stanford university fellow named luba botcheva went home to bulgaria to study how grandparents affected families struggling to survive the fall of communism. in the remote and very traditional region where she did her research, several generations would live under the same roof. the socialist - era factories had been shut down, and jobs were scarce. botcheva discovered that grandparents ' pensions were often the most dependable source of a household ' s income. in addition to paying the bills, however, grandparents buffered grandchildren against the harsh parenting that comes from acute anxiety. children who grew up with grandparents in the home reported less depression than those without. " it was the opposite of what we expected, " she said. " i called it the ' moderation effect. ' " many of the grandparents had lived through world war ii, so when it came to poverty and uncertainty about the future, they had " social wisdom " to share, as botcheva puts it, which kept tension levels down. 5 unsurprisingly, grandmothers often do more for their grandchildren than grandfathers do. " older women are the neighborhood watch and the neighborhood glue, " says fried. " they ' re the community purveyor of norms. " when older black people in south africa first started getting pensions from the post - apartheid government that were big enough to live on, the grandchildren who lived with grandmothers — especially the granddaughters — got taller and heavier, which observers took as a sign that they were eating better. 6 but when it was the grandfathers who got the pensions, the grandchildren didn ' t grow at all. that wouldn ' t surprise economists who work with microfinance lending programs. they have discovered that female borrowers use their loans to improve their children ' s lot, whereas male borrowers, on the whole, do not. not that all grandparents can or want to be useful. as more people in industrialized countries postpone childbearing, parents become grandparents later and have less energy. the divorced ones may have started second or third families of their own. global mobility puts distance between the generations. assisted - living facilities segregate the old. some retirement communities bar children altogether. but children still need the nurture they once got from their mothers ' mothers. so it ' s worth thinking, along with fried, about institutions that would give parents and children that grandparental boost. i dream of communal houses or apartment complexes where families could live near grandparents but not right on top of them. that vision gives rise to others, some of


the avant - garde movements of the early 20th century ushered in a revolution on many fronts : a revolution in the arts, a revolution in political values, and a revolution in thinking itself. in this course, we examine central literary and artistic works of the european avant - garde, studying the movements of italian futurism, german expressionism, dada, and french surrealism. at the heart of this course is an inquiry into the crucial nexus of art and politics. what constitutes the central critiques made by the various avant - garde movements? in what ways did these movements induce social and political change? what legacy have they left on our thinking today? finally, what can we make of the complexities of the avant - garde? how can we understand the futurist leaning toward fascism, the anarchist stance in dada, and the gender violence in expressionist art and literature? attention is paid to the visual and verbal arts. we read the genres of poetry, prose, and drama, as well as manifestoes and political tracts. we also view slides of painting, photography, photomontage and performance art. works by andr breton, leonora carrington, franz kafka, mina loy, f. t. marinetti, tristan tzara, and frank wedekind, amongst others. theoretical texts by walter benjamin, bertolt brecht, peter brger, and georg lukcs.


water from space is ' raining ' onto a planet - forming disc at supersonic speeds, new observations from the spitzer space telescope reveal. the unprecedented detail of the observations at this early stage of the disc ' s formation could help reveal which of two competing theories of planet formation is correct. planets form when matter clumps together in swirling discs of gas and dust, called protoplanetary discs, around infant stars. but many details of how this works are still not known. for example, some scientists think giant planets can form in just a few thousand years, while others argue it takes millions of years. now, astronomers led by dan watson of the university of rochester in new york, us, have gained an unprecedented view of a protoplanetary disc at the young age of just a few hundred thousand years old. they used the spitzer space telescope to examine the spectrum of infrared light coming from the vicinity of an embryonic star called iras 4b, which lies about 1000 light years from earth. at this very early stage, an outer cocoon of gas and dust called an envelope still surrounds the star and its swirling disc. previous observations in the microwave portion of the spectrum suggested that this large cocoon is contracting and sending material onto the disc. but the inner region, where the disc meets the cocoon, could not be seen at these wavelengths. the spitzer observations probe this inner region and reveal infrared light emitted by massive amounts of water vapour - the equivalent of five times the content of the earth ' s oceans. the vapour is too hot to be explained by the embryonic star ' s radiation alone, suggesting another process must be heating it up. the team believes ice from the cocoon is pelting the disc at a rate faster than the speed of sound there, creating a shock front. " the sonic boom that it endures when it lands on the disc heats it up very efficiently " and vaporises it, watson told new scientist. this supersonic shock " has been searched for and theorised about for decades ", watson says. it is a short - lived phenomenon that only occurs during the first few hundred thousand years of the star and disc formation, while the envelope is still feeding the disc. the light emitted as the icy particles hit the disc can be used to learn more about the disc itself at this early stage, which could shed light on how planets form. most astronomers believe planets form according to a model known as " core accretion ", in which small particles snowball into larger and larger


used to learn more about the disc itself at this early stage, which could shed light on how planets form. most astronomers believe planets form according to a model known as " core accretion ", in which small particles snowball into larger and larger objects over millions of years. a competing idea, called " disc instability ", is that turbulence in the disc can cause matter to collapse into planets extremely quickly, producing gas giants such as jupiter in just a few thousand years. " if you wanted to test between those scenarios, one of the most important places to look would be the stage we ' re looking at now, " watson says. future observations of such young discs could reveal how turbulent the discs are, and thus whether they boast the conditions required for disc instability, he says. " the whole subject of the very beginnings of the development of solar systems is open to study now, " watson says. donald brownlee of the university of washington in seattle, us, agrees. " it ' s interesting to have a new peek into a period of history of what appears to be a forming planetary system, potentially at a timescale that we ' ve never seen before, " he told new scientist. " it forms another important clue to how planetary systems form. " journal reference : nature ( vol 448, p 1026 ) if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article barking up the wrong tree mon mar 19 19 : 02 : 04 gmt 2012 by tony marshallsay having been schooled in the theory of planet formation by agglomeration of dust particles over a period of thousands or millions of years, i have recently ceased believing in it for a number of reasons : 1. if agglomeration works so well, why has the asteroid belt not agglomerated to a planet? of course, recent examination by spacecraft has revealed that, while some asteroids are solid, other " potatoes " are, indeed, agglomerates. 2. the agglomeration theory cannot easily - if at all - explain retrograde planetary spins 3. it is difficult to see how agglomeration and an exceedingly slow increase in self - gravity pressure could result


agglomerates. 2. the agglomeration theory cannot easily - if at all - explain retrograde planetary spins 3. it is difficult to see how agglomeration and an exceedingly slow increase in self - gravity pressure could result in the creation of " rocky " planets like our earth, with molten iron cores including heavier, radioactive elements to generate internal heating, since any heat generated by the compression process would be dissipated into space over such a long time, making fusion reactions extremely unlikely. accordingly, i have come to the opinion that planets of all types are formed initially not over an exceedingly long time but rather almost instantly as core shards of exploding supernovae. this view, again, has several implications, viz : a. outer core shards consisting of light materials would likely be small, lose heat very quickly and cool into misshapes before being able to become spherical under self - gravity. b. inner core shards, on the other hand, would have sufficient thermal capacity and radioactive material to maintain heat long enough to develop a spherical shape and the composition of our earth ( we might thus consider the earth to be a microcosm of a stellar core, albeit under far less heat and pressure ). c. the shards would be flung in all directions, resulting in the multitude of " free planets " recently observed by japanese investigators. d. some of those free planets would inevitably - sooner or later - become trapped in the gravitational fields of stars, creating planetary systems, such as our own solar system. e. the inconsistencies of size and composition of the solar system ' s planets can then easily be explained by considering the planets as having been captured " missiles " from various supernovae, perhaps even in other galaxies ( do the math - it ' s possible, even at incredibly slow speeds, when you take a few billion years into consideration ). f. a " gas giant " can be formed by a heavy, rocky " seed " gathering a thick coat of gas through happening to have been ejected in the direction of a large gas cloud. opinions on the above are welcome ( i am becoming accustomed to brickbats descending upon my head from a great height! ). all comments should respect the new scientist house rules. if you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the " report " link in that comment to report it to us. if you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.


