in the free software movement, we believe computer users should have the freedom to change and redistribute the software that they use. the “ free ” in free software refers to freedom : it means users have the freedom to run, modify and redistribute the software. free software contributes to human knowledge, while non - free software does not. universities should therefore encourage free software for the sake of advancing human knowledge, just as they should encourage scientists and scholars to publish their work. alas, many university administrators have a grasping attitude towards software ( and towards science ) ; they see programs as opportunities for income, not as opportunities to contribute to human knowledge. free software developers have been coping with this tendency for almost 20 years. when i started developing the gnu operating system in 1984, my first step was to quit my job at mit. i did this specifically so that the mit licensing office would be unable to interfere with releasing gnu as free software. i had planned an approach for licensing the programs in gnu that ensures that all modified versions must be free software as well, an approach that developed into the gnu general public license ( gnu gpl ), and i did not want to have to beg the mit administration to let me use it. over the years, university affiliates have often come to the free software foundation for advice on how to cope with administrators who see software only as something to sell. one good method, applicable even for specifically funded projects, is to base your work on an existing program that was released under the gnu gpl. then you can tell the administrators, “ we ’ re not allowed to release the modified version except under the gnu gpl — any other way would be copyright infringement. ” after the dollar signs fade from their eyes, they will usually consent to releasing it as free software. you can also ask your funding sponsor for help. when a group at nyu developed the gnu ada compiler, with funding from the u. s. air force, the contract explicitly called for donating the resulting code to the free software foundation. work out the arrangement with the sponsor first, then politely show the university administration that it is not open to renegotiation. they would rather have a contract to develop free software than no contract at all, so they will most likely go along. whatever you do, raise the issue early — certainly before the program is half finished. at this point, the university still needs you, so you can play hardball : tell the administration you will finish the program, make it usable, if they


program for that string. entering nothing at the " find string? " will cause the last string to be searched for again from the current cursor position on. the [ f4 ] key is used for the replace function. when this key is pressed, the user is asked what string to search for. after typing in this string and pressing [ enter ], the user is asked what string to change it to. all occurrences of the first string will then be highlighted, and the user will be asked " replace? ( y / n / g / esc )? ". pressing [ y ] will replace that occurrence of the search string. pressing [ n ] will skip that occurrence. pressing [ g ] will replace all remaining occurrences. pressing [ esc ] will abort the replace function. the [ f5 ] key must be used with care. when [ f5 ] is pressed, the program will ask " are you sure? ( y / n )? ". pressing [ y ] will then erase the entire tape ; if it has not been saved it will be lost. this key is used to erase everything in order to start new. the [ f6 ] key is used to exit the editor, save the current text, and run the programs that appear when the key is pressed. the programs available from the editor will be listed on the screen with a single character to the left of each. pressing the key corresponding to any of those characters will cause the related program to be run. pressing an invalid key will return operation to the editor as if nothing had happened. the [ f7 ] key is used to read in a previously stored file from the disk. after pressing this key, the user is asked for a file name. entering the file name and pressing [ enter ] will cause that file to be appended to the text already loaded into the editor. entering a cam - wizard device name will cause the text to be read from that device using the protocol and handshaking defined for that device in io. cfg. the [ f8 ] key is used to write a file to a disk or to the printer. entering a valid ms - dos file name causes the text to be saved on a disk file and typing the word printer will cause the text to be sent to the printer. entering a cam - wizard device name ( such as punch, or a machine name ) will cause the tape code to be sent to that device using the protocol and handshaking defined for that device in io. cfg. the


to the printer. entering a cam - wizard device name ( such as punch, or a machine name ) will cause the tape code to be sent to that device using the protocol and handshaking defined for that device in io. cfg. the [ f9 ] key is used for block editing functions. blocks of text can be copied and deleted using the block edit command. when pressed, the system will prompt you for the function, either mark block start, mark block end, copy block, or delete block. blocks must be defined before they can be copied or deleted. the [ f10 ] key is used to renumber a tape. this function will ask the increment to use for renumbering the tape. at this time the user can specify the number to be counted by and the number of digits to use on the tape. for instance if you type 005, then the tape will be numbered by 5 and each n number on the tape will take up 3 digits. ( 005, 010, 015, 020... ). send mail to email @ example. com with questions or comments about this web site. please read our usage rules before using any information from this site. copyright © 2000 swe engineering last modified : june 10, 2002


this book is at the opposite end of the spectrum, so to speak, from the previously - mentioned source. in this book, williamson and the other authors discuss music from an expertise on the art itself. there is no mention of digital music, sampling, file - sharing, or other similar topics to be found anywhere in the book. in their places are excerpts from sheet music and examples of lyrics. they offer their expert commentary on subjects ranging from chopin to snoop dogg, from dante to the beatles, and each is approached with the same level of intellect and scholarship. multiple chapters cover the creation of music from scratch – as told from the songwriter ’ s point of view, and it is this unique perspective that offers a new form of insight into the practice of digital sampling. another important factor in this work is the chapter entitled “ mimesis, gesture, and parody in musical word - setting. ” this chapter not only explores the implications that a parody has on an original work but sets the framework for parody with an historical narrative about its origins. at first, this seemed to be irrelevant to the topic of digital sampling and copyright law, but after further inspection, it became apparent that this knowledge is very important to the understanding of parody and its stance in copyright law. words and music discusses at length many different styles and genres of modern music, primarily “ gangsta, ” or hardcore, rap. this genre is a unique example because not only is it arguably the heaviest on lyrical content out of all kinds of music, but also because it is notorious for its sampling practices and is quite possibly the realm in which the most copyright infringement cases take place. reading a scholarly assessment on such genres is especially helpful for this topic seeing as it provides a critical, but not condemning eye on the subject. this is all - to - rare in today ’ s academic and scholarly publications, and to have a source such as this is very useful in the terms of this research paper.


a commercial airline? or a rogue geoengineering experiment? the world economic forum has put out a new report on global risks for 2013, and the report ’ s chapter on “ x factors ” — concerns more remote than the report ’ s primary risks, but still worthy of note — includes a section on rogue “ geoengineering ” experiments. geoengineering involves large - scale efforts to either remove carbon from the atmosphere, or to remake the atmosphere ’ s chemical or physical make - up to offset the effects of climate change. the most plausible scenario mentioned by the report uses aircraft to inject particles into the atmosphere to mimic the way eruptions of volcanic ash block sunlight, and thus cool the climate. more far - fetched scenarios go so far as deploying mirrors into orbit to reflect sunlight. such projects involve a host of funding and deployment problems, as well as the serious risk of unintended consequences for both the climate and the billions of humans who rely on it. for instance, a project at the uk - based stratospheric particle injection for climate engineering project, or “ spice, ” working on the idea to mimic volcanic ash, was delayed in october over environmental concerns. unfortunately, this leaves an opening for smaller nations or even commercial interests to begin experimenting with geoengineering unilaterally, say researchers at the world economic forum : nobody envisions deployment of solar radiation management anytime soon, given the difficulties in resolving a suite of governance issues ( evidenced by the fact that even the relatively simple spice experiment in the uk foundered in the midst of controversy ). beginning with britain ’ s royal society, many academic and policy bodies have called for cautious research as well as broader conversation about the implications of such technologies. but this has led some geoengineering analysts to begin thinking about a corollary scenario, in which a country or small group of countries precipitates an international crisis by moving ahead with deployment or large - scale research independent of the global community. the global climate could, in effect, be hijacked by a rogue country or even a wealthy individual, with unpredictable costs to agriculture, infrastructure and global stability. [... ] for example, an island state threatened with rising sea levels may decide they have nothing to lose, or a well funded individual with good intentions may take matters into their own hands. there are signs that this is already starting to occur. in july 2012 an american businessman sparked controversy when he dumped around 100 tonnes of iron sulphate into the pacific ocean off the


perhaps due to the association in the trope name ). - royalty : generally used to represent power, wealth or prestige. these are often used in high school settings to refer to " the popular kids ". - princess : often the alpha bitch, however, a wealthy or popular girl of any sort will often be equated to a princess ( for an example of this comparison, look no farther than this site ). a queen will often refer to the same stereotype, especially if there is a corresponding? - king : generally the leader of a group or organization or the reigning champion of something ( i. e. " the king of table tennis " ). in the aforementioned high school settings, the king will often be a jerk jock. - unicorn : the mythological " horse with a horn, " although many different descriptions of them exist. usually pure, gentle and noble, although subversions do exist. being able to draw a unicorn ' s attention is generally a virgin power. strongly associated with chastity, and often a motif for young girls. - wolves : while the wolf ' s image has been getting better in recent times, increasingly being seen as a " spirit of the wild, " people can ' t quite get over " little red riding hood ". while the wolf is an animal motif at the same time, the wolf as a threat to young girls / sexual predator seems to have its roots in the fairy tale. - in germanic countries, the wolf is ( or was historically ) the equivalent of the devil - they even have an expression about them that ' s interchangable with " speak of the devil ". open / close all folders anime and manga - revolutionary girl utena uses a fairytale motif in order to deconstruct the romance fairytale of the prince as male love interest saving the princess. - skip beat!! ' s kyouko seems to believes that fairies are real, and very often acts following cinderella - like fairy tales tropes, seeing the ( mostly villainous ) characters she interprets as princesses under a curse. there is not wrong genre savvyness, just a girl whose life has been so horrible she just prefer to believe she could be rescued and become a real princess, even if she knows it isn ' t. pity nobody had informed her how the fair folk and the old fairy tales truly are... - princess tutu mixes magical girl tropes and fairy tale motifs with references to specific stories and ballets. the first season mostly plays the


penguindrum has had allusions to various fairytales involving apples, but so far the most prominent motif seems to be the resemblance of the siblings ' lives to an in - universe fairytale about a man named mary and his three little lambs offending a goddess. - alice from mahou tsukai no yoru possesses magic which revolves around fairy tales. - the manga akagami no shirayukihime is based on the tale of " snow white ". ( the title literally means " red - haired snow white ". ) the first chapter in particular has a lot of tributes to the original story. live action television - homestuck in sburb, all players are given a particular class and aspect that determines their powers. the classes are themed around typical high fantasy character types such as ' prince ', ' witch ', and ' knight '. then there ' s the kingdoms of derse and prospit who double up this trope with chess motifs, as well as the fact that all sburb players are considered to be princes or princesses of one or the other. then there ' s terezi loving dragons and tavros liking fairies ( and since god tier trolls possess wings, they ' re sort of fairies as well ) and feferi being an actual princess. of course, all the fantasy elements are mixed with a good deal of science fiction and technology as well. - the " such stuff as dreams are made on " arc of roommates has both general fairy tale motifs and more specifically swan lake allusions in it ' s dream sequences to symbolically communicate information to the main character ( jareth ) note. the fair folk don ' t do simple.


