early history of logic, science and math. imagine holding history in your hands. now you can. digitally preserved and previously accessible only through libraries as early english books online, this rare material is now available in single print editions. thousands of books written between 1475 and 1700 can be delivered to your doorstep in individual volumes of high quality historical reproductions. the " hard sciences " developed exponentially during the 16th and 17th centuries, both relying upon centuries of tradition and adding to the foundation of modern application, as is evidenced by this extensive collection. this is a rich collection of practical mathematics as applied to business, carpentry and geography as well as explorations of mathematical instruments and arithmetic ; logic and logicians such as aristotle and socrates ; and a number of scientific disciplines from natural history to physics. + + + + the below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. this data is provided as an additional tool in helping to insure edition identification : + + + + logicae artis compendium in quo vniversiae artis synopsis, methodo ac forma ad scholarum vsum, qu m fieri potuit, accommodatissim breviter proponitur. sanderson, robert, 1587 - 1663. by robert sanderson. with a final errata leaf., 230, 124, p. oxonii : excudebat iosephus barnesius, 1615. madan, i, p. 104. / stc ( 2nd ed. ) / 21701 latin reproduction of the original in the queen ' s college ( university of oxford ) library + + + + this book represents an authentic reproduction of the text as printed by the original publisher. while we have attempted to accurately maintain the integrity of the original work, there are sometimes problems with the original work or the micro - film from which the books were digitized. this can result in errors in reproduction. possible imperfections include missing and blurred pages, poor pictures, markings and other reproduction issues beyond our control. because this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving and promoting the world ' s literature. show more show less


reinforce your understanding of the concepts in patton and thibodeau ’ s the human body in health & disease, 6th edition! corresponding to the chapters in the text, this study guide reviews essential medical terminology, concepts and processes related to the anatomy and physiology of the human body, and body function in health and disease. a variety of exercises make it easy to review and apply key concepts, and labeling of anatomy drawings helps you learn anatomical structures and terminology. new! know your medical termsexercises help you learn and understand the various word parts used in medical terminology, as presented in the new language of science and language of medicine word lists in the textbook. matching and fill - in - the - blankexercises enhance your comprehension of chapter content. application questions develop your critical thinking skills and help you apply information to real - world scenarios. updated! did you know? provides fun, interesting facts on a & p topics. a briefsynopsis at the beginning of each chapter previews core concepts that will be covered. crossword puzzle, unscramble and word find activities help you learn new vocabulary terms and their proper spelling. diagrams and labeling exercises reinforce your understanding of where the structures of the body are located. answers to exercises are located in the back of the study guide, along with page - number references to the textbook. by linda swisher, rn, edd ; kevin t. patton, phd, professor of life science, st. charles community college, cottleville, mo, professor of anatomy & physiology instruction ( adjunct ), new york chiropractic college, seneca falls, ny, emeritus assistant professor of physiology, saint louis university medical school, st. louis, mo and gary a. thibodeau, phd, chancellor emeritus and professor emeritus of biology, university of wisconsin, river falls, river falls, wi elsevier is a leading publisher of health science books and journals, helping to advance medicine by delivering superior education, reference information and decision support tools to doctors, nurses, health practitioners and students. with titles available across a variety of media — print, online and handheld, we are able to supply the information you need in the most convenient format.


visual alternatives to sound. speech - to - text options are also available. - sound volume — turn computer sound up or down. - sound schemes — associate computer sounds with particular system events. - showsounds — display captions for speech and sounds. - soundsentry — display visual warnings for system sounds. - notification — get sound or visual cues when accessibility features are turned on or off. - text - to - speech — hear window command options and text read aloud. keyboard and mouse : these features are designed to make the keyboard and mouse faster and easier to use. - double - click speed — choose how fast to click the mouse button to make a selection. - clicklock — highlight or drag without holding down the mouse button. - pointer speed — set how fast the mouse pointer moves on screen. - snapto — move the pointer to the default button in a dialog box. - cursor blink rate — choose how fast the cursor blinks — or, if it blinks at all. - pointer trails — follow the pointer motion on screen. - hide pointer while typing — keep pointer from hiding text while typing. - show location of pointer — quickly reveal the pointer on screen. - reverse the function of the right and left mouse buttons — reverse actions controlled by the right and left mouse buttons. - pointer schemes — choose size and color options for better visibility. - character repeat rate — set how quickly a character repeats when a key is struck. - dvorak keyboard layout — choose alternative keyboard layouts for people who type with one hand or finger. - stickykeys — allow pressing one key at a time ( rather than simultaneously ) for key combinations. - filterkeys — ignore brief or repeated keystrokes and slow down the repeat rate. - togglekeys — hear tones when pressing certain keys. - mousekeys — move the mouse pointer using the numerical keypad. - extra keyboard help — get tooltips or other keyboard help in programs that provide it. the accessibility wizard is designed to help new users quickly and easily set up groups of accessibility options that address visual, hearing and dexterity needs all in one place. the accessibility wizard asks questions about accessibility needs. then, based on the answers, it configures utilities and settings for individual users. the accessibility wizard can be run again at any time to make changes, or changes can be made to individual settings through control panel. windows accessibility utilities : - magnifier — a display utility that makes the computer screen more read


project laser beam ( plb ) is a five - year, multi - million dollar public - private partnership that seeks to eradicate child malnutrition. it brings together the expertise of un agencies with that of fortune 500 companies, and others in the private sector, to work with local governments and companies to find new solutions to old problems. plb was unveiled in september 2009 by plb founding partners wfp, unilever, mondelez international foundation ( formerly kraft foods foundation ), dsm and the global alliance for improved nutrition ( gain ) by us president bill clinton at the clinton global initiative meeting in new york. the pilot projects will focus initially on bangladesh and indonesia. these are countries where there are unacceptably high rates of child malnutrition, but also a demonstrated commitment by the government to tackle the problem. plb partners will be able to assist as these are also countries where they have a presence and the ability to leverage existing resources and knowledge. the projects will centre around three main pillars : food, hygiene and behavioural change. specifically, work will include : fortification of food with micronutrients, products to nutritionally supplement a child ’ s diet, ready - to - use foods requiring no water or cooking, sanitation and hand - washing, access to clean water, deworming, immunization, therapeutic feeding for the severely malnourished, education on the benefits of breastfeeding, nutrition education and others as needed. replicate the model plb will employ the many nutritional solutions already available in the marketplace, ensuring they are accessible to those in need. when gaps in products and services are found, plb will call on an ever - growing number of partners to step into the breach and develop new ones for the fight against child hunger in other countries. ultimately, a model will evolve that can be replicated. at the end of the five - year pilot phase, plb ’ s model will be replicated in other countries where malnutrition is prevalent, paving the way for generations of children to enjoy the benefits of this concerted, co - ordinated action. the situation compels us to act now. in the wake of the global economic crisis, and increasing climate - related emergencies, families with malnourished children are slipping deeper into the poverty and hunger trap every day — many for the first time.


