after a second wash followed with a drying step, the slide is probed with alexa fluor® 647 anti - rabbit antibody and analyzed on a typhoon® 9410 slide scanner to detect the halotag® fusion protein. in addition, other wells have a fluorophore - labeled dna probe added to them. after incubation, the slide is washed, dried, and scanned to detect the dna : protein interaction. halotag® - p50 binds to the halolink™ protein array slide and has dna binding activity. two human p50 proteins were expressed as n - terminal halotag® fusion proteins in a high - yield wheat germ cell - free protein expression system. one p50 protein contains the dna binding domain, dimerization domain, and the nuclear localization sequence of the human p50 protein, while the second p50 protein ( – dna bd ) has the dna binding domain removed. expression of the correctly sized fusion proteins was verified using the halotag® tmr ligand ( cat. # g8251 ) ( 12 ) followed by sds - page ( figure 2, panel a ). figure 2. halotag® - p50 fusion protein attaches to the halolink™ protein array slide and shows dna binding activity. panel a. tmr - labeled sds - page of halotag® fusions. one microliter of both halotag® - p50 and halotag® - p50 ( – dna bd ) fusion proteins expressed in a cell - free system was labeled with the halotag® tmr ligand and separated using sds - page. a marker was used to assay for size. panel b. halolink™ protein array slide. the numbers correspond to wells, and the letters correspond to columns. column a : wells 1 – 10, 5μl of halotag® - gst standard protein at 0, 1. 3, 2. 6, 5. 2, 10. 5, 21, 42, 83, 166, and 332nm, respectively, was added to each well. each well was then probed with anti - halotag® pab followed by alexa fluor® 647 anti - rabbit igg antibody. column b : wells 1 – 3, 5μl of lysate expressing halotag® - p50 fusion protein was added to each well ; wells 5 - 7, 5μl of lysate expressing halotag® - p50 ( – dna bd ) fusion protein was added to each well.


bound halotag® protein ( figure 2, panel b ; column a ). a titration series of wild - type - dna ( wt - dna ) and mutated - dna ( mut - dna ) both containing alexa fluor® 647 was added to the slide. following scanning, the fluorescence intensity of each well was determined and plotted ( figure 2, panel c ). the halotag® - p50 protein bound the wt - dna to near saturation levels, and did not significantly bind the mut - dna. the halotag® - p50 ( – dna bd ) protein had no detectable dna binding activity. probing with a 32p - labeled nucleotide gave similar results ( data not shown ). this experiment shows that the halolink™ protein array slide is able to bind halotag® - fusion proteins and is capable of analyzing dna : protein interactions. to test further the specificity of the halotag® - p50 / wt - dna interaction, we performed a competition assay using unlabeled wt - dna. replicates of the halotag® - p50 protein expressed in a wheat germ cell - free protein expression system and the halotag® - gst standard protein ( 20μg / ml ) were bound to a halolink™ protein array slide ( figure 3, panel a ). the slide was then probed with alexa fluor® 647 - labeled wt - dna and mixed with increasing amounts of unlabeled wt - dna. the binding signal decreased as the amount of unlabeled competitor increased. a plot of the fluorescent intensity of each halotag® - p50 well versus the percent of competitor dna shows a linear decrease in signal ( figure 3, panel b ). the halotag® - gst standard protein did not bind the wt - dna. this competition assay shows that the halotag® - p50 interaction is specific for the wt - dna and that competition assays can be performed on the halolink™ protein array slides. iκbα interferes with the dna binding activity of halotag® - p50 iκbα is an ankyrin repeat protein that inhibits nf - κb transcriptional activity by sequestering nf - κb outside of the nucleus in resting cells. iκbα forms a very stable complex with nf - κb by binding tightly to the nuclear localization sequence ( nls ) and weakly to the dna - binding domain


13 ) figure 4. ikappabalpha inhibits the binding of p50 to dna. panel a. western blot analysis of lysate expressing both halotag® - p50 fusion protein and iκbα. iκbα contains a t7 epitope tag, which was used for analysis. panel b. halolink™ protein array slides. three slides were imprinted identically with halotag® - gst standard protein and lysate expressing either halotag® - p50 or halotag® - p50 + iκbα proteins. column a : wells 1 – 9, 5μl of halotag® - gst standard protein at 0, 2. 6, 5. 2, 10. 5, 21, 42, 83, 166 or 332nm, respectively, was added to the wells. column b : wells 1 – 9, 0, 0. 039, 0. 078, 0. 156, 0. 3125, 0. 625, 1. 25, 2. 5 or 5μl of lysate expressing halotag® - p50, respectively, was added to the wells. column c : rows 1 – 9 had 0, 0. 039, 0. 078, 0. 156, 0. 3125, 0. 625, 1. 25, 2. 5, or 5μl lysate expressing halotag® - p50 + iκbα, respectively, was added to the wells. slide 1 was then probed anti - halotag® pab followed by alexa fluor® 647 anti - rabbit igg antibody. slide 2 was probed with anti - t7 antibody followed by alexa fluor® 647 anti - mouse igg antibody. slide 3 was probed with wt - dna ( 100nm ). panel c. dna binding of halotag® - p50 fusion protein with and without iκbα was plotted. densities for each well were determined using genepix® software. the concentration of the halotag® - p50 fusion protein in each well was determined using a calibration curve of halotag® - gst standard protein. the concentrations were plotted versus the density of each well. the dna binding signal of halotag® - p50 + iκbα proteins was normalized to that of halotag® - p50 fusion protein alone to compensate for the small decrease in halotag®® - p50 in column c. halotag® -


of halotag® - p50 + iκbα proteins was normalized to that of halotag® - p50 fusion protein alone to compensate for the small decrease in halotag®® - p50 in column c. halotag® - p50 binds wt - dna with a greater affinity than halotag® - p65 to compare the binding of a similar dna binding protein, p65, to p50, we expressed p65 ( amino acids 19 – 325 ) and p50 as halotag® fusion proteins in a cell - free protein expression system. expression of the correctly sized fusion proteins was verified using the halotag® tmr ligand followed by sds - page ( figure 5, panel a ). to test the ability of these proteins to bind dna while bound to the halolink™ protein array slide, we first added lysates expressing halotag® - p50 or halotag® - 65 to the slide ( figure 5, panel b ). three wells for each protein were probed with anti - halotag® pab followed by alexa fluor® 647 anti - rabbit igg antibody to verify that each protein was properly bound to the slide ( figure 5, column b, wells 1 – 3 for halotag® - 50 and wells 5 and 6 for halotag® - p65 ). the concentrations of the halotag® - p50 and halotag® - p65 proteins were calculated to be nearly identical on the slide. varying concentrations of wt - dna were added to the slide as shown in figure 5. after scanning the slide, the densities of each well were determined and fit to a graph. both proteins bound the wt - dna, with halotag® - p50 binding about twofold better than halotag® - p65. these results agree with those reported previously ( using fluorescence anisotropy and emsa ) ( 13 ) figure 5. binding affinity of p50 and p65 proteins for wildtype dna. panel a. tmr - labeled sds - page of halotag® fusion proteins. one microliter of both halotag® - p50 and halotag® - p65 fusion proteins expressed in a cell - free expression system was labeled with the halotag® tmr ligand and separated using sds - page. a marker was used to assay for size. panel b. halolink™ protein array slide. column a : wells 1 – 10, 5μl of halotag® - gst standard protein at 0


and separated using sds - page. a marker was used to assay for size. panel b. halolink™ protein array slide. column a : wells 1 – 10, 5μl of halotag® - gst standard protein at 0, 1. 3, 2. 6, 5. 2, 10. 5, 21, 42, 83, 166 or 332nm, respectively, was added to each well. each well was then probed with anti - halotag® pab followed by alexa fluor® 647 anti - rabbit igg antibody. column b : wells 1 – 3, 5μl of lysate expressing halotag® - p50 was added to each. wells 5 – 7, 5μl of lysate expressing halotag® - 65 was added to each well. wells 1 – 3 and 5 – 7 were then probed with anti - halotag® pab followed by alexa fluor® 647 anti - rabbit igg antibody. column c : wells 1 – 10, 5μl of lysate expressing halotag® - p50 was added to each well. wt - dna was added at to the rows as 0, 1, 1. 9, 3. 9, 7. 8, 15. 6, 31. 25, 62. 5, 125 or 250nm, respectively. column d : wells 1 – 10, 5μl of lysate expressing halotag® - p65 added to each. wt - dna was added at the same concentrations as column c. the slide was scanned with a genepix® slide scanner at a wavelength of 635nm. panel c. the densities for each well were determined using genepix® software. the concentration of the dna was plotted versus the density of each well. the three main components of the halolink™ protein array system are cell - free expression, the halotag® protein and the halolink™ slides. all three contribute to the efficiency, robustness and overall speed of the assay. this system can also be used for functional characterization of purified recombinant protein. in a previous study, the halolink protein array system was used to study protein : protein interactions found in the nf - kb complex ( 17 ). we have shown that the halolink™ protein array system can be used to analyze protein : dna interactions using p50 and p65 transcription factors as model dna - binding proteins. first, cell - free translation systems, such as the


