t the only euphemism. here is a short list of some of the other more egregious ones : this last one is so unbelievable ( and not very well known ), i feel it is important to expand on it a little. in the evacuation order, it states : all japanese persons, both alien and non - alien, will be evacuated from the above designated area by 12 : 00 o ’ clock noon tuesday, april 7, 1942. if an alien is someone who is not a citizen, a non - alien is a citizen. but they couldn ’ t say, “ all japanese person, both citizen and non - citizen will be evacuated ” because it would be too obviously unconstitutional. but if we say non - alien most people wouldn ’ t give it a second thought. hiding the truth of what happened behind euphemistic language doesn ’ t allow us as a country to learn from our mistake and make sure it doesn ’ t happen again. that ’ s why when people ask me about my family ’ s experience in world war ii, i always make sure to start by saying that they were incarcerated for almost six years in america ’ s concentration camps. if you want to learn more, i recommend reading words can lie or clarify : terminology of the world war ii incarceration of japanese americans by aiko herzig - yoshinaga. ( aiko was one of the people responsible for proving that the incarceration of japanese americans was not based on a military necessity but racism. ) finally, mako nakagawa will be speaking at the japanese american national museum on august 27, 2011 at 2pm. she will discuss euphemisms and the importance of using accurate terminology.


coming soon! nanotech on your desktop within 15 years, desktop nanofactories could pump out anything from a new car to a novel nanoweapon, says a technology commentator. and he warns that society needs to start preparing for this brave new world. mike treder from the center for responsible nanotechnology ( crn ) in new york says advanced nanotechnology, like these nanofactories, could help solve world poverty but it could also wreak economic and social chaos. " it ' s the biggest challenge we ' ve ever faced as a species, " says treder, who has been addressing scientists in australia this week. crn is a non - profit organisation advised among others by the so - called father of nanotechnology, dr eric drexler. the organisation says it aims to raise awareness about the benefits and dangers of molecular manufacturing, the precise assembly of products atom - by - atom. while molecular manufacturing is not yet a reality, treder says researchers are already working on building molecular - scale machines that could eventually move atoms around to make products. and he says that in less than 15 years, nanoscale factories could be making consumer products from cups and chairs to cars and house bricks. raw materials like carbon would be pumped into the nanofactory, where atoms would be rearranged to make products according to programs downloaded from the internet, says treder. treder says such desktop nanofactories could help reduce poverty and starvation in developing nations, and provide tremendous medical benefits. but society needs to guard against its potential risks. in particular, he says crn is concerned that these desktop nanofactories would lead to a nano " arms race " in which hard - to - detect nanoweapons could be designed, manufactured and tested much quicker than they are today. " imagine a suitcase filled with billions of toxin - carrying flying robots that could be released anywhere to target a population, " he says. " you could make a suitcase full of these things overnight for a few dollars. " the mass production of consumer goods by private desktop factories could also trigger social chaos due to economic disruption, says treder. " if i can make my own car at home for a couple of hundred dollars with a design downloaded from the internet that means i ' m not a customer of the auto dealer down the road. " waste from such easy manufacturing, or nanolitter, is another issue that needs to be thought about, he says. as is the prospect of nanospam. " if someone could


m not a customer of the auto dealer down the road. " waste from such easy manufacturing, or nanolitter, is another issue that needs to be thought about, he says. as is the prospect of nanospam. " if someone could send you a product online that you don ' t want but they just make it pump out of your nanofactory, how are we going to prevent that? " experts are generally sceptical that desktop factories could exist so soon but welcome treder ' s discussion of impacts of nanotechnology on society. dr peter binks of nanotechnology victoria, a sponsor for treder ' s tour, says his organisation does not " yet buy into the idea " of the desktop factory. " but we don ' t dismiss it either, " he says. " we think there are a large number of technical hurdles to be overcome. " william price, professor of nanotechnology at the university of western sydney says desktop factories may be possible but technical issues will mean this will not be within 15 years. professor chennupati jagadish of the australian research council nanotechnology network, which is also a sponsor for the tour, thinks treder ' s views are imaginative and futuristic. " expecting those sorts of machines in 15 years is probably too optimistic, " he says, estimating they would be more like 30 or 40 years away, if at all. and it ' s this challenge that makes professor ned seeman, of new york university, who is involved in self - assembling arrays of dna machines, sceptical of treder ' s claims. " i think this suggestion is wildly optimistic, " he says. " most of the basic principles have not been demonstrated, much less in a ' desktop ' context. " but even he is not willing to rule the technology out completely. " one hundred years from now anything is possible. "


accessmylibrary provides free access to millions of articles from top publications available through your library. over the years, countless scholarly works have been written about the african - american experience. in addition to examining the african - american ' s place in american history, some scholars have taken special interest in the black family, black youth, and black urban life ( billingsley, 1968 ; frazier, 1939 ; glasgow, 1980 ; glick & mills, 1974 ; gutman, 1976 ; hill, 1973 ; moynihan, 1965 ; wilson, 1987 ). as early as 1908, w. e. b. dubois wrote the negro american family and, years before that, described black life in the city of philadelphia ( 1899 ). since that time, except for that of a handful of scholars, interest in these subjects has waxed and waned, invariably increasing after incidents of urban unrest and turmoil such as the riots of the 1960s. the most recent riot, occurring in los angeles in may 1992, and escalating incidences of senseless urban violence have combined to renew scholarly, as well as public, concern for discovering why such events occur. one has only to look at statistical data compiled and interpreted in book form ( hacker, 1992 ) or data directly from the u. s. bureau of the census or from other government agencies to see why there might be unrest, despair, and even a sense of hopelessness in the black urban ghetto in general and among black young adults in particular. it is clear that these young people have much to contend with and have fewer and fewer tools to overcome the obstacles before them, obstacles that have the power to defeat them even before they are out of infancy. these are forces that weaken the black family, that undermine education, and that glorify violence. the 1990 census report indicates that african - americans make up 11. 9 percent of the total population of this country, yet they disproportionately contribute to statistics which, when translated, portray the face of ongoing human tragedy. to begin with, almost two - thirds of all black babies are now born outside marriage. this means that a large percentage of black families are headed by females. in fact, 56. 2 percent of all black families are headed by women and 55. 1 percent of these women have never been married ( hacker, 1992, pp. 67 - 74 ). more disturbing is the tendency of black teenagers to begin sexual activity at a relatively early age. it is estimated that, by age fifteen, 68. 6 percent of black


community based adaptation the ifad adaptive approach to participatory mapping : design and delivery of participatory mapping projectssubmitted by c. baldin on fri, 2013 - 01 - 25 20 : 00 this document reports on an adaptive approach to designing and implementing participatory mapping initiatives within ifad - supported projects. the adaptive undp / gef supported cba community based adaptation project pilot sites : onamulunga school garden projectsubmitted by andrea on mon, 2011 - 09 - 26 07 : 09 the community - based adaptation programme ( cba ) is a five - year united nations development programme ( undp ) global initiative funded by the global environmental facility ( gef ). undp works with a number of partners including the united nations volunteers and the gef small grants programme ( sgp ). initial cba investments have been made in 20 communities in the northern parts of namibia ( i. e. omusati, oshana, ohangwena, oshikoto and kavango regions ). climate models suggest that these areas are particularly vulnerable and face significant climate change risks, both at present and in future. to facilitate uptake of cba strategies the onamulunga combined school project is focused on integrating adaptation to climate change into school curriculum. the pilot programme at onamulunga combined school in the oshikoto region involves training grade 9 and 10students in adaptation farming methods such as conservation tilling, water harvesting, and micro - drip irrigation and planting drought resistant crops. these methods are subsequently taken up by the students ’ native communities. this project directly contributes towards millennium development goals ( mdgs ) 2 and 7 and, through a special focus on the inclusion of young women and girls, to mdg 3. the project also indirectly contributes to the realization of other mdgs. there are various community based adaptation projects in namibia. the particular project discussed here is implemented by an ngo called creative entrepreneurs solutions ( ces ) that applies cba measures through self - help groups. at the onamulunga combined school in the oshikoto region, grade 9 and 10 students receive practical lessons in how to implement improved farming methods for a future affected by climate change. results and learning : according to a recent field visit by an independent assessor, the onamulunga garden project has achieved many of the intended results. various sites at the school have been prepared for crop agriculture using the latest conservation tilling methods for dry land crops and micro - drip irrigation for vegetables