part of twisted. python view source these are methods which you can register pre - call and post - call external functions to augment their functionality. people familiar with more esoteric languages may think of these as " method combinations ". this could be used to add optional preconditions, user - extensible callbacks ( a - la emacs ) or a thread - safety mechanism. the four exported calls are : all have the signature ( class, methodname, callable ), and the callable they take must always have the signature ( instance, * args, * * kw ) unless the particular signature of the method they hook is known. hooks should typically not throw exceptions, however, no effort will be made by this module to prevent them from doing so. pre - hooks will always be called, but post - hooks will only be called if the pre - hooks do not raise any exceptions ( they will still be called if the main method raises an exception ). the return values and exception status of the main method will be propogated ( assuming none of the hooks raise an exception ). hooks will be executed in the order in which they are added. | class | | hookerror | | an error which will fire when an invariant is violated. | | function | | addpre | | hook. addpre ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | addpost | | hook. addpost ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | removepre | | hook. removepre ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | removepost | | hook. removepre ( klass, name, func ) - > none | | function | | pre | | ( private ) munging to turn a method name into a pre - hook - method - name | | function | | post | | ( private ) munging to turn a method name into a post - hook - method - name | | function | | orig | | ( private ) munging to turn a method name into an ` original ' identifier | | function | | _ xxx | | string manipulation garbage. | | function | | _ addhook | | ( private ) adds a hook to a method on a class | | function | | _ removehook | | ( private ) removes a hook from a method on a class | | function | | _ enhook | | ( private )


exactly located ( exactlylocated ) the actual, minimal location of an object. this is a subrelation of the more general predicate sumo / base - ontology related wordnet synsets - the precise location of something ; a spatially limited location ; " she walked to a point where she could survey the whole street " agar obj is partly located in region, to yah kuch subobj nahin, ki subobj is a part of obj aur subobj is exactly located in region. ( partlylocated? obj? region ) ( part? subobj? obj ) ( exactlylocated? subobj? region ) ) ) ) agar obj is exactly located in region, to yah kuch otherobj nahin, ki otherobj is exactly located in region aur otherobj is not equal to obj. ( exactlylocated? obj? region ) ( exactlylocated? otherobj? region ) ( equal? otherobj? obj ) ) ) ) ) ) " thing ki jagah time tha " is equal to region agar hai thing is exactly located in region during time. ( wherefn? thing? time ) ( exactlylocated? thing? region ) ) )


meter is the organization of speech rhythms ( verbal stresses ) into regular patterns, in terms of both the arrangement of stresses and their frequency of repetition per line of verse. poetry is organized by the division of each line of verse into " feet, " metric units which each consist of a particular arrangement of strong and weak stresses. the most common metric unit is the iambic foot, in which an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed one ( as in the words " revrse " and " compse " ). here is a table of meters and their names. meter is also determined by the number of feet in a line. a line with five feet is called pentameter ; thus, a line of five iambs is known as " iambic pentameter " ( the most common metrical form in english poetry ). the most common line lengths are : trimeter : three feet tetrameter : four feet pentameter : five feet hexameter : six feet ( an " alexandrine " when iambic ) heptameter : seven feet ( a " fourteener " when iambic ) naturally, there is a degree of variation from line to line, as a rigid adherence to the meter results in unnatural or monotonous language. a skillful poet manipulates breaks in the prevailing rhythm of a poem for particular effects. john donne, for example, rarely held to the meter of his lines for more than a few feet at a time. these lines from his holy sonnet 14 ( 1633 ) are written in iambic pentameter, but the stress patterns vary a great deal : that i may rise and stand, o ' erthrow me, and bend your force to break, blow, burn and make me new.


failure - to - thrive is when a child is not growing as expected. it does not include children who are small for their age. the exact definition is not completely agreed upon. children grow quickly in the first few years of life. a child with failure - to - thrive will have a height and weight that is well below other children of their age. your child may have also had a normal growth pattern that began to slow down. initially the child has similar height and weight than their peers but at follow - up appointments the child ' s height and weight does not keep up with their peers. in general, failure - to - thrive means that a child : - is at or below the 3rd to 5th percentile for height and weight. t - has failed to grow as expected. this is shown by dropping two growth percentiles. for example, the child goes from the 75th percentile to below the 25th percentile. failure - to - thrive is split into several types according to the cause. types include : - organic failure - to - thrive — caused by some other medical condition - nonorganic failure - to - thrive — occurs in children with no known medical condition - mixed failure - to - thrive — occurs when the child has features of both organic and nonorganic failure - to - thrive gastrointestinal disease may make it difficult for your child to eat or absorb food. this may include : - reflux — stomach acid backs up into the throat. this can make it uncomfortable to swallow. - pyloric stenosis — valve on the stomach can not close properly, this can lead to reflux. - cleft lip and / or palate — birth defects of the lip and roof of the mouth, this condition can make it difficult to eat solid foods. - hirschsprung ' s disease — a condition that can cause a blockage in the intestines - hepatitis — liver disease that can cause general fatigue and ill feeling - cirrhosis — liver disease that can cause general fatigue and ill feeling - pancreatic insufficiency — pancrease helps digestion of fats, if there is a problem, food may not be properly absorbed into the body - malabsorption — general problem in the intestines ability to absorb food - milk protein intolerance — inability for the baby to digest proteins found in milk, even if the baby is taking in enough milk it is not getting to the body kidney disease — can decrease your child ' s appetite and impair growth - ur


207. yugoslavia faces the millennium : conflict and continuity a decade after the fall of communism, there remains little discussion within the public sphere of the fundamental differences that separate the states and societies of western and eastern europe. this oversight is regrettable not only because it limits our ability to resolve problems in the balkans, but also because that region is far more representative of the world at large than is western europe. a case in point is the region ' s multiethnic demography, for which there are many historical and current parallels the world over. the uncritical, century - long rush to adopt the west european nation - state model has resulted in a steady succession of secessions, civil wars, and partitions not only in central europe, but throughout the former soviet union, as well as in east timor, eritrea, and palestine. today, many statesmen, journalists and scholars advocate ethnic separation as the only solution, even though it would involve population exchanges. will " peace through partition " become the final solution to ethnic conflict in afghanistan, chechnya, chiapas, cyprus, kurdestan, macedonia, the philippines, rwanda, sri lanka, sudan, and western sumatra? for the most part, granting autonomy has acted as a " safety valve " in retarding centrifugal forces among concentrated ethnic minorities. the examples of kosovo, northern ireland, quebec, republika srpska, slovakia, and the six republics of tito = s yugoslavia however, suggest that such a solution is never truly " permanent " since it simultaneously perpetuates separate identities and offers career opportunities to those politicians who choose to exploit nationalism as a populist tool for coming to power. in seeking entry into the european union, the yugoslav and other central european successor states need to accept not only multiethnicity in their own countries, but recognize its reemergence in western europe and the rest of the " post - industrial " world. the past century offers numerous examples of the triumph of ethnic coexistence, especially in places like the bukovina, srem, vojvodina, and prewar bosnia, where a balance of power between ethnic groups simultaneously allayed minority paranoia while encouraging all groups to cooperate with one another. where no such balance exists, interethnic stability depends heavily on the perception of protection afforded minorities by the rule of law, supplemented by the majority group ' s willingness to be deferential toward their search for security and reassurance. the east - west dichotomy is also evident


