relativity to solve the problem of space? or had the problem already been solved by special relativity?, ” british journal for the philosophy of science, 29 : 311 - 323. - earman, j., 1989, world enough and spacetime : absolute and relational theories of motion. boston : m. i. t. press. - – – –, 1970, “ who ' s afraid of absolute space?, ” australasian journal of philosophy, 48 : 287 - 319. - einstein, a., 1918, “ prinzipielles zur allgemeinen relativitatstheorie, ” annalen der physik, 51 : 639 - 642. - – – –, 1907, “ uber das relativitatsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen folgerungen, ” jahrbuch der radioaktivitat und electronik 4 : 411 - 462. - einstein, a., lorentz, h. a., minkowski, h. and weyl, h., 1952, the principle of relativity. w. perrett and g. b. jeffery, trs. new york : dover books. - foppl, a. “ uber absolute und relative bewegung, ” sitzungsberichte der munchener akad.. 35 : 383. - friedlander, b. and j., 1896, absolute und relative bewegung, berlin : leonhard simion. - friedman, m., 1983, foundations of space - time theories : relativistic physics and philosophy of science, princeton : princeton university press. - garber, d., 1992, descartes ' metaphysical physics, chicago : university of chicago press. - garber, d. and j. b. rauzy, 2004, “ leibniz on body, matter and extension, ” the aristotelian society : supplementary volume, 78 : 23 - 40. - hartz, g. a. and j. a. cover, 1988, “ space and time in the leibnizian metaphysic, ” nous, 22 : 493 - 519. - hoefer, c., 1994, “ einstein ' s struggle for a machian gravitation theory, ” studies in history and philosophy of science, 25 : 287 - 336. - huggett, n., 2006, “ the regularity account of


c., 1994, “ einstein ' s struggle for a machian gravitation theory, ” studies in history and philosophy of science, 25 : 287 - 336. - huggett, n., 2006, “ the regularity account of relational spacetime, ” mind, 115 : 41 - 74. - – – –, 2000, “ space from zeno to einstein : classic readings with a contemporary commentary, ” international studies in the philosophy of science, 14 : 327 - 329. - lange, l., 1885, “ ueber das beharrungsgesetz, ” berichte der koniglichen sachsischen gesellschaft der wissenschaften zu leipzig, mathematisch - physische classe 37 ( 1885 ) : 333 - 51. - leibniz, g. w., 1989, philosophical essays, r. ariew and d. garber ( trans. ), indianapolis : hackett pub. co. - leibniz, g. w., and samuel clarke, 1715 – 1716, “ correspondence ”, in the leibniz - clarke correspondence, together with extracts from newton ' s “ principia ” and “ opticks ”, h. g. alexander ( ed. ), manchester : manchester university press, 1956. - lodge, p., 2003, “ leibniz on relativity and the motion of bodies, ” philosophical topics, 31 : 277 - 308. - mach, e., 1883, die mechanik in ihrer entwickelung, historisch - kritisch dargestellt. 2nd edition. leipzig : brockhaus. english translation ( 6th edition, 1960 ) : the science of mechanics, la salle, illinois : open court press. - malament, d., 1995, “ is newtonian cosmology really inconsistent?, ” philosophy of science 62, no. 4. - maudlin, t., 1993, “ buckets of water and waves of space : why space - time is probably a substance, ” philosophy of science, 60 : 183 - 203. - minkowski, h. ( 1908 ). “ space and time, ” in einstein, et al. ( 1952 ), pp. 75 - 91. - nerlich, graham, 1994, the shape of space ( 2nd edition ), cambridge : cambridge university press. - neumann, c., 1870, ueber die principien der galilei - newton ' schen theorie. leipzig : b.


graham, 1994, the shape of space ( 2nd edition ), cambridge : cambridge university press. - neumann, c., 1870, ueber die principien der galilei - newton ' schen theorie. leipzig : b. g. teubner, 1870. - newton, i., 2004, newton : philosophical writings, a. janiak ( ed. ), cambridge : cambridge university press. - newton, i. and i. b. cohen, 1999, the principia : mathematical principles of natural philosophy, i. b. cohen and a. m. whitman ( trans. ), berkeley ; london : university of california press. - norton, j., 1995, “ mach ' s principle before einstein, ” in j. barbour and h. pfister ( eds. ) mach ' s principle : from newton ' s bucket to quantum gravity : einstein studies, vol. 6. boston : birkhauser, pp. 9 - 57. - norton, j., 1993, “ a paradox in newtonian cosmology, ” in m. forbes, d. hull and k. okruhlik ( eds. ) psa 1992 : proceedings of the 1992 biennial meeting of the philosophy of science association. vol. 2. east lansing, mi : philosophy of science association, pp. 412 - 20. - – – –, 1992, “ einstein, nordstrom and the early demise of scalar, lorentz - covariant theories of gravitation, ” archive for history of exact sciences, 45 : 17 - 94. - pooley, o., 2002, the reality of spacetime, d. phil thesis, oxford university. - ray, c., 1991, time, space and philosophy, new york : routledge. - roberts, j. t., 2003, “ leibniz on force and absolute motion, ” philosophy of science, 70 : 553 - 573. - rynasiewicz, r., 1995, “ by their properties, causes, and effects : newton ' s scholium on time, space, place, and motion — i. the text, ” studies in history and philosophy of science, 26 : 133 - 153. - sklar, l., 1974, space, time and spacetime, berkeley : university of california press. - stein, h., 1977, “ some philosophical prehistory of general relativity, ” in minnesota studies in the philosophy of science 8 : foundations of


l., 1974, space, time and spacetime, berkeley : university of california press. - stein, h., 1977, “ some philosophical prehistory of general relativity, ” in minnesota studies in the philosophy of science 8 : foundations of space - time theories :, j. earman, c. glymour and j. stachel ( eds. ), minneapolis : university of minnesota press. - – – –, 1967, “ newtonian space - time, ” texas quarterly, 10 : 174 - 200. - wheeler, j. a. and ciufolini, i., 1995, gravitation and inertia, princeton, n. j. : princeton u. press. notable philosophical discussions of the absolute - relative debates - barbour, j. b., 1982, “ relational concepts of space and time, ” british journal for the philosophy of science, 33 : 251 - 274. - belot, g., 2000, “ geometry and motion, ” british journal for the philosophy of science, 51 : 561 - 595. - butterfield, j., 1984, “ relationism and possible worlds, ” british journal for the philosophy of science, 35 : 101 - 112. - callender, c., 2002, “ philosophy of space - time physics, ” in the blackwell guide to the philosophy of science, p. machamer ( ed. ), cambridge : blackwell. 173 - 198. - carrier, m., 1992, “ kant ' s relational theory of absolute space, ” kant studien, 83 : 399 - 416. - dieks, d., 2001, “ space - time relationism in newtonian and relativistic physics, ” international studies in the philosophy of science, 15 : 5 - 17. - disalle, r., 1995, “ spacetime theory as physical geometry, ” erkenntnis, 42 : 317 - 337. - earman, j., 1986, “ why space is not a substance ( at least not to first degree ), ” pacific philosophical quarterly, 67 : 225 - 244. - – – –, 1970, “ who ' s afraid of absolute space?, ” australasian journal of philosophy, 48 : 287 - 319. - earman, j. and j. norton, 1987, “ what price spacetime substantivalism : the hole story, ” british journal for the philosophy of science, 38 : 515 - 525. - ho


287 - 319. - earman, j. and j. norton, 1987, “ what price spacetime substantivalism : the hole story, ” british journal for the philosophy of science, 38 : 515 - 525. - hoefer, c., 2000, “ kant ' s hands and earman ' s pions : chirality arguments for substantival space, ” international studies in the philosophy of science, 14 : 237 - 256. - – – –, 1998, “ absolute versus relational spacetime : for better or worse, the debate goes on, ” british journal for the philosophy of science, 49 : 451 - 467. - – – –, 1996, “ the metaphysics of space - time substantialism, ” journal of philosophy, 93 : 5 - 27. - huggett, n., 2000, “ reflections on parity nonconservation, ” philosophy of science, 67 : 219 - 241. - le poidevin, r., 2004, “ space, supervenience and substantivalism, ” analysis, 64 : 191 - 198. - malament, d., 1985, “ discussion : a modest remark about reichenbach, rotation, and general relativity, ” philosophy of science, 52 : 615 - 620. - maudlin, t., 1993, “ buckets of water and waves of space : why space - time is probably a substance, ” philosophy of science, 60 : 183 - 203. - – – –, 1990, “ substances and space - time : what aristotle would have said to einstein, ” studies in history and philosophy of science, 531 - 561. - mundy, b., 1992, “ space - time and isomorphism, ” proceedings of the biennial meetings of the philosophy of science association, 1 : 515 - 527. - – – –, 1983, “ relational theories of euclidean space and minkowski space - time, ” philosophy of science, 50 : 205 - 226. - nerlich, g., 2003, “ space - time substantivalism, ” in the oxford handbook of metaphysics, m. j. loux ( ed. ), oxford : oxford univ pr. 281 - 314. - – – –, 1996, “ what spacetime explains, ” philosophical quarterly, 46 : 127 - 131. - – – –, 1994, what spacetime explains : metaphysical essays on space and time, new york : cambridge univ


