what is pathology? pathology, or general pathology, is the medical specialty focused on the diagnosis of disease through analysis of blood, tissues or urine in a pathology lab. a division of pathology is anatomical pathology ( study of organs and tissues to diagnose disease ), which is broken into the following subspecialties : forensic pathology ( determining cause of death ), autopsy pathology ( performing autopsies ), surgical pathology, and cytopathology ( study of diseases on the cellular level ). other subspecialties include clinical chemical pathology ( study of antibodies, hormones, immune system and pharmacology ), clinical pathology ( working directly with patients ), hematology ( study of blood ) and microbiology ( study of bacteria, parasites and viruses ). who are pathologists? pathologists are doctors who are concerned with the diagnosis of disease, as well as prevention and treatment. these specialists use a microscope or other diagnostic tools to look at blood, urine or other body fluid specimens and detect chemical makeup in the body. based on the test results, he or she may recommend additional study of the specimen. pathologists typically work in a hospital or pathology lab, and may work in administrative roles supervising divisions of a clinical pathology lab. they may oversee special divisions of the lab, such as the blood bank, clinical chemistry, hematology, immunology and serology, and microbiology. pathologists are certified by the american board of pathology. what types of specimens does a pathologist collect? general pathology relates to the collection of a specimen or specimens for the diagnosis of disease. the types of specimens a pathologist may collect include : related articles : do it yourself lab tests new sensor could replace finger - prick testing - blood – usually drawn from a vein through a needle in the forearm, or sometimes pricked from a finger. - urine – the “ random method ” is when a patient urinates into a cup ; “ clean catch specimen ” takes a sample of urine after the outer genital area has been sanitized ; and a “ sterile urine test ” requires catheterization ( a tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder to take a sample of urine ). sometimes the patient will need to undergo several urine tests to measure changes in urine over time. - sputum ( phlegm ) – samples are taken from sputum that has been coughed into a clean container. - feces – collected by the patient into a clean plastic or cardboard container. - other bodily fluids – spinal fluid, pl


the term unix - like is widely used to describe operating systems that share many of the characteristics of the original unix, which was written in 1969 by ken thompson at bell labs, and its early successors. the popularity of this term is mainly due to the fact that it is a very convenient and logical way of describing the numerous and diverse operating systems that fit into this category. it is also due in part to the controversy about what really is unix and how this term should be used. this controversy, in turn, has arisen largely as a result of the complex history of unix and the operating systems that have been based on it. the category of unix - like operating systems clearly includes those systems that have all three of the following characteristics : a direct source code lineage from the original unix, obvious unix characteristics and officially describe themselves as being unix. source code is the version of software as it is originally written ( i. e., typed into a computer ) by a human in plain text ( i. e., human readable alphanumeric characters ). such systems include aix ( developed by ibm ), hp - ux ( developed by hp ), irix ( developed by silicon graphics ), solaris ( developed by sun microsystems ) and true64 ( developed by compaq for alpha processors and now owned by hp ). the category of unix - like operating systems also includes unix clones. a clone is a program ( i. e., an operating system or an application program ) that has functions and behavior similar to another program but which does not contain source code from that program. the functions and behavior of the unix clones are so similar to those of the early ( and later ) versions of unix, in fact, that many knowledgeable users consider them to be unix. however, they do not have a direct lineage to the original unix source code, and most of them do not officially describe themselves as being unix. this category includes the bsds ( i. e., freebsd, netbsd, openbsd and darwin ), linux, minix, qnx and cygwin. unix - like operating systems also generally contain most or all of the enhancements and new features that were subsequently added at the university of california at berkeley ( ucb ) and which are known as the berkeley extensions. the berkeley extensions include such now nearly universal innovations as the c shell, also referred to as csh, tcp / ip ( transmission control protocol / internet protocol ), which forms the basis for both the internet and


are known as the berkeley extensions. the berkeley extensions include such now nearly universal innovations as the c shell, also referred to as csh, tcp / ip ( transmission control protocol / internet protocol ), which forms the basis for both the internet and most local networks, virtual memory, which allows a hard disk drive ( hdd ) to simulate additional main memory, and the vi text editor. thus, it has been suggested that operating systems that refer to themselves as unix might more appropriately call themselves something such as unix / berkeley. bsd ( berkeley software distribution ), the version of unix developed at ucb in the 1970s and early 1980s, was widely considered to be a type of unix, as are its modern day descendants. in fact, bsd even included unix in its name, such as bsd unix 4. 0, which was released in october 1980. the original name for the operating system developed at bell labs was unix ( all upper case ). this term became a trademark that was eventually acquired by the open group, an industry consortium that was formed in 1996. the open group attempts to permit operating systems to call themselves unix only if they both conform to its single unix specification and pay a substantial fee ( which is one of its main sources of revenue ). thus, at least theoretically, an operating system would not have to contain any of the original unix source code or bear much superficial resemblance to the original unix to be permitted to call itself unix. adding to the complexity of the situation is the fact that there is some controversy as to whether the term unix is actually a valid trademark. this is because trademark law states that when a term becomes very widely used as a generic term ( i. e., a term that describes a class of products rather than just a single brand ) it can lose its legally protected trademark status. apple computer, which uses darwin ( a unix - like operating system based on bsd ) as the core of its increasingly popular mac os x operating system, claims that the term unix has become generic and thus that it is not a legally valid trademark. apple has vastly greater legal and financial resources than the bsds or most of the linux distributions ( i. e., versions ), and thus it is not afraid to call its operating system unix. in fact, it makes a number of statements on its website explicitly referring to itself as unix ( and not as unix - like ), including the following : " don ' t let its elegant and easy - to - use interface fool you. beneath the surface of mac os


makes a number of statements on its website explicitly referring to itself as unix ( and not as unix - like ), including the following : " don ' t let its elegant and easy - to - use interface fool you. beneath the surface of mac os x lies an industrial - strength unix foundation hard at work to ensure that your computing experience remains free of system crashes and compromised performance. " as a result, the open group is suing apple computer for alleged trademark violation. this is a necessary move for the open group, as attempting to protect a trademark from abuse can be an important factor in legal decisions about the validity of the trademark. however, some industry observers expect that this case will be settled quietly out of court because neither side wants to risk a negative judgment1. the bsd operating systems are widely regarded as free ( both in a monetary sense and with regard to use ) implementations of unix, and thus as unix. however, in contrast to apple, they make a point of not referring to themselves as being unix on their websites or other materials in order to avoid potentially costly legal problems. for example, freebsd, the most popular of the bsd systems ( at least until the recent rise of darwin ), describes itself as being "... a very economical alternative to commercial unix® workstations. " netbsd describes itself on its homepage as "... a free, secure, and highly portable unix - like open source operating system available for many platforms,... " openbsd describes itself as "... a free, multi - platform 4. 4bsd - based unix - like operating system. " some operating systems do not seek unix branding because the royalties would be prohibitively expensive for them due to the facts that they are updated frequently ( which would require costly recertification ) and that they are made available freely over the internet. moreover, developers of such systems generally feel that such branding would not provide any significant advantage, as their users are generally well informed and are interested in the intrinsic values of the systems rather than in their names. the term unix - like does not have any negative implication about the validity of the unix trademark. in fact, it could even be argued that it supports the trademark by providing a convenient term for describing operating systems that resemble the original unix and its early successors so that they, and their users, will not be tempted to inappropriately use the term unix. other terminology is also sometimes used to refer to unix - like operating systems, particularly un * x,


talking about economic troubles download mp3 ( right - click or option - click the link. ) i ' m susan clark with the special english program words and their stories. in the nineteen thirties, a song, " brother, can you spare a dime?, " was very popular in the united states. it was the time of the big depression. the song had meaning for many people who had lost their jobs. a dime is a piece of money whose value is one - tenth of a dollar. today, a dime does not buy much. but it was different in the nineteen thirties. a dime sometimes meant the difference between eating and starving. the american economy today is much better. yet, many workers are concerned about losing their jobs as companies re - organize. americans have special ways of talking about economic troubles. people in businesses may say they feel the pinch. or they may say they are up against it. or, if things are really bad, they may say they have to throw in the towel. a pinch is painful pressure. to feel the pinch is to suffer painful pressure involving money. the expression, feel the pinch, has been used since the sixteenth century. the famous english writer william shakespeare wrote something very close to this in his great play " king lear. " king lear says he would accept necessity ' s sharp pinch. he means he would have to do without many of the things he always had. much later, the times of london newspaper used the expression about bad economic times during the eighteen sixties. it said, " so much money having been spent... all classes felt the pinch. " worse than feeling the pinch is being up against it. the saying means to be in a lot of trouble. word expert james rogers says the word " it " in the saying can mean any and all difficulties. he says the saying became popular in the united states and canada in the late nineteenth century. writer george ade used it in a book called " artie. " he wrote, " i saw i was up against it. " sometimes a business that is up against it will have to throw in the towel. this means to accept defeat or surrender. throwing in the towel may mean that a company will have to declare bankruptcy. the company will have to take legal steps to let people know it has no money to pay its debts. word expert charles funk says an eighteen seventy - four publication called the slang dictionary explains throwing in the towel. it says the words probably come from the sport of boxing, or prizefighting. the book says the