stability depends heavily on the perception of protection afforded minorities by the rule of law, supplemented by the majority group ' s willingness to be deferential toward their search for security and reassurance. the east - west dichotomy is also evident in distinctive manifestations of nationalism and liberalism. whereas western media and statesmen routinely attribute serb atrocities to a carefully nurtured " persecution complex, " few observers recognize the pervasive sense of a deprived manifest destiny that weighs on the historical consciousness of all of the successor nations of the former multiethnic habsburg, ottoman and tsarist / soviet empires. one consequence is a militant and intolerant brand of nationalism that has justified discrimination and, sometimes, violence against neighboring ethnic groups. another consequence is the inclusion of a purely nationalist agenda in the basket of borrowed western enlightenment ideas, adopted by east europeans without the necessary region - specific modifications. the unfortunate result has been the simplistic equation of democracy with majority rule, shorn of such indispensable attributes as the rule of law, freedom of thought and expression, individual rights and toleration, and the obligations of civic responsibility. admittedly, the combined ottoman and communist heritage partly explains the political immaturity of balkan liberalism. but foreign critics who scoff at what robert hayden terms " constitutional nationalism " and the inevitable tyrannies of the majority that it creates forget that western europe ( and its north american progeny ) never experienced a prolonged period of foreign oppression. this distinction suggests that much of the yugoslav successor states and eastern europe ' s other newly independent states will need a prolonged period of national independence before they can purge the demons of their subjugation by foreign multiethnic empires. these states could perhaps obviate or minimize the need for this evolutionary step by demythologizing their own history, redefining nationality to include all citizens regardless of ethnicity, and enriching the public perception of " democracy " with those attributes and obligations that protect the rights of all citizens. mass media and visual imagery it takes considerable optimism to advocate remolding a society ' s mentality, in this case to conform with western models of nationalism and liberalism ; to force an entire region to do so requires equally heavy doses of ethnocentrism and arrogance. yet, if central europe is keen on integrating with the west, then it is incumbent on the region ' s elites to go beyond their uncritical appropriation of the nation - state model to embrace those patently universal enlightenment values that make nationhood and popular sovereignty


adapt, namely the ability of modern authoritarian regimes to culturally manipulate and criminally assault their own people. the emergence of what gale stokes has termed the " omnicompetent state " represents only the latest stage in the centuries - long, state - building process. nor is it the first time its evolution has challenged the conscience of the international community. during early modern times the aggressive behavior of the first " great powers " promoted systemic paranoia and almost continuous international conflict. to address this problem, over the past century, the international community has contemplated applying universal standards of behavior inside sovereign countries. notwithstanding isolated cases of unilateral, third - party intervention in uganda and cambodia, nato ' s air offensive against rump yugoslavia in 1999 represents a watershed in the enforcement of internationally recognized norms of conduct ( as prescribed by the un charter ) within the frontiers of a sovereign state. journalist seymour hirsch is doubtless correct in attributing the resulting " clinton doctrine " to the worldwide mediation of cnn and other global agents of visual media. yet another factor has been " u. s. leadership " that combines contrived appeals to national self - interest with a very real sense of moral outrage. whatever the motivations, policy planners should certainly contemplate and, hopefully reinforce, the prospect of appending the body of international law to facilitate such humanitarian interventions in order to meet this latest, twentieth - century challenge posed by the state - building process. the pivotal role that the u. s. has played in yugoslavia over the past five years underscores a fourth development that demands constant attention, especially by its own policymakers. the dissolution of the soviet union marked two potential watersheds in the history of international relations : an abrupt halt to the five - century - long european arms race that began with france ' s invasion of italy in 1494, and the usurpation of the balance of power by u. s. hegemony. whether these developments will become fixed structures or merely temporary " conjunctures " will depend on how the u. s. handles itself on the international stage, especially in matters that challenge the pretensions and perceived interests of countries like france, russia, or china. in the past, competing states have capitalized on the arrogant unilateralism of momentary hegemons such as charles v, louis xiv, revolutionary france and wilhelmine germany to reestablish a new balance comprising a coalition of major powers. so far, the u. s. has defied this dynamic by sustaining an ostensibly multilateral


##gemons such as charles v, louis xiv, revolutionary france and wilhelmine germany to reestablish a new balance comprising a coalition of major powers. so far, the u. s. has defied this dynamic by sustaining an ostensibly multilateral foreign policy in the kuwait, bosnia and kosovo conflicts, as well as in less strategically significant humanitarian interventions around the world. forestalling the re - assembly of a new bi - polar balance of power however, will take constant vigilance so long as stress remains between the u. s. self - interest and that of other great powers. the fateful faux pas of past hegemons suggests that the u. s. should limit overtly self - seeking initiatives ( such as contravening the abm treaty ), while helping to construct a universal legal framework to promote an international status quo that seals u. s. hegemony. if international law is the first resort of the strong, it is also the last refuge of the weak. hence the tremendous advantages that such a framework offers to the states and societies of the former yugoslavia. once the u. s. and its allies have established the requisite parameters for collaboration, they can leave it to each of the newly former yugoslav republics to set its own pace for aid and integration with the new europe. charles ingrao spoke at an ees noon discussion on may 2, 2000


viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. wendell jacob honors the memory of his father, harry e. jacob - - former v & e faculty member. wendell jacob honors the memory of his father, harry e. jacob, former v & e faculty member. by allison chilcott ( note : this article first appeared in outlook 2005, the publication of college of agricultural and environmental sciences. ) students and campus visitors alike will learn to identify dozens of varieties of grapes - - including table, wine, and raisins - - when the harry e. jacob demonstration vineyard opens adjacent to the robert mondavi institute for wine and food science courtyard in 2008. the demonstration vineyard will serve as uc davis ’ primary vineyard education site for classes and tours hosted by the department of viticulture and enology. this unique interactive learning center, to...


key : " s : " = show synset ( semantic ) relations, " w : " = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) " an example sentence " - s : ( n ) bear ( massive plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammals with long shaggy coats and strong claws ) - s : ( n ) bear ( an investor with a pessimistic market outlook ; an investor who expects prices to fall and so sells now in order to buy later at a lower price ) - s : ( v ) bear ( have ) " bear a resemblance " ; " bear a signature " - s : ( v ) give birth, deliver, bear, birth, have ( cause to be born ) " my wife had twins yesterday! " - s : ( v ) digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, stand, tolerate, support, brook, abide, suffer, put up ( put up with something or somebody unpleasant ) " i cannot bear his constant criticism " ; " the new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks " ; " he learned to tolerate the heat " ; " she stuck out two years in a miserable marriage " - s : ( v ) bear ( move while holding up or supporting ) " bear gifts " ; " bear a heavy load " ; " bear news " ; " bearing orders " - s : ( v ) bear, turn out ( bring forth ) " the apple tree bore delicious apples this year " ; " the unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers " - s : ( v ) bear, take over, accept, assume ( take on as one ' s own the expenses or debts of another person ) " i ' ll accept the charges " ; " she agreed to bear the responsibility " - s : ( v ) hold, bear, carry, contain ( contain or hold ; have within ) " the jar carries wine " ; " the canteen holds fresh water " ; " this can contains water " - s : ( v ) yield, pay, bear ( bring in ) " interest - bearing accounts " ; " how much does this savings certificate pay annually? " - s : ( v ) wear, bear ( have on one ' s person ) " he wore a red ribbon " ; " bear a scar " - s : ( v ) behave, acquit, bear, deport, conduct, comport, carry ( behave in a certain manner ) " she carried herself well " ; " he bore himself with dignity " ; "


key : " s : " = show synset ( semantic ) relations, " w : " = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) " an example sentence " - s : ( n ) skim ( a thin layer covering the surface of a liquid ) " there was a thin skim of oil on the water " - s : ( n ) skim, skimming ( reading or glancing through quickly ) - s : ( v ) plane, skim ( travel on the surface of water ) - s : ( v ) skim over, skim ( move or pass swiftly and lightly over the surface of ) - s : ( v ) scan, skim, rake, glance over, run down ( examine hastily ) " she scanned the newspaper headlines while waiting for the taxi " - s : ( v ) skim, skip, skitter ( cause to skip over a surface ) " skip a stone across the pond " - s : ( v ) skim ( coat ( a liquid ) with a layer ) - s : ( v ) skim, skim off, cream off, cream ( remove from the surface ) " skim cream from the surface of milk " - s : ( v ) skim, skim over ( read superficially ) - s : ( adj ) skim, skimmed ( used of milk and milk products from which the cream has been removed ) " yogurt made with skim milk " ; " she can drink skimmed milk but should avoid butter "


romanticism, poe, and the raven the era of romanticism spans from the late 1700 ' s to the mid 1800 ' s following the french revolution ; therefore, " romanticism " encompasses characteristics of the human mind in addition to the particular time in history when these qualities became dominant in culture. romanticism depicts an artistic movement which emerged from reaction against dominant attitudes and approaches of the 18th century. romanticism established realism in literature through creativity, innovation, exploration, and vivid imagery. by expanding beyond the definition of love, romanticism, accented by mystery, delves into the strange and fantastic aspects of human experiences. " to escape from society, the romantics turned their interests to remote and faraway places ; the medieval past ; folklore and legends, and nature and the common man. " edgar allen poe is noted as one of the few american " romantic " poets. poe ' s poem " the raven " portrays romanticism as characterized by emotion, exotica, and imagination. a friend of edgar allen poe, r. h. horne, wrote of " the raven ", " the poet intends to represent a very painful condition of the mind, as of an imagination that was liable to topple over into some delirium or an abyss of melancholy, from the continuity of one unvaried emotion. " edgar allen poe, author of " the raven, " played on the reader ' s emotions. the man in " the raven " was attempting to find comfort from the remembrance of his lost love. by turning his mind to lenore and recalling how her frame will never again bless the chair in which he now reposes, he is suddenly overcome with grief, whereby the reader immediately feels sorry for the lonely man. the reader pities the man ' s state of mind. in addition to an emotional characteristic, poe also portrays the exotic. exotic means " unnatural ". exotic means a raven that speaks only one word. exotic means a bird that refuses to leave and insists in staying in one place. finally, exotic means a life of torment of the speakers soul. the man is drawn to the bird to seek an answer to the monotonous reply of " finally, " the raven : is characterized by imagination. the man imagines that a raven is a godsend, intended to relieve him of his anguish. the man imagines that like all other blessings of his life, the bird will leave. the man ' s imagination rebukes the bird. the man calls the bird a " thing of evil ". the reader imagines a