( 17 ). we have shown that the halolink™ protein array system can be used to analyze protein : dna interactions using p50 and p65 transcription factors as model dna - binding proteins. first, cell - free translation systems, such as the tnt® sp6 high - yield wheat germ protein expression system or the tnt® rabbit reticulocyte system, allow for rapid protein production directly from dna. in addition, protein can be produced in less than two hours using cell - free systems, versus days for production from e. coli - based systems. cell - free systems also eliminate the expression difficulties some transcription factors have in e. coli - based systems. this adds the flexibility of quickly expressing protein truncations, mutations, or fusions and testing them for activity. second, the halotag® protein enables covalent and oriented capture of proteins on solid surfaces directly from the cell - free expression system without any prior purification step. the halotag® protein forms a covalent bond with its halotag® ligand. a halotag® ligand with reactive end group is used to activate hydrogel - coated glass slides and, subsequently, to capture proteins of interest expressed as halotag® - fusion proteins in cell - free protein expression systems. this approach eliminates the need for protein purification, and allows the fused protein of interest to be oriented for maximum biological activity. third, polyethylene glycol ( peg ) - coated glass slides are known to resist nonspecific adsorption of unwanted protein and to prevent surface - induced denaturation of specific proteins. the low - background binding of the halolink™ slides allows the detection of low abundant binding proteins. a silicone gasket creates 50 wells on the glass slide, so that multiple assays can be performed manually on the same slide without any specialized equipment. this offers an improvement over emsa, which generally allows approximately 15 reactions per gel. using the halolink™ protein array system, we found that p50 bound wt - dna specifically, and p50 that is lacking its dna binding domain had no dna binding activity. this highlights one advantage of using cell - free lysates, truncation and expression is quick, and many different mutations can be tested. the dna probes used in the experiments were generated synthetically, adding to the speed of the assay. multiple dna probes can be tested quickly for binding to one protein, or multiple proteins can be tested for binding to one probe. the dna can be detected using a fluoro


experiments were generated synthetically, adding to the speed of the assay. multiple dna probes can be tested quickly for binding to one protein, or multiple proteins can be tested for binding to one probe. the dna can be detected using a fluorophore ( as shown in these experiments ) or a radiolabeled dna probe. both detection methods have similar sensitivity. using a mutated dna in a competition assay with wild - type, unlabeled dna, we showed that the interaction is specific and the halolink protein array slides have little background binding to the dna probes. furthermore, we compared the binding of two different dna binding proteins, p50 and p65 and showed that the halolink™ protein array slide has the sensitivity to show binding differences between different nucleic acid binding proteins and target binding sites, which agrees with previous studies ( 11 ) the halolink™ protein array slides also provide a platform to study protein : protein : nucleic acid binding. using the p50 protein and its inhibitor iκbα, we were able to show a decrease in p50 binding to wt - dna when the inhibitor was present and showed that the halolink™ protein array slide has the sensitivity to show binding differences between different nucleic acid binding proteins and target binding sites. this decrease in binding was previously observed ( 13 ). the halolink™ protein array slide system can be used to analyze the effect that one protein has on the dna binding activity of another protein. halolink™ protein array slides provide a medium - throughput assay for analyzing protein : protein, protein : nucleic acid, and protein : small molecule interactions. unlike conventional protein arrays, halolink™ protein array slides allow flexibility of content printing. the user can easily create protein mutations and truncations to assay important binding regions on a protein. using these slides, a user can screen quickly a number of different potential targets, determine important binding regions and determine the even amino acids required for the interaction.


when making a drive conversion or designing a new power transmission system, maintenance managers and design engineers have three broad options : roller chain drives, v - belt drives and synchronous belt drives. each has its own advantages and disadvantages, along with cost considerations that may not be immediately apparent. roller chain drives the popularity of chain drives stems from their ability to transmit high torque levels in a small package, at relatively low cost, while utilizing readily available stock components. while initial costs of standard roller chain drives can be quite low, the cost of maintaining them can be substantial. proper maintenance is essential for optimal roller chain drive performance and includes the following cost factors : according to chain industry estimates, roller chain drives operating without lubrication wear approximately 300 times faster than comparable drives that are properly lubricated. and yet, roller chain manufacturers estimate that 90 to 95 percent of all installed drives are either improperly lubricated or not lubricated at all. determining the type of lubrication method needed is a major design consideration with cost implications of its own. an oil - retaining chain housing, for example, can represent up to 75 percent of total chain drive system cost. in addition to lubrication, proper sprocket alignment and chain tensioning are critical to increasing roller chain life. another maintenance factor with cost implications is drive component replacement. a major weakness of a roller chain drive is chain wear, which results in stretching or elongation. manufacturers recommend roller chain replacement when elongation of approximately 3 percent occurs. most roller chain manufacturers also recommend replacing sprockets with each new roller chain because the metal - to - metal contact generates severe sprocket wear. power rating tables published within the roller chain industry are based on a theoretical design life of 15, 000 hours, assuming proper drive design, alignment, lubrication, maintenance, etc. but in a typical operating environment, actual drive life rarely approaches the ideal. unlubricated roller chain drives operating under harsh conditions can be as short - lived as 100 hours. the cost of the maintenance requirements noted above, added to the initial cost, approximates the true cost of a standard roller chain drive. however, beyond the cost of lubricant and drive component replacement is the labor expense of frequent retensioning, which requires shutting down the drive, resulting in production downtime. also, standard roller chain drives operate at 91 to 94 percent efficiency, depending on the application, so energy costs must be taken into account. maintenance and energy costs notwithstanding, roller chain drives offer


requires shutting down the drive, resulting in production downtime. also, standard roller chain drives operate at 91 to 94 percent efficiency, depending on the application, so energy costs must be taken into account. maintenance and energy costs notwithstanding, roller chain drives offer designers and users some advantages over v - belt or synchronous belt drive systems : versatility ( functional attachments can be added to convey products, trip switches, actuate levers, etc. ) the ability to create any length of chain with connecting links v - belt drives transmit power through friction between the belt and pulley. with efficiencies ranging from 95 to 98 percent at installation, these drives use energy more efficiently than roller chain drives, and somewhat less efficiently than synchronous belt drives. v - belt drives are an industry standard, offering a wide range of sizes at relatively low cost, along with ease of installation and quiet operation. v - belt drive replacement parts may be less costly than roller chain or synchronous drive components, but regular retensioning of v - belts can add to maintenance expenses. v - belts are manufactured in a variety of materials, cross - sections and reinforcement materials, and are often used singly, in matched sets or in joined configurations. they are well - suited for severe duty applications, such as those involving shock loads and high starting loads. standard v - belt drives operate best in applications of 500 rpm or greater, speed ratios of up to 6 : 1, and within an operating temperature range of minus - 40 to 130 degrees fahrenheit. because v - belts slip when overloaded, they help protect more expensive equipment from load surges. they also allow flexibility in the positioning of the motor and the load. in a suitable application, the service life of a properly installed and maintained v - belt drive ranges from 20, 000 to 25, 000 hours. the components of a simple v - belt drive are relatively inexpensive to purchase, install, replace and maintain. after they are installed properly and tensioned to the belt manufacturer ’ s recommended values, these drives require very little service, except for retensioning during the normal maintenance schedule. due to belt slippage, they lose up to 5 percent of their efficiency after installation. v - belts stretch as they wear, making slippage worse, which can decrease efficiency by as much as 10 percent unless corrected by periodic retensioning. cogged or notched v - belts can increase efficiency by 2 percent over standard designs. synchronous belt drives synchronous


slippage worse, which can decrease efficiency by as much as 10 percent unless corrected by periodic retensioning. cogged or notched v - belts can increase efficiency by 2 percent over standard designs. synchronous belt drives synchronous belts work on the tooth - grip principle. round, square or modified curvilinear belt teeth mesh with grooves on sprockets to provide positive power transmission on high - torque applications with high and low speeds. if drive size is a problem, many synchronous belt drive systems now have have an equivalent capacity to roller chain drives in the same width. the components of a synchronous belt drive system typically cost more initially than those of a comparable standard roller chain or v - belt drive. by contrast, synchronous belt drives don ’ t have the maintenance costs associated with roller chain drives. they require no lubrication and no lubrication system, only basic safety guarding. while roller chain requires frequent retensioning and v - belts require periodic retensioning, a synchronous belt typically requires no retensioning for the life of the belt. to illustrate the amount of elongation that can occur in a roller chain, recommended center distance take - up allowances for belt drives can be compared to center distance take - up needed for a roller chain in the same length. assuming a length of 100 inches, a roller chain, v - belt and synchronous belt can be compared as follows : roller chain : a roller chain will elongate approximately 3 inches ( or 3 percent ) over its life, requiring about 1. 5 inches of center distance take - up. v - belt : a v - belt requires 1. 5 to 2. 5 inches of center distance take - up over its life, depending on the cross section and belt manufacturer. synchronous belt : a synchronous belt typically requires only. 04 inches of center distance take - up over its life, depending on the belt type and manufacturer. chain and sprocket wear are significant cost factors in a roller chain drive. synchronous belts and sprockets experience dramatically less wear. in a synchronous drive system, for example, the belt outlasts a comparable roller chain on the order of 3 to 1, and the sprockets outlast roller chain sprockets 10 to 1. figure 1. required center distance take - up due to lifetime elongation ( in inches ). like roller chain drives, synchr


definition of pharmacologic stress test pharmacologic stress test : there are a diversity of pharmacologic stress tests. here this refers specifically to a pharmacologic cardiac stress test in which certain medications are administered that stimulate the heart to mimic the physiologic effects of exercise. one of the medications used in a pharmacologic stress test is dobutamine, which is similar to adrenaline. dobutamine is carefully administered to gradually increase the heart rate and strength of the contractions of the heart muscle. simultaneously, echocardiography or radionucleide imaging is performed. alternatively, a medicine called adenosine is administered, which simulates the physiology of the coronary artery circulation during exercise. adenosine is combined with radionucleide isotope imaging to provide a very accurate test for the detection of significant coronary artery disease ( cad ). pharmacological stress testing is commonly performed in patients who are thought to be at high risk for significant cad and who are scheduled for major non - cardiac surgical procedures. these patients are often unable to perform exercise stress testing due to the underlying condition for which they require surgery. in this setting, pharmacological stress testing is invaluable in assessing the cardiac risk of patients prior to surgery. source : medterms™ medical dictionary last editorial review : 6 / 14 / 2012 get the latest treatment options.