314. - – – –, 1996, “ what spacetime explains, ” philosophical quarterly, 46 : 127 - 131. - – – –, 1994, what spacetime explains : metaphysical essays on space and time, new york : cambridge univ pr. - – – –, 1973, “ hands, knees, and absolute space, ” journal of philosophy, 70 : 337 - 351. - rynasiewicz, r., 2000, “ on the distinction between absolute and relative motion, ” philosophy of science, 67 : 70 - 93. - – – –, 1996, “ absolute versus relational space - time : an outmoded debate?, ” journal of philosophy, 93 : 279 - 306. - teller, p., 1991, “ substance, relations, and arguments about the nature of space - time, ” philosophical review, 363 - 397. - torretti, r., 2000, “ spacetime models for the world, ” studies in history and philosophy of modern physics, 31b : 171 - 186. - st. andrews school of mathematics and statistics index of biographies - the pittsburgh phil - sci archive of pre - publication articles in philosophy of science - ned wright ' s special relativity tutorial - andrew hamilton ' s special relativity pages descartes, rene : physics | general relativity : early philosophical interpretations of | newton, isaac : views on space, time, and motion | space and time : inertial frames | space and time : the hole argument | zeno of elea : zeno ' s paradoxes


san francisco, dec. 29, 2008 - - facial expressions of emotion are hardwired into our genes, according to a study published today in the journal of personality and social psychology. the research suggests that facial expressions of emotion are innate rather than a product of cultural learning. the study is the first of its kind to demonstrate that sighted and blind individuals use the same facial expressions, producing the same facial muscle movements in response to specific emotional stimuli. the study also provides new insight into how humans manage emotional displays according to social context, suggesting that the ability to regulate emotional expressions is not learned through observation. san francisco state university psychology professor david matsumoto compared the facial expressions of sighted and blind judo athletes at the 2004 summer olympics and paralympic games. more than 4, 800 photographs were captured and analyzed, including images of athletes from 23 countries. " the statistical correlation between the facial expressions of sighted and blind individuals was almost perfect, " matsumoto said. " this suggests something genetically resident within us is the source of facial expressions of emotion. " matsumoto found that sighted and blind individuals manage their expressions of emotion in the same way according to social context. for example, because of the social nature of the olympic medal ceremonies, 85 percent of silver medalists who lost their medal matches produced " social smiles " during the ceremony. social smiles use only the mouth muscles whereas true smiles, known as duchenne smiles, cause the eyes to twinkle and narrow and the cheeks to rise. " losers pushed their lower lip up as if to control the emotion on their face and many produced social smiles, " matsumoto said. " individuals blind from birth could not have learned to control their emotions in this way through visual learning so there must be another mechanism. it could be that our emotions, and the systems to regulate them, are vestiges of our evolutionary ancestry. it ' s possible that in response to negative emotions, humans have developed a system that closes the mouth so that they are prevented from yelling, biting or throwing insults. "


jan. 30, 2009 a new way of making leds could see household lighting bills reduced by up to 75 % within five years. gallium nitride ( gan ), a man - made semiconductor used to make leds ( light emitting diodes ), emits brilliant light but uses very little electricity. until now high production costs have made gan lighting too expensive for wide spread use in homes and offices. however the cambridge university based centre for gallium nitride has developed a new way of making gan which could produce leds for a tenth of current prices. gan, grown in labs on expensive sapphire wafers since the 1990s, can now be grown on silicon wafers. this lower cost method could mean cheap mass produced leds become widely available for lighting homes and offices in the next five years. based on current results, gan led lights in every home and office could cut the proportion of uk electricity used for lights from 20 % to 5 %. that means we could close or not need to replace eight power stations. a gan led can burn for 100, 000 hours so, on average, it only needs replacing after 60 years. and, unlike currently available energy - saving bulbs gan leds do not contain mercury so disposal is less damaging to the environment. gan leds also have the advantage of turning on instantly and being dimmable. professor colin humphreys, lead scientist on the project said : “ this could well be the holy grail in terms of providing our lighting needs for the future. we are very close to achieving highly efficient, low cost white leds that can take the place of both traditional and currently available low energy light bulbs. that won ’ t just be good news for the environment. it will also benefit consumers by cutting their electricity bills. ” gan leds, used to illuminate landmarks like buckingham palace and the severn bridge, are also appearing in camera flashes, mobile phones, torches, bicycle lights and interior bus, train and plane lighting. parallel research is also being carried out into how gan lights could mimic sunlight to help 3m people in the uk with seasonal affective disorder ( sad ). ultraviolet rays made from gan lighting could also aid water purification and disease control in developing countries, identify the spread of cancer tumours and help fight hospital ‘ super bugs ’. funding was provided by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ). about gan leds a light - emitting diode ( led ) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when charged with electricity. leds are


bugs ’. funding was provided by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ). about gan leds a light - emitting diode ( led ) is a semiconductor diode that emits light when charged with electricity. leds are used for display and lighting in a whole range of electrical and electronic products. although gan was first produced over 30 years ago, it is only in the last ten years that gan lighting has started to enter real - world applications. currently, the brilliant light produced by gan leds is blue or green in colour. a phosphor coating is applied to the led to transform this into a more practical white light. gan leds are currently grown on 2 - inch sapphire. manufacturers can get 9 times as many leds on a 6 - inch silicon wafer than on a 2 - inch sapphire wafer. in addition, edge effects are less, so the number of good leds is about 10 times higher. the processing costs for a 2 - inch wafer are essentially the same as for a 6 - inch wafer. a 6 - inch silicon wafer is much cheaper to produce than a 2 - inch sapphire wafer. together these factors result in a cost reduction of about a factor of 10. possible future applications - cancer surgery. currently, it is very difficult to detect exactly where a tumour ends. as a result, patients undergoing cancer surgery have to be kept under anaesthetic while cells are taken away for laboratory tests to see whether or not they are healthy. this may need to happen several times during an operation, prolonging the procedure extensively. but in the future, patients could be given harmless drugs that attach themselves to cancer cells, which can be distinguished when a blue gan led is shone on them. the tumour ’ s edge will be revealed, quickly and unmistakably, to the surgeon. - water purification. gan may revolutionise drinking water provision in developing countries. if aluminium is added to gan then deep ultra - violet light can be produced and this kills all viruses and bacteria, so fitting such a gan led to the inside of a water pipe will instantly eradicate diseases, as well as killing mosquito larvae and other harmful organisms. - hospital - acquired infections. shining a ultra - violet gan torch beam could kill viruses and bacteria, boosting the fight against mrsa and c difficile. simply shining a gan torch at a hospital wall or trolley, for example, could kill any ‘ superbugs ’ lurking there. other social bookmarking and


filed under : foundational hand after studying the proportions of the foundational hand letters, the next step is to start writing the letters. each letter is constructed rather than written. the letters are made up of a combination of pen strokes, which are only made in a top – down or left – right direction. the pen is never pushed up. when we studied the proportions of the foundational hand we could group the letters according to their widths. now, we can group them according to the order and direction of the pen strokes. you may find it useful to look at the construction grid whilst studying the order and direction of the letters. the first group consists of the letters c, e, and o. these letters are based on the circle shape. this shape is produced with two pen strokes. visualise a clock face and start the first stroke at approximately the 11, and finish it in an anti - clockwise direction at 5. the second stroke starts again at the 11 and finishes in a clockwise direction on the 5 to complete the letter o. the first pen - stroke for the letters c and e are the same as the first of the letter o. the second pen - stroke on the c and e are shorter and finish around the 1 position on the imaginary clock face. finally, the letter e has a third stroke, starting at the end of the second stroke and finishes when it touches the first stroke. the next group of letters are d, q, b and p. all these letters combine curved and straight pen strokes. when writing these letters it can be useful to think of the underlying circle shape, which your pen will leave or join at certain points depending upon which letter is being written. the first stroke of the b starts at the ascender height of the letter, which can be eyed in at just under half the x - height ( body height of letters with no ascender or descender ). continue the ascender stroke of the b until it ‘ picks up ’ the circle shape, follow round the circle until the pen reaches the 5 on the imaginary clock face. the second stroke starts on the first stroke following the circle round until it touches the end of the first stroke. the letter d is similar to the c except it has a third stroke for the ascender, which will touch the ends of the first and second stroke being for finishing on the write - line. letter p starts with a vertical stroke from the x - height down to the imaginary descender line, which is just under half the x - height


, which will touch the ends of the first and second stroke being for finishing on the write - line. letter p starts with a vertical stroke from the x - height down to the imaginary descender line, which is just under half the x - height below the write - line. the second and third strokes are curved, starting on the descender stroke and following round the imaginary circle. the letter q is almost the same as the d, except it has a descender stroke rather than an ascender stroke. letters a, h, m, n, r all these letters combine curved and straight pen strokes. once again, think of the underlying circle shape, which your pen will leave or join at certain points depending upon the letter being written. the letter h consists of two pen strokes. the first is a vertical ascender stroke. the second stroke starts curved, follows the circle round, then leaves it and becomes straight. the letter n is produced exactly the same way as the letter h, except the first stroke is not so tall as it starts on the x - height line. the first two pen strokes of the letter m are the same as the letter n. then a third stroke is added which is identical to the second stroke. the letter r is also written the same way as the letter n except the second stroke finishes at the point where the circle would have been left and the straight is picked up. the first stroke of letter a is the same as the second stroke of the letters h, m and n. the second stroke follows the circle. finally, the third stroke starts at the same point as the second stroke, but is a straight line at a 30° angle and touches the first stroke. the next group of letters are l, u and t. these letters are straight - forward. the letter l is the same as the first stroke of letter b. the letter u is also similar to the first stroke of letter b except it starts lower down. the second stroke starts on the x - height line and finishes on the write - line. letter t has the same first stroke as letter u. it is completed by a second horizontal stroke. the following letters k, v, w, x, y and z are made of at least one diagonal pen stroke. the letter k starts with a vertical ascender stroke, then a second stroke diagonal stroke which joins the vertical stroke. the final stroke is also diagonal and starts where the first and second stroke meet and stops when it touches the write - line. if you look closely