| | this article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. ( july 2012 ) | | | this article ' s lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. ( july 2012 ) | a memory management unit ( mmu ), sometimes called paged memory management unit ( pmmu ), is a computer hardware component responsible for handling accesses to memory requested by the cpu. its functions include translation of virtual addresses to physical addresses ( i. e., virtual memory management ), memory protection, cache control, bus arbitration and in simpler computer architectures ( especially 8 - bit systems ) bank switching. modern mmus typically divide the virtual address space ( the range of addresses used by the processor ) into pages, each having a size which is a power of 2, usually a few kilobytes, but they may be much larger. the bottom n bits of the address ( the offset within a page ) are left unchanged. the upper address bits are the ( virtual ) page number. the mmu normally translates virtual page numbers to physical page numbers via an associative cache called a translation lookaside buffer ( tlb ). when the tlb lacks a translation, a slower mechanism involving hardware - specific data structures or software assistance is used. the data found in such data structures are typically called page table entries ( ptes ), and the data structure itself is typically called a page table. the physical page number is combined with the page offset to give the complete physical address. a pte or tlb entry may also include information about whether the page has been written to ( the dirty bit ), when it was last used ( the accessed bit, for a least recently used page replacement algorithm ), what kind of processes ( user mode, supervisor mode ) may read and write it, and whether it should be cached. sometimes, a tlb entry or pte prohibits access to a virtual page, perhaps because no physical random access memory has been allocated to that virtual page. in this case the mmu signals a page fault to the cpu. the operating system ( os ) then handles the situation, perhaps by trying to find a spare frame of ram and set up a new pte to map it to the requested virtual address. if no ram is free, it may be necessary to choose an existing page ( known as a victim ), using some replacement algorithm, and save it to disk ( this is called " paging " ). with some mmus,


virtual address. if no ram is free, it may be necessary to choose an existing page ( known as a victim ), using some replacement algorithm, and save it to disk ( this is called " paging " ). with some mmus, there can also be a shortage of ptes or tlb entries, in which case the os will have to free one for the new mapping. in some cases a " page fault " may indicate a software bug. a key benefit of an mmu is memory protection : an os can use it to protect against errant programs, by disallowing access to memory that a particular program should not have access to. typically, an os assigns each program its own virtual address space. an mmu also reduces the problem of fragmentation of memory. after blocks of memory have been allocated and freed, the free memory may become fragmented ( discontinuous ) so that the largest contiguous block of free memory may be much smaller than the total amount. with virtual memory, a contiguous range of virtual addresses can be mapped to several non - contiguous blocks of physical memory. in some early microprocessor designs, memory management was performed by a separate integrated circuit such as the vlsi vi475 ( 1986 ) or the motorola 68851 ( 1984 ) used with the motorola 68020 cpu in the macintosh ii or the z8015 ( 1985 ) used with the zilog z8000 family of processors. later microprocessors such as the motorola 68030 and the zilog z280 placed the mmu together with the cpu on the same integrated circuit, as did the intel 80286 and later x86 microprocessors. while this article concentrates on modern mmus, commonly based on pages, early systems used a similar concept for base - limit addressing, that further developed into segmentation. those are occasionally also present on modern architectures. the x86 architecture provided segmentation rather than paging in the 80286, and provides both paging and segmentation in the 80386 and later processors ( although the use of segmentation is not available in 64 - bit operation ). most modern systems divide memory into pages that are 4 - 64 kb in size, often with the possibility to use huge pages from 2 mb to 512 mb in size. page translations are cached in a tlb. some systems, mainly older risc designs, trap into the os when a page translation is not found in the tlb. most systems use a hardware - based tree


mb to 512 mb in size. page translations are cached in a tlb. some systems, mainly older risc designs, trap into the os when a page translation is not found in the tlb. most systems use a hardware - based tree walker. most systems allow the mmu to be disabled ; some disable the mmu when trapping into os code. vax pages are 512 bytes, which is very small. an os may treat multiple pages as if they were a single larger page, for example linux on vax groups 8 pages together, thus the system is viewed as having 4 kb pages. the vax divides memory into 4 fixed - purpose regions, each 1 gb in size. they are : page tables are big linear arrays. normally this would be very wasteful when addresses are used at both ends of the possible range, but the page table for applications is itself stored in the kernel ' s paged memory. thus there is effectively a 2 - level tree, allowing applications to have sparse memory layout without wasting lots of space on unused page table entries. the vax mmu is notable for lacking an accessed bit. oses which implement paging must find some way to emulate the accessed bit if they are to operate efficiently. typically, the os will periodically unmap pages so that page - not - present faults can be used to let the os set an accessed bit. arm architecture based application processors implement an mmu defined by arm ' s virtual memory system architecture. the current architecture defines ptes for describing 4 kb and 64 kb pages, 1 mb sections and 16 mb super - sections ; legacy versions also defined a 1 kb tiny page. the arm uses a two - level pagetable if using 4 kb and 64 kb pages, or just a one - level pagetable for 1 mb sections and 16 mb sections. tlb updates are performed automatically by page - table walking hardware. the ibm system / 370 has had an mmu since the early 1970s ; it was initially known as a dat ( dynamic address translation ) box. it has the unusual feature of storing accessed and dirty bits outside of the page table. they refer to physical memory rather than virtual memory. they are accessed by special - purpose instructions. this reduces overhead for the os, which would otherwise need to propagate accessed and dirty bits from the page tables to a more physically oriented data structure. this makes os - level virtualization easier. [ clarification needed ] these features have been inherited by succeeding mainframe architectures, up to the current z


standard powerpc mmu begins two simultaneous lookups. one lookup attempts to match the address with one of 4 or 8 data block address translation ( dbat ) registers, or 4 or 8 instruction block address translation registers ( ibat ) as appropriate. the bat registers can map linear chunks of memory as large as 256 mb, and are normally used by an os to map large portions of the address space for the os kernel ' s own use. if the bat lookup succeeds, the other lookup is halted and ignored. the other lookup, not directly supported by all processors in this family, is via a so - called " inverted page table " which acts as a hashed off - chip extension of the tlb. first, the top 4 bits of the address are used to select one of 16 segment registers. 24 bits from the segment register replace those 4 bits, producing a 52 - bit address. the use of segment registers allows multiple processes to share the same hash table. the 52 - bit address is hashed, then used as an index into the off - chip table. there, a group of 8 page table entries is scanned for one that matches. if none match due to excessive hash collisions, the processor tries again with a slightly different hash function. if this too fails, the cpu traps into the os ( with mmu disabled ) so that the problem may be resolved. the os needs to discard an entry from the hash table to make space for a new entry. the os may generate the new entry from a more - normal tree - like page table or from per - mapping data structures which are likely to be slower and more space - efficient. support for no - execute control is in the segment registers, leading to 256 mb granularity. a major problem with this design is poor cache locality caused by the hash function. tree - based designs avoid this by placing the page table entries for adjacent pages in adjacent locations. an operating system running on the powerpc may minimize the size of the hash table to reduce this problem. it is also somewhat slow to remove the page table entries of a process ; the os may avoid reusing segment values to delay facing this or it may elect to suffer the waste of memory associated with per - process hash tables. g1 chips do not search for page table entries, but they do generate the hash with the expectation that an os will search the standard hash table via software. the os can write to the tlb. g2, g3, and early g4 chips use hardware


not search for page table entries, but they do generate the hash with the expectation that an os will search the standard hash table via software. the os can write to the tlb. g2, g3, and early g4 chips use hardware to search the hash table. the latest chips allow the os to choose either method. on chips that make this optional or do not support it at all, the os may choose to use a tree - based page table exclusively. the x86 architecture has evolved over a very long time while maintaining full software compatibility even for os code. thus the mmu is extremely complex, with many different possible operating modes. normal operation of the traditional 80386 cpu and its successors ( ia - 32 ) is described here. the cpu primarily divides memory into 4 kb pages. segment registers, fundamental to the older 8088 and 80286 mmu designs, are not used in modern oses with one major exception : access to thread - specific data for applications or cpu - specific data for os kernels, which is done with explicit use of the fs and gs segment registers. all memory access involves a segment register, chosen according to the code being executed. the segment register acts as an index into a table, which provides an offset to be added to the virtual address. except when using fs or gs as described above, the os ensures that the offset will be zero. after the offset is added, the address is masked to be no larger than 32 bits. the result may be looked up via a tree - structured page table, with the bits of the address being split as follows : 10 bits for the branch of the tree, 10 bits for the leaves of the branch, and the 12 lowest bits being directly copied to the result. some operating systems, such as openbsd with its w ^ x feature, and linux with the exec shield or pax patches, may also limit the length of the code segment, as specified by the cs register, to disallow execution of code in modifiable regions of the address space. minor revisions of the mmu introduced with the pentium have allowed very large 4 mb pages by skipping the bottom level of the tree. minor revisions of the mmu introduced with the pentium pro introduced the physical address extension ( pae ) feature, enabling 36 - bit physical addresses via three - level page tables ( with 9 + 9 + 2 bits for the three levels, and the 12 lowest bits being directly copied to the result ; large pages become only 2 mb