, however, the aqueous humor cannot drain, which causes a buildup of pressure. this pressure can cause damage to the optic nerve ( carrier of messages from the retina to the brain ). over time, a person will lose vision because the retina and optic nerve are damaged. there are both medical and surgical treatments for glaucoma designed to relieve pressure in the eye. cataracts are common among people with and without diabetes alike. however, the eye condition is 60 percent more common in people with diabetes. in most people, the lens of the eye is clear. much like a camera lens, it focuses light as it passes to the back of the eye. in people with cataracts, this clear lens becomes clouded, blocking light and reduces vision. cataracts usually develop in older people. with diabetes, they tend to form at a younger age and to progress more rapidly. patients with mild cataracts often wear protective eyewear like sunglasses or glare - control lenses in their corrective glasses. if cataracts are severe, a doctor may decide to remove the lens of the eye. the retina is the part of the eye that records images, and then turns those images into electrical signals to be sent to the brain. diabetic retinopathy is a term used to describe all retina disorders caused by diabetes. these disorders can range from mild to severe. there are two main types of retinopathy : nonproliferative and proliferative. in nonproliferative retinopathy, capillaries in the back of the eye swell up and form pouches. in many cases, nonproliferative retinopathy does not require treatment. however, when fluid leaks into the macula ( the part of the eye where focusing happens ), macula edema can occur. macula edema causes blurry vision and, in some cases, total vision loss. patients with macula edema must seek treatment. fortunately, treatment usually stops or reverses vision loss. over time, retinopathy can get worse, eventually leading to proliferative retinopathy. in patients with this form of retinopathy, the blood vessels become completely closed off, causing new vessels to grow. these new vessels are not as strong as the old and tend to leak blood, which can block vision. this condition is called vitreous hemorrhage. in some cases, the new blood vessels cause scar tissue to develop, which can warp or knock the retina out of place.


one reads of god as being “ the searcher and witness of the heart ; ” 1585 when his prophet is reproved by his discovering to him the secrets of the heart ; 1586 when god himself anticipates in his people the thoughts of their heart, 1587 “ why think ye evil in your hearts? ” 1588 when david prays “ create in me a clean heart, o god, ” 1589 and paul declares, “ with the heart man believeth unto righteousness, ” 1590 and john says, “ by his own heart is each man condemned ; ” 1591 when, lastly, “ he who looketh on a woman so as to lust after her, hath already committed adultery with her in his heart, ” 1592 — then both points are cleared fully up, that there is a directing faculty of the soul, with which the purpose of god may agree ; in other words, a supreme principle of intelligence and vitality ( for where there is intelligence, there must be vitality ), and that it resides in that most precious part 1593 of our body to which god especially looks : so that you must not suppose, with heraclitus, that this sovereign faculty of which we are treating is moved by some external force ; nor with moschion, 1594 that it floats about through the whole body ; nor with plato, that it is enclosed in the head ; nor with zenophanes, that it culminates in the crown of the head ; nor that it reposes in the brain, according to the opinion of hippocrates ; nor around the basis of the brain, as herophilus thought ; nor in the membranes thereof, as strato and erasistratus said ; nor in the space between the eyebrows, as strato the physician held ; nor within the enclosure 1595 of the breast, according to epicurus : but rather, as the egyptians have always taught, especially such of them as were accounted the expounders of sacred truths ; 1596 in accordance, too, with that verse of orpheus or empedocles : “ namque homini sanguis circumcordialis est sensus. ” 1597 “ man has his ( supreme ) sensation in the blood around his heart. ” even protagoras 1598 likewise, and apollodorus, and chrysippus, entertain this same view, so that ( our friend ) asclepiades may go in quest of his goats bleating without


did not have a lasting impact. mohammrd said al saggar from baghdad and my own work in aleppo, syria, in the 1970s also aimed at producing simplified typefaces with a limited number of letter forms. saggars work retained many qualities of the traditional scripts both in kufi and naskhi, and continued to develop his typeface designs until the 1990s with diwan of london. my own work started in a minimalist way where all the letters have uniform shapes, the same height, large x - height, separate rather than connected letters. this work developed into my typeface shilia which is more traditional. murad boutros published an article about his arabic simplified typeface in apple magazine in nov. 1993. again using one form for each letter, and allowing for either connecting or separating the letters when typeset. his font has a traditional naskhi character. in recent years, a number of proposals connected one way or another with computers have also been advanced. abdelmalek bouhadjera, an algerian engineer, used square kufi to design a printing alphabet with separate letters he named el - abdjadia el - mouwahada which means standardised or unified alphabet. although his early work deviated substantially from traditional forms, his later proposal comes very close to the typical shapes of letters in square kufi calligraphy used mostly to decorate buildings. other proposals include dawud chalabis invitation to use separated letters in iraq in 1885, a book published using separated letters in london in 1890 by the ambassador of iran to england, and ibrahim al yaziji and kamel marwas work on simplifying letter shapes. albashir bin salamah presented a proposal in his book arabic language and writing problems in 1971, afif bahnasi presented another proposal in his book arabic calligraphy : its origins, rise, and spread in 1984, still another proposal was made in a book titled arabic calligraphy. other work related to simplification of arabic script include : a proposal to use the latin script by the lebanese sa ' eed aql in his book yara published in beirut in 1961. he published his book " al - khumasiyyat " using his proposal, qadmus publishing, beirut, 1978. a proposal to write vowels as letters included always in written text by abdul almajeed al - taji al - farouki published in his book " tatawuru dabti al - kitabati al - arabiyati " (


in particular was best at entering the greatest number of muscle cells. dystrophin plays a critical role in maintaining the integrity of muscles located throughout the body. within each muscle cell are bundles of actin and myosin filaments. stacked on one another, the actin and myosin proteins move back and forth in a plane, thereby effecting muscle contraction. dystrophin forms a bridge between the muscle cell membrane and each of these contractile bundles of actin and myosin. like a spring, each dystrophin protein allows the actin and myosin to move smoothly and effectively, while they remain anchored to the cell ’ s interior. by maintaining the muscle cells ’ integrity, dystrophin also prevents muscle cells from becoming “ leaky ” to surrounding molecules. muscle cells from dmd mice – and patients – show this increased “ leakiness, ” which eventually contributes to their demise and replacement with fat and scar tissue. dr. xiao ’ s group truncated the dystrophin genetic sequence that codes for a long series of repeat units in the middle of the dystrophin protein. dr. xiao ’ s mini - gene construct effectively shortened the “ spring ” by removing some of the repeats within it. even with much fewer repeat units, the protein ’ s function was nonetheless remarkably preserved. the “ spring ” apparently remained flexible enough to perform its function. the mini - dystrophin gene also contained structures for this series of repeats to remain anchored effectively on one end to the muscle cell membrane and on the other end to an actin filament. for many years, adeno - associated viruses were virtually ignored by researchers because they mistakenly thought these tiny microbes failed to infect non - dividing cells and because they could only carry a small genetic payload. yet, scientists are now quite excited by the biological properties of aav, according to dr. xiao. the aav vector is considered ideal for clinical gene therapy for many reasons, according to dr. xiao. the virus from which the aav vector is produced does not cause any diseases and is disabled so that it cannot reproduce. the aav vector is easily manufactured and stable. it can be targeted to specific tissues and produces long - lasting gene expression. moreover, it does not provoke an immune response against cells that it enters. this type of immune response has been seen in gene therapies using other virus types. in a next step, dr. xiao ’ s laboratory will collaborate with other investigators in testing the aav mini


mar. 1, 2005 scientists have turned to the brightest brains in britain in a bid to understand the link between intelligence and dementia. a team of researchers from the university of manchester will be asking members of the high - iq society mensa for dna samples in what will be the world ' s most sophisticated study of brainpower. the research will allow the team to find genes associated with intelligence and examine how they interact with each other. " when you look at the genes in combination you reduce the statistical power of the research considerably, " explained dr tony payton, who works in the university ' s centre for integrated genomic medical research ( cigmr ) and is leading the research. " selecting individuals who represent the extreme end of the iq distribution increases this power dramatically. for example, 200 volunteers with an iq of 145 is equivalent to using 100, 000 unselected volunteers. " the results of the mensa research will complement data collected from an earlier university of manchester study of some 2, 500 elderly people that has taken place over the last 20 years. that research has already uncovered two genes associated with general cognitive ability, while work elsewhere over the past eight years has identified a further 10 other ` intelligence genes '. " the study of intelligence is shrouded by historical, biological, ethical and descriptive complexities that have made a mockery of its intended definition ` to reason and understand ', " said dr payton. " although our understanding of the biological basis of intelligence is still at an early stage, a general consensus about the role genes play in determining the level of intelligence has now been reached. " all of us possess the same genes but there are variations within the genes themselves, known as ` polymorphisms ', which are largely responsible for what makes us all unique. " they have an important influence on factors such as our behaviour and susceptibility to disease and, of the genes implicated in intelligence, the associated polymorphism has been shown to alter the function of the gene. " theoretically, the research with mensa will be the most powerful approach to studies in this field ever adopted. the study of 2, 500 elderly people over 20 years has created the second largest dna archive in the world - the dyne steele dna bank - and is unique in that it assessed volunteers for changes in cognitive function. " combining this study with the mensa research will take cognitive genetic research to an altogether new level and maintain the university of manchester ' s position as a world leader in the field, " said dr payton. " scientists are interested in intelligence