american civil religion american civil religion is a term given to a shared set of certain fundamental beliefs, values, holidays, and rituals by those who live in the united states of america. these shared values and holidays are based upon, parallel to, but independent of the theological tenets of each specific denomination or religious belief. the notion of a civil religion originated in the united states due to its origins as a religiously diverse nation. from the pilgrim founders and the other puritan groups to the numerous other groups fleeing religious persecution, the american nation had a unique experience and developed a system that allowed for maximum freedom of religion for individuals and groups while allowing no one religious denomination to dominate. in this context, the nation developed a religious, primarily protestant ethos and set of values based on religion but not overtly based on any one tradition. the term was coined by sociologist robert bellah in 1967. the article in which the term is coined, " civil religion in america, " sparked one of the most controversial debates in united states sociology. soon after the paper was published, the topic became the major focus at religious sociology conferences and numerous articles and books were written on the subject. the debate reached it peak with the american bicentennial celebration in 1976. the american civil religion emerged as a means to permit the creation of a distinct national set of values that was not tied to a specific confession. it permitted religion to play a fundamental role in shaping the moral vision of the country but in a way that removed theological concerns from the public arena. the united states was settled in part by religious dissenters from the established church of england, who desired a civil society founded on a different religious vision. consequently, there has never been a state church in the united states and individual state churches have not existed in the united states since the early nineteenth century. religious denominations compete with one another for allegiance in the public square. these facts have created a public discourse which accepts regular displays of religious piety by political leaders but in a vocabulary which captures the common values embraced by diverse religious traditions but eschews the particular theological tenets. unlike countries with established state churches, where the specific religious basis of political discourse is held in common and therefore taken for granted, american civil society developed a way of discussing the intersection of religious and political values in non - theological terms. three periods of crisis in the book the broken covenant bellah argued that america has experienced three periods when a large number of americans were cynical about the american creed : once in each of the last three centuries america has faced a time


non - theological terms. three periods of crisis in the book the broken covenant bellah argued that america has experienced three periods when a large number of americans were cynical about the american creed : once in each of the last three centuries america has faced a time of trial, a time of testing so severe that … the existence of our nation has been called in question … the spiritual glue that had bound the nation together in previous years had simply collapsed. creation of the term bellah ' s ideas about civil religion were not novel. before bellah wrote his paper in 1967 coining the term " american civil religion " several prominent scholars had alluded to the concept. but there was no common conceptual term to describe, interpret or analyze civic religious faith in america. alexis de tocqueville the french thinker alexis de tocqueville has a special place in the understanding of the role of religion in american history. in addition to defining the economic factors that separated british culture from that of the americans, tocqueville found the role of religion in these societies to be significantly different. he found that many of the differences between the americans and the english stemmed from diverse spiritual practices and freedoms. in democracy of america tocqueville stated : religion in american takes no direct part in the government of society, but it must be regarded as the first of their political institutions ; for if it does not impart a taste for freedom, it facilitates the use of it. indeed, it is in this same point of view that the inhabitants of the united states themselves look upon religious belief. i do not know whether all americans have a sincere faith in their religion for who can search the human heart? — but i am certain that they hold it to be indispensable to the maintenance of republican institutions. this opinion is not peculiar to a class of citizens or to a party, but it belongs to the whole nation and to every rank of society. throughout his career, tocqueville promoted the importance of religious freedom and education without religious influence. the importance he placed on educational innovation led to his strong defense of religious freedom : they all attributed the peaceful dominion of religion in their country mainly to the separation of church and state. i do not hesitate to affirm that during my stay in america i did not meet a single individual, of the clergy or the laity, who was not of the same opinion on this point. he viewed religious independence as not a threat to society, but as an inspiration for further social freedoms, and believed the basic freedoms of education,


single individual, of the clergy or the laity, who was not of the same opinion on this point. he viewed religious independence as not a threat to society, but as an inspiration for further social freedoms, and believed the basic freedoms of education, religion, and the press to ultimately foster the spirit of freedom worldwide. yet tocqueville believed religion to be essential to human success, particularly in democracies : despotism may govern without faith, but liberty cannot. religion is much more necessary in the republic … than in the monarchy … it is more needed in democratic republics than in any others. how is it possible that society should escape destruction if the moral tie is not strengthened in proportion as the political tie is relaxed? and what can be done with a people who are their own masters if they are not submissive to the deity? tocqueville saw in america the realization of the idea that inspired him. scholarly progenitors of this idea include john dewey who spoke of " common faith " ( 1934 ) ; robin williams ' s american society : a sociological interpretation, ( 1951 ) which stated there was a " common religion " in america ; lloyd warner ' s analysis of the memorial day celebrations in " yankee city " ( 1953 ) ; martin marty ' s " religion in general " ( 1959 ) ; will herberg who spoke of " the american way of life " ( 1960, 1974 ) ; sidney mead ' s " religion of the republic " ( 1963 ) ; and g. k. chesterton advanced the thesis that the united states was " the only nation … founded on a creed " and also coined the phrase " a nation with a soul of a church. " in the same period, several distinguished historians such as yehoshua arieli, daniel boorstin, and ralph gabriel " assessed the religious dimension of ' nationalism ', the ' american creed ', ' cultural religion ' and the ' democratic faith ' ". today, according to social scientist rondald wimberley and william swatos, there seems to be a firm consensus among social scientists that there is a part of americanism that is especially religious in nature, which may be termed " civil religion. " but this religious nature is less significant than the " transcendent universal religion of the nation " which late eighteenth century french intellectuals such as jean - jacques rousseau and alexis de tocqueville wrote about. robert bellah and colleagues bellah and fellow scholar martin e. marty studied civil religion as a cultural phenomenon, attempting to identify the actual ten


which late eighteenth century french intellectuals such as jean - jacques rousseau and alexis de tocqueville wrote about. robert bellah and colleagues bellah and fellow scholar martin e. marty studied civil religion as a cultural phenomenon, attempting to identify the actual tenets of civil religion in the united states of america, or to study civil religion as a phenomenon of cultural anthropology. marty wrote that americans approved of " religion in general " without being particularly concerned about the content of that faith, and attempted to distinguish " priestly " and " prophetic " roles within the practice of american civil religion, which he preferred to call the " public theology. " bellah wrote that civil religion was " an institutionalized collection of sacred beliefs about the american nation. " he identified the american revolution, the civil war, and the civil rights movement as three decisive historical events that impacted the content and imagery of civil religion in the united states. he also identified several modalities within u. s. civil religion related to the biblical categories of the priesthood, prophets, and wisdom tradition. empirical evidence supporting bellah ronald wimberley ( 1976 ) and other researchers collected large surveys and factor analytic studies which gave empirical support to bellah ' s argument that civil religion is a distinct cultural phenomena within american society which is not embodied in american politics or denominational religion. examples of civil religious beliefs are reflected in statements used in the research such as the following : - " america is god ' s chosen nation today. " - " a president ' s authority... is from god. " - " social justice cannot only be based on laws ; it must also come from religion. " - " god can be known through the experiences of the american people. " - " holidays like the fourth of july are religious as well as patriotic. " later research sought to determine who embraces views that could be characterized as part of the american civil religion. in a 1978 study by james christenson and ronald wimberley, the researchers found that a wide cross section of american citizens have such beliefs. in general though, college graduates and political or religious liberals appear to be somewhat less likely to embrace civil religion. protestants and catholics have the same level of civil religiosity. religions that were created in the united states, the mormons, adventists, and pentecostals, have the highest civil religiosity. jews, unitarians and those with no religious preference have the lowest civil religion. even though there is variation in the scores, the " great majority " of americans


. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 5. 6 william h. swatos. encyclopedia of religion and society. ( rowman altamira, 1998. isbn 0761989560 ), 94. " the article caused an almost unprecedented burst of excitement among sociologists and other scholars of religion. " - ↑ richard t. hughes. myths america lives by. ( university of illinois press, 2004. isbn 0252072200 ), 3 - ↑ robert neelly. the broken covenant : american civil religion in time of trial. ( university of chicago press, 1992 ), 1 - ↑ french ministry of culture, alexis de tocqueville. general council for la manche. retrieved june 4, 2007. - ↑ gerald a. parsons, " from nationalism to internationalism : civil religion and the festival of saint catherine of siena, 1940 - 2003. " journal of church and state ( september 22, 2004 ) - ↑ stjepan gabriel mestrovic. the road from paradise : prospects for democracy in eastern europe. ( university press of kentucky, 1993. isbn 0813118271 ), 125, 130 american civil religion - bellah, robert neelly, " civil religion in america. " journal of the american academy of arts and sciences 96 ( 1 ) ( winter 1967 ) : 1 – 21. from the issue entitled religion in america. - bellah, robert neelly. the broken covenant : american civil religion in time of trial. university of chicago press, 1985. isbn 0226041999 - canipe, lee, " under god and anti - communist : how the pledge of allegiance got religion in cold - war america. " journal of church and state ( march 22, 2002. } - cloud, matthew w., " one nation, under god " : tolerable acknowledgment of religion or unconstitutional cold war propaganda cloaked in american civil religion? " journal of church and state 46 ( 2 ) ( march 22, 2004 ) : 311 issn 0021 - 969x. - edwords, frederick, " the religious character of american patriotism. " the humanist ( november / december 1987 ) : 20 – 24, 36 - gehrig, gail. american civil religion : an assessment. society for scientific study, 1981. isbn 0932566022 - hughes, richard t. myths america lives by. university of illinois press, 2004. isbn 0252072200 - jewett,