extension ( pae ) feature, enabling 36 - bit physical addresses via three - level page tables ( with 9 + 9 + 2 bits for the three levels, and the 12 lowest bits being directly copied to the result ; large pages become only 2 mb in size ). in addition, the page attribute table allowed specification of cacheability by looking up a few high bits in a small on - cpu table. no - execute support was originally only provided on a per - segment basis, making it very awkward to use. more recent x86 chips provide a per - page no - execute bit in the pae mode. the w ^ x, exec shield, and pax mechanisms described above emulate per - page non - execute support on machines x86 processors lacking the nx bit by setting the length of the code segment, with a performance loss and a reduction in the available address space. x86 - 64 is a 64 - bit extension of x86 that almost entirely removes segmentation in favor of the flat memory model used by almost all operating systems for the 386 or newer processors. in long mode, all segment offsets are ignored, except for the fs and gs segments. when used with 4 kb pages, the page table tree has four levels instead of three. the virtual addresses are divided up as follows : 16 bits unused, 9 bits each for 4 tree levels ( total : 36 bits ), and the 12 lowest bits directly copied to the result. with 2 mb pages there are only three levels of page table, for a total of 27 bits used in paging and 21 bits of offset. some newer cpus also support a 1 gb page with two levels of paging and 30 bits of offset. cpuid can be used to determine if 1 gb pages are supported. in all three cases, the 16 highest bits are required to be equal to the 48th bit, or in other words, the low 48 bits are sign extended to the higher bits. this is done to allow a future expansion of the addressable range, without compromising backwards compatibility. in all levels of the page table, the page table entry includes a no - execute bit. tanenbaum et al., recently stated that the b5000 ( and descendant systems ) have no mmu. to understand the functionality provided by an mmu, it is instructive to study a counter example of a system that achieves this functionality by other means. the b5000 was the first commercial system to support virtual memory after the atlas. it provides the two


functionality provided by an mmu, it is instructive to study a counter example of a system that achieves this functionality by other means. the b5000 was the first commercial system to support virtual memory after the atlas. it provides the two functions of an mmu in different ways. firstly, the mapping of virtual memory addresses. instead of needing an mmu, the mcp systems are descriptor based. each allocated memory block is given a master descriptor with the properties of the block, i. e., the size, address, and whether present in memory. when a request is made to access the block for reading or writing, the hardware checks its presence via the presence bit ( pbit ) in the descriptor. a pbit of 1 indicates the presence of the block. in this case the block can be accessed via the physical address in the descriptor. if the pbit is zero, an interrupt is generated for the mcp ( operating system ) to make the block present. if the address field is zero, this is the first access to this block and it is allocated ( an init pbit ). if the address field is non - zero, it is a disk address of the block, which has previously been rolled out, so the block is fetched from disk and the pbit is set to 1 and the physical memory address updated to point to the block in memory ( another pbit ). this makes descriptors equivalent to a page - table entry in an mmu system. system performance can be monitored through the number of pbits. init pbits indicate initial allocations, but a high level of other pbits indicate that the system may be thrashing. note that all memory allocation is therefore completely automatic ( one of the features of modern systems ) and there is no way to allocate blocks other than this mechanism. there are no such calls as malloc or dealloc, since memory blocks are also automatically discarded. the scheme is also lazy, since a block will not be allocated until it is actually referenced. when memory is near full, the mcp examines the working set, trying compaction ( since the system is segmented, not paged ), deallocating read - only segments ( such as code - segments which can be restored from their original copy ), and as a last resort, rolling dirty data segments out to disk. secondly, protection. since all accesses are via the descriptor the hardware can check all


segments ( such as code - segments which can be restored from their original copy ), and as a last resort, rolling dirty data segments out to disk. secondly, protection. since all accesses are via the descriptor the hardware can check all accesses are within bounds, and in the case of a write that the process has write permission. the mcp system is inherently secure and thus has no need of an mmu to provide this level of memory protection. descriptors are read only to user processes and may only be updated by the system ( hardware or mcp ). ( descriptors have a tag of 5 and odd - tagged words are read only – code words have a tag of 3. ) blocks can be shared between processes via copy descriptors in the process stack – thus some processes may have write permission, whereas others not. a code segment is read only, thus reentrant and shared between processes. copy descriptors contain a 20 - bit address field giving index of the master descriptor in the master descriptor array. this also implements a very efficient and secure ipc mechanism. blocks can easily be relocated since only the master descriptor needs update when a block ' s status changes. the only other aspect is performance – do mmu - or non - mmu - based systems provide better performance? mcp systems may be implemented on top of standard hardware that does have an mmu ( e. g., a standard pc ). even if the system implementation uses the mmu in some way, this will not be at all visible at the mcp level. here you can share your comments or contribute with more information, content, resources or links about this topic.


short talk bulletin - vol. xi may, 1933 no. 5 " thou shalt not remove thy neighbor ' s landmark, which they of old have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land the lord thy god hath given thee ( deuteronomy xix : 14 ). the masons " of old time set thine inheritance " ( masonry ) certain fundamental principles which are named as " landmarks " as early as the constitutions of 1723. men have quarreled about the stone markers set up as boundaries for land ever since sections of the earth were claimed as property ; in like manner have masons differed about what are and what are not landmarks of the order. in this country particularly, with forty - nine jurisdictions, each sovereign within its own territory, arguments about landmarks are never ending. this bulletin attempts not to settle any of these numerous controversies, but only to bring before the average lodge member some of the reasons why his neighbor ' s masonic landmarks may differ from those his own grand lodge may have set up for him to follow. in 1858 albert gallatin mackey, the great masonic jurist and authority, listed twenty - five fundamental principles as the true landmarks of freemasonry. although critical scholarship has since riddled the list as to accuracy, mackey ' s ideas of what constitute the essential qualities of a landmark - antiquity, universality and irrevocability - are still respected. this definition excludes from the classification of landmarks any principle which is any two of these but no the third, it is by his own standards that many critics have measured mackey ' s landmarks and found them wanting. as an example of what is meant ; it is " ancient, " in the sense that it was recognized in the " constitutions " of the grand lodge in 1723, that a grand master appoints own deputy grand master. but the practice is by no means universal. lodges are now universally governed by grand lodges, but the practice has antiquity of only two hundred and sixteen years. according to mackey ' s dicta, neither the manner of creating a deputy grand master not the fundamental governing body of the craft can be considered as landmarks. a few principles are so universally recognized that they are freely admitted to be essentials, even in jurisdictions which have no pronouncements as to the landmarks. belief in a supreme being, the volume of sacred law as a necessary part of the furniture of the lodge, that a masons must be a man are essentials all over the world, though not


no pronouncements as to the landmarks. belief in a supreme being, the volume of sacred law as a necessary part of the furniture of the lodge, that a masons must be a man are essentials all over the world, though not necessarily listed in all jurisdictions. on the validity of certain principles all authorities agree, but differ as to their antiquity, universality and irrevocability. a substantial minority of american grand jurisdictions have officially adopted mackey ' s twenty - five ancient landmarks, but a majority either follow other compilations, use other old charges, or decline to specify what are and what are not the landmarks of the craft. the right and power of any grand lodge to determine for itself just what is and what is not " law " in its jurisdiction is unquestioned. therefore, when a jurisdiction sets forth any list of landmarks in its code, they have all the force of ancient landmarks in that jurisdiction, whether they are actually so or not. " actually so " refers to inherent nature ; that which cannot be altered by law, no matter what the lawmaking authority. the national legislature has the undoubted " right " to enact a law that unsupported objects must fall. " per contra, " it then has the right to repeal the law of gravity, and forbid things to fall when no longer supported. but it has not the " power " to enforce, change or suspend the law of gravity! a grand lodge which says " thus and such is an ancient landmark " in that jurisdiction, " give that pronouncement the full force and effect of an ancient landmark " in that jurisdiction, but its edict does not " actually " make it such. one jurisdiction follows lockwood ' s list of nineteen landmarks, of which number 8 reads : " that every lodge has an inherent right to be represented in grand lodge by its first three officers, or their proxies. " this is good masonic law in most jurisdictions, but not all ; the mason from this jurisdiction ( washington, d. c. ) who moves to new york or texas and there affiliates finds that this is not a landmark in either of these jurisdictions, since neither new york not texas admit wardens to grand lodge. in the general assemblies of ancient times each mason, craftsman or entered apprentice, represented himself. in grand lodges masons are represented by their officers. evidently a change has been made in the manner of governing the craft. as a landmark is not subject to change, this particular principle of law does not conform to mack


