the seat of articulate speech in the left side of the frontal region of the brain, since known as the convolution of broca. ” “ it is of small size, and consists of a square - shaped convolution, which is termed the precuneus or quadrate lobe. ” “ in front of this precentral convolution are the three frontal convolutions, and it would seem that the functions of these convolutions are higher movements and attention in fixation of the eyes ; moreover, in the lowest frontal region, indicated by fine dots, we have broca ' s convolution, which is associated with motor speech ; above at the base of the second middle frontal convolution is the portion of cortex in which is localised the function of writing. ” “ m. alain ' s expensive way of life, his clothes and mistresses, his dicing and racehorses, were all explained : he was in the pay of buonaparte, a hired spy, and a man that held the strings of what i can only call a convolution of extremely fishy enterprises. ” “ the interior portion of the convolution is the more intellectual portion of the organ, while the exterior portion is that which holds the closest relation to the fibres of the _ corpora striata _ in the middle lobe, and may therefore most properly be called the organ of language or of speech, the impairment of which produces aphasia, or loss of speech. ” “ in particular, fourier analytic methods are particularly useful for studying operations such as convolution in frequency space ( the domain of the frequency variable ” “ he looked again and decided that it was the purple haze of the hills made dark by a convolution of the canon wall at its back. ” “ at some length and terminological convolution on their part, making these exact same points to them, even that one about the computer program, with little effect … it is the most bizarre thing. ” these user - created lists contain the word ‘ convolution ’. a list of words that are odd or words that i have looked up. abbe - helmert crit..., a priori probability, alphabet, total correlation, three - dimensional..., theoretical frequ..., time reversal test, three - series theorem, theoretical variable, tetrachoric corre..., absolutely un


, a priori probability, alphabet, total correlation, three - dimensional..., theoretical frequ..., time reversal test, three - series theorem, theoretical variable, tetrachoric corre..., absolutely unbias..., absolute error and 4171 more... abducens..... draw..., ablation..... carr..., acetylcholine......., adrenalin..... nea..., afferent..... to c..., agnosia..... no kn..., alar..... wing - like, alexia..... no words, alveus..... canal, amacrine..... no l..., ambidextrous........, ambiguus..... doub... and 701 more... ruptured blood ve..., clot, pressure on a blo..., tumor, brain region, comprehension of..., production of mea..., autonomic nervous..., conservation of t..., catecholamine, arousal, regulation of sleep and 564 more... - a unit of language consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. derivatives from chapter 19 of part one of english words from latin and greek elements " cerebral " cerebral terms looking for tweets for convolution.


microformats in context there has been a lot of discussion in xml circles as to how far the extensibility revolution promised by xml can take ( or has taken ) us. is xml really a tool for creating specialized languages so that information can be expressed in the most natural formats practical? or is it just a way to reduce the burden on those who write code to consume web content ( be strict in what you accept so that you can be liberal with your time spent fly - fishing ). are schema technologies a way to manage the flexibility that xml brings to the table, or just another weapon to put down users ( " you don ' t validate. go away " )? of course, the way i ' ve posed these questions reveals my bias. i think that xml should be a tool for expressiveness and controlled diversity on the web. i disagree strongly with the notion, recently expressed in a few quarters, that there are only a few viable xml formats, and that people should stop creating more. at the center of this controversy is the new web 2. 0 hotness : microformats. if you ' re not already familiar with this phenomenon, first read " what are microformats ". it ' s a div ' s world microformats enshrine the idea that rather than creating whole new vocabularies, developers should piggy - back off existing, widely supported and deployed formats such as xhtml. ( in this article i ' ll focus mostly on microformats with xhtml as a host language. ) the problem is that xhtml, at its best, does is good for basic document structure but, at its worst, tends to be used for the presentation of documents. microformats are a lightweight way to express more specialized information within the structure of xhtml without changing its syntax. the idea is that the success of this approach rests on modest ( hence " micro " ) constructs in modules that are mutually independent and focused on very specific domains. through such simplicity and modularity microformats minimize the strain on the host languages, as well as the implementation effort and overall conceptual load. unfortunately, the strain is rarely avoided in practice. many of the xhtml - based microformats i ' ve seen abuse the semantics of xhtml. a / @ rel tends to come in for special abuse. the html 4. 01 recommendation, whose semantics are adopted by xhtml, says : this attribute describes the relationship from the current document to the anchor specified


semantics of xhtml. a / @ rel tends to come in for special abuse. the html 4. 01 recommendation, whose semantics are adopted by xhtml, says : this attribute describes the relationship from the current document to the anchor specified by the href attribute. the value of this attribute is a space - separated list of link types. a microformat, such as google ' s rel = ' nofollow ', stretches this definition to breaking. " don ' t follow this link " is an instruction to the user agent ( more likely an automated agent such as a search index robot ). this is related to what was known as " actuation " in the xlink specification and a very different matter from the conceptual relationship between the two documents. i ' ll hasten to add that these problems are to some extent understood in the microformats camp, and that there are some quite reasonable uses of rel - tag. then again there is which is still designated a draft but does perpetuate without any apology in the spec. the abuse of a / @ rev in the vote - links microformats is an even more heinous example. before you write off my complaints about abuse of existing xhtml constructs as too rarefied and academic, consider that it leads to a very real problem when microformats collide. will the real rel please stand up there are only so many xhtml attributes to hitch a ride on, and if you can stretch the semantics of each attribute pretty much to suit yourself, it ' s inevitable that you will need to use clashing microformats. imagine you have a weblog that automatically asserts rel = ' nofollow ' on comment links to discourage comment spam. an example comment looks as follows. < p > nice blog. buy your medz < a href = ' http : / / medz. com ' rel = ' nofollow ' > here < / a > < / p > but you have another tool that looks for personnel links within your organization and marks them using a colleague designation in the xfn microformat. < p > i just want to be sure your readers know we ' re aware of the stability problems with the latest release. i ' ve posted some workarounds on < a href = ' http : / / mf - wizards. com / ~ jdoe / ' rel = ' colleague ' > my own blog < / a >. < /