starts with a vertical ascender stroke, then a second stroke diagonal stroke which joins the vertical stroke. the final stroke is also diagonal and starts where the first and second stroke meet and stops when it touches the write - line. if you look closely you will see it goes further out than the second stroke. this makes the letter look more balanced. if the end of these two pen - strokes lined up the letter would look like it is about to fall over. letter v is simply two diagonal strokes and these are repeated to produce the letter w. the letter y is the same as the v except the second stroke is extended until to create a descender stroke. letter x is a little different, you need to create it in such a way that the two stroke cross slightly above the half - way mark on the x - height. this means the top part will be slightly smaller than the bottom which will give the letter a better balance. finally, in this group is letter z. the easiest way to produce this is with the two horizontal pen strokes, thenjoin these two strokes with a diagonal pen - stroke to complete the letter. now for the hardest letters ; f, g and s. out of these three letters, f is the simplest. it starts with a vertical ascender stroke – except this is not as tall as the other ascender strokes we have produced so far. this is because we have to allow for the second curved stroke. the overall height of these two strokes should be the same as other letters that have an ascender. finally, we need a horizontal stroke to complete the letter. which will you find the hardest letter g or s? these are trickier because unlike all the other letters we have written they do not relate so well to the grid. the letter g is made of a circle shape, with an oval / bowl shape under the write - line. you can see the letter g is made of three pen - strokes. the first stroke is just like the first stroke of the letter o for example, except it is a smaller. the second stroke starts like the second stroke of the letter o, but when it joins the first stroke it continues and changes direction in the gap between the bottom of the shape and the write - line. the third stroke completes the oval shape. finally, we have a little fourth stroke to complete the letter. the letter s is made up of three strokes. the first stroke is sort of an s shape! the second and third strokes complete the letter s. these are easier


the basic element in solar modules the wafers are further processed to solar cells in the third production step. they form the basic element of the resulting solar modules. the cells already possess all of the technical attributes necessary to generate electricity from sunlight. positive and negative charge carriers are released in the cells through light radiation causing electrical current ( direct current ) to flow. the " cell " business division is part of solarworld subsidiary deutsche cell gmbh and solarworld industries america lp. here, solar cells are produced from the preliminary product, the solar silicon wafer. the group manufactures both monocrystalline as well as polycrystalline solar cells. the monocrystalline as well as polycrystalline solar cells are produced around the clock in one of the most advanced solar cell production facilities. the wafers are produced in the clean rooms of the deutsche cell gmbh using the most cutting edge process facilities with the highest level of automation. through the fully integrated production concept, it is possible to flexibly control the use of all auxiliary materials necessary for production and to continuously optimize material utilization during operation. this concept allows us to assure the unique quality standard of our solar cells and simultaneously reduce the loss rate compared to conventional processes. this not only lowers production costs, it adds to the expertise in the solar cell production for the solarworld group. the wafer is first cleaned of all damage caused by cutting and then textured. a p / n junction is created by means of phosphorous diffusion which makes the silicon conductive. in the next step, the phosphorus glass layer produced by diffusion is removed. an anti - reflection layer is added. this which reduces optical losses and ensures electrical passivation of the surface is added. then, the contacts are attached to the front and back along with a rear contact. finally, every individual solar cell is tested for its optical qualities and the electrical efficiency measured.


by staff writers chicago il ( spx ) jan 11, 2013 technologically valuable ultrastable glasses can be produced in days or hours with properties corresponding to those that have been aged for thousands of years, computational and laboratory studies have confirmed. aging makes for higher quality glassy materials because they have slowly evolved toward a more stable molecular condition. this evolution can take thousands or millions of years, but manufacturers must work faster. armed with a better understanding of how glasses age and evolve, researchers at the universities of chicago and wisconsin - madison raise the possibility of designing a new class of materials at the molecular level via a vapor - deposition process. " in attempts to work with aged glasses, for example, people have examined amber, " said juan de pablo, uchicago ' s liew family professor in molecular theory and simulations. " amber is a glass that has been aged millions of years, but you cannot engineer that material. you get what you get. " de pablo and wisconsin co - authors sadanand singh and mark ediger report their findings in the latest issue of nature materials. ultrastable glasses could find potential applications in the production of stronger metals and in faster - acting pharmaceuticals. the latter may sound surprising, but drugs with the amorphous molecular structure of ultrastable glass could avoid crystallization during storage and be delivered more rapidly in the bloodstream than pharmaceuticals with a semi - crystalline structure. amorphous metals, likewise, are better for high - impact applications than crystalline metals because of their greater strength. the nature materials paper describes computer simulations that singh, a doctoral student in chemical engineering at uw - madison, carried out with de pablo to follow - up some intriguing results from ediger ' s laboratory. growing stable glasses several years ago, he discovered that glasses grown this way on a specially prepared surface that is kept within a certain temperature range exhibit far more stability than ordinary glasses. previous researchers must have grown this material under the same temperature conditions, but failed to recognize the significance of what they had done, ediger said. ediger speculated that growing glasses under these conditions, which he compares to the tetris video game, gives molecules extra room to arrange themselves into a more stable configuration. but he needed singh and de pablo ' s computer simulations to confirm his suspicions that he had actually produced a highly evolved, ordinary glass rather than an entirely new material. " there ' s interest in making these materials on the computer because you have direct access to the structure, and you can therefore determine the relationship between the arrangement of the molecules


had actually produced a highly evolved, ordinary glass rather than an entirely new material. " there ' s interest in making these materials on the computer because you have direct access to the structure, and you can therefore determine the relationship between the arrangement of the molecules and the physical properties that you measure, " said de pablo, a former uw - madison faculty member who joined uchicago ' s new institute for molecular engineering earlier this year. there are challenges, though, to simulating the evolution of glasses on a computer. scientists can cool a glassy material at the rate of one degree per second in the laboratory, but the slowest computational studies can only simulate cooling at a rate of 100 million degrees per second. " we cannot cool it any slower because the calculations would take forever, " de pablo said. " it had been believed until now that there is no correlation between the mechanical properties of a glass and the molecular structure ; that somehow the properties of a glass are " hidden " somewhere and that there are no obvious structural signatures, " de pablo said. creating better materials ultrastable glasses achieve their stability in a manner analogous to the most efficiently packed, multishaped objects in tetris, each consisting of four squares in various configurations that rain from the top of the screen. " this is a little bit like the molecules in my deposition apparatus raining down onto this surface, and the goal is to perfectly pack a film, not to have any voids left, " ediger said. the object of tetris is to manipulate the objects so that they pack into a perfectly tight pattern at the bottom of the screen. " the difference is, when you play the game, you have to actively manipulate the pieces in order to build a well - packed solid, " ediger said. " in the vapor deposition, nature does it for us. " but in tetris and experiments alike, when the objects or molecules descend too quickly, the result is a poorly packed, void - riddled pattern. " in the experiment, if you either rain the molecules too fast or choose a low temperature at which there ' s no mobility at the surface, then this trick doesn ' t work, " ediger said. then it would be like taking a bucket of odd - shaped pieces and just dumping them on the floor. there are all sorts of voids and gaps because the molecules didn ' t have any opportunity to find a good way of packing. " " ultrastable glasses from in silico vapor deposition, " by sadamand


in january 1992, a container ship near the international date line, headed to tacoma, washington from hong kong, lost 12 containers during severe storm conditions. one of these containers held a shipment of 29, 000 bathtub toys. ten months later, the first of these plastic toys began to wash up onto the coast of alaska. driven by the wind and ocean currents, these toys continue to wash ashore during the next several years and some even drifted into the atlantic ocean. the ultimate reason for the world ' s surface ocean currents is the sun. the heating of the earth by the sun has produced semi - permanent pressure centers near the surface. when wind blows over the ocean around these pressure centers, surface waves are generated by transferring some of the wind ' s energy, in the form of momentum, from the air to the water. this constant push on the surface of the ocean is the force that forms the surface currents. learning lesson : how it is currently done around the world, there are some similarities in the currents. for example, along the west coasts of the continents, the currents flow toward the equator in both hemispheres. these are called cold currents as they bring cool water from the polar regions into the tropical regions. the cold current off the west coast of the united states is called the california current. likewise, the opposite is true as well. along the east coasts of the continents, the currents flow from the equator toward the poles. there are called warm current as they bring the warm tropical water north. the gulf stream, off the southeast united states coast, is one of the strongest currents known anywhere in the world, with water speeds up to 3 mph ( 5 kph ). these currents have a huge impact on the long - term weather a location experiences. the overall climate of norway and the british isle is about 18°f ( 10°c ) warmer in the winter than other cites located at the same latitude due to the gulf stream. take it to the max! keeping current while ocean currents are a shallow level circulations, there is global circulation which extends to the depths of the sea called the great ocean conveyor. also called the thermohaline circulation, it is driven by differences in the density of the sea water which is controlled by temperature ( thermal ) and salinity ( haline ). in the northern atlantic ocean, as water flows north it cools considerably increasing its density. as it cools to the freezing point, sea ice forms with the " salts " extracted from the frozen water making the water below more


of unilever ’ s businesses remained largely unaffected. companies that try to engage in proactive, cause - oriented product development often find themselves at a disadvantage : either their target market proves significantly smaller than predicted by their focus groups and surveys or their costs of providing ethical product features are not covered by the prices consumers are willing to pay. ( for a different perspective on these issues, see “ the power of the post - recession consumer, ” by john gerzema and michael d ’ antonio, s + b, spring 2011. ) to understand the true nature of the ethical consumer, we set up a series of generalized experimental polling studies over nearly 10 years that allowed us to gather the social and ethical preferences of large samples of individuals. we then conducted 120 in - depth interviews with consumers from eight countries ( australia, china, germany, india, spain, sweden, turkey, and the united states ). we asked them not just to confirm that they might purchase a product, but to consider scenarios under which they might buy an athletic shoe from a company with lax labor standards, a soap produced in ways that might harm the environment, and a counterfeit brand - name wallet or suitcase. they were also asked how they thought other people from their country might respond to these products — a well - established “ projective technique ” that often reveals more accurate answers than questions about the respondent ’ s direct purchases. and they were asked about their own past behavior ; for example, all the interviewees admitted purchasing counterfeit goods at some point. the interviews asked participants explicitly about the ramifications of these ethical issues, and the inconsistencies between their words and their actions.


