cell phone use and brain tumors, both malignant and benign. schuz cautions that the individual studies by themselves are too small to overcome some significant problems with the data. finding subjects who have brain tumors and who have used their cell phones for more than 10 years is difficult, especially considering that the tumors typically take 10 to 20 years to develop. what ' s more, people are notoriously bad at remembering how much they ' ve used their phones and which ear they hold their cell phone up to — especially if they ' re looking around for something to blame a brain tumor on. ben greenebaum, a retired physics professor and former president of the bioelectromagnetics society, an international group of radiation scientists and wireless - industry professionals, says that despite interphone ' s preliminary findings, " i ' m not prepared to shut anything down on the basis of what i see now. " but, he admits, " i do think you have to be cautious and use these things when they make sense. " he recommends using a headset whenever possible and warns that " if you carry it on your belt, you ' ll get a higher field into your stomach, " even when the device is turned off. " so set it on the counter. " don ' t try to make calls where your reception is poor — phones emit more radiation when they ' re searching for a signal. the german and french governments have recommended that parents limit children ' s cell phone use, since less is known about the effect of radiation on developing brains. of course, if you ' re really worried, you could ditch your cell phone for a quaint landline. just don ' t expect the rest of the world to follow suit. firstenberg has found that it ' s almost impossible to avoid the mobile - wielding masses. he used to ask strangers — politely — to stop talking on their phones in his presence until he got reprimanded in a grocery store for harassing a customer. " people get offended, " he says. " they just don ' t know about microwave radiation. " for the time being, the fcc is not considering any changes to its standards for cell phone radiation. yet some cell phone companies have started including a pamphlet about potential health risks with their packaging, perhaps to guard against future litigation. and schuz hasn ' t ruled out the possibility that as more data roll in, the scientific consensus could shift dramatically. " if you ask me a year from now, " he says, " i might have changed my mind


at the heart of materials science is an understanding of the microstructure of solids. " microstructure " is used broadly in reference to solids viewed at the subatomic ( electronic ) and atomic levels, and the nature of the defects at these levels. the microstructures of solids at various levels, especially the defects, profoundly influence the mechanical, electronic, chemical, and biological properties of solids. the phenomenological and mechanistic relationships between the microstructure and the macroscopic properties of solids are, in essence, what the materials science is all about. this is best represented by the " materials science triangle " : synthesis - microstructure - properties. materials engineering, on the other hand, is concerned with the design, fabrication, and testing of engineering materials. such materials must fulfill simultaneously the dimensional properties, quality control, and economic requirements. several manufacturing steps may be involved : ( 1 ) primary fabrication, such as solidification or vapor deposition of homogeneous or composite materials ; ( 2 ) secondary fabrication, including shaping and microstructural control by operations such as mechanical working, machining, sintering, joining and heat treatment and ( 3 ) testing, which measures the degree of reliability of a processed part, destructively or non - destructively. because the science of materials branches into other fields of study, the department offers joint fields of study in collaboration with other departments. a degree specializing in electronic materials is offered which provides a broad - based background in materials science, with the opportunity to specialize in semiconducting materials used in electronic and optoelectronic devices. the program incorporates several courses in electrical engineering in addition to those in the materials science curriculum. a joint major field, chemistry / materials science, is offered to students enrolled in the department of chemistry and biochemistry ( college of letters and science ). several courses in the undergraduate curriculum also play an important role in the manufacturing engineering program. the graduate program allows for specialization in one of the following fields : ceramics and ceramic processing, electronic and optical materials, and structural materials.


for sophomore / junior level courses in theories of personality, personality, individual differences. using a theorist - by - theorist approach, this comprehensive introduction to personality theory gives students the history of psychology with practical information to help them understand their own lives and their relationships with others. primary sources, abundant biographical information and supporting research are used to descibe and detail each theorist, presenting the theories of personality in an accessible and unbiased way. table of contents chapter 1 : what is personality? chapter 2 : sigmund freud chapter 3 : carl jung chapter 4 : alfred adler chapter 5 : karen horney chapter 6 : erik h. erikson chapter 7 : gordon allport chapter 8 : raymond b. cattell and hans j. eysenck chapter 9 : b. f. skinner chapter 10 : john dollard and neal miller chapter 11 : albert bandura and walter mischel chapter 12 : david m. buss chapter 13 : george kelly chapter 14 : carl rogers chapter 15 : abraham maslow chapter 16 : rollo reese may chapter 17 : a final word with coursesmart etextbooks and eresources, you save up to 60 % off the price of new print textbooks, and can switch between studying online or offline to suit your needs. once you have purchased your etextbooks and added them to your coursesmart bookshelf, you can access them anytime, anywhere. introduction to theories of personality, an, coursesmart etextbook, 8th edition format : electronic book $ 75. 99 | isbn - 13 : 978 - 0 - 205 - 81001 - 7


the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. dri dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin d, and fluoride average of 61 mg [ 2 mmol ] / day or 5 percent of the total intake ) when intakes were calculated using usda ' s nutrient database ( pennington and wilson, 1990 ). because of the uncertainty about phosphorus values for processed foods in nutrient databases, trends in phosphorus intake may be difficult to ascertain. daily intakes of women aged 19 to 50 years from usda ' s national surveys averaged 965 mg ( 31. 1 mmol ) in 1977, 1, 039 mg ( 33. 5 mmol ) in 1985, and 1, 022 mg ( 33. 0 mmol ) in 1994 ( cleveland et al., 1996 ; usda, 1985 ). thus, it appears that intakes from foods increased about 8 percent between 1977 and 1985, but then decreased slightly between 1985 and 1994. food supply data show a larger increase in phosphorus consumption : 12 percent from 1980 through 1994 ( from 1, 480 to 1, 680 mg [ 47. 7 to 54. 2 mmol ] / day per capita ) ( usda, 1997 ). however, disappearance data may be unreliable for detecting trends because phosphate additives ( such as those in cola beverages ) are not included. disappearance data on phosphorus - containing additives show that the use of these additives has increased by 17 percent over the last decade ( calvo, 1993 ). these figures also do not reflect actual consumption, because not all phosphates included in disappearance data are actually consumed, ( for example, blends of sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate are used in brines for curing meat, but the brine is rinsed off and not consumed ). nevertheless, taken together, these data suggest a substantial increase in phosphorus consumption, in the range of 10 to 15 percent, over the past 20 years. food sources of phosphorus phosphates are found in foods as naturally occurring components of biological molecules and as food additives in the form of various phosphate salts. these salts are used in processed foods for nonnutrient functions, such as moisture retention, smoothness, and binding. in infants, dietary intake of phosphorus spans a wide range, depending on whether the food is human milk, cow milk, adapted cow milk formula


stealth submarines. powerful aircraft carriers. the most imposing vessels in america ’ s navy rely on small - scale nuclear reactors to provide everything from basic propulsion to power generation. but they also depend upon an essential human element – skilled nuclear technicians, power plant operators and subsystems specialists. these highly trained, hands - on professionals perform the complex technical functions that are at the core of sub and carrier capabilities. in the nuclear operations area, you ’ ll have the opportunity to undergo training that ’ s among the most advanced the navy has to offer. not to mention the chance to work with and among some of the brightest technical professionals in the nuclear, technology and engineering fields. such are the challenges and rewards that go with being associated with one of the world ’ s top nuclear programs. as a member of the navy nuclear community, you ’ ll operate, control and maintain the state - of - the - art components that power navy aircraft carriers and submarines. that could involve doing anything from operating nuclear propulsion plant machinery to controlling auxiliary equipment that supports naval reactors to maintaining the electronic equipment used to send and receive messages, detect enemy planes and ships and determine target distance. you may also : - stand watch on generators, switchboards, control equipment and electrical equipment - repair gas turbine engines - control steam generators - operate pumps, turning gear, air compressors, air dehydrators, and engineering and control systems - inspect and maintain ship alarm systems a college degree is not required to become an enlisted member of the highly respected navy nuclear community, but an aptitude for math, science and problem solving is key – as is the ability to think fast, retain complex knowledge and work under pressure. responsibilities in the navy nuclear operations area depend upon the job rating or specialty you are in. machinist ' s mates ( mm ) operate and maintain steam turbines and reduction gears used for ship propulsion and auxiliary machinery such as turbogenerators, pumps and oil purifiers. they also maintain auxiliary machinery outside of main machinery spaces, such as electrohydraulic steering engines and elevators, refrigeration plants, air conditioning systems and desalinization plants. they may also operate and maintain compressed gas producing plants. nuclear - trained mms perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating reactor control, propulsion and power generation systems. electrician ' s mates ( em ) are responsible for the operation of a ship ' s electrical power generation systems, lighting systems, electrical equipment and electrical appliances. the duties include installation, operation, adjustment, routine maintenance, inspection, test and repair of