measures through self - help groups. at the onamulunga combined school in the oshikoto region, grade 9 and 10 students receive practical lessons in how to implement improved farming methods for a future affected by climate change. through equipping the students with relevant agricultural adaptation skills, the pilot programme is designed to sow the seeds for uptake and wider spread of adaptation measures throughout the community. - outcome 1 : enhanced adaptive capacity allows communities to reduce their vulnerability to adverse impacts of future climate hazards. - outcome 2 : national policies and programmes promote replication of best practices derived from cba projects. - outcome 3 : cooperation among member countries promotes innovation in adaptation to climate change including variability. project status : under implementation primary beneficiaries : major stakeholders are : the onamulunga combined school ; creative entrepreneurs solutions ( ces ). primary beneficiaries are the grade 9 and 10 students, their families and the communities living within the pilot areas, as well as other schools in the wider area. undp / gef supported cba community based adaptation project pilot sites : university of namibia – ogongo campus : the sweet - stem sorghum researchsubmitted by andrea on mon, 2011 - 09 - 26 06 : 42 the community - based adaptation programme ( cba ) is a five - year united nations development programme ( undp ) global initiative funded by the global environmental facility ( gef ). undp works with a number of partners including the united nations volunteers and the gef small grants programme ( sgp ). initial cba investments have been made in 20 communities in the northern parts of namibia ( i. e. omusati, oshana, ohangwena, oshikoto and kavango regions ). climate models suggest these areas are particularly vulnerable and face significant climate change risks, both at present and in future. to facilitate uptake of cba strategies, one project focuses on research into sweet - stem sorghum varieties that are better suited to altered climatic conditions. the purpose is to cultivate one variety that is not only stronger, but also presents the ideal mix of multi - purpose applications, such as food, fodder / silage and sugar extract for ethanol ( biofuel ). the project pursues multifaceted objectives of food security, environmental sustainability and universal education. these objectives address the three millennium development goals ( mdgs ) 1, 2, and 7. now entering its final stage, the researchers are focusing on three remaining sorghum varieties. one


between them, in the opposite direction. an " awakening from above " may change nature, but it does not, in and of itself, change human nature. in it, no human effort has been expended. those to whom it happens are passive. while it lasts, it is overwhelming ; but only while it lasts. thereafter, people revert to what they were. an " awakening from below ", by contrast, leaves a permanent mark. because human beings have taken the initiative, something in them changes. their horizons of possibility have been expanded. they now know they are capable of great things, and because they did so once, they are aware that they can do so again. an awakening from above temporarily transforms the external world ; an awakening from below permanently transforms our internal world. the first changes the universe ; the second changes us. two examples. the first : before and after the division of the red sea, the israelites were confronted by enemies : before, by the egyptians, after by the amalekites. the difference is total. before the red sea, the israelites were commanded to do nothing : stand still and you will see the deliverance god will bring you today... god will fight for you ; you need only be still. ( 14 : 13 - 14 ). facing the amalekites, however, the israelites themselves had to fight : moses said to joshua, ' choose men and go out and fight the amalekites ( 17 : 9 ). the first was an " awakening from above ", the second an " awakening from below. " the difference was palpable. within three days after the division of the sea, the greatest of all miracles, the israelites began complaining again ( no water, no food ). but after the war against the amalekites, the israelites never again complained when facing conflict ( the sole exception - when the spies returned and the people lost heart - was when they relied on hearsay testimony, not on the immediate prospect of battle itself ). the battles fought for us do not change us ; the battles we fight, do. the second example : mount sinai and the tabernacle. the torah speaks about these two revelations of " god ' s glory " in almost identical terms : the glory of god settled on mount sinai. for six days the cloud covered the mountain, and on the seventh day god called to moses from within the cloud. then the cloud covered the tent of meeting, and the glory of god filled the tab


labeling and rating systems an interpretation of the library bill of rights libraries do not advocate the ideas found in their collections or in resources accessible through the library. the presence of books and other resources in a library does not indicate endorsement of their contents by the library. likewise, providing access to digital information does not indicate endorsement or approval of that information by the library. labeling and rating systems present distinct challenges to these intellectual freedom principles. labels on library materials may be viewpoint - neutral directional aids designed to save the time of users, or they may be attempts to prejudice or discourage users or restrict their access to materials. when labeling is an attempt to prejudice attitudes, it is a censor ’ s tool. the american library association opposes labeling as a means of predisposing people ’ s attitudes toward library materials. prejudicial labels are designed to restrict access, based on a value judgment that the content, language, or themes of the material, or the background or views of the creator ( s ) of the material, render it inappropriate or offensive for all or certain groups of users. the prejudicial label is used to warn, discourage, or prohibit users or certain groups of users from accessing the material. such labels sometimes are used to place materials in restricted locations where access depends on staff intervention. viewpoint - neutral directional aids facilitate access by making it easier for users to locate materials. the materials are housed on open shelves and are equally accessible to all users, who may choose to consult or ignore the directional aids at their own discretion. directional aids can have the effect of prejudicial labels when their implementation becomes proscriptive rather than descriptive. when directional aids are used to forbid access or to suggest moral or doctrinal endorsement, the effect is the same as prejudicial labeling. many organizations use rating systems as a means of advising either their members or the general public regarding the organizations ’ opinions of the contents and suitability or appropriate age for use of certain books, films, recordings, web sites, games, or other materials. the adoption, enforcement, or endorsement of any of these rating systems by a library violates the library bill of rights. when requested, librarians should provide information about rating systems equitably, regardless of viewpoint. adopting such systems into law or library policy may be unconstitutional. if labeling or rating systems are mandated by law, the library should seek legal advice regarding the law ’ s applicability to library operations. libraries sometimes acquire resources that include ratings as part of their packaging. librarians should not


the word “ hermeneutic ” is often used to refer to a method or style of interpretation commonly associated with the interpretation of scripture. no doubt there are any number of hermeneutical methods a person can use when approaching scripture : hermeneutic of rationalism, historical critical method, hermeneutic of trust, etc. any person can, regardless of personal belief, approach scripture using any hermeneutic they see fit to use. however, not ever hermeneutic is equal and not ever hermeneutic is useful in fostering spiritual growth and developing a deeper relationship with christ. the catholic church has never accepted many of the modern critical methods and hermeneutics used in biblical interpretation and biblical criticism in their totality ; she has found them time and time again useful but inadequate in being able to give a complete interpretation of scripture, for it is that each has their own pitfalls and stumbling blocks, which more often results in an emptying of meaning from scripture than in a richer understanding of scripture. many of these modern critical methods fall under what scholars have named a hermeneutic of suspicion. in short, a hermeneutic of suspicion operates from the mindset that scripture cannot be trusted in its current form. that the modern mind cannot and does not have access to the meaning of scripture without first running it through certain textual and analytical filters. a hermeneutic of suspicion encourages the reader to suspect the credibility of scripture and those who interpret scripture operating from a different hermeneutic. a hermeneutic of suspicion stands contrary to what dei verbum, the document from vatican ii on divine revelation, states : “ holy mother church has firmly and with absolute constancy held, and continues to hold, that the four gospels just named, whose historical character the church unhesitatingly asserts, faithfully hand on what jesus christ, while living among men, really did and taught for their eternal salvation... the sacred authors wrote the four gospels... told us the honest truth about jesus. for their intention in writing was that either from their own memory and recollections, or from the witness of those who “ themselves from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word ” we might know “ the truth ” concerning those matters about which we have been instructed ( § 19 ). " the vatican ii document even stands in union with pope benedict ’ s xvi ’ s utterance of “ i trust the gospels ” in his recent book jesus of nazareth ( xx


to scripture : “ what kind of conversation can we have with scripture if we enter into that conversation already suspicious of that conversation we are about to have? ” some of the students held that the bible was exempt from the above approach. as it was, many of these students had scripture professors who approached scripture with suspicion and had passed on that suspicion to their students. so it was no surprise that the rules changed when applied to scripture. this was a problem. for by being unable to converse freely, fully, and openly with scripture and being only able to approach scripture with suspicion turns scripture into a kind of supermarket tabloid fit with aliens, biblical doomsday prophecy, and bigfoot ’ s baby. scripture becomes a book of hearsay akin to hearing a story from a friend who heard it from a friend who knows a fellow who says it ’ s true. further by conversing suspiciously with scripture, scripture resembles a fisherman ’ s story about the ‘ big one ’ that got away. where on the fisher ’ s first telling, the fish is a reasonable size about ‘ ye big ’ as he would demonstrate with his hands spread apart. while on the fisher ’ s last telling of the story, the fisher, equipped only with a rod and reel in a 8 - foot skiff, with his wits alone to protect him, fights moby dick himself long through the night and into the wee hours of the morning until the fish finally tires and surfaces next to the vessel in time only for the fisher ’ s line or pole to break before a net sizable enough can be reached, and all the while his camera, on the other side of the boat, cannot be reached in time to document the story that is, only after exaggeration and misinformation have been stripped away can the real meaning be determined. this is a take on scripture highly contrary from the recommendations of vatican ii, the holy father and is different from how the saints conversed with scripture. finally, to approach scripture with suspicion is to, by default, approach other parts of the doctrines of faith with the same suspicion, for much of catholic theology is derived from scripture. as mentioned earlier, to operate from a hermeneutic of suspicion is to be suspicious of not only scripture but also the church who vouches for it. furthermore to not trust scripture means that one does not trust the inspiration or the person whom inspired the holy texts : the holy spirit. we know that wherever one person of the trinity is present so are the other two and every act of god is always tri


