the system is both a radiator and an absorber and replaces standard heating and cooling mechanical systems and the inherent ductwork distribution system. using water as thermal mass, roof ponds are constructed directly on top of heat conducting ceilings of metal pans or metal decking so there is direct thermal transfer. movable insulation is placed above the ponds to facilitate better retention of heat in the winter and to prevent absorption of external heat in the summer. the operation is quite simple. during wintertime conditions, insulating panels are rolled or pivoted back, exposing water contained in uv inhibiting water beds to the sun. the ponds gather the sun ’ s warmth and at nightfall, the insulating panels are replaced to contain the gained heat and prevent loss to the cold night air. the heat stored in the bags, warms the supporting metal decking and the entire ceiling is a radiant ceiling throughout the cold winter night. the next morning, the insulating panels are removed when the sun appears and the cycle begins again. summer cooling is a reverse process. ponds, covered during the daytime heat, remain cool and act in concert with the supporting metal ceilings as a thermal sponge absorbing interior heat generated from people, equipment, and infiltration from the outside. at night, panels are removed and the ponds throw off their gathered heat to the night sky by means of radiation, convections, and if wet down, by evaporation. roof pond heating and cooling is optimized when all living spaces except the bathrooms and high water use areas are covered by the system. in areas that generate humidity, like a shower, the metal ceilings will tend to “ rain ” due to the temperature difference of steam vapors and cool metal. roof ponds, like harold hay ’ s skytherm system, have been designed and used in the hot climate of arizona and new mexico to the moderate temperatures of the california coast and even planned for the twin cities of minneapolis / st. paul. isolated gain - | this is basically an indirect system where solar collection for heating are isolated from the living spaces, and while the system functions independently, heating can be called for by simply opening some floor vents and letting the natural behavior of hot air rise through the spaces. the most common application of this approach is the convective loop. much like a thermosiphon water heater, heat transfer material of air or water, is moved across a collector panel system facing the sun, and circulated into a tank surrounded by rock ( water transfer system ) or a rock bin ( air transfer system )


a thermosiphon water heater, heat transfer material of air or water, is moved across a collector panel system facing the sun, and circulated into a tank surrounded by rock ( water transfer system ) or a rock bin ( air transfer system ) in a continuous operating loop. natural thermosiphoning occurs when the collector is lower than the heat storage area which is usually located under the building. a hybrid of this system can include moving heated water or air through a radiant floor system where the masonry floor itself acts as the thermal mass storage. this variation can also use cool water to create a “ cool ” floor by running house supply water, or water from an adjacent pool, through a floor system. cool towers - | evaporative cooling systems which utilize gravity effect on dense, cooled air to drop and spill into living spaces. the system is comprised of wet cooler pads mounted high in an area which provides no obstructions to air movement, which comes into contact with the pads. the warm dry air contacting the wet pads, cool and becomes more dense and heavier and falls down the tower, usually positioned over or adjacent to a major living space. the falling cool air, spills into the living space, pushing warmer out at strategic venting areas. as the process continues, the cooler air ponds in the area, providing a cool environment in az. desert conditions. a variation to this system is the addition of a south facing thermal chimney to pull cool tower air through the house. located at an opposite location from the cool tower, the thermal chimney provides an escape vent for interior warm air, which moves more quickly as it get heated and is driven out. this rapid venting has a drawing effect on the cool tower air and it is distributed more extensively through the building. the solar chimney can be set up to become a recirculating air heater during winter conditions. natural cooling - there are three sources of undesirable heat - direct summer sun solar gains through windows and glazing ; heat transmission through the building envelope ; and internal heat produced by people, their activities, and their equipment. direct solar heat gain at windows and glazing can be easily controlled by shading the house - preventing the sun from reaching it ( except for good day lighting and operation of solar equipment ) and with external shading devices and vegetation as well as thermal insulating shutters. heat transmission conditions can be nullified by setting up layers of thermal decompression with vegetation, built structure like porches, and water features. while there


) and with external shading devices and vegetation as well as thermal insulating shutters. heat transmission conditions can be nullified by setting up layers of thermal decompression with vegetation, built structure like porches, and water features. while there is not much that can be done to reduce natural heat production by people, equipment heat generation can be impacted by careful selection of energy efficient equipment and by good timing - do the laundry in the evening. use of the sun for food preparation is fun, energy saving, and saves money, both in the cooking operation, and in the cooling costs saved when the heat is taken out of the kitchen during the summer. a variety of cooking tools from box cookers to slat faced ovens are available - whether they be commercial products or hand built by the inspiring solar chef. passive solar energy has many faces and applications and an effective passive solar building incorporates many of these elements. natural processes and incorporation of building and site elements to provide for comfort as well as mitigation of untoward conditions are the hallmark of good passive design, and results in establishing a basis for reduction of equipment ( solar and otherwise ) for achieving comfort, and reduction of equipment purchase and operations costs. passive solar energy is direct, this presentation was constructed by the arizona solar energy association for the arizona solar center, inc. under contract with the arizona dept. of commerce energy office, funded by the dept. of energy million solar roofs program. materials and information were provided by a number of sources. financial support for this presentation has been provided by the arizona department of commerce ( energy office ) and the u. s. department of energy through ( doe ) grant no. de - fg51 - 01r021250. however, any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the energy office or u. s. doe. the state of arizona and u. s. doe assume no liability for damages arising from errors, omissions or representations contained in this presentation.


punctuated equilibrium and molecular clocks? dr. peter gegenheimer pgegen at ukans. nolospamare. edu fri sep 4 18 : 37 : 39 est 1998 on wed, 2 sep 1998 15 : 16 : 45, johnjoe mcfadden < j. mcfadden at surrey. ac. uk > wrote : > punctuated equilibrium and molecular clocks? > the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis of gould and eldridge, in which > evolution is proposed to go through long periods of stasis interspersed > with bursts of rapid evolution, is of course related to the fossil > record. however, periods of rapid evolution should also leave their > trace in molecular clocks. > does the phylogenetic analysis of protein gene sequences suggest that > their evolution has in some cases been episodic? i guess the evidence, > if it existed, would come from comparison of sequence divergence of a > protein like globin with a molecular clock sequence ( e. g. ribosomal rna ) > for the same group of species. is their any evidence that over > geological periods of time ( measured by the clock sequence ) the protein > undergoes episodic bouts of evolution? punctuated equilibrium is almost certainly driven by large - scale genome and chromosome rearrangements which will not be reflected in the sequences of individual genes. rather, it is the organization & spatial / temporal patterns of gene expression which vary, driven perhaps by the relocation of epigeneitc regulation ( e. g. dna methylation or protein binding ). as you can see, this is the hard - core mcclintock line, and i think it will prove to be right. sequences of core enzymes, such as rrna ( the catalytic component of the ribosome ), cannot vary greatly over time without losing function. sequences involved in developmental regulation and external form of an organism can vary | dr. peter gegenheimer | vox : 785 - 864 - 3939 fax : 785 - 864 - 5321 | | molecular biosciences | pgegen at ukans. edu | | ecol & evol biology | http : / / rnaworld. bio. ukans. edu / | | | | | university of kansas | | | 2045 haworth hall | " the sleep of reason produces | | lawrence ks 66045 - 2106 | monsters. " goya | more information about the mol - evol


an outline for the research of specific archaeological sites formulated by professor martha sharp joukowsky center for old world archaeology and art this is a guide that students in professor joukowsky ' s classes use when completing site abstract - term papers. site abstract - term paper select a site or wait for the site lottery and research it using the original excavation report ( s ), and write a site abstract - term paper that includes a paragraph on each section below represented with capital letters ( these should provide you with a guide for the logical development of the report ). this is to be a typewritten paper ; the body is to be 4 - 9 pages in length. the " harvard system " of in - text references is to be used, i. e., " joukowsky ( 196245 ) states that there was... " ; footnotes are to be descriptive. the purpose of this research is to allow you to choose a specific site of interest and explore it in depth, using original archaeological site reports as part of your analysis. be sure you cover the earliest report on the site, the most important work on it, and the latest book or article on it. an indispensable technique in archaeology is to be able to analyze sometimes verbose and confused reports, to extract the facts and to be able to organize them succinctly. write up the results of your research using the form below as a guide. if you have any questions call martha joukowsky - site name and location - name of country, nearest modern township and local name of the site - environmental description - historical background - discovery ( who discovered the site and when ) - excavation aims and purposes - reasons for excavation - goals of the project - statement of archaeological problems resolved through excavation - sponsoring institution ( s ) and name of the director ( s ) - dates when work was carried out - area and extent of work - specialist studies and analysis - artifact studies - what was found ( synopsis of strata ) - summary and synthesis of stratified cultural levels and assemblages ; occupation levels and / or structures that relate to each ; dates and periods of cultural levels, if possible. mention how the dating of various levels was confirmed. - artifact range and variations - interpretation and conclusions - cultural connections with other sites ( parallels with similar or dissimilar cultures ). what does the site bring to our knowledge of the area? - cultural context and ideas the site represents, i. e., your subjective analysis of the remains - - this