electrician ' s mates ( em ) are responsible for the operation of a ship ' s electrical power generation systems, lighting systems, electrical equipment and electrical appliances. the duties include installation, operation, adjustment, routine maintenance, inspection, test and repair of electrical equipment. em ' s also perform maintenance and repair of related electronic equipment. nuclear - trained ems perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating reactor control, propulsion and power generation systems. electronics technicians ( et ) are responsible for electronic equipment used to send and receive messages, computer information systems, long range radar, and calibration of test equipment. they maintain, repair, calibrate, tune, and adjust electronic equipment used for communications, detection and tracking, recognition and identification and navigation. nuclear - trained ets perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating reactor control, propulsion and power generation systems. beyond being capable of general duties, each of these specialized ratings requires additional “ a ” school training to earn required qualification in the nuclear field ( nf ). as an enlisted sailor working in nuclear operations, you ’ ll have the opportunity to work at sea or onshore. your assignment could place you aboard a nuclear - powered submarine or on board nuclear - powered aircraft carriers. whatever your specific responsibilities, you ' ll be operating, controlling and maintaining shipboard nuclear propulsion plants. working closely with industry - leading technology and highly specialized personnel in an intense, fast - paced environment with little room for error. training and advancement to work in navy nuclear operations, you will receive some of the most advanced job training the military has to offer. after your initial recruit training, you will report to “ a ” school for technical training that ' s based on your specific job rating, and then move on to acquire advanced nuclear training. navy nuclear field ( nf ) program to become a nuclear - trained mm, em or et qualified in the nuclear field ( nf ), you must complete : - “ a ” school requirements associated with your rating - training requirements at naval nuclear power school ( nnps ) - training requirements at nuclear power training unit ( nptu ) “ a ” school for mms – the three - month machinist ’ s mate ( mm ) course in charleston, sc, provides you with a basic knowledge of technical mathematics and a basic understanding of the theory and operation of a steam power plant. you will learn to operate tools, test equipment, and system components, read blueprints, practice rigging techniques, and perform maintenance procedures such as packing a valve or aligning a pump coupling. from


theory and operation of a steam power plant. you will learn to operate tools, test equipment, and system components, read blueprints, practice rigging techniques, and perform maintenance procedures such as packing a valve or aligning a pump coupling. from there, it ’ s on to nnps and nptu ( see description below ). “ a ” school for ems – the six - month electrician ’ s mate ( em ) course in charleston, sc, provides you with a basic knowledge of technical mathematics and a basic understanding of power distribution. you will solve basic equations using phasors, vector notations and basic trigonometry and analyze dc and ac circuits. you ’ ll have the opportunity to demonstrate working knowledge of dc and ac motors and generators. in addition, you will learn how to operate electrical equipment using controllers, and how to properly test, maintain, troubleshoot, and repair electrical circuits, motors, cables, circuit breakers, and other related electrical equipment for power distribution. from there, it ’ s on to nnps and nptu ( see description below ). “ a ” school for ets – the six - month electronics technician ( et ) course in charleston, sc, provides you with a basic knowledge of technical mathematics and a good working knowledge of electricity and electronics, solid - state devices, digital logic and systems, microprocessors, and instrumentation and control circuits. you will learn how to interpret schematic diagrams and use appropriate test equipment to isolate and correct faults in electronic systems. from there, it ’ s on to nnps and nptu ( see description below ). naval nuclear power school ( nnps ) – upon completion of “ a ” school training, mms, ems and ets then attend naval nuclear power school ( nnps ) in charleston, sc. here, you will learn theory and practical application of nuclear physics and reactor engineering. the six - month course will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of a pressurized - water naval nuclear power plant, including reactor core nuclear principles, heat transfer and fluid systems, plant chemistry and materials, mechanical and electrical systems, and radiological control. nuclear power training unit ( nptu ) – following nnps, mms, ems and ets begin prototype training in their rating specialty at one of two nuclear power training units ( nptus ) – located in charleston, sc, or ballston spa, ny. this six - month course will provide you the knowledge of the fundamentals of a naval nuclear power plant and


their rating specialty at one of two nuclear power training units ( nptus ) – located in charleston, sc, or ballston spa, ny. this six - month course will provide you the knowledge of the fundamentals of a naval nuclear power plant and the interrelationship of its mechanical, electrical, and reactor subsystems. here, you will develop oral communications skills, as well as obtain an understanding of the physical nature of nuclear radiation, its detection, interaction with matter and human health consequences, and gain knowledge of the safe operation of a complex naval nuclear power plant and its sophisticated subsystems with an emphasis on basic industrial safety principles. in addition, you will learn to identify, troubleshoot, and correct problems in nuclear mechanical, electrical, or reactor control systems at the component level with an emphasis on reactor systems, and apply earlier technical classroom knowledge gained to the practical, safe operation of naval nuclear power plants. the educational opportunities available to nuclear - and submarine - trained enlisted sailors range from college - level classes in physics, chemistry, mathematics, electrical engineering, circuit theory, systems maintenance, communications and thermodynamics to nuclear engineering training in nuclear power plant design, construction, instrumentation and operations. the american council on education ( ace ) has verified the extensive nature and unsurpassed quality of the navy ’ s nuclear propulsion training program by recommending up to 77 semester hours of college credit. upon selection for nuclear and / or submarine training, you will enter the navy in paygrade e - 3. if you complete all advancement - in - rate requirements, you may advance to paygrade e - 4. enlistment and reenlistment bonuses in addition to navy salary, special duty assignment pay, and allowances for food and housing are also available. if you volunteer and are selected to serve on nuclear submarines, you are eligible for added submarine duty incentive pay from the day you graduate from nuclear training. you are required to be a u. s. citizen and less than 25 years old at the time of your enlistment. you must be a high school graduate with a diploma and with successful completion of one year of algebra, and able to meet security clearance requirements. after the navy your knowledge of traditional and nuclear power will be an asset in high demand, whether with america ’ s navy or the civilian sector. your advanced understanding of the operation and maintenance of sophisticated electronics will put you at the top of any civilian job candidate list. your experience, ability to work under pressure and advanced skill level will lead to opportunities to work closely with specialists in


zen, japan and the art of democracy foreign observers have long been baffled by japan ’ s self - discipline in the face of multiple disaster western europe has experienced only one " killer " earthquake of similar magnitude to the one that struck japan on 11 march 2011. even so, the lisbon earthquake of 1755, also followed by a tsunami and fire, caused a profound though arguably short - lived crisis in western thought. the indiscriminate loss of life challenged both christian beliefs in god ' s benevolence and omnipotence and the enlightenment ' s new, humanist conception of a well - ordered universe ( the german philosopher gottfried leibniz ' s " best of all possible worlds " ) with man as its rational and progressive centre. leading intellectuals such as voltaire put god and nature on trial and found both guilty. believers in the wrathful old testament god argued, however, that the disaster was divine punishment for the sins of lisbon. at which voltaire thundered : " was lisbon more sinful than london or paris? " rousseau wrote a letter to voltaire in response, chiding him for his insults - not to god but to nature. if people had dispersed themselves throughout the natural world rather than being pent up in a crowded city, there would not have been so many deaths. the descendants of rousseau can be found among those environmentalists who see the recent catastrophe in japan as nature ' s revenge for the country ' s whaling. the lisbon earthquake was a one - off in european history. memories of it faded. god was soon back in heaven and all was right with the world. one can only imagine the effect on european thought and culture if such events had become a regular occurrence over the past two and a half centuries, as they have been in japan. since 1755, japan has experienced as many as two dozen major earthquakes, as well as countless smaller ones, reminding the people of the ever - present danger beneath their feet. but, as foreign observers always remark, the japanese accept these catastrophes with an uncomplaining stoicism and self - discipline, and without the slightest hint of theological or humanistic crisis. to understand why, we must first look at the two major religious traditions of japan, shinto and buddhism. modern shinto descends from the animistic beliefs of the ancient japanese, whose myths make clear that, like the pre - christian romans, they did not expect their gods to be unfailingly just or benevolent. the storm god in particular, susano - o ( whose name


the flow of the river is ceaseless and its water is never the same. the bubbles that float in the pools, now vanishing, now forming, are not of long duration : so in the world are man and his dwellings. " echoes of heraclitus. this sense of life as transient and fragile was elaborated into a more formal philosophy by dogen ( 1200 - 53 ), the thomas aquinas of zen buddhism. dogen ' s philosophy is one of impermanence and emptiness, or non - essentialism : it is not only nature that has no fixed or permanent identity ; neither does man. " the thought of enlightenment... is the mind which sees into impermanence. " or, more poetically : to what shall i liken the world? shaken from a crane ' s bill. impermanence ( mujo ) became a central theme of japanese art and literature and has permeated every other realm of the culture. it may seem paradoxical that, for all nature ' s savagery throughout their history, the japanese have devoted so much of their literature and art to extolling its beauty. how can one love a cruel, pitiless, indifferent nature that produces earthquakes and tsunamis? the haiku poet matsuo basho ' s answer to this conundrum comes from zen : if nature offends your ego, then transcend your ego by becoming one with nature. basho ' s life was full of loss and sorrow, but he turned to nature to transform, or " refine ", that sorrow into what he called sabi ( literally a sense of loneliness ). this was an impersonal, ego - less state of oneness with nature and detachment from the self. for basho, poetic practice was an exercise in self - abnegation, rather like what john keats called " negative capability ". as keats wrote : " with a great poet, the sense of beauty overcomes every other consideration, or rather obliterates all consideration. " the haiku poet " empties " himself to experience nature as it is, unfiltered through the human ego. in the work of an english nature poet such as wordsworth, poet and nature are equally present ( in " daffodils ", he refers to himself eight times in 24 lines ). in the best of basho, the poet vanishes and only nature remains : pierce through rock. the japanese political response to disasters or unexpected national emergencies has been less inspiring. since