release. i ' ve posted some workarounds on < a href = ' http : / / mf - wizards. com / ~ jdoe / ' rel = ' colleague ' > my own blog < / a >. < / p > you now have some sorting out to do. of course you cannot have two on the same element. you could set a priority that xfn annotation overrides rel - ' nofollow ' ( this is probably what you ' d want in practice ), but this means that suddenly your microformats are no longer really independent, and they ' re certainly not modular. microformat tools have to be aware of the different specs that might clash, and you introduce a bit of a negative network effect. you could use the nmtokens escape hatch, which would mean that after both tools have done their work the comment would look as follows : < p > i just want to be sure your readers know we ' re aware of the stability problems with the latest release. i ' ve posted some workarounds on < a href = ' http : / / mf - wizards. com / employees / jdoe / ' rel = ' colleague nofollow ' > my own blog < / a >. < / p > one problem with this is that when you have a microformat such as xfn, which already allows multiple tokens within a / @ rel, you ' re still inviting clashes because it ' s not clear which tokens are part of xfn, and which come from other conventions. it also becomes a land grab for terms across microformats. rel = ' date ' as a statement that you have a romantic involvement with the person represented by the resource indicated by the this could make for some stickiness in a microformat for references to calendar rel = ' date ' would have a markedly different meaning. u. g. l. y. you ain ' t got no alibi...! another problem that stems from being restricted to a host language is that you often end up with very contorted and ugly constructs to force the fit. xoxo is an eminent example of this problem. i once did an exploration of xoxo as a language for exchanging weblog lists, rather than the more established, but quite awful, opml. i ended up with something like listing 1.


to touch something is to understand it – emotionally and cognitive. it´s one of our important six senses, which we use and need in our daily lives. but accidents or illnesses can disrupt us from our sense of touch now european researchers of the projects nanobiotact and nanobiotouch delve deep into the mysteries of touch and have developed the first sensitive artificial finger. the main scientific aims of the projects are to radically improve understanding of the human mechano - transduction system and tissue engineered nanobiosensors. therefore an international and multi disciplinary team of 13 scientific institutes, universities and companies put their knowledge together. “ there are many potential applications of biometric tactile sensoring, for example in prosthetic limbs where you´ve got neuro - coupling which allows the limb to sense objects and also to feed back to the brain, to control the limb. another area would be in robotics where you might want the capability to have sense the grip of objects, or intelligent haptic exploration of surfaces for example ”, says prof. michael adams, the coordinator of nanobiotact. the scientists have already developed a prototype of the first sensitive artificial finger. it works with an array of pressure sensors that mimic the spatial resolution, sensitivity and dynamics of human neural tactile sensors and can be directly connected to the central nervous system. combined with an artificial skin that mimics a human fingerprint, the device´s sensitivity to vibrations is improved. depending on the quality of a textured surface, the biomimetic finger vibrates in different ways, when it slides across the surface. thereby it produces different signals and once it will get used by patients, they could recognise if the surface is smooth or scratchy. “ the sensors are working very much like the sensors are doing on your own finger ”, says physicist dr. michael ward from the school of mechanical engineering at the university of birmingham. putting the biomimetic finger on artificial limbs would take prostheses to the next level. “ compared to the hand prostheses which are currently on the market, an integrated sense of touch would be a major improvement. it would be a truly modern and biometric device which would give the patient the feeling as if it belonged to his own body ”, says dr. lucia beccai from the centre for micro - robotics at the italian institute for technology. but till the artificial finger will be available on large scale a lot of tests will have to be done. nevertheless with the combination of computer and cognitive sciences, nano


u. s. department of energy - energy efficiency and renewable energy building technologies office hospital energy alliance : daylighting video ( text version ) below is a text version of the hospital energy alliance video showing the importance of daylighting to hospital energy efficiency, staff performance and retention, and patient healing. daylighting brings natural light into hospitals to reduce the use of electric lighting. daylighting has also been shown to aid in patient healing, to improve the work environment of staff, and to enhance the well - being of patient families. daylighting is using the sun to offset electric lighting. and so there is a huge potential for energy savings there because you ' re using the glass to help provide some function in the building other than just views. you ' re actually using it for energy savings. we can almost eliminate cooling in probably 50 percent of the hospital just by reducing the loads : reducing the solar gains, controlling the light, and being very careful with equipment. these systems all lead us back to quality - of - light issues, the role of light in reducing cooling loads, which actually is a large energy consumer, but is a key component in capital costs. when you look at the energy use in a hospital, the electric lighting loads can tabulate almost 30 percent of the entire electric bill, so if you want to look at saving energy, that ' s one of the largest chunks. most buildings have windows ; therefore, there ' s opportunity for daylighting. we can get more of an advantage by designing those windows to really improve the lighting quality in the space and get the electric lights off. we ' re involved a lot with better bricks. they are the commercial buildings initiative for the northwest energy efficiency alliance. when this legacy project started, they offered to help out and do a daylighting study of parts of the hospital and we did two studies, one specifically for the patient rooms and one for the public areas. and they came back to us with nine strategies for designing the exterior wall of the patient rooms to maximize the amount of daylighting that we could get and the study was fantastic, ' cause it showed that they could save almost $ 6, 500 a year in electricity savings just by utilizing some of these strategies alone. i think the biggest strategy we used was separating out the daylighting window from the view window. we like to have windows to be able to get the visual relief of seeing outside — a little bit of a relief to our system, a little bit of relief to our eye ; certainly the relief of chronic stress in the workplace, but we also


. we like to have windows to be able to get the visual relief of seeing outside — a little bit of a relief to our system, a little bit of relief to our eye ; certainly the relief of chronic stress in the workplace, but we also need to think about the quality of light. to get the light into the patient room, you only need the top portion of the window, which is above six feet to the underside of the ceiling. you can see that we ' ve divided the patient room window up into to the daylighting window and the view window, so the daylighting window glazing specification allows more light into the room and the view window has a higher performance glass that lets less light into the window and reduces glare for the patient and the visitors. daylighting is also central to the energy efficiency strategy of the dell children ' s medical center of central texas. the way we planned mechanical units, where we chose to have glass and glazing versus where we chose not to in terms of orienting it to the sun. it ' s a totally integrated system of technology and just good old - fashioned design. the biggest impact on the space layout was the decision to add courtyards to the building. they were originally driven by the desire to get daylighting. the building has four different types of windows in it, depending on whether they are facing north, south, east or west. we did computer models of what the ambient exterior light would look like from dawn to dusk, seven days a week, all four seasons of the year and arranged the lighting system in the building to accommodate that, so that we can save energy. scientific studies have shown that the exterior views that can accompany daylighting have a profound impact on patient healing. all life, including human life, was evolved under a sunrise and sunset, and the spectrum of that was natural blue light coming in the morning and sunset with no blue light and only some red and orange in the evening. our genes were all developed for that. you need to have the proper lighting in the morning for the alertness because that makes serotonin, dopamine, and cortisol, and that turns on the immune system that gets rid of infections, that gets rid of bacteria, that helps fight viruses. but at night, if you have the blue light, you ' re interfering with the immune system by interfering with the production of melatonin, and that isn ' t just a sleep hormone ; it also affects the immune response to prevent cancer. access to light is also critical


