according to their size ( or more accurately according to their hydrodynamic diameter or hydrodynamic volume ). smaller molecules are able to enter the pores of the media and, therefore, molecules are trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase. the average residence time in the pores depends upon the effective size of the analyte molecules. however, molecules that are larger than the average pore size of the packing are excluded and thus suffer essentially no retention ; such species are the first to be eluted. it is generally a low - resolution chromatography technique and thus it is often reserved for the final, " polishing " step of a purification. it is also useful for determining the tertiary structure and quaternary structure of purified proteins, especially since it can be carried out under native solution conditions. expanded bed adsorption ( eba ) chromatographic separation expanded bed adsorption ( eba ) chromatographic separation captures a target protein from a crude feed stream when it passes through a chromatography column system containing adsorbent beads. with this technique the crude feedstock can be treated directly in the chromatographic column, avoiding the traditional clarification and pre - treatment steps. eba chromatographic separation is highly scalable, from laboratory - based 1 cm diameter columns to large production columns up to 2 meter in diameter. these columns can typically handle feed stock throughput of more than 1, 000, 000 liter per day with a production capacity of 1000 mt protein per year. special techniques reversed - phase chromatography reversed - phase chromatography ( r


. these columns can typically handle feed stock throughput of more than 1, 000, 000 liter per day with a production capacity of 1000 mt protein per year. special techniques reversed - phase chromatography reversed - phase chromatography ( rpc ) is any liquid chromatography procedure in which the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase. it is so named because in normal - phase liquid chromatography, the mobile phase is significantly less polar than the stationary phase. hydrophobic molecules in the mobile phase tend to adsorb to the relatively hydrophobic stationary phase. hydrophilic molecules in the mobile phase will tend to elute first. two - dimensional chromatography in some cases, the chemistry within a given column can be insufficient to separate some analytes. it is possible to direct a series of unresolved peaks onto a second column with different physico - chemical ( chemical classification ) properties. since the mechanism of retention on this new solid support is different from the first dimensional separation, it can be possible to separate compounds that are indistinguishable by one - dimensional chromatography. the sample is spotted at one corner of a square plate, developed, air - dried, then rotated by 90° and usually redeveloped in a second solvent system. simulated moving - bed chromatography pyrolysis gas chromatography pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry is a method of chemical analysis in which the sample is heated to decomposition to produce smaller molecules that are separated by gas chromatography and detected using mass spectrometry. pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials in an inert atmosphere or a vacuum. the sample is put into direct contact with a platinum wire, or placed in a quartz sample tube, and rapidly heated to 600 – 1000 °c. depending on the application even higher temperatures are used. three different heating techniques are used in actual pyrolyzers : isothermal furnace, inductive heating ( curie point filament ), and resistive heating using platinum filaments. large molecules cleave at their weakest points and produce smaller, more volatile fragments. these fragments can be separated by gas chromatography. pyrolysis gc chromatograms are typically complex because a wide range of different decomposition products is formed. the data can either be used as fingerprint to prove material identity or the gc / ms data is used to identify individual


pyrolysis gc chromatograms are typically complex because a wide range of different decomposition products is formed. the data can either be used as fingerprint to prove material identity or the gc / ms data is used to identify individual fragments to obtain structural information. to increase the volatility of polar fragments, various methylating reagents can be added to a sample before pyrolysis. besides the usage of dedicated pyrolyzers, pyrolysis gc of solid and liquid samples can be performed directly inside programmable temperature vaporizer ( ptv ) injectors that provide quick heating ( up to 30 °c / s ) and high maximum temperatures of 600 – 650 °c. this is sufficient for some pyrolysis applications. the main advantage is that no dedicated instrument has to be purchased and pyrolysis can be performed as part of routine gc analysis. in this case quartz gc inlet liners have to be used. quantitative data can be acquired, and good results of derivatization inside the ptv injector are published as well. fast protein liquid chromatography fast protein liquid chromatography ( fplc ) is a term applied to several chromatography techniques which are used to purify proteins. many of these techniques are identical to those carried out under high performance liquid chromatography, however use of fplc techniques are typically for preparing large scale batches of a purified product. countercurrent chromatography countercurrent chromatography ( ccc ) is a type of liquid - liquid chromatography, where both the stationary and mobile phases are liquids. the operating principle of ccc equipment requires a column consisting of an open tube coiled around a bobbin. the bobbin is rotated in a double - axis gyratory motion ( a cardioid ), which causes a variable gravity ( g ) field to act on the column during each rotation. this motion causes the column to see one partitioning step per revolution and components of the sample separate in the column due to their partitioning coefficient between the two immiscible liquid phases used. there are many types of ccc available today. these include hsccc ( high speed ccc ) and hpccc ( high performance ccc ). hpccc is the latest and best performing version of the instrumentation available currently. chiral chromatography chiral chromatography involves the separation of stereoisomers.


ccc ) and hpccc ( high performance ccc ). hpccc is the latest and best performing version of the instrumentation available currently. chiral chromatography chiral chromatography involves the separation of stereoisomers. in the case of enantiomers, these have no chemical or physical differences apart from being three - dimensional mirror images. conventional chromatography or other separation processes are incapable of separating them. to enable chiral separations to take place, either the mobile phase or the stationary phase must themselves be made chiral, giving differing affinities between the analytes. chiral chromatography hplc columns ( with a chiral stationary phase ) in both normal and reversed phase are commercially available. see also - iupac nomenclature for chromatography iupac recommendations 1993, pure & appl. chem., vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 819 – 872, 1993. - still, w. c. ; kahn, m. ; mitra, a. j. org. chem. 1978, 43 ( 14 ), 2923 – 2925. doi : 10. 1021 / jo00408a041 - laurence m. harwood, christopher j. moody ( 13 june 1989 ). experimental organic chemistry : principles and practice ( illustrated ed. ). wileyblackwell. pp. 180 – 185. isbn 978 - 0 - 632 - 02017 - 1 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - christian b. anfinsen, john tileston edsall, frederic middlebrook richards advances in protein chemistry. science 1976, 6 - 7. - displacement chromatography 101. sachem, inc. austin, tx 78737 - pascal bailon, george k. ehrlich, wen - jian fung and wolfgang berthold, an overview of affinity chromatography, humana press, 2000. isbn 978 - 0 - 89603 - 694 - 9 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ], isbn 978 - 1 - 60327 - 261 - 2 [ amazon - us | amazon - uk ]. - iupac nomenclature for chromatography - chromedia on line database and community for chromatography practitioners ( paid subscription required ) - library 4 science : chrom - ed series - overlapping peaks program – learning by simulations - chromatography videos – mit ocw – digital lab techniques manual - chromato