science fair project encyclopedia cryonics is the practice of preserving organisms, or at least their brains, for possible future revival by storing them at cryogenic temperatures where metabolism and decay are almost completely stopped. an organism held in such a state ( either frozen or vitrified ) is said to be cryopreserved. barring social disruptions, cryonicists believe that a perfectly vitrified person can be expected to remain physically viable for at least 30, 000 years, after which time cosmic ray damage is thought to be irreparable. many scientists in the field, most notably ralph merkle and brian wowk, hold that molecular nanotechnology has the potential to extend even this limit many times over. to its detractors, the justification for cryonics is unclear, given the primitive state of preservation technology. advocates counter that even a slim chance of revival is better than no chance. in the future, they speculate, not only will conventional health services be improved, but they will also quite likely have expanded even to the conquering of old age itself ( see links at the bottom ). therefore, if one could preserve one ' s body ( or at least the contents of one ' s mind ) for, say, another hundred years, one might well be resuscitated and live indefinitely long. but critics of the field contend that, while an interesting technical idea, cryonics is currently little more than a pipedream, that current " patients " will never be successfully revived, and that decades of research, at least, must occur before cryonics is to be a legitimate field with any hope of success. probably the most famous cryopreserved patient is ted williams. the popular urban legend that walt disney was cryopreserved is false ; he was cremated, and interred at forest lawn memorial park cemetery. robert heinlein, who wrote enthusiastically of the concept, was cremated and his ashes distributed over the pacific ocean. timothy leary was a long - time cryonics advocate, and signed up with a major cryonics provider. he changed his mind, however, shortly before his death, and so was not cryopreserved. obstacles to success damage from ice formation cryonics has traditionally been dismissed by mainstream cryobiology, of which it is arguably a part. the reason generally given for this dismissal is that the freezing process creates ice crystals, which damage cells and cellular structures — a condition sometimes called " whole body freezer burn " — so as to render any future repair impossible


which it is arguably a part. the reason generally given for this dismissal is that the freezing process creates ice crystals, which damage cells and cellular structures — a condition sometimes called " whole body freezer burn " — so as to render any future repair impossible. cryonicists have long argued, however, that the extent of this damage was greatly exaggerated by the critics, presuming that some reasonable attempt is made to perfuse the body with cryoprotectant chemicals ( traditionally glycerol ) that inhibit ice crystal formation. according to cryonicists, however, the freezer burn objection became moot around the turn of the millennium, when cryobiologists greg fahy and brian wowk, of twenty - first century medicine developed major improvements in cryopreservation technology, including new cryoprotectants and new cryoprotectant solutions, that greatly improved the feasibility of eliminating ice crystal formation entirely, allowing vitrification ( preservation in a glassy rather than frozen state ). in a glass, the molecules do not rearrange themselves into grainy ice crystals as the solution cools, but instead become locked together while still randomly arranged as in a fluid, forming a " solid liquid " as the temperature falls below the glass transition temperature. alcor life extension foundation, the world ' s largest cryonics provider, has since been using these cryoprotectants, along with a new, faster cooling method, to vitrify whole human brains. they continue to use the less effective glycerol - based freezing for patients who opt to have their whole bodies preserved, since vitrification of an entire body is beyond current technical capabilities. the only other full - service cryonics provider in the world, the cryonics institute, is currently testing its own vitrification solution. current solutions being used for vitrification are stable enough to avoid crystallization even when a vitrified brain is warmed up. this has recently allowed brains to be vitrified, warmed back up, and examined for ice damage using light and electron microscopy. no ice crystal damage was found. however, if the circulation of the brain is compromised, protective chemicals may not be able to reach all parts of the brain, and freezing may occur either during cooling or during warming. cryonicists argue, however, that injury caused during cooling can be repaired before the vitrified brain is warmed back up, and that damage during rewarming can be prevented by adding more cryoprotectant in


cooling or during warming. cryonicists argue, however, that injury caused during cooling can be repaired before the vitrified brain is warmed back up, and that damage during rewarming can be prevented by adding more cryoprotectant in the solid state, or by improving rewarming methods. some critics have speculated that because a cryonics patient has been declared legally dead, their organs are dead, and thus unable to allow cryoprotectants to reach the majority of cells. cryonicists respond that it has been empirically demonstrated that, so long as the cryopreservation process begins immediately after legal death is declared, the individual organs ( and perhaps even the patient as a whole ) remain biologically alive, and vitrification ( particularly of the brain ) is quite feasible. critics have often quipped that it is easier to revive a corpse than a cryonically frozen body. many cryonicists might actually agree with this, provided that the " corpse " were fresh, but they would argue that such a " corpse " may actually be biologically alive, under optimal conditions. a declaration of legal death does not mean that life has suddenly ended — death is a gradual process, not a sudden event. rather, legal death is a declaration by medical personnel that there is nothing more they can do to save the patient. but if the body is clearly biologically dead, having been sitting at room temperature for a period of time, or having been traditionally embalmed, then cryonicists would hold that such a body is far less revivable than a cryonically preserved patient, since any process of resuscitation will depend on the quality of the structural and molecular preservation of the brain, which is largely destroyed by ischemic damage ( from lack of blood flow ) within minutes or hours of cardiac arrest, if the body is left to sit at room temperature. traditional embalming also largely destroys this crucial neurological structure. cryonicists would also point out that the definitions of " death " and " corpse " currently in use may change with future medical advances, just as they have changed in the past, and so they generally reject the idea that they are trying to " raise the dead ", viewing their procedures instead as highly experimental medical procedures, whose efficacy is yet to be either demonstrated or refuted. some also suggest that if technology is developed that allows mind transfer, revival of the frozen brain might not even be required ; the mind of the patient could instead be " uploaded " into an entirely


whose efficacy is yet to be either demonstrated or refuted. some also suggest that if technology is developed that allows mind transfer, revival of the frozen brain might not even be required ; the mind of the patient could instead be " uploaded " into an entirely new substrate. the biggest drawback to current vitrification practice is a costs issue. because the only really cost - effective means of storing a cryopreserved person is in liquid nitrogen, possibly large - scale fracturing of the brain occurs, a result of cooling to −196°c, the temperature of liquid nitrogen. fracture - free vitrification would require inexpensive storage at a temperature significantly below the glass transition temperature of about −125°c, but high enough to avoid fracturing ( −150°c is about right ). alcor is currently developing such a storage system. alcor believes, however, that even before such a storage system is developed, the current vitrification method is far superior to traditional glycerol - based freezing, since the fractures are very clean breaks that occur even with traditional glycerol cryoprotection, and the loss of neurological structure is still less than that caused by ice formation, by orders of magnitude. while cryopreservation arrangements can be expensive ( currently ranging from $ 28, 000 to $ 150, 000 ), most cryonicists pay for it with life insurance. the elderly, and others who may be uninsurable for health reasons, will often pay for the procedure through their estate. others simply invest their money over a period of years, accepting the risk that they might die in the meantime. all in all, cryonics is actually quite affordable for the vast majority of those in the industrialized world who really want it, especially if they make arrangements while still young. even assuming perfect cryopreservation techniques, many cryonicists would still regard eventual revival as a long shot. in addition to the many technical hurdles that remain, the likelihood of obtaining a good cryopreservation is not very high because of logistical problems. the likelihood of the continuity of cryonics organizations as businesses, and the threat of legislative interference in the practice, don ' t help the odds either. most cryonicists, therefore, regard their cryopreservation arrangements as a kind of medical insurance — not certain to keep them alive, but better than no chance at all and still a rational gamble to take. brain vs. whole - body cryopreservation during the 1980s,


cryopreservation arrangements as a kind of medical insurance — not certain to keep them alive, but better than no chance at all and still a rational gamble to take. brain vs. whole - body cryopreservation during the 1980s, the problems associated with crystallization were becoming better appreciated, and the emphasis shifted from whole body to brain - only or " neuropreservation ", on the assumption that the rest of the body could be regrown, perhaps by cloning of the person ' s dna or by using embryonic stem cell technology. the main goal now seems to be to preserve the information contained in the structure of the brain, on which memory and personal identity depends. available scientific and medical evidence suggests that the mechanical structure of the brain is wholly responsible for personal identity and memories ( for instance, spinal cord injury victims, organ transplant patients, and amputees appear to retain their personal identity and memories ). damage caused by freezing and fracturing is thought to be potentially repairable in the future, using nanotechnology, which will enable the manipulation of matter at the molecular level. to critics, this appears a kind of futuristic deus ex machina, but while the engineering details remain speculative, the rapidity of scientific advances over the past century, and more recently in the field of nanotechnology itself, suggest to some that there may be no insurmountable problems. and the cryopreserved patient can wait a long time. with the advent of vitrification, the importance of nanotechnology to the cryonics movement may begin to decrease. some critics, and even some cryonicists, question this emphasis on the brain, arguing that during neuropreservation some information about the body ' s phenotype will be lost and the new body may feel " unwanted ", and that in case of brain damage the body may serve as a crude backup, helping restore indirectly some of the memories. partly for this reason, the cryonics institute preserves only whole bodies. some proponents of neuropreservation agree with these concerns, but still feel that lower costs and better brain preservation justify preserving only the brain. historically, cryonics began in 1962 with the publication of the prospect of immortality by robert ettinger. in the 1970s, the damage caused by crystallization was not well understood. two early organizations went bankrupt, allowing their patients to thaw out, bringing the matter to the public eye, at which point the problem with cellular damage became more well known and the