you have the blue light, you ' re interfering with the immune system by interfering with the production of melatonin, and that isn ' t just a sleep hormone ; it also affects the immune response to prevent cancer. access to light is also critical to hospital workers, a fact that affects the bottom line at health care facilities because of the importance of employee retention and the high cost of replacing key staff. in critical task spaces, we ' re really concerned about, one : they get view, but two : the quality of light is one that doesn ' t provide a lot of glare and provides at least a minimum level of illumination for ambient tasks within a space, which usually means diffuse light. we ' ve realized in the last 10 years that our eyes are more than just for vision. they also capture daylight on a physiological level through a photo - biological receptor that captures light ; light during the day and it ' s just as important for these hormonal cascades to have dark at night. this has a big implication in our health care environments. for the staff who potentially will go in in the morning in the dark, come home at night in the dark — 12 - hour shifts with no light during the day. so that has ramifications on our built environment in the hospital setting to create spaces for staff that allow daylight into their work areas. my favorite thing about this facility is that you can ' t be farther than, i don ' t know what the exact number is, but 30 - 40 feet from an open courtyard or light streaming in. if the staff is working at night, they are going to suffer from certain shift - work problems. but if you can have natural lighting during the day, and the natural darkness in the evening, then when they go home, they ' ll be able to sleep. daylighting, part of a comprehensive energy strategy that benefits patients, staff, and the bottom line of today ' s hospitals.


, rich and fanciful ” ( stowe 253 ). this depiction of “ the negro ” is a perfect demonstration of stowe ’ s use of romantic racialism. she is making a generalization about an entire race. she views black people with the same stereotypes as most mid - nineteenth century white americans did. what makes a black person different from a white person other than the color of their skin? it is easy to answer that question from a twenty - first century viewpoint. the answer is nothing. there is no difference between a black person and a white person except for the outside skin color. we are all human which means that blacks have the same mental capacity, same emotions same everything. however, in the ante - bellum time period the answer to the above question was much more difficult, because people truly believed that blacks were different from whites not only physically, but that they were inferior in intellect, morals, and maturity. i think that because stowe was a white northern woman with little one - on - one contact between herself and southern slaves, she subconsciously prescribed to general stereotypes about black people and wrote them into her characters. garrison not only highlights that stowe ’ s romantic racial beliefs “ is everywhere taken for granted, because the victims are black ” ( garrison ), but he also argues against her religious stance when he asks : is there one law of submission and non - resistance for the black man, and another law of rebellion and conflict for the white man? when it is the whites who are trodden in the dust, does christ justify them in taking up arms to vindicate their rights? and when it is blacks who are thus threatened, does christ require them to be patient, harmless, long - suffering, and forgiving? and are there two christs? ( garrison ) garrison is addressing a main conflict which is present in uncle tom ’ s cabin. if god / christ are supposed to be just and fair, how can they make one group of people ” superior ” to another? this issue is clearly addressed in uncle tom ’ s cabin when marie st. clare is waiting for tom to prepare the horses in order attend church. during this scene in the novel, stowe delves into mrs. st. clares thoughts and shares them with her audience. she writes : perhaps as god chasteneth whom he loveth, he hath chosen poor africa in the furnace of affection to make her the highest and noblest in that kingdom which he will set up, then every other kingdom has been tried, and


helping teachers improve math and science achievement according to the teaching commission ' s report teaching at risk : a call to action, the u. s. job market is so scientifically and technologically based that math and science knowledge is critical for the health of our economy. 17 while science and technology advance at lightning speed, stagnant math and science performance in schools shortchanges our students ' future and endangers our prosperity and our nation ' s security. improving math and science instruction around the nation no child left behind supports the belief that developing teachers ' knowledge and skills in math and science will contribute substantially to the goal of improving student learning, and that students will perform better on assessments of math and science if their teachers have in - depth knowledge of the subjects they teach. in the united states, the professional preparation programs for many teachers at the elementary, middle school and high school levels include very little math and science. only 43 percent of middle school students take science from teachers who have a major in science and are certified to teach science. 18 no child left behind requires that federal funds go only to those programs that are backed by evidence of their effectiveness. over the last decade, researchers have scientifically proven the best ways to teach reading. we must do the same in math. we must work toward using research - based teaching methods. how well did students perform in 2003? 19 the figures to the right show that 32 percent of fourth - graders and 29 percent of eight - graders performed at or above the proficient level in 2003. the percentages of students performing at or above basic in 2003 were 77 percent at grade 4 and 68 percent at grade 8. note : detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. source : u. s. department of education, institute of education sciences, national center for education statistics, national assessment of educational progress ( naep ), 2003 mathematics assessment. no child left behind creates math and science partnerships to rally every sector of society to work with schools to increase math and science excellence the mathematics and science partnership ( msp ) program is the signature program for improving math and science education in no child left behind. this program provides funding to every state in the nation on a formula - grant basis to support high - quality professional development for math and science teachers. each state is required to conduct a competitive grant program to support projects that are partnerships among science, engineering, and mathematics, and other high - tech departments at institutions of higher education, high - need school districts, and other interested organizations, with the purpose of enhancing the content


history. the derecho lashed the washington area just hours after reagan national airport hit 104°f, which was two degrees above the city ’ s previous june record. while they don ’ t hold a candle to the worst tornadoes, derechos can easily inflict damage comparable to an ef1 twister on the enhanced fujita scale, and their havoc is wreaked over a much larger area. in many parts of the central or eastern u. s., a wind gust of 100 mph ( 161 kph ) is more likely to come from a derecho than a tornado. virginia governor bob mcdonnell said the june 29 damage was his state ’ s most extensive for any single weather event outside of a hurricane. the derecho ’ s name helps illuminate the meteorology behind it. in spanish, derecho has several meanings, including “ straight. ” the word was plucked by iowa scientist gustavo hinrichs in 1883 to describe a type of thunderstorm - related wind he dubbed “ the straight blow of the prairies. ” he may well have intended a direct contrast to tornadoes, whose spanish root tornar means “ to turn. ” hinrichs discussed derechos in an 1888 article for the now - defunct american meteorological journal, accurately describing several aspects of the phenomenon based on an iowa example. but after shifts in u. s. meteorology put a damper on severe weather research, the term languished in the meteorological dustbin for nearly a century, until it was revived in a 1987 paper by robert johns and william hirt. ( here ’ s an essay ( pdf ) by johns on the origin and use of the term. ) after that, the term quickly caught on among meteorologists, although it ’ s only now entering more general use — a trend that might accelerate with coverage of the june 29 event. by modern forecasting standards, the derecho in d. c. came as a relative surprise. residents did get several hours of notice that wild weather was possible, thanks to a severe thunderstorm watch. and the arrival of the derecho itself was well warned. but less than 24 hours earlier, it wasn ’ t obvious that such a destructive event was in the cards for the washington area. on friday morning, the new york times ’ national forecast called for thunderstorms from south dakota and nebraska to maine and massachusetts, with most producing little rain ; the mid - atlantic outlook focused on the heat risk. at noaa ’ s storm prediction center ( sp