line is called the main sequence. it tells us interesting things about how... more follow along the horizontal curves ( highlighted in red ). these are the locations of the giant stars. giants don ' t behave like main sequence stars. the brightness is constant or even increasing as you... more it depends on which type of motion you are asking about. if you take a birds - eye view from the top of the solar system all the planets orbit around the sun in a counter - clockwise ( or direct ) direction.... more almost everyone has a question or two about living in space. what do astronauts do in space? how do they do everyday things like eat, sleep and go to the bathroom? it ' s important to note that astronauts... more there is a really neat internet program called solar system live that shows the position of all of the planets and the sun for any given day. if you go to that page, you ' ll see an image similar to the... more the picture of the american flag ( the one put there by the apollo astronauts ) is waving ( or straight out ) in the wind. how could that be possible if there is no atmosphere on the moon? was it some sort... more i was wondering if there is a new planet? are there planets ( a tenth planet? ) after pluto belonging to our solar system? what are the names of the new planets discovered in the solar system? are there... more if that is so, the energy released during the big bang must have created many such black holes. therefore most of the energy of the big bang must have disappeared in that form. then how did the universe... more


october 3, 2011 | a team that includes ncar scientists anne boynard and alex guenther has found that the rate at which plant canopies emit isoprene, a volatile organic compound, is influenced by circadian rhythms. the discovery has the potential to lead to more accurate predictions of ground - level ozone, which is harmful to human health. for the study, the researchers made measurements of isoprene in malaysia above both tropical rain forest and oil palm plantations. they observed for the first time ever a circadian ( 24 - hour ) rhythm operating in concert across the entire tree canopy, especially in the palm plantation. the finding changes how scientists estimate isoprene emissions from plants, as both the palm plantations and rain forest emit less isoprene than shown by computer models of emissions. this has implications for ground - level ozone, which forms when volatile organic compounds such as isoprene react with nitrogen oxides from automobiles and industry. the researchers incorporated the circadian pattern into the ncar model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature ( megan ) model to estimate isoprene emissions for input to ozone models. they then compared simulated ground - level ozone to observed ozone measurements from 290 monitoring sites in the united states. they found that model accuracy was significantly improved. accounting for circadian impacts on isoprene emissions could especially improve ozone predictions in isoprene - sensitive regions of the world, which include the united states, mediterranean, middle east, japan, and parts of southeast asia. the research was published in nature geoscience in september. c. n. hewitt, k. ashworth, a. boynard, a. guenther, b. langford, a. r. mackenzie, p. k. misztal, e. nemitz, s. m. owen, m. possell, t. a. m. pugh, a. c. ryan, o. wild, “ ground - level ozone influenced by circadian control of isoprene emissions, ” nature geoscience, 2011 ; doi : 10. 1038 / ngeo1271


power supplies and wires for some time i ’ ve been wondering how the wire size for power supplies limits the power. so i ’ ve done some quick calculations to determine if it ’ s a problem. the first type that is of interest are the “ inverters ” that are used to convert 12vdc to 240vac ( mains power ) to allow electric devices to be operated in a car. i ’ ve seen some reports from dissatisfied user about inverters not supplying as much power as expected and i ’ ve had problems with my 150w inverter not always supplying my thinkpad ( which definitely doesn ’ t draw 150w ). the second type is phone chargers as charging a phone in a reasonable amount of time is always a problem. inverter rating fine print vs laptop psu my thinkpad power supply claims “ efficiency level iv ” which according to the us epa document describing the efficiency marking protocol for external power supplies means that it is at least 85 % efficient when supplying 50w +. the peak output of the psu is 4. 5a at 20v which is 90w peak output, 90 / 0. 85 = = 106w power drawn. one would hope that wouldn ’ t be a problem from a 150w psu. but the fine print on the psu says that it can provide 110w continuously and 150w for 10 minutes. so according to my calculations i ’ m within 4w of overloading the psu if my thinkpad uses full power. it also says that it is designed for 13. 8v input. i have no idea how the performance of the inverter changes as the supply voltage changes between the 12. 6v that a 6 cell lead - acid battery is designed to provide and the 13. 8v charge from the car alternator. but i have had occasions when my inverter stopped working correctly presumably due to being unable to supply as much current as my thinkpad draws. as an aside i measured the voltage in my car ( with the engine off ) at 12. 85v from the cigarette lighter socket and 13. 02v directly from the battery. i wonder if there is some sort of overload protection on the cigarette lighter which has a side effect of reducing the voltage. resistance in wires reduces the voltage, but all voltage meters are designed to have a high resistance to prevent that from being an issue. if anyone has an explanation for the 0. 17volt drop then please write a comment! can a car provide 130w from the cigarette lighter socket


from the time of alzheimer ’ s first description of psychotic symptoms in a patient with alzheimer ’ s disease in 1907, psychosis has been recognized as a major clinical syndrome in this illness. the consequences of psychotic symptoms in alzheimer ’ s disease may be painful and costly for the affected individuals, those who care for them, and society at large. psychotic symptoms have been linked to greater caregiver distress ( 1 – 3 ) and have been found to be a significant predictor of functional decline and institutionalization ( 4 – 7 ). compared to patients with alzheimer ’ s disease without psychosis, those with alzheimer ’ s disease and psychotic symptoms are also more likely to have worse general health ( 8 ) as well as a greater incidence of other psychiatric and behavioral disturbances ( 9 – 11 ). psychotic patients tend to have more frequent and problematic behaviors, including agitation ( 12 – 14 ), episodes of verbal and physical aggression ( 10, 15 – 18 ), and anxiety ( 11 ). reviews completed before the early 1990s found that psychotic symptoms were common in dementia, including alzheimer ’ s disease ( 19 – 23 ). in their review of 21 studies, for example, wragg and jeste ( 23 ) found that approximately one - third of all patients with alzheimer ’ s disease had delusions at some point during their illness, 28 % had hallucinations, and nearly 35 % had other psychotic symptoms that were difficult to categorize. overall, however, the reviewed studies were compromised by sampling deficiencies and methodological problems. wragg and jeste ’ s review included studies with as few as nine subjects. moreover, only five of the 21 studies had a sample size larger than 100 subjects. other methodological problems included the use of unreliable or nonvalidated diagnostic criteria for alzheimer ’ s disease. consequently, samples included individuals with various types of dementias, and thus generalizability was limited, and findings as they related to alzheimer ’ s disease specifically were obscured. imprecise operational definitions of psychosis ( 24 ) and utilization of assessment methods with questionable reliability and validity also undermined these investigations. moreover, all of the studies published before 1990 were cross - sectional or descriptive and thus did not provide data on the incidence or course ( e. g., persistence ) of symptoms. since the early 1990s, research on psychosis of alzheimer ’ s disease has advanced considerably. there have been improvements in the development of diagnostic criteria for alzheimer ’ s disease and for psychosis of alzheimer ’ s disease ( 25 ) and the development of more reliable