we have seen that the grand disparity that was believed to exist between the way nature works here on earth and in the heavens is not valid. the question remains, however, can we learn everything we need to know by investigating phenomena here on earth and extending that result to the universe at large? the answer must be no for the following reasons : 1 ) who would have thought to look for a law of universal gravitation without the precise measurements and detailed analysis of brahe and kepler? cavendish ' s laboratory measurement of g was done in response to interpret results obtained for the solar system. 2 ) even if someone would have used the cavendish apparatus to map out the gravitational force between two bodies, independently of knowing kepler ' s results, would we be able to infer a complete understanding of celestial motion? no. we know newton ' s law of universal gravitation is for example, there are certain aspects of mercury ' s motion that can not be explained using the newtonian form. the correct explanation of mercury ' s orbital motion requires general relativity. in fact, general relativity predicts that the path of a beam of light will be bent in a gravitational field. this effect is too feeble to see in a lab on earth. it was first observed by starlight being bent near the disk of the sun in a solar eclipse. 3 ) if we consider then the solar system to be our laboratory, is that a big enough laboratory to establish all that could be known? the answer to this must be no too. in the 20th century, since zwicky in the 1930 ' s, it is known that either the gravitational force deviates from newtonian gravity at large distances, or that there is substantial dark matter in and between galaxies. the density of dark matter is so low that it has an imperceptible effect on small scale motions, like that in the solar system. the data seem to favor the existence of some very large amount of unknown, maybe even exotic ( is this the new celestial matter? ) type of matter. 4 ) is the galaxy large enough as a laboratory to pin down all the laws of nature? this seems to require a negative answer as well. there are structures that encompass groups of galaxies, and the non isotropy of the cosmic background radiation is a pattern on an extremely large scale. we have also seen that the luminosity vs distance plot for supernovae ( sne1a ) suggest that the universe is accelerating in its expansion. this was the discussion about " dark energy " or


sane, undeluded adult could literally believe in. that god must either be turned into a symbol for something less concrete or abandoned altogether. ( 18 ) such rhetoric rests both on the assumption that the gospels are fanciful myth and that the authors of the new testament ( and their readers ) were clueless about the difference between historical events and fictional stories. there is an overbearing sense of chronological snobbery at work : we are smarter than people who lived 2, 000 years ago. yet the second epistle of peter demonstrates a clear understanding of the difference between myth and verified historical events : " for we did not follow cleverly devised myths when we made known to you the power and coming of our lord jesus christ, but we were eyewitnesses of his majesty " ( 2 pet. 1 : 16 ). the opening verses of luke ' s gospel indicate that the author undertook the task of writing about real people and events : inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things which have been accomplished among us, just as they were delivered to us by those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word, it seemed good to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent theophilus, that you may know the truth concerning the things of which you have been informed. ( luke 1 : 1 - 4 ) and the fourth gospel concludes with similar remarks : this is the disciple who is bearing witness to these things, and who has written these things ; and we know that his testimony is true. but there are also many other things which jesus did : were every one of them to be written, i suppose that the world itself could not contain the books that would be written. ( john 21 : 24 - 25 ) these quotations do not, of course, prove the historicity of the new testament. rather, they suggest that the authors, far from being knuckle - dragging simpletons, set about to write works depicting real people and events — especially since they believed the narratives they recounted had meaning only if they really did occur. as such, their historical content should be judged not against tales of unicorns and easter bunnies, but against other first - century works of history and historical narrative. the word gospel comes from the greek word euangelion, meaning " good news " and refers to the message of christian belief in the person of jesus christ. there has been much scholarly debate about the genre of


century works of history and historical narrative. the word gospel comes from the greek word euangelion, meaning " good news " and refers to the message of christian belief in the person of jesus christ. there has been much scholarly debate about the genre of " gospel " and how it might relate to other forms of writings found in first - century palestine and the larger ancient world. obviously, they do contain biographical details, and some scholars have argued in recent years that the gospels are as biographical in nature as anything in the ancient greco - roman world. " the majority of recent specialized studies, " writes evangelical biblical scholar craig l. blomberg in making sense of the new testament, " has recognized that the closest parallels are found among the comparatively trustworthy histories and biographies of writers like the jewish historian josephus, and the greek historians herodotus and thucydides " ( 28 ). in his commentary on the gospel of matthew, catholic theologian and biblical scholar erasmo leiva - merikakis writes : we must conclude, then, that the genre of the gospel is not that of pure " history " ; but neither is it that of myth, fairy tale, or legend. in fact, evangelion constitutes a genre all its own, a surprising novelty in the literature of the ancient world. matthew does not seek to be " objective " in a scientific or legal sense. he is writing as one whose life has been drastically changed by the encounter with jesus of nazareth. hence, he is proposing to his listeners an objective reality of history, but offered as kerygma, that is, as a proclamation that bears personal witness to the radical difference that reality has already made in his life. ( fire of mercy, heart of the word, vol. ii : meditations on the gospel according to st. matthew, 44 ) many early christian authors, such as justin martyr, referred to the gospels as memoirs of the apostles. blomberg has used the descriptive " theological biographies, " which captures well the supernatural and human elements found within them. those supernatural elements — especially the miracles of jesus and his claims to divinity — are, as we ' ve noted, why skeptics call the gospels " myth " while remaining unruffled about anything written about julius caesar and the rubicon by velleius paterculus, plutarch, suetonius, and appian. yes, suetonius did write in his account ( lives of the twelve caesars ) about " an apparition of superhuman size and beauty..


this lecture is about ways of looking at dna sequences in complete genomes and chromosomes, in terms of symmetry elements. there are two parts to this talk. in part 1, i will discuss the fact that we simply have " too much information " becoming available, and the problem will only get worse in the near future. there are ways of cataloging and organising the data, of course. i have found that the true diversity of genome sizes in nature is often neglected, so we ' ll talk for a few minutes about the " c - value paradox ", along with some possible ideas for why certain organisms have so much dna. i would like to think that one way of dealing with the explosion of sequence information, in terms of dna sequences, is to think about it in biological terms, in particular in physical - chemical terms of structure and function of symmetry elements. for example, there are specific dna sequences which " code " for a telomere, and different dna sequences which are specific for centromeres. specific dna sequences, their structures, and biological functions will be discussed. in part 2, i will introduce " dna atlases ", first having a look at base composition throughout sequenced chromosomes, and then looking at gene expression throughout the whole genome. i have also made separate file, containing specific learning objectives for this lecture, as well as a " self - test quiz ", which i recommend having a look at, before the lecture, if possible. i ' ve incorporated the answers to questions 1 and 2 into part 1 of the lecture notes. brevis esse laboro, obscuro fio. - horace the information in genbank is doubling every 10 months. what are the implications of this? a look at genome sequencing since 1994 : | year | | # genomes sequenced | although the number of genomes being sequenced is increasing rapidly, one has to this into perspective - the organisms can be placed into four different classes : | organism group | | size ( bp ) | | no. sequenced | | viruses | | ~ 300 bp to ~ 350, 000 bp | | 545 | | prokaryotes | | ~ 250, 000 to ~ 15, 000, 000 bp | | > 100 | | | ~ 12, 000, 000 to ~ 600, 000, 000, 000 bp | | 4 | | multi - celled eukaryotes | | ~ 20, 000, 000 to ~ 500, 000, 000, 000 bp | | 3 | | drosophila species |


about 2. 4x1012 years. that ' s about 160 times longer than the estimated age of the universe! 2. the piece of paper would be quite thick - it would reach outside the earth ' s atmosphere and beyond the orbit of the planet mars. today ' s lecture will cover : next tuesday ' s lecture will cover : one way of dealing with the problem of how to display so much sequence information is to have a look at the whole chromosome at once, smoothing over a large window. the entire bacterial chromosome is displayed as a circle, with different colours representing various parameters. first, as an introduction to atlases, we will look at base - composition. then we will have a look at levels of expression of mrna and proteins throghout the chromosome. as examples, i will use my very favourite organism, escherichia coli k - 12. there are several things to notice in this plot. first, the concentration of the bases are not uniformly distributed throughout the genome, but there are " clumps " or clusters where specific bases are a bit more concentrated. also, the g ' s ( turquoise ) clearly are seen to be favoured on one half of the chromosome, whilst the c ' s ( magenta ) are on the other strand. this shows up in the " gc - skew " lane as well ( 2nd circle from the middle ). i have labelled the entire terminus region, which ranges from tere ( around 1. 08 million bp ( mbp ) to terg ( ~ 2. 38 mbp ) in escherichia coli k - 12. finally, several genes corresponding to the darker bands ( e. g., more biased nucleotide composition ) are labelled. the same pattern can be seen for the other three escherichia coli chromosomes which have been sequenced ( so far! ), as shown in the table below. strain : k - 12, isolate w3110 ddbj ncbi tax strain : k - 12, isolate mg1655 u. wisconsin tigr cmr ncbi tax ncbi entrez strain : o157 : h7 ( substrain edl93 ) u. wisconsin ncbi tax ncbi entrez strain : o157 : h7 ( substrain rimd 0509952 ) miyazaki, japan ncbi tax ncbi entrez | | dna res. 8 : 11 - 22 in addition to showing overall global properties of the chromosome ( such as replication origin and terminus