##rth – the circumference of something, like the trunk of a tree. gland ( of a leaf ) – a small organ on a leaf that gives out oils or similar substances. inflorescence – the arrangement of all the flowers on a tree. the shape is used to help identify the plant. key – a tool used to identify groups and species of living things. leaflet – a subdivision of a leaf - it may look like a leaf but is attached to the leaf stalk or midrib, not to the shoot. lobe – a rounded or pointed section of a leaf, not divided into a leaflet. margin – the edge of a leaf. midrib – the central vein of a leaf. native – a tree that occurs naturally in an area, as opposed to a non - native tree that has been introduced. opposite – the arrangement of leaves on a stem - the leaves attach in pairs at the same point, opposite each other, rather than attaching at alternate points. palmate – a leaf shape in which the lobes or leaflets radiate from a single point, like fingers from a hand. petals – usually larger and more brightly coloured than sepals. pinnate – a leaf shape in which the lobes or leaflets are arranged on both sides of the stalk or midrib like a feather. pollarded – when the upper branches of a tree have been cut back to encourage new growth. sepals – the outermost parts of a flower which cover and protect the flower when it is in bud. they are usually green. side shoots – short, spur - like shoots growing from the main shoots. spike – an elongated cluster of flowers ; a type of inflorescence. stalk – the structure that supports the blade of a leaf. stigma – the part at the end of the style. it is covered with a sticky substance that pollen adheres to. stipule – a small, leaf - like structure, found where the leaf connects to the stem. style – a tube - like structure in the centre of a flower that supports the stigma. trunk – the woody stem of a tree, before the branches. urban forest – the trees in our towns and cities. whorl – 3 or more leaves or needles circling around a stem.


tuesday, november 29, 2011 bob kuska, nidcr mouse study explains bacterium ' s unique role in periodontitis nih - supported study solves the mystery of a devious oral bacterium scientists say they have solved in mice the mystery of how an unusual bacterium can trigger the common dental condition periodontitis while residing in low numbers in the space between tooth and gum. the researchers report that the microbe porphyromonas gingivalis hacks into the front - line immune cells that police the space between tooth and gum, known as the subgingival crevice, and reprograms them to create living conditions more to its microbial liking. as more immune cells are co - opted to follow the wrong program, the usually benign bacterial residents of the subgingival crevice — not p. gingivalis, as long suspected — opportunistically rise up in number, altering their community dynamics and prompting them to infect the tooth ' s supportive structures, or periodontium. the study in the nov. 17 issue of the journal cell host and microbe was supported by the national institute of dental and craniofacial research ( nidcr ), part of the national institutes of health. " as the other bacteria attack, and immune cells counterattack, progressively damaging the integrity of the tooth in the process, p. gingivalis sits in the shadows and feasts on the inflammatory spoils, " said george hajishengallis, d. d. s., ph. d., a researcher at the university of louisville school of dentistry and a co - lead author on the study. " this is one ingenious little bug. " according to hajishengallis, their discovery marks the first documented case in microbiology of a keystone species, or more specifically, a keystone pathogen. coined by ecologists in the late 1960s, the keystone concept refers to a low - abundance species that exercises a disproportionate influence on its environment. in this case, low - abundance p. gingivalis shapes a microbial community and catalyzes the onset of an oral disease. the next step is to test whether p. gingivalis follows a comparable evolutionary strategy in people. if so, they already have in their sights drugs that can be applied topically to the affected tooth to block this keystone pathogen from reprogramming the immune cells, providing a more targeted approach to prevent and / or treat periodontitis


people. if so, they already have in their sights drugs that can be applied topically to the affected tooth to block this keystone pathogen from reprogramming the immune cells, providing a more targeted approach to prevent and / or treat periodontitis. periodontitis has afflicted humans from time immemorial, and today remains one of the most common causes of tooth loss worldwide. an estimated 53 million american adults have the condition, approximately 2 out of every 10 adults, at a total annual healthcare expenditure of more than $ 14 billion. in the late 1970s, p. gingivalis became a subject of research interest when scientists noticed this rod - shaped anaerobe popping up consistently at low levels in studies that explored the microbiology of periodontitis. further laboratory work showed that this late colonizer of the subgingival crevice arrives bearing an extensive arsenal of noxious chemicals. the assumption being, p. gingivalis employs them selectively to thwart the native, or innate, immune cells that patrol the gingival crevice and keep bacterial levels in balance. but showing that p. gingivalis actually can cause periodontitis has remained scientifically tricky. the assumption has been that the bacterium could directly cause damage to the periodontium in animal models, independent of periodontitis and its natural disease process. moreover, scientists have found themselves traversing new conceptual territory to explain how such a low - abundance — some say stealth — pathogen could wreak such havoc in the mouth. the research story has picked up in recent years as scientists have gained more technologically sophisticated tools to study p. gingivalis, and more biological information from which to form workable hypotheses. a case in point is the progress in understanding how immune cells process incoming information to respond to the threat at hand. studies show that some incoming defense signals converge within innate immune cells, a process called signaling crosstalk, which helps them to coordinate their early internal response to infection. last year, hajishengallis and colleagues reported in mouse studies that p. gingivalis has learned through the millennia to exploit this crosstalk. the bacterium does so by jointly activating convergent defense signals involving the toll - like receptor 2 ( tlr - 2 ), which helps to recognize pathogens, and the c5a receptor that is a part of the complement system that will respond to the threat. " p. gingivalis exploits both receptors to induce a signal with an emergent


contact : ken kingery, nscl, office : 517 - 908 - 7482, kingery @ nscl. msu. edu published january 4, 2012 for immediate release east lansing, mich. – the recent measurement of the mass of the short - lived rare isotope manganese - 66 has made it possible for nuclear astrophysicists to pin down the underlying heating elements of one of the universe ’ s most fantastic phenomena — accreting neutron stars. out in the cold depths of space, billions of the densest objects known to man sit quietly while their nuclear decomposition processes play out. but some of them are hungry. some neutron stars sit close enough to a neighboring star for its immense gravity to begin pulling matter from its neighbor into its own mass in an ongoing thermonuclear process. but sooner or later, the fuel for the neutron star is exhausted and it begins to cool rapidly. through observations of this cooling process and measurements taken at nuclear physics laboratories such as the national superconducting cyclotron laboratory ( nscl ), scientists can deduce the inner workings of neutron stars. in the recent experiment at nscl, researchers measured the mass of manganese - 66, which sits right next to iron - 66 on the nuclear chart. based on the newly discovered mass and previous measurements of iron - 66, scientists can determine where in the crust of a neutron star the layer of iron - 66 lies, which is one of two heating elements in neutron stars. “ on earth, iron - 66 is a rare short - lived isotope with a half - life of about 400 ms, ” said alfredo estrade, postdoctoral researcher with st. mary ’ s university in halifax, canada, and gsi in darmstadt, germany, and lead author of the study. “ however, it also is part of the crust of accreting neutron stars, where it becomes stable due to its high density and it heats the crust by capturing electrons. ” scientists at nscl calculated the mass of manganese - 66 by doing a time - of - flight experiment. krypton - 86 was accelerated up to 40 percent of the speed of light and smashed into a thin foil of beryllium. some of the ions shattered after hitting other nuclei in the foil, creating a smorgasborg of new isotopes and particles. the facility then filtered out about 100 desired types of isotopes, some of which they wanted to measure and others that they used for calibrations. the filtered isotopes traveled down


, creating a smorgasborg of new isotopes and particles. the facility then filtered out about 100 desired types of isotopes, some of which they wanted to measure and others that they used for calibrations. the filtered isotopes traveled down the beamline where they were caught by a detector that identified which isotope was which. due to their different masses, the different isotopes took different amounts of time to complete their journey. by identifying manganese - 66 and measuring the time it took to run the course, the scientists could determine its weight to within one part in 100, 000. the resulting mass was different than what theorists had predicted for the rare isotope, which changes the models of how neutron stars are structured. the result was a bit of a surprise. “ the mass difference between iron - 66 and manganese - 66 allows us determines the depth needed to induce the heating reactions and therefore the location of the heat source associated with this reaction inside a neutron star, ” explained hendrik schatz, nuclear astrophysicist at nscl and principle investigator for the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics ( jina ), who worked on the paper along with milan matos, a postdoctoral researcher at louisiana state university stationed at oak ridge national laboratory. “ with this new measurement, all of the critical heat sources now can be located within a neutron star. the heat source turns out to be located much closer to the surface than was assumed before based on theoretical predictions of the mass difference between iron - 66 and manganese - 66. ” michigan state university has been working to advance the common good in uncommon ways for more than 150 years. one of the top research universities in the world, msu focuses its vast resources on creating solutions to some of the world ’ s most pressing challenges, while providing life - changing opportunities to a diverse and inclusive academic community through more than 200 programs of study in 17 degree - granting colleges.