entered apprentice, represented himself. in grand lodges masons are represented by their officers. evidently a change has been made in the manner of governing the craft. as a landmark is not subject to change, this particular principle of law does not conform to mackey ' s definition of a landmark. no wonder his neighbor ' s landmark is a matter of confusion to brethren from neighboring but differing jurisdictions! mackey ' s fourteenth landmark asserts that every mary mason has the right of visitation. just what is a " right? " until that word is defined this so - called landmark cannot be discussed intelligently. if it here means " power superior to all other powers, " then it is merely nonsense. if it here means " privileged until a higher privilege overcomes it, " how may it be considered to conform to the requirements of a landmark? even so, how can the word " right " be translated " privilege? " a privilege may be withdrawn ; an inherent right cannot! as many jurisdictions rule on the " right of visit " in different ways - even those which have adopted mackey ' s list - it can hardly be considered a true landmark, " if " we judge by mackey ' s own pronouncement on what constitutes a landmark and " if " the word " right " means what it says. in some jurisdictions a mason cannot visit without a good standing card ; in others any member may object to any visitor and the master must exclude ; in still others, some masters close the doors of their lodges to all visitors on election nights, and so on. occasionally there is a conflict between ritual and landmarks as adopted. a certain jurisdiction lists fifty - four landmarks, of which number 18 reads : " every lodge, grand or subordinate, when lawfully congregated, must be regularly clothed, tyled and opened before it can proceed to work. " many other jurisdictions agree that it is a landmark that a lodge must be " duly tiled. " our ancient brethren met on high hills and low vales to observe the approach of cowans and eavesdroppers. did they " truly tile? " california lodge no. 1 of the district of columbia was chartered to go to california during the gold rush of 1849. had that lodge ( now california no. 1 on the register of the grand lodge of california ) been wrecked going around the horn ; had only the members of the lodge, with their charter, been saved upon an otherwise uninhabited island ; if they then held meetings with no tiler - since there were no cowans or eavesdrop


of california ) been wrecked going around the horn ; had only the members of the lodge, with their charter, been saved upon an otherwise uninhabited island ; if they then held meetings with no tiler - since there were no cowans or eavesdroppers against whom to tile - would they have violated the so - called landmark? many rituals give " three " as the irreducible minimum for a master mason ' s lodge ; a lodge must have a master and two wardens. if under some strange circumstances, three and only three met as a lodge, what becomes of the so - called landmark which requires a tiler? secrecy undoubtedly conforms to the classification of the three essentials of a landmark ; but about " the means " of securing secrecy is at least room for argument. other masonic laws, good where in force but not necessarily landmarks, are mackey ' s 8th : " the prerogative of the grand master to make masons at sight " and the 11th landmark of a western grand lodge which reads : " every person, to be made a mason must be a man of lawful age, free born and ; hale and sound, as a man ought to be. " several grand jurisdictions have enacted legislation preventing a grand master from convening an emergent lodge for the purpose of making a mason " at sight. " others consider that it is an inherent right of grand masters to convene emergent lodges ( that is, give a certain number of brethren a dispensation to hold a lodge ) and that no law can take this right from him. if a landmark cannot be changed, and this " has been " changed, is it truly a landmark, or merely a matter of common law? all will agree that no woman can be made a mason. but what becomes of the " lawful age " provision in the face of the fact that washington - and many another man - was made a mason before he was twenty - one? he would be a daring debater who argued that the father of his country was not regularly and legitimately initiated. the " hale and sound " provision is by no means universal ; many jurisdictions stick to the strict letter of the " doctrine of the perfect youth " while others admit the lame and the halt under a grand master ' s dispensation, worshipful master ' s judgment or even grand lodge law relaxing restrictions in favor of men of the army or navy who had arms or legs shot off in the war! a number of grand jurisdictions have never adopted any list or classification of landmarks


moral law, the golden rule and the hope of a life everlasting. " those who question these as landmarks usually qualify by agreeing that they are teachings of the order, but are in doubt as to just how old all of them may be, as such. dean roscoe pound, whose " masonic jurisprudence " is generally considered to be among the most profound analyses of landmarks, thinks seven are unquestionable : ( 1 ) belief in god ; ( 2 ) belief in the persistence of personality ; ( 3 ) a book of the law as an indispensable part of the furniture of every lodge ; ( 4 ) the legend of the third degree ; ( 5 ) secrecy ; ( 6 ) the symbolism of the operative art ; and, ( 7 ) that a mason must be a man free born and of age. " of thirty - nine jurisdictions of our forty - nine, eighteen either have adopted, recognized or follow mackey ' s list of twenty - five landmarks ; two use the old charges, or old charges and general regulations as landmarks ; eight have adopted, recognized or follow lists of landmarks of their own, and eleven either have not adopted, do not recognize, or do not follow any special compilation of landmarks, preferring to leave the question untouched. reduced to a percentage basis, mackey is followed in 46. 1 % plus of these thirty - nine jurisdictions ; old charges and regulations in 5. 1 % ; own landmarks in 20. 5 % plus and no special list in 28. 2 % plus. obviously there is no universality of opinion as to what is and what is not a landmark, and yet all jurisdictions agree there " are " landmarks. many " laws of nature " recognized in former times are believed in no longer ; knowledge of science and of nature is in a state of flux. what appears to be the truth today may be the error of tomorrow. possibly this is true also of our conception of the ancient landmarks, and that no list of all those fundamentals of the craft which are " actually " landmarks is possible. both that statement and this bulletin are without prejudice to the undoubted fact that in those jurisdictions which have adopted any list of landmarks, whether all inclusive or not, the principles there denominated as landmarks have the force of landmarks within the borders of those jurisdictions.


definitionby mayo clinic staff click to enlarge | visual acuity test | | manual visual field testing | a complete eye exam involves a series of tests designed to evaluate your vision and check for eye diseases. your eye doctor may use a variety of instruments, shine bright lights directly at your eyes and request that you look through an array of lenses. each test during an eye exam evaluates a different aspect of your vision or eye health. - pediatric eye evaluations. san francisco, calif. : american academy of ophthalmology. http : / / one. aao. org / printerfriendly. aspx? cid = 2e30f625 - 1b04 - 45b9 - 9b7c - c06770d02fe5. accessed jan. 24, 2013. - comprehensive eye and vision examination. american optometric association. http : / / www. aoa. org / eye - exams. xml. accessed jan. 24, 2013. - clinical practice guidelines : comprehensive adult eye and vision examination. st. louis, mo. : american optometric association. http : / / www. aoa. org / eye - exams. xml accessed jan. 24, 2013. - riordan - eva p, et al. vaughan & asbury ' s general ophthalmology. 18th ed. new york, n. y. : the mcgraw - hill companies ; 2011. http : / / www. accessmedicine. com / resourcetoc. aspx? resourceid = 720. accessed jan. 24, 2013. - what is a doctor of optometry? american optometric association. http : / / www. aoa. org / x4891. xml. accessed jan. 24, 2013.


when exposed to cold temperatures, especially with a high wind chill factor and high humidity, or to a cool, damp environment for prolonged periods, your body ' s control mechanisms may fail to keep your body temperature normal. when more heat is lost than your body can generate, hypothermia, defined as an internal body temperature less than 95 f ( 35 c ), can result. wet or inadequate clothing, falling into cold water and even not covering your head during cold weather can increase your chances of hypothermia. signs and symptoms of hypothermia include : - slurred speech - abnormally slow breathing - cold, pale skin - loss of coordination - fatigue, lethargy or apathy - confusion or memory loss - bright red, cold skin ( infants ) signs and symptoms usually develop slowly. people with hypothermia typically experience gradual loss of mental acuity and physical ability, so they may be unaware that they need emergency medical treatment. older adults, infants, young children and people who are very lean are at particular risk. other people at higher risk of hypothermia include those whose judgment may be impaired by mental illness or alzheimer ' s disease and people who are intoxicated, homeless or caught in cold weather because their vehicles have broken down. other conditions that may predispose people to hypothermia are malnutrition, cardiovascular disease and an underactive thyroid ( hypothyroidism ). to care for someone with hypothermia : - call 911 or emergency medical assistance. while waiting for help to arrive, monitor the person ' s breathing. if breathing stops or seems dangerously slow or shallow, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) immediately. - move the person out of the cold. if going indoors isn ' t possible, protect the person from the wind, cover the head, and insulate the individual from the cold ground. - remove wet clothing. replace wet things with a warm, dry covering. - don ' t apply direct heat. don ' t use hot water, a heating pad or a heating lamp to warm the person. instead, apply warm compresses to the center of the body — head, neck, chest and groin. don ' t attempt to warm the arms and legs. heat applied to the arms and legs forces cold blood back toward the heart, lungs and brain, causing the core body temperature to drop. this can be fatal. - don ' t give the person alcohol