substrain rimd 0509952 ) miyazaki, japan ncbi tax ncbi entrez | | dna res. 8 : 11 - 22 in addition to showing overall global properties of the chromosome ( such as replication origin and terminus ), the base composition can also highlight regions different from the rest of the genome. for example, in the plasmid po157, there are some regions which are much more at rich ( probably these came about as a result of horizontal gene transfer - we will discuss this again in the next lecture... ) note that the " toxb " gene is much more at rich than the average for the rest of the plasmid. this could be due to the fact that this gene came from an organism with a more at rich genome, or ( more likely in my opinion ) it is more at rich because it is important for this gene to vary in sequence ( e. g., have a higher mutational frequencey ). escherichia coli is probably the best characterised organism. there are 4085 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain k - 12 isolate w3110. there are 4289 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain k - 12 isolate mg1665. there are 5283 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain o157 : h7 isolate edl933 ( enterohemorrhagic pathogen ). there are about 5361 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain o157 : h7 substrain rimd 0509952 ( enterohemorrhagic pathogen ). roughly 2600 genes have been found to be expressed in escherichia coli strain k - 12 cells, under standard laboratory growth conditions. about 2100 spots can be seen on 2 - d protein gels. very roughly 1000 different genes ( only about 600 mrna transcripts ) are expressed at " detectable levels " in e. coli cells grown in lb media. only about 350 proteins exist at concentrations of > 100 copies per cell. ( these make up 90 % of the total protein in e. coli! ) most ( > 90 % ) of the proteins are present in very low amounts ( less than 100 copies per cell ). it has been known since the 1960 ' s that genes closer to the replication origin are more highly expressed. however, it has only been in the past few years that technology has allowed the simultaneous monitoring of all the genes in escher


per cell ). it has been known since the 1960 ' s that genes closer to the replication origin are more highly expressed. however, it has only been in the past few years that technology has allowed the simultaneous monitoring of all the genes in escherichia coli. there are 4397 annotated genes in the e. coli k - 12 genome. shown below is an " atlas plot " of the e. coli k - 12 genome, with the outer circle representing the concentration of proteins ( roughly in number of molecules / cell ) and mrna ( again, roughly number of molecules / cell ). under these conditions ( e. g., cells grown to late log phase, in minimal media ), there were 2005 genes expressed at detectable levels, and only 233 proteins have been found to exist in " abundant " conditions ( e. g., very roughly more than 100 molecules per cell ). for e. coli k - 12 cells, grown in minimal media to late log phase : 4397 annotated genes - > 2005 mrnas expressed - > 233 abundant proteins ( note that these numbers will vary for different experimental conditions.... ) in this picture, the outer lane represents the concentration of proteins ( blue ), the next lane the concentration of mrna ( green ), and then the annotated genes. the inner three circles represent different aspects of the dna base composition throughout the genome. the innermost circle ( turquoise / violet ) is the bias of g ' s towards one strand or the other ( that is, a look at the mono - nucleotide distribution of the 4 dna bases ). the next lane is the density of stretches of purine ( or pyrimidine ) stretches of 10 bp or longer. note that in both cases purines tend to favour the leading strand of the replicore, whilst pyrimidine tracts are more likely to occur on the lagging strand. finally, the next circle ( turquoise / red ) is simply the at content of the genome, averaged over a 50, 000 bp window. note that the terminus is slightly more at rich, whilst the rest of the genome is slightly gc rich. ( the at content scale ranges from 45 % to 55 % ). link to more atlases for escherichia coli genomes. link to the main " genome atlas " web page friday ( 6 april, 2001 ) link to a list of recent papers and talks on dna structures. watson, james d. " a passion for dna : genes,


energy industry skill standardsthe goal of the energy industry skill standards project is to specify the critical work functions, key activities, performance indicators and knowledge, skills, and abilities an individual needs to succeed in certain energy - related occupations. the result of this project will support the development of new curriculum and the strengthening of existing curriculum in programs leading to certain careers in the energy industry. power generation skill standardsthe power generation skill standards were made available by the washington state workforce training and education coordinating board for industry skill panels. for more information or to download the complete manual, go to the washington state skill standards energy industry web site. wind technician skill standardsskills standards for wind turbine technicians ( 2009 ) | pdf skill panel publications - evaluating industry skill panels : a model framework ( june 2008 ) | pdf what is a skill panel? a skill panel is a group of skilled workers who have in - depth knowledge of the hands - on skills required to perform the job tasks in a technical position. the skills required to perform the job tasks are identified by the skill panel as the skill standards. how are skill standards used? - industry : recruiting, hiring, training and promoting employees - incumbent workforce : advancing careers and / or reentering the workforce - future workforce / students : understanding and acquiring skills needed to attain high wage jobs - labor : ensuring employees benefit from high paying career opportunities - government : linking education reform initiatives, workforce training and economic development - educators and trainers : developing curriculum and teaching to the required skills sets have skill standards been developed for the energy industry? yes, walla walla community college developed skill standards with industry support for the following positions : - instrument / control / relay / meter technician skill standards for the energy industry - 2006 projectalan hardcastle, wsu research analyst skills standards for operators and mechanicsskill standards are the industry - defined skills, knowledge and abilities required for individuals to succeed in the workplace. the standards specify what students, job seekers and current employees must know and be able to do within a particular industry and occupation, including the required levels of performance. the standards can be used by colleges, high schools and training organizations to make sure that their programs are up - to - date, to attract students to careers in the industry, and to ensure that students and workers get high quality training. the standards can also be used as the basis for awarding college credit for prior learning. employers and labor can use the results to better understand the foundational skills workers need to do their jobs effectively, to design or improve training programs, and as a precursor


the standards can also be used as the basis for awarding college credit for prior learning. employers and labor can use the results to better understand the foundational skills workers need to do their jobs effectively, to design or improve training programs, and as a precursor to existing programs like apprenticeship. who participates? employees are the expertsskill standards are defined through focus groups of employees who actually work in the occupations being studied. the focus groups will consist of 12 front - line employees who represent similar kinds of occupations, from many different companies and energy sectors ( hyrdo, thermal ). the group may also contain managers or other knowledgeable persons with extensive, current knowledge about those occupations. how industry can contribute - recruiting participantsour goal is to recruit 12 participants for each two - day focus group meeting : one group for operators, and one for mechanics. we need employers and labor partners to identify and support employees to participate in the meetings. it is imperative that we have an adequate number of knowledgeable employees from each occupation participate so the standards will be valid for the industry. each 12 - person focus group should have a roughly equal number of participants from each sector : hydro and thermal. we also want employees from many different organizations to ensure that a range of work environments is represented. responding to surveys : written surveys will be used to supplement data collection from industry about foundation skills required for these occupations. the processthe focus group meeting will last two consecutive days. a facilitator with experience in developing skill standards leads the meeting. there is a set agenda, but the format is very interactive and discussion - based. getting input from all participants about their work functions, activities, knowledge and skills is one key goal. reaching agreement about the scope and content of the information is another. the process includes fast - paced and intensive discussions about work functions, activities and skills, but it is also a fun and rewarding experience for participants. draft copies of the standards will be reviewed by industry before a final document is produced this summer. questions and contactsbarbara hins - turner pacific northwest center of excellence for clean energy 600 centralia college blvd centralia wa 98531 ( 360 ) 736 - 9391, ext. 477


building electrical system design phase, are shown in the construction documents ’ respective equipment schedules in va or kva. a general approach to determining transformer capacity and selecting the proper rating for the design application is to obtain the calculated design load from the respective electrical schedule and add 20 % spare capacity for future load growth to be shown in the equipment schedule, unless otherwise directed by the facility based on design parameters. for example, the code - based demand load of a 208 y / 120 v, 3 - phase, 4 - wire panelboard is 42 kva, which does do not include spare capacity for future growth. therefore, the transformer size required for converting the system voltage from 480 v, 3 - phase, 3 - wire to 208 y / 120 v, 3 - phase, 4 - wire is : transformer size in kva = 42 kva x 1. 25 = 52. 5 kva therefore, a 75 kva transformer would be selected for this application out of the available standard ratings for a 480 v primary to 208 y / 120 v secondary. the most common building industry standard ratings are 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, 37. 5, 45, 75, 112. 5, 150, 225, 300, 500, 750, and 1, 000 kva. the above simple calculation meets the intent to achieve the normal life expectancy of a transformer, which is based on the following basic conditions : - the transformer is equal to or less than its rated kva and rated voltage. - the average temperature of the cooling air during a 24 - hour period is 86 f. - the temperature of the cooling air at no time exceeds 104 f. transformer selection starts with the kva rating required to supply the loads connected in the electrical system. another consideration for indoor distribution transformers is the type of load : linear or nonlinear. linear loads include resistive heating and induction motors ; nonlinear loads are produced by electronic equipment that contributes to the distortion of the electrical power signals by generating harmonics. the harmonics resulting from nonsinusoidal currents generate additional losses and heating of the transformer coils, which reduce the transformer life expectancy. indoor transformers for nonlinear loads can be selected with a k rating, which allows the transformer to withstand nonlinear conditions in the electrical system. k - rated transformers do not mitigate or eliminate harmonics. however, they do protect the transformer itself from damage caused by harmonics. for harmonic mitigation, k - rated transformers can be combined with harmonic filters or choke