manifestations of mu - incapable of taking a strong stand or any kind of independent action. fifteen prime ministers have served the emperor akihito, who is now in the 23rd year of his reign. this is a less salutary form of mujo, or impermanence, and not one that inspires in the japanese public much confidence in their leaders. in the enigma of japanese power ( 1989 ), the dutch journalist karel van wolferen describes japan as a " stateless nation ", controlled by a faceless, unaccountable, oligarchic elite from behind the scenes. little has changed in the past 20 years. in ikiru ( 1952 ), akira kurosawa ' s film satirising bureaucracy, housewives in a poor neighbourhood of tokyo petition city hall to turn a mosquito - infested swamp into a playground. holding their children, the women are sent from one government department to another, in a dizzying round of bureaucratic buck - passing. after finally being sent back to where they started, they explode in anger : " you ' re making a mockery of democracy! " japan ' s postwar democracy was still in its infancy and kurosawa was trying to instruct his countrymen in a new way of thinking : that governments exist to serve their people. looking at the political establishment ' s sluggish response to crisis 60 years later, one might doubt whether they ever took the lesson to heart. two weeks after the catastrophe of 11 march, doctors in miyagi prefecture in north - eastern japan were complaining to the media that they and their patients were surviving on two balls of rice a day. the press was full of stories of citizens who had loaded their cars with noodles, rice or even restaurant food and had driven hundreds of kilometres to distribute these to victims throughout the coastal areas. they were able to do so because the roads were not clogged, as one might have expected, with military convoys distributing food and medicine and evacuating the wounded. trappings of modernity where was the government? the disaster had affected only a small part of the country ; surely a more efficient distribution of food could have been possible, given the immense resources at japan ' s command? many had asked the same question after the kobe earthquake - and that was not in an isolated region like tohoku, but in a major city in central japan. at that time, kobe ' s infamous yakuza gained considerable public esteem by distributing food to the needy and homeless far more efficiently than the state


it, people married spouses born only a mile or two distant, people spent their entire lives in or near the village except for young men away during the world war years and disputes within the village had to be settled in a way that restored relationships or made them tolerable, because you were going to be living near that person for the rest of your life. ” when a society becomes modern, older ways of living don ’ t altogether vanish. “ the world of yesterday wasn ’ t erased and replaced by a new world of today : much of yesterday is still with us. ” modernity isn ’ t, for diamond, a condition that should triumph completely but this is not because he romanticises traditional ways of living. much of the world until yesterday is an account of the drawbacks of life in traditional societies, some of it deriving from the author ’ s experience during periods of fieldwork. he describes vividly how on one of his first trips, when he spent a month with a group of new guineans studying birds on a forest - covered mountain, his companions became agitated and refused to sleep in a beautiful valley where he had selected a place to set up camp at the base of a giant tree. the campsite was dangerous, the new guineans explained, because the tree was dead and might fall over and kill them all. after a number of other incidents, including one in which he nearly drowned, diamond came to see their response as an example of what he calls “ constructive paranoia ” – a sense of danger that comes with living in environments that are chronically unsafe for humans. rightly, diamond thinks that we may have something to learn from this attitude ; but he underscores clearly how it is a response to living in a world that, in some important respects, is more insecure than the one that has been built in modern times. without modern medicine, accidents are more easily fatal or permanently disabling – and there is no place in traditional cultures for the severely impaired. as diamond notes : “ some traditional societies, especially nomadic ones or those in harsh environments, are forced to neglect, abandon or kill their elderly. ” the paranoia he describes has another source in how, in traditional communities, encounters with strangers are infused with peril. when new guinean highlanders had their first sight of a european in 1933, they wept in terror. reflecting this horror of outsiders, their relations with other tribal groups were governed by more or less continuous warfare. these are not the innocent primitives of rousseauesque mythology but nor are


their first sight of a european in 1933, they wept in terror. reflecting this horror of outsiders, their relations with other tribal groups were governed by more or less continuous warfare. these are not the innocent primitives of rousseauesque mythology but nor are they the bloodthirsty savages of victorian imperialist folklore. living as everyone lived until around 11, 000 years ago, they are human beings in many ways like ourselves. when a 50 - year - old yahi indian from northern california gave up his huntergatherer life to live in san francisco, diamond tells us, he was deeply impressed by matches and glue, thinking them the most admirable modern inventions ( later he became attached to running water, flushing lavatories and railway trains, among other amenities ). the yahi admired these modern inventions for the same reason europeans invented them : they add to the ease and enjoyment of life. for diamond, the modern world is a patchwork of such inventions but their overall impact on human well - being has been complex and mixed. the domestication of plants and animals, the emergence of large human settlements along with formal systems of justice, the expansion of states, the spread of literacy, cumulative innovation in science and technology – these are some of the developments that together produced the way we live today. along with their undoubted benefits, modern societies have their distinctive disorders, including the epidemic spread of diseases such as diabetes and hypertension that are unknown in traditional societies, unremitting time - scarcity and the cultural and cognitive losses that go with vanishing languages ( one of the remaining 7, 000 languages that are still extant disappears every nine days, diamond tells us ). as he sees it, modernity is not a unique transition that some societies have experienced at various times during the past few centuries ; it is an ongoing process whose upshot is uncertain and insecure. the fragility of civilisation is a theme that runs through much of diamond ’ s work. his bestselling books guns, germs and steel ( 1997 ) and collapse : how societies choose to fail or succeed ( 2005 ) have given him the reputation of being something of a doommonger. this is only to be expected, since diamond points to an undeniable but unwelcome truth. modern societies are no more immune from environmental collapse than the many that have disappeared in the past – having become so closely interconnected, they are in some ways more at risk. yet diamond ’ s work is about much more than the vulnera


. modern societies are no more immune from environmental collapse than the many that have disappeared in the past – having become so closely interconnected, they are in some ways more at risk. yet diamond ’ s work is about much more than the vulnerabilities of advanced societies and it would be more accurate to describe him as inquiring into the environmental conditions that shape human communities. one way or another, most theories of human development privilege the kind of society in which the theorist lives. where 19th - century racial theories posited the biological superiority of europeans, the triumphal celebrations of unending economic advance that filled the airport bookstalls in the 1990s invoked the cultural superiority of american individualism – something of which we hear rather less now that the financial crisis has shown reckless debt rather than bourgeois virtue to be the chief source of america ’ s apparent economic outperformance in recent times. diamond ’ s divergence from such ways of thinking is bracing and deeply instructive. arguing that, “ the explanation for the differences in types of societies existing in the modern world depends on environmental differences, ” he suggests that human groups in the relatively few regions of the world with plants and animals suitable for domestication had a major advantage over others. food surpluses led to population growth, which in turn led to political centralisation and social stratification, the growth of cities and the rise of industrial production. rather than any built - in biological or cultural advantage, it was this environmental head start that eventually produced the modern societies we know today. diamond is one of our most consistently illuminating thinkers and the world until yesterday is a compelling account of the gains and losses that go with modern living. but if diamond is impressive in deconstructing simple - minded ideas about what it means to be modern, he does not explain why modernisation has become such a powerful myth. recent history is littered with vast political experiments aiming to impose models of modernisation on refractory societies, often incurring huge human costs. not only in russia and china in the communist era but also in many emerging countries, millions of lives have been lost or ruined by the imposition of crudely schematic plans of development. if nazism is included as a modernist ideology aiming to remake the world on a hideous new model, probably more human beings were killed in the 20th century for the sake of a vision of the future than for any other single reason. at this point, the scales tilt against modern societies. traditional cultures may live in a state of continuous warfare with each other


about this product : this graphic shows an approximate representation of coastal areas under a hurricane warning ( red ), hurricane watch ( pink ), tropical storm warning ( blue ) and tropical storm watch ( yellow ). the orange circle indicates the current position of the center of the tropical cyclone. the black line and dots show the national hurricane center ( nhc ) forecast track of the center at the times indicated. the dot indicating the forecast center location will be black if the cyclone is forecast to be tropical and will be white with a black outline if the cyclone is forecast to be extratropical. if only an l is displayed, then the system is forecast to be a remnant low. the letter inside the dot indicates the nhc ' s forecast intensity for that time : d : tropical depression – wind speed less than 39 mph s : tropical storm – wind speed between 39 mph and 73 mph h : hurricane – wind speed between 74 mph and 110 mph m : major hurricane – wind speed greater than 110 mph nhc tropical cyclone forecast tracks can be in error. this forecast uncertainty is conveyed by the track forecast " cone ", the solid white and stippled white areas in the graphic. the solid white area depicts the track forecast uncertainty for days 1 - 3 of the forecast, while the stippled area depicts the uncertainty on days 4 - 5. historical data indicate that the entire 5 - day path of the center of the tropical cyclone will remain within the cone about 60 - 70 % of the time. to form the cone, a set of imaginary circles are placed along the forecast track at the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h positions, where the size of each circle is set so that it encloses 67 % of the previous five years official forecast errors. the cone is then formed by smoothly connecting the area swept out by the set of circles. there is also uncertainty in the nhc intensity forecasts. the maximum 1 - minute wind speed probability table provides intensity forecast and uncertainty information. it is also important to realize that a tropical cyclone is not a point. their effects can span many hundreds of miles from the center. the area experiencing hurricane force ( one - minute average wind speeds of at least 74 mph ) and tropical storm force ( one - minute average wind speeds of 39 - 73 mph ) winds can extend well beyond the white areas shown enclosing the most likely track area of the center. the distribution of hurricane and tropical storm force winds in this tropical cyclone can be seen in the wind history graphic linked above.