( pdf 151 kb ) in recent years, scientists working at the intersection of two historically well - developed fields, retinal physiology and circadian biology, upended the conventional view of retinal organization with the confirmation of a nonvisual ocular photoreceptor system. the fact that the eye has functions beyond image perception holds the potential to explain why a significant proportion of patients with progressive degenerative ocular disease suffer from sleep disturbances. an understanding of these non - rod / non - cone photoreceptors might also explain seasonal affective disorder ( sad ), jet lag and depression in the blind. it has the potential to influence intraocular lens selection for cataract patients. “ the shocker is, you don ’ t need rods and cones to synchronize your circadian clock to the local light - dark cycle, ” said russell n. van gelder, md, phd. “ there ’ s this whole other photoreceptive system lurking in the retina entraining your circadian system. ” dr. van gelder is professor and chairman of ophthalmology at the university of washington in seattle. the eye is a camera, and clock, too the notion of a parallel ocular universe began more than 80 years ago with the observation that blind mice continued to show pupil constriction in response to light. 1 over time, researchers at about a dozen labs worldwide pursued the idea that the circadian and classical visual systems process light information in different ways. russell g. foster, bsc, phd, chairman of both circadian neuroscience and ophthalmology at oxford university, noted that by 2001, scientists had established the existence of a subset of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ( referred to in the literature as either prgcs or iprgcs, intrinsically photosensitive rgcs ) that regulate a variety of different responses to environmental brightness, including sleep propensity. this small subpopulation of rgcs responds directly to light and relays information along the nonvisual pathway to the brain ’ s circadian pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, dr. foster said. they do this by employing the photopigment melanopsin, which is believed to set the circadian clock and initiate other nonimage forming visual functions. dr. foster has shown that loss of melanopsin in the prgcs attenuates circadian responses to light


light meter, he explained. “ this light meter controls at least three different aspects of physiology : circadian clock synchronization, pupillary light response and sleep. that is, it directly drives sleep and wakefulness in mice, ” he said. “ the obvious question is : what is the effect on human health if these cells are sick? ” studies link glaucoma and sleep problems. one possible answer to that question comes out of a study conducted by dr. van gelder himself, linking optic nerve disease to sleep disturbances. 3 his study, which monitored sleep patterns in a population of blind children, found that optic nerve disease is predictive of increased daytime napping in young visually impaired subjects. “ we saw kids with end - stage glaucoma who had a hard time adjusting to the wake / sleep cycle of the outside world, ” dr. van gelder said. “ if you ’ re blind from an optic nerve disease, you ’ re nine times more likely to have significant daytime sleepiness than if you are blind from other causes. ” a study by other researchers found that melanopsin - using cells in rats died after researchers induced an increase in iop. “ the results, ” the researchers write, “ suggest that serious attention should be paid to the function of the nonimage forming system in glaucoma patients in the future. ” 4 implications and applications the discovery of novel photoreceptors within the eye is leading researchers down a number of new paths. here are three areas they ’ ve been looking at. iol selection. cataract surgery has been associated with improvement in the sleep / wake cycle, possibly because the prgcs are maximally sensitive in the “ blue ” ( 480 nm ) part of the spectrum, while the yellow discoloration of a cataractous lens may reduce transmission of available photons to the retina. this has implications for what dr. foster called “ the general global move toward implanting yellow, blue - filtering lenses. ” the impact of blue - filtering lenses is a question worth pursuing, he said, noting that circadian rhythms might be affected if these lenses reduce the amount of blue light available to the melanopsin pigment. seasonal affective disorder. ignacio provencio, phd, a professor of biology at the university of virginia, studies the genetics of circadian rhythms and has discovered that a mutation in a gene that codes for melanopsin may play a role in causing seasonal affective disorder ( sad ). 1 this


, a professor of biology at the university of virginia, studies the genetics of circadian rhythms and has discovered that a mutation in a gene that codes for melanopsin may play a role in causing seasonal affective disorder ( sad ). 1 this finding, said dr. van gelder, could suggest that depression, common in the blind, may be a form of sad. “ blindness, ” he said, “ may be like the effect of living in chronic winter. ” nonvisual light perception. after ablating all rods and cones in mice, dr. foster and colleagues found that the mice were still fully able to constrict their pupils under bright light conditions. 2 “ these findings raise some important clinical considerations regarding the diagnosis of ‘ complete ’ blindness, ” dr. foster said. “ clearly, any such diagnosis should take into account both visual and nonvisual elements, that is, the health and function of both the rod and cone and prgc photoreceptive systems. ” dr. foster advised that blind individuals who are found to be light sensitive should expose their eyes to sufficient daytime light to maintain normal circadian entrainment and sleep / wake rhythms. 1 roecklein, k. et al. j affect disord 2009 ; ( 114 ) 279 – 285. 2 foster, r. g. et al. j comp physiol 1999 ; 169 : 211 – 220. how to help patients dr. van gelder advised ophthalmologists to be mindful of the potential interplay of certain ocular diseases and these novel rgcs. “ we, as ophthalmologists, should expect that patients with advanced optic nerve disease may have difficulty synchronizing their lives with the light / dark cycle. ” ask some questions. therefore, he said, when physicians see patients who have a bilateral optic nerve disease, such as glaucoma, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or optic atrophy, they should ask relevant questions : how ’ s your sleep? do you feel in synch with day and night? do you find yourself awake at inopportune hours and sleepy during others? consider a referral. dr. van gelder advised referring patients who have trouble sleeping to a sleep disorder clinic. “ this is a treatable disorder, ” he said, citing the work of alfred j. lewy, md, phd, a psychiatrist at oregon health & science university, who has been treating blind patients with melatonin for some 20 years. 5


this is a treatable disorder, ” he said, citing the work of alfred j. lewy, md, phd, a psychiatrist at oregon health & science university, who has been treating blind patients with melatonin for some 20 years. 5 though melatonin is available over the counter, dr. van gelder cautioned ophthalmologists not to prescribe it without a referral to a sleep clinic because there are well - established treatment protocols. melatonin will shift the clock, and shifting at the wrong time can actually make things worse, he said. the point, said dr. van gelder, is attending to those patients who suffer from sleep disorders. “ we would never look at a patient with optic nerve hypoplasia without thinking they might have a systemic disease. but we don ’ t see a patient with end - stage optic nerve disease and immediately think that this person is at risk for sleep disorders. we should. ” 1 keeler, c. e. am j physiol 1927 ; 81 : 107 – 112. 2 foster, r. g. and m. w. hankins. curr biol 2007 ; 17 : r746 – r751. 3 wee, r. and r. n. van gelder. ophthalmology 2004 ; 111 ( 2 ) : 297 – 302. 4 wang, h. z. et al. chin med j 2008 ; 121 ( 11 ) : 1015 – 1019. 5 lewy, a. j. cold spring harb symp quant biol 2007 ; 72 : 623 – 636.


biodegradable transistors - - made from us wednesday, march 7, 2012 award - winning tau research uses self - assembling blood, milk, and mucus proteins to build next generation technology silicon, a semi - conducting element, is the basis of most modern technology, including cellular phones and computers. but according to tel aviv university researchers, this material is quickly becoming outdated in an industry producing ever - smaller products that are less harmful to the environment. now, a team including ph. d. students elad mentovich and netta hendler of tau ' s department of chemistry and the center for nanoscience and nanotechnology, with supervisor dr. shachar richter and in collaboration with prof. michael gozin and his ph. d. student bogdan belgorodsky, has brought together cutting - edge techniques from multiple fields of science to create protein - based transistors — semi - conductors used to power electronic devices — from organic materials found in the human body. they could become the basis of a new generation of nano - sized technologies that are both flexible and biodegradable. working with blood, milk, and mucus proteins which have the ability to self - assemble into a semi - conducting film, the researchers have already succeeded in taking the first step towards biodegradable display screens, and they aim to use this method to develop entire electronic devices. their research, which has appeared in the journals nano letters and advanced materials, recently received a silver award at the materials research society graduate student awards in boston, ma. building the best transistor from the bottom up netta hendler, elad mentovich, and bogdan belgorodsky one of the challenges of using silicon as a semi - conductor is that a transistor must be created with a " top down " approach. manufacturers start with a sheet of silicon and carve it into the shape that is needed, like carving a sculpture out of a rock. this method limits the capabilities of transistors when it comes to factors such as size and flexibility. the tau researchers turned to biology and chemistry for a different approach to building the ideal transistor. when they appled various combinations of blood, milk, and mucus proteins to any base material, the molecules self - assembled to create a semi - conducting film on a nano - scale. in the case of blood protein, for example, the film is approximately four nanometers high. the current technology in use now is 18 nanometers, says men


self - assembled to create a semi - conducting film on a nano - scale. in the case of blood protein, for example, the film is approximately four nanometers high. the current technology in use now is 18 nanometers, says mentovich. together, the three different kinds of proteins create a complete circuit with electronic and optical capabilities, each bringing something unique to the table. blood protein has the ability to absorb oxygen, mentovich says, which permits the " doping " of semi - conductors with specific chemicals in order to create specific technological properties. milk proteins, known for their strength in difficult environments, form the fibers which are the building blocks of the transistors, while the mucosal proteins have the ability to keep red, green and, blue fluorescent dyes separate, together creating the white light emission that is necessary for advanced optics. overall, the natural abilities of each protein give the researchers " unique control " over the resulting organic transistor, allowing adjustments for conductivity, memory storage, and fluorescence among other characteristics. a new era of technology technology is now shifting from a silicon era to a carbon era, notes mentovich, and this new type of transistor could play a big role. transistors built from these proteins will be ideal for smaller, flexible devices that are made out of plastic rather than silicon, which exists in wafer form that would shatter like glass if bent. the breakthrough could lead to a new range of flexible technologies, such as screens, cell phones and tablets, biosensors, and microprocessor chips. just as significant, because the researchers are using natural proteins to build their transistor, the products they create will be biodegradable. it ' s a far more environmentally friendly technology that addresses the growing problem of electronic waste, which is overflowing landfills worldwide. for more technology news from tel aviv university, click here.


