enemies the given occasion demanded. " historians constantly had to rewrite history books to take out people who were no longer people ; people made unpersons - made unmentionable in public after being purged. because political arguments and political legitimacy rooted itself in history, the past had to be rewritten frequently. the suppression of unpleasant truths - - such as lenin ' s 1923 ' testament ' where he said, " stalin is too rude " and should be shifted to a less essential position in the leadership - became a major industry. george orwell based his idea of " the memory hole, " in the novel 1984 on this quintessential feature of stalinism. stalinism forced photographers to master retouching skills. image manipulation became as important to camera totting journalists as picture taking. falsification by airbrushing ( a pre - digital age technique for deleting ) is a hallmark of stalin era photography. other simple methods, including taking a scissors to a negative helped erase visual memories of stalin ' s victims. a photograph of leaders might appear in a newspaper one day and then when one of people was purged, a photographer ' s trick would erase him from visual memory - he was quite literally put out of the picture. and it wasn ' t just a stalinist art form to change representations of those engaged in current events. in a land where intellectuals bitterly noted, " you cannot predict the past " retrospective retouching was equally, if not more important. as the two photographs below show how comrades could be removed from the pantheon of lenin ' s closest collaborators. soviet school children grew up with schoolbooks filled with photographs of lenin. many of the most famous and familiar depictions were falsified photographs. stalin ' s archrival, lev trotsky was taken out of the picture. generations of soviet pioneers for whom this photograph is as familiar as gilbert stuart ' s portrait of george washington, never knew that a man they had been taught was an ' enemy of the state ' in fact had stood by lenin in this shot as lenin ' s left - hand man. in painting, of course, it was even easier to make representational art lie. a few deft brush strokes and in the phrase of david king, the great expert on this stalinist phenomenon, the commissar vanishes. this stalinist retouching of reality had a long half - life. the author of this essay saw a huge oil painting of the soviet leadership in an important art museum when he lived in moscow during 1977 - 78


a. many captains of industry, finance, and business ( henry ford, w. averell harriman, armand hammer ) came looking for resources and in doing so helped the new land that opposed their capitalism by building factories there. capitalists endured ridicule in the press. yet, americans often represented efficient ways of working, modernity, and technological progress. russians, especially those in the cities greatly admired american inventiveness - thomas edison, george eastman, alexander graham bell were held up as paragons of applied creative virtue. american made cars and trucks were copied and cherished. energetic factory workers sometimes got written up in local papers as our russian - americans. these propaganda terms of praise encouraged others to copy the " americanisms " : speedy, efficient work skills and willingness to adapt to new ways of doing things. pravda, long the written propaganda bellwether noted in 1935, " comrade stalin teaches us to combine the broad scope of the russian revolution with american efficiency … for us america ought to be that standard according to which we can constantly test our technical attainments. " by communist conviction soviet citizens believed that their nation ' s approach which stressed equality and social justice always overshadowed morally america ' s selfish, exploitative capitalist system. after the wall street collapse of 1929 and the great depression of the 1930 ' s, those in the rapidly growing land of the soviet union ' s economic miracle believed they were well on their way to catching up and overtaking oppressive america. to many disillusioned americans - - including unemployed automobile workers, black sharecroppers, leftwing activists who moved to the soviet to find jobs - the soviet union represented a better way of organizing an economy and a society. however mixed the message about american achievements and inherent evils ( especially racism and capitalism ) before world war ii, on the propaganda front, the news front, and in the mass media the far off us was merely a sideshow. propaganda focused on problems at home and essential foreign issues in the soviet backyards, europe and to a lesser extent china. the atomic bomb that destroyed hiroshima also shook the kremlin. propagandists who had lauded the soviet union ' s great ally in the battle against hitler - - its helping hand with lend lease, its talented general dwight d. eisenhower, its manufacturing prowess - - - changed course quickly with the cold war changing party line. soviet propagandists emphasized the soviet union ' s encirclement in and by a hostile world. rapacious america that had tried overthrow


" in the 1950s and on into the 1960s the propaganda worked pretty effectively. the facts of real achievement helped. propagandists made sure everyone knew what millions could see for themselves : the state rebuilt housing destroyed by the nazis. the mass media bragged of a soviet atomic bomb, an h - bomb, sputnik, the fact that the first man in space was a soviet man, and that the first man to do the amazing - walk or float in space as alexei leonov did in march 1965 - was another cosmonaut. these accomplishments buttressed political pride in the spread of socialism to china, vietnam, cuba and not to mention eastern europe. in the 1950s and 1960 ' s soviet citizens felt, " the future is ours comrades! " however, sometime in the late 1960s or early 1970 ' s the " new soviet man ", more urban than his father or grandfather, more likely to catch some western propaganda more eager for things instead of promises, turned pessimistic. the soviet state started by lenin was running out of gas. new generations, the grandchildren and great grandchildren of those who made the revolution did not want to wait for " the dictatorship of the proletariat " to deliver the radiant future of communism. what they wanted brezhnev ' s soviet union could not deliver. no amount of bombast, lies, or distortions could mask failings. those trying to reform the propaganda state brought about its destruction. © 1999 abamedia, unless otherwise indicated.


the associative array - - an indispensable data type used to describe a collection of unique keys and associated values - - is a mainstay of all programming languages, php included. in fact, associative arrays are so central to the task of web development that php supports dozens of functions and other features capable of manipulating array data in every conceivable manner. such extensive support can be a bit overwhelming to developers seeking the most effective way to manipulate arrays within their applications. in this article, i ' ll offer 10 tips that can help you shred, slice and dice your data in countless ways. 1. adding array elements php is a weakly typed language, meaning you ' re not required to explicitly declare an array nor its size. instead you can both declare and populate the array simultaneously : additional array elements can be appended like this : $ capitals [ ' arkansas ' ] = ' little rock ' ; if you ' re dealing with numerically indexed arrays and would rather prepend and append elements using an explicitly - named function, check out the array _ push ( ) and array _ unshift ( ) functions ( these functions don ' t work with associative arrays ). 2. removing array elements to remove an element from an array, use the unset ( ) function : when using numerically indexed arrays you have a bit more flexibility in terms of removing array elements in that you can use the array _ shift ( ) and array _ pop ( ) functions to remove an element from the beginning and end of the array, respectively. 3. swapping keys and values suppose you wanted to create a new array called $ states, which would use state capitals as the index and state names as the associated value. this task is easily accomplished using the array _ flip ( ) function : suppose the previous arrays were used in conjunction with a web - based " flash card " service, and you wanted to provide students with a way to test their knowledge of worldwide capitals, u. s. states included. you can merge arrays containing both state and country capitals using the array _ merge ( ) function : suppose the data found in an array potentially contains capitalization errors, and you want to correct these errors before inserting the data into the database. you can use the array _ map ( ) function to apply a callback to every array element : the standard php library ( spl ) offers developers with quite a few data structures, iterators, interfaces, exceptions and other features not previously available within the


of people may have been a harsh one in the beginning, but the blow was satisfactorily cushioned by the subsequent loss of weight. clothing manufacturers specializing in outsize garments had to rapidly par down their sizing to reflect the shrinking girths of their customers. by the year 2025, populations had become healthy, slim and much happier. it may have been a long time coming, but the lessons learned about the eternal health concepts such as can be seen at http : / / eternalhealthconcepts. com of sensible eating and drinking were well worth learning. people are now living longer on average than they did only a decade ago with far fewer hospital admissions for weight related diseases and conditions. this surely has to be the best time to be alive ever! posted : october 31st, 2012 under soutions. tags : health, sensible diet, health concepts while the current trend seems to be a rapidly expanding world population with an equally rapidly expanding collective waistline, this simply cannot be sustained in the long term. attitudes toward diet and the way we eat must and will change over time as people are better educated in the ways of sensible eating and by having a greater awareness of what is in the food and drinks that they are consuming. the year 2025 is not such a long way off that our current generations will be able to enjoy the many benefits that more widespread health education will bring. a more realistic diet awareness will take over from the current widespread ignorance of what nutritional constituents are in all foods that are consumed. this means that the stranglehold the food industry and manufacturers currently have over people will be dissolved as it cannot be sustained under the weight of greater consumer awareness of what is in the food they buy in stores. so what will this global rise in nutritional awareness mean for the average person on the street? a diet revolution it will mean that all foods that are processed and packaged for convenience will have to be totally transparent as to their constituents and full documentation as to the properties of every single additive must be not only available but proofs that they have been acknowledged and understood by the consumer will be mandatory before they can be purchased. of course, in a changed new world of infinitely more widespread and comprehensive education that ensures that all children leave school with a high level of knowledge of diet and nutrition, consumers will already be completely aware of what all additives can potentially do to their health. advances in medical science and nutritional understanding will also play a part in further highlighting the health impact from certain food additives. those additives that are


researchers at ucla have built a cheap, optics - free holographic microscope capable of detecting bacteria like e. coli in things like water, food, and blood. and by cheap, we mean really cheap. the researchers say it costs less than $ 100 to build. the microscope has two ways of analyzing samples : a transmission mode and a reflection mode. the transmission mode is good for transparent media, like thin slices of a sample or clear liquids. in this case, the microscope ’ s laser can easily penetrate and analyze microscopic objects. for denser, more solid samples the microscope uses holography to generate a 3 - d image of the sample that can be beamed to remote computers for further analysis if necessary. in reflection mode, the microscope basically splits the laser beam using a mirror. it then uses one half of the beam to illuminate the sample. on the other side the sample beam and the control beam are recombined. some “ clever mathematics ” can then use resulting the changes in the beam to generate a 3 - d image of the object sampled. but while that may sound fairly high - tech, there are no expensive optics or other pricey components required. the photo sensors are of the variety often found in smartphones, and small lasers like the one used in the device are really inexpensive these days as well. that all means that these holographic microscopes could be widely deployed at little cost. and that ’ s the idea. places that don ’ t have access to high - tech diagnostic equipment could use these devices to sample food and water - - or even human blood - - for harmful bugs and beam the images to more powerful computing devices elsewhere for analysis or diagnosis. that could help contain contaminations and outbreaks faster, saving lives while keeping costs down. five amazing, clean technologies that will set us free, in this month ' s energy - focused issue. also : how to build a better bomb detector, the robotic toys that are raising your children, a human catapult, the world ' s smallest arcade, and much more.