boson or bogus, billion - dollar bull? by hank mills salt lake city, utah july 9, 2012 salt lake city, utah - - the universe is a mysterious place, and we understand very little about how it works. sadly, the challenges our civilization faces such as war, poverty, pollution, economic turmoil, and " black swan " events may not allow humanity to exist long enough to figure it out before our species goes extinct. if we are to learn how the universe works, breakthrough technologies like cold fusion ( lenr ) need to be pursued, instead of multibillion dollar projects such as the search for the higgs boson that will have very few real - world applications in the short - to - medium term. what humanity needs at this moment are working technologies that can allow us to overcome the issues that threaten our civilization. the cold fusion - based energy catalyzer, known colloquially as the e - cat, is just such a technology because it could allow for almost unlimited energy production utilizing only tiny amounts of cheap, non - polluting fuel. the home version of the e - cat is expected to be available commercially in the next six months at a cost $ 600 or less. the energy catalyzer has cost andrea rossi, a successful and colorful italian engineer, virtually everything he has - perhap smore than $ 1 million dollars in all. by contrast, it took $ 9 billion and 30 years of work and 9, 000 scientists to build the large hadron accelerator in geneva that they say " may have " discovered the so - called " god particle, " the theoretical construct known as the higgs boson. the united states contributed $ 531 million of that, and it uses enough power for 120, 000 homes or the entire canton of geneva, switzerland. it costs the united kingdom enough to buy a beer for everyone in the country. with cold fusion technology, funded by less than $ 100 millioon, humanity could gain a tool that could allow for large - scale desalinization of water and the resulting transformation of deserts into productive farmland, along with a massive reduction in the co2 pollution that fuels global warming. the e - cat utilizes tiny amounts of nickel powder, hydrogen gas, and undisclosed ( for proprietary reasons ) catalysts to produce nuclear reactions, with the result being a massive release of energy in the form of heat. in every way, this technology matches what i had hoped for throughout my childhood and later on in my life : in addition, the millions of jobs created around the world


reactions, with the result being a massive release of energy in the form of heat. in every way, this technology matches what i had hoped for throughout my childhood and later on in my life : in addition, the millions of jobs created around the world by a cold - fusion revolution would galvanize the global economy and end the current global recession - and do it all safely, without fukushima - like events. to be blunt, cold - fusion technology holds the potential to transform our world from a planet of poverty, war and self - destruction into a place of enlightened prosperity. on the other hand, the existence of the higgs boson offers no near - term benefits to humanity. it may give us a bit more knowledge about the universe, but no one claims that even one single technology that could be immediately developed using this knowledge. if the existence of the higgs boson could yield a warp drive, free - energy device, gravity - modifying device, or other breakthrough in a reasonable period of time, perhaps the billions of dollars spent would be worth it. but the truth is that just like hot fusion research, the search for the higgs boson is a boondoggle. due to the lack of any near - term benefits, the funds could be better spent elsewhere. if a fraction of the money spent on the search for the higgs boson had been put into cold fusion research 20 years ago, there would be no energy crisis today. instead, cold fusion devices that could produce kilowatts of power and very high temperatures - like the e - cat - would have been quickly developed and commercialized. instead of putting money into practical technologies that could benefit all mankind in the near term, the career scientists naysayed exotic technologies like cold fusion, and lobbied for billions of dollars in additional funding for giant hot fusion reactors and particle colliders. all these years later, we have seen little or no return on the investment in the form of technological advancement. we are still stuck with rockets for propulsion and burning fossil fuels for energy. literally, we are still in a technological dark age when it comes to the most fundamental of technologies - energy and propulsion. ( if you don ' t count the " black, " off - budget projects that use taxpayer money with no taxpayer benefit, and actually have the agenda of making us all slaves. ) i do not want to call the search for the higgs field or the higgs boson totally meaningless. however, i think nicola tesla ' s work ( although still ignored by


benefit, and actually have the agenda of making us all slaves. ) i do not want to call the search for the higgs field or the higgs boson totally meaningless. however, i think nicola tesla ' s work ( although still ignored by the mainstream ) into the nature of the ether is much more meaningful. he worked for years to find ways of harnessing the ether to allow for practical applications. some of these applications, such as wireless power transfer and superluminal communication via longitudinal waves in the ether, and his black box that provided electrical power ( from the ether ) to run an electrical vehicle - have been replicated. others have not yet been replicated, so far as we know. but if a fraction of the billions of dollars spent on hot fusion and the search for the higgs boson were utilized to fund inventors with the open - mindedness of tesla, knowledge of how the universe works would be opened up to us very quickly. my personal belief is that all the most important breakthroughs and discoveries will come from projects that can be performed in an ordinary lab, with a modest amount of funding. i think expensive multibillion - dollar projects that require monstrous reactors and miles - long particle accelerators belong in the future - if ever - after we have solved the more immediate issues facing our civilization. once our civilization is stabilized and poverty is a thing of the past, after we stop fighting wars over oil and the destruction of our environment has been reduced, then it may be time for larger - scale projects. of course, by that time, the smaller - scale projects may have figured almost everything out that the monolithic projects were designed to explore. by then, the commercialization of cold fusion, free energy, gravity modification, faster - than - light drives and other technologies may have provided us with a more complete knowledge of how the universe works. i think the e - cat is a key example of a technology that was developed on a modest budget that will provide both solutions to the challenges our civilization faces and a huge wealth of information about how our universe works. in fact, cold fusion may end up telling us more about how our universe works than the existence of the higgs boson. in my opinion, once the world recognizes that cold fusion is a reality, it will turn the discovery of the higgs boson into a footnote in history. also, it will expose how a field of study in which researchers are often forced to work on shoestring budgets can yield greater benefits for humanity than research that receives


of content, but also 21st century skills that are transferable across disciplines and into life after k - 12 schooling. through this standard, students can communicate and collaborate, both in person with their teams and across the globe, giving an opportunity for global education. using the right tools for the authentic purposes of collaboration and communication, students can engage in innovative pbl projects. student net # 3 : research and information fluency students apply digital tools to gather, evaluate and use information. when we unpack this standard, one of the key words here is “ inquiry. ” students are not simply doing research. pbl projects require students to engage in in - depth inquiry on a specific topic through posing questions, researching and interpreting data, and reporting it. however, as students move through this cycle of inquiry, they may find incomplete data, require further information or make mistakes. this net lets students know that revision and reflection are critical to the inquiry process. in addition, it leverages higher - order thinking skills like synthesis and evaluation, which can ensure that pbl projects are stimulating deep learning. student net # 4 : critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making students use critical thinking skills to plan and conduct research, manage projects, solve problems and make informed decisions using appropriate digital tools and resources. pbl projects must engage students in critically thinking around content, and they often have students attempt to solve a problem. in addition, this standard really pushes for student - centered learning. it is on the students to manage themselves, make decisions and more. the teacher ’ s role is more of guide on the side, with “ just in time ” moments of instruction to help students with critical thinking and problem solving. pbl projects also leverage the 21st century skill of critical thinking and problem solving through assessment. student net # 5 : digital citizenship students understand human, cultural and societal issues related to technology, and practice legal and ethical behavior. as students engage in technology - rich projects, it is important to model and practice digital citizenship. explicit instruction, lessons and activities must take place to ensure that students are creating good “ digital footprints. ” in addition, this is a great theme inspiration for a pbl project. from a technology class to a language arts class, you can have students make recommendations about digital policy or teach other members of the school community and beyond how to be good digital citizens. as you build your pbl projects, consider how the iste nets can support your work. the nets will not only help to hone and refine a pbl project, but


submitted to : international journal of food microbiology publication type : peer reviewed journal publication acceptance date : february 20, 2004 publication date : september 1, 2004 citation : liming, s. h., bhagwat, a. a. 2004. application of molecular beacon - - real - time pcr technology to detect salmonella species contaminating fruits and vegetables. international journal of food microbiology. 95 : 177 - 187. interpretive summary : conventional methods in food may take up to one week to accurately predict the presence of human pathogens. considering the limited shelf life of produce, rapid methods for pathogen detection are required. real - time detection of salmonella strains will broaden our ability to screen large number of samples in a short time. in this study, a dna hybridization based detection method for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, based on polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) is developed to enable near - instantaneous detection and quantitative analysis. the modified protocol requires less than 24 hours and is compatible for future high throughput sample analyses requirements. detection of human pathogens from fresh produce is a crucial step in implementing food safety. both the fresh produce industry and consumers will benefit from the results of this research. an oligonucleotide probe that becomes fluorescent upon hybridization to the target dna ( molecular beacon ; mb ) was used in a real - time polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) assay to detect the presence of salmonella species. a fluorogenic mb - probe was designed to recognize the iaga ( invasion associated gene ), which is highly specific to all salmonella species that we tested. as few as 1 to 4 colony - forming units ( cfu ) per pcr reaction could be detected. the capability of the assay to detect salmonella species from artificially inoculated fresh - cut produce such as cantaloupe, mixed - salad, cilantro, and alfalfa sprouts was demonstrated. in addition, a comparison of two commercially available kits utilizing mb - pcr ( iq - check, bio - rad laboratories ) and conventional aoac - approved pcr ( bax, dupont qualicon ) was performed on artificially inoculated produce. as few as 4 cfu / 25 g of produce were detected after 16 h of enrichment in buffered peptone broth. these assays could be carried out entirely in sealed pcr tubes, enabling a rapid and high throughput detection of salmonella species in a large number of