many of us act as though we all see the same reality, yet the truth is we don ' t. human beings have cognitive biases or blind spots. blind spots are ways that our mind becomes blocked from seeing reality as it is - blinding us from seeing the real truth about ourselves in relation to others. once we form a conclusion, we become blind to alternatives, even if they are right in front of their eyes. emily pronin, a social psychologist, along with colleagues daniel lin and lee ross, at princeton university ' s department of psychology, created the term " blind spots. " the bias blind spot is named after the visual blind spot. passing the ball - watch this video there is a classic experiment that demonstrates one level of blind spots that can be attributed to awareness and focused - attention. when people are instructed to count how many passes the people in white shirts make on the basketball court, they often get the number of passes correct, but fail to see the person in the black bear suit walking right in front of their eyes. hard to believe but true! blind spots & denial however, the story of blind spots gets more interesting when we factor in our cognitive biases that come from our social needs to look good in the eyes of others. when people operate with blind spots, coupled with a strong ego, they often refuse to adjust their course even in the face of opposition from trusted advisors, or incontrovertible evidence to the contrary. two well - known examples of blind spots are henry ford and a & p : - next > > - next > >


the 8 - bit al register into the 8 - bit bytelocation label. accessing memory locations ( using pointers ) in c we have the concept of pointers. a pointer is simply a variable that points to a location in memory. typically that memory location holds some data that is important to us and that ’ s why we ’ re keeping a pointer to it so we can access the data later. this same concept can be achieved in assembly. moving a label ’ s memory address into a register ( creating a pointer ) movl $ int32, % eax this will move the memory location of the int32 label into the eax register. in effect the eax register is now a pointer to the data held by the int32 label. notice that we use movl because memory locations are 4 bytes. also notice that to access the memory location of a label you prepend the $ character. dereferencing a pointer ( accessing the contents of a memory address ) moving a word into a dereferenced location movl $ 9, ( % eax ) this will move the integer 9 into the memory location held in eax. in other words, if this were c, % eax would be considered a pointer and ( % eax ) would be the way we dereference that pointer to change the contents of the location it points to. the equivalent in c would like something like this : int int32 = 2 ; int * eax ; eax = & int32 ; * eax = 9 ; the only difference in the c example is that we had to define eax as an int pointer before we could copy the address of int32. in assembly we can just copy the address of int32 directly into the eax register, circumventing the need for an additional variable. but line 4 of this c example is the equivalent of the assembly example shown above. so to clarify one more time, eax does not change at all in this example ; eax still points to the same location! however, the data at that location has changed. so if eax contains the location of the int32 label, then int32 now contains 9. so it ’ s int32 that has changed, not eax. notice that we use the parentheses to access the memory location stored in the register ( dereference the pointer ). moving a dereferenced value into a register movl ( % eax ), % ebx in effect the eb


measured by immune cell proliferation and response to interleukin 15 ( a specific cytokine, protein produced by immune cells used for research purposes to measure immune response ), researchers found that discordant patients had responses similar to fully respondant patients ( stephano vella and colleagues, 9th retroviruses conference, seattle, february 2002 ). without attempting to advise whether patients in a disconnect situation should change or continue their treatment, the questions invoked here are placed on the table. the presence of primary resistance mutations can oddly enough be associated with the provision of some beneficial effects. however, developing resistance or discordance is not the preferred outcome. when a patient is facing this discordant predicament, the next path may not be always clear. phenomena are occurring in the disconnect syndrome that are below the surface. a patients decisions are often complicated by various confounding issues. this is compounded by the fact that data regarding the long - term outlook of patients continuing in this disconnect pattern is sorely lacking. some researchers have demonstrated higher progression rates while others concluded that the immunologic deterioration is delayed by an average of three years ( stephen deeks and colleagues, university of california at san francisco ). however large trials of disconnected patients who continue to maintain good clinical immunologic response to haart for a specified duration would provide greater insight into the risks. it seems that patients manifesting a disconnect who continue their treatment are stable clinically and not developing opportunistic infections. however, with the ongoing epidemic of resistance, it would be helpful to understand what it all means to a patients health and longevity. daniel s. berger, m. d. is medical director for northstar healthcare ; clinical assistant professor of medicine at the university of illinois at chicago and editor of aids infosource. he also serves as medical consultant and columnist for positively aware. inquiries are welcomed by dr. berger ; he can be reached at dsbergermd @ aol. com or 773. 296. 2400.


in mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric, or circular, functions. the basic hyperbolic functions are the hyperbolic sine " sinh " ( typically pronounced / ˈsɪntʃ / or / ˈʃaɪn / ), and the hyperbolic cosine " cosh " ( typically pronounced / ˈkɒʃ / ), from which are derived the hyperbolic tangent " tanh " ( typically pronounced / ˈtæntʃ / or / ˈθæn / ), etc., in analogy to the derived trigonometric functions. the inverse hyperbolic functions are the area hyperbolic sine " arsinh " ( also called " asinh ", or sometimes by the misnomer of " arcsinh " ) and so on. just as the points ( cos t, sin t ) form a circle with a unit radius, the points ( cosh t, sinh t ) form the right half of the equilateral hyperbola. hyperbolic functions occur in the solutions of some important linear differential equations, for example the equation defining a catenary, and laplace ' s equation in cartesian coordinates. the latter is important in many areas of physics, including electromagnetic theory, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and special relativity. hyperbolic functions were introduced in the 18th century by the swiss mathematician johann heinrich lambert. the hyperbolic functions are : via complex numbers the hyperbolic functions are related to the circular functions as follows : where is the imaginary unit defined as. note that, by convention, sinh2x means ( sinhx ) 2, not sinh ( sinhx ) ; similarly for the other hyperbolic functions when used with positive exponents. another notation for the hyperbolic cotangent function is, though cothx is far more common. hyperbolic sine and cosine satisfy the identity which is similar to the pythagorean trigonometric identity. it can also be shown that the area under the graph of cosh x from a to b is equal to the arc length of cosh x from a to b. for a full list of integrals of hyperbolic functions, see list of integrals of hyperbolic functions in the above expressions, c is called the constant of integration. it is possible to express the above functions as taylor series : a point on the hyperbola xy = 1 with x > 1 determines a hyperbolic triangle in which the side adjacent to the hyperbolic


expressions, c is called the constant of integration. it is possible to express the above functions as taylor series : a point on the hyperbola xy = 1 with x > 1 determines a hyperbolic triangle in which the side adjacent to the hyperbolic angle is associated with cosh while the side opposite is associated with sinh. however, since the point ( 1, 1 ) on this hyperbola is a distance √2 from the origin, the normalization constant 1 / √2 is necessary to define cosh and sinh by the lengths of the sides of the hyperbolic triangle. and the property that cosh t ≥ 1 for all t. the hyperbolic functions are periodic with complex period 2πi ( πi for hyperbolic tangent and cotangent ). the parameter t is not a circular angle, but rather a hyperbolic angle which represents twice the area between the x - axis, the hyperbola and the straight line which links the origin with the point ( cosh t, sinh t ) on the hyperbola. the function cosh x is an even function, that is symmetric with respect to the y - axis. the function sinh x is an odd function, that is −sinh x = sinh ( −x ), and sinh 0 = 0. the hyperbolic functions satisfy many identities, all of them similar in form to the trigonometric identities. in fact, osborn ' s rule states that one can convert any trigonometric identity into a hyperbolic identity by expanding it completely in terms of integral powers of sines and cosines, changing sine to sinh and cosine to cosh, and switching the sign of every term which contains a product of 2, 6, 10, 14,... sinhs. this yields for example the addition theorems the " double angle formulas " and the " half - angle formulas " the derivative of sinh x is cosh x and the derivative of cosh x is sinh x ; this is similar to trigonometric functions, albeit the sign is different ( i. e., the derivative of cos x is −sin x ). the gudermannian function gives a direct relationship between the circular functions and the hyperbolic ones that does not involve complex numbers. the graph of the function a cosh ( x / a ) is the catenary, the curve formed by a uniform flexible chain hanging freely under gravity. from the definitions of the hyperbolic sine and cosine, we can derive