hampshire is set to be at the forefront of energy research in the uk by taking part in an innovative project that uses fuel - producing algae to power a new type of energy plant. hampshire county council is taking part in the launch at the kent science park in sittingbourne on 19 october of ' ecotec 21 ', an anglo - french consortium set up to study combined heat and power ( chp ) technology. the launch will announce collaboration on chp development, bringing together uk and french universities, research institutions, government - funded organisations, energy and facility managers, designers and architects. combined heat and power technology captures the by - product heat created by power plants and uses it for heating or hot water. ecotec 21, co - funded by ' interreg iv a ' under the european cross - border cooperation programme and 50 % match funded by hampshire county council, is a new project that will investigate the potential for chp to reduce heating costs in buildings. the project will look at three experimental biomass power plants, one of which will be built by the university of greenwich. the greenwich plant will investigate how glycerol can be used in a chp engine and will eventually provide some of the heating for the university campus. some algae produce glycerol as a protective by - product when they are kept in very salty water. the glycerol is then harvested for use in the chp engine. glycerol has many advantages over other biomass materials as it is water - soluble, bio - degradable, non - odorous, non - volatile, non - toxic and produces virtually no combustion particulates. councillor mel kendal, executive member for environment and transport said : " because they capture the waste heat that normally goes into the atmosphere, chp plants can reach efficiencies of over 80 % compared with about 50 % efficiency for conventional gas turbines or even less for coal - fired plants. this is an exciting chance to help hampshire reduce its carbon footprint. " with this ' interreg iv a ' funding, we can create our own in - house chp technical ' know - how ' which will benefit hampshire ' s residents and enable us to investigate other energy - efficient processes. "


think like a philosopher : psychosomatics and the luo vessels by nicholas sieben, lac the philosopher was given great respect within classical chinese culture. the dao de jing has many passages extolling the virtues of the " philosopher king. " the same was true within medicine. it is not enough to look at things in their literal sense : the nei jing asks a bit more from us than that. much of the classical texts are written in code, using philosophical metaphor to present their wisdom. my teacher jeffrey yuen has called chinese medicine " applied chinese philosophy, " advising that we ' d benefit as acupuncturists by learning chinese philosophy. every teaching we received from yuen was rooted in philosophy relating to that particular tradition. to illuminate the mysteries of the chinese medical classics, we must try to understand and think like the philosophers who wrote them. acupuncture is popularly seen to address physical problems. the notion that acupuncture also affects the mind and emotions is confusing to some ; enticing to others. an acupuncturist works on the external tissues of the body, exciting the " jing luo " ( channels and collaterals ), which travel along the body ' s external muscles. the jing luo have resonance with the internal organs, which control physical as well as mental - emotional function. physiology of the mind ( and emotions ) is usually discussed in classical chinese medicine in relation to blood, and explored through study of the primary channels, especially those relating to blood : the heart / pericardium, spleen / stomach and liver ; pathology can be explored through the " collaterals, " mainly the luo vessels. luo vessels are conduits of ying qi. they relate to the interior of the body. as collaterals, the luo vessels are created as needed to take on pathology from the primary channels. they are pathological channels representing a disturbance to the normal physiological flow of qi and blood. the luo are a major arena where battle between internal pathogenic factors and the body ' s physiology is played out. internal pathogenic factors are mainly considered to be the seven emotions within classical medicine. the " collaterals, " or so - called " secondary channels of acupuncture " can be seen as detailed explorations into the pathological process. when the primary channels become overwhelmed by a pathogenic factor, coming from the exterior or interior of the body, they rely on support from the collaterals so as to maintain daily physiological function.


be seen as detailed explorations into the pathological process. when the primary channels become overwhelmed by a pathogenic factor, coming from the exterior or interior of the body, they rely on support from the collaterals so as to maintain daily physiological function. the luo do not treat the pathogenic factors they inherit, but hold them in a state of latency as " fullness. " when the luo reach saturation, they " empty " back into the primary channel, or deeper into the source. to study pathology of the mind and emotions, the luo vessels are paramount. it can be confusing however, when studying the luo, to see most classical symptoms associated with them are somatic. the only " psychological " luo vessel symptom mentioned in chapter 10 of the ling shu is " mania, " associated with the stomach luo. even the heart and pericardium ' s luo symptoms sound very physical : " chest / heart pain, " " loss of voice, " " stiffness of the neck. " commentators, such as yuen, have said the somatic language used to describe luo vessel pathology is the result of confucian politeness, keeping discussion of the emotions within the family. it is historically considered inappropriate to speak of such things in the clinical setting. people expressed psychological pain through somatic language. " heart pain " expresses a sense of heartache, betrayal or disappointment ; " neck stiffness " : the stubbornness or inability to see new options. thinking like a philosopher, it ' s not difficult to see connection between the somatic and psychological within classical discussion of the luo vessels ; descriptions in ling shu chapter 10 are subtly illustrative and evocative. let ' s examine the small intestine luo vessel from this point of view. the symptom of " fullness " of the small intestine luo is described as " looseness of the elbow joint. " commentators have said this is somatic language for difficulty handling situations in life. the elbow represents the ability to grasp a situation and manipulate it. the channel travels through the elbow into the shoulder, where it terminates. progression of this luo vessel shows inhibition in ability to manipulate situations becoming difficulty reaching out and grasping, represented by movement of pathology from the elbow into the muscles of the shoulder. small intestine follows the pericardium in the luo vessel progression, as presented by chapter 10 of the ling shu : lung, heart, pericardium, small intest