ask mary jo what is casual contact? q. i don ’ t understand what casual contact is. in school, my health teacher said that aids isn ’ t spread by casual contact, but nobody explained what that is. – 13 - year - old male mary jo ’ s response : an outstanding question that reminds me to never assume someone knows what i ’ m teaching. i use this poem, “ knots, ” by r. d. laing when i do professional trainings. it keeps me focused on the need to articulate the obvious when teaching – which simply means that a teacher needs to share information clearly : there is something i don ’ t know that i am supposed to know. i don ’ t know what it is that i don ’ t know and yet am supposed to know, and i feel i look stupid if i seem both not to know it and not know what it is i don ’ t know. therefore i pretend i know it. this is nerve - racking since i don ’ t know what i must pretend to know. therefore i pretend to know everything. i feel you know what i am supposed to know but you can ’ t tell me what it is because you don ’ t know that i don ’ t know it. you may know what i don ’ t know, but not that i don ’ t know it, and i can ’ t tell you. so you will have to tell me everything. casual contact means that people connect with one another but there is no chance for body fluids to go from one person to another – no sexual contact, no needle - sharing, no breastfeeding, no blood or fluid exchange. let ’ s be clear about some myths : research has shown that hiv is not spread by : • breathing the same air as someone who is hiv - positive • a mosquito bite • touching a toilet seat or doorknob handle after an hiv - positive person • drinking from a water fountain • hugging, kissing or shaking hands with someone who is hiv - positive • sharing eating utensils with an hiv - positive person • using exercise equipment at a gym it is true that hiv can be spread through blood, semen, vaginal fluid or breast milk. i hope that helps make the idea of casual contact clear. if you have more questions or just want to talk, i ’ m at 412 - 877 - 4906. youth champions : who said february is a boring month? our peer educators are busy planning two important february events : one billion rising : the public is invited to


new measures governing the use of animals in scientific procedures were set out by the uk government on 17 may. the measures are being introduced to implement the new eu directive 2010 / 63 / eu which uses many of the uk ’ s existing standards as a template. however, as some european member states currently offer very limited protection for animals used in experiments, some of the new standards are lower than those of the uk. animal welfare groups including onekind have engaged in detailed dialogue with the government throughout the transposition process so far, aiming to ensure that the uk ’ s existing animal welfare standards are maintained. public concern over this issue was also demonstrated by the over 13, 000 individuals and almost 100 organisations who submitted views and ideas to the home office consultation. the government has now clarified that it intends to ‘ copy out ’ most of the provisions of the directive, but to retain current stricter united kingdom standards in some areas. rules being retained by the uk include : - special protection for dogs, cats and horses as well as non - human primates - stricter care and accommodation standards than those set out in the directive ( although there continues to be concern about reduced cage sizes for dogs ). - restrictions on procedures involving endangered species and great apes - a requirement for individuals carrying out regulated procedures on animals to hold a personal licence ( although the government plans to simplify the regime and remove some current requirements ) - a risk - based approach to inspection and a full programme of inspections ( the directive introduces inspection regimes for all member states but with a lower minimum frequency than currently practised in the united kingdom ). on the negative side, the government intends to reduce the extent and nature of the statistics that it collects about experiments in the uk, against the advice of animal welfare groups. on the important issue of freedom of information, where animal welfare groups had called for greater transparency about experiments by means of repealing s. 24 of the animals ( scientific procedures ) act, the government has simply said it will consider the options for revising the section, and publish its conclusions separately, in due course animal protection groups had argued for the transposition process to be pro - active in reducing the use of primates in uk laboratories, for example by clearly defining the medical conditions which would permit the use of non - human primates for research, rather than leaving this open to interpretation. the government has decided not to follow this option, although it does plan to press for a european definition of the relevant conditions. animal welfare groups also pressed for the uk to take a lead in using the new provisions


rather than leaving this open to interpretation. the government has decided not to follow this option, although it does plan to press for a european definition of the relevant conditions. animal welfare groups also pressed for the uk to take a lead in using the new provisions for thematic reviews, to identify areas of research for replacement, an area which offers enormous scope for reducing animal suffering. the government now says that it will consult further with stakeholders to develop a programme of reviews. other key aspects of the directive include a new legal requirement to implement non - animal methods, ensuring that ‘ a scientifically satisfactory, non - animal method or testing strategy is used wherever possible and that the number of animals used is reduced to a minimum consistent with the objectives of the project ’. the directive also creates a new requirement for the retrospective assessment of projects using non - human primates, as well as procedures classified as ' severe '. the uk government plans to extend this mandatory requirement to all specially protected species ( cats, dogs and horses, as well as non - human primates ). other projects will be assessed on a case - by - case basis. the number of experiments on animals in the uk has risen steadily over the last decade to just over 3. 7 million in 2010, a figure which the government has committed to reducing. announcing the proposals, home office minister lynne featherstone mp said that the government would continue to promote measures to ‘ replace, reduce and refine ’ the use of animals, and would introduce a ban on the testing of household products on animals in due course. the uk must transpose eu directive 2010 / 63 / eu by 10 november 2012 with national legislation being implemented from 1 january 2013. onekind will continue to work with partners in the animal protection movement and press the government to deliver on its commitment to reduce animal testing. see the onekind submission to the consultation ( pdf ) from september 2011.


the last carriage return ). a simpler alternative would be to place the single line : sys $ share : vaxcrtl / share into a file called vaxcrtl. opt, and then use the link command : $ link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, vaxcrtl. opt / opt if a program has been compiled with / g _ float, then the linking instructions are slightly different. if you are linking with the non - shared library, then the command that you should use would be : link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, sys $ library : vaxcrtlg / lib -, sys $ library : vaxcrtl / lib note that both vaxcrtl and vaxcrtlg must be linked to. if you are using the shared vax c library, then you should use a command like : $ link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, sys $ input : / options sys $ share : vaxcrtlg / share in the case of the sharable library, only one library needs to be linked to. 2 / case _ hack / [ no ] case _ hack d = / case _ hack since the vms linker and librarian are not case sensitive with respect to symbol names, a " case - hack " is appended to a symbol name when the symbol contains upper case characters. there are cases where this is undesirable, ( mainly when using certain applications where modules have been precompiled, perhaps in another language ) and we want to compile without case hacking. in these cases the / nocase _ hack switch disables case hacking. 2 / cc1 _ options this specifies additional switches to the compiler itself which cannot be set by means of the compiler driver. 2 / debug / debug includes additional information in the object file output so that the program can be debugged with the vax symbolic debugger. to use the debugger it is also necessary to link the debugger to your program, which is done by specifying the / debug qualifier to the link command. with the debugger it is possible to set breakpoints, examine variables, and set variables to new values. see the vax symbolic debugger manual for more information, or type " help " from the debugger prompt. 2 / define / define = (


it is possible to set breakpoints, examine variables, and set variables to new values. see the vax symbolic debugger manual for more information, or type " help " from the debugger prompt. 2 / define / define = ( identifier [ = definition ] [,... ] ) / define defines a string or macro ( ' definition ' ) to be substituted for every occurrence of a given string ( ' identifier ' ) in a program. it is equivalent to the # define preprocessor directive. all definitions and identifiers are converted to uppercase unless they are in quotation marks. the simple form of the / define qualifier : / define = vms results in a definition equivalent to the preprocessor directive : # define vms 1 you must enclose macro definitions in quotation marks, as in this example : / define = " c ( x ) = ( ( x ) & 0xff ) " this definition is the same as the preprocessor definition : # define c ( x ) ( ( x ) & 0xff ) if more than one / define is present on the gcc command line, only the last / define is used. if both / define and / undefine are present on a command line, / define is evaluated before / undefine. 2 / g _ float instructs the compiler to use " g " floating point arithmetic instead of " d ". the difference is that double precision has a range of approximately + / - 0. 56e - 308 to + / - 0. 9 e + 308, with approximately 15 decimal digits precision. " d " floating point has the same range as single precision floating point, with approximately 17 decimal digits precision. if you use the / g _ float qualifier, the linking instructions are different. see " linking " for further details. 2 / list / list [ = list _ file _ name ] this does not generate a listing file in the usual sense, however it does direct the compiler to save the preprocessor output. if a file is not specified, then this output is written into a file with the same name as the source file and an extension of. cpp. 2 / include _ directory / include _ directory = ( path [, path... ] ) the / include _ directory qualifier provides additional directories to search for user - defined include files. ' path ' can be either a logical name or a directory specification. there are two forms for specify


. some common ones will be briefly described here. a complete description can be found in " using and porting the gnu compiler collection ( gcc ) " in the chapter entitled " using gcc on vms ". gnu - c provides case hacking as a means of giving case sensitivity to symbol names. the case hack is a hexadecimal number appended to the symbol name, with a bit being set for each upper case letter. symbols with all lower case, or symbols that have a dollar sign ( " $ " ) are not case hacked. there are times that this is undesirable, namely when you wish to link your program against a precompiled library which was compiled with a non - gnu - c compiler. x - windows ( or decwindows ) is an example of this. in these instances, the / nocase _ hack switch should be used. if you require case hacking in some cases, but not in others ( i. e. libg + + with decwindows ), then it is recommended that you develop a header file which will define all mixed case functions that should not have a case hack as the lower case equivalents. gnu - c does not provide the globaldef and globalref mechanism which is used by vax - c to coerce the vms linker to include certain object modules from a library. there are assembler hacks, which are available to the user through the macros defined in gnu _ hacks. h, which effectively give you the ability to perform these functions. while not syntactically identical, they do provide most of the functionality. note that globaldefs of enums is not supported in the way that it is under vax - c. this can be easily simulated, however, by globaldefing an integer variable, and then globalvaluing all of the enumerated states. furthermore, the way that globalvalue is currently implemented, the data type of the globalvalue variable is seen to the compiler to be a pointer to the data type that you specify. this is necessary in order to make the compiler correctly address the globalvalue variables.