education is the transmission of civilization. ~ william james durant ( 1885 – 1981 ) and ariel durant, born chaya kaufman ( 1898 - 1981 ) after the murder of benazir bhutto, pakistan dominated the news for a week or so but that has now faded. we were regaled with speculation about the danger to the world posed by an unstable, nuclear - armed, undemocratic state where fundamentalist muslims find it easy to integrate into society. it was in pakistan that the taliban ( which took over the government of afghanistan and provided shelter to al qaeda ) were originally able to organize and build a foundation. a recent analysis on television suggests that the taliban are direct descendants of protestors who instigated the mutiny against british imperial rule and christian missionary zeal in 19th century india. but pakistan is also seen as a major bulwark in the " war on terror " and has been the recipient of $ 5bn in us aid since the attack on the twin towers. now the excitement has died down, pakistan has dropped out of media consciousness but its problems remain. and one of its greatest problems is education. like the rest of public life in pakistan, the education system is subject to endemic corruption. and this should trouble the rest of the world because education in pakistan is being exploited by fundamentalists in their drive to recruit new followers. when it was provided with american aid on a massive scale, pakistan promised to devote some of the money to improving its education system. the world bank has also allocated a separate $ 300mn specifically to support schools and colleges – but fearing that the money will disappear into a sink of corruption, it is reluctant to disburse the funds until proper control systems are put in place. these fears are justified. american officials supervising military aid suspect that invoices for supplies are inflated by as much as 30 %, enabling millions of dollars to disappear. and in the education system, officials estimate that corruption taps 15 % of intended expenditure. little has been done to improve education in pakistan. in the punjab, for example, there are 63, 000 state schools, of which : - 5, 000 ( 8 % ) have been condemned as dangerous structures. - 26, 000 ( 41 % ) have no electricity. - 16, 000 ( 25 % ) have no toilets. many teachers see their jobs as sinecures and don ' t turn up to work, while local inspectors distrust the information provided by the ministry of education. few schools have enough classrooms and some resort to teaching in the open air under


have you ever wondered : where did we come from? what makes us different from all the other life forms on this planet? shannon dorey in her new book " the master of speech " just might have the answers and most people won ' t like them! ms. dorey has studied the life and works of marcel griaule, a french anthropologist, who 50 years ago recorded the oral history and mythology of the dogon, as told by ogotemmeli, a member of the tribe. the dogon are an isolated mountainous region of bandiagara, south of the sahara desert in mali, west africa. mr. griaule wrote about the dogon in his book, " conversations with ogotemmeli ", published in 1947. the dogon mythology is disturbing because it claims that we were created by beings that genetically engineered our dna. in fact, the book states that our dna was manipulated three times and that three different versions of humans were designed. this was due to failed experiments by out creators. amphibious aliens from the sirian star system, that landed on earth with " great noise and wind " on a 3 - legged spacecraft. these aliens, named the nummo, didn ' t take into consideration the problems of combining their androgynous ( both male and female ) dna with the dna of single sexed animals ( us ). according to ms dorey on page 25, " the nummo change the earth animals who are " naked and speechless " by using the " fibers " or the dna from the nummo world. the lack of intelligence on the earth is identified as " disorder " that the nummo want to end. by combining their dna with the earth animals they order the universe ". on page 26, ms dorey writes : " ogotemmeli referred to the earth previously as being " naked and speechless " which is how animals are defined. so by connecting with the nummo, the animals become clothed and they learn to speak. " as stated the nummo came from the sirius star system and resembled serpents, lizards, chameleons and fish! ms. dorey adds, " the first important symbol found in ogotemmili conversation with griaule is the symbol of the " word " it self. the " word " is used as a metaphor for dna of the biologically engineered humans. this is because speech is synonymous with intelligence and the only way the earth animals are able to speak is when their dna is combined with the numm


it self. the " word " is used as a metaphor for dna of the biologically engineered humans. this is because speech is synonymous with intelligence and the only way the earth animals are able to speak is when their dna is combined with the nummo ' s dna. the " word " is a key symbol and is used throughout to describe the three different version of the biologically engineered humans. " on page 5, ms dorey writes : ".. the religion of the dogon tribe centered on the sirius star system and this information about the red - dwarf star had been told to griaule, and another anthropologist germaine dieterlen, sometime between 1931 and 1950. the dogon had told the anthropologists they had received their knowledge from visitors who came to the earth from another star system. " how can we believe the dogon mythology? what proof is there that this tale, this story is any truer than that of any other culture or religion? on page 5 ms. dorey writes, " what is even more important is that the dogon mythology evolved from an oral culture. the ancient stories told by ogotemmeli had been passed on from generation to generation throughout the ages ". read " the master of speech " and discover how the nummo story is woven into the creation myths of all the worlds major religions! learn the truth about immortality and reincarnation. in what may prove to be one of life ' s largest understatements, ms. dorey writes, " it ( the dogon mythology ) provides us with the sought after missing link and answers to questions that have plagued humanity since the beginning of time. if you are interested in purchasing " the master of speech ", please click here. publishers, to have your book reviews placed here please contact email @ example. com.


effect of district meter areas on water quality isbn : 1 84057 205 1 from the modelling work, case study and discussions with the industry, it is concluded that the net long term effect of creating dmas does not appear to be detrimental to water quality on a day to day basis. the short term effect of creating dmas depends on the extent with which the network has a potential to cause water quality problems, eg does it contain deposits and / or corroding mains. where these exist it is highly likely that work to install new valves and the set up of the dma will cause short term discoloured water for some customers. customers who bought this report also bought... various operational and maintenance strategies ( and the activities that comprise the strategy ) are adopted by water suppliers in order to maintain water quality at acceptable levels. conversely, acitivities applied to a netw... more... price : £100 add to basket this report investigates the prediction of chlorine by means of a field study. the prediction of water age was successful. further research is needed on chlorine decay. the importance of pipe material, diameter, temperature,... more... price : £150 add to basket the manual provides guidance to staff engaged in managing district meter areas ( dmas ). it guides the practitioner through the stages of : 1. setting up and maintaining districts, 2 monitoring leakage, 3 se... more... price : £100 add to basket this study aims to advance understanding on discolouration in drinking water. work products include : - a literature review of corrosion and iron discolouration. - analysis of relationships between corrosion, tuberculatio... more... price : £100 add to basket the first update of ' managing leakage ', the 1995 water industry report. economics of leakage methodology, both short and long term is developed in detail. there are case studies on whole - life costing. seven key areas of ukwi... more... price : £50 add to basket


socialsekreteraren har ordet! en studie av hur ungdomar beskrivs i socialtjanstens yttranden avseende unga lagovertradare. sammanfattning : the purpose of this essay was to examine how youths are described in certain written statements that are produced by the social services. the statements that this study has focused on, are those written with the purpose of serving the court with suggestions of treatment - measures when a person between 15 and 18 is suspected of having committed a crime. the main issues were : how is the content in these statements described and what do these descriptions tell the reader? do the images of youths in the statements differ, depending on the degree of intervention for the suggested treatment - measure? the essay is based on a qualitative content - analysis of 50 statements and the material has been analysed from a social - constructive theoretical perspective. the study shows that the youths in the statements are described through descriptions that reinforces a positive or a negative image of the youth, and that these descriptions are described as either utterances or facts. depending on the degree of intervention for the suggested treatment - measures, the information in the statements differ in that descriptions that are likely to reinforce a positive image of the youth are more frequent in the statements where no or less intervening treatment - measures is suggested. i addition to this, descriptions that are likely to reinforce a negative image of the youth are more frequent in the statements where more intervening treatment - measures is suggested. the study further shows that descriptions are more often described as facts in the statements with more intervening suggested treatment - measures. in addition to this, descriptions are more often described as utterances in the statements with less intervening suggested treatment - measures. har kan du hamta uppsatsen i fulltext. ( folj lanken till nasta sida )


- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb the story of creation. * 1in the beginning, when god created the heavens and the eartha — 2 * and the earth was without form or shape, with darkness over the abyss and a mighty wind sweeping over the waters — b 3then god said : let there be light, and there was light. c 4god saw that the light was good. god then separated the light from the darkness. 5god called the light “ day, ” and the darkness he called “ night. ” evening came, and morning followed — the first day. * 6then god said : let there be a dome in the middle of the waters, to separate one body of water from the other. 7god made the dome, * and it separated the water below the dome from the water above the dome. and so it happened. d 8god called the dome “ sky. ” evening came, and morning followed — the second day. 9then god said : let the water under the sky be gathered into a single basin, so that the dry land may appear. and so it happened : the water under the sky was gathered into its basin, and the dry land appeared. e 10god called the dry land “ earth, ” and the basin of water he called “ sea. ” god saw that it was good. 11f then god said : let the earth bring forth vegetation : every kind of plant that bears seed and every kind of fruit tree on earth that bears fruit with its seed in it. and so it happened : 12the earth brought forth vegetation : every kind of plant that bears seed and every kind of fruit tree that bears fruit with its seed in it. god saw that it was good. 13evening came, and morning followed — the third day. 14then god said : let there be lights in the dome of the sky, to separate day from night. let them mark the seasons, the days and the years, g 15and serve as lights in the dome of the sky, to illuminate the earth. and so it happened : 16god made the two great lights, the greater one to govern the day, and the lesser one to govern the night, and the stars. h 17god set them in the dome of the sky, to illuminate the earth, 18to govern the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. god saw that it was good