the early 1990s, research on psychosis of alzheimer ’ s disease has advanced considerably. there have been improvements in the development of diagnostic criteria for alzheimer ’ s disease and for psychosis of alzheimer ’ s disease ( 25 ) and the development of more reliable measures of psychotic symptoms, including the behaviorial pathology in alzheimer ’ s disease rating scale ( 26 ) and the neuropsychiatric inventory ( 27 ). larger sample sizes have become available because of increased awareness of the disease and the establishment of alzheimer ’ s disease centers. longitudinal data from these centers have become available, and more investigators have undertaken prospective studies on this topic. we reviewed studies published from 1990 through 2003 that investigated psychosis of alzheimer ’ s disease with the aim of providing a systematic overview of the current state of knowledge in this area. in so doing, we employed more stringent inclusion criteria than were applied in reviews conducted before the early 1990s. in this article, we summarize findings on the epidemiology of psychotic symptoms in alzheimer ’ s disease. delusions and hallucinations are also reviewed separately, and we include findings on other uncategorized psychotic symptoms. in addition, we examine the literature on potential risk factors for psychosis of alzheimer ’ s disease. implications of the findings for clinical practice and for future research are discussed. computerized searches using pubmed and psycinfo databases were performed for english - language articles published between 1990 and the end of 2003 with the keywords " psychosis and alzheimer disease " and " psychosis and dementia. " additional articles were identified by using the " related articles " function in pubmed and by cross - referencing identified articles. only empirical investigations reporting data on psychotic symptoms in patients with alzheimer ’ s disease were selected. if a given study included subjects with dementias other than alzheimer ’ s disease ( e. g., vascular dementia or mixed dementia ), sufficient data on the alzheimer ’ s disease group itself ( e. g., number of subjects and a prevalence rate of psychotic symptoms ) must have been provided. in addition, the study design, study setting, some description of the method of diagnosing alzheimer ’ s disease ( e. g., national institute of neurological and communicative disorders and stroke and the alzheimer ’ s disease and related disorders association criteria ), and description of how psychotic symptoms were measured or defined must have been clearly stated. target symptoms that could not be well categorized as delusions or hallucinations were considered " other psychotic symptoms. " using these methods, we identified 55 articles for


), and description of how psychotic symptoms were measured or defined must have been clearly stated. target symptoms that could not be well categorized as delusions or hallucinations were considered " other psychotic symptoms. " using these methods, we identified 55 articles for review. sample size and subject characteristics the mean sample size in the 55 studies reviewed ( t1 ) was 177 subjects ( median = 135 ; range 27 to 1, 155 ). these findings represent an increase in sample sizes from those in the studies of psychosis in alzheimer ’ s disease prior to 1990 that were included in a previous review ( 23 ). in that review, the largest sample size among 21 studies was merely 175 subjects, and the median sample size was 33. in the current review, the mean age of subjects with alzheimer ’ s disease was 75. 5 years ( median = 74. 0, range = 69 – 85 ), and the mean level of education was 10. 7 years ( median = 12. 0, range = 6 – 13 ). inclusion of education data was not possible for some studies because of the use of alternative scales of measurement ( e. g., less than high school versus high school ). nearly two - thirds of the total subject sample were women ( mean = 64. 2 % ), although considerable variability in gender distribution was noted across studies, with the proportion of women ranging from 28. 8 % to 83. 4 %. in general, subjects included in the studies tended to have mild or moderate cognitive impairment, as reflected by a mean mini - mental state examination ( mmse ) ( 28 ) score of 15. 5 ( median = 16. 3 ; range 5 – 21 ), although there was considerable variability in this regard across studies as well. relatively few studies provided data on age at onset or the mean duration of illness. these variables may be considered unreliable estimates because they are based on a patient ’ s or informant ’ s retrospective memory and / or perceptions. although a majority of the reports ( 63. 6 % ) were cross - sectional ( 8, 10, 12, 17, 29 – 60 ), 34. 5 % of the studies provided longitudinal data ( 9, 13, 16, 63 – 78 ). the primary settings for 72. 7 % of the studies were outpatient clinics, alzheimer ’ s disease clinical centers, or alzheimer ’ s disease research centers ( 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 29 – 32, 34 – 39, 43, 44, 48 – 50, 52, 53, 55, 57


alzheimer ’ s disease clinical centers, or alzheimer ’ s disease research centers ( 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 29 – 32, 34 – 39, 43, 44, 48 – 50, 52, 53, 55, 57 – 74 ) ; relatively few studies included samples of inpatients ( 33, 41, 45 – 47, 56, 75 ) or a combination of inpatients and outpatients ( 9, 42 ). even fewer reports ( 51, 54 ) included community - based samples, which are often more difficult to obtain. the setting was not clear in one investigation ( 76 ). diagnosis and measurement the national institute of neurological and communicative disorders and stroke and the alzheimer ’ s disease and related disorders association criteria ( 77 ) were used most commonly for diagnosis of alzheimer ’ s disease ( 8, 10, 12, 16, 31 – 34, 36, 40 – 44, 48, 50 – 55, 57, 61 – 63, 65, 66, 71 – 75 ). both those criteria and the dsm criteria were used together in several studies ( 9, 13, 17, 29, 30, 35, 37, 45 – 47, 50, 59, 63, 64, 67, 69 ). autopsy results, specifically those that utilized criteria of the consortium to establish a registry for alzheimer ’ s disease ( 78 ), were used infrequently. numerous measures or tools were used alone or in combination to assess psychotic symptoms. informal or semistructured interviews of patients and / or their caregivers ( such as the national institute of mental health diagnostic interview schedule, the structured clinical interview for dsm - iv axis i disorders, and the initial evaluation form ) were utilized most frequently ( 15 studies ), with an additional six studies incorporating other measures in addition to interviews. the behavioral pathology in alzheimer ’ s disease rating scale and the neuropsychiatric inventory, or both, were also used frequently. the median prevalence of psychotic symptoms ( delusions or hallucinations ) in patients with alzheimer ’ s disease was 41. 1 % ( range = 12. 2 % – 74. 1 % ). the median prevalence of delusions was 36 % ( range = 9. 3 % – 63 % ). delusions of theft were the most common type of delusions reported ( 50. 9 % of studies ). hallucinations occurred less frequently, with a median prevalence of 18 % ( range = 4 % – 41 % ). visual hallucinations were more prevalent than auditory