cognitive function. " combining this study with the mensa research will take cognitive genetic research to an altogether new level and maintain the university of manchester ' s position as a world leader in the field, " said dr payton. " scientists are interested in intelligence genes because high intelligence protects against the onset of dementias such as alzheimer ' s disease. " a greater understanding of the role that genes play in regulating intelligence may help in the development of new diagnostic tests and more effective treatments designed to combat cognitive impairment in the elderly. " mensa has more than 25, 500 members in the united kingdom and ireland, all of whom have an iq that is measured in the top 2 % of the population. the aim of the project is to initially recruit at least 1, 000 members and investigate if there is a difference between their genetic polymorphisms and those found in average iq individuals using the dyne steele dna bank. most studies to date have only investigated single polymorphisms in single genes but given there are more than 33, 000 human genes these approaches are incredibly expensive and time consuming. using cutting - edge technology, known as ` affymetrix microarray ', dr payton ' s team will be able to investigate more than 100, 000 polymorphisms at a time and hope to identify many intelligence genes in a short time. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


antimatter came about as a solution to the fact that the equation describing a free particle in motion ( the relativistic relation between energy, momentum and mass ) has not only positive energy solutions, but negative ones as well! if this were true, nothing would stop a particle from falling down to infinite negative energy states, emitting an infinite amount of energy in the process - - something which does not happen. in 1928, paul dirac postulated the existence of positively charged electrons. the result was an equation describing both matter and antimatter in terms of quantum fields. this work was a truly historic triumph, because it was experimentally confirmed and it inaugurated a new way of thinking about particles and fields. in 1932, carl anderson discovered the positron while measuring cosmic rays in a wilson chamber experiment. in 1955 at the berkeley bevatron, emilio segre, owen chamberlain, clyde wiegand and thomas ypsilantis discovered the antiproton. and in 1995 at cern, scientists synthesized anti - hydrogen atoms for the first time. when a particle and its anti - particle collide, they annihilate into energy, which is carried by " force messenger " particles that can subsequently decay into other particles. for example, when a proton and anti - proton annihilate at high energies, a top - anti - top quark pair can be created! an intriguing puzzle arises when we consider that the laws of physics treat matter and antimatter almost symmetrically. why then don ' t we have encounters with anti - people made of anti - atoms? why is it that the stars, dust and everything else we observe is made of matter? if the cosmos began with equal amounts of matter and antimatter, where is the antimatter? experimentally, the absence of annihilation radiation from the virgo cluster shows that little antimatter can be found within ~ 20 megaparsecs ( mpc ), the typical size of galactic clusters. even so, a rich program of searches for antimatter in cosmic radiation exists. among others, results form the high - energy antimatter telescope, a balloon cosmic ray experiment, as well as those from 100 hours worth of data from the alpha magnetic spectrometer aboard nasa ' s space shuttle, support the matter dominance in our universe. results from nasa ' s orbiting compton gamma ray observatory, however, are uncovering what might be clouds and fountains of antimatter in the galactic center. we stated that there is an approximate symmetry


space shuttle, support the matter dominance in our universe. results from nasa ' s orbiting compton gamma ray observatory, however, are uncovering what might be clouds and fountains of antimatter in the galactic center. we stated that there is an approximate symmetry between matter and antimatter. the small asymmetry is thought to be at least partly responsible for the fact that matter outlives antimatter in our universe. recently both the na48 experiment at cern and the ktev experiment at fermilab have directly measured this asymmetry with enough precision to establish it. and a number of experiments, including the babar experiment at the stanford linear accelerator center and belle at kek in japan, will confront the same question in different particle systems. antimatter at lower energies is used in positron emission tomography ( see this pet image of the brain ). but antimatter has captured public interest mainly as fuel for the fictional starship enterprise on star trek. in fact, nasa is paying attention to antimatter as a possible fuel for interstellar propulsion. at penn state university, the antimatter space propulsion group is addressing the challenge of using antimatter annihilation as source of energy for propulsion. see you on mars? answer originally posted october 18, 1999


- nostalgia, a sentimental yearning for the past, consists of particularly intense, complex and vivid memories. - although nostalgia was once considered an unhealthy preoccupation, new research reveals that it improves people ’ s moods and is a sign of emotional well - being. - nostalgia can promote a sense of social integration in people who are sad or feel alone. do you have wistful memories of the cookies that came from your grandmother ’ s oven? do you enjoy recalling the jokes and pranks that you and your school friends used to find hilarious? on a restless night, does the whoosh of a train on a long - ago journey linger in your mind? if your recollections sometimes evoke a sentimental yearning for the past, then you know what it means to experience nostalgia. you are in good company, too. in a 2006 study conducted at the university of southampton in england, 79 percent of the 172 students surveyed said that they have nostalgic thoughts at least once a week ; 16 percent reported having such moments every day. nostalgia is not limited to any culture, stage of life or state of mental health. our southampton team has found the emotion in healthy adults and children, as well as patients suffering from dementia. this article was originally published with the title yearning for yesterday.


exceptional beginner chemistry set can you make dazzling colors in flame tests? create your own mini fire extinguisher? with these hands - on lab sets, you will perform highly rewarding experiments while building a strong foundation in chemistry. the 80 - page, full - color experiment manual guides aspiring young chemists through each of the 125 experiments. kit includes safety glasses, professional - quality equipment and enough chemicals for repeated experiments. uses a 9 - volt battery ( not included ). learn about indicators with litmus solution and write a secret message in invisible ink. test the inks from your colored markers on the chromatography racetrack to reveal their different color components. experiment with air pressure, surface tension, and the physical properties of fluids. experiment with two well - known metals, iron and copper. investigate carbon dioxide. dissolve metals with electrochemical reactions. explore water and its elements, saturated and unsaturated solutions, and crystals. split water into hydrogen and oxygen with electrolysis, and form oxygen from hydrogen peroxide. experiment with soaps, detergents, and emulsions of water and oil. investigate chemistry in the kitchen by experimenting with sugar, honey, starch, eggs and proteins, fatty acids, and calcium. begin to build a strong foundation in chemistry with exposure to a broad range of chemical phenomena and hands - on laboratory experiences. this kit provides clear instructions for preparing and performing the experiments, offers safety advice, offers explanations for the observed occurrences, and asks and answers questions about the results. ages 10 and up. - protective goggles - two dropper pipettes - clip for 9 - volt battery - safety cap with dropper insert for litmus bottle - copper wire - two large graduated beakers - two lids for large graduated beakers - four test tubes - test tube brush - rubber stopper with hole - rubber stopper without hole - sodium carbonate - potassium hexacyanoferrate ( ii ) - calcium hydroxide - ammonium iron ( iii ) sulfate - copper ( ii ) sulfate - citric acid - litmus powder - small bottle for litmus solution - lid opener - double - headed measuring spoon - angled tube - experiment station ( part of the polystyrene insert ) warning! — this set contains chemicals that may be harmful if misused. read cautions on individual containers carefully. not to be used by children except under adult supervision.


section 2 : what? what can be shared? although it is widely acknowledged that the industry definition of shared services refers to the sharing of business processes, business functions or expertise, it is recognised that many different aspects of an organisation can be shared, each in themselves providing incremental benefits to a participating organisation. sharing may start with collaboration and adoption of best practice. the more detailed level of sharing leads to greater levels of efficiencies, higher quality service and an increased ability to react to market or legislative change. however these benefits come coupled with higher risk and need for a strong change management culture. shared services is a journey without a fixed end point, but has an agreed vision of what good looks like, for an organisation and the strategy defined to deliver that vision. it needs measurable milestones to mark achievements and the journey involves collaboration, change management, change of culture regardless of the level of sharing. there are numerous areas and levels of sharing that can and do occur on a shared services journey. they start with collaboration and shared practices. many stop at the early stage as they entail the least risk and organisational and cultural change. others go on in accordance with their strategy or build on their initial experiences to achieve the full level of shared services. most shared services efforts begin by focusing on centres of scale : volume - based services - transactional, processing and administrative, those that are delivered to most employees or to external customers and can be maximised by aligning economies of scale. glasgow city council have implemented an internal shared service for financial, hr and procurement processes typically, success in these areas leads organisations to search for other services where similar operational efficiencies and cost reductions can be achieved. the logical choices for this second stage are centres of expertise : knowledge - based services - specialised expertise, consultative and integrated solutions, supported by common business processes to provide consistent delivery. the advanced procurement for universities and colleges programme ( apuc ) is creating a centre of expertise for procurement for further education and higher education institutions centres of expertise and scale are candidates for shared services because they provide the greatest opportunities for leveraging efficiency and effectiveness. listed below are examples of the types of sharing and collaboration that can occur, with different levels of benefits being achieved, depending on the nature and extent of the sharing. they all encompass many of the attributes and skills required to achieve shared services, e. g. collaboration of requirements, negotiation, change of culture and process review, all of which are invaluable on the journey to shared services and achieve incremental