u. s. ag wary as monsanto heads to supreme court the case also is important to regenerative medicine that relies on stem cell technologies. a stem cell by definition is a cell that can self - replicate, thus the case may answer the question of whether a patentee can control progeny of a patented stem cell, according to antoinette konski, a partner with foley & lardner ' s intellectual property practice group. monsanto, a $ 13 billion behemoth in agricultural seed and chemical sales, also sees the case as much bigger than itself. " this case really centers on the question of twenty - first century technology such as what we bring in agriculture and other companies bring for say stem cell research or nanotechnology.... and how they ' re going to be handled under principles of intellectual property law, " said monsanto general counsel dave snively. because seeds self - replicate, creating progeny when planted, they are unlike more traditional patented products. using a computer or smartphone does not create more computers or phones. but using a seed can make new seeds. for generations all around the world, farmers have practiced the art of saving seed, holding onto some of the grain they harvest each season to plant in a subsequent season. the advent of patented biotech seeds has changed that as monsanto and rival seed developers barred farmers from seed saving, arguing that if farmers do not buy new seed each year the companies cannot recoup the millions they spend to develop the specialty seeds. transgenic crops, which splices genes from other species into plant dna, have given farmers crops that resist insects and tolerate treatments of herbicide, making killing weeds easier for farmers. the majority of u. s. corn and soybean acres are now planted with patented biotech seeds. the case before the supreme court traces its roots to 1999, when bowman decided to plant a " second crop " of soybeans after he harvested winter wheat from the farmstead he runs near sandborn, indiana. while he used monsanto ' s roundup ready engineered seeds for his main, or " first " crop, bowman said he decided to use inexpensive commodity grain that he could purchase from a local grain elevator for his " second " planting of soybeans in late june. yields are generally lower for late - planted soybeans because conditions tend to be more optimal in april and may. the mixture of grain bowman bought, which he dubbed " junk, " carried no patent technology agreement and no directive prohibiting seed saving as do the


with several of his inventions on display in the smithsonian institute, 67 patents to his name, and over 100 inventions, ben kleinerman, 91, radiates electrifying enthusiasm for improving the lives of others through his creative brainstorms - - from the quirky to the essential. if there is one thing ben kleinerman is proud of, it ' s his unique role in israel ' s victory in the 1967 six - day war. he was the principal engineer and program manager of the ka - 56 camera at fairchild camera corp. at the time, and they had just developed a brand new technology. in the underbelly of a fighter plane, this special panoramic camera was equipped with their novel infrared - enabled poromat film. an ingenious device, the advantage of this camera and its unique film was that fighter jets could do surveillance and reconnaissance missions, capturing images of the territory beneath them, instantly develop those pictures while still in the air, and then turn around and strike with amazing accuracy. prior to the ka56, the reconnaissance plane had to first land and then develop the film, giving the enemy time to re - order the airfield, replacing decoys in the positions of the real metal planes. the state of israel sat in agonizing uncertainty, surrounded by seven countries whose military power far outweighed the skimpy israeli defense forces. the state of israel sat in agonizing uncertainty, surrounded by seven countries whose military power far outweighed the skimpy israeli defense forces. brigadier general mordecai hod, commander - in - chief of the israeli air force, commandeered kleinerman ' s specialized camera, the ka56 the egyptian air force was readying itself for battle, with some planes and hundreds of decoys made out of paper mache and wood stretched out on the tarmac. israeli jets flew stealthily above, snapping infrared - sensitive pictures with their newly outfitted cameras, and within minutes correctly bombing with the short supply of bombs that they had. the successful air strike crippled the egyptian army and was a decisive factor in israel ' s miraculous victory. five days later, the war was over. " after the war, general hod came to the united states, to our offices, to personally thank us later on, " ben reminisces, " but i was already in texas, working on the mars orbiter and voyager, so i wasn ' t there to get his thanks in person. " ben invented the forerunner of today ' s electric toothbrush -


visitors to marvel at - - a 400 - foot, 16 mm tape reel filled with ten minutes of birthday scenery, mankind ' s first ever audio - visual home presentation! in 1964, he created an ekg machine so lightweight and portable that it was the size of a king pack of cigarettes, effectively replacing the bulky machines carried by doctors who made home visits, as was the style of the day. the cardio - sensor didn ' t give a printable readout ; instead, it was a cardiograph which allowed doctors to interpret a patient ' s pqrst heartbeat curve to quickly diagnose a problem. when the cardio - sensor device hit the market, the cities of new york and atlanta immediately purchased hundreds. in the shadow of the cold war, city officials, worried about a russian nuclear attack, wanted to be prepared for the grisly prospect of doctors arriving on the scene of catastrophe, urgently needing to differentiate between victims who were still alive and those who had already died. with generals clark and eisenhower eastman kodak worked with him to develop a patent that would make magnetic soundtracks unalterable, thereby preventing nefarious re - recordings. " while john f. kennedy was in office, we took a speech of his, recorded it as magnetic sound on 16mm film. kennedy had said, ' we will never bomb and attack cuba. ' the way the magnetic soundtrack works, it was very easy for someone to change his words to say, ' we will bomb and attack cuba. ' the apparatus detected the erased word ' never. we showed the world what could happen. " next time you watch the weather channel, you ' ll see another ben kleinerman original, " the green screen, " built by federal manufacturing and engineering for cbs as a background projection system. ben also worked for years in the thrust and tailwind of world war ii as personal field photographer of generals clark and eisenhower, following them around italy and austria and capturing the minutiae of their lives. he rubbed shoulders with the rich and famous in his capacity as army photographer, an insider at all diplomatic events. " i worked with eisenhower. we went to see hitler ' s eagle ' s nest in austria. " " i was assigned to general clark for almost four years and i was with him every day of the week. and while clark was away, i worked with eisenhower. we went to see hitler ' s eagle ' s nest in austria. " while courting his wife, ben brought her to the pentagon to see his handiwork ; she


of the week. and while clark was away, i worked with eisenhower. we went to see hitler ' s eagle ' s nest in austria. " while courting his wife, ben brought her to the pentagon to see his handiwork ; she was duly impressed. they were shown thousands of official photos take by ben. in the circular room there was a selection of larger photos. along with joe rosenthal ' s famous photo of the flag raising at iwo jima, there was ben ' s photo of hitler ' s coffee table at the eagle ' s nest being signed by general eisenhower and seven other generals. all in the family life hasn ' t been easy for ben kleinerman. in 1981, he was stricken with guillain barre disease, similar in nature to polio. while many victims die from the illness, ben ' s lungs were not affected but he experienced total paralysis and could only move his eyelid. for seven months, he didn ' t move and he communicated with his family through his left eyelid. but he never complained. ben ' s son, gavriel ( gil ) built a piezo - electric device – a pressure - sensitive pointer that enabled ben to signal once his left thumb began functioning - - which the hospital permitted for ben ' s use. ( ben ' s dependence on oxygen meant no spark - producing devices allowed. ) ben made a substantial recovery and hasn ' t looked back since his illness. his prolific patents, though nurtured with plenty of love and effort, pale in comparison to his true love - - his three children, kay, gavriel, and janie, and his wife of 63 years, margery, who shares his passion for inventions. " i ' ve always tried to get my wife involved in my inventing - - so many things are her ideas. she gives me a lot of inspiration. " ben feels he has truly made his mark on the world and takes great pleasure in his work, especially in the inexplicable brilliance of divine providence that can only be detected many years later. case in point : ben ' s son gavriel, executive vice president of aish hatorah, jerusalem, sits in an office that overlooks the western wall that was liberated in 1967 with the help of his father ' s technology.