’ adam is here the generic term for humankind ; in the first five chapters of genesis it is the proper name adam only at 4 : 25 and 5 : 1 – 5. in our image, after our likeness : “ image ” and “ likeness ” ( virtually synonyms ) express the worth of human beings who have value in themselves ( human blood may not be shed in 9 : 6 because of this image of god ) and in their task, dominion ( 1 : 28 ), which promotes the rule of god over the universe. * [ 1 : 27 ] male and female : as god provided the plants with seeds ( vv. 11, 12 ) and commanded the animals to be fertile and multiply ( v. 22 ), so god gives sexuality to human beings as their means to continue in existence. * [ 1 : 28 ] fill the earth and subdue it : the object of the verb “ subdue ” may be not the earth as such but earth as the territory each nation must take for itself ( chaps. 10 – 11 ), just as israel will later do ( see nm 32 : 22, 29 ; jos 18 : 1 ). the two divine commands define the basic tasks of the human race — to continue in existence through generation and to take possession of one ’ s god - given territory. the dual command would have had special meaning when israel was in exile and deeply anxious about whether they would continue as a nation and return to their ancient territory. have dominion : the whole human race is made in the “ image ” and “ likeness ” of god and has “ dominion. ” comparable literature of the time used these words of kings rather than of human beings in general ; human beings were invariably thought of as slaves of the gods created to provide menial service for the divine world. the royal language here does not, however, give human beings unlimited power, for kings in the bible had limited dominion and were subject to prophetic critique. * [ 1 : 29 ] according to the priestly tradition, the human race was originally intended to live on plants and fruits as were the animals ( see v. 30 ), an arrangement that god will later change ( 9 : 3 ) in view of the human inclination to violence. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website,


electric currents into earth ’ s crust that made their way into the high - voltage canadian hydro - quebec power grid. this caused the transformer to fail and left more than 6 million people without power for 9 hours. the same storm also damaged and disrupted the operation of satellites, gps systems, and radio communication systems used by the united states military. while large, the 1989 storm pales in comparison to one that occurred in september 1859 and is the largest storm in recorded history. scientists estimate that the economic impact to the united states from a storm of the same size in today ’ s society could exceed $ 1 trillion as a result of the technological systems it could disrupt. the usgs, a partner in the multi - agency national space weather program, collects data that can help us understand how magnetic storms may impact the united states. constant monitoring of earth ’ s magnetic field allows us to better assess the impact of these phenomena on earth ’ s surface. to do this, the usgs geomagnetism program maintains 14 observatories around the united states and its territories, which provide ground - based measurements of changes in the magnetic field. these measurements are being used by the noaa space weather prediction center and the us air force weather agencyto track the intensity of the magnetic storm generated by this solar activity. in addition to providing data to its customers, the usgs produces models of the earth ’ s magnetic field that are used in a host of applications, including gps receivers, military and civilian navigational systems, and in research for studies of the effects of geomagnetic storms on the ionosphere ( a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules surrounding earth ), atmosphere, and near - space environment.


contamination and pollution introduction of harmful substances into the environment by human action or natural processes. northern gulf of mexico ecosystem change and hazard susceptibility [ more info ] map interfaces and data in the area offshore louisiana, mississippi, and alabama which was affected most by hurricane katrina and, more recently, the oil spill. nutrients national synthesis project : nutrients in rivers, streams, and aquifers in the united states [ more info ] this nutrients national synthesis project site on the u. s. study of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, as contaminants in high concentrations links to an overview, study team, featured reports, publications, and national datasets. nutrients in the nation ' s streams and groundwater : national findings and implications [ more info ] despite public sector efforts to reduce nonpoint - source nutrients in streams and rivers, concentrations have remained the same or increased, continuing to pose risks to aquatic life and human health. occurrence of emerging contaminants in water and bed material in the missouri river, north dakota, 2007 [ more info ] water monitoring results, focused on wastewater compounds, human - health pharmaceutical compounds, hormones, and antibiotics in water, and waste indicators, hormones, and antibiotics in solids. occurrence of escherichia coli in the cuyahoga river in the cuyahoga valley national park, ohio [ more info ] explains how this important indicator bacteria is used to detect problems in the water supply that may affect human health, focusing on a specific recreational area. occurrence of selected radionuclides in ground water used for drinking water in the united states [ more info ] results ( *. pdf ) of a 1998 targeted reconnaissance survey on the sources of radium, polonium, and lead radionuclides, data collection and laboratory methods, existing occurrences in drinking water, risk assessments, and compliance monitoring. occurrence, distribution, and concentrations of selected contaminants in streambed - and suspended - sediment samples collected in bexar county, texas, 2007 - 09 [ more info ] study showing which chemicals found in sediments were most common, with methods used and likely consequences of their high concentrations. oil pollution impacts on birds [ more info ] a compilation of information, including reports, bibliographies, and data, on all aspects oil toxicity relevant to birds and other wildlife. operational guidelines for geological fieldwork in areas endemic for coccidioidomycosis ( valley fever ) [ more info ] report giving operational guidelines that will lower the risk of coccidioidomycosis ( valley fever


educational material of interest to wide audiences. description of bryophytes ( mosses, liverworts, and hornworts ) and lichens ( dual organisms of a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium ) that are part of forest ecosystems in the pacific northwest with information on habitat and conservation. manual for research program on the nesting habits of sea turtles of the virgin islands, with descriptions of species, nesting behavior, observation methods, record keeping, tagging, and tissue sample collection. ( pdf file, 121 pp. ) buffelgrass ( pennisetum ciliare ) poses a problem in the deserts of the united states, growing in dense stands and introducing a wildfire risk in an ecosystem not adapted to fire. this report explains what we are doing to help mitigate its effects. combining genetic data with current and predicted climate scenarios, we are modeling the predicted future distributions of wildlife populations in the arctic and identifying key environmental variables that determine important animal habitat. three themes of ongoing research : forecasting polar bear and walrus population response to changing marine ecosystems ; measuring wildlife population changes in the arctic coastal plain, and wildlife communities in the boreal - arctic transition zone. identification of epiphytes ( plants obtaining moisture and nutrients from the air and rain and usually living on another plant ) on seaweed in tampa bay, florida. abstract of symposium presentation with photos. detailed publication on the classification system for an inventory of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the united states used to describe ecological taxa and arrange them in a system useful to resource managers. overview of interdisciplinary research studies in glacier national park to understand how this mountain wilderness responds to present climatic variability and other external stressors, such as air pollution, and links to detailed reports. home page for coastal and marine geology with links to topics of interest ( sea level change, erosion, corals, pollution, sonar mapping, and others ), sound waves monthly newsletter, field centers, regions of interest, and subject search system. changes in both the ocean and coastal ecosystems may have negative effects on sea otter populations in the coastal northwest and alaska. a study underway will examine these factors and the overall health of sea otter populations. declines in fish and wildlife populations, water - quality issues, and changes in coastal habitats have prompted this usgs study of the region ' s nearshore life and environment. includes links to data from published reports. coverage of the coastal prairie ecology research ( cper ) team, national wetlands research center, providing scientific information to aid the conservation, management,


diversity and the effects of environmental degradation on living species. links to research, which differentiated two species of sage - grouse. geographic analysis and monitoring program ( gam ) conducts studies about land surface change, environmental and human health, fire and urban ecology, and natural hazards to help decision - makers in land - use planning and land management. field methods, topics of investigation, shoreline changes, publications, and satellite imagery related to geologic and hydrologic processes affecting lake pontchartrain and adjacent lakes which form a large estuary in the gulf coast region. description of the geospatial multi - agency coordination ( geomac ) project, online maps of current wildland fire locations using netscape communicator or microsoft internet explorer, and user guide on how to use mapping application. review of the size of breeding populations of giant canada geese by states in the mississippi, atlantic, central, and pacific flyways and the management problems caused by rapid increases of local breeding populations. site for great lakes science center, ann arbor, which provides information about biological resources in the great lakes basin. links to personnel, publications, data, library, facilities, research vessels, great lakes issues, and research. website of the gulf of mexico integrated science program to understand the framework and processes of the gulf of mexico using tampa bay as a pilot study. links to publications, digital library, water chemistry maps, epiphytes, and field trips. tide stage, specific conductance, water temperature, and freshwater inflow at selected hudson river ( new york ) gages updated every 4 - hours to measure the effects of freshwater withdrawals and upstream movement of the salt front. airborne scanning laser surveys ( lidar ) are used to obtaining data to investigate the magnitude and causes of coastal changes that occur during severe storms. links to examples of coastal mapping during specific hurricanes. a brief definition and explanation of hypoxia with special reference to the gulf of mexico hypoxic zone along the louisiana - texas coast as well as extensive links to usgs and other related information resources. information about the causes and impact of hypoxia with links to usgs and other federal agency information and activities related to nutrients in the mississippi river basin and hypoxia in the gulf of mexico. description of the use of a miniature video - camera system deployed at nests of passerine species in north dakota to videotape predation of eggs or nestlings by animals such as mice, ground squirrels, deer, cowbirds and others. recent physical changes over time, including trends toward


n his thoughtful history of eton, christopher hollis points out the complexities involved when discussing matters of class distinction at the school and in society as a whole during the centuries since its founding. first of all what we may call a whig theory of history doesn ' t really apply ; that is, class distinctions have not, as many have claimed, gradually attenuated. things are more complicated than that. when discussing either british society or the institution of the english public school, one frequently encounters the claim, as hollis puts it, " that class distinctions are perhaps still strong but... that they have been gradually and steadily growing less over the generations. the truth is... by no means so simple. turning to the issue of class in the eton henry vi founded, he argues, it would be somewhat less than a half truth to say that eton was in its foundation a school for poor boys. in the first place of course the ' poor and needy ' boys whom henry had in mind were not the sons of serfs. they were rather the sons of tradesmen. in the second place in the middle ages instruction in a school was almost always free. eton was in no way unique in providing free tuition. the originality in henry ' s plan was his conception of a school in which poor and needy ' scholars were to be educated side by side with richer commensales. nonetheless, despite the king ' s apparently radical juxtaposition of sons of tradesman and nobility, one form of class distinction — well known since victorian times — did not yet exist : up to the beginning of the nineteenth century no one ever suggested that the local tradesman ' s son — the son of the man who made no pretence to be a gentleman — should be excluded from the school. eton of the early nineteenth century was by no means what could be called a democratic or an egalitarian school. the sons of noblemen had what would seem to us offensive and ridiculous privileges within the school — a special dress — a special seat in chapel and the like. on occasion at any rate, as appears in various memoirs, they behaved with ill - bred insolence towards their inferiors within the school. yet class distinctions were so clearly established in society at large that it was not thought that the nobleman ' s son could be in any way contaminated or his prestige put in jeopardy if he had to spend his school days sitting at the same bench or kneeling at the same block as a tradesman ' s son. when and why, then,