about the renminbi ( yaun ) the renminbi is the official currency of the people ' s republic of china. however, it is more commonly known by its primary unit, the yuan. renminbi is a decimalized currency system with subunits in tenths called jiao and subunits in hundredths called fen. although hong kong and macau are politically parts of china, these two locations use a separate currency. therefore, the renminbi is not legal tender in hong kong and macau. the renminbi is issued and managed by the people ' s bank of china, which was established in 1948. it remained the only legal bank in the country until 1978. the renminbi was introduced in the same year the people ' s bank was founded. after introduction, the currency maintained its value by being pegged to the us dollar, but as china progressed to a free - market economy, it was devalued on several occasions in an attempt to increase china ' s industries. today, many economists and international financial experts claim that the exchange rate of the renminbi is undervalued compared to its buying power by as much as 37. 5 per cent. as of 2005, the renminbi has been floating on the foreign exchange market in a narrow margin that is determined by a basket of leading world currencies. the basket includes the us dollar, euro, japanese yen, south korean won and several other currencies in a smaller proportion. after being removed from the us dollar peg, the renminbi immediately increased in value on the foreign exchange by two per cent. in 2008, the peg to the us dollar was reinstituted. in 2010, it was announced by china that the restrictions placed on the renminbi will be relaxed so the renminbi will once again have market flexibility. china is also working to internationalize the renminbi with the goal of it being used widespread as a foreign reserve currency. deals have already been struck with russia, vietnam and thailand that allows trade to be settled directly in renminbi. although the yuan has been the primary unit of currency in china for decades before, the renminbiyuan was not introduced until the communist party of china gained control of the country. the renminbi, or " people ' s currency, " was introduced to bring a unified currency system to the nation at the end of its civil war. currency is circulated through coins and banknotes, which are minted and printed by the china banknote printing and minting corporation


2 flight zone. cattle are herd animals and are classified as a prey species. they have natural defenses against predators, such as escape or flight behaviors. the flight or escape zone is generally referred to as the area around them that, when invaded by the unwelcome, will cause them to move away. as cattle interact more with their handlers and regular surroundings, the flight zone can become smaller and they can be approached more readily. 3 stimulus area. this is the buffer area outside the flight zone in which controlled stimulus, when applied efficiently, will cause the cow to move as intended by the handler. “ stimulus ” here refers to human presence and action only, not prods, whips or any other physical tools. it is also more successful when only one person applies stimulus at a time. 4 depth perception. cows have limited close - up depth perception, making stepping over a curb, onto a shadow, or walking off the edge of a bedded pack potentially new to them. if those conditions are present in their environment, they will need to be handled repeatedly in order for them to learn not to over - react. 5 hearing. cattle have a broader hearing range than humans in frequency of kilohertz and will respond to quieter noises and higher pitches that humans cannot hear. reducing or eliminating loud noises, including shouting, whistling and clanging gates, will help reduce stress and adrenaline production. 6 stage of life. regular, calm interaction with humans should begin with newborn calves. young animals of all species ( including humans ) have “ brain plasticity, ” which means they have a tremendous ability to absorb and retain knowledge when they are very young. the transition period between hutches and group housing is a critical time to practice stockmanship to help them interact more calmly with humans, find out where their feed and water are, and become acclimated to having pen mates. calving time is another period that requires careful stockmanship, because maternal instincts can cause cows to become more aggressive and more easily startled. as a stockman, always leave yourself an escape route when handling close - up animals. 7 flow of movement. once a cow is moving in the intended direction, it is ideal to keep her moving and not interrupt that positive flow. facility design plays an important role here. placing cows in holding areas before they enter the parlor is not ideal, and crowd gates and “ cow pushers ” can cause severe stress. an example of constant, positive flow is the rotary parlor, which promotes positive flow and provides a very calming, regular routine


intel corporation ( intc ) is an american multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation headquartered in santa clara, california, united states and the world ' s largest semiconductor chip maker, based on revenue. it is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. intel was founded on july 18, 1968, as int egrated el ectronics corporation ( though a common misconception is that " intel " is from the word intel ligence ). intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing. founded by semiconductor pioneers robert noyce and gordon moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of andrew grove, intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading - edge manufacturing capability. though intel was originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, its " intel inside " advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its pentium processor household names. intel was an early developer of sram and dram memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until 1981. although intel created the world ' s first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer ( pc ) that this became its primary business. during the 1990s, intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. during this period intel became the dominant supplier of microprocessors for pcs, and was known for aggressive and sometimes illegal tactics in defense of its market position, particularly against advanced micro devices ( amd ), as well as a struggle with microsoft for control over the direction of the pc industry. the 2011 rankings of the world ' s 100 most powerful brands published by millward brown optimor showed the company ' s brand value at number 58. intel has also begun research in electrical transmission and generation. intel has recently introduced a 3 - d transistor that may improve performance and energy efficiency. intel will be mass producing this 3 - d transistor, called tri - gate transistors, with their upcoming 22nm process in the near future. in 2011, spectrawatt inc., a solar cell spinoff of intel, filed for bankruptcy under chapter 11.


this week ’ s top news story has been hiding in plain sight on the internet for two years. even so, a september, 2010 report from deutsche bank group entitled “ climate change : addressing the major skeptic arguments, ” is big news. in earth preservers ’ opinion, the report has the potential to be a game - changer because it has the clearest, simplest explanation for why man - made climate change is real. “ ( this report ’ s ) clear conclusion is that the primary claims of the skeptics do not undermine the assertion that human - made climate change is already happening and is a serious long term threat. “ to us, ” report continues, “ the most persuasive argument in support of climate change is that the basic laws of physics dictate that increasing carbon dioxide levels in the earth ’ s atmosphere produce warming. ( this will be the cause irrespective of other climate events. ) the only way that warming can be mitigated by natural resources is if there are countervailing ‘ feedback mechanisms ’, such as cooling from increased cloud cover caused by the changing climate. “ a key finding of the current research is that there has far been no evidence of such countervailing factors. in fact, most observed and anticipated feedback mechanisms are actually working to amplify the warming process, not cool it. ” the report goes on to answer each argument skeptics make in the often rancorous public debate in the us over whether climate change is real, among them : * global average temperatures have not risen since 1998 * climate models are defective and therefore cannot provide reliable projections of future climate trends. what makes the deutsche bank report compelling reading isn ’ t so much that the information is new. rather, it ’ s the way mark fulton, global head of climate change investment research, and his team at db climate change advisors, have presented the information, the source of which is the columbia climate center at the earth institute, columbia university. each of the skeptics ’ arguments is answered simply and directly.


alternative power sources are able to do more than just save the planet. now, they can help save people, too. spectra watermakers, inc. of san rafael, calif. has introduced the new solar cube, a portable water treatment machine powered by solar and wind that can provide clean drinking water in disaster situations. powered by 24 - volt batteries, which are charged by integrated photovoltaic panels and a wind - powered generator on the machine, the solar cube is portable and easily assembled on - site in less than an hour. by placing a pump, which is also attached to the machine, into a polluted or saltwater source, the solar cube captures the water and pumps it through a series of filters, including a reverse osmosis membrane in the final stage, which eliminates microscopic bacteria, viruses, salts and dangerous chemicals. the solar cube can provide up to 3, 500 gallons of clean drinking water a day, enough to sustain hundreds of families during a disaster. it can provide enough energy to power other vital emergency functions, such as refrigeration equipment, laptops and communications equipment. it can be used also to provide water and electricity to remote locations or for developers working in rural areas. spectra watermakers manufactured the solar cube in cooperation with trunz metallchnik ag of switzerland. ec


positive. the saving schedule above can also be converted into a linear equation, or saving function : s = – 40 +. 20 ( di ) the constant $ – 40 is referred to as autonomous savingbecause it does not change as di changes. with zero disposable income, the household would need to borrow $ 40 to consume $ 40 worth of goods. the slope of the saving function is. 20. this function is plotted in figure 13. 2 marginal propensity to consume and save an important lesson from the study of microeconomics is the marginal concept. you can think of it in two equivalent ways. marginal always means an incremental change caused by an external force, or it is always the slope of a " total " function. the same is true here. the marginal propensity to consume ( mpc ) is the change in consumption caused by a change in disposable income. another way to think about it is the slope of the consumption function. mpc = δc / δdi = slope of consumption function using table 13. 1, we see that for every additional $ 100 of di, cincreases by $ 80 so the mpc =. 80. the marginal propensity to save ( mps ) is the change in saving caused by a change in disposable income. another way to think about it is the slope of the saving function. mps = δs / δdi = slope of saving function using table 13. 1, we can see that for every additional $ 100 of di, sincreases by $ 20 so the mps =. 20. there is a nice relationship between the mpc and the mps. for every additional dollar not consumed, it is saved. so if the consumer gains $ 100 in disposable income, he increases his consumption by $ 80 and increases saving by $ 20. in other words, mpc + mps = 1. if you know one, you can find the other. add your own comment today on education. com workbooksmay workbooks are here! activitiesget outside! 10 playful activities - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - why is play important? social and emotional development, physical development, creative development - 10 fun activities for children with autism - bullying in schools - test problems : seven reasons why standardized tests are not working - should your child be held back a grade? know your rights - first grade