these service activities like a business and delivering services to customers at a cost, quality and timeliness that is competitive with alternatives. south lanarkshire council provide a shared service delivering payroll services to several organisations within their community is the process by which the activities of an organisation or organisations, become concentrated within a particular location and / or group. there are two types of centralisation, the first involves organising workers into groups that support business processes for the entire organisation or across multiple organisations. the second organises workers by specific skill set and experience to provide services for the entire organisation or across multiple organisations. provides economy of scale, reducing costs and overheads whilst providing resilience and can be used as a step in the direction of providing a full shared services model or an end state operational model in itself. seas ( scottish executive accounting service ) provide a centralised financial service for scottish executive, agencies and ndpbs there are many and varied types of services that are often associated with shared services and sometimes confused as being shared services. the section below defines some of the most common service provisions and their definitions. all of the services listed can be used to support a shared services operation, and equally all can be used to support centralised and distributed operations as well. became part of the business lexicon during the 1980s and often refers to the delegation of non - core operations from internal production to an external entity specialising in the management of that operation. the decision to outsource is often made in the interest of lowering firm costs, redirecting or conserving energy directed at the competencies of a particular business, or to make more efficient use of worldwide labour, capital, technology and resources. fundamentally and historically, outsourcing is a term relative to the organisation of labour within and between societies. over the years various forms of outsourcing services have evolved and provide services for all type of business operations, eg shared services, distributed and centralised. further definitions of outsourcing are as follows : capgemini provide ict outsource services to customer across the uk from the highland region business process outsourcing ( bpo ) is the contracting of a specific business process, such as payroll, to a third - party service provider. usually, bpo is implemented as a cost - saving measure for tasks that a company requires but does not depend upon to maintain its position in the marketplace. bpo is often divided into two categories : back office outsourcing, which includes internal business functions such as billing or purchasing, and front office outsourcing, which


a company requires but does not depend upon to maintain its position in the marketplace. bpo is often divided into two categories : back office outsourcing, which includes internal business functions such as billing or purchasing, and front office outsourcing, which includes customer - related services such as marketing or technical support. use of a bpo as opposed to an application service provider ( asp ) usually also means that a certain amount of risk is transferred to the company that is running the process elements on behalf of the outsourcer. bpo includes the software, the process management, and the people to operate the service, while a typical asp model includes only the provision of access to functionalities and features provided or ' served up ' through the use of software, usually via web browser to the customer. the most common examples of bpo are call centres, human resources, accounting and payroll outsourcing. bt use accenture and xansa as bpo providers for financial processes application service provider ( asp ) is a business that provides computer - based services to customers over a network. software offered using an asp model is also sometimes called on - demand software or software as a service ( saas ). the most limited sense of this business is that of providing access to a particular application program ( such as medical billing ) using a standard protocol such as hypertext transfer protocol ( http ), a communications protocol used to transfer or convey information on the world wide web. the need for asps has evolved from the increasing costs of specialised software that have far exceeded the price range of small to medium sized businesses. as well, the growing complexities of software have led to huge costs in distributing the software to end - users. through asps, the complexities and costs of such software can be cut down. in addition, the issues of upgrading have been eliminated from the end - firm by placing the onus on the asp to maintain up - to - date services, 24 x 7 technical support, physical and electronic security and in - built support for business continuity and flexible working. customers of asp services include businesses, government organisations, non - profits, and membership organisations. the covalent performance management system is used by a large number of councils across scotland and uk hosted service provider ( xsp ) is a business that delivers a combination of traditional it functions such as infrastructure, applications ( software as a service ), security, monitoring, storage, web development, website hosting and email, over the internet or other wide area networks ( wan ).


) is a business that delivers a combination of traditional it functions such as infrastructure, applications ( software as a service ), security, monitoring, storage, web development, website hosting and email, over the internet or other wide area networks ( wan ). an xsp combines the abilities of an application service provider ( asp ) and an internet service provider ( isp ). this approach enables customers to consolidate and outsource much of their it needs for a predictable recurring fee. xsps that integrate web publishing give customers a central repository to rapidly and efficiently distribute information and resources among employees, customers, partners and the general public. hosted service providers benefit from economies of scale and operate on a one - to - many business model, delivering the same software and services to many customers at once. customers are charged on a subscription basis. south lanarkshire council provide hosted it services for the customer first programme and a university is the practice of transferring day - to - day related management responsibility as a strategic method for improved effective and efficient operations. the person or organisation who owns or has direct oversight of the organisation or system being managed is referred to as the client, or customer. the person or organisation that accepts and provides the managed service is regarded as the service provider. typically, the client remains accountable for the functionality and performance of managed service and does not relinquish the overall management responsibility of the organisation or system. city of edinburgh city council use bt to provide a managed service for the majority of their ict functions


new prenatal test may show inherited diseases blood sample from mother less invasive than current screening procedures doctors may soon be able to diagnose inherited diseases such as cystic fibrosis, thalassaemia and sickle cell anemia in fetuses by simply testing a blood sample taken from the mother. until now, prenatal diagnoses of such disorders have been possible only through invasive procedures like amniocentesis, which carry a risk of fetal miscarriage. amniocentesis is the extraction of a small amount of fluid from the sac surrounding a developing fetus. but scientists in hong kong and thailand may have found a way to diagnose in fetuses such " monogenic " diseases, which are caused by a single error in a single gene in the human dna. such diseases can be diagnosed by a simple blood test ( taken from the mother )... and by counting the relative ratio of the mutant genes against the normal genes. this is only possible because fetal dna circulates in maternal blood, a discovery lo and his colleagues made several years ago. many scientists have since been trying to find the best way to differentiate fetal dna from maternal dna, before they can even get down to looking for any anomalies in the fetal dna. but these efforts have not met with much success. in an article published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, lo and his colleagues said they had devised a counting system that could " bring non - invasive prenatal diagnosis of monogenic diseases closer to reality. " using highly precise digital blood testing technology, both mutant and normal dna sequences are counted in maternal plasma and that is then used to calculate the number of mutant genes inherited by the fetus and to determine the probability of the fetus developing any monogenic disease.


1. definition of reading many definitions of reading are explained by some specialist, some of them are complementary one another, but any others contradictory. reading is not simple mechanical skill : nor is it a narrow scholastic tool. properly cultivated, it is essentially a thoughtful process. it should be developed as a complex organization of patterns of higher metal process. reading also defines responding. the response may be at the surface level of “ calling ” the word. it may be the somewhat deeper level of understanding the explicit meaning of sentence, paragraph or passage. another definition says, reading is the process of giving the significance intended by the writer to the graphic symbols by relating them to one ’ s own found of experience. frank smith in his understanding reading book defines that reading is an act of communication in which information is transferred from a transmitter to a receiver. according to miles a. tinker and contance m. mccullough, reading involves identification and recognition of printed or written symbols which serve as stimuli for the recall of meanings built up through past experience, and further the concentration of new meanings through the reader ’ s manipulation of relevant concepts already in his possession. soedarsono explained, reading is a complex activity that not gives a great amount of action separately. daniel hittleman in his development reading book, defines reading is a verbal process interrelated with thinking and with all other communication abilities – listening, speaking, and writing. based on some definitions of reading by some specialists above, the writer concludes that reading is an activity to get information, increasing perception through written text and also interpreting and analyzing text. 2. aspect of reading some aspects of reading based on normal reading situation consist of three kinds. they are word recognition, comprehension and reflections. a. word recognition the degree of excellence in reading is determined, to a large extent, by the ability to recognize and pronounce words. the core of view that reading is chiefly skill in recognizing words can be accurated by the form of the word itself. decoding the printed page is one of examples of recognizing the oral equivalent of the written symbol. comprehension is one of competence that must be had by the readers. reading just is not transferring the symbol printed from page to the brain but the readers have to comprehend the content of the reader ’ s read. comprehension in reading becomes important because it makes the readers have meaningful in their reading. in other word, their reading is not useless. there are three levels of reading comprehension. first : literal reading, second : aesthetic reading, and third is critical reading. literal reading


posted sunday, feb. 24, 2013, at 8 : 00 am years ago, in 1999, some odd pictures were returned from the mars global surveyor space probe orbiting the red planet. they showed what looked for all the world ( s ) like trees, banyan trees, dotting the martian landscape. they made quite a splash on the internet, and you can see why ; here ’ s a section of one of the pictures : image credit : nasa / jpl / malin space science systems no fooling, they really do look like trees. the usual pseudoscience website went nuts — well, more nuts — claiming they were life on mars. more rational heads knew they were formed from some sort of natural non - biological process, but what? over time, more and better pictures were taken, and eventually the story became clear. hints were found when these features were detected at extreme latitudes, and only in the spring. that meant they must be related to the change in seasons, specifically to the weather warming. that, plus some high - resolution images, made it possible to eventually figure out what they are. mars has a thin atmosphere that ’ s mostly carbon dioxide. in the winter at the poles it gets cold enough that this co2 freezes out, becoming frost or snow on the martian surface — what we on earth call dry ice. it gets this name because when you warm it up, it doesn ’ t melt : it turns directly from a solid into a gas, a process called sublimation. image credit : arizona state university / ron miller in the martian spring sunlight warms the ground, which warms the layers of dry ice. they sublimate slowly, and — here ’ s the cool part — from the bottom up. dry ice is very white and reflective, so sunlight doesn ’ t warm it efficiently. the ground is darker, and absorbs the solar warmth. this tends to heat the pile of dry ice from the sides and underneath at the edges. the newly released gaseous carbon dioxide needs somewhere to go. it might just leak away from the side, but some will find its way deeper into the dry ice pack, toward the center. if the gas finds a weak spot in the ice it ’ ll burst through, creating a hole. other trickles of co2 under the ice will flow that way as well, and eventually find that hole. what you get, then, is dry ice on the surface laden with cracks, converging on a single spot where the gas can then leak out