see mail address, network address. a unique number identifying a node on a network. there are only two types of addresses ; hardware = osi layer 2 & internet = osi layer 3. string simple street / mailing address of referenced item - multiple address lines ( if needed ) are sequenced by " rank ". this element under review for extension. a location in a computer system, identified by a name, number, or code label. ( 1 ) a number, character, or group of characters which identifies a given device or a storage location which may contain a piece of data or a program step. ( 2 ) to refer to a device or storage location by an identifying number, character, or group of characters. physical : a specific location in memory where a unit record, or sector, of data is stored. to return to the same area on the disc, each area is given a unique address consisting of three components : cylinder, sector and head. memory : a unique memory location. network interface cards and cpus often use shared addresses in ram to move data from each card to the pc ' s processor. the term can also refer to the unique identifier for a particular node in a network. otherwise known as a url, the unique location of a web page on the internet. can also mean your email address. for bluetooth, each bluetooth device has built into its hardware a 48 - bit device unique address. computer location where a particular item is stored. a set of characters that identifies an individual network node. ip address is a 32 - bit numeric identifier assigned to a node. the address has two parts, one for the network identifier and the other for the node identifier. all nodes on the same network must share the network address and have a unique node address. for networks connected to the internet, network addresses are assigned by the internet activities board ( iab ). addresses also include ipx addresses, the internal network number and external network number, and the media access control ( mac ) address assigned to each network card or device. a computer address is very different to a street address, but has the same function - a name for the place where other computers can find it " living ". a unique identity of each network station on a lan or wan. a location of a web site or file on the internet. a unique memory location permitting reading or writing of data to / from that location. network interface cards and cpus often use shared addresses in ram to move data between


on a lan or wan. a location of a web site or file on the internet. a unique memory location permitting reading or writing of data to / from that location. network interface cards and cpus often use shared addresses in ram to move data between programs. words, numbers, symbols that designate a physical or virtual location. for example : street numbers and names, countries, e - mail addresses, urls. the location of a web page on the internet, otherwise called a url. in the online world, the combination of letters, numbers, and / or symbols that will let you send e - mail to a particular person or organization. the identification of a physical or virtual distinct entity in a network. on the internet, this network address is called a url ( uniform resource locator ). for instance : http : / / www. gsh. org. [ it is important to type these accurately. the information in the header of a pdu that identifies the owner of the information in the payload. in connection - oriented protocols the address identified the virtual circuit number, and in connectionless protocols the address identifies the ultimate destination of the information. location in primary memory where data or instructions are held temporarily ; identification of a storage location similar to street addresses, computer addresses identify information ' s storage location on a computer or identify a node on a network. ( 1 ) a number that identifies a particular location in the memory, a register, or other data source or depository. ( 2 ) the location of a terminal, peripheral device, node, or any other component in a network. the series of letters or numbers that will take the user to a specific e - mail address or web site. characters that are used by a device to locate another device in a network. see also group address. a number that specifies the location of a byte in memory. the location of an internet resource. an e - mail address may take the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org. a web address looks similar to http : / / www. showtheworld. com. in reference to the internet, the name of a site that users can connect to, such as www. microsoft. com, or the address of an e - mail recipient, such as email @ example. com. a typical address starts with a protocol name ( such as ftp : / / or http : / / ) followed by the name of the organization that maintains the site. the suffix identifies the kind of organization. for example, commercial site addresses


com. a typical address starts with a protocol name ( such as ftp : / / or http : / / ) followed by the name of the organization that maintains the site. the suffix identifies the kind of organization. for example, commercial site addresses often end with. com. the means by which a particular portion of a storage medium is identified absolute address the actual address of a location in the main store relative address the number to be added to the starting address ion order to produce the absolute address return a unique number or name assigned to all computers that are connected to the internet. see also domain name and ip address. an address is a unique identifier that determines the originating location of data or the destination of data being transmitted across a communication link. there is a distinction between a station ' s link address, a station ' s network address, and an individual process running on a station. normally refers to one ' s e - mail address which can be a series of letters and / or numbers, or when referring to a world wide web site, it is a url. refers to a location in a storage medium. addresses most frequently refer to a locations in ram. an internet machine name or location, for example, www. prolifics. com. a character string that uniquely identifies a memory location in a plc, computer, or other programmable system. the logical location of a terminal, node, peripheral device, or byte in memory in a network. the abbreviation for address is addr. a name, label, or number identifying a register, location or unit where information is stored. the address is the label given to the places in computer memory. a specific location where data is stored in a memory ; a numerical or alphabetical designation of the storage location of data. the url of a web page, such as http : / / www. anvil - graphics. com /. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org. a web address looks something like http : / / www. intellisoft. co. uk. address is the term used to refer to the physical location of any piece of information and the computer on which that information resides, on the internet. addresses are also used to define where electronic mail is sent to and from. 911 address - physical location ; mailing address - owners location. a unique network location used to identify a network object such as a database service, client, interchange, or names server. tns addresses have


where electronic mail is sent to and from. 911 address - physical location ; mailing address - owners location. a unique network location used to identify a network object such as a database service, client, interchange, or names server. tns addresses have a specific format. addresses must be unique. see tns address and well known address. an identifier defined and used by a particular protocol and associated software to distinguish one node from another. a specific location in memory, designated either numerically or by a symbolic name. a system just like a house or street address used for identifying a destination or location of information located on the internet. an example of a web address would be www. webct. com. when used within the context of the internet, an address refers to one of these pieces of information : internet email addresses or a web site address, called a uniform resource locator. like a postal address, a " network address " is used to locate another user for the purpose of directing mail. on the internet this is in the form : email @ example. com. francis street, perth, western australia 6000 a label such as an integer or other set of characters which identifies a register, location of device in which information is stored. either the address of a user of a system, as in an email address ( required so that the message sent can be directed to the desired person ), or the address of a site on the internet a code or series of letters, numbers and or symbols by which the internet identifies you or a location where information is stored a data structure understood by a network which uniquely identifies the recipient an identifier which is unique within the particular computing network to identify each device associated with the network a numerical identifier for the topological location of the named entity a numeric label for a specific location in memory a place where a person or organization can be located and communicated with a primary means to identify and locate a unique object a unique number or group of characters that identifies a unique user or location on the internet a virtual liaison office, not the physical location of ambai / ambai u ' s faculty and officials see uniform resource locator ( url ) the location of a word of memory in ram. in data communication, the unique code assigned to each device, workstation, user, or multicast group connect to a network. see ip address. a number uniquely identifying each node in a network. a collection of letters and numbers that tell the world whosesite it is - cf url. the


, workstation, user, or multicast group connect to a network. see ip address. a number uniquely identifying each node in a network. a collection of letters and numbers that tell the world whosesite it is - cf url. the unique code by which the internet identifies you ( also referred to as url ). most urls contain three parts : the protocol, the host name, and the folder or filename. ( network address ) internet site address come in two forms : as a set of numbers such as 22. 214. 171. 124 and alphanumeric such as nasa. gov ( both of these represent the same address, and either could be used ). an individual e - mail ' s address at this site, for example, john glenn ' s, might look like this : firstname. lastname @ example. org. ( referring to e - mail or network address ) a unique combination of letters and / or numbers which identifies a person or location sought. also referred to as a url. the location of an internet resource. a web address looks something like http : / / www. stunik. com. an e - mail address may take the form of email @ example. com. unique designation for a device on a network that lets other devices direct messages to it. identifies the author and supplies the author ' s mailing address. a hexadecimal number that represents a location in storage or memory. used to identify communication ports. to communicate with a storage device. a string of characters used in cyberspace that allows users to identify themselves. the unique code assigned to the location of a file in storage, a device in a unique system or network, or any other data source on a network. an address is the name you need to either a ) access an internet site or b ) send an email. an internet site ' s address is also referred to as a url and typically appears in the format www. address. com. email, on the other hand, appears in the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org and provides a unique identifier for your inbox so your mail can find you. there are three basic types : computer address : e. g. www. bournemouth. ac. uk e - mail address : e. g. email @ example. com url : e. g. http : / / www. bids. ac. uk internet addresses help you find people or information on the internet. people with e - mail addresses can