. the robot ’ s arm then puts the tray in a digital imaging device that scans the sample for changes in the cell that could mean biological activity. the robot receives software instructions on what types of biological activity to “ look for ” in the exposed cells. positive results are flagged, triggering an alert that the computer sends to project scientists ’ computers outside the 20 - by - 20 foot robot lab. scientists interpret the results so they can then identify chemicals that warrant further screening or study. just because a chemical shows a reaction with an isolated cell ( skin, liver, etc. ) does not necessarily mean that it will have the same effect when interacting with a living person. to address this, dr. kavlock ’ s team at epa is developing algorithms that predict whether a person ’ s organs and body as a whole will react to chemical exposure the same way their individual cells did in the preliminary tests. tox21 is revolutionizing the way chemical testing is done. traditional toxicity testing is built on animal - based studies that require relatively large investments in time and resources, including money. in the past, epa has had to test one chemical at a time, completing only a couple dozen assessments a year : “ a single human researcher may work on ten chemicals a year, or 20, " says kavlock. " we are doing 10, 000 in a week. ” tox21 ’ s new robot system significantly reduces the cost and duration of chemical testing, which will allow epa to better identify potentially harmful chemicals and serve its core mission to safeguard human health and the environment. it also allows the fda to better analyze unexpected toxicity, opening the door for better drug development. the partnership built around tox21 and the high - tech robot testing is also an exemplary government partnership. " you read a lot in the papers about the duplications of government, " kavlock explained in a recent new york times article about the project. " this is the case where there ' s un - duplication. we are really bringing — between niehs, nih genomics center and epa — a really significant complementary expertise. " tox21 ’ s robot system is now testing chemicals found in industrial and consumer products, food additives and drugs, for evidence they might lead to adverse health effects. the end goal is to create a comprehensive database detailing tested chemicals with particular emphasis on toxic and harmful ones. thanks to the tox21 collaboration and its new robot technology, the future of toxicity testing — and the protection of human health — is now.


distribution map : based on vouchered plant specimens only. view county names by placing the mouse cursor over a particular county. * * not applicable or data not available. – denotes synonyms that are applicable to the state. show these synonyms only wetland assessment procedure ( wap ) : source - southwest florida water management district, wetland assessment procedure instruction manual for isolated wetlands ( march 2005 ). source - florida exotic pest plant council ' s 2007 list of florida ' s most invasive species category i - species that are invading and disrupting native plant communities in florida. this definition does not rely on the economic severity or geographic range of the problem, but on the documented ecological damage caused. category ii - species that have shown a potential to disrupt native plant communities. these species may become ranked as category i, but have not yet demonstrated disruption of natural florida communities. wetland status, department of environmental regulation ( dep ) : source - delineation of the landward extent of wetlands and surface waters, chapter 62 - 340, florida administrative code. 1994. wetland status ( nwi ) : source - national list of vascular plant species that occur in wetlands. us fish & wildlife service biological report 88 ( 24 ). national wetlands inventory, us fish & wildlife service. 1988. a positive ( + ) or negative ( - ) sign is used with the facultative indicator category to more specifically define the regional frequency of occurrence in wetlands. the positive sign indicates a frequency toward the higher end of the category ( more frequently found in wetlands ), and a negative sign indicates a frequency toward the lower end of the category ( less frequently found in wetlands ). identifying species that appear as waifs or only periodically appear in the flora for a few seasons. ( definitions from : american heritage science dictionary ) intro paragraph to be provided by new york. this numeric rank provides the relative rarity for each species based on a scale from 1 ( very rare ) to 5 ( common ). these ranks carry no legal status. each species ' global rank is determined by natureserve. these ranks carry no legal weight. the global rank reflects the species worldwide rarity. view a list of all ecological communities for more information, contact : dr. richard wunderlin or dr. bruce hansen © 2013 institute for systematic botany | data last modified : 5 / 23 / 2013 web development : | the florida center for community design + research a member of the university of south florida family of plantatlas. org websites wunderlin, r. p., and


nanobiosensors hold considerable potential as future areas of development for nanotechnology, according to a recent study. however, ‘ nanobiotechnology perspectives. role of nanotechnology in the food industry : a review ’, which is to be published in the journal of food science and technology, claims case - by - case toxicity studies are needed. “ advances in microfluid and inorganic nanoparticle production have enabled the preparation of efficient sensors to rapidly detect pathogens or pesticides in food or on the farm or in the product on the market, ” the authors conclude. “ the nanobiosensor can also be applied in environmental pollution control in the food industry. functionalised food with nanoparticles as flavours and nutrients carriers can enhance food quality and safety. “ the important issue in the immediate future will be the toxicity of these nanomaterials in plants, animals and humans and then it must be studied case to case. ” electronic noses and tongues, which use arrays of nanosensors, have considerable potential in assessing beer quality, especially at the fermentation stage, the research claims. recently developed electronic noses have also been applied to the detection of fungal contamination of cereal grain samples. in particular, the researchers state : “ electrochemical nanosensors, especially amperometric ones, are of great interest nowadays, because of their high sensitivity for the detection of important components or pollutants in agriculture and in foods. ” pathogen and mycotoxin detection studies suggest nanobiosensors can be used in pathogen and mycotoxin detection in foods, they add, with salmonella, e. coli and listeria being most studied. for example, an antibody - functionalised carbon nanotube nanosensor has been used for detecting salmonella in a nutrient broth solution. and a cholesterol biosensor containing multiwall carbon nanotubes and cholesterol oxidase has been constructed on glassy carbon electrodes with excellent performance. there is evidence to suggest that nanoparticles of poly ( lactide - co - glycolide ) ( plga ) could combat salmonella and listeria, the researchers state. shelf life could be improved through encapsulation of nitric oxide in nanostructures that improve its stability, they note, citing one example in which its incorporation into packaging had enhanced the preservation of button mushrooms. use of edible nanofilm could also help preserve food such as fresh produce, meat, confectionery,


the price of energy has a very strong influence on the energy choices governments and individuals make. i sometimes hear people ask " why are we still building coal - fired power plants? " or " why don ’ t we replace more petroleum with biomass? " one reason is that biomass is generally more difficult to use from a logistical point of view. another is that there just isn ’ t enough biomass to meet present energy demands. but a major factor comes down to price. the price and convenience of energy sources are ultimately the keys to customer acceptance. homes can be heated with wood, heating oil, natural gas, or electricity. automobiles can be fueled with gasoline, ethanol, natural gas, diesel, electricity, and a wide variety of more unconventional fuels. if consumers have a choice and the supply is convenient, they will tend toward the cheapest energy source they can get. below i have compiled a list of current prices for some of the more common energy options on an energy equivalent basis – the british thermal unit ( btu ). a btu is simply the amount of heat energy it takes to raise the temperature of one pound of water by 1 degree fahrenheit. everything has been converted into u. s. dollars per million btu ( mmbtu ). the sources for the data are listed below. i have included the cost of electricity, although it is important to note that the efficiency of electric motors is higher than for internal combustion engines. for comparison, i have also included the cost of the federal ethanol tax credit ( volumetric ethanol excise tax credit ), which is $ 0. 45 per gallon of ethanol for 2010. energy prices per million btu the list above illustrates why wood pellets for home heating are flowing out of canada and the u. s. and into europe. wood pellets are much more expensive and generally less convenient to use than natural gas in north america. it isn ’ t difficult then to see why wood pellets have a difficult market in north america. for people with access to natural gas, the lower price and convenience of natural gas is compelling. in europe, natural gas supplies aren ’ t as secure, so they have more incentive to consider wood pellets as an option. the cost of the ethanol subsidy is interesting. taxpayers presently pay more for the subsidy than natural gas costs. however, if you consider that the subsidy is on a per gallon basis – and a large fraction of that gallon of ethanol is fossil fuel - derived, the subsidy for the renewable component is higher. for instance


an abbrev is a word that has been defined to expand into a specified expansion. when you insert a word - separator character following the abbrev, that expands the abbrev — replacing the abbrev with its expansion. for example, if ‘ foo ’ is defined as an abbrev expanding to ‘ find outer otter ’, then typing f o o. will insert ‘ find outer otter. ’. abbrevs expand only when abbrev mode, a buffer - local minor mode, is enabled. disabling abbrev mode does not cause abbrev definitions to be forgotten, but they do not expand until abbrev mode is enabled again. the command m - x abbrev - mode toggles abbrev mode ; with a numeric argument, it turns abbrev mode on if the argument is positive, off otherwise. see minor modes. abbrevs can have mode - specific definitions, active only in one major mode. abbrevs can also have global definitions that are active in all major modes. the same abbrev can have a global definition and various mode - specific definitions for different major modes. a mode - specific definition for the current major mode overrides a global definition. you can define abbrevs interactively during the editing session, irrespective of whether abbrev mode is enabled. you can also save lists of abbrev definitions in files, which you can the reload for use in later sessions.