csiro marine and atmospheric research, barrie hunt, says ' despite 2010 being a very warm year globally, the severity of the 2009 - 2010 northern winter and a wetter and cooler australia in 2010 relative to the past few years have been misinterpreted by some to imply that climate change is not occurring. ' ' recent wet conditions in eastern australia mainly reflect short - term climate variability and weather events, not longer - term climate change trends. conclusions that climate is not changing are based on a misunderstanding of the roles of climatic change caused by increasing greenhouse gases and climatic variability due to natural processes in the climatic system. ' these two components of the climate system interact continuously, sometimes enhancing and sometimes counteracting one another to either exacerbate or moderate climate extremes. ' mr hunt says his climatic model simulations support what is clear from recent observations – that in addition to the role of climate change linked to human activity, natural variability produces periods where the global climate can be either cooler or warmer than usual. mr hunt ’ s results were published in the latest edition of the international journal climate dynamics. he says some such natural temperature variations can last for 10 to 15 years, with persistent variations of about 0. 2°c. ' such natural variability could explain the above average temperatures observed globally in the 1940s, and the warm but relatively constant global temperatures of the last decade. ' mr hunt also found that seasonal cold spells will still be expected under enhanced greenhouse conditions. for example, monthly mean temperatures up to 10°c below present values were found to occur over north america as late as 2060 in model simulations, with similar cold spells over asia. variations of up to 15°c below current temperatures were found to occur on individual days, even in 2060, despite a long - term trend of warming on average. ' these results suggest that a few severe winters in the northern hemisphere are not sufficient to indicate that climatic change has ceased. the long - term trends that characterise climate change can be interpreted only by analysing many years of observations. ' ' future changes in global temperature as the concentration of greenhouse gases increases will not show a simple year - on - year increase but will vary around a background of long - term warming. winters as cold as that recently experienced in the northern hemisphere, however, will become progressively less frequent as the greenhouse effect eventually dominates, ' mr hunt said. this underlying warming trend, reflected in the projections of future climate and the observation that the past decade has been the warmest in the instrumental record, underline the need


the first example ( fig. 1 ) was a great way to look at finger independence, which is our first left - hand technique. having your fingers do independent things is one of the most challenging aspects of playing the guitar. if you had trouble changing chords fast enough when you started playing guitar, you were dealing with finger independence issues. it turns out that out hands aren ’ t built equally. there ’ s an individual tendon for each of your individual fingers, except the ring finger and pinky. those unfortunate digits have to share one, and now you know why most guitar players only use three fingers on their left hand : the pinky is a bit weak, short, and it ’ s sharing a tendon with the ring finger. for a great example of this, place your fingertips on a table and make them all touch at the same time. now, try to lift up just your third finger, making sure your pinky stays down. hard, isn ’ t it? have no fear — while the pinky may be weak and muscularly challenged, it can be beefed up! fig. 2 is the first of our “ spider ” exercises. i learned these in college and when you do it fast enough, you look like a tarantula walking across the fretboard. it ’ s creepy and awesome at the same time. fig. 2 is all about pairs of fingers : first and third, and second and fourth. by moving them together, first in parallel, and then in opposing motion, you ’ re making sure that each finger can work independently from each other. while the exercise sounds pedantic, the motion is just what you need to get from chord to chord with ease. in the audio example, i ’ m keeping my fingers down as long as i can, forcing the other fingers to work if we break up the fingers and play them one by one, we get fig. 3, which proves that you can apply finger independence drills to enhance your lead playing as well. i ’ ve added a string skip to each finger pair to make it a little more i ’ ll do one last exercise based on the spider drill with fig. 4. this time, i ’ m adding a string skip each time i use all four fingers. this one is tricky, but it really shows how wimpy most people ’ s fingers are. now let ’ s take the finger independence idea and make all four fingers play at the same time — you know, like you do with chords. these shapes are called mirrors because


wine. this means that until we were totally free and out of bondange, joy was incomplete. ( at the last supper jesus said that the wine represented his own life ' s blood, poured out for us. he had to die so that we could know the total joy of freedom and forgiveness. ) * elijah ' s cup ~ usually a treasured one filled with wine ~ is placed on the table to await the arrival of the messiah. ( jesus said in matthew 11 : 14 that john the baptist was the promised elijah who was to announce the messiah ' s coming. for christians this cup does not remain untouched. it is shared by everyone at the table in the joy that our hope had come true. the messiah has come to us and is alive to give our lives eternal joy. the youngest son or male asks the same question 5 times, and the father answers explaining why. here is the question, and the answers. why is this night different from all other nights? on all other nights we eat either leavened bread or matzah. on this night, only matzah. on all other nights we eat all kinds of herbs. on this night, only bitter herbs. on all other nights we do not dip even once. on this night, we dip twice. on all other nights we eat either sitting up or reclining. on this night we all recline. on all other nights we eat in any ordinary way. on this night we dine in special ceremony. to start we read exodus 7 - 12. dad starts reading from ex. 7 : 1 - 13. then each of our children take turns reading the 10 plagues. we start with the oldest to the youngest. to represent each plague the younger children painted wooden cutouts, which i found at the craft store. ( a red heart to represent the river nile turning to blood, a green frog, a fly, locust, etc. ) after the child reads the plague from the bible they place the wooden object in a basket that is set in the center of the room. after everyone reads dad explains the seder food and what each represents. the youngest son or grandson asks the question 5 times as explained in the seder ceremony above. after the meal is eaten we move the table back to the dining room clear the dishes. to remember jesus ' washing the disciples feet we preform a foot washing ceremony. this year i wrote everyones name and placed the names in a jar. starting with the youngest, the person draws a name out and washes


united states department of state, u. s. department of state country report on human rights practices 1993 - vietnam, 30 january 1994, available at : http : / / www. refworld. org / docid / 3ae6aa54c. html [ accessed 21 may 2013 ] this is not a unhcr publication. unhcr is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of unhcr, the united nations or its member states. vietnam the socialist republic of vietnam ( srv ) is a one - party state ruled by the vietnamese communist party ( vcp ). a 13 - member politburo and a party central committee are nominally elected by a party congress held about every 5 years. the politburo provides guidelines, often in the form of specific directives, that shape government policies. despite the adoption of a new constitution in 1992 that provides for the rule of law and respect for human rights, in practice the government continued to restrict individual rights on national security and other grounds. in addition, the constitution contains references to " democratic centralism " and " the leading role of the communist party " that have been used to justify limits on civil liberties. in addition to the military and police force, vietnamese security forces monitor internal movements and activities of the general population. the ministry of interior has units that monitor persons suspected of involvement in political or religious affairs. also, government surveillance through informants, household registration, and party - appointed block wardens continued in 1993. the government continued the market - oriented economic reforms begun in 1986. these reforms have boosted vietnam ' s predominantly agricultural economy and improved the lives of vietnamese citizens. goods and services are more widely available, and the general population is freer to engage in entrepreneurial activity. although some senior srv officials have publicly asserted the profound commitment of the vietnamese people and state to the cause of human rights, the government continued to violate human rights in 1993. the authorities continued to limit severely freedom of speech, press, assembly, and association, as well as worker rights and the right of citizens to change their government. the government continued its longstanding practice of not tolerating dissent and reacted sharply to efforts by buddhist activists to assert their independence from the government - sponsored buddhist church. however, restrictions on travel eased, and contact with foreigners is more widely accepted. there appears to be increasing separation between the party and the state. respect for human rights section 1 respect