the most common type of delusions reported ( 50. 9 % of studies ). hallucinations occurred less frequently, with a median prevalence of 18 % ( range = 4 % – 41 % ). visual hallucinations were more prevalent than auditory hallucinations ( median = 18. 7 % and 9. 2 %, respectively ). between 7. 8 % and 20. 8 % of subjects ( median = 13 % ) experienced both hallucinations and delusions. psychotic symptoms not categorized as delusions or hallucinations were reported by 3. 6 % to 38. 9 % of patients with alzheimer ’ s disease ( median = 25. 6 % ). most often, this category comprised misidentifications ( frequently considered to be a type of delusion, although it may be a separate phenomenon ). prevalence data are summarized in t1. prevalence is affected by several factors, including the study setting and study design. a higher prevalence of psychotic symptoms tended to occur in inpatient settings ( e. g., acute care hospitals, nursing homes, neurobehavioral units ) ( 31. 2 % to 74. 1 % ) ( 33, 40, 41, 45 – 47, 56, 75 ), whereas lower rates ( 12. 2 % to 65. 2 % ) were noted in patients referred to outpatient memory or research clinics ( 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 29 – 32, 34 – 38, 43, 44, 48 – 50, 52, 53, 55, 57 – 61, 63 – 70, 72 – 74 ). two studies included a community sample ( 51, 54 ), and one reported that 26. 9 % of the subjects experienced psychosis ( 51 ). delusions among inpatients were present in 44. 4 % to 62. 9 % and hallucinations were present in 5. 7 % to 34 %. in outpatient samples, 9. 3 % to 63 % of subjects experienced delusions, and 3. 8 % to 41 % had hallucinations. in the two studies of community - dwelling subjects, 21. 8 % and 22. 7 % had delusions, and 12. 8 % and 13. 1 % had hallucinations. the incidence of psychosis of alzheimer ’ s disease refers to the percentage of individuals with alzheimer ’ s disease who are initially not psychotic and who develop one or more psychotic symptoms by a specified end - point. no studies before 1990 reported data on incidence. in studies conducted since 1990,


alzheimer ’ s disease refers to the percentage of individuals with alzheimer ’ s disease who are initially not psychotic and who develop one or more psychotic symptoms by a specified end - point. no studies before 1990 reported data on incidence. in studies conducted since 1990, however, seven studies ( 13, 61, 63, 64, 66, 69, 73 ) reported data on incidence over observation periods ranging from 1 to 5 years. paulsen et al. ( 69 ) reported a 1 - year incidence of 20 %. levy and colleagues ( 13 ) reported a comparable incidence of 25 % after 1 year. over a 2 - year period, paulsen and colleagues ( 69 ) reported an incidence of 36. 1 %, and in the study by caligiuri et al. ( 63 ) of neuromotor abnormalities and risk for psychosis, 32. 5 % of subjects developed psychotic symptoms over the course of 2 years. the latter rates are likely comparable because the samples from the two studies overlapped to some extent, given that subjects in both studies were drawn from the same group of individuals enrolled in longitudinal studies at the alzheimer ’ s disease research center in san diego. delusions and hallucinations both seem to develop more readily within a 1 - year to 2 - year span, although these data are limited by the small number of studies addressing delusions and hallucinations specifically over more than two assessment points ( 60, 65 ). incidence seemed to plateau after 3 years, as there was little difference between 3 - year ( 49. 5 % ) and 4 - year ( 51. 3 % ) cumulative rates for psychosis in the study by paulsen et al. ( 69 ). in the study by chen and colleagues ( 64 ), 29. 7 % of the subjects developed psychosis over an average of 5 years of follow - up. however, the authors pointed out that subjects were not evaluated the same number of times or at the same time points. the 14. 9 % incidence reported by sweet and associates ( 73 ) was difficult to compare to the findings of other studies because the length of follow - up was not specified. persistence of psychosis of alzheimer ’ s disease refers to whether an individual experiences a symptom at two or more consecutive evaluations. again, comparison of rates across studies is limited because variable follow - up periods were used by different researchers. in one study, subjects were evaluated every 3 months over 1 year, and 57 % had psychotic symptoms on at least two occasions ( 13 ). in another study, a similarly high


is limited because variable follow - up periods were used by different researchers. in one study, subjects were evaluated every 3 months over 1 year, and 57 % had psychotic symptoms on at least two occasions ( 13 ). in another study, a similarly high persistence of psychosis was found for individuals evaluated at baseline and 1 year later : 44 % for delusions, 26 % for visual hallucinations, and 45 % for auditory hallucinations ( 61 ). psychotic symptoms rarely seemed to persist after several months, however. haupt et al. ( 66 ) reported that after 2 years, psychotic symptoms did not persist in any of 21 subjects who had delusions or in any of 11 subjects who had hallucinations at baseline. the results may have been affected by the small number of patients manifesting psychotic symptoms. furthermore, the authors assessed symptoms at 1 and 2 years but reported persistence on the basis of the presence of a symptom at both time points. a low persistence rate over a 2 - year period was also found by devanand and colleagues ( 9 ), who reported that delusions persisted in only 12. 8 % of 180 subjects and hallucinations in only 5. 6 %. rosen et al. ( 70 ) and zubenko et al. ( 76 ) considered a symptom to be persistent if it was present on any two consecutive annual evaluations conducted over the course of the study ( on average, 2 and 5 years, respectively ). using this definition, these authors reported that 86. 7 % and 84. 6 %, respectively, of the same subject sample had persistent psychotic symptoms. seven studies examined the relationship between african american or black ethnicity and psychosis. five found a positive association ( 8, 16, 31, 36, 52 ), and two found no relationship ( 9, 32 ). bassiony and colleagues ( 31 ) reported that african americans were significantly more likely to have hallucinations than caucasians ; the investigators did not report on other psychotic symptoms. lopez et al. ( 52 ) reported that african americans in the moderate to severe stages of alzheimer ’ s disease had significantly more psychotic symptoms than caucasians in the same stages ; the relationship between ethnicity and psychotic symptoms was not significant in mild stages, however. no studies reported associations with any other ethnic groups. associations between risk factors and psychosis are summarized in t2. severity of cognitive impairment ( assessed with the mmse or a similar global cognitive measure ) showed a significant positive association with the presence of psychosis in individuals with alzheimer ’


would be invoked. furthermore, there were no means of determining whether the patients who were taking these drugs were being treated optimally, and the extent to which psychotic symptoms persist despite antipsychotic treatment is not known. therefore, persistence values may reflect the experience of psychosis given current treatments rather than the true persistent nature of psychotic symptoms. few equivocal associations with psychosis emerged from the reviewed studies. the association between african american or black ethnicity and psychosis is intriguing, although it is also limited by the fact that only caucasian samples are available for comparison. issues of acculturation and genetic influences are yet to be adequately examined, highlighting an area in need of exploration. cognitive impairment and the rate of cognitive decline were also found to be strongly associated with psychotic symptoms. the findings of the present review suggest that psychosis represents a developmental feature marking the progression of alzheimer ’ s disease or that it represents a distinct disease subtype marked by psychotic symptoms and a particularly rapid disease course. the fact that delusions, specifically, seemed most prevalent in patients with moderate cognitive impairment supports the hypothesis that a certain amount of neuronal integrity must be present for delusions to occur ( see references 48, 84 ). conclusions are limited, however, by a general failure to include severely cognitively impaired subjects in these studies. in addition, the association between psychosis and cognitive impairment and between psychosis and rate of cognitive decline may be influenced by medications, including antipsychotics and cholinesterase inhibitors, the former of which is recommended as a first - line treatment for dementia patients with delusions ( 85 ). yet, a majority of the studies reviewed did not account for the potential effects of medication on cognition and simply reported that these effects were a possible limitation to their findings. a number of studies altogether failed to report what, if any, medications the subjects were taking. the importance of considering medication effects is illustrated in studies of antipsychotic use and cognition. the use of two atypical antipsychotics ( clozapine and risperidone ) in cognitively impaired patients was reviewed by jeste et al. ( 86 ) and gladsjo et al. ( 87 ). jeste and colleagues found that the effects of clozapine on cognition were somewhat conflicting, which they posited was due, at least in part, to the strong anticholinergic activity of clozapine, which is likely to confound or diminish any enhancement of cognitive functioning. berman and colleagues ( 88, 89 )