lack of physical activity ), adaptable to different cultures and communities. the research is unique in its scale and scope — the interventions will be tracked across multiple countries and multiple settings : schools, health - care centers, work places, and local communities. global development network ( gdn ) the gdn is an international organization that works with developing country researchers and policy research institutes to support the generation and sharing of world - class, policy - relevant research on development. institute of medicine, preventing the global epidemic of cardiovascular disease : meeting the challenges in developing countries the institute of medicine is convening an ad hoc committee to study the evolving global epidemic of cardiovascular disease and will offer conclusions and recommendations pertinent to its control and to a range of public and private sector entities involved with global health and development. procor is a global network promoting cardiovascular health in developing countries and other low - resource settings. procor is a program of the lown cardiovascular research foundation, a tax - exempt, nonprofit organization, based in brookline, massachusetts, usa. - 2008 - 2013 action plan for the global strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. world health organization, geneva, 2008. ( pdf ) * - disease control priorities in developing countries, second edition. jamison dt, breman jg, measham ar, et al, eds. oxford university press and the world bank, washington, d. c., 2006. - preventing chronic diseases : a vital investment. who global report, world health organization, geneva, 2005. - public policy and the challenge of chronic noncommunicable diseases. adeyi o, smith o, robles s. the world bank, washington, d. c., 2007. ( pdf ) * * pdf files require adobe acrobat. nabel eg, stevens s, smith r. combating chronic disease in developing countries — partners in progress. lancet, 2009. - daar as, singer pa, persad dl, pramming sk, matthews dr, beaglehole r, bernstein a, borysiewicz lk, colagiuri s, ganguly n, glass ri, finegood dt, koplan j, nabel eg, sarna g, sarrafzadegan n, smith r, yach d, bell j. grand challenges in chronic noncommunicable diseases. nature. nov 22 : 450 : 494 - 6, 2007. - abegunde d, mathers


1. loopback test a loopback test can be used to troubleshoot serial communications. it can show problems in the serial port, the cable, or the software generating the messages without having to connect to third party hardware. by connecting the proper wires, a loopback test can verify the operation of serial communication. loopback tests can be used for rs - 232, rs - 422, and rs - 485 serial communication. for more information on rs - 232, rs - 422, and rs - 485 see the serial communication overview. note that not all serial devices, especially those with many connections on one card, allow hardware flow control on every serial output of the device. to perform a loopback test for rs - 232, the txd pin must be connected to the rxd pin. this allows the data to flow from the transmit to the receive pins. since the communication is differential for rs - 422 and rs - 485, the txd + connects to the rxd + and the txd - connects to the rxd - pins. a more advanced loopback test that allows hardware flow control will need more pins connected to allow the flow control signals to be properly passed. for rs - 232, the cts and rts pins must be connected along with the dtr and dsr pins. for rs - 422 and rs - 485, cts + should be connected to rts + and cts - should be connected to rts -. for more information about national instrument ’ s serial interfaces, visit ni. com / serial. de - 9 ( db9 ) connector the de - 9 connector is the most common serial connector. this connector is found on national instrument ’ s one and two port serial interfaces. figure 1 : pinout diagram for de - 9 connector to perform a loopback test with no hardware flow control, you will need to connect pins 2 and 3 for rs - 232 and pins 4 to 8 and 5 to 9 for rs - 422 / 485. these connections can be seen in red below ( figure 2 for rs - 232 and figure 3 for rs - 422 / 485 ). when using hardware flow control, you will need to connect pins 4 to 6 and 7 to 8 for rs - 232. pins 7 and 8 are used for rts / cts hardware flow control where pins 4 and 6 are used for dtr / dsr hardware flow control. for rs - 422 / 485, you will need to connect pins 2 to 3 and 6 to 7.


it is not recommended to use the 10p10c connector by itself to perform a loopback test due to the small separation between pins. using a 10p10c to de - 9 connector ( part number 192190 - 01 ), a looback test can be performed using the methods described above. 3. performing a loopback test in hyperterminal 1. create a new connection with any name and icon. 2. select the communications port you would like to test 3. select the type of flow control you would like to use. note that xon / xoff is software flow control and will only require that the txd and rxd pins to be connected. 4. type a message using the computer ' s keyboard. any data that shows in hyperterminal is received from the device. 4. performing a loopback test in measurement & automation explorer 1. open measurement & automation explorer and select the communications port you would like to use. 2. ensure the proper settings are selected for flow control. 3. save the settings by selecting the save button then select the open visa test panel button 4. on the write tab, type the message you would like to send ( followed by a \ n ) then select execute 5. on the read tab, select execute and verify the message 5. performing a loopback test in labview note : for a free evaluation copy of labview, visit ni. com / trylabview 1. start labview 2. select help » find examples... 3. browse to hardware input and output » serial » basic serial write and read. vi 4. ensure the proper settings are selected, enter the string you would like to write in the " string to write " box, and then select the white run arrow on the toolbar.


view full version : preventitive health - food deficiencies jul 25, 2007, 12 : 10 am natural health ( http : / / www. guardiannewsngr. com / natural _ health / article08 ) how folic acid in flour slashes congenital problems dr. philippe de wals of universit laval ' s department of social and preventive medicine has published a study clearly indicating that the addition of folic acid to flours has led to a 46 per cent drop in the incidence of congenital neural tube deformation ( mainly anencephaly and spina bifida ) in canada. such deformations either result in the child ' s death or in major health problems, including physical and learning disabilities. de wals ' s work as head of a team of a dozen canadian researchers appears today in the new england journal of medicine. the neural tube is the basis of the embryo ' s nervous system. poor development of the neural tube, which is sometimes due to a lack of folic acid, can result in major health problems. folic acid is found in green vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and meat. however, even a balanced diet won ' t supply enough folic acid for a pregnant mother and the child she is carrying. before 1998, canadian medical authorities were already recommending that women in their child - bearing years consume vitamin supplements containing folic acid. " canada decided to add folic acid to all flour produced in the country because formation of the neural tube in embryos is particularly intense during the first four weeks of pregnancy, which is before a lot of women even know they ' re pregnant. since half of canadian pregnancies are unplanned and the human body can ' t store folic acid, it is better to integrate folic acid into the food chain than to focus exclusively on taking vitamin supplements, " stated de wals. health canada still recommends taking folic acid supplements to women in their child - bearing years. researchers de wals and fassiatou tairou of universit laval ' s faculty of medicine compared the incidence of neural tube deformations before and after the introduction of folic acid - - enriched flours for over two million births in canada. between 1993 and 1997, the incidence was 1. 58 per 1, 000 births. between 2000 and 2002, the rate dropped 46 per cent to 0. 86. the biggest improvement occurred in the parts of canada that had the highest rates of neural tube deformation before 1998 - newfoundland, prince edward island, and nova scotia


- dealing armaments. within the last few months disarmament agreements have been reached which are without parallel in our part of the world, in this or indeed in previous centuries. in making this year ' s award of the peace prize, the nobel committee wishes to emphasise the tremendous potential which is now available for a more secure world, and for a more responsible and rational use of our resources. the way in which confrontation has been replaced by cooperation has also had its consequences in other parts of the world. several regional conflicts have been resolved, or at least come closer to a solution. the uncompromising attitude of the cold war has given way to a pattern of negotiation, in which the interests and responsibility of the regional communities themselves have replaced old ideological considerations, or the all - too - often ruthless laws of the balance of power. these changes have given the united nations a new lease of life : for the first time since its creation after the second world war this organisation has been able to play the role for which it was originally intended. it can now start to exercise its supremely important responsibility for the creation of an international community based on the rule of law and the establishment of peace between nations. the award this year of the peace prize to the president of the soviet union, mikhail gorbachev, is an historic event not least because some of the previous awards made by our committee - for example to the great champion of human rights andrei sakharov in 1975, and to the trade union leader lech walesa in 1983 - were received with cool hostility in the soviet union and in poland at the time, involving the rejection, in these countries, of all that the norwegian nobel committee stood for. on these grounds too the award constitutes a landmark. the norwegian nobel committee considers that there is thus a historical link between today ' s event and december 10th, 1975, and 1983, which augurs well for the future. the norwegian nobel committee is an independent organisation answerable neither to the government nor to the national assembly ( the storting ) of our country. the five members of the committee are only answerable to their own consciences, and their decisions are based on the personal political judgment and sound common sense of each one. the guidelines governing our work are nevertheless clearly set out : these are to be found in alfred nobel ' s testament, written nearly a hundred years ago. the award this year is very much in line with alfred nobel ' s own wishes and desires. nobel wanted the prize to be awarded to someone who had worked to promote


to be found in alfred nobel ' s testament, written nearly a hundred years ago. the award this year is very much in line with alfred nobel ' s own wishes and desires. nobel wanted the prize to be awarded to someone who had worked to promote " fraternity between nations ". that was the expression generally used in his day to denote the substitution of international cooperation for conflict. nobel also wished his prize to be given to someone who had actively promoted a reduction in " standing armies " and worked for the " holding of peace congresses ", what we today would call disarmament and negotiation. seldom has our committee felt more in tune with alfred nobel ' s wishes than this year. it is with a special sense of satisfaction that we award the peace prize to president gorbachev. each one of us, maybe in our different ways, has experienced the tension and threat of war that have cast a dark shadow over all the post - war years. the new - found openness and willingness to cooperate shown by the soviet union, and its readiness to accept realistic compromise, have created fresh hope under his leadership. we fully realise that the soviet union is undergoing a dramatic period of transformation within its own borders : dictatorship is to be replaced by greater democracy, centralisation by the right of each republic for self - determination, a command economy by a freer market. this transformation is inevitably a painful process, involving great sacrifice. but we should like the many peoples of the soviet union to know that the respect and expectation of the outside world for their great country have never been as profound as today. there has been nothing comparable since the " great patriotic war ", which this country and our western allies fought together against the barbarism of national socialism. at that time the road that led from world war to cold war proved disappointingly short. it is our hope that we are now celebrating the end of the cold war. mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev was born in 1931 in a small village just outside stavropol, north of the caucasus mountains, in a region that forms part of the russian republic, adjoining the ancient non - russian countries of georgia, armenia and azerbaijan, with their profound christian and muslim roots. our laureate is in fact a native of the southern soviet union. he comes of peasant stock, and was born 14 years after the great revolution which shook not only the russian empire but the entire world. he was born during the dramatic collectivisation of soviet agriculture, and grew up on a collective farm, where his father worked at a tractor station.