news - ocean observations photo credit : peter rejcek posted : july 7, 2010 courtesy : antarctic sun by peter rejcek underwater robots and marine animals outfitted with scientific sensors are part of a proposed strategy for monitoring polar oceans into the 21st century, particularly a stretch of sea along the western antarctic peninsula, which is undergoing rapid climate changes. the proposal comes in the june 18, 2010 issue of the journal science by a group of scientists who conduct research in antarctica, most of whom currently work on the palmer long term ecological research ( pal lter ) program. since 1993, the pal lter has monitored the region near the u. s. antarctic program a€™s palmer station, close to the northern end of the peninsula, mainly on an annual ship - based survey each january. the scientists suggest profound changes to the environment necessitate new ways to make measurements of the ocean and atmosphere. for example, midwinter surface temperatures have increased by about 6 degrees centigrade in the past 50 years. eighty - seven percent of the western peninsula glaciers are in retreat, and the sea ice season has shortened by nearly 90 days. in their report, the scientists describe a multi - faceted approach to ocean observation, using glider robots that measure ocean characteristics continuously for weeks at a time and tourist vessels, ferries, and other a€œships of opportunitya€ outfitted with chemical and biological sensors. in the last few years, the pal lter program added autonomous underwater vehicles called slocum gliders through a group from rutgers university led by oscar schofield, who is the lead author on the review paper in science. a€œin just the first few weeks that we had the glider out last year, we collected as much data as the cruises had collected since 1993, a€ said hugh ducklow, a co - author of the science paper and lead principal investigator for the pal lter, in an earlier interview with the sun. the authors also suggest outfitting oceanographic instruments on animals such as elephant seals and penguins to provide information on animal behavior and oceanographic conditions. recent tagging of adelie penguins nesting near palmer station has helped scientists understand the link between nutrient upwelling in underwater canyons and where penguins forage. a€œwea€™re looking for ways to use our existing capabilities to obtain data, a€ said ducklow, director of the ecosystems centerat the marine biological laboratory ( mbl ), in a recent press release from mbl. a€œour goal is to


what is a poster? a poster is a “ public ” piece of paper conveying information through text ( words ) and / or graphic images ( symbols or pictures ). it ’ s usually designed to be displayed vertically on a wall or window and is large enough to be seen and read from a relatively short distance. its main target audience is the person walking by. a poster must convey its message with immediacy and purpose, because people on the street are often in a hurry. posters are sometimes huge and can be seen from a long distance and may appear along highways ( on bill boards ) or on the sides of buildings. posters may also appear in much smaller versions, sometimes like a postcard, and are called handbills. whatever the size or shape, posters have a job to do and that is to convey information. posters carry many kinds of information : - they may call the population to rally, revolt or celebrate ( e. g. political or propaganda posters ) - they may alert citizens to health hazards or the presence of other dangers in the community ( e. g. educational posters ) - they may announce the coming of a wonderful theatre, music or dance performance ( e. g. marketing posters ) all effective posters must : - grab your attention - entice you to read the information they display - present the information clearly and fully, so that you understand what the poster wants to say - convince you to rally, revolt, take part, take precautions, be on the lookout or buy a ticket. the marketing poster is an important tool in most campaigns to sell arts events to the public.


understanding children who have been affected by maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure both maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure result in lifelong impairments that significantly affect multiple developmental processes of school - age children, including language, social communication, social cognition, and executive functioning. this program provides a framework for the creation of more effective assessment and intervention processes for this population by speech - language pathologists and audiologists. you will be able to : - discuss the brain structures and functions that are affected by complex trauma and prenatal alcohol exposure and the relative effects on the developmental functions of attachment, affect regulation, and information processing. - recognize sensory modulation difficulties in children with the potential to have maltreatment and / or prenatal alcohol exposure. - use a framework appropriate for assessing the social communication of children who have been affected by maltreatment and prenatal alcohol exposure. - discuss connections among emotional competence, alexithymia, and communication and language impairments. - recognize cultural issues involved in appropriately identifying the occurrence of maltreatment. - enumerate various ways the child welfare system affects the lives of the children and families who have been affected by maltreatment and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder ( fasd ). view the table of contents [ pdf ] 6 / 17 / 2012 to 5 / 3 / 2015


logging in or signing up robot arm asguest58216 download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad copy does not support media & animations wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 1039 category : product traini.. license : all rights reserved like it ( 0 ) dislike it ( 0 ) added : august 02, 2010 this presentation is public favorites : 0 presentation description no description available. comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript build your own robot arm : build your own robot arm trinidad september 2008 nico beute what will we do today? ( 1 ) : what will we do today? ( 1 ) we will build a robot arm from simple materials the arm would pick up a plastic cup from a distance of 45cm lift the cup to a height of at least 15cm bring the cup back to rest and release it you cannot get too close … : you cannot get too close … cup student robot arm 45cm you cannot get any closer than 45cm to the cup at any time what will we do today? ( 2 ) : what will we do today? ( 2 ) lift and release the cup when it is upside down lift and release the cup when it is full of candy do not spill use the same design ( possibly with a modified end effector ) to lift a pen why is this experiment useful to teachers and students? : why is this experiment useful to teachers and students? it teaches technological design it requires mathematical calculations for design it relates to the studies of motion and force it requires communication in writing ( design ) and orally ( explaining the design principles ) principles & standards for school mathematics : principles & standards for school mathematics geometry : use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric modeling to solve problems analyze characteristics and properties of two - and three - dimensional geometric shapes and develop mathematical arguments about geometric relationships problem solving : recognize and apply geometric ideas in areas outside of the mathematics classroom apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies communication : communicate mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers, teachers, and others outline and procedures : outline and procedures divide into teams of two ( 2 ) review the requirements discuss a solution and create a sketch of your design build a model of your design with given materials test your model redesign after testing


| avesta - - zoroastrian archives | | contents | | prev | | history3 | | next | | glossary | the idea of god in the millennium yahweh, the only god of the hebrews. we have already seen the eclipse of the old gods and the rise of the new ones in india during the millennium that opened with zarathushtra and ended with the advent of jesue. the monotheistic idea greatly developed during this period among the jews who were a subject race under the persians and whose religion was influenced by zoroastrianism. as judaism later gave much to christianity and mohammedanism, the knowledge of the belief in the godhead among this people is of great interest, and we shall discuss it in brief. a race of sturdy nomads of semitic stock tending their flocks from times immemorial in the arabian desert, of handsome features with prominent aquiline nose, is seen settling down in palestine about thirteen centuries before the christian era. many of their kinsmen had laboured and suffered as slaves in egypt, until moses brought them deliverance. the hebrews, as the people are known to history, found their new settlement already populated by the civilized canaanites. the new - comers intermarried with them and adopted their civilization. they succeeded later in founding a kingdom, and under the heroic ruler david, jerusalem became the centre of jewish religious life and the sanctuary of their national god yahweh. during the period of the divided kingdoms of judah and israel prophetic literature of great value arose and enriched human thought. the kingdom of israel ended in 721 b. c., and judah met with her destruction in 586 b. c. the persians brought the jews deliverance and allowed them to restore the temple of jerusalem that was destroyed by nebuchadnezzar. they flourished under the tolerant persian rule, codified their religious laws, collected and copied the sermons and teachings and songs and ancient writings that they stilt possessed. thus in a few centuries more there came into being the scriptures known as the old testament, the most precious legacy of the hebrews to mankind. when they had lived in small groups, each tribe had its god, whom the people worshipped. gradually a more powerful god from among these won the universal respect of the race. he was yahweh, worshipped in the earlier stages in the form of a brazen serpent, until the idol worship gave place to a purer form of godhead


in consequence of which he suffers. man is born good, it is said, but when he goes astray from the path of goodness, he brings calamity on his head. when there were strife and chaos stalking the earth, the sages felt that peace and harmony reigned above in heaven. perfect was the way or heaven or the tao or the one universal principle, the ultimate reality. happiness would fall to the lot of mankind, if it followed faithfully the way. the imitation of the way or heaven was therefore the ideal of earthly conduct. it was virtue and virtue brought happiness. man ' s duty was to cultivate the way and the sages undertook to teach it to mankind. the way was one which to all thinkers looked alike, but the methods of reaching it as taught by them were different. lao - tze, a great mystic born in 601 b. c., is the founder of taoism. he teaches quietism. confucius ( 551 - 479 b. c. ) is the man of the world and teaches a moral code of personal conduct. his relgion is a discipline of life and his system is a reaction against taoism. ahura mazdaahura, mazda, and ahura mazda. the name of god still retains its two elements separate. these have not yet coalesced into one word. in the metrical sections of the younger avesta the two elements are sometimes used apart from each other, or either one of the terms may be used to designate the supreme being, but in the prose compositions the collocation ahura mazda generally occurs as a compound phrase. in the formation of compounds, however, either ahura or mazda alone is used for the sake of convenience. the ahura compounds such as ahura - dhata, ' created by ahura, ' ahura - tkaesha, ' of the faith of ahura, ' or the adjectival form ahuiri, ' of ahura, ' invariably represent the divine lord ahura mazda. similarly, the mazda element in the compounds mazda - dhata, ' created by mazda, ' mazda - yasna, ' worshipper of mazda, ' mazdo - frasasta, ' taught by mazda, ' mazdo - fraokhta, or mazdaokhta, ' spoken by mazda, ' invariably stands for ahura mazda himself. | ahura mazda is the highest object of worship. ahura mazda still holds sovereign sway over both the worlds ;


nothing in his creation comes up to the level of man, who is the greatest and the best of all creations. 33 through the wisdom of ahura mazda the world has come into being, and through his divine wisdom it will come also to an 32. y1. 1, 2, 12 ; 2. 12 ; 12. 7 ; 17. 12 ; 37. 1 ; 38. 3 ; vr7. 4 ; vd19. 13, 16, 35 ; 21. 4, 8, 12 ; aog. 30. 33. aog. 30. spenta mainyubelief in an intermediary spirit between god and the world. from the days of thales ( about 600 b. c. ), the head of the school of miletus, the greek thinkers were in touch with the orient. the ionians were in close contact with the persians. pythagoras, we have seen, was believed by the classical writers to have been the pupil of zoroaster, though several centuries intervened between them. numenius of apamea says that pythagoras and plato reproduce the ancient wisdom of the magi and brahmans, egyptians and jews. alexandria became later a cosmopolitan seat of learning, and the intellectual east and west met there. it was here that judaism and afterwards christianity were hellenized. the wisdom of the east was held in high esteem at alexandria. persian influence, it seems, had been felt in greece in the early formative period of its philosophy. zarathushtra, we have noticed, postulated a quasi - independent spirit intermediary between the godhead and the universe, anaxagoras calls it nous, acting between god, and the world as the regulating principle of existence. plato says in his timaeus that the universe becomes an organism through the universal world - soul that is created by the demiurge, the supreme deity. the old testament refers to the spirit of yahweh. 1 philo judaeus unites the greek and jewish ideas about logos and says that logos is the first - born son of god and acts as a viceregent of god between god and the world. he is the prototypal man after whose image all men are created. logos is something more than plato ' s idea of the good, because, like spenta mainyu, he is creatively active. in common with spenta mainyu, logos is not a personal being, and like spenta mainyu again,