they posited was due, at least in part, to the strong anticholinergic activity of clozapine, which is likely to confound or diminish any enhancement of cognitive functioning. berman and colleagues ( 88, 89 ) reported significant increases in mmse scores in patients with schizophrenia or mild dementia treated with risperidone. moreover, cholinesterase inhibitors have been shown to improve cognitive symptoms or temporarily reduce the rate of cognitive decline ( 90 ). certainly, future studies should examine the potential influence of medication use, not only to examine any potential effects, positive or negative, on cognitive functioning but also to elucidate underlying biological mechanisms of psychosis in dementia. furthermore, difficulties in diagnosing patients with lewy body dementia may have led to their inadvertent inclusion in studies of patients with alzheimer ’ s disease, thereby affecting the association between some psychotic symptoms and rate of cognitive decline, given that psychotic symptoms, and hallucinations in particular, may occur in nearly one - half of those with lewy body dementia ( 30, 91 ). for many variables that were found not to be associated with psychosis, including age, age at onset, and duration of illness, small standard deviations likely affected the detection of associations. in the case of age and age at onset, few individuals who were younger than age 55 years or who had an early age at onset ( age 55 years or younger ) were included in these studies. similarly, the range and standard deviation for illness duration were restricted ( range = 2. 8 – 7. 7 years, sd = 1. 33 years ), thus limiting the potential to detect a positive association. in addition, many authors noted that age at onset of alzheimer ’ s disease was inherently difficult to determine, because it was often an estimate that relied on the failing memory of those with alzheimer ’ s disease or the recall and dating by others of behaviors that occurred several years earlier. the results of this review are also limited by problems in assessing psychosis. despite more regular use of accepted diagnostic criteria, some researchers continue to use diagnostic criteria that are nonspecific to alzheimer ’ s disease ( e. g., dsm - iii or dsm - iv criteria ). even when accepted criteria are utilized, inconsistencies in interpreting those criteria are evident. presumably, the rates reported herein may underestimate the prevalence of delusions and hallucinations specifically, as evidenced by the fact that from 3. 6 % to 38. 9 % of psychotic


sizable proportion of individuals with alzheimer ’ s disease. the incidence of psychosis in any sample of patients typically continues to climb during the first 3 years of observation and may persist for several months, pointing to the necessity for early detection and treatment. with recognition of how prominent and devastating psychotic symptoms may be, it becomes increasingly clear that research should continue to focus on the epidemiology of and risk factors for psychosis of alzheimer ’ s disease. as alzheimer ’ s disease affects a growing number of individuals over time, so too will psychosis as a syndrome. systematic delineation of the epidemiology of and risk factors for psychosis in alzheimer ’ s disease may clarify the biological underpinnings of these symptoms and direct indications for early interventions, facilitate patient management, reduce caregiver burden, improve patients ’ quality of life, and open the door to discovering the nature of psychosis in other diseases. received nov. 29, 2004 ; revision received feb. 1, 2005 ; accepted feb. 22, 2005. from the department of psychiatry, university of california, san diego ; and the veterans affairs san diego healthcare system, san diego. address correspondence to dr. jeste, department of psychiatry, university of california, san diego, va san diego healthcare system, 9500 gilman dr., mail code 0603v, la jolla, ca 92093 - 0603 ; email @ example. com ( e - mail ). supported in part by nimh grants mh - 66248 and mh - 59101 and by the department of veterans affairs.


you can ' t teach that two parents are suing the university of california - berkeley over a web site aimed at educating teachers. understanding evolution, a collaborative project of the university of california museum of paleontology and the national center for science education, is " is a non - commercial, education website, teaching the science and history of evolutionary biology. " jeanne and larry caldwell, the couple bringing the suit against the site, claim that the site delves improperly into religion. while most debates center around whether or not intelligent design is " religion in the classroom, " the caldwells are looking to spin it the other way. the plaintiffs in the case claim that they are not proponents of intelligent design, but they do argue that it is inappropriate for a project that is partially funded by the us government to essentially engage in swaying students towards evolution. in the language of the suit, the site seeks to " to modify the beliefs of public school science students so they will be more willing to accept evolutionary theory as true. " how exactly does the website do this? for one, it provides information to teachers, who then teach. one of the aftereffects of teaching is that, ideally, students learn. in the context of a science classroom, this could mean that students are taught evolution, and then they may understand it better. this is the fundament of pedagogy. but that ' s not all. the real gist of the suit, from my own reading, stems from the fact that the site in question makes observations about the religious world around us. for example, the site notes that most forms of christianity and judaism have no fundamental conflict with evolution, and it even links to collected statements from a variety of movements that do not challenge evolution. many scholars have argued that it is important to note that this debate is not " science versus christianity " or anything of the sort. rather, they note, creationists and religiously - oriented intelligent design proponents are but a subset of religious people in general. to the caldwell ' s however, pointing out this reality is akin to the government endorsing certain forms of religion over others, namely those that do not have a problem with evolution. to date, courts across the country have rejected the idea that teaching evolution, which is a peer - reviewed scientific theory that as of yet has had little challenge in the way of peer - reviewed academic research, is tantamount to teaching religion. " the courts in many cases have said evolution is a scientific idea and there is no prohibition on the government