- dietary supplements - health conditions - healthy nutrition - cardiovascular health - skin care - natural remedies blood sugar as one of blurred vision causes – updated article with extra information diabetes is a disease with many side effects. many people refer to diabetes as the ‘ slow poison ’. it causes a lot misbalance in life, affecting the whole body of the sufferer. diabetes occurs when the sugar level in the blood is too high and remains untreated for a very long time. when the sugar level is too low, hypoglycemia may result. this usually occurs when a person is suffering from diabetes and has taken too many diabetic medicines or has injected too much insulin. hypoglycemia is more dangerous than hyperglycemia. the treatment for someone with hypoglycemia is typically address in a temporary situation, by providing the patient with something that contains higher glucose ( ie : orange juice ). blurred vision in diabetes is caused by hyperglycemia which is higher levels of sugar in the body. some of the symptoms of high blood sugar are frequent urination, increased hunger and thirst, lethargy and headache. if a person is suffering from any of these symptoms he or she should immediately contact the doctor. diabetes is a major culprit for blurred vision or even vision loss. studies have shown that if you are diabetic, you have 25 times more chance than a non sufferer of losing your sight. this disorder is known as diabetic retinopathy. retinopathy has two types ; non - proliferative and proliferative. non - proliferative retinopathy is associated with the early stages of the disorder. it causes the small retinal blood vessels to break and leak. it does not call for any medical action unless the central vision of a diabetic person becomes hazy, or if straight lines appear curved. proliferative retinopathy is a severe disorder. it causes the unusual growth of retinal blood vessels inside the eye which leads to bleeding. if not detected and treated in the early stages this disorder can even cause blindness. blood sugar is a chronic disease and it affects each and every organ of the body which is why it is referred to as the ‘ slow poison ’. if diabetes has not been diagnosed yet in a person, then blurred eye vision may come and go as the sugar level will increase and decrease, but once a person experiences this he or she should not take it lightly. they should immediately consult a doctor and get


neha vapiwala, md updated by christine hill - kayser, md abramson cancer center of the university of pennsylvania last modified : march 22, 2012 sarcoma is a general medical term that refers to any cancer of the bone, muscle, or other connective tissue, such as cartilage and tendons. sarcoma has sometimes been defined as a " tumor of fleshy consistence ", made up of cells similar to those of the growing fetus, but without proper development. sarcomas can occur in both children and adults, both males and females. in fact, there are many different types of sarcomas, depending on where the cancer cells grow and how they appear under a microscope. these different types are in turn associated with different clinical behavior, which naturally influences how they are treated. rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma found in children. it is still a rare cancer overall, accounting for about 3. 5 % of all childhood cancers. about 250 new cases of rhabdomyosarcoma are diagnosed in the united states every year. the name itself comes from a combination of 3 smaller words : rhabdo means " rod - shaped ", myo is muscle, and sarcoma is the type of cancer, as described above. rhabdomysarcoma cells tend to look rod - shaped under a microscope, and they have several features of muscle cells. normally, as a fetus develops in the womb, cells called rhabdomyoblasts " grow up " to become the skeletal muscles of the body. when these cells do not mature correctly, but continue to multiply abnormally, a rhabdomyosarcoma results. rhabdomyosarcomas can occur essentially anywhere in the body, but usually occur in the head, neck, bladder, vagina, extremities and the trunk. over 85 % of all rhabdomyosarcomas occur in infants, children, and teenagers. there is no specific geographic location or racial background that has been associated with higher rates of rhabdomyosarcoma. however, asian and black children have a lower annual incidence than do white children. there also appears to be a male predominance, as boys are about 1. 5 times more likely than girls to get rhabdomyosarcoma. it is known that rhabdomyosarcomas are associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities. the exact cause of


science center, sid and his friends explore how water travels in and out of our homes through pipes. and here ' s something sid and his friends never realized : there ' s lots of water in the world, but you can ' t drink it all! we can only use fresh water, and there aren ' t a lot of fresh water sources in the world. that ' s why it ' s important not to waste water! new " clean air! " ( " why does sid ' s dad wear a mask when he paints? " ) sid the roving reporter is investigating something strange in his backyard - - his dad is wearing a mask while painting. sid discovers that his dad is protecting his face so he doesn ' t breathe in the dirty fumes. at school, sid and his friends discover that people and animals on earth need to breathe clean air, and when we pollute the air around us, it affects the air that everyone breathes. the kids also discover that trees have a really important role in keeping our air clean! new “ reused robot " ( " where does trash go when we throw it away? " ) sid ' s toy robot is broken, so he wants to throw it " away. " sid ' s mom tells him there is no such thing as " away, " and when we put something in the trash, we are actually creating waste. sid and his friends explore the idea that everything we throw away goes somewhere. this leads to an investigation of how to recycle and reuse items so that we make less trash. new “ save the stump " ( " can an old stump be a home for tiny creatures? " ) sid is super excited because his dad is clearing out space in the yard for a basketball court! while sid and dad are surveying the land, sid notices a big stump teeming with little creatures! during a special field trip to the science center, sid and his friends discover that there are animal habitats all around us, even in old stumps, and if one habitat is destroyed, all of the other habitats and animals are affected. new “ wagstaff races ” / “ the missing metal mystery ” “ wagstaff races ” - wagstaff city ' s environmental club is having a " go green go - cart race, " fueled by alternative energy. using sun, wind, and pond scum, the gang gathers at the starting line. who will win the trophy — and most importantly, how? “ the missing metal mystery ” - who ’ s been stealing things from the


ray tracing and gaming - quake 4 : ray traced project quake 4 : ray traced an algorithm was invented for this work that uses rays for collision detection ( cd ). a polygon - exact cd is quite easy for direct weapons. only one ray is needed to determine the target. shooting this ray works through the exact same mechanisms and data structures as shooting a ray to get a color value in rendering. ( polygon exact collision detection using ray tracing ) for the player model a bounding sphere was approximated through many rays like in a radar system. ( bounding sphere approximated through rays ) an interesting special effect which i want to present here in more detail is water. as we expect it from nature water should reflect the surrounding environment and it should be possible to look through the water with some refractions going on. water in motion should not look flat ; there should be some visible height differences in the waves. i want to present you some examples of water in games that we have seen the last years. of course these ' optimizations ' had to be done to make the game render fast enough, so this should not be a critic of the game or company itself. it should just show how water looks today in some games, what it lacks and how it could look in ray tracing games. ( ' far cry ' ( 2004 ) : the reflection in the water shows only the mountains, not the trees. ) ( ' far cry ' : taking a close look at the reflections you see that the resolution is lower then the rest of the world. ) ( ' gothic 3 ' from 2006 : quite unspectacular water without any reflections ) the water in ' quake 4 : ray traced ' ( http : / / www. q4rt. de / ) uses an animation set of many normal maps to simulate the height differences from the waves. one ray is used for reflection on that normal maps, one ray is used to get the refraction through the water. the result is nice looking water. ( ' quake 4 : ray traced ' : the water reflects the environment and the player ) samples from q4rt in action can be seen in this video :


gamma ray bursts are believed to be the most energetic phenomena in the universe. in one second they can emit more than 100 times the energy that the sun does throughout its entire 10 billion year life. this energy output is short lived, however, and within days the burst has faded forever beyond the reach of our telescopes. 3000 bursts having been detected through their gamma ray emission, only 30 have been seen with ground - based telescopes, and only one of these has been observed within an hour. in an ambitious project to detect the gamma ray bursts in the crucial first minute of their occurence, the school of physics has entered a collaboration with the university of michigan, los alamos national laboratories, and lawrence livermore national laboratory, to place a robotic telescope, rotse - iii, at siding spring observatory. triggered into action by a signal relayed through the internet from an earth - orbiting satellite. the specially designed mounting for rotse - iii allows it to point to any position in the sky and take an image within 5 - 10 seconds. the images are then automatically analysed for any new or rapidly varying sources, and this information is made available to other observatories throughout the world within minutes. the precise positions provided by rotse - iii are essential to allow the worlds largest telescopes to observe the gamma for the new telescope occurred in march 2001. the enclosure and weather station were installed in april 2001, with the telescope itself to be delivered in mid - 2002.