learning causality in a complex world : understandings of consequence source : rowman & littlefield education, lanham, maryland ( 2012 ) call number : cubb bd591. g765 2012 contents : introduction - - simple linear causality : one thing makes another happen - - the cognitive science of simple causality : why do we get stuck? - - domino causality : effects that become causes - - cyclic causality : loops and feedback - - spiraling causality : escalation and de - escalation - - mutual causality : symbiosis and bi - directionality - - relational causality : balances and differentials - - across time and distance : detecting delayed and distant effects - - " what happened? " vs. " what ' s going on? " : thinking about steady states - - what you can ' t see does matter : attending to obvious and non - obvious causes - - it ' s not always a case of who did it : minding passive and unintentional causality - - step by step, or not : the mind - bending concept of simultaneous causality - - figuring out what to count on : dealing with stochastic causality - - isn ' t anybody in charge around here? : attending to distributed causality and emergence - - summing up : the implications for helping a new generation understand causal complexity - - putting it all together : teaching for causal complexity.


this section of the site covers the theory and background behind the application of stigmergy and other biological strategies to information technology biological systems have evolved ingenious solutions to the same kind of problems encountered in information technology. understanding how nature solves these problems allows us to use these solutions ourselves, to create highly efficient web sites that cost little to develop and maintain. stigmergy as a strategy stigmergy is not like a product, a service or an application. it isn ' t even like a computer program. it is a very clever strategy used by nature to get colonies of insects to self - organize, tell each other where to find food, create sophisticated messaging systems and build complex architectural structures. we can use this same clever strategy on the web, to get people to collaborate in the exchange and sharing of information. the strategy works well for brainless insects, but it works infinitely better for intelligent humans equipped with computers. what are stigmergic systems? stigmergic systems combine information technology with stigmergy and other ingenious computing structures found in nature - to create self - organizing web sites and low cost knowledge management systems. reproduction as a strategy nature has learned how to create organisms that grow and self - organize without planning. we can copy these methods to create web based systems that grow and self - organize themselves, drastically reducing development and maintenance costs. nature creates organisms that can quickly adapt to changing conditions. we can build this same adaptability into information systems, enabling them to automatically adjust to user needs and responses. nature has found a way to overcome the problem of critical mass. we can use this same strategy to make changes to a web site so that it increasingly attracts visitors. what ' s the secret of nature ' s success? she uses a technique of continuous reproduction and selection. this is the technique we can copy. we don ' t start by building a web site, the first step is to create a program that can build a system. by arranging for this program to be responsive to the way users respond to a site, the program can continually rebuild the system until it is working successfully. short summaries of the main elements of stigmergic and biological strategies are provided in the menu ' summary of a stigmergic system ' ( top left ). more detailed explanations and theory can be found in the ' references ' and ' technical notes ' sections of this site. to provide a ' proof of concept ' demonstration of a stigmergic system, the seo project was started in october


| diversity in islam : a sunni perspective | | diversity in islam : a shi ' i perspective | in islam, the unity of god is central. the islamic revelation given to muhammad affirmed the earlier abrahamic religions of one god ( including judaism and christianity ), yet also went beyond them to unify the divine truth of god and assert a more complete monotheism. according to islam, all revelation and prophets are one, stemming from the same source : “ you say : ‘ we believe in allah, and the revelation given to us, and to abraham, isma ’ il, isaac, jacob, and the tribes, and that given to moses and jesus, and that given to ( all ) prophets from their lord : we make no difference between one or another of them : and we bow to allah ( in islam ) ’ ” ( 2 / 136 ; 3 / 84 ). in the eyes of muslims, islam ’ s radical emphasis on the unity of god, identical nature of revelation, and equality and common destiny of humankind make islam the final revelation. it is the climax and fulfillment of all previous approximations of unity on earth. according to the qur ’ anic narrative, god ’ s will has always been for a single, united humanity. god reveals this will through his chosen messengers and the revelations embedded in scriptures. every kind of discrimination, separation, exclusion, or division is negated by god. domination of some portion of humanity over others is forbidden. unjust exploitation of humanity or creation is rejected. before the islamic revelation, god entered into covenantal relationship with earlier faith communities to stop distraction, disorder, killing, and discrimination, evils that muslims believe stemmed from the perceived division in god and humanity. the qur ’ an has strictly forbidden such division and commended unity : “ and hold fast, all together, by the rope which allah ( stretches out for you ), and be not divided among yourselves... ” ( 3 / 103 ) ; “ as for those who divide their religion and break up into partisans, you have no part in them in the least ” ( 6 / 159 ). islam recognizes the difficulty of achieving such unity, and asserts that real unity can only be achieved through recognition of human diversity. islam clearly acknowledges the divine mystery of god that has willed that humanity be diverse in religion, conviction, and persuasion : “ to each among you we have prescribed a law and an open way. if allah so willed, he would have made you a single people, but ( his plan is ) to test you in what


rests completely with god, and rejects a hierarchical monopoly over human souls. it is forbidden for muslims to call each other non - muslims : “ o ye who believe! when ye go forth to fight in the way of allah, be careful to discriminate, and say not unto one who offers you peace : ‘ thou are not a believer, seeking the chance profits of this life ’ ” ( 4 / 94 ). the messenger ( prophet ) of god said, “ when any muslim says to his brother, ‘ you infidel! ’ one of the two surely deserves the name ” ( al - buhari, sahih, 4 : 139 ). muslims also must not fight other muslims, and are instructed to make peace : “ the believers are naught else than brothers. therefore make peace between brethren and observe your duty to allah that haply ye may obtain mercy ” ( 49 : 10 ). similarly, islam leaves room for idolaters to coexist with muslims, as long as the idolaters keep their covenant with the muslim community : “ ( but the treaties are ) not dissolved with those pagans with whom you have entered into alliance and who have not subsequently failed you in anything, nor aided any one against you. so fulfill your engagements with them to the end of their term ; for allah loves the righteous ” ( 9 / 4 ). the qur ’ an also says about polytheists, “ if it had been allah ’ s will, they would not have been polytheists, nor did we make you a guardian over them, nor are you their advocate ” ( 6 / 107 ). ( for more information on the islamic position on polytheism, see 50 / 45 ; 88 / 22 ; 10 / 99 ; 3 / 20 ; 5 / 99 ; 16 / 82 ; 42 / 48 ; 2 / 193 ). despite its universal ideal, the new community of muslims was able to introduce the idea and practice of religious tolerance without falling into the pit of relativization. compared to other faiths, islam developed a moderate position between two extremes : electionism, favoritism, and fanaticism as manifestations of an exclusive mentality, at one extreme, and a sort of pluralism that contradicts the transcendental unity of god, truth and human destiny by relativizing the divine to concrete, limited and anthropomorphic manifestations, at the other extreme. thus the islamic plan for a transcendental unity of humanity within its diversity and under one god is


passed my 5th scna ( sun certified network administrator for solaris 8 ) exam yesterday so my cv has been updated. in with the new and out with the old : i took off the old solaris 2. 4 / 2. 5 certificates and put xhtml on instead. the plan is to go xhtml 1. 1 strict for the whole site and then maybe try to create an even more (? sic! ) minimal design utilising a simpler stylesheet. i came across this a trying to find out what a " jabber " was ( preparing for a network exam ). the answer to this and the question in the title is found in the comp. dcom. lans. ethernet faq : in the following table, c refers to the speed of light in a vacuum, or 300, 000 kilometers per second. medium propagation speed - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - thick coax. 77c ( 231, 000 km / sec ) thin coax. 65c ( 195, 000 km / sec ) twisted pair. 59c ( 177, 000 km / sec ) fiber. 66c ( 198, 000 km / sec ) aui cable. 65c ( 195, 000 km / sec ) from these values, the size of a bit on 10baset can be calculated. 10baset is twisted pair, which has a propagation delay of 177, 000 km / sec. 177, 000 km / sec divided by 10 million bits per second is 17. 7 meters, or the size of a single bit on a 10baset network.