buddhist activists to assert their independence from the government - sponsored buddhist church. however, restrictions on travel eased, and contact with foreigners is more widely accepted. there appears to be increasing separation between the party and the state. respect for human rights section 1 respect for the integrity of the person, including freedom from : a. political and other extrajudicial killing in 1993 there were no known executions of political prisoners or politically motivated extrajudicial killings. there were also no known cases of deaths of political prisoners while in detention in 1993. there were no documented incidents of political abductions by government security organizations or by antigovernment forces. c. torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment the law prohibits physical abuse, and released reeducation camp detainees report that camp conditions have improved since 1989. although there were no credible, consistent reports of police brutality during interrogation of suspects, reports of severe conditions for those confined in prisons continued. there have been reports of coercion to elicit confessions. after their release in 1993, american citizens held on political grounds reported that they were threatened with violence several times in attempts to coerce confessions, although they were not actually beaten. d. arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile in 1993 vietnam continued to arrest and imprison people arbitrarily. the 1989 criminal procedure code and subsequent amendments provide for various rights for detainees, including time limits on pretrial detention, the right of the accused to be informed of the charges against him or her, a ban on coercion or corporal punishment, and the right to have a lawyer present during interrogation. in practice, however, the authorities frequently ignore these safeguards. credible reports indicate that detainees continue to be held incommunicado for indefinite periods without formal charges, with authorities using old administrative procedures in contravention of the new legislation. the retention and continued use of these administrative procedures appear to be a deliberate government policy. the government continued its efforts to implement party directive 135, which calls for the arrest of those who incite opposition to the government or advocate political pluralism. some intellectuals, clergy, journalists, and foreigners have been arrested and detained. for example, doan viet hoat, a scholar who before 1975 had been vice president of the van hanh buddhist university in saigon and had been incarcerated in chi hoa prison from 1976 to 1988, was rearrested in 1990 and in march 1993 was sentenced to 20 years for counterrevolutionary activity, apparently related to the " freedom forum "


warrants for their arrest. each province and city has a " security committee " under direct party control. this committee includes both central and local security officials and does not coordinate its activities with the judicial process. exile is not used as a means of political control. e. denial of fair public trial the vietnamese court system consists of local people ' s courts, military tribunals, and the supreme court. the last may review cases from either of the lower courts. both the national assembly and state council have the authority to establish special tribunals which may be superior to the supreme court. in addition, local mass organizations are empowered to deal with minor breaches of law or disputes. judges in all regular courts are appointed after the party organization selects all candidates. article 130 of the constitution provides for the " independence " of judges and jurors. however, this is negated at all levels by a political system that is closely controlled by the vcp and by a selection process that puts a premium on political reliability. the penal code consists of the criminal code and a criminal procedures code, which was amended in 1990. vietnam has a long - established body of family law but lacks civil law codes. there is virtually no evidence that legislative improvements promulgated in 1990 have been implemented. prison sentences are frequently imposed by administrative procedure, without benefit of due process or judicial review. in addition, such sentences are imposed on persons for the peaceful expression of their views. the srv criminalizes certain forms of peaceful expression, including, for example, " anti - socialist propaganda. " over the years people have been sentenced to long prison or reeducation camp terms for such " crimes. " for example, after a demonstration in may by approximately 300 buddhists, including monks, several buddhist monks were arrested for inciting antigovernment unrest. the government tried four of the monks in november, and the court announced sentences ranging from 6 months to 4 years in prison. accurate statistics on the total prison population, including pretrial detainees, political prisoners, and persons held arbitrarily are not available due to the secrecy surrounding these procedures. f. arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence in 1993 the government continued to operate a nationwide system of surveillance and control through household registration and party - appointed block wardens who use informants to keep track of individual activities. in general, reports suggest that the system is unevenly implemented throughout the country and that local caprice and corruption are significant factors in its application. urban dwellers appear to be increasingly relaxed about sending


and in internally circulated documents but not publicly. the movements and activities of foreign journalists are monitored but seldom interfered with. criticism is occasionally expressed publicly within established forums, such as national assembly proceedings broadcast over the national radio service. the government does not use systematic prior censorship to control the media, but guidance from party watchdogs is pervasive, and national security legislation is sufficiently broad to ensure effective self - censorship. the government controls all broadcast media and does not normally permit the broadcast of opposing views, though it has broadcast reports of debates during national assembly meetings. in addition to government controlled radio ( both domestic and international ), television stations, and the vietnam news agency wire service, vietnam has five mass daily newspapers and many smaller newspapers. party organizations and the ministries of culture, information, sports, and tourism control the newspapers as well as other publications and cultural exhibits. western and other publications are widely available in stores frequented by vietnamese, without obvious restriction on their sale or distribution. b. freedom of peaceful assembly and association the right of assembly is restricted in law and practice. people wishing to gather in a group are required to apply for a permit, which local authorities can issue or deny arbitrarily. in practice, large informal gatherings in public, like market areas or parts, are commonplace especially in urban areas. there is little evidence to suggest that informal public gatherings are restricted. however, demonstrations or meetings that could be seen as having a political purpose are not permitted and are sometimes forcibly suppressed. for example, the government refused to permit a conference on democracy that was to be held in ho chi minh city in november. the existence of ngo ' s is permitted, but they may meet only for approved and narrowly defined objectives. opposition political organizations and activities are not permitted. c. freedom of religion vietnam has no state religion, and adherence to a religion is not permitted for party members. according to some estimates, nearly three - fourths of the population of 70 million people are buddhists, but the government has claimed that only 6 million of these actually practice their religion. the vatican believes that some 6 million vietnamese are catholic ; a much smaller number are protestant. virtually all foreign clergy remaining in the south in 1975 were expelled at the end of that year. while the srv has permitted visits by foreign clergy, it has not been willing to permit them to reside permanently for religious purposes in vietnam. reports indicate that religious groups are allowed freedom in their activities to the degree that they cooperate with the government. buddhism was afforded increasing tolerance until the unified buddhists ( an


see what questions a doctor would ask. loss of speech : the loss of ones ability to communicate through speech. see detailed information below for a list of 49 causes of loss of speech, symptom checker, including diseases and drug side effect causes. listed below are some combinations of symptoms associated with loss of speech, as listed in our database. visit the symptom checker, to add and remove symptoms and research your condition. review further information on loss of speech treatments. the following drugs, medications, substances or toxins are some of the possible causes of loss of speech as a symptom. always advise your doctor of any medications or treatments you are using, including prescription, over - the - counter, supplements, herbal or alternative treatments. some of the comorbid or associated medical symptoms for loss of speech may include these symptoms : research the causes of these more general types of symptom : research the causes of this symptom in broader categories : research the causes of related medical symptoms such as : research the causes of these symptoms that are similar to, or related to, the symptom loss of speech : read more about causes and loss of speech deaths. the list below shows some of the causes of loss of speech mentioned in various sources : this information refers to the general prevalence and incidence of these diseases, not to how likely they are to be the actual cause of loss of speech. of the 49 causes of loss of speech that we have listed, we have the following prevalence / incidence information : the following list of conditions have ' loss of speech ' or similar listed as a symptom in our database. this computer - generated list may be inaccurate or incomplete. always seek prompt professional medical advice about the cause of any symptom. select from the following alphabetical view of conditions which include a symptom of loss of speech or choose view all. ask or answer a question about symptoms or diseases at one of our free interactive user forums. medical story forums : if you have a medical story then we want to hear it. this information shows analysis of the list of causes of loss of speech based on whether certain risk factors apply to the patient : medical conditions associated with loss of speech : symptoms related to loss of speech : speech symptoms ( 1393 causes ), hoarseness ( 417 causes ), voice symptoms ( 550 causes ), early - onset alzheimer ' s, familial forms of alzheimer ' s disease, familial porencephaly, hysteria ( 15 causes ), late - onset


snoring is the hoarse or harsh sound that occurs when your breathing is obstructed in some way while you ' re sleeping. sometimes snoring may indicate a serious health condition. in addition, snoring can be a nuisance to your partner. as many as half of adults snore at least occasionally. snoring occurs when air flows past relaxed tissues in your throat, causing the tissues to vibrate as you breathe, which creates those irritating sounds. lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, avoiding alcohol close to bedtime or sleeping on your side, can help stop snoring. in addition, medical devices and surgery are available that may reduce disruptive snoring. however, these aren ' t suitable or necessary for everyone who snores. depending on the cause of your snoring, in addition to the noise caused by snoring, you may also experience : see your doctor if : these may indicate your snoring is caused by a more serious condition, such as obstructive sleep apnea. if your child snores, ask your pediatrician about it. children can have obstructive sleep apnea too. but, nose and throat problems — such as enlarged tonsils — and obesity often underlie habitual snoring in children. treating these conditions could help your child sleep better. there are a variety of factors that can lead to snoring, such as the anatomy of your mouth and sinuses, alcohol consumption, allergies, a cold, and your weight. when you doze off and progress from a light sleep to a deep sleep, the muscles in the roof of your mouth ( soft palate ), tongue and throat relax. the tissues in your throat can relax enough that they vibrate and may partially obstruct your airway. and, the more narrowed your airway, the more forceful the airflow becomes. this causes tissue vibration to increase, which makes your snoring grows louder. the following conditions can affect the airway and cause snoring : snoring occurs when air flows past relaxed tissues, such as your tongue, soft palate and airway, as you breathe. the sagging tissues narrow your airway, causing these tissues to vibrate.... risk factors that may contribute to snoring include : habitual snoring may be more than just a nuisance. depending on the cause of your snoring, it may result in : preparing for your appointment you '