- mail address : e. g. email @ example. com url : e. g. http : / / www. bids. ac. uk internet addresses help you find people or information on the internet. people with e - mail addresses can have mail delivered right to their computer. it ' s a lot like your street address which tells the post office where to deliver letters. e - mail addresses usually look like this : firstname. lastname @ example. org or email @ example. com. either a personal / business address for email ( i. e. firstname. lastname @ example. org ) or a web site address, also called a url ( i. e. www. cincinnati. com ) the actual street listing associated with the remediation site. with city and zip, constitutes the complete physical address for the site. in the context of the internet, an address is the information a web browser needs to locate a particular website. the location to which mail items are delivered. it consists of certain elements such as recipient name, street name and house number, city, state, and postal code as required by the type of mail. location of an internet site. a unique set of numbers that identifies a particular location in computer memory. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of email @ example. com. a web address looks something like http : / / www. geeksnet. com. a unique name or number identifying a specific computer. addresses are used in network communications in transmitting messages to a particular machine. you can address a particular person by associating their account with the address of the machine where they have the account. for example, the " john " in firstname. lastname @ example. org is the account of an individual on the machine " reliant. c - cwis. siu. edu ". this machine address is an ip ( internet protocol ) address. you must always have an ip address to use the internet. ip addresses can also be expressed numerically, e. g., 126. 96. 36. 199, which represents the same machine. the verbal names are simply easier for people to remember. the number, street, city, and zip code on a letter that tell postal workers where to deliver it the string of characters that you must give an electronic mail program to direct a message to a particular person. the term " internet address " often refers to an assigned number, which identifies a host on this network. a


tell postal workers where to deliver it the string of characters that you must give an electronic mail program to direct a message to a particular person. the term " internet address " often refers to an assigned number, which identifies a host on this network. a unique network location used to identify a client on a network. tns addresses have a specific format. addresses must be unique. see tns address. the address is the number which identifies a computer on the internet. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form email @ example. com. a web address looks something like http : / / www. metrac. org. the numerical designation of a location in memory. see either ip address or email address. internet address is just like your home or apartment address, only it is in cyberspace. once you have an internet address, you have a place all your own on the internet. the location of a highway - rail grade crossing. there are three addressing systems that locate a highway - rail grade crossing : the local governmental street address the railroad milepost number the federal dot crossing number ( see dot crossing number and milepost number. ) a binary pattern used to select a location in memory. in this text, addresses are 16 bits wide. the location of an internet resource. an email address may be firstname. lastname @ example. org, a web address shall look like http : / / www. funnyjobs. co. au the location of a computer, file or peripheral device on a network. a unique identifier for a communication endpoint. this is a way of identifying a location on a network, and is used for email and internet locations. another term for a website address is url which stands for uniform resource locator. the address identifies the location of a web page on the world wide web. this is also referred to as url or uniform resource locator. a unique identifier used in sending data to a particular person or object. for example, an " ip address ", " mail address " or " ethernet address ". in online terms this commonly refers to a particular machine or computer system connected to the internet. machine ' addresses ' exist on the internet for servers for e - mail sending and receiving, web page or web site access, and almost everything functioning on the internet. internet users encounter two important types of addresses : web page addresses ( more properly called urls ) and e - mail addresses ( for sending e - mail to someone. e - mail addresses


or web site access, and almost everything functioning on the internet. internet users encounter two important types of addresses : web page addresses ( more properly called urls ) and e - mail addresses ( for sending e - mail to someone. e - mail addresses almost always contain an @ ). used for finding people, urls, email, newsgroups. the common descriptor that identifies a property. it usually includes a building number and street name. the unique string of text that identifies the location of a web page on the world wide web. an address on the internet is described as a uniform resource locator, which can be used for any type of addressing, such as e - mails ( mailto : email @ example. com ), web pages ( http : / / www. news. com / ) and ftp sites ( ftp : / / ftp. netscape. com / pub / communicator ). instead of using domain names, it is also possible to use ip addresses. see also ftp, e - mail, ip, uniform resource locator, web page. refers to the email address of an individual or group, or the address of a site on the internet. site addresses are known as urls. a number identifying each individual locomotive and accessory decoder on a layout. when a controller is set to a particular address, only the decoder set to the corresponding address can read the instructions from the controller. an address is a word or number that refers to a storage location or port. on the internet a unique name or number combination which identifies a user or system. ex : " firstname. lastname @ example. org " is the address of a user known as fozz. " xmission. com " is the address of the system called xmission. the memory location of a data item or procedure. the expression can represent just the offset ( in which case the default segment is assumed ), or it can be in segment : offset format. the number of a particular memory or peripheral storage location. like post office boxes, each byte of memory and each disk sector has its own unique address. programs are compiled into machine language, which references actual addresses in the computer. code used to locate any person, website and / or file on the internet. the format for email addresses is username @ hostname, where username is your username, login name, or account number, and hostname is the name of the computer or internet provider you use (


/ or file on the internet. the format for email addresses is username @ hostname, where username is your username, login name, or account number, and hostname is the name of the computer or internet provider you use ( e. g. aol ). websites and files are also identified by a unique address, or url ( uniform resource locator ). egs ' s url, for example, is www. ellisgs. com. an email address is composed of the following : email @ example. com recipiant ( username ), @, location, domain unique identifier of a web page. url ( uniformed resource locator ) is more frequently used for this purpose. a unique identifier for a computer or site online, usually a url for a web site or marked with an @ for an e - mail address. literally, it is how one computer finds the location of another computer using the internet. the physical location of a variable in memory, addresses are stored as hexadecimal numbers and are usually not directly modified by the programmer. in organization, the mailing address of the organization ( or person ). includes street number, name, city, state, zipcode, and count ry. each web page on the internet is assigned a unique recognizable address. address is also known as url ( uniformed resource locator ). see ip address or e - mail address. an address is the unique identifier you need to either a ) access the services of an internet site or b ) send e - mail. another word for internet site addresses is url. chances are you ' re already familiar with e - mail addresses. they ' re in the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org and provide a unique identifier for your in - box so your mail can find you. [ see also : url a unique combination of letters, numbers and other characters determining the recipient of an email message or the location of a computer on the internet ( e. g. a web site ). a unique alphanumeric sequence used to identify a computer transmitting or receiving data. also a location in memory. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of email @ example. com a web address looks something like http : / / www. slashtime. com a unique name or number identifying a computer user or a computer. they are used in network communication in transmitting messages to a particular machine


the form of email @ example. com a web address looks something like http : / / www. slashtime. com a unique name or number identifying a computer user or a computer. they are used in network communication in transmitting messages to a particular machine or person. in internet explorer, an address is the location of a web page. addresses can be used to identify web site, ftp site and gopher site on the internet, as well as files on an intranet. type the following address in the address box : http : / / www. dpsinfo. com / help / words. html http means the url to open is residing on a web server www. dpsinfo. com is the domain of the server help is a subdirectory under the dpsinfo. com domain on the server words. html identifies the web page being opened internet explorer gives the user the option of displaying addresses as simplified addresses ( " friendly urls " ) or full addresses ( urls as described above ). this value is set from the options menu, on the appearance tabsheet. when the term address is typically used on the internet, it means an e - mail address. the term url is more often used to represent web page addresses. an internet address can consist of letters, number and / or symbols. the address allows the internet to identify a computer. addresses allow people to transfer files, send email and visit web sites. a web address is the domain name or url. an e - mail address is in the form firstname. lastname @ example. org in communications, the coded representation of the source or destination of a message. ( 188 ) in data processing character or group of characters that identifies a register, a particular part of storage, or some other data source or destination. ( 188 ) to assign to a device or item of data a label to identify its location. ( 188 ) the part of a selection signal that indicates the destination of a call. to refer to a device or data item by its address. back to the top code by which the internet identifies you. the format is username @ hostname, where username is your username, login name, or account number, and hostname is the name of the computer or internet provider you use. the hostname may be a few words strung together with periods. a numerical identifier for a controller when used in computer communications. unique identifier or location of a web page. also called a


of the computer or internet provider you use. the hostname may be a few words strung together with periods. a numerical identifier for a controller when used in computer communications. unique identifier or location of a web page. also called a web address or url ( uniformed resource locator ) 6940 villagreen view rockford, il 61107 click here to email kiki glossary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x - y - z a address is a unique name ( or number ) identifying a computer user or computer. addresses are used in network communications in transmitting messages to a particular person or machine. numbers and letters which locate a computer the unique identifier you need to either access a web site : http : / / www. webguest. com ( see url ) or 188. 8. 131. 52 ( see ip address ) or to send email : email @ example. com ( see email address ). the location where a person or computer expects to find or deliver a particular piece of information, such as : e - mail — " its _ me @ workplace, " that specifies how electronic mail can be sent to a person or organization. or a website address ( see url ) — " http : / / www. ownpage. ownsite / beginhere " the location of a web site on the internet - - also called a " url. " the address of a site can tell you something of the nature of the information that you will find there. an address that has ". gov " at the end of the address will belong to a " government " site. typing " http : / / www. nsa. gov " in the location field will bring you to the national security agency web site. another common suffix is ". com. " sites with this suffix are generally commercial sites. see also " domain name. " a location in memory ; each data item is stored at a particular memory address a name, label or number that is used to identify a location in memory ; allows each device on a single communications line to respond to its own message a name, group of numbers or bits used to identify a specific device. ( e. g. server, router, switch, printer, or computer ) on a network. there are two types of addresses in common use within the internet. they are email and ip or internet addresses. typically refers to either a website or email address. a website address