desired system performance outcomes. planners may find that the activity - based objectives are more appropriate for guiding the development of specific sections of the mtp or for use in supporting documents such as the regional concept for transportation operations. all lower level, activity - oriented operations objectives should support an existing outcome - oriented operations objective, providing a simple check to make sure that operations activities are performed in pursuit of a system performance outcome. by establishing one or more activity - based objectives for each outcome - based objective, planners and operators further define how each outcome - based objective can be accomplished. planners and operators can develop specific m & o strategies or actions to support the objectives and, in turn, the goals by examining how the activity - based objectives can be accomplished. 2. 2 characteristics of operations objectives by creating specific, measurable objectives for operations, regions can use these operations objectives for making investment decisions as well as tracking progress. an operations objective should have the smart characteristics defined below : - specific. the objective provides sufficient specificity ( e. g., decrease travel time delay ) to guide formulating viable approaches to achieving the objective without dictating the approach. - measurable. the objective facilitates quantitative evaluation ( e. g., by 10 percent ), saying how many or how much should be accomplished. tracking progress against the objective enables an assessment of the effectiveness of an action or set of actions. - agreed. planners, operators, and relevant planning participants come to a consensus on a common objective. this is most effective when the planning process involves a wide range of stakeholders to facilitate regional collaboration and coordination. - realistic. the objective can reasonably be accomplished within the limitations of resources and other demands. the objective may require substantial coordination, collaboration, and investment to achieve. because determining the realism of the objective cannot occur until after strategies and costs are defined, the objective may need to be adjusted to be achievable. - time - bound. the objective identifies a timeframe within which it will be achieved ( e. g., within 5 years ). by selecting a performance target as part of the operations objective, regions make decisions knowing the degree of improvement they are striving for rather than just the direction of improvement. for example, the objective of " decrease travel time delay " conveys direction ( " decrease " ) but does not indicate the desired degree of improvement. the objective " decrease travel time delay by 10 percent within 5 years " gives the region a specific and measurable target to reach. it is common for metropolitan transportation plans to have more general objectives


" ) but does not indicate the desired degree of improvement. the objective " decrease travel time delay by 10 percent within 5 years " gives the region a specific and measurable target to reach. it is common for metropolitan transportation plans to have more general objectives relating to the performance of the transportation system, such as, " relieve congestion on the freeway and arterial systems in the region. " this example objective provides the direction — to relieve congestion — but does not express to what degree it must be relieved to be met. to make this objective smart, it must define congestion in measurable terms. one measure used for congestion is the travel time index that compares travel during peak periods to travel at free flow or the posted speed limit. in addition, the objective needs a performance target for the region, such as a 0. 10 - point reduction in the index. the objective also must establish the timeframe in which it must be accomplished. establishing a realistic objective and reaching agreement on it must be done within the context of the region and the participating organizations. using the smart characteristics as a guide, the general operations objective, " relieve congestion on the freeway and arterial systems in the region " can be transformed into a smart objective : " reduce the regional average travel time index on freeways and arterials in the region by 0. 10 points within 10 years. " incorporating smart operations objectives into the mtp provides the opportunity for decisionmakers to invest in near - term, relatively low - cost operations strategies that provide immediate improvements to the transportation system. these can complement longer - term improvement strategies that may require time to study and fund. thus, it would be appropriate for an operations objective to have a timeframe that is shorter than the horizon year of the mtp. the cyclical updates required of these plans provide the logical opportunities to determine if adjustments are needed to the timeframe or degree of the objective and help determine whether different or additional actions are appropriate. 2. 3 scope of operations objectives an operations objective is the product of many decisions. as mentioned in the previous section, those who draft the objective must decide on what they want to improve or maintain, the direction of that improvement ( e. g., increase ), the degree of improvement desired ( e. g., by 25 percent ), and the timeframe for reaching the objective ( e. g., within 10 years ). in determining what to improve, several dimensions often come into consideration. these dimensions determine the scope of the operations objective. one or more of the following dimensions may need to be addressed while


figure 2, which illustrates the parts of an objectives tree. for the sake of brevity, the operations objectives are not written as full smart objectives in the figure. the objectives tree concept can be put to use in developing a logical set of operations objectives and in understanding the necessary connections between goals, operations objectives, and management and operations strategies. an objective tree illustrates the logical hierarchy that exists between outcome - based objectives and activity - based objectives. it can be used to connect regional goals to objectives and objectives to m & o strategies. it is also helpful in thinking through the interactions between operations objectives. an objectives tree begins with a broad goal or high - order objective relating to the performance of the transportation system. this objective answers the question, " what do we ultimately want to achieve? " examples may focus on improved system reliability, efficiency, system options, or high service quality. in the example shown in figure 2, the tree begins with the broad goal, " improve system reliability. " based on that goal, the higher - order, outcome - based objective, " reduce nonrecurring delay " was formed. this is how the region aims to achieve its goal of improving system reliability. from this high - order objective, the developers form more specific and detailed operations objectives that answer the question, " how can this objective be accomplished? " these detailed or lower order objectives are then linked to the higher order objective. this process is repeated for each goal or high - order objective until the developers reach the point where the lower order operations objectives can be acted upon. these are typically activity - oriented operations objectives that can be readily addressed through one or more m & o strategies. lower order operations objectives connected to a higher operations objective answer the question of how that higher objective can be accomplished. similarly, the higher operations objective answers the question of why the lower objective should be accomplished. m & o strategies can be placed below each of the lowest objectives in the tree to indicate which strategies are needed to accomplish those objectives. in figure 2, the m & o strategy of " organize additional regional coordinated incident response teams to cover six more corridors " stems from one of the activity - based objectives. regions can select which operations objectives in the objectives tree are most important to be included in the mtp or other planning documents. outcome - oriented objectives such as those that may be near the top of an objectives tree are used to guide the operations elements of the entire plan. activity - based objectives are used in specific sections to guide the development of m & o strategies. figure 2.


there are many types of smartcards. phonecards are one type of smart - cards. generally, a smart - card is any type of pocket - sized card ( like credit cards ) with an embedded chip on one side. this chip is actually a microcontroller with a non - volatile memory of specific size. pinout configuration of telecard smart - cards first of all, let ' s see the pinout of those phonecards. if you take a closer look to the parallelogram chip, you will notice that there are lines which separates the surface into 6 or 8 areas : each one of these areas is a pin used either to provide power to the embedded microcontroller, or to interface this microcontroller with the outside world. for the telecards, these pins are : 1 : vcc, the 5 volts supply for the microcontroller 4 : reserved for future use 6 : vpp, programming voltage ( 5 or 21 volts if nmos card ) 7 : i / o pin 8 : reserved for future use short description : number 1 and 5 are for the chip ' s power supply, which is 5 volts. number 3 and 7 are the clock and data pins for the interface : by providing pulses to the clock pin, the corresponding bit of the current memory position of the chip appears at the i / o pin, it is that simple. finally, the reset pin : this pin is used to reset the memory position counter. the communication protocol like any other interface, smart cards have their own interface protocol. for the telecards, this protocol is very simple. one thing that i must mention is that this page talks about only the greek second generation phonecards with 128 bits memory and 5 - bytes octal counter! for more information regarding other types of phonecards, check out the references section of this circuit. let ' s take a look now the available 4 operations that we can do with a phonecard : 1 reading the phonecard memory during the reading operation, the reset pin must be held low. there is an internal memory position counter ( mpc ) which increases each time a pulse is applied to the clock pin. the mpc increases during the positive edge of the clock pulse. during the negative edge, the data of the memory position that the mpc points appears at the i / o pin. here is the timing diagram of this operation : 2 resetting the mpc ( memory position counter ) there is no direct method to define which memory position bit we want


of the memory position that the mpc points appears at the i / o pin. here is the timing diagram of this operation : 2 resetting the mpc ( memory position counter ) there is no direct method to define which memory position bit we want to perform a read operation. the only way is to reset the counter and start again reading from memory position # 0. it is very important to run a cold reset sequence before start reading the phonecard, because there is no other reliable method to determine in which memory position the mpc points at. the sequence to do a cold - reset is this : after this sequence, the memory position counter will become 0, and the very first bit of the card memory ( position 0 ) will appear at the i / o pin. you can immediately read this bit and go on reading the rest of the card memory as explained before. here is the timing diagram of the reset sequence : 3 write to the memory card with this command you can write to the octal counter in the card ' s memory position which holds the calling units. later on we will discuss about the memory mapping of the phonecards. in short, the octal counter is a 4 or 5 bytes long counter which holds the calling units that a telecard has. i do not know for the other smartcards, but as far as the phonecards are concerned, you can only decrease this value. this makes absolute sense of course. should the embedded microcontroller had allowed someone to increase this octal counter, then we could increase this counter whenever a phonecard ran out of calling units and refill it again. the octal counter can only be decreased... no other operation is allowed. although the write sequence is common for all phone cards, the counter may differ from country to country. go to the references section to get more info. i will only discuss about the 2nd generation greek phonecards. these cards have a 5 - byte long octal counter and a write command can only turn aces into zeros. here is the write sequence : after this sequence is ended, the unwritten memory position bit will be erased and the new value will automatically appear at the i / o pin. here is a timing diagram of this sequence during which the ace ( 1 ) bit of the current memory position is written so that it becomes zero ( 0 ) :