logos is something more than plato ' s idea of the good, because, like spenta mainyu, he is creatively active. in common with spenta mainyu, logos is not a personal being, and like spenta mainyu again, he appears sometimes as identified with god and at other times seems to be an attribute of god. the avestan texts refer to spenta mainyu and his adversary angra mainyu as thworeshtar or the fashioners or cutters and, speaking about the work of logos, philo speaks of him as tomeus, ' the cutter, ' employing the word of the same meaning. again as spenta mainyu or the spirit of light is shadowed by the opposite spirit of darkness, so logos, says philo, is the shekinah or glory or light of god, but he is also the darkness or shadow of god. this is so because, he adds, the creature reveals only half the creator and hides the other half. in the book of wisdom of solomon, wisdom, identical with the greek logos, is the divine essence, living a quasi - independent existence in god and side by side with god. she works as the active agent of god in the creation of the world. in mithraism, mithra held the position of the mediator between god who was unknowable and unapproachable and mankind. he fashioned the world as demiurge. the intermediary spirit of god occurs throughout the new testament. numenius of apamea, writing in the second century, says that god has bestowed divine qualities upon a second god who acts in the world as the power for good. the supreme god or the first principle, he adds, works in the spiritual world, whereas the activity of the second god extends to the spiritual as well as material world. origen, writing shortly after him, says that god created logos or the son. his relation to the father is the same as that which exists between ahura mazda and spenta mainyu. the son or logos, says origen, is co - eternal and co - equal with the father, but the son is lesser than the father. clement of alexandria says that logos, represents the will, power, and energy of god. he is the creator on behalf of god. he has introduced harmony in the universe and conducts its affairs as the pilot. | | 1. genesis 1. 2. | | the relation between ahura mazda and his holy spirit. it remains as subtle in


is the creator on behalf of god. he has introduced harmony in the universe and conducts its affairs as the pilot. | | 1. genesis 1. 2. | | the relation between ahura mazda and his holy spirit. it remains as subtle in the younger avestan texts as it was in the gathas. we have already seen in the treatment of this highly abstract concept, as it is portrayed in the gathic texts, that the term spenta mainyu either designated ahura mazda as his divine attribute, or occurred as a being separate from the godhead. the later avestan texts, it seems to us, lead us to the idea that spenta mainyu has no independent existence apart from ahura mazda, in other words, as shown above, he is not a personal being. the later avesta, moreover, as we shall see in the subsequent pages, teaches that all earthly and heavenly beings, belonging to the kingdom of goodness, including ahura mazda himself, have their fravashis, or guardian spirits. spenta mainyu alone in the realm of the good is without his guardian spirit. furthermore, spenta mainyu does not receive homage and invocation from man, as do ahura mazda, the amesha spentas, and the yazatas. in one passage the faithful dedicate their thoughts, words, deeds, and all to him. 2 spenta mainyu, therefore, may be taken as an attribute of ahura mazda which is either conjointly used with the godhead as his distinguishing epithet, or occurs alone by itself to designate the supreme being. in this latter use, it may be said, spenta mainyu represents ahura mazda, in the same manner as the royal title ' his majesty ' is frequently used as a substitute for the name of a king. | | 2. y58. 6. | | in contradistinction to the evil creation of angra mainyu, or the evil spirit, the avestan texts speak of the good creation as belonging to spenta mainyu, the holy spirit. 3 he maintains the sky, the waters, the earth, the plants, and the children to be born. 4 the stars also are spoken of as the creatures of the holy spirit. 5 he created mithra ' s chariot, inlaid with stars and made of heavenly substance. 6 he is spoken of as the holier of the two spirits. 7 he struggles with angra mainyu to seize the kingly glory [ khwarrah ]. 8


zoroaster ' s teachings in regard to asha. 97. y1. 4 ; 2. 4 ; 3. 6 ; 4. 9 ; 6. 3 ; 7. 6, 17. 3 ; 22. 6 ; 59. 3 ; yt4. 9 ; sr1. 7 ; 2. 7 ; afr. 4. 2 ; g. 2, 9, 12. the change that the concept undergoes. the gathic khshathra now takes vairya, ' desirable, ' as its standing epithet, and hence both the terms combine to form the name of this archangel. this archangel of ahura mazda99 gradually loses the abstract side of his nature in the avestan texts. in the gathic prose text of the yasna haptanghaiti the abstract idea of the divine kingdom occurs but once. in this solitary passage the devout long for the everlasting kingdom of ahura mazda. 100 throughout the younger avestan texts this abstract idea of the spiritual kingdom recedes into the background, or rather is entirely lost sight of. true, khshathra vairya is still occasionally invoked by name along with the other celestial beings, but his higher function as the genius of the sovereign power in the abstract entirely falls out. | khshathra vairya as the genius of earthly wealth. materially khshathra vairya is the genius of metal, and his activity is now limited to guarding this concrete creation of god. he is not spoken of as the genius of the celestial riches of the divine kingdom of ahura mazda. khshathra vairya and the molten metal are invoked side by side. 101 in fact he very soon loses even this trait of his work ; he is identified with metal and just becomes metal itself. 102 thrita, the first reputed healer of the bodies of mortals, received from him a surgical instrument for healing. 103 | | 101. vr20. 1 ; yt2. 7 ; sr1. 4 ; 2. 4. 102. yt10. 125 ; vd9. 10 ; 16. 6 ; 17. 6, 8. as the genius of metal, khshathra vairya is the lord of earthly riches. he generously bestows his possessions on the poor. he is sometimes invoked in company of marezhdika, ' mercy, ' 104 who is styled the protector of the poor. we can trace this relation of khshathra vairya as the merciful help


, or concrete objects of nature. many of them preside over both spiritual and material phenomena. the nature yazatas hvarekhshaeta, mithra, maonghah, ardvi sura, atar, and others personify the sun, light, moon, water, and fire. at times their names designate merely the objects of nature that they personify. this simultaneous treatment of the dual aspect of these angels is frequently found in one and the same paragraph and makes it difficult to distinguish the actual impersonations from the personified objects. very often praise and sacrifice are offered more to the sun, light, moon, water, and fire as such than to the yazatas presiding over them. we learn from herodotus that the persians sacrificed unto the sun, moon, earth, fire, water, and winds. 7 | | 7. herod. 1. 131. | instances are not wanting in which a yazata begins his career as the personification of some one particular virtue or an object of nature, but with the lapse of time either substitutes for it some other or widens his sphere of activity and takes some new virtue in the abstract or some new object of nature under his guardianship in addition to his original duty. some of the yazatas are lacking in real individuality. the functions of the yazatas. various are the boons that the yazatas give unto man. 8 by hundreds and by thousands they gather together the light of the sun and pour it upon the earth. 9 men invoke them with sacrifices10 and in return they help men, they have a share of invocation and sacrifice offered unto ahura mazda, who is not jealous of the oblations thus dedicated to his subordinates. they are the holy, mighty, beneficent ones, 11 full of glory and healing. 12 apart from the general work which the yazatas perform as a class of spiritual beings, they are severally allotted different functions, which we shall notice under their respective headings. 8. y65. 12, 14. 9. yt6. 1 ; ny1. 11 11. y25. 8 ; 65. 12, 14 ; g2. 6. offerings and sacrifices to the yazatas. libations of milk and haoma, of the draonah [ dron ], or wafer - bread, and of meat are the objects generally dedicated to the angels, who always demand that man shall not forget their


4 ; vsp. 1. 7 ; 2. 9 ; yt10. 146. yt15 ; sr. 1. 21 ; 2. 21 ; vd. 3. 1 ; g. 1. 7. 230. yt8. 2 ; 10. 4. 232. yt23. 7 ; 24. 6. | physical and mental inequality leads to economic inequality. providence does not distribute the physical and mental gifts to man on the basis of equality. some are born with agile, robust, and healthy bodies, whereas others are burdened with sluggish, weak, and sickly bodies. mankind has contributed considerably by its vice of ages to the deformity of body and derangement of mind. men and women are born with unequal physical and mental strength. the strong and strenuous, cunning and resourceful, vigorous and adventurous mercilessly overthrow the weak and slow, simple and dull, timid and indolent in the fierce scramble for the good things of life. the unequal distribution by nature of the gifts of body and brain, aided by selfishness and greed on the part of man bring about economic inequality. the disparity of poverty and wealth has appeared on the face of the earth ever since society took to settled life and, with the division of labour, embarked upon earning means of livelihood by different kinds of work. the strong have exploited the labour of the weak and forced them to slave like beasts of burden with their eyes raining tears of sorrow. the fear of starvation has hovered over millions of huts like vultures. the poor have generally lived in squalor and sickness and died like flies. countless persons have not experienced a full and satisfied stomach from birth to death. kindly mothers have eaten only half the bread that their children may have the other half. multitudes of children have lived with wasted cheeks, sunken eyes, and emaciated bodies among the dregs of life. men and women have sweated and starved and grown gray before their time. physical sufferings have rendered many the shadows of themselves, made them live two years in one and age fast. many have found it hard to equate the income and expenses, and earned a precarious living. the people whose tragedy it has been to be poor have always outnumbered the rich in the world. | | when life has thus denied many the barest necessities of life, it has loaded others with abundance. men of industry and enterprise have amassed riches, others have inherited wealth, still others have