two researchers from the state key laboratory of millimeter waves at southeast university from nanjing, china, have discovered and prototyped a device that acts like a black hole for electromagnetic waves in the microwave spectrum. it consists of 60 concentric rings of metamaterials, a class or ordered composites that can distort light and other waves. qiang cheng and tie jun cui called their device “ omnidirectional electromagnetic absorber ”. the 60 rings of circuit board are arranged in concentric layers and coated in copper. each of the layers is printed with alternating patterns, which resonate or don ’ t resonate in electromagnetic waves. what is indeed very amazing is that their device can spiral 99 % of the radiations coming from all directions inside it and convert them into heat, acting like an “ electromagnetic black body ” ( or “ hole ” ). the omnidirectional electromagnetic absorber could be used in harvesting the energy that exists in form of electromagnetic waves and turn them into usable heat. of course, turning the heat back into electricity isn ’ t a 100 % efficient process ( far from it ), but directly harvesting electromagnetic waves in the classic antenna - fashion is way too inefficient compared to this black hole. “ since the lossy core can transfer electromagnetic energies into heat energies, we expect that the proposed device could find important applications in thermal emitting and electromagnetic - wave harvesting. ” possible uses can vary from powering your phone with the existing electromagnetic energy that surrounds it, to wireless power transmission and even powering space ships – it all depends on the wavelength that the device is tuned to. the question that arises is : would this kind of devices have other uses than these constructive ones mentioned above? more like this article not what you were looking for? search the green optimistic! join the discussion4046 total comments so far. what ' s your opinion? electromagnetic wave harvesting? extremely fascinating. when one thinks about it, it makes sense. electromagnetism is one of the more powerful forms of the universe ( next to gravity and strong / weak nuclear forces ). the inner sci - fi geek in me loves the idea and can only imagine what an em device could do for humanity in the future. but of course the part of me stuck in reality is still skeptical of such technologies and what their applicable use would be. very very cool science though! - consumer energy alliance " a balanced approach towards america ' s energy future "


does this test have other names? what is this test? this test measures the level of iron in your blood. iron is an essential trace element in your blood. it helps your body make healthy red blood cells. red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your bloodstream. having too little or too much iron can lead to health problems. too little iron in your body can cause a condition called anemia. when this happens, your blood doesn ' t have enough iron to make the number of red blood cells needed to provide the amount of oxygen your body needs. iron - deficiency anemia is most often caused by blood loss, such as after an injury or surgery, or because of heavy menstrual bleeding. too much iron can be caused by hemochromatosis. this is a genetic condition that causes your blood to absorb too much iron. why do i need this test? you may need this test if your doctor suspects that you have too much or too little iron in your blood. common symptoms of anemia include : less common symptoms of anemia are brittle nails, restless leg syndrome, and a sore tongue. signs and symptoms of too much iron include liver problems, weakness, fatigue, darkening of the skin, and joint pain. what other tests might i have along with this test? your doctor may also order a total iron binding capacity test to measure the level of transferrin in your blood. transferrin is a protein that carries iron from your digestive system to the cells in your body that need it. your doctor may also measure your level of ferritin, another protein that helps store iron in your body. he or she may also order a complete blood count, or cbc, to get the full picture of the parts of your blood. what do my test results mean? many things may affect your lab test results. these include the method each lab uses to do the test. even if your test results are different from the normal value, you may not have a problem. to learn what the results mean for you, talk with your health care provider. results are given in micrograms per deciliter ( mcg / dl ). normal ranges of iron in the blood are 60 to 170 mcg / dl. if your results are lower, it means you may have iron - deficiency anemia. your doctor will confirm this with other tests. if your results are higher, it means you may have hemochromatosis. too much iron in the blood can also be from taking too many iron supplements or iron - enriched


ирвинг против липштадт holocaust denial on trial, trial judgment : electronic edition, by charles graytable of contents 6. 60 whilst it would not be right to say that there is no issue between the parties in relation to the existence of a policy of deporting jews eastwards, the differences in the parties ' respective case appear to me to be comparatively unimportant. the topic can therefore be taken quite shortly. 6. 61 according to longerich, the nazi policy towards the jews evolved over the years. in the 1920s and 30s various legal and economic sanctions were applied to jews in germany with a view to compelling them to emigrate. longerich draws attention to various statements made by hilter at this time which foreshadow a more radical solution to the jewish question. towards the end of the 1930s pressure for the emigration and even expulsion of the jews intensified. the term endlosung ( final solution ) came into use, carrying with it the implication that all jews would be removed from nazi germany. 6. 62 hitler ' s attitude at this time is reflected in an entry in goebbels ' s diary for 24 august 1938 : " we discuss the jewish question. the fuhrer approves my procedures in berlin. what the foreign press writes is insignificant. the main thing is that the jews be pushed out. in 10 years they must be removed from germany. but in the interim we still want to keep the jews here as pawns ". 6. 63 from the outbreak of war in september 1939 the policy towards the european jews in those countries invaded by the nazis was to find for them a " territorial solution ", that is, to find an area at the periphery of the nazi empire to which the jews might be deported and where they might very well perish. at this stage, longerich agrees, the policy was not a homicidal one, although he adds the rider that there already existed what he called the " perspective " of mass murder. his argument is that this is discernible from the comments made at the time which suggest that it was recognised that it was unlikely that the jews would survive for long after their deportastion. they would perish through disease or starvation. 6. 64 it is the defendants ' case, largely although not entirely accepted by irving, that the hard - line policy towards the jews manifested itself when the nazis invaded and conquered poland in september 1939. there were two aspects : the first was the


january 09, 2008 global warming is a hot topic in today ’ s news. people are seeking ways to save energy and protect the environment. reducing household energy consumption is one effective way to slow the trend toward global warming. utilities have successfully implemented demand response programs for commercial and industrial consumers. now more and more energy companies, such as san diego gas & electric ( sdg & e ) and burbank power and water ( bpw ), are switching residential consumers ’ old mechanical meters to new smart digital meters, in order to implement demand response programs in the residential sector ( see “ developing affordable smart thermostats, ” p. 16 ). these smart meters connect the utility to the home over a network. they can help consumers monitor and control their energy consumption, and help utilities decrease peak demand, reducing the need to use or build more inefficient and dirty power plants that come online only to meet peak loads. to read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an online subscription. once an order has been placed there is an automatic $ 10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation. the home energy online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. for permission to reprint, please send an e - mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org.


to be bullied into shifting towards technologies that they cannot afford when the masses of their people remain in poverty. there is also a longstanding colonial tendency to assume that modern civilisation rightly belongs in the white west but should not corrupt the rest of the world. this romantic nonsense is just a ploy to keep the people in the global south in their place, and their countries attractive playgrounds for the global elite. all countries have the same right to modernise and to meet their people ' s needs. when environmentalists in the global south echo this colonial language that says that the natives are best left to their traditional ways they are often feted in the north. the indian environmentalist vandana shiva is a good example of this. but we should not forget that many progressive indian academics and activists are extremely critical of her romantic anti - modernism, which they see as being deeply complicit with colonial ideas about the noble savage. marxists, who are committed to modern forms of economic development, are often appalled by her ideas. the fact that china and india are now rapidly industrialising is sending all kinds of shock waves through the west, which is rapidly losing its position of dominance over the rest of the world. when the language of environmentalism is used in the north to question the rapid advance of india and china it often masks a desire to reserve industrialisation, and the economic power it brings, to the west. but the discomfort that many of us feel with the green agenda on the global scale is also replicated at home. many black south africans are deeply suspicious of the green agenda and there is good reason for this. conservation was historically used to evict africans from their land and the practise of evicting people in the name of ' eco - tourism ' has continued after apartheid. so called ' eco - estates ', in rural areas and in cities ', are very often nothing other than zones in which the more extreme edge of white privilege uses a green language to make its exclusionary privilege seem like some sort of ethical commitment. it ' s not unusual for middle class environmentalists that want to get rid of unsightly pollution, rubbish dumps or industrialisation in their areas to also want to get rid of poor african people from these areas. there is often a clear connection between environmentalism and racism in south africa and its quite unusual for the green agenda to take questions of social justice seriously. in fact its quite clear that for many white people, and some wealthy black people too, the language of environmentalism is