displays the family and group of the language named in the edit field of the dialogue box. the current language is chosen by default. any new language name which is entered becomes the current language, provided it occurs in the database. lists and counts all the segments of the language named in the edit field of the dialogue box. the current language is chosen by default. any new language name which is entered becomes the current language, provided it occurs in the database. the check - box normal phonemes ( checked by default ) prevents the display of anomalous segments. when the box is unchecked all the segments of the language - including rare ones, loans etc. - are displayed. lists and counts all the segments of the language named in the first edit field of the dialogue box which meet the feature conditions provided in the second. the feature conditions must be expressed as a list, in square brackets, of feature names separated by commas. the order of the features is not significant. features with negative values, such as - bilabial, are permitted in order more easily to exclude certain segment types. ( upsid itself uses only unary features ). extra control on segment selection is provided by the check - box normal phonemes which is checked by default. users unfamiliar with the feature set used in upsid may reset the feature conditions by issuing the command reset features, see below. identifies the number of distinctions found in selected phonetic parameters when the segments of the current language, which meet the given feature conditions, are examined. one or more phonetic parameters may be selected by clicking or shift - clicking in the scrolling list provided. feature conditions to establish the required subsystem are entered in the second edit field ( as in subsystem above ), and the check - box normal phonemes is used as in previous commands. three separate window formats are used to handle the different segment types. in all plot windows, the language name is provided below the corresponding plot. a list ( in square brackets ) identifies any features which have been chosen to restrict the set of phonemes displayed. an empty list [ ] indicates that no such features have been chosen. provides two dimensional plots of the vowel and consonant systems of the current language ( named in the edit field of the dialogue box ). consonants, vowels or diphthongs ( or all three by default ) are chosen by clicking ( or shift - clicking ) the appropriate buttons. the check - box normal phonemes is used as in subsystem. the use of pointers in these graphic


hearing loss affects an estimated 50 million americans. some hearing loss is temporary, and may be caused by short exposures to loud noises, but for many people, it is permanent. hearing health foundation, the largest private funder of hearing research, has organized a consortium of researchers through the hearing research project, with a goal of accelerating the timeline for a genuine cure for most types of acquired hearing loss. the cure focuses on the specialized cells that make hearing possible. hair cells located in the inner ear turn sounds into electrical signals that transmit the sound information to the brain. in humans, exposure to loud noises, age and even some medications can damage or even kill these hair cells, thus causing permanent hearing loss. but birds and fish are able to spontaneously regrow their damaged hair cells, leading scientists to discover how this ability can be replicated in humans. as a college student, katharine simpson began to notice she was missing sounds - but ignored the symptoms until she drove through a toll road pass and didn ' t hear the transponder beep. her younger brother had already experienced hearing loss in his teens, and simpson discovered her hearing patterns matched the loss her brother had experienced years before. while coming to terms with her hearing loss, simpson started seeking out researchers and scientists, reading any information on new developments that she could find, giving her hope for a cure. " part of the reason i wanted - or, needed, rather - to embrace my hearing loss is my little brother, " simpson says. " i watched how hard it was for him to grow up with hearing loss, and he still struggles with it to this day. " simpson ' s friends helped her manage her hearing loss in social situations, and began choosing to eat at quieter restaurants and turning on the closed captioning for shows on television. but movie theaters, noisy bars and nightclubs and even whispered conversations are difficult for simpson to hear. the hope for a cure for both herself and her brother helps her stay strong. the hearing research project is looking to discover what prevents regeneration of hair cells in human ears, and what can be done to promote regeneration. " hearing health foundation is ideally positioned to lead this world - class consortium and deliver on the goal of a cure, " says andrea boidman, executive director of the foundation. " for too many years, biomedical research has been conducted in relative isolation, one researcher or one institution working alone to tackle a major health issue. so we developed the consortium model to accelerate the path to the cure by eliminating repetitive work and fostering cooperation among


calls for a poetry of the social space, which resides between the state and the " safe havens of the personal. " all of the writers mentioned in this cursory enumeration have been assailed at one time or another for voicing their political convictions in their poetry. granted, there is a grave difference between dissent that is voiced within a democracy and dissent that speaks against a totalitarian regime ; repression within a democracy does not approach the level of brutality perpetrated in a variety of political circumstances around the globe. nonetheless, these american writers are laudable for striving to step out of what edward said terms the nation ’ s " depoliticized or aestheticized submission. " this submission, along with the fostering of xenophobia and apathy, represents a contemporary mode of repressing the desire for democratic participation. in his last book, humanism and democratic criticism, said writes, " one of the hallmarks of modernity is now at a very deep level, the aesthetic and the social need to be kept, and are often consciously kept, in a state of irreconcilable tension. " since the invasion of iraq, a symphony of voices has reasserted the american poet ’ s role in the public sphere. " it ’ s impossible for poetry not to be political, " li - young lee said to a st. petersburg times reporter. galway kinnell told the new york times, " it ’ s poetry ’ s duty and part of its role to speak out. " and sam hamill says in an open letter dated june 29, 2004, " being a citizen of the world is political. " conversation elevates society and creates conditions conducive for democracy. poetry can fuel this democratic deliberation by transforming the individual and the community. the poet is an intellectual in italian revolutionary antonio gramsci ’ s sense : " non - intellectuals do not exist, " he writes, because " there is no human activity from which every form of intellectual participation can be excluded : homo faber cannot be separated from homo sapiens. " gramsci suggests that activism, not only eloquence, is a determining principle of the intellectual ’ s function " as constructor, organizer, ‘ permanent persuader, ’ and not just a simple orator. " there is no escaping the forces that press against the poem, incise themselves into it, just as there is no escaping the urgency of the questions that rain into our homes, leaking through the roofs and sliding under dormers.


speaking to the unimagined future. it sings of a spiritualized and a politicized vision, and it leaps into infinity. " a poet is a poet when he does not renounce his existence in a given country, at a particular time, defined politically, " quasimodo writes in his " discourse on poetry. " " and poetry is the liberty and truth of that time, and not abstract modulations of sentiment. " it is also crucial to remind the nation that the american artist has an urgent word, is prepared to step out of the atelier and into the street, and that as much as a pop song or a feature film, a poem can provide a new and vital way of looking at the world — and one that is less saturated with corporate interests. in our present age of multimedia entertainment, poetry is an art form nearly free of materials. it is the most portable mode of art other than singing, and it is similar to singing : when a group of people gathers and recites poems together, the poems are re - inspired, breathed alive, and reinterpreted, transforming and transformed by the reciter and the listeners. artists are more capable than theorists or pundits in representing the consciousness of the people, because the language of art is a language of immediacy, of spirit, and of the transporting analogy. in his essay " democratic vistas, " whitman writes, " it is acknowledged that we of the states are the most materialistic and money - making people ever known. my own theory, while fully accepting this, is that we are the most emotional, spiritualistic, and poetry - loving people also. "


from surgical material. the inclusion of tumors has been based on availability and representativity. due to subgroups and heterogeneity of tumors within each cancer type, included cases represent a typical mix of specimens from surgical pathology. however, an effort has been made to include high and low grade malignancies where such is applicable. in certain tumor groups, subtypes have been included, e. g. breast cancer includes both ductal and lobular cancer, lung cancer includes both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma and liver cancer includes both hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma etc. tumor heterogenity and inter - individual differences is also reflected in diverse expression of proteins resulting in variable immunohistochemical staining patterns. in order to provide an overview of protein expression patterns, all images of immunohistochemically stained tissue were manually annotated by a board certified pathologist or by specially educated personnel ( followed by verification of a pathologist ). the pathologists are experienced in interpretation of tissue morphology under the microscope and have used a specially designed software to view and annotate the histological images. annotation of each different normal and cancer tissue was performed using a simplified scheme for classification of immunohistochemical outcome. each tissue was examined for representativity and immunoreactivity. the different tissue specific cell types included in each normal tissue type were annotated. for each cancer, tumor cells and stroma were annotated. basic annotation parameters included an evaluation of i ) staining intensity ( negative, weak, moderate or strong ), ii ) fraction of stained cells ( rare, < 25 %, 25 - 75 % or > 75 % ) and iii ) subcellular localization ( nuclear and / or cytoplasmic / membranous ). the manual annotation also provides a summarizing text comment for each antibody. the terminology and ontology used is compliant with standards used in pathology and medical science. snomed classification has been used for assignment of topography and morphology. snomed classification also underlies the given original diagnosis from which normal as well as cancer samples were collected from. a histological dictionary used in the annotation is available as a pdf - document, containing images which are immunohistochemically stained with antibodies included in the protein atlas. the dictionary displays subtypes of cells distinguishable from each other and also shows specific expression patterns in