we are banishing darkness from the night. electric lights have been shining over cities and towns around the world for a century. but, increasingly, even rural areas glimmer through the night, with mixed – and largely unstudied – impacts on wildlife. understanding these impacts is a crucial conservation challenge and bats, as almost exclusively nocturnal animals, are ideal subjects for exploring the effects of light pollution. previous studies have confirmed what many city dwellers have long noted : some bats enjoy a positive impact of illumination by learning to feed on insects attracted to streetlights. my research, however, demonstrates for the first time an important downside : artificial lighting can disrupt the commuting behavior of a threatened bat species. this project, using a novel experimental approach, was supported in part by bci student research scholarships. artificial lighting is a global phenomenon and the amount of light pollution is growing rapidly, with a 24 percent increase in england between 1993 and 2000. since then, cultural restoration projects have brought lighting to old docks and riversides, placing important river corridors used by bats and other wildlife at risk of disturbance. studies of bats ' foraging activity around streetlights find that these bats are usually fast - flying species that forage in open landscapes, typically species of pipistrellus, nyctalus, vespertilio and eptesicus. such bats are better able than their slower cousins to evade hawks, owls and other birds of prey. for our study, we chose the lesser horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus hipposideros ), a shy, slow -? ying bat that typically travels no more than about 1. 2 miles ( 2 kilometers ) from its roost to forage each night, often flying no more than 16 feet ( 5 meters ) from the ground. the species is adapted for feeding in cluttered, woodland environments. its global populations are reported decreasing and the species is endangered in many countries of central europe. the united kingdom provides a european stronghold for the lesser horseshoe bat, with an estimated population of around 50, 000. these bats ' slow flight leaves them especially vulnerable to birds of prey, so they leave their roosts only as the light fades and commute to foraging areas along linear features such as hedgerows. hedgerows are densely wooded corridors of shrubs and small trees that typically separate fields from each other and from roadways. such features are important commuting routes for many bat species, which use them for protection from predators and the elements. we suspected that lesser horseshoe bats would avoid illuminated areas, largely because


after sunset when the lights were turned on. light pollution significantly delayed the bats ' commuting behavior. interestingly, the activity began a few minutes earlier ( 23 minutes after sunset ) on the first, but not the second, noise night. it is possible that some bats emerged early to investigate the generator noise. we clearly demonstrated how artificial lighting disrupts the behavior of lesser horseshoe bats. we found no evidence of habituation : at least on our timescale, the bats did not become accustomed to the illumination and begin returning to normal activity or timing. these results suggest that light pollution may fragment the network of commuting routes used by lesser horseshoe bats, causing them to seek alternate, and probably longer, paths between roosting and foraging habitats. for some bats, this increased flight time can increase energy costs and stress, with potential impacts on reproductive success. it is critical, therefore, that light pollution be considered in conservation efforts. light pollution is an increasing global problem with negative impacts on such important animal behaviors as foraging, reproduction and communication. yet lighting is rarely considered in habitat - management plans and streetlights are specifically excluded from light - pollution legislation in england and wales. i plan to use these results as the basis for recommendations for changes in policy, conservation and management for bat habitat in areas that are subject to development. this knowledge is fundamental for understanding the factors that impact bat populations not only in the united kingdom but around the world, and in developing effective bat - conservation actions. i hope these findings will also help guide further research. scientists need to determine what levels of lighting particular bat species can tolerate, so we can take appropriate measures to limit the impact. these might include reducing illumination at commuting times, directing light away from commuting routes and constructing alternative flight routes. we sincerely hope this research and similar studies will cause both officials and the public to think more about the consequences of artificial lighting on bats and other wildlife. emma stone is a ph. d. student at the university of bristol and a researcher at the university ' s school of biological sciences. this project earned her the national vincent weir scientific award from the bat conservation trust of the united kingdom. visit her project website for more information : www. batsandlighting. co. uk. this research was originally published in the journal current biology, with co - authors gareth jones and stephen harris.


we believe that textbooks should teach critical thinking. | about bju press what is “ critical thinking ”? nearly everyone in educational circles uses the term “ critical thinking ” — in fact, it is so commonly used that it has become almost meaningless. just what is critical thinking — and what is it not? let ’ s start with what it is not. although many educators use test scores, grades, and fact - recall activities to gauge educational excellence, none of these truly measure critical - thinking skills. all education consists of two essential elements : subject matter ( “ what to think ” ) and the correct way to understand and evaluate the subject matter ( “ how to think ” ). memorization is key to the first element. critical thinking is key to the second. in short, then, critical thinking is analyzing and evaluating thinking with the goal of improving it. according to the foundation for critical thinking ( found at criticalthinking. org ), it is “ that mode of thinking — about any subject, content, or problem — in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it. ” thinking critically is thinking in order to evaluate. it means making reasoned judgments. it is using criteria to judge the quality of something. and its ultimate goal is further improvement of thinking skills. critical thinking goes hand - in - hand with creative thinking. sound creative thinking requires both the intellectual discipline to judge and evaluate and the originality and productivity to create. why should christians be concerned with thinking critically? the god of the bible is a god of reason and order. god asks us to know truth ( ps. 46 : 10 ), but he also wants us to understand truth ( luke 24 : 45 ). both knowing and understanding are key. but beyond both knowledge and understanding, is the quality of discernment ( judgment or evaluation ) that distinguishes the godly from the ungodly ( 1 cor. 2 : 14 – 15 ). the role of the textbook in teaching critical thinking of course, a textbook provides the factual base for studying a subject. but its worldview, its methods of teaching, its depth of content, and its literary quality should promote critical and creative thinking that is foundationally biblical. textbook content clearly plays an important role in what the teacher teaches, but the teacher ’ s edition of the textbook should offer help in promoting good thinking skills. that is why teacher ’ s editions from bju press provide you with key questions for discussion, discovery activities that complement your


the following glossary provides definitions for terms and descriptions for acronyms that are used in the aml handbook. this glossary does not supersede definitions in relevant laws or regulations. abandoned mine : an abandoned hardrock mine on or affecting public lands administered by the blm, at which exploration, development, mining, reclamation, maintenance, and inspection of facilities and equipment, and other operations ceased as of january 1, 1981 ( the effective date of the blm ’ s surface management regulations codified at 43 cfr subpart 3809 ) with no evidence demonstrating that the miner intends to resume mining. for many abandoned mines, no current claimant of record or viable potentially responsible party exists. abandoned mines generally include a range of mining impacts, or features that may pose a threat to water quality, public safety, and / or the environment. abandoned mine land ( aml ) program : a blm program that focuses on reclaiming hardrock abandoned mine lands on or affecting public lands administered by the blm. the primary goal of the program is to remediate and reduce actual or potential threats that pose physical safety risks and environmental degradation. the blm applies risk - based criteria and uses the watershed approach to establish project priorities. the program also works to return mine - impacted lands to productive use ( s ). applicable and relevant and appropriate requirements ( arars ) : arars are state, local, and federal standards that are directly applicable or may be considered relevant and appropriate to the circumstances on the site. arars include clean - up standards, standards of control, and other environmental protection requirements, criteria, or limitations. these standards are an inherent part of the scoping process, but will affect the long - term remediation, especially in the setting of clean - up standards and meeting other land use regulations. categorical exclusion : a category of actions ( identified in agency guidance ) that do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment and for which neither an ea nor an eis is required ( 40 cfr 1508. 4 ). environmental and disposal liability ( edl ) : an anticipated future outflow or other sacrifice of resources ( e. g., costs ) associated with cleanup due to past or current operations that have environmental closure requirements or a release of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants on blm lands or facilities. geographic information system ( gis ) : a computer system capable of storing, analyzing, and displaying data and describing places on the earth ’ s surface. government


hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants on blm lands or facilities. geographic information system ( gis ) : a computer system capable of storing, analyzing, and displaying data and describing places on the earth ’ s surface. government performance and results act ( gpra ) : the gpra ( pub. l. 103 - 62, aug. 3, 1993, 107 stat. 285 ) holds federal agencies accountable for using resources wisely and achieving program results. gpra requires agencies to develop plans for what they intend to accomplish, measure how well they are doing, make appropriate decisions based on the information they have gathered, and communicate information about their performance to congress and to the public. hardrock : this term is used here strictly in the context of the aml program and has traditionally been used by the blm and other agencies to apply to non - coal mining environments where environmental risks such as acid - mine drainage, heavy metal contamination, and threats to water quality and the environment are of concern. hardrock minerals in this context, generally include, but are not limited to gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, magnesium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, and select other minerals where priority aml problems may occur. most hardrock minerals are locatable under the mining law of 1872. non - hardrock minerals include coal ( which is addressed by the office of surface mining and state coal reclamation programs ) and some common - variety mineral materials, such as sand and gravel. hazardous substances : cercla term identifying those substances designated pursuant to section 1321 ( b ) ( 2 ) ( a ) of title 33, or 42 usc 9602, or listed in 40 cfr 302 or 355. hazardous substance release : any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment ( including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, containers, and other closed receptacles containing any hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant ). hazardous waste : refers to a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment. mine : an underground opening or open pit used for the purpose of extracting minerals. mines commonly include features, such as shafts, adits, pits, trenches, tunnels, waste rock dumps,