during this tutorial you will be asked to perform calculations involving trigonometric functiions. you will need a calulator to proceed. | the purpose of this tutorial is to review with you the elementary properties of the trigonometric functions. facility with this subject is essential to success in all branches of science, and you are strongly urged to review and practice the concepts presented here until they are mastered. let us consider the right - angle triangle shown in panel 1. the angle at c is a right angle and the angle a we will call θ. the lengths of the sides of the triangle we will denote as p, q and r. from your elementary geometry, you know several things about this triangle. for example, you know the pythagorean relation, q² = p² + r². that is, the square of the length of the side opposite the right angle, which we call the hypotenuse, is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. we know other things. for example, we know that if the lengths of the three sides of any triangle p, q and r are specified, then the whole triangle is determined, angles included. if you think about this for a moment, you will see it is correct. if i give you three sticks of fixed length and told you to lay them down in a triangle, there ' s only one triangle which you could make. what we would like to have is a way of relating the angles in the triangle, say θ, to the lengths of the sides. it turns out that there ' s no simple analytic way to do this. even though the triangle is specified by the lengths of the three sides, there is not a simple formula that will allow you to calculate the angle θ. we must specify it in some new way. | to do this, we define three ratios of the sides of the triangle. one ratio we call the sine of theta, written sin ( θ ), and it is defined as the ratio of the side opposite θ to the hypotenuse, that is r / q. the cosine of θ, written cos ( θ ), is the side adjacent to θ over the hypotenuse, that is, p / q. this is really enough, but because it simplifies our mathematics later on, we define the tangent of θ, written tan ( θ ), as the ratio of the opposite to the adjacent sides, that is r


that is, p / q. this is really enough, but because it simplifies our mathematics later on, we define the tangent of θ, written tan ( θ ), as the ratio of the opposite to the adjacent sides, that is r / p. this is not an independent definition since you can readily see that the tangent of θ is equal to the sine of θ divided by the cosine of θ. verify for yourself that this is correct. all scientific calculators provide this information. the first thing to ensure is that your calculator is set to the anglular measure that you want. angles are usually measured in either degrees or radians ( see tutorial on dimensional analysis ). the angle 2º is a much different angle than 2 radians since 180º = π radians = 3. 1416... radians. make sure that your calculator is set to degrees. now suppose that we want the sine of 24º. simply press 24 followed by the [ sin ] key and the display should show the value 0. 4067. therefore, the sine of 24º is 0. 4067. that is, in a triangle like panel 1 where θ = 24º, the ratio of the sides r to q is 0. 4067. next set your calculator to radians and find the sine of 0. 42 radians. to do this enter 0. 42 followed by the [ sin ] key. you should obtain a value of 0. 4078. this is nearly the same value as you obtained for the sine of 24º. using the relation above you should confirm that 24º is close to 0. 42 radians obviously, using your calculator to find values of sines is very simple. now find sine of 42º 24 minutes. the sine of 42º 24 minutes is 0. 6743. did you get this result? if not, remember that 24 minutes corresponds to 24 / 60 or 0. 4º. the total angle is then 42. 4º | the determination of cosines and tangents on your calculator is similar. it is now possible for us to solve the simple problem concerning triangles. for example, in panel 2, the length of the hypotenuse is 3 cm and the angle θ is 24º. what is the length of the opposite side r? the sine of 24º as we saw is 0. 4067 and


q ) ², which [ ( p² + r² ) / ( q² ) ]. the pythagorean theorem tells us that p² + r² = q² so we have [ ( p² + r² ) / q² ] = ( q² / q² ) = 1. therefore, we have ; our discussion so far has been limited to angles between 0 and 90º. one can, using the calculator, find the the sine of larger angles ( eg 140º ) or negative angles ( eg - 32º ) directly. sometimes, however, it is useful to find the corresponding angle betweeen 0 and 90º. panel 6 will help us here. | in this xy reference frame, the angle θ is clearly between 90º and 180 º, and clearly, the angle a, which is 180 - θ ( a is marked with a double arc ) can be dealt with. in this case, we say that the magnitude of sine, cosine, and tangent of θ are those of the supplement a and we only have to examine whether or not they are positive or negative. for example, what is the sine, cosine and tangent of 140º? the supplement is 180º - 140º = 40º. find the sine, the cosine and the tangent of 40º.


| may20 - 06, 05 : 24 pm | | # 1 | stuck on couple related rates problems.. 1. a ship with a long anchor chain is anchored in 11 fathoms of water. the anchor chain is being wound in at a rate of 10 fathoms / minute, causing the ship to move toward the spot directly above the anchor resting on the seabed. the hawsehole ( the point of contact between ship and chain ) is located 1 fathom above the water line. at what speed is the ship moving when there are exatly 13 fathoms of chain still out? for this problem i started with this drawing.. http : / / img. photobucket. com / albums / v4... n / untitled. jpg and then from there, i had no idea where to go... there hawsehole being 1 fathom above the water really gets to me, perhaps making the above drawing void. another thing i don ' t understand is that it says it ' s anchored in 11 fathoms of water.. how could the question be asking what speed the boat would be moving if it were at 13 fathoms? 2. a ladder 41 feet long was leaning against a vertical wall and begins to slip. its top slides down the wall whilte its bottom moves along the level ground at a constant speed of 4ft / sec. how fast is the top of the ladder moving when it is 9 feet above the ground? for this one.. i didn ' t even know what to do.. of course i drew a triangle, hypotenuse of 41 and the vertical side of 9 feet.. and then.......? mainly, i think problems such as these are really easy, but i have a really hard time picturing the problem or drawing it out. i don ' t know which numbers apply to dx / dt and dy / dt.. | may20 - 06, 05 : 48 pm | | # 2 | and tehy are asking what is the speed when there is 13 fathoms of * chain * still out, which is the length of the hypothenuse on your triangle. of course this length will be larger or equal to 12 fathoms ( it will be equal to 12 fathom when the boat will be right above the anchor ) if we call " l " the length of the hypothenuse, then what you want is


epiphany can be defined as the sudden realization of the essence or meaning of something, as well as the understanding of the truth of certain situations or one ’ s life as a whole. in death in venice, gustav von auschenbach ’ s recognition of his love for and obsession with tadzio is a kind of epiphany that, while not exactly beneficial or positive marks a point in which the character experience complete clarity and begins to express honesty about his previously rejected desires. gustav von auschenbach, having led a life of dedication to his craft, prides himself on disciplined perfectionism and dignity. his life up to the point at which the novel takes place has been largely uneventful. many ominous occurrences help to illustrate gustav ’ s state of mind at the story ’ s opening. his exchange with a strange gondola rower who turns out to be a criminal, as well as his sighting of a disturbing old man dressed to look youthful are both v aguely perilous encounters which serve to establish gustav ’ s uneasiness. upon discovering tadzio, gustav slowly allows his principles and dignity to erode as his obsession expands. tadzio seems to tap into the lifelong desires that gustav has repressed in the interest of being fully committed to his work. the end result of this obsession, however, is the writer ’ s death. while not necessarily in the dark before this epiphany, von auschenbach was certainly very repressed. after feeling a vague need for a vacation, he travels to venice completely unaware of what waits for him. the obsession is something that, given his principles, is extremely hard to verbalize. however, when he finally declares, “ i love you, ” it is clear that he has accepted the truth about his feelings and desires. though neither overtly religious or spiritual, von auschenbach ’ s epiphany marks a change in his profound change in his state of mind and worldview and could therefore be seen as spiritual. this epiphany was solely brought on by the travel experience, before which von auschenbach had lived a stable and principled life. his deeply ingrained longings were awakened through his trip to venice and his sighting of tadzio. while von auschenbach ’ s venetian experience led him to a greater freedom and honesty, which is not to be ignored, his travels ultimately resulted in his mental torture and death. epiphany is not always positive, as indicated by death in venice. discovery, especially self - discovery


experience led him to a greater freedom and honesty, which is not to be ignored, his travels ultimately resulted in his mental torture and death. epiphany is not always positive, as indicated by death in venice. discovery, especially self - discovery, can be quite painful and sometimes thoroughly detrimental. gustav von auschenbach, having lived a monotonous and increasingly stagnant life was unable to process the hard truths of his dangerous desires, considering them foreign, unpleasant, and sinful ; his inability to ever speak or reach out to tadzio being proof of this. while it was certainly a moment of complete honesty, von auschenbach ’ s revelation and declaration of his love led him to further introversion. the downward spiral that began with the first time he laid eyes on the young boy grew from a preoccupation to a complete obsession leaving him unable to focus on anything else and changing his worldview and philosophy to suit his festering desires. this epiphany of his uncontrollable lust led to his bizarre death but allowed him to gain a deeper knowledge of himself. in the biography of naguib mahfouz it is mentioned that the 1919 revolution in egypt greatly affected the author. while mahfouz wrote a novel more directly related to the revolution ( palace walk ) elements of revolution can be seen in the journey of ibn fattouma. ibn fattouma sets out on his journey to find gebel, a promise land of sorts. he makes his way through different societies along the way, and encounters many different lifestyles. he flees his home city because of the corruption that exists there, but as he travels through the different lands, he finds that problems exist in all societies. the idea of revolution can easily be seen in the first place fattouma settles, mashriq. the whole society is based on a free love, free thought foundation, a stark contrast to more rigid societies. even though this culture is open and free spirited, it is not without rules and regulations, and fattouma rebels against these guidelines by trying to raise his family in the ways of islam. the other lands reflect revolution through their insistence on upholding freedoms and security, and in the final land that he enters, the importance of self awareness. the majority of ibn fattouma ’ s resistance is passive, relating directly to the egyptian revolution, which was a non - violent effort to stop the british occupation of the country. the interesting aspect of the story lies in the final pages when ibn fattou