pathology from the elbow into the muscles of the shoulder. small intestine follows the pericardium in the luo vessel progression, as presented by chapter 10 of the ling shu : lung, heart, pericardium, small intestine, large intestine, ect. by the stage of the pericardium luo, the body has failed to release a pathogenic factor from the chest via the lung ' s ability to diffuse and let go and the heart ' s ability to articulate and expel the problem through use of the tongue. the problem becomes stuck in the chest, creating a sensation of " chest pain : " a sign of fullness of the pericardium luo. as the vessel progresses into " emptiness, " the neck tightens to prevent heat stagnation from reaching the brain. the small intestine luo shows progression from a growing state of helplessness coming from the pericardium luo. the person has lost ability to see new options to their problem, as represented by the stiff neck. the small intestine tries to use its yang qi to open the chest, becoming deficient from the struggle. incidentally, the small intestine is the first luo to show symptoms of consumption and degeneration. einstein has a famous quote : " doing the same thing over and over, expecting a different result, is the definition of insanity. " emptiness of the pericardium luo, in which a person can only see a situation in one way, can lead to doing the same thing over and over trying to get something to change. overuse or " lao " will eventually lead to consumption of qi and degeneration, a term known as " wei atrophy syndrome. " the stage of progression represented by the small intestine luo suggests this scenario can eventually lead to autointoxication through weakening of the bowels. psychologically, fullness of the small intestine luo is described as the inability to accept feedback, manifesting in a defensive demeanor. all criticism is taken as an attack. the world begins to be perceived as a toxic place where the person feels they must always defend themselves. this state progresses into a sense of insecurity as the vessel empties. " pebbly stools " : the symptom associated with emptiness of the small intestine luo shows impact on the bowels, damaging the ability to separate the pure from the turbid. the second emptiness sympt


problem to the bladder to be expelled. metal is no longer giving birth to water ; instead the reverse is occurring, going against the generation cycle of the five elements. fullness of the lung ' s luo is described as " heat in the palms, " representing hyperactive sensuality : the constant need for contact and stimulation ; a seemingly excess symptom relating to the stage of psycho - social development governed by the lungs. the large intestine primary channel becomes involved during the teething process of a child, when the world begins to become something to " masticate. " discrimination and association begins with the large intestine. the stomach channel follows, providing the capacity for primal feelings of like and dislike. if food is not good, the child will vomit it back up. there is not yet a mental process involved at this stage, but one of pure feeling. the spleen, which comes next in the progression, provides the mental component, through the yi. the grouping of these four channels has been called " the survival stage " of development by yuen. if these criteria are not met, one cannot progress into the further stages of " interaction " and " differentiation. " without adequate respiration and digestion, life cannot be sustained. the same is true for the psycho - social. one must be able to make contact and discriminate one thing from another, especially in terms of harmful or safe, to be able to interact and ultimately differentiate within the more advanced level relating to perception and major life choices. the luo vessel becomes activated when there is a disturbance within one of the primary channels. luo vessel symptoms indicate trauma relating to blood. they can be formed during a person ' s developmental process, pathologically influencing demeanor, perception and behavior as the person grows into adulthood. some of us never learned how to deal with the word " no. " we became rebellious whenever we were not allowed to do something, showing a disturbance within the psycho - social development of the heart primary channel. luo vessels manifest in rebellious qi. we have already established symptoms need not be physical. within this model, the luo vessel progression follows that of the primary channels, as they are pathological outgrowths of psycho - social development. the " heart pain " of being told " no " can cause inability to handle feedback, which leads to a sense of overreaction within our minds, a hyper - vigilant " fight or flight " demeanor, which can ultimately progress into obsessive - compulsive behavior.


no " can cause inability to handle feedback, which leads to a sense of overreaction within our minds, a hyper - vigilant " fight or flight " demeanor, which can ultimately progress into obsessive - compulsive behavior. the psycho - behavioral progression described here is that of a disturbance to the heart, manifesting through its luo, and progressing to the small intestine, bladder and kidney luo vessels, respectively. this person could be treated through working with the affected luo vessels : to expel the blood stasis disturbing normal psycho - social development. once the blood stasis is resolved, the primary channel is given the opportunity to build itself back, restoring natural function. much of the language within the classics is codified. it must be read with a philosophical, three - dimensional point of view mirroring the three levels of energetics. what may seem simple and straightforward often has deeper meaning, illustrated through the somatic language of the channel systems of acupuncture. the wonderful thing about chinese medicine is that it is an art as well as a science ; built upon philosophy. there have been thousands of commentators to the classics throughout history ; some very popular, whose way of seeing the world have inspired others. this has given rise to numerous traditions. each of us must make the medicine our own, honoring ourselves as philosophers and commentators who create our own style based on the way we see the world. only then does chinese medicine remain a living system, imbued with shen : like the blood. click here for more information about nicholas sieben, lac.


science fair project encyclopedia in general, a nun is a female ascetic who chooses to voluntarily leave the world and live her life in prayer and contemplation in a monastery or convent. the term " nun " is applicable to roman catholics, eastern orthodox christians, anglicans, lutherans, and buddhists, for example. the male equivalent of a nun is a monk. in roman catholicism a nun is the term for a female monastic regular, equivalent to that of a male monk. in the catholic tradition, there are a number of different orders of nuns each with its own charism or special devotion. in general, when a person enters a convent she has a trial period ( noviciate ) that lasts a number of years. upon completion of this period she may take her vows. in the various branches of the benedictine tradition ( benedictines, cistercian and trappists ) nuns usually take formal vows of stability ( that is, to remain a member of a single monastic community ), obedience ( to an abbess or prioress ), and " conversion of life " ( which includes the ideas of poverty and chastity ) while in other groups like the " poor clares " ( a franciscan order ) and cloistered dominicans the three - fold vows of chastity, poverty and obedience are used. nuns observe " papal enclosure " rules and their monasteries typically have walls and grilles separating the nuns from the outside world. the nuns rarely leave, though they may have visitors in specially built parlors that allow them to meet with outsiders. they are usually self - sufficient, earning money by selling jams or candies or baked goods by mail order, or by making liturgical items ( vestments, candles, bread for holy communion ). they sometimes undertake contemplative ministries – that is, a monastery of nuns is often associated with prayer for some particular good : supporting the missions of another order by prayer ( the maryknoll order has both missionary sisters and cloistered nuns ; and the sisters of daughters of saint paul are supported in their media ministry by the nuns of daughters of divine wisdom ), prayer for a diocese, etc. technically, a convent is the home of a community of sisters – or, indeed, of priests and brothers, though this term is rarely used in the u. s. the term " monastery " is usually used by communities within the benedictine family, and convent ( when referring to a cloister ) of certain other orders. a nun who is elected to head her monastery is