sep. 13, 2012 it ' s not a magic trick and it ' s not sleight of hand - - scientists really are using levitation to improve the drug development process, eventually yielding more effective pharmaceuticals with fewer side effects. scientists at the u. s. department of energy ' s ( doe ) argonne national laboratory have discovered a way to use sound waves to levitate individual droplets of solutions containing different pharmaceuticals. while the connection between levitation and drug development may not be immediately apparent, a special relationship emerges at the molecular level. at the molecular level, pharmaceutical structures fall into one of two categories : amorphous or crystalline. amorphous drugs typically are more efficiently taken up by the body than their crystalline cousins ; this is because amorphous drugs are both more highly soluble and have a higher bioavailability, suggesting that a lower dose can produce the desired effect. " one of the biggest challenges when it comes to drug development is in reducing the amount of the drug needed to attain the therapeutic benefit, whatever it is, " said argonne x - ray physicist chris benmore, who led the study. " most drugs on the market are crystalline - - they don ' t get fully absorbed by the body and thus we aren ' t getting the most efficient use out of them, " added yash vaishnav, argonne senior manager for intellectual property development and commercialization. getting pharmaceuticals from solution into an amorphous state, however, is no easy task. if the solution evaporates while it is in contact with part of a vessel, it is far more likely to solidify in its crystalline form. " it ' s almost as if these substances want to find a way to become crystalline, " benmore said. in order to avoid this problem, benmore needed to find a way to evaporate a solution without it touching anything. because liquids conform to the shape of their containers, this was a nearly impossible requirement - - so difficult, in fact, that benmore had to turn to an acoustic levitator, a piece of equipment originally developed for nasa to simulate microgravity conditions. levitation or " containerless processing " can form pristine samples that can be probed in situ with the high - energy x - ray beam at argonne ' s advanced photon source. " this allows amorphization of the drug to be studied while it is being processed, " said rick weber, who works on the project team at the synchrotron. the acoustic levitat


at argonne ' s advanced photon source. " this allows amorphization of the drug to be studied while it is being processed, " said rick weber, who works on the project team at the synchrotron. the acoustic levitator uses two small speakers to generate sound waves at frequencies slightly above the audible range - - roughly 22 kilohertz. when the top and bottom speakers are precisely aligned, they create two sets of sound waves that perfectly interfere with each other, setting up a phenomenon known as a standing wave. at certain points along a standing wave, known as nodes, there is no net transfer of energy at all. because the acoustic pressure from the sound waves is sufficient to cancel the effect of gravity, light objects are able to levitate when placed at the nodes. although only small quantities of a drug can currently be " amorphized " using this technique, it remains a powerful analytical tool for understanding the conditions that make for the best amorphous preparation, vaishnav explained. argonne researchers have already investigated more than a dozen different pharmaceuticals, and the laboratory ' s technology development & commercialization division is currently pursuing a patent for the method. technology development & commercialization is also interested in partnering with the pharmaceutical industry to develop the technology further as well as to license it for commercial development. after adapting the technology for drug research, the argonne scientists teamed up with professors stephen byrn and lynne taylor at the department of industrial and physical pharmacy at purdue university and jeffery yarger of the department of chemistry and biochemistry at arizona state university. the group is now working on identifying which drugs the levitation instrumentation will impact most strongly. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


curbing waste : simple actions like cutting back on food waste or properly inflating tires on your car could collectively cut greenhouse gas emissions by as much as one billion metric tons. image : © istockphoto. com energy efficiency seems to make rational economic sense — the less energy used, the more money saved. yet, in the real world it ' s actually competition with neighbors rather than cost savings that can drive people to turn down their thermostats, install insulation or simply switch off the lights when they leave a room. such is the lesson of a host of efforts, ranging from a group called opower ' s comparative use utility billing to switching from miles per gallon to rate vehicle efficiency to gallons per mile. now a new collaborative study from the natural resources defense council ( nrdc ) and the garrison institute ' s climate, mind and behavior project reveals that such simple actions — from taking one fewer flight per year to wasting less food — can add up. the environmental group estimates that if all americans adopted 14 such steps over the next decade the country would avoid one billion metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 — or the equivalent of the entire annual greenhouse gas emissions of germany. " much of this is eliminating waste — and most waste costs you money, " says nrdc ' s executive director peter lehner. " if all americans did take a fairly modest range of actions, most of which actually save you money, we can make a big difference. " the recommendations, in addition to flying less and wasting 25 percent less food, include : carpooling or telecommuting once a week ( 75 million metric tons of co2 equivalent ( co2e ) saved by 2020, if adopted by all americans ) ; maintaining your car or truck, such as keeping tires properly inflated ( 45 million metric tons of co2e ) ; cutting the time spent idling in a vehicle in half ( 40 million metric tons of co2e ) ; better insulation at home ( 85 million metric tons of co2e ) ; programmable thermostats set higher ( 80 million metric tons of co2e ) ; reducing electricity demand from appliances that are " off, " so - called phantom demand ( 70 million metric tons co2e ) ; using hot water more efficiently, such as washing clothes in colder water ( 65 million metric tons of co2e ) ; buying energystar appliances when old ones wear out ( 55 million metric tons co2e ) ; replacing incandescent lightbulbs with compact fluorescents ( 30 million metric tons


in colder water ( 65 million metric tons of co2e ) ; buying energystar appliances when old ones wear out ( 55 million metric tons co2e ) ; replacing incandescent lightbulbs with compact fluorescents ( 30 million metric tons co2e ) ; eating chicken instead of beef two days a week ( 105 million metric tons of co2e ) ; increased recycling of paper, plastics and metals ( 105 million metric tons of co2e ) ; " responsible " consumption, such as buying less bottled water ( 60 million metric tons co2e ). " we make bad decisions all the time, " says sabine marx, associate director at the center for research on environmental decisions at columbia university, thanks to incomplete information or other barriers to action, like high up - front costs for things like insulation. overcoming those " doesn ' t mean we have to manipulate people ' s minds, " marx says, but rather make good decisions easier. for example, rates of organ donation vary widely within europe, from 100 percent in france and poland to 17 percent in the u. k. and just 4 percent in denmark. the difference cannot be ascribed to different cultural views about organ donation but rather whether the country in question has a policy that is opt - in ( check this box if you want to donate your organs ) or opt - out ( check this box if you do not want to donate your organs ). " we think we ' re rational, " says economist john gowdy of rensselaer polytechnic institute in troy, n. y. " but really it ' s the person who designs the question on the back of a driver ' s license who made the choice for us. " nrdc, the garrison institute and others hope to bring this kind of choice editing to the world of personal behavior. part of this is a result of ongoing frustration with broader policy measures, particularly at the national level, when it comes to confronting climate change. " if congress does enact something, it will be completely inadequate to the task, " says gus speth, former dean of yale university ' s school of forestry and environmental studies. it would be a " first step, " however, lehner notes. the primary benefit of personal action is that it can start immediately, he adds. but lehner admits that his organization has no idea how to convince people to undertake these 14 steps in the next decade on their own. and there is significant danger that any energy efficiency undertaking ends up ultimately increasing energy use. " the rebound effect is quite clear,


pasadena - it ' s a typical friday afternoon in whyville. the beaches are packed with preteens anxiously planning their weekends and snickering about the opposite sex. gaggles of middle schoolers are filling up the local mall, where they part with hard - earned cash to purchase sparkly earrings and tank tops. for those who feel like getting away from the hustle and bustle, there is always the option of teleporting into outer space, or taking a motorboat to the wetlands and conducting algae research with professional oceanographers. the ordinary and extraordinary coexist almost without distinction inside the pasadena - based whyville. net, a virtual community for youths - usually ages 10 - 13 - founded by a former caltech professor and graduates. once the domain of only hard - core gamers and early adopters, the concept of " living " and interacting online is fast reaching the mainstream. millions of users are now registered with a variety of virtual communities worldwide. online, residents form their own digital characters, called avatars, and go about integrating into their chosen online societies. " there are so many places out there, " said jacquelyn ford morie, senior scientist and associate director for creative development at usc ' s institute for creative technologies. " all have their different customs, constraints and social morays based on what we have in everyday life. " but while there ' s been an explosion in the number first online in 1999, the seeds for the project were planted in 1986 by caltech biology professor jim bower. bower, an innovator in the field of education technology, had created a primitive community inside the los angeles county library ' s computer system that allowed children to explore its offerings. by the late 1990s, he had advanced his work with an array of educational projects, and turned his attention toward a way to teach science to children via an informal, social and interactive setting. " we knew that if you wanted to engage kids you have to have a social component. we ' re all fundamentally social, we are a social animal, " he said, adding that, in this setting, learning can be designed to appeal to young people ' s desire to stand out. but while bower saw the virtual community model as the logical direction the internet would take, he had a hard time convincing anyone that it was a worthwhile idea. " we were trying to convince people for a number of years that this makes sense and nobody in corporate america knew what we were talking about. so we did it ourselves,