a completely different angle was fascinating to me. we left the beach, but i took a part of it with me, using the feeling of looking at things in different ways to enhance the rest of my trip. i ’ ll never forget the feel of those wet rocks beneath my bare feet, and i ’ ll never forget how my trip to england forever changed the way i travel. while many of the novels we read had elements of epiphany, there were a few that stood out the most. i think that the epiphany in sputnik sweetheart is perhaps the most unique epiphany that we read about. when sumire realizes that in order to be happy with miu, she has to seek out a part of miu that no longer exists in their current reality. in many ways this relates directly to why most people travel in the first place. in many cases, travel is a tool for discovering another part of or way of life that is not evident in one ’ s everyday life. people travel to escape the banality of the day - to - day, and they go searching for something more. in comfort of strangers for example, colin and mary go to italy to search for a new strength that will help them improve their relationship. they too, embark into an alternate type of reality, a reality parallel to their own that is only accessible to them because they are traveling. the realization that sumire comes to is life altering, not only for sumire, but for miu and the narrator as well. by seeking out something completely different and leaving behind everything she knows, sumire leaves the people she cares about in the dark. they are greatly affected by her departure and go to great lengths trying to find her. the question is, was sumire ’ s epiphany a good thing or a bad thing? because we don ’ t follow sumire on her journey, we aren ’ t really aware if she found what she was looking for, but we do see the damage her disappearance does in the lives of miu and especially the narrator. in the comfort of strangers, colin and mary experienced a moment that seems to help them realize a goal of their trip. much of this class has been based around the idea of finding the authentic experience through travel. while in the bar with robert, colin and mary “ began to experience the pleasure, unique to tourists, of finding themselves in a place without tourists, of making a discovery, finding somewhere real … they in turn asked the serious, intent questions of tourists


he is seen as a role model, and many teenagers and young adults have the desire to embody his lifestyle and to go on the road as he did. i think what is missing here is what he discovers at the end. how do his journeys change him, or inspire him to change ; what does he learn? i read the book before, and i remembered nothing about it. i think that says something. the novels we love the most we may forget, but when we start to read them again it comes back to us. on the road stayed a mystery all the way through. i didn ’ t learn anything from sal or his friends, except maybe what not to do. a concise chinese - english dictionary by xiaolu guo suggests a kind of epiphany very different from what an epiphany is traditionally thought to be. the oxford english dictionary defines epiphany as “ a manifestation or appearance of some divine or superhuman being, ” and this is typical : a religious experience. but xiaolu guo makes the idea of an epiphany a very ordinary, everyday experience, without removing the sacred from it. in the novel zhuang is living in a foreign country, learning about both the culture she is trying to become a part of and about love. the book is set up as both a dictionary and a journal. each entry is a new word : it contains the definition, provided by a dictionary, and her experiences of the word. each new word, and each new entry, is a kind of epiphany. she is not just learning words but she is learning what they mean, and how their meaning affects her life. in learning these new words and their meanings she is learning the difference between her culture at home in china and the western culture. one entry is entitled “ future tense, ” and in it she discusses love, as a chinese concept and as a western concept : ‘ love, ” this english word : like other english words it has tense. ‘ loved ’ or ‘ will love ’ or ‘ have loved. ’ all these specific tenses mean love is a time - limited thing. not infinite. it only exist in particular period of time. in chinese, love is ( ai ). it has no tense. no past and future. love in chinese means a being, a situation, a circumstance. love is existence, holding past and future. if our loved existed in chinese tense, then it will last for ever. it will be infinite. she explains that chinese does not have past


love in chinese means a being, a situation, a circumstance. love is existence, holding past and future. if our loved existed in chinese tense, then it will last for ever. it will be infinite. she explains that chinese does not have past, present, or future tenses. everything is in one tense : this makes learning english very difficult because the chinese speaker must learn that things exist “ in a particulr period of time : ” she must learn this about love as well, but not in the abstract way in which she learns is school. she is not learning about love from a teacher in a classroom, but from a lover in the world. she must learn as she experiences. every new experience she has and every new word she learns is an epiphany. even though these epiphanies become commonplace, i think they are sacred experiences, if not in a religious sense. love is a sacred thing, and so is everything else that she learns about. everything she learns is taken for granted by those who already know it, but for her each word is something completely new, and her joy in learning words is expressed to other people. frank took my hand. “ thank you god … ” i tried to keep my eyes closed, but the urge to examine the table, the people, brian – who i had looked at many times before, but was somehow different – was overwhelming. the prayer droned on and i closed my eyes again and waited for something terrible to overtake me. the plane ride had been filled with admonitions about what i shouldn ’ t say and shouldn ’ t do and shouldn ’ t be. without saying anything at all, he had transmitted these fears through the stale, chilled air of the coach cabin. my hair felt too short against my neck. i couldn ’ t free my hands to adjust my sweater to hide my androgyny. i was stuck exposed with what i was sure was atheist, feminist whore written on my forehead. an itch began to creep up my arm. i breathed deeply and practiced acceptance. jesus looked down from above the mantle, chiding me for my feeble attempt at buddhist practice. “ … and thank you jesus for bringing brian and marisa safely from new york to be with us on this special day. amen. ” brian squeezed my hand. it was the first time he had acknowledged my presence since we ’ d arrived. the drive from milwaukee was the first indication that i would be spending the holiday alone with his family. his mother


all these down on paper, i realize something vital is missing. it doesn ’ t crystallize – no crystals, just pebbles. ” in response, k recounts the story of the chinese gates built with the bones of soldiers who had died in war. “ when the gate was finished they ’ d bring several dogs over to it, slit their throats, and sprinkle their blood on the gate. ” the ritual was thought to revive the soldiers ’ souls and complete the gate. although murakami returns several more times to the baptismal blood bath, its meaning is never revealed. through his use of metaphor, murakami extends the practice of elevating the ineffable. the very thing that would make sumire ' s writing complete and perhaps, because of her sense of the inextricable link between her idea of self and her capacity to express, would sumire herself whole is " some form of truth harboured beyond the word " ( brook 1 ). ( 3 ) all of these themes come to a head with sumire ’ s last words, so to speak. sumire ’ s epiphany at the end of the document that k reads on her computer is simultaneously revelatory and dissatisfying for the reader. it on the one hand offers an acknowledgment of the coexistence of two worlds and hints at an explanation for sumire ’ s disappearance ( which would be an epiphany for the reader ) and on the other hand denies the reader closure by ending with an unanswered and perhaps unanswerable question. “ i ’ m in love with miu. with the miu on this side, needless to say. but i also love the miu on the other side just as much. the moment this thought struck me it was like i could hear – with an audible creak – myself splitting in two. as if miu ’ s own split became a rupture that had taken hold of me. one question remains, however. if this side, where miu is, is not the real world – if this side is actually the other side – what about me, the person who shares the same temporal and spatial plane with her? who in the world am i? ” there is an incapacity of language to answer the question of her own reality. the novel is ultimately just an ellipsis, a sort of meta - aposiopesis, “ pointing towards it without voicing it ” (


let ' s talk about : cosmic collisions share with others : it has been almost 100 years since edwin hubble measured the universe beyond the milky way galaxy. today, astronomers believe that as many as 100 billion other galaxies are sharing the cosmos. most of these cosmic islands are classified by shape as either spiral or elliptical, but stargazing scientists have discovered galaxies that don ' t quite fit these molds. common to this " irregular " category are galaxies that interact with other galaxies. these gravitational interactions are often referred to as mergers, and their existence invites the question : is the milky way collision - prone? to evaluate the probability, look to the andromeda galaxy. located more than 2. 5 million light - years away, andromeda appears as a small fuzzy patch in the sky. however, there is nothing miniature about it. similar to the shape ( spiral ), size and mass of the milky way, andromeda is home to a trillion other stars. astronomers have known for decades that our galactic neighbor is rapidly closing in on us - - at approximately 250, 000 miles per hour. they know this because of blueshift, a measured decrease in electromagnetic wavelength caused by the motion of a light - emitting source, in this case andromeda, as it moves closer to the observer. recently, data collected from the hubble space telescope has allowed astronomers to predict a merger with certainty, in 4 billion years. our sun will still be shining, and earth will most likely survive the impact. reason being, galaxies, although single units of stars gravitationally tied together, are mostly gigantic voids. one can compare a galaxy - on - galaxy collision to the pouring of one glass of water into another. the end result is a larger collection of water, or in the case of a cosmic collision, a larger galaxy. future earth inhabitants, billions of years from now, could look up and observe only small portions of such an event because it will take 2 billion years for these cosmic islands to become one. first published november 29, 2012 12 : 00 am


modeling is the process of taking a shape and molding it into a completed 3d mesh. the most typical means of creating a 3d model is to take a simple object, called a primitive, and extend or “ grow ” it into a shape that can be refined and detailed. primitives can be anything from a single point ( called a vertex ), a two - dimensional line ( an edge ), a curve ( a spline ), to three dimensional objects ( faces or polygons ). using the specific features of your chosen 3d software, each one of these primitives can be manipulated to produce an object. when you create a model in 3d, you ’ ll usually learn one method to create your model, and go back to it time and again when you need to create new models. there are three basic methods you can use to create a 3d model, and 3d artists should understand how to create a model using each technique. 1. spline or patch modeling : a spline is a curve in 3d space defined by at least two control points. the most common splines used in 3d art are bezier curves and nurbs ( the software maya has a strong nurbs modeling foundation. ) using splines to create a model is perhaps the oldest, most traditional form of 3d modeling available. a cage of splines is created to form a “ skeleton ” of the object you want to create. the software can then create a patch of polygons to extend between two splines, forming a 3d skin around the shape. spline modeling is not used very often these days for character creation, due to how long it takes to create good models. the models that are produced usually aren ’ t useful for animation without a lot of modification. spline modeling is used primarily for the creation of hard objects, like cars, buildings, and furniture. splines are extremely useful when creating these objects, which may be a combination of angular and curved shapes. when creating a 3d scene that requires curved shapes, spline modeling should be your first choice. 2. box modeling : box modeling is possibly the most popular technique, and bears a lot of resemblance to traditional sculpting. in box modeling, one starts with a primitive ( usually a cube ) and begins adding detail by “ slicing ” the cube into pieces and extending faces of the cube to gradually create the form you ’ re after. people use box modeling to create the basic shape of the model. once practiced, the technique is very quick to get acceptable results. the downside is