reviewed scientific theory that as of yet has had little challenge in the way of peer - reviewed academic research, is tantamount to teaching religion. " the courts in many cases have said evolution is a scientific idea and there is no prohibition on the government teaching a scientific idea even if it conflicts ' ' with some people ' s religious beliefs, said university counsel christopher patti. larry caldwell, however, disagrees. his view is that by not teaching students about supposed problems with the fossil record, problems that are dismissed by most specialists in the field, teachers are misleading them. still, caldwell doesn ' t want to see evolution removed from the classroom, but he does believe that alternative views, including those that attribute serious problems to the theory, should also be presented to students. this returns us to the crux of the debate, however, which is whether or not any worthwhile challenges to evolution have been made. yeah, well you can ' t teach that! the university of california finds itself in another controversy over religion, as well. a suit filed federal court in los angeles accuses the university system of discriminating against christians. the association of christian schools international, the calvary chapel christian school in murrieta, calif., and six calvary chapel students have joined forces to seek a legal remedy to what they term " viewpoint discrimination, " which is a terse way of saying that they object to the fact that the uc system considered parts of their christian education to be below admittance standards. at issue in the lawsuit are academic standards for admission to the university, specifically uc ' s process for assessing high - school courses to verify that they meet the system ' s college - preparatory course requirements ( known as the a - g requirements ). for a new or substantially revised course to be approved for the a - g list, a high school must submit a request, listing the course curriculum, textbook information, and supplemental materials, to uc for approval. staff at ucop review such applications to make sure that courses meet uc academic standards established by boars. the uc system has approved 43 courses from the school in question, but a select number of courses have not received approval, including science courses that use overtly christian theology books as textbooks. for example, as the ny times has noted, the books spouts peculiar takes on historical figures. thomas jefferson, for instance, is outed as a non - believer, and by scriptural proof, an antichrist. american believers can appreciate jefferson ' s rich contribution to the development of their nation


distinctive phonetic value, like a taller or shorter t or a more or less stretched s, were either kept for merely aesthetic purposes or eventually dropped as functionally improductive. some ligatures like æ or were likewise preserved to help distinguish the corresponding diphthongs from the hiatuses ae and oe, whereas many others were abandoned. the separation of words by means of spaces was found to be such a useful device that few contemporaries would be able to read without it ; and the rich variety of signs of punctuation introduced also in later stages of the history of latin helped reading with the necessary pauses, and allowed us to distinguish the component parts of sentences, or to determine beyond doubt whether we are confronted with a statement, an exclamation or a question. finally, the distinction between capitals and lower case brought in not only a certain elegance, but also some further clarity to grammar ( highlighting proper names ) and to discourse structure ( marking the beginnings of sentences ). there has most unfortunately arisen, nevertheless, and for all the wrong reasons, a fashion of spelling fundamentalism that, abandoning a more than reasonable tradition of centuries of latin writing, purports to go back to the writing usages of the ancient romans. this is as absurd as wanting to give up the use of paper or the modern book, and claiming that something is not classical latin unless its written on papyrus rolls. it should be obvious to anyone that we can be completely respectful of ancient culture and cultivate the purest form of classical latinity while using more developed methods of writing than our ancestors had at their disposal and which are moreover the result of centuries of latin tradition. of course, since fundamentalists rarely guide themselves by reason, the return to the old usages doesnt follow any further criteria than their own arbitrary whim, and they sometimes are purists and sometimes not, as they please. thus, some have set about eliminating the distinction between i and j as non - roman, but they are only too happy against all logic to keep that between v and u. others consider that the use of capitals should be eliminated, and they do use lower case letters at the beginning of sentences, but they then arbitrarily keep capitals for proper names or even adjectives. of course, none of those purists has dared to admit the fact that a return to ancient usage would imply writing everything rather in capitals than in lower case, and that they would in fact have to stop using any punctuation at all. the saddest


allow to distinguish which is which in words like " iam " ( where the i represents a semivowel, pronounced as english y in yes ) and " iambus " ( where the i represents a vowel, pronounced as english i in it ), etc. non - transparent spelling makes that more and more people nowadays fail to learn the language properly as they are preposterously kept in the dark about the sounds the words they read and write actually contain ( we ' ve heard many a professor, let alone students, pronounce " iam " rhyming with ian and " iambus " starting as yummy ). using i for the vowel and j for the semivowel is conversely a much more transparent spelling, which is justified by centuries of latin spelling tradition and which allows us to see immediately which is which by writing " jam " but " iambus ", etc. equally using the same ae combination both for the diphthong in " aereus " ( where the ae represent a diphthong, pronounced in one syllable, rather like english eye ) and the hiatus in " aerius " ( where the ae represent an hiatus, pronounced in two syllables, rather like english a in father followed by the e in error ), etc. is sadly non - transparent ( and leads to error just as many ). using æ for the diphthong and ae of the hiatus, or at least ae for the diphthong but ae for the hiatus, is a much more transparent spelling and it allows us to see immediately which is which by writing " æreus " but " aerius " ( or " aereus " but " aerius " ), etc. as inconsistent spelling we must avoid spelling practices that choose to be transparent in some cases but not in others with no legitimate phonetic or historical reason to do so in one case and not in the other whatsoever, as when some people choose to distinguish the vowel [ u ] from the semivowel [ w ] by writing the former as u and the latter as v, which is a nicely transparent practice, rather than spelling both as u, which would be non - transparent, and they don ' t care in this case not to be true to ancient practices ; but then, with no phonetic or historical reason to do so, they choose not to to distinguish the vowel [ i ] from the semivowel [ j ] by writing the former as i and the latter as j, which would be nicely transparent practice, rather than spelling both as


alternative processes : silver gelatin print with martha casanave for the next few days, we will feature a mini - series of posts on alternative processes in photography. today, martha casanave joins us to talk about her silver gelatin print posted above. if this interests you and you ' d like to expand your creative pallette, the f295 annual symposium might be the spot for you to do so. martha casanave series “ coastal pinholes ” - silver gelatin print - 4 x 5 pinhole camera the silver gelatin process was invented by richard leach maddox in 1871 and was considerably improved upon by charles harper bennett in 1878. the gelatin silver print was the most popular print process throughout the twentieth century and is still used widely by artists today. gelatin silver paper ( black and white paper ) has an emulsion of silver chlorides suspended in gelatin. to create a print, the paper is exposed to light ( commonly with an enlarger through a negative ), immersed in developer which reduces the silver to form the image, and fixed with sodium thiosulfate. the concept of a pinhole camera was used prior to the invention of photography for scientific purposes, however came to the photographic world with the advent of gelatin plates. a pinhole camera is a lensless camera with a single aperture ; any light - proof box can easily be converted to a pinhole camera by poking a small hole in one side of the box. light passes through the pinhole and projects the inverted image on the back wall of the box, where film or paper is exposed. casanave creates her work by placing her pinhole camera directly in the sand. referring to coastal pinholes she states, “ the wide - angle, distorting view of most pinhole cameras is utilized best from low angles. working this way also takes me back to my childhood, when i played with toys and lived closer to the ground, and further from reality. the near indefinite depth of field of pinhole cameras allows me to play with visual elements of near and far. the time dilations — long, long exposures — allow water to become cloud, person to become ghost ”. martha casanave and many other 21st century photographers will be discussing their work at the 2012 f295 symposium : continued explorations of 21st century photography