adams, d. m., and m. e. hamm. 1992. " portfolio assessment and social studies : collecting, selecting, and reflecting on what is significant. " social education 56 : 103 - 105. baker, e. l. 1990. what probably works in alternative assessment. los angeles, ca : ucla graduate school of education ; national center for research and evaluation, standards, and student testing. calfee, r. c., and p. perfumo. 1993. " student portfolios : opportunities for a revolution in assessment. " journal of reading 36 : 532 - 537. crowley, m. l. 1993. " student mathematics portfolio : more than a display case. " the mathematics teacher 86 : 544 - 547. herman, j. l., p. r. aschbacher and l. winters. 1992. a practical guide to alternative assessment. alexandria, va : association for supervision and curriculum development. herman, j. l., and l. winters. 1994. " portfolio research : a slim collection. " educational leadership 52, 2 : 48 - 55. lewis, a. c. 1992. " no shortcuts for alternative assessment. " research and development review. 7, 4 : 2 - 3. padilla, a. m., h. sung and j. aninao. 1994. stanford foreign language oral skills evaluation matrix ( flosem ). unpublished manuscript, stanford university, school of education. singer, s., ed., 1993. portfolio assessment in foreign language. evansville, in : evansville - vanderburgh school corporation. slater, t. 1994. " portfolios in learning and assessment in physics. " the physics teacher 32 : 370 - 373. thompson, l., ed., 1995. k - 8 foreign language assessment : a bibliography. washington, center for applied linguistics. eric clearinghouse on languages and linguistics. home | organization | map | events and discussions | resources | standards and frameworks


source : between the lions : " spicy hot colors & yesterday i had the blues " in this video segment from between the lions, tammy lionette ( cleo ) sings about the two sounds made by the letter " c. " words that appear on screen include : cry, certainly, card, crate, celebrate, call, cell, city, cycle, december, clear, nicely, crack, circus, camp, center, cramp, circles, crying, can, concede, cope, can ’ t, and conceive. the letter " c " is in a different color and is colored regardless of where it appears in the word. this video segment provides a resource for phonemic awareness, phonics, letter knowledge awareness, and phonological awareness. academic standards correlations on teachers ' domain use the achievement standards network ( asn ) database of state and national standards, provided to nsdl projects courtesy of jes & co. we assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. if a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by asn or by teachers ' domain. we will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment.


it was the favourite fruit of founder steve jobs. he was three months late in filing a name for the business, and he threatened to call his company apple computers if the other colleagues didn ’ t suggest a better name by 5 o ” clock. it is not an acronym as popularly believed. it is short for san francisco. this name was formed by using comp, for computer, and paq to denote a small integral object. the name was derived from the founder ’ ’ s name dr. michael cowpland. it stands for cowpland research laboratory. the name started as a joke boasting about the amount of information the search - engine would be able to search. it was originally named ” googol ”, a word for the number represented by 1 followed by 100 zeros. after founders – stanford graduate students sergey brin and larry page presented their project to an angel investor, they received a cheque made out to ” google ”. founder jack smith got the idea of accessing e - mail via the web from a computer anywhere in the world. when sabeer bhatia came up with the business plan for the mail service, he tried all kinds of names ending in ” mail ” and finally settled for hotmail as it included the letters “ html ” – the programming language used to write web pages. it was initially referred to as hotmail with selective uppercasing. bill hewlett and dave packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called hewlett - packard or packard - hewlett. bob noyce and gordon moore wanted to name their new company ” moore noyce ” but that was already trademarked by a hotel chain so they had to settle for an acronym of integrated electronics. mitch kapor got the name for his company from ” the lotus position ” or ” padmasana ”. kapor used to be a teacher of transcendental meditation of maharishi mahesh yogi. coined by bill gates to represent the company that was devoted to microcomputer software. originally christened micro - soft, the ” - ” was removed later on. founder paul galvin came up with this name when his company started manufacturing radios for cars. the popular radio company at the time was called victrola. larry ellison and bob oats were working on a consulting project for the cia ( central intelligence agency ). the code name for the project was called oracle ( the cia saw this as the system to give answers to all questions or something such ).


of expression includes the right to express oneself, to disseminate and receive information, opinions and other messages without impediment. 2. the freedom of expression can be limited by law in cases when it is necessary to prevent encouragement or provocation of violence and hostility on grounds of race, nationality, ethnicity or religion. article 42 : freedom of media 1. freedom and pluralism of media is guaranteed. 2. censorship is forbidden. no one shall prevent the dissemination of information or ideas through media, except if it is necessary to prevent encouragement or provocation of violence and hostility on grounds of race, nationality, ethnicity or religion. 3. everyone has the right to correct untrue, incomplete and inaccurate published information, if it violates her / his rights and interests in accordance with the law. article 44 : freedom of association 1. the freedom of association is guaranteed. the freedom of association includes the right of everyone to establish an organization without obtaining any permission, to be or not to be a member of any organization and to participate in the activities of an organization. 2. the freedom to establish trade unions and to organize with the intent to protect interests is guaranteed. this right may be limited by law for specific categories of employees. 3. organizations or activities that infringe on the constitutional order, violate human rights and freedoms or encourage racial, national, ethnic or religious hatred may be prohibited by a decision of a competent court. article 57 : general principles 1. inhabitants belonging to the same national or ethnic, linguistic, or religious group traditionally present on the territory of the republic of kosovo ( communities ) shall have specific rights as set forth in this constitution in addition to the human rights and fundamental freedoms provided in chapter ii of this constitution. article 58 : responsibilities of the state … 3. the republic of kosovo shall take all necessary measures to protect persons who may be subject to threats or acts of discrimination, hostility or violence as a result of their national, ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious identity. … 5. the republic of kosovo shall promote the preservation of the cultural and religious heritage of all communities as an integral part of the heritage of kosovo. the republic of kosovo shall have a special duty to ensure an effective protection of the entirety of sites and monuments of cultural and religious significance to the communities. article 59 : rights of communities and their members members of communities shall have the right, individually or in community, to : ( 1 ) express, maintain and develop their culture and preserve the essential elements of their identity, namely their religion, language, traditions and


the lancet, volume 359, issue 9310, page 908, 16 march 2002 doi : 10. 1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 08016 - 9cite or link using doi hot, cold, and now bubble fusion for almost 50 years now, physicists have been trying to mimic energy - producing mechanisms that the sun uses. it is very difficult to persuade two people who naturally repel each other to come together - and so it is with nuclear fusion. the hydrogen bomb, a fusion device, needs an atom bomb to get it started. huge and very expensive experiments with “ hot ” fusion are still in progress, but a commercially viable machine seems as far away as ever. then, in 1989, came “ cold ” fusion. perhaps deuterium a... this article is made available free of charge, as a service to our users. please login to access the full article, or register if you do not yet have a username and password. already registered? please login new to thelancet. com? thelancet. com is the online home of : - the lancet - the lancet diabetes & endocrinology - the lancet infectious diseases - the lancet neurology - the lancet oncology - the lancet respiratory medicine please register to access selected articles for free, personalize and interact with this site. registration is free, takes no more than two minutes, and offers you many benefits.


the antimatter costs 62. 5 trillion per gram. in the future it is theoretically possible to use antimatter as fuel for spaceships to other planets. the problem is that its production requires extremely expensive technology, and to create just 1 gram, the world would have to work a whole year ( global gdp is 65 trillion dollars ). in physics the ' anti - matter is a conglomeration of antiparticles corresponding to the particles that constitute the ordinary matter... californium costs $ 27 million per gram. why is it needed? an element of californium is so expensive to produce, the isotopes of californium do not have any practical application. in the west it was created only once since its opening in 1950. the californium is a ' chemical element with the symbol cf and the atomic number 98. it is a transuranic element, synthetic, radioactive : californium has very few practical uses and was discovered by bombarding c... the price of diamonds is of 55 000 dollars per gram. the colorless stone can cost more than 11 thousand dollars per carat, but colored diamonds are worth more. why do we need diamonds? the natural diamonds are most often used in the jewelry industry. also, the extreme hardness of diamonds finds its application in ind... materials substances the most expensive substances in the world gold which are the most expensive substances in the world saffron platinum rhodium methamphetamine rhino horn heroin cocaine lsd plutonium taffeit precious metals the most expensive metals gems stone gems precious stones diamonds taaffeite jewels jewelry