same time the moon and the personification of the moon. the seventh yasht and the third nyaish are dedicated to this divine personage. here also we find throughout the description of the waxing and the waning of the moon, the periods of the new and the full moons, and the benefit that the light of the moon imparts to the world. we hear much of the concrete moon, but very little of the abstract person of the angel. the sole - created bull, the progenitor of the animal world, is invoked along with the moon. 389 the moon waxes and wanes through ahura mazda. 390 the amesha spentas gather the glory of the moon and distribute it upon the earth. 391 when the moon warms up with its light, the golden coloured plants grow up from the earth during the spring. 392 | | 388 herod. 7. 37. 389 sr. 1. 12 ; 2. 12. 390 yt7. 2 ; ny3. 4. 391 yt7. 3 ; ny3. 5. 392 yt7. 4 ; ny3. 6. the moon is constantly spoken of as the possessor of the seed of the bull. 393 the moon is furthermore described as the bestower, radiant, glorious, possessed of water, possessed of warmth, possessed of knowledge, wealth, riches, discernment, weal, verdure, good, and the healing one. 394 the twelfth day of the month is dedicated to the moon. 395 393 see gray, in spiegel memorial volume, p. 160 - 168. 394 yt7. 5 ; ny3. 7. | deification of the endless light. anaghra raochah means the endless light. it is the celestial light as opposed to the earthly light. 396 in the order of naming the various kinds of heavenly lights, anaghra raochah comes after the stars, moon and the sun. 397 like the stars, the moon, and the sun, this supreme light stood without motion until the fravashis or the guardian spirits showed it its path of movement. 398 | | 397 y71. 9 ; yt12. 35 ; 13. 57 ; g. 3. 6. anaghra raochah is personified as a yazata, being invoked at the sacrifice, 399 and the thirtieth day of the zoroastrian calendar bears


night, or two or fifty nights, or even a hundred nights. 419 tishtrya affirms that owing to his power to further righteousness, he is worthy of sacrifice and invocation, and if people will offer him libations and haoma in sacrifice, he will grant them heroic children, and purity unto their souls, the riches of oxen and horses. 420 he pours down water in abundance upon the earth, brings prosperity unto the whole creation, when he receives the offering of a sacrifice and is propitiated, rejoiced, and satisfied. 421 never, in that event, would the hostile horde invade the countries, nor would any calamity or evil of any kind befall them. 422 yet in spite of all this, the bounteous kindness of tishtrya grants boons to his votary whether he prays for them or not. 423 his fight with the demon of drought. tishtrya is opposed in his work of producing rain by his adversary apaosha, the demon of drought, who keeps back the rain. the tishtrya yasht gives a picturesque account of the struggle between them. in the combat with the fiend that holds the world in clutch through famine and drought, apaosha, who appears in the form of a terrifying black horse, assaults his opponent and in their opening combat succeeds in forcing tishtrya to retreat. worsted by the fiend, tishtrya mourns his defeat and complains that men do not sufficiently sacrifice unto him as they do unto other celestial powers, for had they not been sparing in their invocation, he would have been able to bring a further strength of ten horses, of ten camels, of ten oxen, of ten mountains, and of ten rivers to his side. ahura mazda himself, thereupon, offers a sacrifice unto tishtrya and thus imparts new strength to him. thus emboldened, he now, with renewed vigour, attacks his rival for the second time, and after a fierce struggle overcomes him. his triumph is hailed as the triumph of the waters, plants, and the religion of mazda, for tishtrya is now in a position to bring prosperity to the country. 424 ahura mazda, the amesha spentas, as well as mithra, ashi vanghuhi, and parendi, are among those that help tishtrya in this war of the elements for the benefit of mankind425 a


reflections after 50 years of space a protege of wernher von braun, jesco von puttkamer has spent his long career working in human spaceflight. in this long essay, von puttkamer gives his perspective on humanity ' s next steps into the universe. here he discusses the lessons mars has to teach us. for the longer future, the significance of the iss for the opening of a new era of peaceful cooperation between nations will undoubtedly be of considerably greater import that the important work underway on board today. in the wake of the process of worldwide restructuring and redefinition following the cold war of yesteryear, iss is acting as a catalyst for international understanding and collaboration. it helps to foster and form new partnerships among the nations of the earth, to inspire our youth, and to stimulate and support the next generation of scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and businessmen. it cannot fail in that because, fundamentally, it represents an answer to the age - old human drive for exploration of the unknown, the push toward new goals and frontiers. i ' ll return to this aspect below. for human missions to mars, the vision discussed here, the space station assumes a key position : as residence in space it will provide a kind of early bridgehead to the new continent outside earth, to our next major goal, mars. first of all, relative to its development and operation, the iss can be considered something like an early " demo " model for a major international mars program in later years. even more, as an orbital research and development facility it establishes and cements, in the longer range, the scientific and technical foundations of future human planetary missions. for the latter, it could also, with appropriate extensions, serve as a transportation node and port - of - embarkation. as mentioned above, foremost among its research objectives are life sciences, particularly with regards to humans in space and all " human factors " associated with protection of health, well - being, and productivity of crews during extended stays in space - which do represent the toughest hurdles on the road to mars. they are : the effects of zero - g and the development of potent countermeasures, protection against radiation, maintenance of stability and productivity of small multi - cultural groups of humans in close confinement and extended isolation, and the development of reliable closed - cycle life - support systems for multi - year missions. these missions also require new technologies such as aerobraking ( to help conserve propellants by utilizing the atmospheres of mars and earth for flight maneuvers ), storage and


development of reliable closed - cycle life - support systems for multi - year missions. these missions also require new technologies such as aerobraking ( to help conserve propellants by utilizing the atmospheres of mars and earth for flight maneuvers ), storage and handling of cryogenics, ( i. e., gases supercooled to liquid form ), new spacesuits with greater flexibility and higher comfort for strenuous activity on the mars surface, solar and nuclear power systems, and local - resources utilization for producing propellants and other substances necessary for life. to shorten flight time and thus reduce the en - route exposure to microgravity and space radiation, human mars missions will also favor nuclear propulsion systems. nasa is studying advanced nuclear propulsion concepts, and our russian iss partner roskosmos is well advanced in the development of nuclear - electric propulsion. our exploration of the red planet is aimed not just at the search for life or later settlement by people but also at nearer - term objectives of quite concrete relevance for the present, motivated by fundamental questions such as why our sun has planets in the first place, how is it possible that earth and with it we humans exist, and is earth ' s and our existence an extraordinary or normal occurrence in the cosmos? why are we in this world, how did it come about, could it also have happened differently, and what will become of us? even more importantly, we are also exploring mars in order to better understand our terrestrial environment, to improve our ability to more accurately determine what we are changing on earth by our activities - on its surface and its atmosphere. mars is particularly well suited for such comparative planetology. the exploration of its topography, geology, geography, atmosphere, weather and climate conditions, developmental phases, indeed the entirety of its physical and chemical characteristics will add fundamentally to our knowledge and understanding of our own environment, thus serving considerably more than just the pure satisfaction of abstract human curiosity. mars ' formation and development still pose great riddles for science : it is the only other planet beside earth with a surface clearly marked by complex geological processes caused by ice ages, glaciers, and flowing water in niagara quantities. and that in a world which is so bone - dry today that all water in its presently considerably thinned - down carbon dioxide atmosphere would form a layer only two to five hundredths millimeter thick if it rained down to the ground all at once. mars has ice fields, mysterious dark zones, bright " deserts ", and various types of cloud formations which are subject to continual


cell cycle pathway the cell cycle pathway is a unidirectional process that governs cell division. this process, which cannot be reversed once started, is critical for cell survival. the cell cycle typically involves four phases : s phase, in which dna is replicated, m phase, in which chromosomes are separated and two distinct cells are formed, and g1 and g2 phases during which the cell is preparing for cell division. the majority of the cell cycle pathway is regulated by two classes of proteins : cyclin - dependent kinases ( cdks ) and cyclins. cyclins and cdks form complexes that enable cdks to phosphorylate and activate specific cell cycle intermediates. in the initial stages of the cell - cycle signal, cyclin d will bind to cdk4 and this complex will phosphorylate the retinoblastoma ( rb ) gene. during a quiescent state, rb is bound to dna and blocks the transcription of specific genes. after phosphorylation, rb becomes unbound and genes necessary for the cell cycle are now accessible. the cell cycle pathway is a highly - regulated process that incorporates three major checkpoints. the first checkpoint is the g1 checkpoint, which determines whether or not a cell will enter into the cell division process. the second checkpoint, g2, will determine if the cell will enter into mitosis. both the g1 and g2 checkpoints can be affected by the presence or absence of various growth factors, dna damage, or replicative senescence. the final checkpoint, metaphase, ensures proper chromosome alignment prior to cell division. the cell cycle pathway is intrinsically linked to cell survival and cell death. for instance, failure of a cell to meet the requirements of the individual cell cycle checkpoints will result in the cell undergoing apoptosis. in cancer, the cell cycle checkpoints are often dysfunctional. checkpoint proteins, such as rb or p53, are often mutated or inactivated and this can result in cell division despite incomplete dna synthesis and segregation errors. inappropriate continuation of the cell cycle can lead to genomic instability, which is a common feature of malignant cells. 1. nigg. 1995. cyclin - dependent protein kinases : key regulators of the eukaryotic cell cycle. bioessays. 17 ( 6 ) : 471 - 80.