now dead to the world she receives a new name. nuns consider themselves part of a sisterhood, however, tonsured nuns are usually called " mother ". the next level for monastics takes place some years after the first tonsure when the abbess feels the nun has reached a level of discipline, dedication, and humility. once again, in a formal service the nun is elevated to the " schema " which is signified by additions to her " habit " of certain symbolic pieces. in addition, the abbess increases the nun ’ s prayer rule, she is allowed a more strict personal ascetic practice, and she is given more responsibility. the final stage, called " megaloschemos " or " great schema " is reached by nuns whose abbess feels they have reached a high level of excellence. in some monastic traditions the great schema is only given to monks and nuns on their death bed, while in others they may be elevated after as little as 25 years of service. denominations that are directly descended from the roman catholic church, such as the lutherans, anglicans, and even calvinists continue to have small monastic communities. in some anglican orders, there are nuns who have been ordained as priests. nuns also appear in buddhist traditions. while monks and nuns are celibate, it is not unusual for both to exist within the same monastery. there are many variations to the style of " habit " worn by these monastics, however, most, male and female, shave their head. other uses of the word nun - in biology, nun is a genus of the hillstream loach, a type of small freshwater fish. - in egyptian mythology, nun is an alternate spelling for nu, the name by which ancient egyptians called both the mysterious underworld from where life was renewed and the primordeal god residing there. the name translates as " abyss ". - nun is also the fourteenth letter of the hebrew alphabet. - nun and nunnery were also elizabethan era slang for prostitutes and brothels. - nun is also the name of the father of joshua, the right - hand man and successor of moses. - a nun buoy is a type of buoy. - sister wendy beckett - the sound of music - the singing nun - sisters of the third order of st. francis - poor clare nuns in rockford, illinois the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


minimal a capability was considered meaningful. the 740 was a cathode ray tube to which a camera could be attached. digital - to - analog converters drove the cathode ray tube, slowly drawing lines, based on the digital outputs of the computer. this method gradually came to be known as “ vector graphics, ” to distinguish it from other technologies. lines were plotted one point at a time. ibm justifiably bragged ( at the time ) that points were plotted at a rate of 8, 000 per second, with a display accuracy of a given point of only 3 %, but with good repeatability. you couldn ’ t reliably scale the resulting image, but the image would have at least conceptual value. typically, the camera shutter was opened when the drawing started, and closed when it finished. at that time, the film could be developed, and the image could be viewed later the same day. needless to say, this tech wasn ' t suitable for playing video games. of course, one could maintain a simpler image on the display simply by repeating the drawing instructions at a fairly high rate. but this used most or all of the cpu time, and limited the detail which could be drawn. the 740 had a sister display, the 780, which had a long - persistence phosphor ( 20 seconds ). while not as precise, when paralleled with the 740, it allowed the operator to verify that the image being produced was indeed the one desired. when you have to wait several hours for the film image to be developed, that ’ s a good idea. but there is another way to get an image with a slow computer, and one that will yield an image to the users much sooner : a plotter. gene seid and robert morton, two of the founders of calcomp, developed the idea in 1953, but lack of funding kept the device off the market until 1959. the idea is simple : drive a pen on two axes. that takes a pair of stepping motors, and something to put the pen down at the start of a line, and lift it again at the end. software can calculate when the pen should be stepped in either axis to draw straight lines between two points, curved lines, or whatever. in time, fairly sophisticated software packages were developed which isolated the users from the plotter, and allowed them to describe the image in more human - friendly terms such as “ m = 1, plot y = mx + b for x = 1 to 6, ” and so on


read has also worked on the evolution of bacteria that resist antibiotics. in a provocative paper published last year, he suggested that typically prescribed doses of antibiotics can sometimes favor resistant strains. smaller doses, which allow the immune system to kill resistant bacteria, could prove a better long - term approach. in infectious disease, individual bugs compete within a host, as do individuals in any population of organisms. if a drug or vaccine doesn ' t completely wipe out or prevent infection, the intervention can tip the evolutionary playing field and possibly favor not only bugs that resist that particular drug, but ones that spread faster, or cause more severe symptoms, read said. the malaria findings, published in last week ' s issue of the journal plos biology, are being taken seriously by vaccine researchers. " if there is an effect like this we need to be mindful of it and take steps to minimize this kind of impact, " said patrick duffy, chief of the laboratory of malaria immunology and vaccination at the national institutes of health. the findings don ' t apply to most existing vaccines, such as those used against smallpox, measles, and mumps. those prevent people from ever getting infected, so there ' s no opportunity for the viruses to evolve in immunized people, read said. but the malaria parasite is a more complex organism and no vaccine being tested now can wipe it out. so far, the best scientists can do with vaccines is to stave off infection and ameliorate the symptoms, so that infected children are less likely to die. but vaccinated people still harbor the parasite, and, through mosquitoes, can spread it to others. such imperfect vaccines are referred to as " leaky " because the pathogens can still multiply and evolve inside infected people. other " leaky " vaccines may eventually be used to treat hiv. evolution may also play a role in how other diseases react to vaccines. whooping cough is one of them, read said, since the vaccine can wear off. researchers should also be vigilant about evolution of human papillomavirus ( hpv ), which causes cervical cancer, he said. the current vaccine doesn ' t protect against all strains of the virus and may allow nontargeted strains to become more virulent. " we ' re moving into situations where parasites are evolving in the presence of immunized populations, " he said. " we have to be sure we don ' t create situations where we ' re allowing hotter strains to spread. " while the malaria


there has been a fair amount written recently about the use of capacitors to " drop " the mains voltage down to values suitable for transistor circuitry. i was recently asked to explain some aspects of such circuitry and looking through my references, was taken by the fact that one of the circuits described looked remarkably familiar. above are shown two circuits. only the bare essentials are shown, things like surge limiting resistors are omitted......... their similarities are self evident. now, if we wish to analyze fig. 1. in terms of current available, it is natural to think in terms of impedance. the reactance ( impedance ) of a capacitor is given by the formula ( 1 ) xc = 1 / 2p fc where f is the frequency in hz and c is the capacitance in farads. we can now apply ohms law to this and we find that, in a circuit where there is capacitance only, ( 2 ) i = 2 p fce where i is the ac current and e is the rms value of the ac supply. as d1 is a half wave regulator, ( 3 ) idc = p fce. let us see what a bit of simple arithmetic produces ; iim going to ignore things like voltage drop across diodes : - if we give c1 a value of 470 nf and an ac voltage of 230, equation ( 2 ) above gives us : - 2x p x 50 x 4. 7 x 10 - 7 x 230 = an ac current value of 34 ma. if we use half wave rectification, as in fig. 1, we should divide this by 2, i. e. 17ma. taking fig. 2, we would normally analyze it in terms of charge, it is after all, a charge pump, so we use classic capacitance theory, i. e. q = cv = it. ( charge = capacitance x voltage = current x time ) or i = cv / t. as t = 1 / f we can write this as idc = cvf. if we were to apply the mains to such a circuit we could assume that, because the mains has " unlimited capacity ", c1 charges up to twice the mains peak voltage ( i. e. 2 ( o 2 x 230 ) = 650 ), we then get : - idc = 2 o 2 ( fce ) or 2 x o 2 x 50 x