press release : the 2003 nobel prize in physics 7 october 2003 the royal swedish academy of sciences has decided to award the nobel prize in physics for 2003 " for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids " alexei a. abrikosov argonne national laboratory, argonne, illinois, usa, vitaly l. ginzburg p. n. lebedev physical institute, moscow, russia, and anthony j. leggett university of illinois, urbana, illinois, usa flow without resistance this year ' s nobel prize in physics is awarded to three physicists who have made decisive contributions concerning two phenomena in quantum physics : superconductivity and superfluidity. superconducting material is used, for example, in magnetic resonance imaging for medical examinations and particle accelerators in physics. knowledge about superfluid liquids can give us deeper insight into the ways in which matter behaves in its lowest and most ordered state. at low temperatures ( a few degrees above absolute zero ) certain metals allow an electric current to pass without resistance. such superconducting materials also have the property of being able to displace magnetic flows completely or partly. those that displace magnetic flows completely are called type - i superconductors and a theory explaining them was awarded the nobel prize in physics in 1972. this theory, which is based on the fact that pairs of electrons are formed proved, however, to be inadequate for explaining superconductivity in the technically most important materials. these type - ii superconductors allow superconductivity and magnetism to exist at the same time and remain superconductive in high magnetic alexei abrikosov succeeded in explaining this phenomenon theoretically. his starting point was a theory that had been formulated for type - i superconductors by vitaly ginzburg and others, but which proved to be so comprehensive that it was also valid for the new type. although these theories were formulated in the 1950s, they have gained renewed importance in the rapid development of materials with completely new properties. materials can now be made superconductive at increasingly high temperatures and strong magnetic fields. liquid helium can become superfluid, that is, its viscosity vanishes at low temperatures. atoms of the rare isotope 3he have to form pairs analogous with pairs of electrons in metallic superconductors. the decisive theory explaining how the atoms interact and are ordered in the superfluid state was formulated in the 1970s by anthony leggett. recent


the rare isotope 3he have to form pairs analogous with pairs of electrons in metallic superconductors. the decisive theory explaining how the atoms interact and are ordered in the superfluid state was formulated in the 1970s by anthony leggett. recent studies show how this order passes into chaos or turbulence, which is one of the unsolved problems of classical physics. alexei a. abrikosov, born 1928 ( 75 years ) in moscow, the former soviet union, american ( and russian ) citizen. doctor ' s degree in physics in 1951 at the institute for physical problems, moscow. distinguished argonne scientist, argonne national laboratory, argonne, illinois, usa. vitaly l. ginzburg, born 1916 ( 87 years ) in moscow, russia ( russian citizen ). doctor ' s degree in physics at the university of moscow. former head of the theory group at the p. n. lebedev physical institute, moscow, russia. anthony j. leggett, born 1938 ( 65 years ) in london, england ( british and american citizen ). doctor ' s degree in physics in 1964 at the university of oxford. macarthur professor at the university of illinois at urbana - champaign, prize amount : sek 10 million, will be shared equally among the laureates. science editor, phone + 46 8 673 95 44, + 46 703 27 72 00, email @ example. com and eva krutmeijer, head of information, phone + 46 8 673 95 95, + 46 709 84 66 38, firstname. lastname @ example. org


academic standards correlations on teachers ' domain use the achievement standards network ( asn ) database of state and national standards, provided to nsdl projects courtesy of jes & co. we assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. if a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by asn or by teachers ' domain. we will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment. in this lesson, students watch a video segment from the pbs series the supreme court about the landmark case maryland v. mcculloch and consider the powers of the national government and state governments. students take on the role of news reporters to analyze and present the case decision. this lesson is the second of two lessons that comprise a unit on balancing state and federal authority. for the first lesson, see define and classify the powers associated with federalism lesson plan for extension activities to use with this unit, visit the supreme court website. ( 1 ) 50 minute period mcculloch v. maryland ( 1819 ) unknown 1. ask students if they have ever experienced a conflict or struggle with their friends or classmates over making a decision. take student responses and ask them to describe their experiences. explain that just as they might have had a clash over a decision with their classmates, the national government and the states have experienced a similar power struggle. 2. tell students they are going to watch a video segment that illustrates the supreme court ' s first major case that attempted to help resolve a conflict between the national government and the state of maryland. distribute the mcculloch v. maryland questions. prior to playing the video segment, review the questions students should focus on while watching the clip : 3. play mcculloch v. maryland ( 1819 ) unknown. you may choose to play the clip multiple times for student understanding. 4. ask students to discuss the following questions. the answers below are provided as a guide : 1. assign students to work in groups of three to five and give each group several sheets of flip - chart paper and markers. 3. when students have completed their work, a representative from each group presents its news story. ask students to compare and contrast the news stories they have heard, saw, or read. if necessary, clarify any points of fact that students were confused about. 4. for homework ( or in class if time


what is artificial intelligence ( ai ) artificial intelligence ( ai ) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. ai textbooks define the field as “ the study and design of intelligent agents ” where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success. john mccarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as “ the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. ” the field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence — the sapience of homo sapiens — can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. this raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism, but has also suffered setbacks and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science. ai research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other. subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how ai should be done and the application of widely differing tools. the central problems of ai include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. general intelligence ( or “ strong ai ” ) is still among the field ’ s long term goals.


this year, the concrete producer, with our sister publication, concrete construction, introduced the greensite project of the year con contest honoring the concrete community ' s efforts to promote concrete ' s role in creating eco - friendly structures that will stand the test of time. the name “ greensite ” reflects the innovative processes and materials that create a green building project, many of which are invisible in the final product. for instance, visitors to the aldo leopold legacy center in wisconsin breathe air that is pretreated by an underground concrete pipe ventilation system. meanwhile, in philadelphia, lightweight carboncast walls protect residents of the symphony house condominiums from the elements, while using less energy and fewer materials than traditional concrete panels. tcp ' s 2008 greensite winners each represent a different category : institutional, commercial, multifamily, residential, and high - rise. for more details and photos of each project, click here. to learn how to participate in next year ' s greensite project of the year, click here. institutionalgrand rapids art museum grand rapids, mich. when planning for the new grand rapids art museum, project officials and donors decided to pursue leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) certification “ with a vengeance, ” to make it the world ' s first newly built, leed - certified art museum. they eventually exceeded this goal with a gold level certification by incorporating green design elements and sustainable building materials. concrete was an important contributor to the project ' s sustainability and design flexibility. of the many elements brought to life in this 135, 000 - square - foot building, the architectural concrete exterior stands out as one of its most beautiful components. at the same time, the museum ' s 12 - inch - thick, cast - in - place concrete walls optimize energy use by keeping the building warm or cold. inside, exposed concrete walls feature tie holes aligned in rows and columns, and defined corners and reveals. a sequence of 177 separate architectural concrete pours led to a one - of - a - kind forming system. the forms, which called for sharp corners, needed to be watertight around the tie holes and edges. each pour had zero tolerance for rework, since patches were not allowed. concrete also helped meet leed material requirements because much of it came from local sources, requiring less energy in transportation. the museum ' s 20, 000 yards of 4000 to 6000 psi concrete contained 3 % recycled content and 100 % regional materials. other items that contribute to the sustainable quality of the museum include extensive use of natural


the buddha points to two mental qualities as the underlying safeguards of morality, thus as the protectors of both the individual and society as a whole. these two qualities are called in pali hiri and ottappa. hiri is an innate sense of shame over moral transgression ; ottappa is moral dread, fear of the results of wrongdoing. the buddha calls these two states the bright guardians of the world ( sukka lokapala ). he gives them this designation because as long as these two states prevail in people ' s hearts the moral standards of the world remain intact, while when their influence wanes the human world falls into unabashed promiscuity and violence, becoming almost indistinguishable from the animal realm ( itiv. 42 ). while moral shame and fear of wrongdoing are united in the common task of protecting the mind from moral defilement, they differ in their individual characteristics and modes of operation. hiri, the sense of shame, has an internal reference ; it is rooted in self - respect and induces us to shrink from wrongdoing out of a feeling of personal honor. ottappa, fear of wrongdoing, has an external orientation. it is the voice of conscience that warns us of the dire consequences of moral transgression : blame and punishment by others, the painful kammic results of evil deeds, the impediment to our desire for liberation from suffering. acariya buddhaghosa illustrates the difference between the two with the simile of an iron rod smeared with excrement at one end and heated to a glow at the other end : hiri is like one ' s disgust at grabbing the rod in the place where it is smeared with excrement, ottappa is like one ' s fear of grabbing it in the place where it is red hot. in the present - day world, with its secularization of all values, such notions as shame and fear of wrong are bound to appear antiquated, relics from a puritanical past when superstition and dogma manacled our rights to uninhibited self - expression. yet the buddha ' s stress on the importance of hiri and ottappa was based on a deep insight into the different potentialities of human nature. he saw that the path to deliverance is a struggle against the current, and that if we are to unfold the mind ' s capacities for wisdom, purity and peace, then we need to


forecasters predict as many as four to eight hurricanes this year. university of houston resources have expertise in a variety of topics related to storms – before, during and after. new asthma research opposes current drug treatmentmulti - institutional study supports controversial theory, reveals genetic key richard a. bond, professor of pharmacology at the university of houston college of pharmacy ( uhcop ), has been investigating whether beta - 2 adrenoreceptor antagonist drugs ( or beta blockers ) ultimately might be a safer, more effective strategy for long - term asthma management than the currently used beta - 2 adrenoreceptor agonists ( or stimulants ). the beta - 2 adrenoreceptor is a receptor found in many cells, including the smooth muscle lining the airways, and has long been a target for asthma drugs. however, a recent study shows the absence of asthma - like symptoms in a mouse model that lacks the key gene that produces the receptor. this lends further evidence to bond ' s theory that questions whether the pharmaceutical industry should be working to block or inhibit the receptor instead of the current approach of chronically stimulating it to reduce asthma symptoms. the study, " beta2 - adrenoreceptor signaling is required for the development of an asthma phenotype in a murine model, " is in the current online issue of the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ), one of the world ' s most - cited multidisciplinary scientific serials. a follow - up commentary by an independent scientist in the field also will be published in the print issue of pnas in february. the timely release of this study comes on the heels of the fda considering a renewed look at the use of long - acting beta agonist drugs ( labas ) - at least those used alone, without a steroidal component - for the management of asthma symptoms. in an fda report released in december, an analysis of more than 100 trials on four drugs ( two labas alone and two laba / corticosteroid combinations ) found an increased risk of hospitalization and asthma - related deaths with the laba - only therapy. during the same month, an fda advisory panel urged the fda to ban the laba - only drugs and strengthen warnings on the combination drugs. bond and his colleagues propose an alternative to stimulants, using antagonists ( or beta blockers ) instead. this approach, termed paradoxical pharmacology, suggests patients may