filed under : creativity — piotr @ 2 : 42 pm april 15, 2012 i have greatly enjoyed watching the very entertaining talk by john cleese on creativity. even if you ’ re in it only for the jokes, it ’ s worth 36 minutes of your life. a few main takeaways from john ’ s talk : 1. creativity is linked to the ability to play. 2. people can be described in terms of two modes : open and closed. creativity is _ not _ possible in the closed mode. 3. we mostly operate in the “ closed ” mode : filled with tention, purposeful, manic and not creative. 4. “ open ” mood is marked by : being playful, less serious, relaxed, curious, etc. 5. alexander flemming discovered penicillin in the “ open ” mode – he became curious why the bacterial culture did not grow in one of the petri dishes. 6. hitchcock often used to tell random stories to relax people around him, claiming they tried too hard. 7. we need to be in the “ open ” mode when pondering a problem. 8. once we find a solution, we must switch to the “ close ” mode – because it ’ s the best for “ exectution ” [ potr : this reminds me of key ideas on innovation and creativity from " innovators dilemma " by clayton c. - great read btw ] 9. we too often get stuck in the “ closed ” mode, attaining a tunnel vision. this is particularly prevalent among politicians. how many psychiatrist does it take to change the light bulb? only one … but the light bulb really needs to change. 10. the are conditions under which creativity can be released. to attain the “ open ” mode you require : - you need to create space for your creativity to flourish. - pick a specific start and end time to your “ creative ” time. this will help you to seal yourself off from distractions. - play is secluded and marked by limitedness. - create an oasis for yourself by setting the boundaries of space and time. become separate from everyday life just for a few moments. - it ’ s easier to do trivial things which are not important, that to do important things. therefore, clear off unimportant distractions. - it takes some time for your mind to quiet down. 30 minutes is not enough for your creative time. - cleese suggest about 1 1 / 2 hour sessions. - take a break ( e. g. for


wrong ” or “ i don ’ t like that ”. always be positive. and build on what ’ s been said. “ would it be even better if …? ” “ i don ’ t quite understand that … can you just explain it again? ” try to establish as free an atmosphere as possible. 13. japanese creativity – unstructured, lack of pressure, first people to give their views are the most junior - they can speak freely without contradicting what ’ s already been said by those more important. 14. creativity is like humour … in a joke, the laugh comes at a moment when you connect two frames of reference. 15. having a new idea is connecting to separate ideas that creates a new meaning. 16. new connections are significant if they generate a new meaning. 17. when you play, you can try randomly invent new juxtapositions. then use your intuition to sense which are significant or meaningful. 18. deliberately crazy connections can be called “ intermediate impossibles ”. however stupid or wrong or absurd they seem, they are the stepping stones to an idea that is right. if you really don ’ t know how to start or you get stuck, start generating random connections that may lead to some new ideas. 19. finally : how to stop your subordinates from being creative. filed under : technology — piotr @ 8 : 19 pm april 11, 2012 jesper richter - reichhelm of wooga ( facebook games maker ) shares the lessons he learned in scaling their game platforms to handle millions of users. wooga ’ s game, called monster world, is currently heading for 2 million daily users. veeery impressive! i aplaude their choice of ruby language for running the backend logic and interfacing with flash front - end and mysql database ( s ). i was also happy to learn how they ’ d overcome mysql scaling issues. hint : they used a ( now hugely ) popular in - memory key - value store called redis. redis is an awesome piece of technology, and in hindsight, seems like a perfect fit for a high - throughput / mega - popular facebook game like monster world. sounds interesting to you??? the full video is here for your pleasure. where did we come from? i find the explanation that we were made in stars to be deep, elegant, and beautiful. this explanation says that every atom in each of our bodies was built up out of smaller particles produced in the furnaces of long


ray kurzweil : well if we talk about what is it that we should train children and adults ' cause i think we need lifelong education to do. it ' s not rote learning, which unfortunately it ' s still the model of education throughout much of the world. i think actually the united states is better than a lot of other areas interms of having more flexible approaches to what it is we ' re trying toget children to do. many areas of the world are really still have a model of education of rote learning, which is obsolete because we carry all that information on our belts. we don ' t need to remember it all. but we do need to be able to solve actual problems with knowledge. we need to find the right knowledge ; yes, we have search engines to help us and the search engines will get better, but really need the right strategies to find the right information. we need to be able to create new knowledge. knowledge is doubling every 13 months by some measures. and knowledge isn ' t just a database. knowledge is a symphony or a jazz band or a poem or a novel or a new scientific insight or an invention. these are also examples of knowledge. my philosophy ofeducation is learn by doing. singularity university, which i co - founded with peter diamandis and i ' m chancellor of – has that philosophy with the core curriculum is the students self - organizing into small teams and they take on a grand challenge like to solve the water problem of the world and maybe they will actually succeed indoing that – the goal is to actually do – solve major challenges inten years. or maybe they ' ll solve a piece of it, or maybe they won ' tsolve it at all, but they ' ll still learn something. if i think about what i ' ve learned in my career, it ' s from my own projects and whether they succeed or fail, that ' s really the best way to learn. and there ' s versions of that we can bring into every level. we certainly see many college kids started major revolutions, including political revolutions but also technological revolutions, with no equipment other than their notebook computer or their phone. directed and produced by : jonathan fowler & elizabeth rodd


this is another image i found on google + all lines are absolutely straight, parallel and perpendicular but why does it appear to have a curvature? related : how does this illusion work? like these questions : ) many of these illusions come from prof. akiyoshi kitaoka, a japanese psychologist and expert for gestalt psychology. on his website you ' ll find some more fascinating illusions and questions to ask here ; ) the illusion above is named cafe wall illusion and the newest model to explain those illusions is the contrast - polarity model. short explanation from his webpage : the paper explained it better to me : this explains why you perceive a tilt. if you position the smaller squares now in distinct edges of the big squares, you can achieve 2 - and 3 - dimenional illusions. here you see a increasing of the tilt due to more smaller squares : here you can see that the positioning of the smaller squares is critical to achieve the 3d effect of the orignial bulge effect in your question : notice that gestalt psychology is a non - reductionistic theory approach and investigates mainly the phenomenology and underlying gestalt laws of visual perception. how these gestalt laws developed on a deeper level is a question of neurobiological evolution similar to, " why have some species of apes color - vision and some not ". the ellipses in the explaining picture above show you, that our cognitive visual machine somehow tries to group divided objects ( square and line of same contrast / brightness ) in one line and we see a tilt. i ' m guessing here, but this is probably due to cognitive brain algorithm that saves things and objects we see and perceive mainly by countor and shapes, rather than pixel by pixel like a computer and digital camera do it, which of course don ' t perceive any tilt or 3d illusion in any of those trick images : ) read the papers for more explanations and examples, not behind a paywall :