as it really looks. early photography was a laborious process. getting an exposure took a very long time. taking a picture was a tremendously staged process, especially if the photograph was of a person. early portraits are a testimonial to patience. the sitter had to sit still, presenting him or herself to the camera while the image developed. it was not unlike sitting down to have your portrait painted. photography was simply a way to take a portrait, or capture a landscape, with fewer intermediary steps than were needed in a painting. in this sense, you could say that all photography was born in the attempt to cut out the middleman. the middleman was the painter. a little history is in order here. during the renaissance, as painters were developing techniques to render three - dimensional scenes into the two - dimensional space of paint and canvas, they rediscovered the camera obscura ( known about since ancient times ). a camera obscura is little more than a box with a hole in it. positioned properly, the light from outside comes through the hole and projects an image of whatever is in front of the box. the image shining through the hole can be projected onto a piece of paper or some other surface. painters would sometimes use a camera obscura to figure out how to paint tricky scenes where the lines of perspective were particularly complicated. they would, literally, trace out the image projected from the camera obscura and then paint in the rest of the details. the camera obscura was a tool for mastering two - dimensional space. leonardo de vinci wrote down explanations for how to build and use a camera obscura in the late 15th century. he seems to have understood the usefulness of the camera obscura for projecting an image that could be used as the basis for painting. it is clear that many of the renaissance masters who came after da vinci were aware of the usefulness of the camera obscura as well. in 2001 the contemporary artist david hockney published a book ( secret knowledge : rediscovering the lost techniques of the old masters ) in which he claims that almost all of the great masters of painting after the 15th century used tricks like the camera obscura in order to paint. according to hockney, painters from vermeer to ingres were essentially great at tracing. he admits that the special artistry of these paintings made the final result greater than the sum of its parts. but he thinks that much of their amazing skill at rendering three - dimensional space into


vermeer to ingres were essentially great at tracing. he admits that the special artistry of these paintings made the final result greater than the sum of its parts. but he thinks that much of their amazing skill at rendering three - dimensional space into two - dimensions was done by projecting images and then tracing them. hockney ' s thesis has created no small amount of controversy. whether or not hockney is correct in the extent of his claims doesn ’ t matter very much. painters, certainly from the early renaissance onward, were obsessed with problems of perspective and they were using any means at their disposal — camera obscuras, mirrors, drawing machines, and the like — in order to solve these problems. technological innovations in the early 19th century allowed for the next step. the daguerreotype, for instance, was a technique by which the image projected by a camera obscura could be captured and preserved — thus, the elimination of the middleman. in the past, the image from a camera obscura still had to be painted. a human being had to take that image and make it permanent, capturing it on canvas and filling it out by means of pigment. with the daguerreotype, the image could be taken and presented as such. voila, photography was born. the work that went into " doctoring " early photographs was the same work that had been going on in order to transform the images of the camera obscura into paintings. you could almost say that all paintings, from the mid 15th century until the mid 19th century, were essentially painted photographs. by the late renaissance, painters had transformed themselves into machines for the accurate rendering of perspective and field of vision onto the flat surface of the canvas. the innovation of early photography was to shift the job that the painter was doing out of the hands of a human being and into the hands of a chemical process. the “ paintings ” were now making themselves, by exposing copper plates covered with silver to the light of day. while this process created miraculous images, the images could also be disappointing. the painters of the early 19th century were, after all, tremendously skilled. the images that they could create — of people, landscapes, and historical scenes — were immensely satisfying as visual documentation. they looked real. in many ways, they looked realer than reality. the paintings of the great masters have that intangible dual quality of realism and luminous idealism. it is realism taken to a second order. and these were the visual expectations that early photography had to match


above and to the right of the photograph. in fact, as a print of the original picture shows, the photograph displayed by watkins is a blend of two exposures. watkins was not able to get an exposure of both the clouds and of the cliff in the same shot. so, he took two different shots and put them together. the interesting thing is that the two unblended photographs are perfectly satisfying on their own. there are plenty of times in real life when we observe a scene in nature and cannot see the sky due to the brightness of the sun. our eyes can have the same problem of overexposure that affects a camera obscura or a photograph. watkins ' original photo of the landscape with its overexposed sky is only dissatisfying if you compare it to a landscape painting from the same era, with its perfect rendering of both land and sky. watkins wasn ' t worrying about truth or lies in photography when he took that picture of the columbia river ; he was worrying about thomas cole ' s 1836 painting view from mount holyoke, or something like it. watkins was trying to make his photograph live up to the compositional standards of the great landscape painters of his time. the great struggle for photography in those early days was thus to figure out whether photography was simply an extension of painting, a cutting out of the middleman, or whether it was something genuinely new, with its own set of rules and suppositions and formal challenges. the photographs collected in the exhibit at the metropolitan museum of art are a beautiful and moving testimony to that struggle. reality, as is so often the case, has nothing to do with it. • 14 november 2012 morgan meis is a founding member of flux factory, an arts collective in new york. he has written for the believer, harper ’ s, and the virginia quarterly review. morgan is also an editor at 3 quarks daily, and a winner of a creative capital | warhol foundation arts writers grant. a book of morgan ' s selected essays can be found here. he can be reached at firstname. lastname @ example. org. photographs courtesy of the metropolitan museum of art.


interesting research that could have ms implications. calcium is spark of life, kiss of death for nerve cells march 1, 2007 - - oregon health & science university research shows how calcium regulates the recharging of high - frequency auditory nerve cells after they ' ve fired a burst of signals, and it may have implications for neurological disorders. the study by scientists at ohsu ' s vollum institute and the university of arkansas for medical sciences, which appears in the current issue of the journal nature neuroscience, shows that calcium ions play a greater role in keeping in check the brain ' s most powerful circuits, such as those used for processing sound signals, than previously thought. a better understanding of that role could someday help prevent the death of neurons behind some diseases of the brain and spinal cord, such as stroke and multiple sclerosis, the scientists say. the research, led by postdoctoral fellow jun hee kim, ph. d., and her advisor, henrique von gersdorff, ph. d., both scientists at the vollum institute, found that calcium tempers the activity of a high - throughput sodium pump, located in the plasma membrane covering nerve endings, that controls how quickly and accurately a nerve cell continues firing after an initial burst of spiking activity. " what ' s happening in the brain is you have all these action potentials ( spikes ) that are firing - the action potential is the way you transmit information quickly from neuron to neuron - and when you have an action potential, you have an explosive influx of sodium ions into the cell, " von gersdorff said. " as a result, the cell is depolarized and it needs to be quickly repolarized. " to repolarize a cell so it can continue firing, and do so accurately and at high - input frequencies, the sodium pump ejects three positively charged sodium ions and imports two positively charged potassium ions. the net result is one positive charged is expelled from the cell, causing a hyperpolarization of the cell ' s membrane potential. quick repolarization of the nerve cell is essential. mature auditory nerve cells fire at frequencies that are 10 to 100 times higher than most high - frequency cells in the brain - 1 kilohertz, or 1, 000 hertz. most brain synapses, the space between nerve cells through which impulses are transmitted and received, begin failing beyond 10 hertz. " in the last few years, we have been studying high - frequency firing cells in the auditory part of the brain


most brain synapses, the space between nerve cells through which impulses are transmitted and received, begin failing beyond 10 hertz. " in the last few years, we have been studying high - frequency firing cells in the auditory part of the brain. we found that these cells and nerve terminals are amazing because they can fire at 1, 000 hertz without failures and with high precision, " von gersdorff said. " that discovery in our lab prompted us to ask the question : how is it that these nerve cells can handle all this high - frequency firing? " enter calcium, which, by inhibiting the activity of the sodium pump, regulates signal firing, and may conserve energy and keep the high - frequency cells from burning out. but calcium in high levels within a nerve cell can be toxic, so the researchers discovered another purpose for the sodium pump : powering a protein located on the nerve terminal membrane called the sodium - calcium exchanger, which removes the calcium and replaces it with sodium. that action, in turn, triggers the sodium pump, and so on. the sodium - calcium exchanger " can import high concentrations of sodium from outside the cell, and it uses the gradient of low internal sodium in the cell as a form of energy to get rid of calcium. that energy comes, ultimately, from the sodium pump and its use of atp, the cells ' major fuel, " von gersdorff explained. the pump is " always keeping sodium concentration in the neuron low and that allows the sodium - calcium exchanger protein to constantly exchange sodium for calcium. " otherwise, if allowed to get too high within the cell, the calcium shuts down the sodium pumps, creating a " vicious loop, " von gersdorff said. " you then get a simultaneous build - up of calcium and sodium in the cell, and it ' s ' goodbye to your neuron. ' it goes at some point into an irreversible cycle of death, " he said. one potential therapeutic approach to preventing cell death caused by increasing calcium levels is making the sodium pump more insensitive to calcium. a potential new drug, for example, could " help the neuron to keep extruding sodium so it can help the sodium - calcium exchanger get rid of calcium, thereby not allowing calcium to reach toxic levels, " von gersdorff said. for the time being, von gersdorff ' s lab will continue studying how calcium regulates the sodium pump. " our hope is that these basic, fundamental issues will eventually lead to therapeutic


if you look at a modem, with it ' s small central processing unit and special - purpose digital signal processor, and then look at a modern pc, with it ' s large cpu and general - purpose dsp on the sound card, you may wonder if the hardware duplication of an external modem is necessary. a " winmodem " incorporates the cpu and dsp of the modem into the slightly - enhanced fabric of a pc. they are called " winmodems " because they originally only shipped with microsoft windows device drivers. these device drivers presented the illusion of a serial port attached to a hayes at - style modem. for a long time only windows versions of these drivers where available. some manufacturers now provide linux versions of their device drivers as well, these modems are jokingly called " linmodems ". it is probably possible to use a linmodem as a linux console. at the most this would require altering the source code to dumb - down the at command emulation of the modem and recompiling the kernel. boot loaders, however, work in a very confined software environment and struggle to support a simple serial chip. considering that some boot loaders do not even handle interrupts, handling the complex dsp of a linmodem is well beyond what is practical.