a substantial threat to human health and the environment. mine : an underground opening or open pit used for the purpose of extracting minerals. mines commonly include features, such as shafts, adits, pits, trenches, tunnels, waste rock dumps, tailings, and structures including, but not limited to, mills, buildings, head frames, hoists, and loading chutes. potentially responsible party ( prp ) : any individual or entity, including current and past owners, operators, transporters, arrangers, or generators who may be liable for clean - up costs for hazardous substances under cercla section 107 ( a ) or for injuries to natural resources on public lands from hazardous substance releases under section 311 ( f ) of the cwa and cercla section 107 ( f ). project : the investigation, cleanup of safety risks, stabilization, or reclamation of an abandoned mine land site or sites. a project may include one or more individual abandoned mines. the project area may be based on geologic, geographic, hydrologic, watershed, ownership, or other legal boundaries, or based on practical or logistical convenience, and is often contiguous. remedial action : permanent remedy taken to prevent or minimize the release of hazardous substances into the environment. long - term actions ( 5 - 8 years ) are necessary to return a site to its original conditions. removal action : short - term actions necessary to remove or mitigate a release or threat of release of hazardous substances. site : the area identified as being impacted by physical safety and / or environmental hazards. this can include any area where hazardous substances have been released or have migrated. the area size is influenced by the extent of the investigation, migration, evaluation, and past, current, and future clean - up activities. special status species : includes proposed species, listed species, and candidate species under the esa ; state - listed species ; and the blm state director - designated sensitive species ( see blm manual 6840 - special status species management strategic plan : a plan that establishes the overall direction for the blm. this plan is guided by the requirements of gpra, covers a 5 - year period, and is updated every 3 years. it is consistent with flpma and other laws affecting the public lands. total maximum daily load ( tmdl ) : pursuant to the clean water act, an estimate of the total quantity of pollutants ( from all sources : point, nonpoint, and natural ) that may be allowed into waters without exceeding applicable water quality criteria. watershed : this term


both experts and upstarts claim to see unlimited potential in shared wisdom. yet seasoned mentors too often advise clever cronies to operate much like themselves, with little regard for rapidly changing horizons. mindguides invite mutual mentoring few would disagree – it ’ s time to shift tutoring approaches to reflect more balanced and reciprocal coaching. guidance based on mutual brainpower potential, and experience from differences, rather than on entitlement, age or seniority. in my capstone management course, lead innovation with the brain in mind, one newly coined term – mindguiding – changes the management structure of any organization. how so? mindguiding, defines a reciprocal learning - leading process, that highlights neural pathways to innovative results. it ’ s a new way to lead big ideas, and learn new talents at the same time. it sidesteps moodiness of a few senior players, but supports serotonin - led innovations at many levels. using 10 brainpowered tools below – mindguides set a mutual stage for clever results across diverse teams. new neuro - discoveries change the roles of mentors from sage - on - the - stage mentality into more of a mindguide to the side, who comes to teams in learning or discovery roles. just as mindguides see their role less as lecturer or talker, they also listen with their brains – in ways that open new opportunities for those they support. 1. focus on gender preferences and interests : according to researcher dr. michael phillips, a neuroradiologist at the indiana university school of medicine, indianapolis, brain scans showed that men listen to language which is located in the left brain, for instance, while women use both sides, including the right brain ’ s more creative capabilities. dr. robyn mcmaster points out that women or men lead better – when they focus in novel ways, on engaging others ’ interests. mindguides value men, value women – and facilitate both – while mentors tend replicate old boy practices to include female brainpower. suggested brainpowered tool : vary communications – seek out people who differ from you – so that novelty enters the mix in ways that teach both genders. new research about novelty ’ s power for mental growth shows how original ideas offer positive experiences to those who take advantage and learn from differences. 2. technology changes how brains learn and how mindguides lead : digital sound bites shift topics frequently, and allow for specific searches on multiple topics. these new learning practices also rewire brains to catch brief bits of significant information, rather


from differences. 2. technology changes how brains learn and how mindguides lead : digital sound bites shift topics frequently, and allow for specific searches on multiple topics. these new learning practices also rewire brains to catch brief bits of significant information, rather than remain focused for long periods on any one detail. technology, however, offers challenges to mindguides not familiar with digital approaches and their impact on brainpower. suggested brainpowered tool : sketch diagrams to link abstract or boring technology ideas onto something already known or experienced. new mechanical ideas make more sense to you when mindguides hook complex concepts onto familiar or concrete experiences. links and bridges help mindguides to advance from difficult or boring digital information in ways that accommodate new innovations. 3. new digital imaging devices prove that listening changes the brain when acted upon. imaging such as pet, fmri, and magnetoencephalography ( meg ) generate interactive images to show the anatomy of the brain. they also show brain operations involved in listening. listening operates from three regions of the brain that support how we listen and how we learn to listen better by acting on what we hear. suggested brainpowered tool : brainpowered tool : apply one technical insight learned so that brainpower increases and multiple intelligences expand in the interactive mindguide active listening process. 4. mindguides identify familiar features to highlight big picture : by observing cortical activity when people hear words researchers are beginning to see how people categorize words they hear. the back half of the brain ’ s cortex is devoted to recognizing familiar patterns, such as a cat ’ s meow, a baby ’ s cry or a familiar business brand. suggested brainpowered tool : brainpowered tool : ask, ask, ask! question with two feet to draw out unique contributions, that become doable big picture solutions for stubborn real life problems. 5. mindguides apply what ’ s learned, with more focus on listening : while mentor hearing differs - is more automatic, and can be less effective. modern brain images show that when you really focus on listening, you engage areas in the prefrontal cortex. this area of your brain organizes and prioritizes what you hear, and stokes actions that as fuster ( 2003 ) points out, allows you to use what you hear to interact with the world. focus helps you to create meaning by holding what you hear in your working memory, match it up with what you already know, and predict what to do with what you hear. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides apply what ’


with the world. focus helps you to create meaning by holding what you hear in your working memory, match it up with what you already know, and predict what to do with what you hear. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides apply what ’ s learned in ways that embrace differences, such as gaps between genders, or differences between an ethical and unethical worker. it may simply be distinctives between different rhythms in background music at work. mindguides capitalize on differences to discover and lead innovative directions for renewed results. 6. music or speech impacts emotions, impact moods in ways that motivate people, and can add to focus for mindguiding. great music, such as baroque stimulates the brain to listen more effectively. to ensure good attention, it ’ s important to offer multiple ways for people to recognize parts of what is communicated. when print dominates a culture, for instance, learning skills can begin to fade. with new social media, variety however, has escalated. new media and technologies such as ipods or even the web – have increased people ’ s listening capabilities, and raised its importance. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides seek advice about ideal learning settings from diverse leaders you admire, and act on advice received. in so doing, mindguides engage the plasticity that reshapes human brains to advance in multiple ways. 7. mindguides communicate with tone that connect growth to emotions so that new insights stick. other advantages are given when interactivity is possible, so that mindguiding experiences link to people ’ s unique preferences. learning depends on levels of commitment and also on developing expertise and talent to communicate with tone often seen in innovative mindguides. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides step back from heated situations, tame an amygdala, and hear heated issues through the other person ’ s perspective. 8. awesome rewards come from mixing in different communication approaches. researchers found that some music genres offer the same kind of pleasurable learning experiences as food, drugs or sex, for instance. the enjoyable act of engaging music – releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter connected to pleasurable rewards. the key is to create a pleasant setting for every mindguiding session. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides laugh at themselves – yet run from cynicism, that brings cortisol. they focus more than most mentorships – on spreading serotonin chemicals. serotonin and other neurotransmitters for well being support mindguide


laugh at themselves – yet run from cynicism, that brings cortisol. they focus more than most mentorships – on spreading serotonin chemicals. serotonin and other neurotransmitters for well being support mindguides ’ learning and leading skills. do you see similar approaches in typical mentor programs? 9. social media offers more integrated views on mindguiding topics. for that reason, a wider and more integrated approach has altered what people come to crave in the kind of opposing views presented by radio stations such as npr in the us or cbc in canada. suggested brainpowered tool : mindguides invite personal stories to respectfully create curiosity for multiple sides of issues. mentors, in contrast, often tend to hear only what they already believe, until they apply altered dynamic neuro discoveries for mutual learning. 10. mindguiding improves the brain ’ s hardwiring. each time a person interacts with others and with new insights that interest, they strengthen their capabilities to interact with additional new ideas and with different approaches. suggested brainpowered tool : repeat or do one key nugget learned. lack of doing or applying, creates passivity habits operated from the brain ’ s basal ganglia. each time people act on what they learn, they rewire brain cell connectors and reshape mental ability. ready to reshape learning abilities stored in your brain? you ’ ve likely noticed that – in each brainpowered tool above, diversity and rawboned talent become mental assets for more than what mentoring views as minions ’ benefit. in mindguiding approaches – both sides learn in all sessions, and both sides also lead at times. how could typical mentoring practices in former teams – morph into mutually beneficial learning opportunities from mindguiding where you work? | mita window words and brainpowered tool distinctives for mindguides | | 1. question | | - possibilities as a way to aha solutions that add cognitive boosts to others. | | 2. target | | - improvements from others ’ perspectives, rather than critique results | | 3. expect | | - quality differences so people become capital & knowledge is shared | | 4. move | | - multiple intelligences into action as tools for team problem solving | | 5. reflect | | - with innovation celebration that engages the wider community | | 6. risk | | - building goodwill across differences to cultivate caring & curious setting | | 7. laugh | | - at self to increase serotonin & decrease cortisol