, router, switch, printer, or computer ) on a network. there are two types of addresses in common use within the internet. they are email and ip or internet addresses. typically refers to either a website or email address. a website address appears in the form of a uniform resource locator ( url ) and is prefixed with http : / / or https : / /. either the address of a user ( usually a name, followed by ' @ ' and some other bits, separated by dots )... or the address ( ' url ' ) of an internet site ( usually preceded by ' http : / /... ' or ' ftp : / /... ' an identification ( number, name, or label ) that uniquely identifies a computer register, memory location, or storage device. the code used to designate the location of a specific piece of data within computer storage the location of a site on the internet, which in its pure form is expressed by a number. an identifier assigned to networks, stations, and other devices so that each device can be separately designated to receive and reply to message. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org. a web address looks something like " http : / / www. q2websolutions. com " reference to a memory location. in c pointers are used to hold addresses. data structure or logical convention used to identify a unique entity, such as a particular process or network device. ( 1. ) the telephone number that remote systems use to call the system. ( 2. ) to refer to a device or an item of data by its address. ( 3. ) in word processing, the location, identified by an address code, of a specific section of the recording medium or storage. ( 4. ) in data communication, the unique code assigned to each device or workstation connected to a network. see also network user address. ( 5. ) a numbering system used in network communications to identify a specific network or host with which to communicate. addresses are often denoted in dotted decimal form. the information in an email message that determines where and how the message must be sent. addresses are found both on message headers and on message envelopes. the identifying location of a device or an area of storage ; for example, a memory register, disk sector, or network node. 2. to identify with an address. see also url there are


on message headers and on message envelopes. the identifying location of a device or an area of storage ; for example, a memory register, disk sector, or network node. 2. to identify with an address. see also url there are three types of addresses in common use within theinternet. they are email address ; ip, internet or internetaddress ; and hardware or mac address. see also : email address, ipaddress, internet address, mac address. address mask system developed to identify and reach someone or something. about concerning the internet, there are : a ) e - mail addresses, b ) ip addresses, c ) hardware addresses, e ) urls. a slippery term, depending on context ; in e - mail world, the combination of usercode / mailname and domain designation allowing proper routing of messages to an individual ( e. g., email @ example. com or firstname. lastname @ example. org ). in a network context, an address is the end of a glorified phone jack ( a network access module or nam ), able to be designated to receive packets of data in ip ( internet protocol ) form. all internet traffic is tracked and routed by ip addressing, whether or not the addressing is manifest to the naked eye : the text address email @ example. com silently incorporates the four - digit ip address of the server known as peseta. ucdavis. edu. the number of ip addresses on a given subnet is limited by the number of ports served by the equipment in a given idf closet. think of the world wide web as a network of electronic files stored on millions of computers all around the world. hypertext links these resources together. uniform resource locators or urls are the addresses used to locate the files. the information contained in a url gives you the ability to jump from one web page to another with just a click of your mouse. when you type a url into your browser or click on a hypertext link, your browser sends a request to a remote computer, called a web server, to download one or more files. every url is unique and identifies one specific file. identifies the location of an internet resource. examples : an e - mail address ( firstname. lastname @ example. org ) ; a web address ( http : / / www. osu. edu ) ; or an internet address ( 128. 146. 999. 9 ). a way to identify an internet resource. see


has a physical address of 0100h and a relative address or offset of 0h. there are three types of addresses in common use within the internet. they are email address ; ip, internet or internet address ; and hardware or mac address. see also : email address, ip address, internet address, mac address. the label or number identifying the memory location where a unit of information is stored. with reference to the web, an address is a string of letters and punctuation marks that identifies an email mailbox or a web site. firstname. lastname @ example. org is a sample email address, and http : / / www. techsoup. org is a sample web address. a web address is also called a url. source : techsoup. org this could be an email or web address. web addresses are also sometimes called urls. web addressed are always always in this format www. thedomain. com or http : / / thedomain. com. what about the. au or. uk endings, you ask? that ' s the country ( au stralia or nited ingdom, for instance ). american sites don ' t have the two country letters at the end of the address for the same reason that english stamps don ' t have " england " on them - they invented it. email addresses are always in this format : email @ example. com ( or maybe. net,. gov,. org.. edu etc ). ( 1 ) a coded representation of the destination of data, as well as of its source. multiple terminals on one communications line, for example, must each have a unique address. ( 2 ) a group of digits that makes up a telephone number. also known as the called number. ( 3 ) in software, a location that can be specifically referred to in a program. ( 4 ) a name, label, or number that identifies a location in storage, a device in a network, or any other data source. a component of a location that can be assigned a us postal service street address. ( 1 ) disks and other storage devices have numbers that identify locations by sector and by byte. retrieval software searches for the address assigned to the desired information in order to locate it. ( 2 ) used as a verb, it means what a computer can access : " this mac can address 5 megs of ram. " a unique network identification name which can alternatively be expressed numerically, such as 220. 127. 116. 11 or science


) used as a verb, it means what a computer can access : " this mac can address 5 megs of ram. " a unique network identification name which can alternatively be expressed numerically, such as 220. 127. 116. 11 or science3. soe. umich. edu a unique network location used to identify a network object, such as a listener, oracle connection manager, or oracle names server. addresses have a specific format and must be unique. an e - mail address. a way to locate you through your internet service provider. 1. the precise location in memory or on disk where a piece of information is stored. every byte in memory and every sector on a disk have their own unique addresses. 2. to reference or manage a storage location. address - a recipient address is a collection of information that identifies a specific message recipient. it must be unique and complete to properly identify an e - mail recipient. there are four types of addresses in common use on the internet : email, ip, hardware, and url. network addresses are usually of two types : ( 1 ) the physical or hardware address of a network interface card ; for ethernet this 48 - bit address might be 0260. 8c00. 7666. the hardware address is used to forward packets within a physical network. fortunately, network users do not have to be concerned about hardware addresses since they are automatically handled by the networking software. ( 2 ) the logical or internet address is used to facilitate moving data between physical networks. the 32 - bit internet address is made up of a network number, a subnetwork number, and a host number. each host computer on the internet, has a unique address. all internet hosts have a numeric address and an english - style name. for example, the internet address for ucc ' s cyber 840 is 18. 104. 22. 168 ; its internet name is csugreen. ucc. colostate. edu. a name, decimal number or bit string used to identify a networked device. a number used by the operating system to identify a storage location. the unique code assigned to each device or workstation connected to a network. a standard internet address ( or ip address ) is a 32 - bit address field. this field contains two parts. the first part is the network address ; the second part is the host number. see also ip address. a unique name ( or number ) identifying a computer user or computer is called an address. addresses are used in network communications to transmit


two parts. the first part is the network address ; the second part is the host number. see also ip address. a unique name ( or number ) identifying a computer user or computer is called an address. addresses are used in network communications to transmit messages to a particular person or machine. in ip ( internet protocol ) form, it consists of a series of numbers, separated by dots, which enables a machine in one part of the world to contact another ( much like a personal zip code ). also, technical reference to a specific location in a computer ' s memory. central park west at 79th street, new york, ny 10024 a memory location in a particular machine ' s ram ; a numeric identifier or symbolic name that specifies the location of a particular machine or device on a network ; and a means of identifying a complete network, subnetwork, or a node within a network. there are two separate uses of this term in internet networking : " electronic mail address " and " internet address. " an electronic mail address is the string of characters that you must give an electronic mail program to direct a message to a particular person. see " internet address " for its definition. there are three types of addresses in common use on the internet : email addresses, ip addresses, and uniform resource locators. examples : email address : firstname. lastname @ example. org ip address : 22. 214. 171. 1244 uniform resource locator ( url ) : http : / / www. nrtc. net secret code by which the internet identifies you so that people can send you mail. it usually looks like username @ hostname - where username is your username, or login name, or account number ; and hostname is the internet ' s name for the computer or internet provider you use. the host name can be a few words strung together with periods. a specific site ( www, ftp, gopher ) or " mailbox " ( e - mail ) on the internet, often the mailbox of a particular user. if referring to e - mail, an address will usually contain the " at " sign : @. an address is often rendered in lower case. example : email @ example. com. another name for a unique url of a web page.... a name, set of numbers, or sequence of bits used to identify devices ( computer, printer, or server ) on a network. the unique identifier for a specific location on a network


unique url of a web page.... a name, set of numbers, or sequence of bits used to identify devices ( computer, printer, or server ) on a network. the unique identifier for a specific location on a network. there are three types of addresses in common use within the internet : e - mail addresses ; ip or internet address ; and hardware or mac addresses. wwwebfx home page computers store numbers and instructions in their store. the store is usually divided into locations each of which holds one number or instruction. each of these locations is given a designation so that it can be referred to, no matter what number or instruction it happens to contain. this designation is often called the ' address ' of the location. number or bit pattern that uniquely identifies a location in library memory. every location has a distinct address. an internet address is the name of a site you want to connect to, such as www. aga. org. also, an internet address can be the address of someone you want to send e - mail to, such as firstname. lastname @ example. org the street address that describes the physical ( geographic ) location of the front door or main entrance of a facility site. example : 123 main street. a number of reference, which identifies a unique location in a computer ' s memory. a number which identifies a location in memory where information is stored. the location of an internet resource. email address may take form email @ example. com. a web looks something like http : / / www. squareonetech. com. a number which is used to identify a location. each computer on the internet has a unique ip address, which the network uses to direct information to it. memory address is a string of digits which identifies where to read or write data. ( url - uniform resource locator ) : generally of the form www. something. com ; entering this into the address bar of your browser is the most direct way of accessing a site an exact location in memory. a program can store or retrieve data from this address. an address in a unique identifier assigned to a web page. the address is more commonly referred to as the url ( uniformed resource locator ). unique location of a person or computer on the internet. communication on the internet requires an address. an address is the location of a computer or computer resource on the internet. you can find the address in the address box ( explorer ) or the location box ( netscape ) the