| community - scale biomass energy : the facts | download a pdf of this article when community - scale biomass energy systems are well - designed, well - run, and sustainably supplied, it is a positive, proven, renewable energy option that can be practical and safe, can strengthen our economy and security, and can help ease the urgent strain on our planet ’ s ecosystem. and, in regions throughout the united states with abundant forest resources, it is available now. community - scale biomass energy systems burn biological material — most often wood from low - quality trees — in highly efficient, high - temperature combustion systems to produce heat. sometimes, these systems also produce a certain amount of electric power ( this is called chp, combined heat and power ). but the most efficient use of biomass for energy is to provide space heating and domestic hot water. community - scale systems typically provide this to single buildings, such as schools and hospitals, or to groups of buildings such as college campuses, industrial parks, or whole towns or cities through “ district heating ” systems. community - scale biomass systems that produce heat or chp are different from electric power plants, which are generally much larger and mainly produce electricity for broad distribution. biomass - fueled technology is only about 20 - 25 percent efficient at producing electric power ; at producing heat, it is 70 - 90 percent efficient. power plants sometimes ( though this is rare ) sell the excess heat they generate, where it is economically feasible and if there is an appropriate user nearby ; this is only 40 - 45 percent efficient. technology is also being developed that can use biomass to produce liquid biofuels. community - scale thermal applications are the most efficient biomass energy technologies — they do the best job of turning biomass fuel into energy, with the least waste. systems of this type have been in use since the early 1980s, and have built a track record of safety and reliability. today, a growing number of community - scale systems, most fueled with woodchips and some with wood pellets, are delivering heat and hot water to schools, businesses, colleges, hospitals, city centers, and whole communities across the northern united states, canada, and north and central europe. biomass fuel can be used in a wide range of technologies, from home woodstoves to power plants. because community - scale thermal systems combine high - efficiency combustion with sophisticated emission controls, this technology meets and exceeds all emission - safety standards, while providing heat energy at relatively stable fuel prices from a local fuel source. when wood fuel is harvested responsibly


community - scale thermal systems combine high - efficiency combustion with sophisticated emission controls, this technology meets and exceeds all emission - safety standards, while providing heat energy at relatively stable fuel prices from a local fuel source. when wood fuel is harvested responsibly from well - managed forests, community - scale biomass energy is a sustainable whole system. it keeps energy dollars circulating in the local and regional economy, by using a renewable fuel that is harvested nearby — and its carbon emissions are re - captured as the forests that supply the fuel continue to grow. in contrast, fossil - fuel systems extract carbon that is buried underground in geological deposits, then add it to the atmosphere over time. finally, by developing a reliable, local market for low - quality wood, biomass energy can create a new financial incentive for forestland owners to manage their forests for long - term productive health, lessening the pressure to “ high - grade ” ( cut only the most valuable trees and leave the rest ). the revenue stream for biomass fuel can help landowners make ends meet, also relieving the pressure to sell woodland for development. benefits of using biomass at the community scale modern community - scale biomass energy systems use sophisticated emission controls biomass energy systems emit 1 / 6 of the sulfur oxides, which contribute to acid rain, than do oil - fired systems. nitrogen oxide emissions are about the same as oil. when their fuel is harvested responsibly from sustainably managed forests, biomass systems can be low - carbon, or carbon neutral over time good forest management is essential to realizing the carbon benefits of biomass energy. key factors include : where trees are harvested, how they are harvested, how this plays out over the landscape and over time, and whether management practices support long - term forest health. it is also important that biomass energy systems be well - designed and efficiently run. when these positive factors are in place, converting from oil - or gas - fired energy to biomass can reduce net co2 emissions by 75 - 90 percent. a well - managed biomass fuel industry, coupled with sustainable growth in demand, creates new incentives to protect and preserve the working forest landscape image captions ( from top to bottom ) a typical below - grade woodchip storage bin at a public school. woodchips being conveyed from the storage bin to to the boiler room. the 2010 installation of middlebury college in middlebury, vermont exemplifies a community - scale biomass application. woodchips burning inside the combustion chamber of a biomass boiler. the chipping of low - grade wood from harvesting


i ’ m working on an ebook titled “ 6 powerful mechanisms behind personal change ”. this post is a part of the chapter about positive attitude. i will show you what attitude is and how you can use it to be proactive. the nature of attitude daniel d. droba claims he was the first to define the attitude concept and he did so in his article the nature of attitude from 1933. droba based his study on 55 books on sociology and psychology and he concluded that attitude is a state of preparation to action. “ attitude is a state of preparation to action ” carl jung ’ s definition of attitude i ’ m surprised that droba only used american sources and studies because the attitude concept has a central role in carl jung ’ s psychological types published in 1923. jung ’ s work is used today in personality tests and development of organisations. in his work “ psychological types ” ( pp. 526 - 30 ) jung gave his definition of attitude : “ attitude is a readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain direction. ” jung places great emphasis on the attitude concept because it is a powerful mechanism that is based on experience : “ to have a certain attitude means to be ready for something definite [ … ] having an attitude is synonymous with an a priori direction towards a definite thing. ” jung believes that we have both a conscious and an unconscious attitude. i you want to act in a certain direction you have to be conscious about it ; for that you need attitude. “ active apperception is impossible without an attitude. ” jung has identified certain types of attitudes that are based on habits. “ when a function habitually predominates, a typical attitude is thereby produced. ” this means, that habits can develop both consciously and unconsciously ; these habits will produce some kind of attitude. if you want to change something you need the right attitude to do so. that is why you can combine habits and attitudes and thereby create personal change. experience → attitude → action it ’ s raining. rain is wet and cold. → rain is bad → cancel date habits → attitude → action bad habit → negative attitude → negative projection to other people unhealthy diet → feeling of guilt → healthy people are patronising you can use this mechanism to create change. changing a habit is difficult and it takes time, but you can choose to adopt a certain attitude, e. g. a positive attitude, and thereby change your action. another type of action will lead to a new experience. that new experience is your resource to the


them. one idea that connects the scold ’ s bridle, accusations of witchcraft and the ‘ woman on top ’ is the belief that women were particularly prone to bouts of irrational behaviour, prone to communicating with the devil as they did not have the rational power to stay away, and inclined to scold and nag about unimportant matters. according to early modern medical ideas of the four humours, a theory about the body existent since ancient greece and changed little by the 16th century, women were cold and damp with little blood. indeed, this small amount of blood would linger around their uterus, instead of spreading throughout the body and into the brain. the greeks even wrote of how the uterus would ‘ wander around ’ the body if it had too little blood. as such, women were often seen as being ‘ led ’ by their uterus, a dangerous organ, making them prone to irrational behaviour. nor was this idea soon forgotten, for the very victorian illness of hysteria takes its name from the greek ‘ hystera ’, meaning uterus. this may seem odd to a modern audience, more used to hearing of men being led by their nether regions than women. elizabeth baddeley is a visitor services assistant at wellcome collection.