educator resources for treefrog treasure treefrog treasure is a platformer game that allows students to practice math concepts as they explore different worlds as a frog character. when certain obstacles are reached, students must properly identify a target symbol, whole number, or fraction on a number line to collect gems and complete the level. hints are provided to help students reach the correct answer when mistakes are made. the game is a great differentiation tools, as it automatically adjusts to students ’ performance to provide appropriate levels of mathematical complexity. for teacher resources, visit space science institute in this lesson plan which is adaptable for grades 2 - 5, students will use brainpop resources and an online math game to explore fractions and match and / or compare fractional amounts. common core state standard alignment : ccss. math. cont. 3. nf. a. 2a represent a fraction 1 / b on a number line diagram by defining the interval from 0 to 1 as the whole and partitioning it into b equal parts. recognize that each part has size 1 / b and that the endpoint of the part based at 0 locates the number 1 / b on the number line. ccss. math. cont. 3. nf. a. 2b represent a fraction a / b on a number line diagram by marking off a lengths 1 / b from 0. recognize that the resulting interval has size a / b and that its endpoint locates the number a / b on the number line.


focusing on cancer stem cells many solid tumors appear to have a small population of stem cells that are partially resistant to chemotherapy and can perpetuate themselves indefinitely. these cancer stem cells thus far have been isolated from breast and brain tumors as well as blood. the exact origin of these cancer stem cells remains to be defined. with mounting evidence to support the hypothesis that genetic alterations in tissue stem cells may represent the origins of some cancers, the time is right to more vigorously explore the properties, mechanisms, and vulnerabilities of this subset of cells. the presence of such cells, first demonstrated in acute myeloid leukemia patients, provides a different and exciting model with which to further explore cancer biology. as a result, nci is establishing a trans - nih group of scientists interested in embryogenesis and cancer stem cell biology to advance the study of the underlying mechanisms in these processes. establishing this group will facilitate the sharing of data, reagents, and animal models, and also provide a meaningful scientific interface with similar groups of extramural scientists. isolating and studying cancer stem cells should give us new insights into cancer and therapies. a defining characteristic of cancer stem cells is their ability to self - renew while giving rise to a diverse population of cells. in this respect, cancer stem cells are like embryonic stem cells, and the lessons of embryology, in which the role of stem cells are well defined, are crucial to understanding their role in carcinogenesis. the mechanisms that allow controlled growth and migration of cells during the development of complex organisms from a single cell may be the same genetically programmed signal pathways that, when left unregulated in the adult organism, allow the development of tumors. tumors are, in essence, complex " organs " complete with neovasculature and phenotypically altered supporting tissues. relatively little is known about the mechanisms of self - renewal, but researchers are beginning to identify potential genes and pathways involved. this could eventually lead to targets for intervening in the process, but without disrupting the behavior of normal tissue stem cells. some good news in this regard was reported last month. researchers at the dana - farber cancer institute found differences between genetic signatures associated with self - renewal in cancer stem cells and in normal blood stem cells in mice. this suggests that it may be possible to target cancer stem cells in humans. so where do cancer stem cells come from? one theory says they start out as normal stem cells until they become altered and start producing cancer cells. another says that some more mature, differentiated cells


scientists find trick to reverse moral opinions ( cbs news ) a new study finds that a person ' s moral compass is surprisingly easy to throw off. with nothing more than a clipboard, a survey and a small patch of glue, researchers were able to get participants to not only subconsciously change their minds but even argue the opposite of their original opinions. the study, led by lars hall of sweden ' s lund university, asked 160 volunteers to fill out a quick 2 - page survey on moral principles and the morality of current events - such as the israeli - palestinian conflict. unbeknownst to the participants, a patch of glue was stuck to the back of the survey clipboard. when flipping to the second page, the top set of statements would stick to the back of the clipboard, revealing a different set of questions but leaving the responses unchanged. published in the journal plos one, the study slightly altered the hidden statements to mean the opposite of what they said originally. one example used in the study : " large - scale governmental surveillance of e - mail and internet traffic out to be forbidden as a means to combat international crime and terrorism. " when the hidden statements were revealed, the original had been reworded from " forbidden " to " permitted. " participants then read the statements aloud, including the ones that had been altered, and explain their opinions. researchers found that half of participants did not detect any changes to the statements, and a full 69 percent accepted at least one of the altered statements. not only were the volunteers unlikely to spot the changes, 53 percent argued in favor of the altered statements rather than their original opinions. hall and his team have studied this phenomenon previously, calling it " choice blindness. " " i don ' t feel we have exposed people or fooled them, " hall told the journal nature. " rather this shows something otherwise very difficult to show, [ which is ] how open and flexible people can actually be. " the study may have ramifications concerning the accuracy of self - report questionnaires. hall believes that standard surveys " are not good at capturing the complexity of the attitudes people actually hold. " liane young, a psychologist at boston college who was not involved in the study, called the results " intriguing. " " these findings suggest that if i ' m fooled into thinking that i endorse a view, i ' ll do the work myself to come up with my own reasons, " she told nature. © 2012 cbs interactive inc. all rights reserved.


##eraphat sirichaisinthop and liwang cui abstractplasmodium vivax is a growing public health problem in many regions of the world as a result of re - emergence and increased transmission. this article reviews the unique biology related to p. vivax transmission and addresses potential problems associated with the control of this parasite, which depends on an in - depth knowledge of malaria transmission. the success of comprehensive control measures will require advanced laboratory and field research on this parasite, international awareness of the problem, and co - operation by members of the international malaria community to implement new knowledge and improve the management of transmission in each endemic area. abstract | full text | pdf ( 162 kb ) copyright © 2003 elsevier ltd all rights reserved. trends in parasitology, volume 19, issue 10, 452 - 460, 1 october 2003 mass administrations of antimalarial drugs 1 international vaccine institute, kwanak, po box 14, seoul, 151 - 600, korea 2 department of infectious and tropical diseases, london school of hygiene and tropical medicine, keppel st., london, uk, wc1e 7ht administration of antimalarial drugs to whole populations has been used as a malaria - control measure for more than 70 years. drugs have been administered either directly as a full therapeutic course of treatment or indirectly through the fortification of salt. mass drug administrations ( mdas ) were generally unsuccessful in interrupting transmission but, in some cases, had a marked effect on parasite prevalence and on the incidence of clinical malaria. mdas are likely to encourage the spread of drug - resistant parasites and so have only a limited role in malaria control. they could have a part to play in the management of epidemics and in the control of malaria in areas with a short transmission season. to reduce the risk of spreading drug resistance, mdas should use more than one drug and, preferably include a drug, such as an artemisinin, which has a gametocidal effect.


we seek the solution to the linear system of equations iterative methods, unlike direct methods, generate a sequence of approximate solutions to the system that ( hopefully ) converges to the exact solution. after k iterations, we obtain an approximation to the exact solution as : where is the residual after k iterations. as the difference between the exact and approaximate solution, we obtain the purpose of iterations is to drive this residual to zero. stationary iterative methods iterative methods that can be expressed in the simple form when neither b nor c depend upon the iteration count ( k ), the iterative method is called stationary iterative method. some of the stationary iterative methods are - jacobi method - gauss - seidel method - successive overrelaxation ( sor ) method and - symmetric successive overrelaxation ( ssor ) method the convergence of such iterative methods can be investigated using the fixed point theorem. nonstationary iterative methods when during the iterations b and c changes during the iterations, the method is called nonstationary iterative method. typically, constants b and c are computed by taking inner products of residuals or other vectors arising from the iterative method. some examples are : - conjugate gradient method ( cg ) - minres and symmlq - generalized minimal residual ( gmres ) - biconjugate gradient ( bicg ) - quasi - minimal residual ( qmr ) - conjugate gradient squared method ( cgs ) - biconjugate gradient stabilized ( bi - cgstab ) - chebyshev iteration