book authors : warren g. bennis, robert j. thomas book review by : anil kumar kartham faculty associate, icmr ( ibs center for management research ) dleadership, cross - generational leadership, wisdom, skill, era, changing the world, organization, how people become leaders, crucible, individual factors, iq, self - grooming, adaptive capacity, leadership competencies the theory of leadership attempts to describe the process of leadership making. era is an important aspect of their theory of leadership. thus, it is relevant to ask how is " era " different in case of geeks and geezers? at the age of 25 - 30, geeks are more ambitious and have larger goals compared to geezers at the same age. they dream of " changing the world " and " making history. " the geezers on the other hand, were concerned more about making a living. the geeks seek to balance their lives by giving enough importance to both work and family. the geezers hardly bothered about balance at this age. the geezers worshiped heros. they chiseled their image of successful leader based on these heroes. the geeks had none of that sort. their parents or teachers or even their friends were their heroes. the authors point to " era " as the creator of these differences. this doesn ' t mean they had no commitment to their jobs. they were dedicated as long as they were with the company. and they were ready to leave whenever they found greener pastures. the loyalty described by whyte in organization man lost favor in 1980s. the geeks valued " balanced life " more than the geezers did. they were persistent in maintaining the balance. the following quote of a geek makes it clear : if i can ' t do it with balance, then i don ' t want to do it. or i ' m not buying into your model of success. they were not shy in acquiring wealth, unlike the geezers. they did not see money as evil. rather the love of it as evil. the geeks and the geezers are not as dissimilar as they appear on the surface. they are made of the same stuff and in the same process. they are similar in their learning. both groups of leaders are highly enthusiastic about learning. and they yearn and struggle to go beyond limits : individual limits such as strength or learning ability or institutional limits such as racial and / or sexual discrimination. more important similarity, the authors say they uncovered, is a


the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the united states aged 12 and older, including residents of noninstitutional group quarters such as college dormitories, group homes, shelters, rooming houses, and civilians dwelling on military installations. data types : survey data data collection notes : data were collected and prepared for release by research triangle institute, research triangle park, nc. the national household survey on drug abuse questionnaire and estimation methodology changed with the implementation of the 1994 - b survey. therefore, estimates produced from the 1998 survey are not comparable to those produced from the 1994 - a and earlier surveys. this version of the 1998 nhsda public release file does not contain data collected on the parenting experiences answer sheet ( # 21 ) or the questionnaire roster ( qd - 47 ) contained in the " non - core " demographics section, nor does this file include various recoded variables that are typically created from the roster data and have been included in past public release files. all the necessary processing of these data and weight calculations for use of these data had not been completed by the data producers at the time of the data deposit. the data producers anticipate release at a later date of an updated version of the 1998 nhsda public use file, containing additional questionnaire data, variables derived using these data, and additional weights. for selected variables, statistical imputation was performed following logical imputation to replace missing responses. these variables are identified in the codebook as "... logically imputed " and "... imputed " for the logical procedure or by the designation " imputation - revised " in the variable label when the statistical procedure was also performed. the names of statistically imputed variables begin with the letters " ir ". for each imputation - revised variable there is a corresponding imputation indicator variable that indicates whether a case ' s value on the variable resulted from an interview response or was imputed by the hot - deck technique. hot - deck imputation is described in the codebook. the " basic sampling weights " are equal to the inverse of the probabilities of selection of sample respondents. to obtain " final nhsda weights, " the basic weights were adjusted to take into account dwelling unit - level and individual - level nonresponse and then further adjusted to ensure consistency with intercensal population projections from the united states bureau of the census. to protect the privacy of respondents, all variables that could be used to identify individuals have been encrypted or collapsed in


a new kind of computer interface, combining advantages of a computer mouse, a touchpad and a touch screen. introduction - current state and proposed solutionthe advantages of touch screens are commonly known and include, inter alia, simplicity and comfort of use. however, such screens are at the same time not free from defects. these include above all provoking painful fatigue of the operator ’ s hand, especially when the display is situated in the position close to vertical, which is common while working on a notebook pc for instance ( so - called gorilla arm ). another drawback is the very limited precision of pointing caused by relatively big sizes of human fingers. also, this type of interface results in fingering the screen of the computer device and making it opaque. the possibility of working with a hand resting on a basis / mouse and greater precision are the main merits of a computer mouse. but yet, the necessity to move the whole device as well as the pointing system ’ s incompatibility with the spreading prevalence of the touch technique ( e. g. windows 8 ) are on the minus side. by contrast, although a touchpad eliminates the necessity to move the whole device, its week point is - like in a mouse - the limited compatibility with the touch technology. generally speaking, the touch technique is being widely implemented as the most intuitive and comfortable. on the other hand it is not fully functional in certain situations. the proposed device is supposed to eliminate these shortcomings. it introduces a new quality in non - keyboard computer handling. the interface combines the feature of a computer mouse, that makes it possible to work with a hand supported by a basis, with the feature of a touch screen, which is the possibility to point with fingers ; it also brings additional benefits such as no need to move the whole hand ( just the fingers ) and the more accurate - than in touch display - pointing. the system of precise pointing has been named the “ virtual finger ”. device description and principle of operationthe device is a kind of a “ sensor ” in the shape of a flat plate with applicable software. it is used for “ scanning ” the movements of the operator ’ s fingers, wireless “ transmitting ” of the movements to the computer system, their visualization on the screen, and for activating the right action after touching the surface of the device ( called “ sensory surface ” hereinafter ). the device recognizes and follows the movement of the fingers above the “ sensory surface ” starting with certain boundary distance and transmits it to the computer display


iii, on the subject of penance. what was lacking was afterward added from the fourth book of his commentary on the “ sentences ” of peter lombard as a supplementum, which is not found in manuscripts of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. the summa consists of three parts. part i treats of god, who is the “ first cause, himself uncaused ” ( primum movens immobile ) and as such existent only in act ( actu ), that is pure actuality without potentiality and, therefore, without corporeality. his essence is actus purus et perfectus. this follows from the fivefold proof for the existence of god ; namely, there must be a first mover himself unmoved, a first cause in the chain of causes, an absolutely necessary being, an absolutely perfect being, and a rational designer. in this connection the thoughts of the unity, infinity, unchangeableness, and goodness of the highest being are deduced. the spiritual being of god is further defined as thinking and willing. his knowledge is absolutely perfect since he knows himself and all things as appointed by him. since every knowing being strives after the thing known as end, will is implied in knowing. inasmuch as god knows himself as the perfect good, he wills himself as end. but in that everything is willed by god, everything is brought by the divine will to himself in the relation of means to end. therein god wills good to every being which exists, that is he loves it ; and, therefore, love is the fundamental relation of god to the world. if the divine love be thought of simply as act of will, it exists for every creature in like measure : but if the good assured by love to the individual be thought of, it exists for different beings in various degrees. in so far as the loving god gives to every being what it needs in relation practical reason, affording the idea of the moral law of nature, so important in medieval ethics. the first part of the summa is summed up in the thought that god governs the world as the universal first cause. god sways the intellect in that he gives the power to know aid impresses the species intelligibileson the mind ; and he ways the will in that he holds the good before it as aim, and creates the virtus volendi. to will is nothing else than a certain inclination toward the object of the volition which is the universal good. god works all in all,


such a lower good as end, the will is misled by self - love, so that this works as cause in every sin. god is not the cause of sin, since, on the contrary, he draws all things to himself. but from another side god is the cause of all things, so he is efficacious also in sin as * - ctio but not as ens. the devil is not directly the cause of sin, but he incites by working on the imagination and the sensuous impulse of man, as men or things may also do. sin is original. adam ’ s first sin passes upon himself and all the succeeding race ; because he is the head of the human race and “ by virtue of procreation human nature is transmitted and along with nature its infection. ” the powers of generation are, therefore, designated especially as “ infected. ” in every work of god both justice and mercy are united, and his justice always presupposes his mercy since he owes no one anything and gives more bountifully than is due. as god rules in the world, the “ plan of the order of things ” preexists in him ; i. e., his providence and the exercise of it in his government are what condition as cause everything which comes to pass in the world. hence follows predestination : from eternity, some are destined to eternal life ; while others “ he permits some to fall short of that end. ” reprobation, however, is more than mere foreknowledge ; it is the “ will of permitting anyone to fall into sin and incur the penalty of condemnation for sin. ” the effect of predestination is grace. since god is the first cause of everything, he is the cause of even the free acts of men through predestination. determinism is deeply grounded in the system of thomas ; things with their source of becoming in god are ordered from eternity as means for the realization of his end in himself. on moral grounds thomas advocates freedom energetically ; but, with his premises, he can have in mind only the psychological form of self - motivation. nothing in the world is accidental or free, although it may appear so in reference to the proximate cause. from this point of view miracles become necessary in themselves and are to be considered merely as inexplicable to man. from the point of view of the first cause all is unchangeable ; although from the limited point of view of the