this winter i ’ m taking a course on urban education. our first topic : segregation and desegregation in schools. firstly, what do we mean by segregation? as a working definition, i ’ ll offer that segregation is the spatial pattern of people across some attribute. so we could talk about segregation by race, by income, or by favorite ice cream flavor. once we pick something to measure against, we find that every city is segregated according to this definition. what matters is in what way the segregation manifests and the consequences on the populace the pattern has. segregation patterns can be uniform, with all groups distributed more or less evenly within a region, or clustered. likewise, we could also calculate the extent to which subpopulations are isolated from each other — which also gives a rough estimation of how often members of one group is likely to run into someone outside of their group. i think when we talk about ‘ segregated ’ groups, we typically mean highly clustered populations that are isolated from the other groups in the city. i don ’ t think that clustered, isolated groups are necessarily bad on their own. i love visiting the north end and chinatown. because they ’ re both t - accessible, it ’ s easy for me to get there. ( though, both neighborhoods have had rough pasts. ) and harvard square is the nicest place i ’ ve ever lived. score one for segregation! moral judgments aside, self - selection can have a big influence on patterns of segregation, at least it can in models. the positive feedback loops reinforce small, individual choice to generate large - scale patterning. schelling ’ s model of segregation is a classic, good first example of what i mean. in this model individuals exhibit only a slight preference to have neighbors that are similar to them. the individuals in this model are not racist. ( or maybe they are. i don ’ t have a good functional definition of racism yet. ) when individuals find themselves in a neighborhood that is too unlike themselves, they move somewhere else at random, possibly to a neighborhood more dissimilar from themselves than the last. even with this mild, partially blind behavior, a totally segregated structure emerges. in more relaxed models that completely ignore race, even more realistic patterns of segregation form. in this class of model, individuals simply choose to live in the nicest area they can afford. as if by magic, isolated poor and rich neighborhoods form. depending on the details of the model, wealthy suburbs appear spontaneously. if we use socioeconomic status as a proxy


model, individuals simply choose to live in the nicest area they can afford. as if by magic, isolated poor and rich neighborhoods form. depending on the details of the model, wealthy suburbs appear spontaneously. if we use socioeconomic status as a proxy for race, it ’ s the same old story. except this time, we have a systems - level mechanism that generates isolated, poor communities that lack the power to advocate for equitable resources and very rich communities with disproportionately high share of public goods insulated by a buffer of middle class individuals. race was not the cause ; money was. when was ask whether it ’ s morally justified for a white family to send their kid to a predominantly white school, i think it ’ s important to know what about the school is so attractive. do all parents value differentiated cultural and social understanding across many kinds of experience? are they likely to value it more than a pretty campus or reputation of success by its graduates? sure, in some cases the choice may be motivated largely by racism. but i ’ d expect that in many cases, it ’ s mostly a matter of ensuring access to the most and best resources possible for their child. it just so happens that low - resource groups aggregate, even in the absence of race. i believe that diversity ( of background, experience, perspective, and the like ) is important in schools because, as has been mentioned a few times by others, students learn how to navigate social situations outside of school from the people they meet in school. but when we talk about diversity, do we really mean racial diversity? as an example, imagine that an elite, wealthy, mostly white college in the northeast has recently been chastised for admitting a student body that is not sufficient diverse. consequently, the school begins recruiting wealthy black students from africa, some of whom attended the same boarding schools as students already enrolled in the college. in time, the student body comes to be half white, half black with an even mix in all classes and housing situations. in what sense, if any, has the college increased diversity on campus? do you think the college has produced the diversity they were previously lacking? while i think that racial segregation is a problem, i don ’ t think race is necessarily the capital - c cause. in a world without racism, economic segregation will still exist. but i ’ m willing to bet that in a world with no financial disparity, a lot of the troubles we associate with racism would evaporate. and so, i think race


concerns that the us economy can no longer innovate seem to be trickling into the cultural realm. according to grant mccracken at the harvard business review, some music critics are worried that “ innovation in popular music is in decline, ” and that, “ if this is true, a big cultural change is upon us — the end of popular music as the great lab bench for our culture, as the defining innovator of our time. ” but mccracken recognizes the nostalgia that underlies such fears, and puts forth five ways in which youth culture and pop music are actually changing the boundaries of what those cultural concepts mean today : 1. contemporary musical forms like mashups are not a “ barren genre. ” they are merely a new grammar, invented by cultural innovators to express a new culture. 2. originality is not so much in decline as being revalued. 3. young consumers are interested in music produced by previous generations, but they are using this music for their own purposes. 4. the new forms of music are expressive of new forms of self and group. 5. if music matters less to the way young consumers define themselves it ’ s because they have found other, more useful media to do the job. music doesn ’ t have to be the innovative media it was for reynolds ’ and other generations. that it worked especially well for earlier generations is due to historical chance and happenstance. music matters to reynolds for the same reason books matter to boomer academics : it just happens to be the form that ideas assumed in the world they grew up in. mccracken ’ s conclusion echoes breakthrough journal writer dan krewson, who wrote of punk ’ s enduring, if unconventional, legacy in “ punk and possibility ” : in many ways, punk ’ s legacy is such that it is now a mark of sophistication among artists to draw from a constellation of influences, just as it was once stylish for prog rockers to draw upon classical music. consider top 40 rapper kid cudi. born in 1984, cudi unapologetically channels pink floyd over grandmaster flash. he rhymes about outer space instead of the ghetto and samples lady gaga rather than james brown. he combines orchestral strings with turntable scratching. he references facebook, carl jung, and insomnia, embracing big pop hooks that helped his record debut at number four on the billboard 200. asked about his wide - ranging sound and influences, cudi said, “ i did want to make something that would baffle