fellow uhcop faculty researcher brian j. knoll. with support from the strategic program for asthma research of the american asthma foundation, a second human clinical trial based on bond ' s research is under way using the beta - blocker drug nadolol in patients with mild asthma. in the first clinical trial, sponsored by san francisco - based inverseon inc., eight of 10 patients had less airway hyperresponsiveness on beta - blocker therapy at the end of the trial, although some did experience an initial negative response. ( see related release at http : / / www. uh. edu / news - events / newsrelease. php? releaseid _ int = 187. ) commenting on the results of the first clinical trial, two u. k. researchers wrote in the jan. 10 issue of the british journal the lancet that the use of beta - blocker therapy for asthma warrants serious, but careful, consideration and further investigation, including the use of specific alternative types of beta blockers. to those ends, inverseon, of which bond is scientific founder, has filed u. s. patent applications for using beta blockers to treat airway disease. dr. william garner, chairman of inverseon, said the company recently received a notice of allowance - one of several procedural steps on the path to patent approval - from the u. s. patent office. " the comment in the lancet on inverseon ' s human asthma study, combined with the notice of allowance from the u. s. patent office, represents important external validation of inverseon ' s approach to asthma, " garner said. " we believe that our oral therapy has the potential to be a significant product for the chronic treatment of asthma. " the university of houston the university of houston, texas ' premier metropolitan research and teaching institution, is home to more than 40 research centers and institutes and sponsors more than 300 partnerships with corporate, civic and governmental entities. uh, the most diverse research university in the country, stands at the forefront of education, research and service with more than 36, 000 students. about the uh college of pharmacy for more than 60 years, the university of houston college of pharmacy has shaped aspiring pharmacists, scientists and researchers. the college offers an undergraduate degree in the pharmaceutical sciences, graduate degrees in pharmacy administration, pharmacology and pharmaceutics, a professional pharmacy degree and combined professional / graduate degrees. with facilities on the uh campus and in the texas medical center, the uh college of pharmacy


for information only - not an official document 18 june 2012 united nations committee on the peaceful uses of outer space concludes 55th session in vienna vienna, 18 june ( un information service ) - the united nations committee on the peaceful uses of outer space ( copuos ) has concluded its deliberations over ways and means to maintain outer space for peaceful purposes and to ensure that space technology and its applications continue to benefit many areas critical to all humanity at its 55th session, held from 6 to 15 june. the committee agreed on a new agenda item, " space and sustainable development ", to consider, among others, the outcomes of the upcoming united nations conference on sustainable development ( rio + 20 ) and the use of space technology and its applications for socioeconomic and sustainable development. the committee also agreed to commemorate in 2013 the fiftieth anniversary of the first space flight by a woman, cosmonaut valentina tereshkova on 16 june 1963, with a special panel consisting of prominent women in the space - related fields of space exploration, science, technology, education, business and policy to address the contribution of women to space activities on the topic " space : building the future today ". other highlights of the 55th session of the committee included : - the panel discussion on the theme " fortieth anniversary of the landsat programme and the evolution of worldwide remote sensing from space " was held on 6 june, addressing the contributions of landsat as the longest - running civilian earth observation programme to the worldwide evolution of earth observation. a dedicated exhibition on this theme was held at the vienna international centre from 6 to 15 june, with several countries exhibiting their remote sensing imagery. - the government of china donated a beidou navigation satellite model to the permanent exhibition of the united nations office for outer space affairs ( unoosa ) at the vienna international centre. the model is exhibited in the section dedicated to global navigation satellite systems. - the four expert groups of the working group on the long term sustainability of outer space activities met on the margins of the current session to work on the following issues : sustainable space utilization, space debris and space operations, space weather, and regulatory regimes for actors in space arena. - the action team on near earth objects ( neos ) of the committee continued its work on draft recommendations for an international response to the neo impact threat. as part of the overall neo threat mitigation efforts, representatives of space agencies held a second meeting to build consensus on recommendations to establish a mission planning and operations group. * * * * * for further information, please contact


dictionary results for works | 1. works - noun · buildings for carrying on industrial labor ; " they built a large plant to manufacture automobiles " synonym ( s ) : plant, industrial _ plant hypernym ( s ) : building _ complex, complex 2. works - noun · everything available ; usually preceded by ` the ' ; " we saw the whole shebang " ; " a hotdog with the works " ; " we took on the whole caboodle " ; " for $ 10 you get the full treatment " synonym ( s ) : whole _ shebang, whole _ kit _ and _ caboodle, kit _ and _ caboodle, whole _ kit _ and _ boodle, kit _ and _ boodle, whole _ kit, whole _ caboodle, whole _ works, full _ treatment hypernym ( s ) : entirety, entireness, integrality, totality 3. works - noun · performance of moral or religious acts ; " salvation by deeds " ; " the reward for good works " 4. works - noun · the internal mechanism of a device 5. work - noun · activity directed toward making or doing something ; " she checked several points needing further work " 6. work - noun · a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing ; " it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works " ; " the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work " ; " he was indebted to the pioneering work of john dewey " ; " the work of an active imagination " ; " erosion is the work of wind or water over time " hypernym ( s ) : product, production 7. work - noun · the occupation for which you are paid ; " he is looking for employment " ; " a lot of people are out of work " hypernym ( s ) : occupation, business, job, line _ of _ work, line 8. work - noun · applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject ( especially by reading ) ; " mastering a second language requires a lot of work " ; " no schools offer graduate study in interior design " hypernym ( s ) : learning, acquisition 9. work - noun · ( physics ) a manifestation of energy ; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force ; " work equals force times distance " hypernym ( s ) : energy, free _ energy


of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force ; " work equals force times distance " hypernym ( s ) : energy, free _ energy 10. work - noun · a place where work is done ; " he arrived at work early today " hypernym ( s ) : geographic _ point, geographical _ point 11. work - noun · the total output of a writer or artist ( or a substantial part of it ) ; " he studied the entire wagnerian oeuvre " ; " picasso ' s work can be divided into periods " synonym ( s ) : oeuvre, body _ of _ work hypernym ( s ) : end _ product, output 12. work - verb · exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity ; " i will work hard to improve my grades " ; " she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor " 13. work - verb · be employed ; " is your husband working again? " ; " my wife never worked " ; " do you want to work after the age of 60? " ; " she never did any work because she inherited a lot of money " ; " she works as a waitress to put herself through college " 14. work - verb · have an effect or outcome ; often the one desired or expected ; " the voting process doesn ' t work as well as people thought " ; " how does your idea work in practice? " ; " this method doesn ' t work " ; " the breaks of my new car act quickly " ; " the medicine works only if you take it with a lot of water " hypernym ( s ) : succeed, win, come _ through, bring _ home _ the _ bacon, deliver _ the _ goods 15. work - verb · perform as expected when applied ; " the washing machine won ' t go unless it ' s plugged in " ; " does this old car still run well? " ; " this old radio doesn ' t work anymore " synonym ( s ) : function, operate, go, run 16. work - verb · shape, form, or improve a material ; " work stone into tools " ; " process iron " ; " work the metal " synonym ( s ) : work _ on, process hypernym ( s ) : transform, transmute, transubstantiate 17. work - verb · give a workout to ; " some parents


process iron " ; " work the metal " synonym ( s ) : work _ on, process hypernym ( s ) : transform, transmute, transubstantiate 17. work - verb · give a workout to ; " some parents exercise their infants " ; " my personal trainer works me hard " ; " work one ' s muscles " ; " this puzzle will exercise your mind " synonym ( s ) : exercise, work _ out hypernym ( s ) : work, put _ to _ work 18. work - verb · proceed along a path ; " work one ' s way through the crowd " ; " make one ' s way into the forest " 19. work - verb · operate in a certain place, area, or specialty ; " she works the night clubs " ; " the salesman works the midwest " ; " this artist works mostly in acrylics " 20. work - verb · proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity ; " work your way through every problem or task " ; " she was working on her second martini when the guests arrived " ; " start from the bottom and work towards the top " hypernym ( s ) : go, proceed, move 21. work - verb · move in an agitated manner ; " his fingers worked with tension " hypernym ( s ) : move, displace 22. work - verb · cause to happen or to occur as a consequence ; " i cannot work a miracle " ; " wreak havoc " ; " bring comments " ; " play a joke " ; " the rain brought relief to the drought - stricken area " synonym ( s ) : bring, play, wreak, make _ for hypernym ( s ) : make, create 23. work - verb · cause to work ; " he is working his servants hard " hypernym ( s ) : use, utilize, utilise, apply, employ 24. work - verb · prepare for crops ; " work the soil " ; " cultivate the land " synonym ( s ) : cultivate, crop hypernym ( s ) : fix, prepare, set _ up, ready, gear _ up, set 25. work - verb · behave in a certain way when handled ; " this dough does not work easily " ; " the soft metal works well " 26. work - verb · have and exert influence or effect ; " the artist ' s work influenced the young painter " ; " she worked on her friends to support the political candidate "