from this point of view miracles become necessary in themselves and are to be considered merely as inexplicable to man. from the point of view of the first cause all is unchangeable ; although from the limited point of view of the secondary cause miracles may be spoken of. in his doctrine of the trinity, thomas starts from the augustinian system. since god has only the functions of thinking and willing, only twoprocessiones can be asserted from the father. however, these establish definite relations of the persons of the trinity to each other. the relations must be conceived as real and not as merely ideal ; for, as with creatures relations arise through certain accidents, since in god there is no accident but all is substance, it follows that “ the relation really existing in god is the same as the essence according to the thing. ” from another side, however, the relations as real must be really distinguished one from another. therefore, three persons are to be affirmed in god. man stands opposite to god ; he consists of soul and body. the “ intellectual soul ” consists of intellect and will. furthermore the soul is the absolutely indivisible form of man ; it is immaterial substance, but not one and the same in all men ( as the averrhoists assumed ). the soul ’ s power of knowing has two sides ; a passive ( the intellectus possibilis ) and an active ( theintellectus agens ). it is the capacity to form concepts and to abstract the mind ’ s images ( species ) from the objects perceived by sense. however, since the abstractions of the intellect from individual things is a universal, the mind knows the universal primarily and directly, and knows the singular only indirectly by virtue of a certain reflection. as certain principles are immanent in the mind for its speculative activity, so also a “ special disposition of works, ” or the synderesis ( rudiment of conscience ), is inborn in the scholastics. held to creationism, they therefore taught that the souls are created by god. two things according to thomas constituted man ’ s righteousness in paradise - the justitia originalis or the harmony of all man ’ s powers before they were blighted by desire, and the possession of the gratia gratum faciens ( the continuous indwelling power of good ). both are lost through original sin, which in form is the “ loss of original righteousness. ” the consequence of this loss is the disorder and


the gratia gratum faciens ( the continuous indwelling power of good ). both are lost through original sin, which in form is the “ loss of original righteousness. ” the consequence of this loss is the disorder and maiming of man ’ s nature, which shows itself in “ ignorance, malice, moral weakness, and especially in concupiscentia, which is the material principle of original sin. ” the course of thought here is as follows : when the first man transgressed the order of his nature appointed by nature and grace, he, and with him the human race, lost this order. this negative state is the essence of original sin. from it follow an impairment and perversion of human nature in which thenceforth lower aims rule contrary to nature and release the lower element in man. since sin is contrary to the divine order, it is guilt, and subject to punishment. guilt and punishment correspond to each other ; and since the “ apostasy from the invariable good which is infinite, ” fulfilled by man, is unending, it merits everlasting punishment. the way which leads to god is christ : and christ is the theme of part iii. it can not be asserted that the incarnation was absolutely necessary, “ since god in his omnipotent power could have repaired human nature in many other ways ” : but it was the most suitable way both for the purpose of instruction and of satisfaction. the unio between the logos and the human nature is a “ relation ” between the divine and the human nature which comes about by both natures being brought together in the one person of the logos. an incarnation can be spoken of only in the sense that the human nature began to be in the eternal hypostasis of the divine nature. so christ is unum since his human nature lacks the hypostasis. the person of the logos, accordingly, has assumed the impersonal human nature, and in such way that the assumption of the soul became the means for the assumption of the body. this union with the human soul is the gratia unionis which leads to the impartation of the gratia habitualis from the logos to the human nature. thereby all human potentialities are made perfect in jesus. besides the perfections given by the vision of god, which jesus enjoyed from the beginning, he receives all others by the gratia habitualis. in so far, however, as it is the limited human nature which receives these perfection


spiritual effects for the christian life. although, later this distinction was ignored. in a single statement the effect of the sacraments is to infuse justifying grace into men. christ ’ s humanity was the instrument for the operation of his divinity ; the sacraments are the instruments through which this operation of christ ’ s humanity passes over to men. christ ’ s humanity served his divinity as instrumentum conjuncture, like the hand ; the sacraments are instruments separate, like a staff ; the former can use the latter, as the hand can use a staff. of thomas ’ eschatology, according to the commentary on the “ sentences, ” only a brief account can here be given. everlasting blessedness consists for thomas in the vision of god ; and this vision consists not in an abstraction or in a mental image supernaturally produced, but the divine substance itself is beheld. in such a manner, god himself becomes immediately the form of the beholding intellect ; that is, god is the object of the vision and at the same time causes the vision. the perfection of the blessed also demands that the body be restored to the soul as something to be made perfect by it. since blessedness consist in operation, it is made more perfect in that the soul has a definite opcralio with the body. although, the peculiar act of blessedness ( that is, the vision of god ) has nothing to do with the body. the author of this article is anonymous. the iep is actively seeking an author who will write a replacement article last updated : may 6, 2009 | originally published : may / 6 / 2009 article printed from internet encyclopedia of philosophy : http : / / www. iep. utm. edu / aquinas / copyright © the internet encyclopedia of philosophy. all rights reserved.


idea award winner 2008 geography - independent cancer research tools - george thoma, chief, communications engineering branch, national library of medicine at the national institutes of health - sameer antani, staff scientist, national library of medicine at the national institutes of health - rodney long, electronics engineer, national library of medicine at the national institutes of health - mark schiffman, senior investigator, national cancer institute oncologists, gynecologists, and healthcare workers are increasingly relying on network - based tools developed by the national library of medicine. these tools include databases with images that range from 20 megabytes to tens of gigabytes, real - time collaboration tools, as well as professional education and development tools. these tools have changed the way geographically distant cancer researchers are able to collaborate. over 40 researchers across 6 countries have conducted over 10 studies in just 2 years. prior to these tools, collaboration relied on the physical exchange of photographic and glass histology slides via postal mail, with considerable logistical challenges and delays. moreover, the convenient and accurate correlation of patient records and physical slides posed further challenges. taking advantage of high speed networks the nlm - developed tools have made it possible to implement simultaneous views, searches, and exchange of large volume data. these and other tools being developed aid current cancer research, and are being extended to other areas of biomedical research. for example, one tool module now enables shape - based retrieval for a collection of 17, 000 digitized x - ray images of cervical and lumbar spine x - ray images and related text information. furthermore, by extending accessibility to images and information, these tools help meet the urgent need to apply the results of biomedical research to clinical medicine


the arrow of time we are all aware of an intuitive " flow " of time from past to future. not only do we feel this flow of time, but we also see it manifested in the behaviour of objects which change over time. many objects seem to behave differently in the forward time direction when compared to the backward time direction. for example, we don ' t see a spilt glass of water jumping up and going back into the glass, we don ' t see a broken egg reforming itself. these effects all add to the impression that there is some sort of " forward direction " in the time dimension. this directionality is called the arrow of time. however, this " arrow of time " is something of a mystery to physicists because, at the microscopic level, all fundamental physical processes appear to be time - reversible ( we ' ll consider this later ). also, as shown on the time and the block universe page, our universe appears to have a spacetime structure in which all of time is laid - out in a " block universe ", i. e., there is no actual " flow " of time, no movement of a " now " point. so on this page we will investigate the cause of this mysterious " arrow of time ". entropy can be considered the amount of disorder in a system. for example, a car that has rusted could be said to have a greater entropy value than a new car : bits of the car may have fallen off, the paint may be flaking. basically, the molecules of the car have become more disordered over time : entropy has increased. as has just been just discussed, all microscopic processes appear to be time - reversible. the question of why we see an " arrow of time " in macroscopic processes has therefore presented physics with a long - standing conundrum. for this reason, much attention has focussed on the fact that the entropy of a closed system increases with time, i. e., a system will gradually become more disordered with time. eventually the system ( gas in a closed container, for example ) will reach a state when all its molecules are completely randomly orientated. this state is called thermal equilibrium. the rule that entropy increases with time is called the second law of thermodynamics. the reason for this increase in entropy can be seen from a purely probabilistic argument : a system will have many more possible disordered states than ordered states, so a system which changes state randomly will most likely move to


perfect unbroken eggs in egg cups. and these objects are basically falling apart around us as they inevitably move to higher entropy states : cars rust, eggs fall on the floor and break. hence, the increase in entropy in our ordered world is one reason why we detect an apparent " arrow of time ". but change of entropy is fundamentally time - symmetrical!! however, this is a good time to clear - up a very widely - held misconception about the change of entropy : that change of entropy is in some way fundamentally time - asymmetric, that entropy change behaves fundamentally differently in the forward time direction to the backward time direction. this is absolutely not the case. in the general case, entropy increases in the backward time direction in just the same way as it increases in the forward time direction : change of entropy is symmetrical with time. ( however, a very small minority of physicists might still believe change of entropy is time - asymmetric - see my comments at the bottom of this discussion with the notoriously tetchy physicist lubos motl here ). the probabilistic basis of the second law of thermodynamics simply says that a system will have many more possible disordered states than ordered states, so a system which changes state randomly will most likely move to a more disordered state. this seems very clear and obvious - such a simple statement is never going to be the cause of something so mysterious as fundamental time - asymmetry. indeed, this change to a more disordered state is just as applicable in the reverse time direction as in the forward time direction : it ' s just a change of state, independent of time. but what about the second law of thermodynamics which states that " entropy increases with time "? this seems to imply a fundamental time - asymmetry to entropy. but we have to realise that the second law only applies to special - case systems : objects with low entropy, the sort of objects we generally encounter in everyday life ( rusting cars, etc. ). in fact, if we consider general - case objects ( i. e., objects in thermal equilibrium ), objects which have never been arranged into any sort of order, then their entropy is at a maximum already so their entropy can only decrease with time - completely at odds with the second law! this generally - held misconception that change of entropy is fundamentally time - asymmetrical is revealed by the loschmidt paradox. the loschmidt paradox considers the apparently fundamental