annotation is available as a pdf - document, containing images which are immunohistochemically stained with antibodies included in the protein atlas. the dictionary displays subtypes of cells distinguishable from each other and also shows specific expression patterns in different intracellular structures. annotation dictionary : screen usage ( 15mb ), printing ( 95mb ). annotated protein expression aims to create a comprehensive map over protein expression patterns in normal human tissues and cells. the conflation of data from two or more antibodies directed towards the same protein target ( non - overlapping epitopes ), evaluation of the performance of respective antibodies and a review of available protein / gene characterization data, allows for a knowledge - based interpretation of the distribution pattern and relative abundance of proteins in various tissues. an annotation of protein expression is possible for all genes for which there are two or more antibodies directed towards the corresponding protein target. the immunohistochemical staining pattern in normal tissues provides the fundament for a subsequent annotated protein expression. the annotation of an immunohistochemical staining pattern is subjective and based on the experienced evaluation of positive immunohistochemical signals in defined subpopulations of cells within a tissue context. the microscopical images and previous annotations of the included 66 normal cell types are reviewed simultaneously and compared. the annotation data is merged and results in a single expression profile for each protein. in addition to accounting for performance of antibodies and available protein / gene characterization data, the review also considers sub - optimal experimental procedures. this includes immunostaining errors such as sub - optimal titration of the primary antibody and suspected cross - reactivity as well as the fact that multiple immunostainings have been performed on non - consecutive tissue microarray sections, allowing for differences in immunohistochemical staining patterns caused by inter - individual and inter - specimen variations. the final annotated protein expression is considered as a best estimate and as such reflects the most probable histological distribution and relative expression level for the evaluated proteins. back to top immunohistochemistry - cells as a complement to the representation of normal and cancer tissue, the protein atlas displays images of a selection of widely used and well characterized human cell lines as well as cell samples from healthy individuals and leukemia / lymphoma patients. a cell microarray has been used to enable immunohistochemical staining of a panel of cell lines and cell samples. duplicates


software always displayed in conjunction with the annotated images are : in addition, two overlay images with additional numerical information are presented to facilitate interpretation. the information displayed includes : - number of objects defined as cells in the image - staining intensity ( negative, weak, moderate and strong ) - fraction ( % ) of positive cells - object based view representing fraction ( % ) of immunostained cells. the color code for each cell represents a range of immunoreactivity, blue ( negative / very weak ), yellow ( weak / moderate ), orange ( moderate / strong ) and red ( strong ) cells. this classification is based on areas of different intensities within each object ( cell ). this differs slightly from the subjective classification provided by manual annotation of cells in normal and cancer tissue. - area based view representing immunostained areas ( % ) within cells. the color code represents a range of immunoreactivity, yellow ( weak / moderate ), green ( moderate / strong ) and red ( strong ). negative / very weak areas are transparent. the intensity score is generated from this area based analysis. back to top immunofluorescence - cells as a complement to the immunohistochemically stained cells and tissues, the protein atlas displays high resolution, multicolor images of immunofluorescently stained cells. this provides spatial information on protein expression patterns on a fine cellular and subcellular level. originally three cell lines, u - 2 os, a - 431 and u - 251 mg, originated from different human tissues were chosen to be included in the immunofluorescent analysis. starting from year 2012, the cell line panel has been expanded to include additional cell lines : a - 549, caco - 2, hek 293, hela, hep - g2, mcf - 7, pc - 3, rt - 4, time, siha, rh - 30 and bj. to enhance the probability for a large number of proteins to be expressed, the cell lines were selected from different lineages, e. g. tumor cell lines from mesenchymal, epithelial and glial tumors. the selection was furthermore based on morphological characteristics, widespread use and multitude of publications using these cell lines. information regarding sex and age of the donor, cellular origin and source is listed here. for each antibody two suitable cell lines from the cell line panel are now selected for the immunofluorescent analysis, based


of publications using these cell lines. information regarding sex and age of the donor, cellular origin and source is listed here. for each antibody two suitable cell lines from the cell line panel are now selected for the immunofluorescent analysis, based on rna sequencing data. the third cell line chosen for each antibody is always u - 2 os, in order to localize the whole human proteome on a subcellular level in one cell line. besides the hpa antibodies, the cells are also stained with reference markers in order to facilitate the annotation of the subcellular distribution of the protein targeted by the hpa antibody. the following probes / organelles are used as references ; ( i ) dapi for the nucleus, ( ii ) anti - tubulin antibody as internal control and marker of microtubules, and ( iii ) calreticulin for the endoplasmic reticulum ( er ). the resulting confocal images are single slice images representing one optical section of the cells. the microscope settings are optimized for each sample. the different organelle probes are displayed as different channels in the multicolor images ; the hpa antibody staining is shown in green, nuclear stain in blue, micro - tubules in red and er in yellow. in order to provide an interpretation of the staining patterns, all images of immunofluorescently stained cell lines are manually annotated. for each cell line and antibody the intensity and subcellular location of the staining is described. the staining intensity is classified as negative, weak, moderate or strong based on the laser power and detector gain settings used for image acquisition in combination with the visual appearance of the image. the subcellular location is further combined with parameters describing the staining characteristics ( i. e. smooth, granular, speckled, fibrous, dotty or clusters ). knowledge - based annotation of subcellular location aims to provide an interpretation of the subcellular location of a protein in three human cell lines. the conflation of immunofluorescence data from two or more antibodies directed towards the same protein and a review of available protein / gene characterization data, allows for a knowledge - based interpretation of the subcellular location. back to top western blot analysis of antibody specificity has been done using a routine sample setup composed of igg / hsa - depleted human plasma and protein lysates from a limited number of human tissues and cell lines. antibodies with a non - supportive routine


human rights protection. today, services around the world, inadequate to begin with, are diminishing further with the economic recession. at its worst, enforced psychiatric hospitalization is paradoxically used for political dissidents in some countries. surely, understanding the causes of emotional distress and how to categorize the varying expressions need much more study. however, even though the brain is the most difficult organ to study, we have less funding for research. we have the continuing stigma against people who are called “ crazy. ” as a consequence, when those labeled with mental disorders speak up, what they say is often discounted as being part of their disorder. complete recovery is expected less often than chronicity, which can be a self - fulfilling prophecy. those that have recovered are often reluctant to speak out publicly to be role models. those who try to help people with psychological problems also become stigmatized. no wonder psychiatrists have been nicknamed “ shrinks ” long before there were any concerns about brain shrinkage from the illness or medications. psychologists, social workers, and others get included too. unfortunately, sometimes in a society, those discriminated against will fight internally or compete against one another. so it is in the us at times, especially with gang conflicts. a psychoanalytic explanation for this phenomenon could be “ identification with the aggressor. ” now we may be seeing more and more of that in our field as the antipsychiatry movement of scientologists seems to be expanding to former patients and their families who felt they were hurt by psychiatry. while some anger and criticism is surely warranted, the vitriol and call for the end of psychiatrists seems to border on hate speech, as described in the recent psychiatric times blog of ronald pies, md. 1 similarly, glen gabbard, md, 2 recently described how such postings can hurt the reputation of a resident in training and his patient. the mother of this severely disturbed patient seemed to be approving of his treatment in the live sessions but posted very derogatory comments online. this problem was not solved to anyone ’ s satisfaction. this can be tragic to all those concerned and involved. no wonder medical students seem less interested in psychiatry. they seem especially turned off by the stigma and our disdain of one another that they notice on their clerkships. this sort of stigma has even contributed to the lack of recognition for when emotional distress, or what might otherwise be considered as a mental disorder, contributes greatly to society. founders of our major religions, viewed out


network with us join us on facebook to get the latest news and updates. beth dunning ' s story " s " is for poetry each year our first - grade students research different ocean animals ; this year we decided to research seals. my students spent three weeks researching, writing, sharing, editing, and then writing again. when it was finally done, we had a class book … one class book. i mentioned to another teacher about all of the hard work my students had done on their book. i wanted each of them to take their research home, but i couldn ’ t afford to make copies for each student. she suggested having my students write an acrostic poem about seals with one of readwritethink. org ’ s student interactives. because of the wide range of ability levels in my class, i began the activity in a whole - group setting before we went to the computer lab. students wrote one word that reminded them of seals on a sticky note and then we sorted the words by the letter they began with, paying special attention to words that began with the letters s, e, a, and l. then, we worked together to create a class acrostic poem about seals, and afterward students worked on individual acrostic poems. we went to the computer lab to use the interactive acrostic poems tool. when students got to the “ brainstorming ” page, i brought out the list of words we had created in the classroom. students were able to look at our original list and choose which words they wanted to use. i gave students the option to use the poem they had created earlier in the day or to create a new one using the words they had recently brainstormed. once the poems were written, students hit the “ print ” button and couldn ’ t wait to see the finished product! since then, my students have also used the interactive diamante poems tool to create poems about sharks, turtles, armadillos, and much, much more. thanks, readwritethink. org, for making my kids want to write and write and write …. i just hope i have enough ink to keep up with them! grades k – 12 | student interactive | writing poetry this online tool enables students to learn about and write acrostic poems. elements of the writing process are also included. grades 3 – 12 | game & tool diamante poems are poems where the longest line comes in the middle, creating a diamond - like shape. the diamante poems tool helps children write