or computer on the internet. communication on the internet requires an address. an address is the location of a computer or computer resource on the internet. you can find the address in the address box ( explorer ) or the location box ( netscape ) the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org. a web address looks something like http : / / www. crn. org. the uniform resource locator of a file contained on a network. this can be the home page of a website or any of its files. it usually appears as http : / / www. ( name ). com. there can also be addresses that include a / ( filename ) after the ". com " reference. an address in memory is a location to which an application or a piece of hardware refers. for example, a word processor will store your document in a particular memory address while you have it open. problems occur when two things ( hardware or software ) try to use the same address. a location in the memory where a particular piece of data is stored. most commonly, an address is a person ' s email location or a web page ' s url. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of name @. yourdomain. com. a web address looks something like http : / / www. domain. com. a unique number assigned to a device on a network. for example, a twinax terminal must be assigned a unique address before it is able to access the host system. internet users encounter two important types of addresses : web page addresses ( more properly called urls ) and e - mail addresses ( for sending e - mail to someone ). one example of an e - mail address is email @ example. com. in telephony, the number dialed by a calling party which identifies the party called. also known as the telephone number. the number assigned to an individual memory location. each byte in the atari has its own unique address, much like a house has a street address. the main use of this book is to provide you a roadmap to each address so you don ' t get lost. see e - mail address and host address. the unique location of an information site on the internet, a specific file ( for example, a web page ), or an email user. 1151, punchbowl street, honolulu, hawaii the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form


of an information site on the internet, a specific file ( for example, a web page ), or an email user. 1151, punchbowl street, honolulu, hawaii the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of firstname. lastname @ example. org - - a web address appears as http : / / www. insurancestop. com a unique sequence of letters or numbers for the location of data or the identity of an intelligent device. a unique identifier assigned to networks and stations that allows each device individually to receive and reply to messages. three types of addresses are commonly used on networks : e - mail address ; ip, internet, or internet address ; and hardware or mac address. see also class a / b / c address, ip address, mac address. a specific site ( www, ftp, gopher etc. ) on the internet, often the mailbox of a particular user. if referring to email, an address will usually contain the " at " sign : @. an address is often rendered in lower case. example : joebloggs @ btopenworld. com ( 1 ) a name, numeral, or label that designates a particular location in primary or secondary storage. ( 2 ) a location identifier for nodes in a computer network. the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of email @ example. com. a web address looks something like http : / / www. supanet. com. also know as the url ( uniformed resource locator ). an address by which the internet identifies you so that people can send you mail. it usually looks something like firstname. lastname @ example. org, where username is your username, login name, or account number, and ispname is the internet ' s name for the computer or internet provider you use. also see : e - mail the location of an internet resource. an email address may take the form of email @ example. com. a web address looks something like http : / / www. aic. net. au. the numerical location of a web site. example : 126. 96. 36. 199. the first six digits are a country location, the next three are a server computer location, and the last three are a location on the server computer. the numbers can range from 0 to 255. 1. physical location of a home. 2. code or path used to locate stored information in a computer


we all like to think of ourselves as rational creatures who smartly prepare for the worst. we watch our back, weigh the odds and pack an umbrella when the skies look threatening. but although we take such precautions, we generally expect things to turn out pretty well — often better than they actually do. the belief that the future will probably be much better than the past and present is known as the optimism bias, and most of us have this tendency to overestimate the likelihood of good events happening to us and underestimate the likelihood that bad events will come crashing down. take marriage, for example. in the western world, divorce rates are higher than 40 percent : two out of five marriages end in divorce. but newlyweds estimate their own likelihood of divorce at zero. why is optimism about our personal future so resilient? it starts with what may be the most extraordinary of human talents : the ability to move back and forth through time and space in one ’ s mind. to think positively about our prospects, it helps to be able to imagine ourselves in the future. our capacity to envision a different time and place is critical for our survival. it allows us to plan ahead, to save resources for times of scarcity, and to endure hard work in anticipation of a future reward. while mental time travel has clear survival advantages, conscious foresight came to humans at an enormous price — the understanding that death awaits. the knowledge that old age, sickness, decline of mental power and oblivion are somewhere around the corner can be devastating. ajit varki, a biologist at the university of california at san diego, argues that the awareness of mortality on its own would have led evolution to a dead end. the despair would have brought the daily activities needed for survival to a stop. the only way that conscious mental time travel could have arisen is if it emerged along with irrational optimism. the knowledge of death had to emerge in parallel with the persistent ability to picture a bright future. the capacity to envision that future relies partially on the hippocampus, a brain structure that is crucial to memory. ( people with damage to the hippocampus are unable to recollect the past ; they are also unable to construct detailed images of future scenarios. ) but the human brain doesn ’ t travel in time randomly. it tends to engage in specific types of thoughts : we consider how well our kids will do in life, how we will obtain that desired job, whether our team will win. we also worry about losing loved ones,


twenty - eight years ago, arthur firstenberg had a dental x - ray. he ' s been on the run ever since. that x - ray, he says, made him excruciatingly sensitive to electromagnetic fields — the low - level radiation that emanates from power lines, microwaves, and, most vexingly, cell phones. now 58, firstenberg has spent more than a decade crisscrossing the country, trying to find the last unwireless spot in america. when cell phone towers came to new york city, he moved upstate. then he headed to mendocino, california. these days, he lives out of his ' 87 nissan station wagon in santa fe ; a house is too risky. " your neighbor could get wifi, and then you have to leave and hunt for a new home. " at first, i was inclined to chalk firstenberg ' s symptoms up to plain old paranoia. after all, the world health organization ' s website says " no study [ on cell phone radiation ] has shown adverse health effects at exposure levels below international guideline limits. " but doctors and scientists are starting to scrutinize how invisible electromagnetic fields affect human health, especially when it comes to cell phones, one of the most ubiquitous sources of microwave radiation. in 2006, a swedish study reported that 85 of 905 brain tumor patients had used mobile phones heavily for 10 years or more, and most of their tumors occurred on the side of their head where they usually held their phones. in march, after reviewing more than 100 studies on the link between cell phone use and brain cancer, a prominent australian neurosurgeon concluded that cell phones could have a broader public health impact than smoking. the list of conditions that researchers have associated with electromagnetic radiation includes trouble focusing, fatigue, headaches, sleep disturbances, and alzheimer ' s. ( and don ' t forget asthma, diabetes, cataracts, and honeybee colony collapse disorder, insists firstenberg. ) so far, no one has been able to explain exactly how these seemingly benign waves could lead to cancer, much less this laundry list of medical woes, and for that reason, few scientists are willing to say for sure that cell phone use will make you sick — or that it won ' t. the heating effect of electromagnetic waves is well understood ; it has been proved that they can burn human tissue if they ' re intense enough. ( think microwave oven. ) standards set by the federal communications commission ensure that cell phone emissions stay well below that


. the heating effect of electromagnetic waves is well understood ; it has been proved that they can burn human tissue if they ' re intense enough. ( think microwave oven. ) standards set by the federal communications commission ensure that cell phone emissions stay well below that heating threshold. but joachim schuz, head of the department of biostatistics and epidemiology at the danish cancer society, suspects that heat isn ' t the only way radiation causes health problems. so far, no one has been able to prove definitively that its " nonthermal " properties have any detrimental effect on living tissue. " you find one cell reacting, one not, " he says. " so you can ' t really say it ' s due to the radio waves. " why is it easier to watch netflix movies on a pc than a mac? so you ' re about to use netflix ' s " instant watching " feature on your macbook, when suddenly an error message pops up : " sorry, blame steve jobs. " huh? wasn ' t the whole point of getting a mac to escape microsoft ' s monopolistic tentacles and have the freedom to do stuff like stream movies? the problem is that apple won ' t license its copyright - protection software to third parties like netflix. predictably, apple wouldn ' t emerge from behind its titanium curtain to answer our questions about why it won ' t let consumers use whatever video service they choose. john sullivan of the free software foundation suspects that apple wants you to buy movies only from itunes. that may keep steve jobs in black turtlenecks, but it ticks off dedicated mac users, many of whom have no doubt noticed that netflix movies play perfectly fine on a stodgy pc. — leigh ferrara have a problem? oh yes, you do. go to motherjones. com / consumer - retorts to vent about annoying products and corporate policies. selected entries will get mojo swag. since 1999, schuz has been a principal investigator for the interphone project, which has produced the largest body of epidemiological work on cell phones and cancer to date. the official results aren ' t ready yet, but 8 of the 13 countries involved have already released their initial data. several of these early studies show a strong correlation between long - term cell phone use and brain tumors, both malignant and benign. schuz cautions that the individual studies by themselves are too small to overcome some significant problems with the data. finding subjects who have brain tumors and who have used their cell phones for