these are two of my favorite pictures from my research on children ’ s books about einstein and curie. ( you can click on them to see the bigger images ). they are i think, the most visual example of my thesis ’ s argument and i think they are also illustrative of exactly what we need to pay attention to in children ’ s biography. stories about famous figures ’ biographies are the most directly applicable aspect of children ’ s literature. this is the part of the story that with which children can most readily identify. tragically, this part of the story of these lives is generally the thinest part of the historical record. because children ’ s literature is so rarely reviewed by historians, this is not an issue for many children ’ s authors. they can simply invent the figures childhood. the first picture is a picture of the young albert einstein terrorizing his baby sitter. albert is described as cruel, and angry, he throws tantrums the text tells young readers that “ his temper so terrifies a tutor hired to help young albert prepare for school that she runs away, never to be seen again. ” in the picture albert and his anger are foregrounded as the tutor runs away in terror, apparently never to be seen again. you will be hard pressed to find historical precedent for this story : by all accounts albert was a much more timid boy, but it is easy to see here how masculinity and power are imbued on this child. the second picture is of curie crying in the arms of her teacher. before i get into the details, consider the differences between these two images. notice the relative size of curie and her teacher. einstein is bigger than his tutor, while the small ( and surprisingly aryan ) curie is presented as significantly smaller. in the second picture, the teacher does not come down to her level and instead maintains her size and visual power. this story appears in almost every single children ’ s book about curie. the young manya skłodowska was the youngest and smartest student in her class. her school, which was run by polish teachers, was under constant threat from the russians who occupied poland. the school was barred from teaching children in polish and teaching polish history. instead, schools were required to have children memorize russian history and learn russian language. the school that manya attended disobeyed these rules. when russian school inspectors came to check on the school a look - out in the hallway would warn the class and the class


information for parents what your child may experience : for your son or daughter, college will likely be a period of intellectual stimulation and growth, career exploration and development, increased autonomy, self - exploration and discovery, and social involvement. during this period, your children may forge new identities or seek to clarify their values and beliefs. this may require an examination of self, friends, and family. it may also be a time for exploration and experimentation, and a period in which your children may question or challenge the values you hold dear. the changes your son or daughter may experience can occur quickly, as they begin to develop new peer relationships, gain competence in new areas, and learn to manage their independence. it is important to recognize that every child will experience his or her own unique set of challenges and adjustments, just as every parent will have different expectations for and reactions to their child ' s college experience. what parents may experience : often overlooked is the fact that the college experience is a significant transition for parents as well as their children. as parents, you may experience feelings of happiness, excitement, and pride when your child leaves for college. at the same time, you may feel a sense of sadness and pain and have understandable fears and concerns about your child ' s future and well - being. you may worry about your child ' s safety and ability to care effectively for him or herself. you may fear losing your child as he or she begins to function more independently and form deep attachments with peers. you may be concerned about how your child will deal with alcohol, drugs, and sexual relationships. you may also wonder how your child ' s performance in college will reflect on you as the parent. recognize that feelings of conflict, happiness, excitement, sadness and ambivalence about your child ' s leaving home are normal. for most families, this step can seem like a dramatic separation of parent and child, although it is usually the separation of adult from almost - adult. it is normal, too, to look forward to the relative peace and quiet of having your active older adolescent out of the house and having the place to yourself, or being able to spend time with your younger children. allow yourself to feel whatever emotions come up. there is little benefit in pretending that you don ' t feel sad, guilty, relieved, apprehensive, or whatever feelings you have. you probably aren ' t fooling anyone by trying to hide your reactions ; a healthier approach is to talk about them - with your family, friends, clergy, or other sources


oecd, and the global green growth institute. we will present a flagship report on green growth providing detailed recommendations for? how.? green issues will play a growing role in the world bank? s ongoing dialogue with finance and economic ministries on fiscal policy, macroeconomic stability, growth, competitiveness, poverty reduction and equity issues. careful analysis of the growth and distributional impact of environmental pricing policies is needed. the bank group will continue to support countries to assess such effects and to design and implement transfers or other social protection programs to help address them. we will also continue working with developing countries to strengthen budget and public expenditure management systems, while paying careful consideration to public oversight and social accountability mechanisms, including systems to evaluate and allocate environmental spending relative to other fiscal priorities and to better ensure that allocated spending is accountably and efficiently used. wealth accounting and valuation of ecosystem services ( waves ) through the waves global partnership, launched at the nagoya cbd cop in 2010, the bank group will expand the number of countries undertaking environmental accounting. already, waves is undertaking pilot programs in six developing countries while partnering with developed countries leading the way in the area. waves will build knowledge and experience and gradually, broaden the number of countries participating. a key goal of the bank group? s work in this area is to demonstrate how countries can use environmental accounts to improve decisions about more sustainably managing natural capital. our low carbon development studies - undertaken between 2008 - 10 in seven client countries have been scaled up into development policy operations and clean technology fund investment plans, among other options. numerous low - emission development studies ( leds ) have also been undertaken. the creation of a decentralized knowledge platform for low emission development that can provide upstream advice and support to developing countries is being considered with external partners. this includes paying careful attention to the distributional, poverty and social impacts of policies designed to bring about low - emission development, with systematic use of poverty and social impact analysis ( psia ) to help better inform policy choices we will continue to support developing countries with their nationally appropriate mitigation action plans ( namas ), enhancing access to the carbon market including through the newly established partnership for market readiness, capacity building activities, and the establishment of innovative financing schemes for led. the elements of reducing an institution? s footprint ( also known as csr ) are fundamental ingredients of a green economy. the world bank group will continue to support projects and programs in its client countries to improve environmental and social performance in public and private sector operations. internally, the world bank


s footprint ( also known as csr ) are fundamental ingredients of a green economy. the world bank group will continue to support projects and programs in its client countries to improve environmental and social performance in public and private sector operations. internally, the world bank will continue to be? walking the talk? by continuing to measure and reduce the environmental impact of its own corporate operations to set an example to other public and private agencies.? renewable energy and energy efficiency our support for the common goals on access, energy efficiency ( ee ) and renewable energy ( re ) has come in the form of financing and technical assistance. our work in these areas has contributed to increased access to electricity through grid - based and off - grid electrification. bank group support has also helped develop enabling policy reforms, institutional frameworks, and innovative financing for ee and re projects. ifc has invested, in fy10 alone, $ 1. 7 billion in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, aiming to increase the relative share of financing into this segment to about 20 % of its commitments by 2013. importantly, ifc financed and advised on, through partnerships with over 60 financial institutions around the world, a large and growing portfolio of energy and resource efficiency investments by small and medium enterprises, a sub - set of the private sector which to reach is critical for green growth to take off. the wbg has also built a strong alliance of partners to further these goals. for instance, the global alliance on clean cookstoves will help distribute nearly 100 million advanced cookstoves, through gender - sensitive strategies, thereby reducing indoor air pollution and increasing safety for the users of these stoves and other household members. through the lighting africa project, wbg in collaboration with the private sector is promoting the market - based provision of safe, affordable lighting based on solar systems to nearly 2. 5 million people in sub - saharan africa. the goal of universal access to modern energy will benefit from harnessing the power of the private sector. for instance, removing barriers to private sector entry, especially in rural areas far from electricity grid access, will substantially accelerate access to modern renewable energy sources. in countries with some of the lowest rates of access to electricity, the private sector has found new ways of providing rural populations with clean options : biomass - fueled generators using agricultural by - products such as rice husks, sisal or copra are leading to village - sized mini - grids, and photovoltaic - based solar home systems and energy efficient lamps are distributed by private providers at prices affordable to low - income