what we see can affect our perception of pain by manipulating the appearance of a chronically achy hand, researchers have found they could increase or decrease the pain and swelling in patients moving their symptomatic limbs. the findings “ ” reported in the november 25th issue of current biology, a cell press publication “ ” reveal a profound top - down effect of body image on body tissues, according to the researchers. " the brain is capable of many wonderful things based on its perception of how the body is doing and the risks to which the body seems to be exposed, " said g. lorimer moseley, who is now at the prince of wales medical research institute in australia. ( the work was done at the university of oxford. ) in the study, the researchers asked ten right - handed patients with chronic pain and dysfunction in one arm to watch their own arm while they performed a standardized set of ten hand movements. the participants repeated the movements under four conditions : with no visual manipulation, while looking through binoculars with no magnification, while looking through binoculars that doubled the apparent size of their arm, and while looking through inverted binoculars that reduced the apparent size of their arm. while the patients ’ pain was always worse after movement than it was before, the extent to which the pain worsened depended on what people saw. specifically, the pain increased more when participants viewed a magnified image of their arm during the movements, and “ ” perhaps more surprisingly “ ” the pain became less when their arm was seen through inverted binoculars that minimized its size. the degree of swelling too was less when people watched a " minified " image of their arm during movements than when they watched a magnified or normal image, the researchers reported. they aren ’ t yet sure how this phenomenon works at the level of neurons. however, the researchers said, a possible philosophical explanation comes from the notion that protective responses ” ” including the experience of pain ” ” are activated according to the brain ’ s implicit perception of danger level. " if it looks bigger, it looks sorer and more swollen, " moseley said. " therefore, the brain acts to protect it. " while he said the findings don ’ t mean that pain is any less real, they may lead to a new therapeutic approach for reducing pain. his team is now testing visual manipulations as an analgesic strategy for use in clinical settings. the researchers include g. lorimer moseley, university of oxford, uk, prince of wales medical research institute, sydney, australia ; timothy j


representative theory of perception, also known as indirect realism, epistemological dualism, and the veil of perception, is a philosophical concept. it states that we do not ( and cannot ) perceive the external world directly ; instead we know only our ideas or interpretations of objects in the world. thus, a barrier or a veil of perception prevents first - hand knowledge of anything beyond it. the " veil " exists between the mind and the existing world. the debate then occurs about where our ideas come from, and what this place is like. an indirect realist believes our ideas come from sense data of a real, material, external world ( unlike idealists ). the doctrine states that in any act of perception, the immediate ( direct ) object of perception is only a sense - datum that represents an external object. aristotle was the first to provide an in - depth description of indirect realism. in on the soul he describes how the eye must be affected by changes in an intervening medium rather than by objects themselves. he then speculates on how these sense impressions can form our experience of seeing and reasons that an endless regress would occur unless the sense itself were self aware. he concludes by proposing that the mind is the things it thinks. he calls the images in the mind " ideas ". the way that indirect realism involves intermediate stages between objects and perceptions immediately raises a question : how well do sense - data represent external objects, properties, and events? indirect realism creates deep epistemological problems, such as solipsism and the problem of the external world. nonetheless, indirect realism has been popular in the history of philosophy and has been developed by many philosophers including bertrand russell, baruch spinoza, rene descartes, and john locke. representationalism is one of the key assumptions of cognitivism in psychology. potential results of representative realism a problem with representationalism is that if simple data flow and information processing is assumed then something in the brain, described as a homunculus, must be viewing the perception. this suggests that some physical effect or phenomenon other than simple data flow and information processing might be involved in perception. this was not an issue for the rationalist philosophers such as descartes, since cartesian dualism held that there is a supernatural " homunculus " in the form of the soul. for those who doubt dualism, explaining precisely what it is that sees the representation is problematic. but if the transfer of information into a " mind " is thought to be the only explanation of how we


, i am referring to the process of interpreting the sense - data i am receiving from the eiffel tower in an act of mental representation. the term " eiffel tower " refers to the eiffel tower, and not to the mental representation of the tower, which is the result of the act of " seeing ". thus, both of us can refer to the same object while making our own unique representations of that object. representative realism does, unlike naive realism, take into account sense data ( the way in which the object is interpreted, not simply the objective, mathematical object ) - this induces the veil of perception wherein we are unsure the table we look at exists due to there being no direct objective proof of its existence. in other words, the table i ' m looking at appears to have a particular shape to me, due to my angle of vision, and to have a particular colour due to the way in which the light bounces off it relative to my position, and that appearance differs from the appearance of the table as seen by the person next to me. each of us sees not the actual table, but an appearance of it which merely represents an actual table out there. the representative theory of perception states that we do not perceive the external world directly ; instead we perceive our personal interpretation of an object by way of sense data. a naive realist assumes she sees the dog upon perceiving a dog, whereas a representative realist assumes she sees a sensory representation of the dog upon perceiving a dog. the external world is real and continues to exist unobserved. but we are only aware of it indirectly. our perception of the external world is mediated by way of sense data such as photons and sound waves. we perceive a representation of reality ( not the reality itself ) ; this has been given many names : ideas, sense data, percept or appearance. thus representative realism is the idea that our perceptions are directly caused by the intrinsic qualities of objects, and based on these perceptions we can infer things about these objects. the 17th century philosopher john locke most prominently advocated this theory. the term he used was not " sense - datum " but " idea. " " idea " as used in the theory of perception is a technical term, meaning roughly the same thing as sense - datum, and this article does not discuss any differences in meaning that the two terms might have. john locke thought objects had two classes of qualities : - primary qualities are qualities which are ' explanatorily basic


the same thing as sense - datum, and this article does not discuss any differences in meaning that the two terms might have. john locke thought objects had two classes of qualities : - primary qualities are qualities which are ' explanatorily basic ' - which is to say, they can be referred to as the explanation for other qualities or phenomena without requiring explanation themselves - and they are distinct in that our sensory experience of them resembles them in reality. ( for example, one perceives an object as spherical precisely because of the way the atoms of the sphere are arranged. ) primary qualities cannot be removed by either thought or physical action, and include mass, movement, and, controversially, solidity ( although later proponents of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities usually discount solidity ). - secondary qualities are qualities which one ' s experience does not directly resemble ; for example, when one sees an object as red, the sensation of seeing redness is not produced by some quality of redness in the object, but by the arrangement of atoms on the surface of the object which reflects and absorbs light in a particular way. secondary qualities include colour, smell, and taste. in contemporary philosophy, epistemological dualism has come under sustained attack by philosophers like wittgenstein ( the private language argument ) and wilfrid sellars in his seminal essay " empiricism and the philosophy of mind. " indirect realism is argued to be problematical because of ryle ' s regress and the apparent need for a homunculus. these problems have led some philosophers to abandon realism and suggest the existence of dualism and others to propose, or suggest through emergentism, that some form of new physics is operating in the brain such as quantum mind, space - time theories of consciousness - online papers on representationalism, by various authors, compiled by david chalmers - harold i. brown, " direct realism, indirect realism, and epistemology ". philosophy and phenomenological research, vol. 52, no. 2. ( jun., 1992 ), pp. 341 - 363. - what do we perceive and how do we perceive it? ( pdf file ) - neurological explanation for paranormal experiences - the representationalism web site - mccreery, c., " perception and hallucination : the case for continuity. ” oxford : oxford forum ( 2006 ). an analysis of empirical arguments for representationalism. online pdf


sex - and - relationships - relationships - the psychology of relationships : life script life script is another major theoretical concept within transactional analysis. basically, life script is the idea that we tend to have an unconscious life plan - like a story - that we make up as children about ourselves and our lives, which we tend to keep to and follow even when we are adults. in other words, life script is a personal life plan developed under parental, familial, social, cultural and religious pressure. it is mostly complete by the age of seven. to make this process a bit more understandable, here is an example : let ' s call our case illustration jane. jane grows up as the fourth child in a family of five, her mum and dad are busy people, trying to make ends meet. jane doesn ' t get a lot of attention at home, but learns to read very early on and develops a good rapport with her oldest sister reading children ' s books. in response to this scenario, jane will make specific script decisions about herself, other people and the world in general around her. for example, she might decide that she really always needs to be a good girl, quiet, studious and compliant to make the most of the relationships around her. she might also decide that the way to be is to work loads, just like her parents. she might take on board a sense that the world is a place in which people struggle and that you have to work really hard to make ends meet. these script decisions are made in response to family and cultural messages but based on the child ' s very limited information and reality processing skills. such a decision becomes an emotionally laden commitment to live in a certain way ( in jane ' s case possibly laden with all the loyalty and love she feels for her family and parents ). this " certain way " becomes an unconscious life plan or a narrative, a story that we tell ourselves about what ' s possible for us. this life plan is built to make sense out of the world and to protect us : for example, jane could have perhaps complained about the lack of support in her family, but as a child might then have been excluded from her family as complaining wasn ' t part of the family culture. but any script can become self - limiting in adult life. it might mean we don ' t take up opportunities even if they are there, because they are outside our script. let ' s imagine what happens to jane as an adult. let ' s say she achieves well at work and develops