get to the peroxisome. a specific protein signal ( pts or peroxisomal targeting signal ) of three amino acids at the c - terminus of many peroxisomal proteins signals the membrane of the peroxisome to import them into the organelle. other peroxisomal proteins contain a signal at the n - terminus. there are at least 32 known peroxisomal proteins, called peroxins, which participate in the process of importing proteins by means of atp hydrolysis. proteins do not have to unfold to be imported into the peroxisome. the protein receptors, the peroxins pex5 and pex7, accompany their cargoes ( containing a pts1 or a pts2, respectively ) all the way into the peroxisome where they release the cargo and then return to the cytosol - a step named recycling. overall, the import cycle is referred to as the extended shuttle mechanism. evidence now indicates that atp hydrolysis is required for the recycling of receptors to the cytosol. also, ubiquitination appears to be crucial for the export of pex5 from the peroxisome, to the cytosol. little is known about the import of pex7, although it has helper proteins that have been shown to be ubiquitinated. peroxisomal disorders are a class of condtions that lead to disorders of lipid metabolism. one well - known example is zellweger syndrome. peroxisomes matrix proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol and that these proteins are imported posttranslationally in pre - existing peroxisomes. this article contains material from the science primer published by the ncbi, which, as a u. s. government publication, is in the public domain. | this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article " peroxisome ". a list of authors is available in wikipedia. |


hydrates are crystalline solid compounds formed from water and smaller molecules in hydrocarbon fluids such as methane, ethane, propane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. hydrates are a nuisance, since they can block pipelines leading to stoppage of pipeline transportation operations and hence are an important aspect of pipeline flow assurance that needs to be addressed. hydrate formation in pipeline requires three conditions to exist : 1. the right combination of temperature and pressure. hydrate formation is favored by low temperature and high pressure. 2. a hydrate former must be present. hydrate formers are the hydrocarbons mentioned as above. 3. a sufficient amount of water – not too much, not too little. certain other conditions in the pipeline enhance the formation of hydrates and are listed below : this can be either due to high velocity or agitation of the process fluid. high velocities in pipelines can occur at any sudden restrictions in the line such as a choke valve. in gas flow a large pressure drop across the choke valve causes the temperature to drop due to the joule - thomson effect which favors hydrate formation b. nucleation sites : in general terms, a nucleation site is a point where a phase transition is favored, and in this case the formation of a solid from a fluid phase. good nucleation sites for hydrate formation include an imperfection in the pipeline, a weld spot, or a pipeline fitting ( elbow, tee, valve, etc. ). silt, scale, dirt, and sand all make good nucleation sites as c. free water : free - water is not necessary for hydrate formation, but the presence of free - water certainly enhances “ hysys ” has a utility called “ hydrate formation utility ” which predicts the hydrate formation temperature of any defined stream for a given stream pressure and the hydrate formation pressure for a given stream temperature. most process engineers having access to “ hysys ” would find it convenient to use this utility to determine hydrate forming conditions. in addition to “ hysys ” an old dos based program with the name “ csmhyd ” developed by the “ colorado school of mines ” also predicts the hydrate formation pressure for a given temperature. this program is available for free download at : in addition to " hysys " and " csmhyd ", i had done some of my own investigation and compilation on the subject of hydrate formation conditions in natural gas. the focus of


this program is available for free download at : in addition to " hysys " and " csmhyd ", i had done some of my own investigation and compilation on the subject of hydrate formation conditions in natural gas. the focus of this investigation was to find out whether there were some empirical methods to determine the “ hydrate formation temperature ” given only the natural gas pressure and the molecular weight / specific gravity of the gas. my investigation was successful considering that i found not one but several empirical methods to determine the “ hydrate formation temperature ” given only the natural gas pressure and the specific gravity or molecular weight of the gas. an important point to note is that while both “ hysys ” and “ csmhyd ” require that the gas composition be known, whereas the empirical methods i investigated do not require natural gas composition as such. just the natural gas molecular weight or the natural gas specific gravity allow the determination of the “ hydrate formation temperature ”. the end result of this detailed investigation resulted in the generation of an excel workbook where these empirical methods have been represented with example calculations. this blog entry shares the excel workbook. download the ms excel spreadsheet here any comments and observations would be welcomed from the readers and members of “ cheresources ”. references for the hydrate formation mechanism are as follows : natural gas hydrates – a guide for engineers by john carroll section 20 - gpsa engineering data book, 11th ed.


paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ( psvt ) definition : paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ( psvt ) is episodes of rapid heart rate that start in a part of the heart above the ventricles. " paroxysmal " means from time to time. psvt ; supraventricular tachycardia causes, incidence, and risk factors : normally, the chambers of the heart ( atria and ventricles ) contract in a coordinated manner. - the contractions are caused by an electrical signal that begins in an area of the heart called the sinoatrial node ( also called the sinus node or sa node ). - the signal moves through the upper heart chambers ( the atria ) and tells the atria to contract. - after this, the signal moves down in the heart and tells the lower chambers ( the ventricles ) to contract. the rapid heart rate from psvt may start with events that take place in many different areas above the lower heart chambers ( ventricles ). psvt can occur with digitalis toxicity and with conditions such as wolff - parkinson - white syndrome. the condition occurs most often in young people and infants. the following increase your risk for psvt : symptoms usually start and stop suddenly, and can last for a few minutes or several hours. they can include : other symptoms that can occur with this condition : signs and tests : a physical examination during a psvt episode will show a rapid heart rate. it may also show bounding pulses in the neck. the heart rate may be over 100, and even more than 250 beats per minute ( bpm ). in children, the heart rate tends to be very high. there may be signs of poor blood circulation such as light - headedness. between episodes of psvt, the heart rate is normal ( 60 to 100 bpm ). an ecg during symptoms shows psvt. an electrophysiology study ( eps ) may be needed for an accurate diagnosis and to recommend the best treatment. because psvt comes and goes, to diagnose it patients may need to wear a 24 - hour holter monitor. for longer periods of time, another tape of the rhythm recording device may be used. if you do not have symptoms or any other heart condition, psvt may not need treatment. if you have an episode of psvt, there are techniques you can try


using flow cytometry to compare the dynamics of photoreceptor outer segment phagocytosis in ips derived rpe cells. invest ophthalmol vis sci light entering the eye activates photoreceptor neurons that convert the stimulus into electrical impulses. these impulses are passed back through the eye and into the brain where they form the basis ofvision. the rod and cone photoreceptors are highly dependent on other retinal cell types to function properly. retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ) cells are especially important ; these protect the photoreceptors from light - induced toxicity by consuming the tips of the photoreceptor cells that are routinely damaged by intense light exposure. rpe cells perform this essential task ( named phagocytosis ) on a daily basis. if rpe cells die or become dysfunctional, i. e. by not effectively performing phagocytosis, photoreceptors will invariably die. this phenomenon occurs in human diseases including age - related macular degeneration ( amd ), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. a promising potential therapy is to implant rpe generated from stem cells into the back of the eye to replaced diseased patient cells. several groups, including our own, have shown that this therapy works very well in rats with spontaneous retinal degeneration, but several technical questions remain about how well the implanted cells function compared with actual rpe cells. since phagocytosis is such a critical function we developed a unique way to test how well rpe cells can phagocytose the tips of the photoreceptor cells before implantation. we utilized a method named flow cytometry that is used to measure fluorescence in single cells. rpe cells can become fluorescent if they are “ fed ” photoreceptor outer segments that are treated with green fluorescent biomarkers. we waited several hours after feeding the cells and then measured the amount of green fluorescence they were emitting. in this study we were able to demonstrate that rpe cells we generated from stem cells chronologically phagocytosed equal numbers of photoreceptor outer segments as well as actual human rpe cells do. we also showed using flow cytometry that the stem cell derived rpe generated the correct cellular machinery required for efficient phagocytosis. we suggest, therefore, that this technique be employed in the field to determine if stem cell derived


what is it? social studies, history, information technology change, ways of life - mail - order catalogues on this site - photographs of artifacts from eaton ' s catalogues ( links - teacher hints ( below ) - ask students to select an object from the list of photographs below. - by using the historical catalogue pages from this site, and with the help of the indexes, students must find out it was used, what it was used for, and what it cost. - foot warmer - shoe and harness repair kit - pair of sad iron handles and bases - meat grinder - foot - powered sewing machine - electric toaster - electric washing machine. foot warmer, ca? on a cold winter ' s night in a home heated by a a stoneware foot warmer filled with hot water would have been a welcome to a bed. foot warmers were also used in carriages and in early didn ' t have heaters. shoe and harness repair kit, ca 1900 this " combination family cobbler / tinker & contained the tools required to perform repairs to shoes and horse in this kit were children - and adult - sized lasts, or shoe forms, a hammer, a tack hammer, a leather punch, and a variety of nails. pair of sad iron bases and handles, ca 1900 - 50 before women used electric irons to press clothes and they used sad irons. sad irons were usually sold as sets with one wooden handle and three cast iron bases. women heated two or three bases wood stove at a time. they attached the handle to one preheated base, used to iron until it cooled down, and then replaced it with a heated base from meat grinder, ca 1910 - 50 at a time when people raised their own livestock and did own butchering, many people made their own sausages and ground meats by a hand - powered meat grinder. after clamping the grinder to a table, they drop chunks of meat into the funnel - like hopper and turn the handle. an blade inside would grind up the meat and the resulting ground meat would out through the opening on the side into a sausage casing or a bowl. foot - powered sewing machine, ca 1910 - 50 eaton ' s offered its own brand of sewing machine in catalogues. this eatonia sewing machine would have been fastened to a cabinet with a foot - pedal underneath. by pumping the pedal with her foot guiding the fabric with her hands, a woman could have sewn clothing that modeled on the latest catalogue fashions. electric toaster, ca