the cube into pieces and extending faces of the cube to gradually create the form you ’ re after. people use box modeling to create the basic shape of the model. once practiced, the technique is very quick to get acceptable results. the downside is that the technique requires a lot of tweaking of the model along the way. also, it is difficult to create a model that has a surface topology that lends well to animation. box modeling is useful as a way to create organic models, like characters. box modelers can also create hard objects like buildings, however precise curved shapes may be more difficult to create using this technique. 3. poly modeling / edge extrusion : while it ’ s not the easiest to get started with, poly modeling is perhaps the most effective and precise technique. in poly modeling, one creates a 3d mesh point - by - point, face - by - face. often one will start out with a single quad ( a 3d object consisting of 4 points ) and extrude an edge of the quad, creating a second quad attached to the first. the 3d model is created gradually in this way. while poly modeling is not as fast as box modeling, it requires less tweaking of the mesh to get it “ just right, ” and you can plan out the topology for animation ahead of time. poly modelers use the technique to create either organic or hard objects, though poly modeling is best suited for organic models. a workflow that works the workflow you choose to create a model will largely depend on how comfortable you are with a given technique, what object you ’ re creating, and what your goals are for the final product. someone who is creating an architectural scene, for example, may create basic models with cubes and other simple shapes to create an outline of the finished project. meshes can then be refined or replaced with more detailed objects as you progress through the project. this is an organized, well - planned way to create a scene ; it is a strategy used by professionals that makes scene creation straightforward. beginners, on the other hand, tend to dive in headfirst and work on the most detailed objects first. this is a daunting way to work, and can quickly lead to frustration and overwhelm. remember, sketch first, then refine. likewise, when creating an organic model, beginners tend to start with the most detailed areas first, and flesh out the remaining parts later, a haphazard way to create a character. this may be one reason


is there such a thing as too much money? by fred e. foldvary, senior editorwhat is inflation? there are two economic meanings of inflation. the first meaning is monetary inflation, having to do with the money supply. to understand that, we need to understand that the impact of money on the economy depends not just on the amount of money but also on its rate of turnover. we all know that money circulates. how fast it circulates is called its velocity. for example, suppose you get paid $ 4000 every four weeks. you are circulating $ 4000 13 times per year. then suppose you instead get paid $ 1000 each week. your total spending is the same, but now you are circulating $ 1000 52 times per year. the velocity of the money is 52, but the money you hold has been reduced to one fourth its previous amount, although the money held times the velocity is the same. the effect on the economy is the money supply times the velocity. monetary inflation is an increase in the money supply, times the velocity, which is greater than the increase in the amount of transactions measured in constant dollars. simply put, if velocity does not change, monetary inflation is an increase in money that is greater than the increase in goods. price inflation is an on - going increase in the price level. the level of prices is measured by a price index, such as the consumer price index ( cpi ). usually, price inflation is caused by monetary inflation. so let ’ s take a look at recent monetary inflation. the broadest measure of money is mzm, which stands for money zero maturity, funds which can be readily spent. the federal reserve bank of st. louis keeps track of various measurements of money. its data show that on an annual basis, mzm increased by 13 percent in january 2008, 36 percent in february, and 23 percent in march. these are huge increases, since gross domestic product, the total production of goods, increased at an annual rate of only. 6 percent during these months. in 2006, mzm grew at an annual rate of only 4 percent. high monetary inflation results in high price inflation. indeed, in may 2008 the consumer price index rose by 4. 2 percent from the level of may 2007. for the month, the increase for may was. 6 percent, an annual rate of 7. 2 percent. the “ consumer price index for all urban consumers ” ( cpi - u ) increased 0. 8 percent in may, before seasonal adjustment, for an annualized


the most romantic way i have ever heard chaos theory described is, “ there are patterns, and even great beauty, in seemingly chaotic events. ” formally, chaos theory is defined as a sub - discipline of mathematics that studies complex, or dynamic, systems. these complex systems contain so many moving parts that it takes computers to calculate and model all of the movements of the system. in fact, it has been said that the emergence of this theory could not have happened without the invention and proliferation of the computer. up until what is called the quantum mechanical revolution, “ people believed that things were directly caused by other things. ” in latin it is referred to as post hoc ergo propter hoc, or after, therefore, because of it. in essence, if one thing follows another, it must have been caused by it. it is the basis of freudian psychoanalysis, “ a belief that malfunctions in the mind are the results of traumas suffered in the past ” and that regression therapy — pinpointing when and how these traumas occurred — would allow us to heal. it is called linear cause and effect. chaos theory, however, tells us that it is less about linear effect and more the existence and production of patterns caused by many different forces, the most important of which are initial conditions, popularly referred to as the butterfly effect. the butterfly effect posits that the flapping of a butterfly ’ s wings in south america could affect the weather in texas, meaning that the smallest, seemingly inconsequential part of a system can have a huge effect on all the other parts. simply said, “ unless all factors can be accounted for, large systems would be impossible to predict with total accuracy because there are too many unknown variables to track. ” the study of chaos theory has helped us understand simple, or everyday, phenomena such as water boiling on a stove and complex events such as how birds migrate, how vegetation spreads and the structure of stars in the night sky, but its origins stem from the study of weather systems. it all started in 1960 when edward lorentz created a weather - model on his computer at the massachusetts institute of technology. lorentz ’ s weather model consisted of an extensive array of complex formulas that successfully modeled, and later helped predict, the weather and turned a large, unpredictable system into one of those everyday phenomena, the daily weather forecast. this month ’ s quality continues in the tradition of mr. lorentz with michelle bangert ’ s analysis of our annual spending study, “ quality spending stays strong


network with us join us on facebook to get the latest news and updates. lauren boulden ' s story using think - alouds to get inside langston hughes ' head over my past few years of teaching, there have been multiple occasions where i have been stumped on how to present a particular concept to my students. i ' ve always been able to turn to readwritethink. org for hands - on, engaging lessons. for example, i knew i wanted my students to develop their skills when it came to interacting with text, particularly with poetry. while searching through the myriad options on readwritethink, i came upon " building reading comprehension through think - alouds. " at first, i planned to use the lesson exactly as written : read langston hughes ' s poem " dream variation " and model a think - aloud with students ; then have the students try their hand at some think - alouds using other poetry. after working out all of the details, i realized i could develop some additional skills, which would fit perfectly into the scope and sequence of my class. after completing the think - aloud to " dream variation, " i broke students into selected groups. each group was given a different langston hughes poem and asked to complete a think - aloud. the next day, the students were put into a new jigsaw group where they were solely responsible for sharing what their langston hughes poem conveyed. based on the meanings behind their group mates ' poems, along with using the knowledge of both their poem and " dream variation, " students were asked to figure out who langston hughes was as a man. what did he stand for? what were his beliefs? what did he want out of life? students used clues from the various poems to fill in a head - shaped graphic organizer to depict their understanding of who hughes could be. this simple lesson of working with poems and think - alouds turned into a few days of group communication, text deciphering, inferences, and even an author study! without great lessons available on readwritethink. org, such as " building reading comprehension through think - alouds, " my students would never have been able to tackle so many key reading strategies in such a short amount of time. grades 6 – 8 | lesson plan | standard lesson students learn components of think - alouds and type - of - text interactions through teacher modeling. in the process, students develop the ability to use think - alouds to aid in reading comprehension tasks. lauren describes how she used readwrite


the book of job, especially chapter 39, implies that god created the nephesh creatures ( “ soulish ” animals like birds and mammals ) to serve and / or to please human beings. they are termed soulish because god has endowed each of them with a mind, a will, and the capacity to express and experience emotions. these animals are equipped and motivated to emotionally bond with and to nurture, serve, and please other members of their species and human beings. moreover, these nephesh species were evidently endowed with this capacity before any human even existed, a characteristic that appears problematic for evolutionary or naturalistic scenarios. recently, a british team of research psychologists has published a paper announcing the discovery of a new bonding feature between humans and nephesh creatures. their study demonstrates for the first time that human yawns are contagious to domestic dogs. for their experiment they tested twenty - nine dogs from twenty - four different breeds spanning ages two to fifteen. 1 twenty - one of the dogs yawned when they observed a human do so. some dog breeds were better at catching human yawns than others. for example, the labrador breeds, known to form especially strong bonds with humans, seemed especially adept. such behavior indicates that dogs possess the capacity for empathy towards humans. however, the yawning response may reveal more. in human - human interactions contagious yawning is known to modulate levels of arousal. thus, in the words of the researchers, “ yawn contagion [ between humans and dogs ] may help coordinate dog - human interaction and communication. ” the study provides yet one more piece of scientific evidence that birds and mammals really were pre - designed before humans even existed to form emotional relationships with human beings in such a manner that they could enhance humanity ’ s well being. these animals serve and please us. more amazing still, each soulish species appears designed to serve and / or please us in a manner distinct from all others. - m. ramiro et al., “ dogs catch human yawns, ” biology letters 4 ( october 23, 2008 ) : 446 - 8.