amniotic fluid index is a way of measuring the amount of liquid that is around a baby ( fetus ) in the uterus during pregnancy. it is usually done as part of the biophysical profile ( bpp ), which is a series of tests that measure the health of the baby during pregnancy. amniotic fluid protects the fetus from temperature extremes and from being bumped or hurt as the mother moves around. it also allows the fetus to move around in the uterus and is important for lung and limb development. a problem with the amount of amniotic fluid could point to a problem with the growing fetus. too much or too little fluid could also cause problems during labor and delivery. doctors use ultrasound to calculate the amniotic fluid index. the doctor looks at the amount of amniotic fluid in four different areas of the uterus. the four areas are called quadrants. the doctor measures how much fluid is in each quadrant. then he or she adds up the numbers to get an idea of the total amount of fluid that surrounds the baby. june 18, 2012 sarah marshall, md - family medicine & william gilbert, md - maternal and fetal medicine how this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. we are happy to take your appointment request over the phone, or, you may fill out an online request form. disclaimer : the information on this website is for general informational purposes only and should not be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.


in the star wars : where science meets imagination exhibit, luke skywalker ' s landspeeder is on display for the first time. click on image for full size courtesy of landspeeder image © 2006 lucasfilm ltd. & tm photo : dom miguel photography star wars exhibition brings reality to fantasy news story originally written on april 16, 2008 a new museum exhibit shows that some of the robots, vehicles and devices from the star wars films are close to the types of things scientists have developed to use in space. the exhibition - - at the science museum of minnesota in st. paul, minn., from june 13 until august 24 - - showcases landspeeders, r2d2 and other items from the star wars films. visitors will learn how researchers today are pursuing similar technologies. the exhibit developers were surprised and excited to learn that many of today ' s scientists were inspired by the fantasy technologies they saw in the star wars movies. one of the goals of the exhibit is to be an inspiration for the kids will be the next set of future scientists. the exhibit contains film clips, props, models and costumes. visitors are encouraged to participate in hands - on exhibits and activities. shop windows to the universe science store! our online store includes fun classroom activities for you and your students. issues of nesta ' s quarterly journal, the earth scientist are also full of classroom activities on different topics in earth and space science! you might also be interested in : scientists have learned that mount hood, oregon ' s tallest mountain, has erupted in the past due to the mixing of two different types of magma. " the data will help give us a better road map to what a future... more the earth ' s mantle is a rocky, solid shell that is between the earth ' s crust and the outer core, and makes up about 84 percent of the earth ' s volume. the mantle is made up of many distinct portions or... more some geologic faults that appear strong and stable, slip and slide like weak faults, causing earthquakes. scientists have been looking at one of these faults in a new way to figure out why. in theory,... more the sun goes through cycles that last approximately 11 years. these solar cycle include phases with more magnetic activity, sunspots, and solar flares. they also include phases with less activity. the... more studying tree rings doesn ' t only tell us the age of that tree. tree rings also show what climate was like for each year of a tree ' s life,


rescue, defined as terrain that has a slope angle of 60 and higher where rescuers are dependent upon ropes. this might involve other wind technicians or emergency personnel and a variety of safety systems. denis stresses the need for the writing of proper procedures for every wind farm including a fall protection code that clearly outlines the required action for all possible events. currently, osha rule 1910 : 66 ( f ) is fairly general : " the employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall assure the self - rescue capability of employees. " the only way to ensure this is by establishing effective training programmes for new and existing employees. " even though the incidents are infrequent, the potential for high angle rescue is a concern for everyone, " says vander velde. " most sites now require all their employees to be trained in a high angle rescue system. " medical help at height some go beyond high angle rescue training and require additional emergency management training such as support for injuries that occur in remote areas. duke energy reports great success with the implementation of an elevated emergency management ( emm ) programme. each year, the company holds an emergency response drill that involves all site personnel and may include off site personnel. this drill is to practice emergency response skills as well as assess existing levels of knowledge. during one of the first such drills, several wind technicians said they felt they needed more emergency medical treatment training. that led to a new safety programme involving one of duke ' s wind site managers who was an emergency medical technician ( emt ) and a company called tech safety lines of carrollton, texas that supplies rescue training and equipment. this team worked together to develop training to address a range of injuries. the company now provides annual emm retraining for all employees. this programme deals with such situations as victims being suspended in their harness and needing relief before being lowered to the ground. it is all very well to call a medic. but what if you are 50 miles from the nearest doctor and in a location that can only be accessed along a dirt track? and in any case, rural emergency response teams do not typically have the training or tools to reach a patient dangling from a rotor. " emergencies involving a post - fall suspended victim get most of the attention but the larger percentage of up - tower injuries involve soft - tissue or bone and joint injuries, " says brent wise, a partner at tech safety lines. " victims suspended in their harness need relief and lowering as quickly as possible, however many up - tower accidents would benefit


this is one of my favorite stories. in short, one of john burk ’ s ( @ occam98 ) students wanted to launch a space balloon. if you want all the details, this post at quantum progress pretty much says it all. the part that makes this story so cool is that it was the student who did all of the set up and fundraising and stuff. love it. oh, and the student is apparently named “ m. ” i wonder if the student is either one of the men in black or a james bond scientist. ok, you know what i do, right? i need to add something. here is a very nice video of the space balloon launch. you know i like to use pictures for data from time to time, right? one problem is that i don ’ t know much about cameras. there, i said it. really, almost all of my photos are made with my phone. that is what makes the phone so great, you almost always have your camera with you. to make these pictures useful for physics, it helps to know the angular size of the picture. here is a diagram so you can see what i am talking about : there are 20 seconds left on the clock. your team is down by 2 points such that a field goal would win it. the ball is spotted on the hash mark at the 15 yard line and it is first down. what to do? should you call a run play so that the ball is in the center of the field? or should the ball be kicked from where it is? so there is the question. is it better to kick the ball from an angle or move back and kick it head on? let me just look at one aspect of this situation. what is the angular size of the goal post from the location of the kicker? i am not looking at the height of the horizontal goal post – i will assume the kicker can get the ball over this. this was on reddit. it is an image from google maps showing an aircraft. not surprising, there are lots of aircraft that get caught by the cameras in mid flight. but what about the colors? is this some rainbow - unicorn plane? i am not sure of the exact details, but this rainbow effect is from the camera. i am not sure why, but this camera is capturing red green and blue ( and probably white ) colors separately at different times. here is the actual link to the google map. the first thing that comes to my mind is – i wonder how fast the plane


not sure why, but this camera is capturing red green and blue ( and probably white ) colors separately at different times. here is the actual link to the google map. the first thing that comes to my mind is – i wonder how fast the plane was moving. that question is difficult to answer because i don ’ t know how much time was between each ‘ color filter ’ photo. oh well, i will proceed anyway. first, some info. reading through the very insightful reddit comments, it seems the commenters are certain that the plain is an embraer erj 145. really, all i need is the length. wikipedia lists it with a 29. 87 m length and a 20. 04 meter wingspan. from the image, does the rainbow plane have the same ratio of length to wingspan as listed? ok, not quite the same. maybe that is close enough. the one thing is that the image clearly has some distortion. either the plane it turning or the image has been adjusted to make it look like it is a top down view. well, surfing around a bit i couldn ’ t find another plane that was close in length / wing span ratio. i am going with erj 145. if i scale the image from the length of the plane, how “ far ” between the different colors? here is a plot of the 4 color images. note that for this image, i put the axis along the fuselage of the plane. the points are the locations of the back tip of one of the wings. the first cool thing that i can learn from this is that there must have been a cross - wind. the aircraft is not traveling in the direction that it is heading. of course this is not uncommon, planes do this all the time. oh, let me not that i am assume the aircraft is far enough away from the satellite that the multiple colors are due to the motion of the plane and not the satellite. this is probably a good assumption since the houses below are not rainbow colored. what about the speed? if it is moving at a constant velocity, then : i know the changes in position. so, let me just call the change in time 1 cs ( cs for camera - second ). this means that the plane ’ s speed would be 1. 8 m / cs. ok, let ’ s just play a game. what if the time between frames was 1 / 100th of a second? that would mean that the speed would be 180 m / s or 400 mph. that is possible since wikipedia lists the