. as part of the integrated wbg approach to food security, ifc is providing investment and advisory services to the agribusiness sector across the agricultural supply chain to enhance productivity, help mitigate price and weather - related shocks, and support small and medium agribusiness enterprises, particularly in the poorest countries. the bank group will continue to help client countries tackle water issues through a growing portfolio of investment and knowledge that supports improved integrated water resources management, improved irrigation / agricultural water management, and improved access to water supply and sanitation. water is at the core of many countries? climate adaptation strategies and improved water resources management in the agricultural sector and across sectors, more productive irrigation, and better knowledge about how climate change will affect water variability ( eg through more frequent droughts / floods ; glacier melt ) is fundamental to meet increasing global food demands in a changing climate. public funding for water is limited but there is growing private sector interest in industrial water - demand management and efficiency, as well as improved wastewater management. public - private partnerships are helping balance competing demands for access to water and ensure sustainability. the water resources group entity, a neutral platform where public, private - multilateral, and nongovernmental - organization actors can collaborate on transforming the water sector was formally launched in october, 2011. the entity, which is to be housed at ifc, is the result of a partnership between the world economic forum and the water resources group to provide expertise to governments wishing to transform their water sectors. the bank group has developed a considerable body of knowledge and experience on climate adaptation through its projects and the pilot program for climate resilience under the climate investment funds as well as through knowledge products like the economics of adaptation to climate change. our experience in developing and implementing innovative climate - related disaster risk financing and insurance tools helps countries reduce, pool, and share climate - related disaster risks, particularly through risk financing and transfer mechanisms. increasing attention is being paid in this context to how the design of such instruments, and their coherence with complementary social protection and other policies, can help build resilience in the livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable in particular. we have a significant work program underway on sustainable cities, with a specific thematic emphasis on climate change. in particular, a knowledge paper on? towards a partnership on sustainable cities? is being developed, that outlines the framework and elements for sustainable cities, and identifies priorities for action by various sectors and actors. other recent progress includes : collaboration with the group of 40 cities known as c40 ; an


towards a partnership on sustainable cities? is being developed, that outlines the framework and elements for sustainable cities, and identifies priorities for action by various sectors and actors. other recent progress includes : collaboration with the group of 40 cities known as c40 ; an international standard for measuring city ghg emissions that has been agreed with c40, iclei, oecd, unep, and un - habitat ; an urban risk assessment framework ; the mayors? task force on climate change, disaster risk and the urban poor ; and a guide to adaptation in cities. implementation of the eco2 cities program in several pilot cities is underway. a new global initiative on municipal solid waste is also under development. analytical work is underway that articulates a common definition and standardized measures / tools for sustainable cities, building on initiatives like the global city indicators program. the bank group will continue its support to clients in sustainable urban growth and transport, water and sanitation, wastewater management, and climate resilience projects. we are exploring options for an ocean initiative ( oi ) with the world? s premier ocean - focused organizations, combining cutting edge knowledge with finance for workable solutions to meet country demands for improved marine resource management. our clients are seeking catalytic funding to move towards rights - based fisheries management, increasing marine protected areas, improving coastal zone management and reducing marine pollution. in line with our open data and transparency agendas, the oi would support knowledge sharing and connecting practitioners. the bank group has accumulated considerable experience in supporting a variety of biodiversity programs around the globe? from saving species to protecting key biodiversity areas as well as supporting civil society to advocate for biodiversity. our investments and operations demonstrate that biodiversity is a key element of the solution to many global challenges, from food insecurity to climate change mitigation to fuel crises and water stress. biodiversity conservation and ecosystem - based approaches? employing a range of different institutional arrangements such as protected areas and payment for environmental services schemes, can spur and sustain clean, green and resilient development, generate jobs and attract private investment in the rural frontier, all while reducing vulnerability against natural disasters in an era of adaptation. social inclusion and gender the bank group is working to ensure that development benefits those who need it most, including women and youth. women are critical to economic growth and job creation and gender equality is an area of priority focus for results under ida16. ifc is helping increase access to finance and eliminating gender - based barriers to investment. ifc is also working with public and private partners to ensure that youth in developing countries


defined as the change in position of an object ( displacement ) per unit of time. velocity, unlike speed, takes into account the direction of travel relative to a base point. v = s / t ( where v and s are vectors ) where ( using si units ) : v is the velocity of the body in metres per second ( ms ^ - 1 ) s is the displacement of the body in metres ( m ) t is the time taken to travel from the initial point to the final point in seconds ( s ) 1. ( one dimension ) if you start at point a and travel directly north to point b which is ten metres away, and it takes you five seconds to get there, your velocity will be 2ms ^ - 1 due north. 2. ( one dimension ) if you travel west for a ten seconds at 1ms ^ - 1, take a break for twenty seconds and then travel for another ten seconds at 1ms ^ - 1, your velocity for the trip will be. 05ms ^ - 1 due west. 3. ( two dimension ) if you start at point a and travel north at 3kmh ^ - 1 for two hours, and then instantaneously change direction and travel due east for four hours at a speed of 2kmh ^ - 1 to point b, your velocity for the trip is 10kmh ^ - 1 n53°e ( 53°t ) change in position over change in time. a measure of how fast something is moving. measured in m / s, ft / s, mph or km / h. the velocity of the roller coaster is 20 meters per second. smackdown ' s version of heat where it mostly features cruiserweight action with such cruiserweights as paul london, billy kidman, spike dudley, funaki, akio, etc. chavo guerrero vs. billy kidman is gonna be on velocity this saturday night!


uu for kids unitarian universalists make a concerted effort to impart our values to our children. here then are a uu child ' s easy way of remembering our principles : my seven principles : 1. each person is important ( the inherent worth and dignity of every person ) 2. be kind in all you do ( justice, equity and compassion in human relations ) 3. we ' re free to learn together ( acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations ) 4. and search for what is true. ( a free and responsible search for truth and meaning ) 5. all people need a voice. ( the right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large ) 6. build a fair and peaceful world. ( the goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all ) 7. we care for the earth ' s lifeboat. ( respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part ) the sources of faith unitarian universalists get their values from many places. 1. awesome experiences of mystery, beauty, and belonging that all people feel. ( direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness to the forces which create and uphold life ) 2. words and actions of wise and brave people that make us want to change things that are unjust or cruel, and to offer kindness and love instead. ( words and deeds of prophetic women and men which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion and the transforming power of love ) 3. ideas from lots of different religions that help us figure out what is good and true and fair. ( wisdom from the world ' s religions which inspires us in our ethical and spiritual life ) 4. jewish and christian teachings that encourage us to treat others the way we would like to be treated. ( jewish and christian teachings which call us to respond to god ' s love by loving our neighbors as ourselves ) 5. use of science, common sense, and our own brains to think things out. ( humanist teachings which counsel us to heed the guidance of reason and the results of science, and warn us against idolatries of the mind and spirit ) 6. teachings of people who celebrate nature and remind us to live in harmony with nature. ( spiritual teachings of earth - centered traditions which celebrate the sacred circle of life and instruct us to live in harmony with the rhythms of


a digital camera is a type of camera that takes photographs or videos with the use of an electronic image sensor. this device has the capacity to display photographs on the screen several seconds after the image has been recorded. other brands of the cameras can edit the layout, color as well as the entire appearance of the picture. because of the popularity and wide use of the device, it is incorporated in other devices like mobile phones and pdas. to learn about the history of the device, it is best to start with the person behind the development of the digital camera. who invented the digital camera? this device was first created by eastman kodak engineer steven sasson in 1975. the camera used a solid state ccd image sensor chips manufactured by fairchild semiconductor. the device weighed 3. 6 kilograms and it took above 20 seconds to capture an image. this camera was developed as a prototype and it is not intended for mass production. however, this device has the capacity to record black and white pictures. additionally, the first digital camera has a resolution of 10, 000 pixels or 0. 01 megapixels. the first digital camera that was introduced to the public is the fuji ds - 1p, which was launched in 1988. the device has a 16 mb internal memory card and it has a battery. the device was not launched in japan as well as in the united states. the next digital camera that was commercially available is the 1990 dycam model 1. it has a ccd image sensor and it can be connected to a computer or a laptop to transfer and store data. eastman kodak launched the first professional digital camera named as the kodak dcs - 100 in 1991. in order for the product to be used in special events, it featured a 1. 3 megapixel sensor. the device was offered at $ 13, 000. after the release of this model, many companies featured different models of digital cameras. in 1996, kodak launched the first digital camera that has compactflash. additional information and other important details digital cameras have different types. these include the compact cameras, bridge cameras, digital single lens reflex cameras as well as the electronic viewfinder. aside from these, consumers can also purchase digital rangefinders and line scan camera systems. the image resolutions of cameras available in the market today range from 0. 01 to 60. 5. image data storage devices used are compact flash, memory stick, microdrive, secure digital card and floppy disks.


american heritage® dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a form or part that is folded or coiled. - n. one of the convex folds of the surface of the brain. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the act of rolling. or winding together, or of winding one part or thing on another ; the motion or process of winding in and out. - n. the state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or wound together. - n. a turn or winding ; a fold ; a gyration ; an anfractuosity ; a whorl : as, the convolutions of a vine ; the convolutions of the intestines. - n. in anatomy, specifically, one of the gyri, gyres, or anfractuosities of the brain, especially of the cerebrum. see cuts under brain and corpus. - n. in mathematics, such a connection between the relations of any asyzygetic system that each is applied alternately in the aggregate of the remaining relations. - n. something that is folded or twisted. - n. any of the folds on the surface of the brain. - n. the shape of something rotating ; a vortex. - n. mathematics a form of moving average. - n. computing a function which maps a tuple of sequences into a sequence of tuples. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. the act of rolling anything upon itself, or one thing upon another ; a winding motion. - n. the state of being rolled upon itself, or rolled or doubled together ; a tortuous or sinuous winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded upon itself. - n. ( anat. ) an irregular, tortuous folding of an organ or part. - n. a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the brain - n. the action of coiling or twisting or winding together - n. the shape of something rotating rapidly - from latin convolutus ( " to roll together " ), past participle of convolvere, from con - + volvere ( " to roll " ). ( wiktionary ) “ it was in 1861 that he announced his discovery of the seat of articulate speech in the left side of the frontal region of the brain, since known as the convolution of broca. ” “ it is of small size, and consists of a square - shaped convolution,