/ cs. ok, let ’ s just play a game. what if the time between frames was 1 / 100th of a second? that would mean that the speed would be 180 m / s or 400 mph. that is possible since wikipedia lists the max speed at around 550 mph. if the time between images is 1 / 30th of a second ( i picked that because that is a common frame rate for video ) then the speed would be 54 m / s ( 120 mph ). that doesn ’ t seem too low. i would imaging the landing speed would be around that speed ( or maybe a little lower – but what do i know? ) but wait – there is more. can i determine the altitude of the plane? well, suppose i have two objects of two different lengths that are two different distances from a camera. here is an example. my notation here looks a little messy, but both objects have a length ( l ) and a distance from the camera ( r ). they also have an angular size, denoted by θ. about angular size, i can write the following. i don ’ t know the distances from the camera and i don ’ t know the angles. but, i can sort of measure the angles. suppose i measure the number of pixels each object takes up in the photo. then the angular size could be written as : where p1 is the pixel size of an object and c is some constant for that particular camera. now i can re - write these angular equations and divide so that i get rid of the c. i can get values for all the stuff on the right of that equation. here are my values ( object 1 is the plane and object 2 is the background – really, i will just use the scale provided by google maps ). oh, one more thing. i am not going to measure the pixel length but rather some arbitrary length of the same scale. l1 = 29. 87 m p1 = 1 unit l2 = 10 m p2 = 0. 239 unit putting in my values above i get the ratio of the distances from the camera as : now i just need one of the r ‘ s – ideally it would be r2 ( the distance the camera is from the ground ). wikipedia says that the satellite images are typically taken from an aircraft flying 800 - 1500 feet high. so, suppose r2 = 1500 feet ( 457 meters ). in this case the altitude of the rainbow plane would be : 1000 feet would mean that the rainbow plane is probably landing ( or taking off


learn something new every day more info... by email a block diagram is a graphical method used to explain the concept of a system without the need to understand the individual components within that system. this type of diagram might be used in a variety of industries to illustrate and educate individuals about how a system operates, either in part or in its entirety. block diagrams usually will have a logical, methodical flow from beginning to end. engineers and software programmers are examples of individuals who might be familiar with block diagrams. block diagrams essentially are synonymous with flow charts, but a block diagram is generalized in nature. sometimes block diagrams are used to conceal specific information or processes that might prove to be advantageous or detrimental, whichever the case might be. people who are being presented with a block diagram should be able to develop an understanding of what that block represents. to assist in understanding the block itself, lines should be drawn to the block representing various inputs, outputs or alternative choices. depending on the type of process being illustrated, blocks might serve in any capacity that is needed to adequately describe the process or parts of the process. for instance, a manufacturing cell of machine tools might include a drill press, a milling machine and a sanding machine. to illustrate a process within that cell, each machine tool might be represented by its own block. when the manufacturing process is illustrated in its entirety, a single block might be used to represent all of the components within that cell. a block diagram also can be used to illustrate how a computer program works or how parts of a program work. if, for instance, a program is needed to calculate four different methods of interest rates, a block might represent each of these lines of code for one of these methods. in this way, a supervisor does not need to understand the code itself, as it is written, as long as the purpose of that block is communicated effectively. some block diagrams can be used as a way to map out a process as a top - down diagram. for instance, a person who has an inspired project might use a block diagram as a way to convey the idea as a series of individual blocks, each of which helps support the main topic. later, these individual blocks might then be analyzed and further developed into additional block diagrams as needed. this method can be repeated until the process is mapped out to the satisfaction of all those involved with the project. if compiled and mapped out completely, the block diagram might resemble a pine tree type of structure of the entire project, which is typical for a top - down diagram.


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - v. to establish in office ; install. century dictionary and cyclopedia - to set or place ; establish, as in a rank or condition. - to invest. gnu webster ' s 1913 - v. to set, place, or establish, as in a rank, office, or condition ; to install ; to invest. - from in - + state. ( wiktionary ) “ north carolina improved to 21 - 1 in instate tournament games, including 6 - 0 in games played here - home to atlantic coast conference rival wake forest. ” “ while this was not a war, the instate was the same. ” “ but, the difficult national environment for democrats coupled with a surge in republican energy instate - - the result of the passage of a stringent immigration bill - - quickly turned the race into a serious contest. ” “ soccer board of directors voted to re - instate the provisional sanction. ” “ after a first refusal, obama says he ' ll now re - instate solar water heating to the white house roof, and will add photo - voltaic cells that will generate electricity. ” “ if we want to avoid catastrophic climate change and avoid climate disaster, we need to instate a moratorium on drilling in the arctic. ” “ i think only money from instate sources should be allowed to pay for the campaign. ” “ this seems like more of a power play to me : they want a worldwide governing body to oversee this and have them instate rules in place that will change our lives forever. ” “ it ' s time to re - instate the tax breaks from the 2000 - 2004 period and we all have to face the fact that these bills must be paid. ” “ then if congress really thinks this is incorrect, they can re - instate them. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ instate ’. the only letters without a " satine " bingo possibility : j, q, y words found through wordie ' s random word function. i didn ' t take phrases, foreign, misspelled, or madeupical words, so i looked at about 200 words to assemble this list. i was surprise... looking for tweets for instate.


a footnote. fourteen bars. can a fifty - five second composition be a key to unlocking chopin ’ s life - long aesthetic? cantabile. an italian word first used around 1724. it means “ singable, ” “ songlike, ” or indicates “ a style of playing designed to imitate the human voice. ” twice in his life chopin fell head - over - heels in love … with singers. a third became a close friend and collaborator. days after his arrival in paris, chopin wrote home heady with the endless buffet of spectacular voices he was hearing night after night. chopin was identifying something of himself in these great voices and in what they were singing - most notably in the “ never - ending melody ” chopin reported hearing in vincenzo bellini ’ s operas. for many music scholars, chopin ’ s love of opera, and of singing, is the key to understanding his music ; they call it chopin ’ s “ cantabile aesthetic. ” flowing, singable, lines, bellini ’ s bel canto, translated to the black and white of the keys. cantabile is also the title of this briefest of chopin miniatures. chopin wrote it in paris around 1834, but it didn ’ t get published until nearly a century later. despite its brevity, it sums up the singing soul of chopin. as chopin ’ s biographer, james hunecker wrote, " he may become old - fashioned, but, like mozart, he will remain eternally beautiful. ” - jennifer foster


in grammar terms, a participle is an adjective ( descriptive word ) made from a verb. ( noun ) an example of a participle is " sleeping " in the phrase " sleeping dogs. " see participle in webster ' s new world college dictionary origin : ofr < l participium < particeps, participating, partaking < participare, participate : from participating in the nature of both v. & adj. see participle in american heritage dictionary 4 origin : middle english origin :, from old french origin :, variant of participe origin :, from latin participium ( translation of greek metokhe, sharing, partaking, participle ) origin :, from particeps, particip -, partaker ; see participate. usage note : participial phrases such as walking down the street or having finished her homework are commonly used in english to modify nouns or pronouns, but care must be taken in incorporating such phrases into sentences. readers will ordinarily associate a participle with the noun, noun phrase, or pronoun adjacent to it, and misplacement may produce comic effects as in he watched his horse take a turn around the track carrying a racing sheet under his arm. a correctly placed participial phrase leaves no doubt about what is being modified : sitting at her desk, jane read the letter carefully. • another pitfall in using participial phrases is illustrated in the following sentence : turning the corner, the view was quite different. grammarians would say that such a sentence contains a “ dangling participle ” because there is no noun or pronoun in the sentence that the participial phrase could logically modify. moving the phrase will not solve the problem ( as it would in the sentence about the horse with a racing sheet ). to avoid distracting the reader, it would be better to recast the sentence as when we turned the corner, the view was quite different or turning the corner, we had a different view. • a number of expressions originally derived from participles have become prepositions, and these may be used to introduce phrases that are not associated with the immediately adjacent noun phrase. such expressions include concerning, considering, failing, granting, judging by, and speaking of. thus one may write without fear of criticism speaking of politics, the elections have been postponed or considering the hour, it is surprising that he arrived at all. learn more about participle


and poor workers. thus when an authoritarian regime markets clothing and athletic shoes that were produced by child labor under sweatshop conditions, the wto claims that there is nothing it can do. the demonstrations in seattle, however, showed that growing numbers of americans are recognizing that all of these issues - third world sweatshops, the destruction of unions, deteriorating living standards, the dismantling of social programs inside the u. s. - are actually interconnected. " globalization " is not some abstraction, but a destructive social force that has practical consequences on how we live, work and eat. there is a direct connection between the elimination of millions of jobs that can sustain families here in the u. s., and the exportation of jobs into countries without unions, environmental and safety standards. as real jobs disappear for millions of u. s. workers, and as welfare programs are eliminated, the only alternative is to use the prisons as the chief means of regulating mass unemployment. thus in the 1990s in the u. s., a period of so - called unprecedented capitalist expansion, the number of prisoners in federal, state and local correctional facilities roughly doubled. between 1995 and 1997, according to the national jobs for all coalition, the average incomes of the poorest 20 percent of female - headed families fell. in 1998, 163 cities and 670 counties had unemployment rates that were more than 50 percent higher than the national average. these deep pockets of joblessness and hunger are not accidental : they represent the logical economic consequences of a nation that builds one hundred new prison cells a day and sanctions the exportation of millions of jobs. black americans therefore should be in the forefront of the debates about international trade, but we must do so by recalling the activist slogan of the sixties : " think globally, act locally. " there is an inescapable connection between seattle and sing sing prison, between global inequality and the brutalization of third world labor and what ' s happening to black, brown and working people here in the u. s. as globalized capitalism destroys democracy, unions and the environment abroad, it is carrying out a similar agenda in our own backyards. for these reasons, we must create new organizations and a new political language that can unify international groups into collective protest action. we are challenged to build new political networks and information sharing across the boundaries of race, gender, class and nation. we must make the connections in the fight for democracy in the 21st century. dr. manning marable is professor of history and political science, and the director