highways of the future ( may, 1938 ) highways of the future by e. w. murtfeldt picture a 15, 000 - mile network of twelve - lane motor speedways spanning the nationa€ ” three of them linking the atlantic and pacific coasts, six more crisscrossing the country north and south a€ ” and you will have an idea of the vastness of a spectacular highway plan proposed by senator robert j. bulkley of ohio. requiring twenty - five years for completion, the mammoth gridiron of superhighways would change long - distance driving from a motorist ’ s nightmare of snarled traffic into a reality of fast, safe transportation. it would represent an impressive start toward an era of scientifically constructed speedways, and crashproof cars of radical new design to run upon them, foreseen by leading experts for the not - too - distant future. what will transcontinental touring be like, say, fifty years from now? recently dr. miller mcclintock, director of the harvard university bureau for street traffic researcha€ ” the man who is recognized as the nation ’ s foremost authority on traffic problemsa€ ” gave a startling preview of the momentous changes he sees ahead. rear - end collisions, he foresees, will be made impossible by a new expedient. pushing down the brake pedal on a car of the future will operate a stop light that emits infra - red rays. these invisible light rays, picked up and distinguished from ordinary light by a photo - electric cell on the front of a following car, will energize an electric circuit and apply its brakes automatically. electric cables, buried beneath the pavements of superhighways, will govern the movement of cars. one set of electromagnetic impulses will control the car ’ s speed. another set will lock its steering gear against any attempt to make a dangerous turn from one lane to another. eventually, the cable system may even be adapted to take over steering altogethera€ ” allowing the driver to release the wheel, sit back, and make himself comfortable until he chooses to switch back again to manual control. at night, the superhighways will light up of their own accord, section by section, as a car travels over them. “ electric eyes ” spaced along the road will turn on the glareless illumination whenever a car passes, shutting it off at other times to conserve electricity. imagine a typical section of this superhighway of the future. straight as a shaft of light,


electric eyes ” spaced along the road will turn on the glareless illumination whenever a car passes, shutting it off at other times to conserve electricity. imagine a typical section of this superhighway of the future. straight as a shaft of light, ten or more broad lanes of concrete stretch across the countryside, passing around cities and towns, bridging railroads, canals, and crossroads. streamline busses roar along a center strip that splits the speedway, separating streams of private cars traveling in both directions. for cars moving at different speeds, each one - way pavement is divided into separate safety, accelerating, cruising, and express lanes. hop into a 1988 - model car and take an imaginary spin down one of these amazing foolproof roads. perhaps you arrived at the transcontinental artery by plane, swooping down on one of the concrete flight strips lining the boulevard, or settling to an automatic, radio - controlled landing on a spacious airport built close to a major highway intersection. driving up the clover - leaf approach onto the elevated highway, you glide first into the slow - speed safety lane, edge over into the accelerating strip, and turn the steering wheel to swing into the cruising lane. but nothing happens. your car refuses to respond to the wheel, and suddenly you learn why as another automobile whips by on your left at sixty miles an hour. suspended in service tunnels below the pavement, cables operating on an electromagnetic principle control a mechanism attached to the steering gear to prevent the car from turning left until the adjacent cruising lane is free from traffic for a safe distance. you try the wheel again. this time the car swings over into the cruising lane and immediately picks up speed. you haven ’ t stepped on the gas, but the speedometer needle creeps steadily upward and freezes on the sixty mark. a second set of buried electromagnetic cables is taking over control of your speed, since cars in the cruising lane must go no more and no less than sixty miles an hour. but other automobiles are still flying past you on the express lane to your left. now you swing the wheel over, confident that the car will respond only if turning is safe. in the express lane, your speed automatically steps up to the 100 - mile - an - hour limit. fifty yards of special nonskid pavement flies by underneath your car every second. unless you switch back to a slower lane, you can maintain that pace hour after hour, for you ’ ll never see a traffic light, a railroad crossing, a street intersection, or even a curve sharp enough


ant trails, airborne chemicals, wood vibrations — scientists have a long history of borrowing clever communication techniques from the animal kingdom. inspired by the odd social habits of a cave - dwelling cricket, scientists have now taught robots to communicate by firing rings of pressurized air at each other. the cricket in question is the african cave cricket ( phaeophilacris spectrum ), which rapidly flicks its wings to launch donut - shaped air rings, a type of vortex, to both potential mates and enemies. reduced to two kinds of messages, its “ language ” is pretty simple : it sends isolated vortices to threaten its rival, and a rapid sequence of vortices to woo would - be lovers. when andy russell, an engineer at monash university in australia, learned about the cricket, he thought this technique would improve robots ’ ability to communicate in noisy environments — but that wasn ’ t the only benefit. “ like the cave crickets, there may be times when a robot does not want its communications intercepted, ” russell told new scientist. researchers speculate that the cricket uses vortices to communicate undetected by predators — so why not robots? chris melhuish, a researcher at the bristol robotics laboratory in the uk said, “ this could be a useful addition to the communication armoury of future robotic systems. ” the science of vortices reaches back to 1858, when william rogers first described vortex rings, and scientists have been dazzled ever since by how far these rings can travel. they form when a slug of air or liquid is shot out of a small nozzle into a region of still air or liquid : as the slug travels out of the nozzle, the low - pressure build - up on the outside of the slug causes the edge to curl, eventually forming a donut shape that can then propagate quite a distance. ( dolphins are natural masters of the art ; humans aren ’ t bad ourselves, and we can use toys to make big rings. ) russell co - opted cricket communications with the science of vortices by equipping a squat, roughly 6 - inch tall, cylinder - shaped robot with eight air disturbance sensors, sending binary messages via a separate vortex generator, which isn ’ t quite as high - tech as it sounds : it ’ s pretty much like a loudspeaker cone, sending pulses of air outward through a less than one - inch aperture. because it ’ s difficult to track an pulse of air — it is invisible, after all — the engineers burned incense to see


s pretty much like a loudspeaker cone, sending pulses of air outward through a less than one - inch aperture. because it ’ s difficult to track an pulse of air — it is invisible, after all — the engineers burned incense to see the air disturbances in progress. by themselves, these air pulses don ’ t say much — but when sent in a series of binary coded pulses, they can be used to communicate with other robots. in this study, for example, the scientists sent a sequence of 1, 000 vortices to relay the binary coded word for “ vortex ” over a distance of nearly 12 inches. in addition to sending messages through varied pulses, the sensors could detect both the direction and range of the sender : the message direction was gathered by sensing which of the eight sensors were triggered, while the robot calculated distance by analyzing the lag between the fast - and slow - moving vortices. sensing air disturbances is all fine and dandy, but what happens when you ’ re in a breezy environment? the scientists equipped the robot with a plastic film attached at only one end to take care of that : when hooked up to an optical sensor, the robot can detect the difference between laminar ( typical of breezes ) and turbulent flow ( typical of the vortices ). but despite their valiant efforts, the common error was still missed vortices : as the rings of air traveled, breezes from the room ’ s ventilation system would sometimes trigger a phantom vortex, sending unintentional messages. while not perfect, the scientists nevertheless demonstrated that such robot - to - robot communication is possible. in addition to fixing the errors, the researchers want to construct a smaller vortex generator — one closer to the size of its inspiration, the wing - flick of the cave cricket. discover : when robots live among us discoblog : how to speak a language that your robot will understand discoblog : japan wants to send a tweeting companion - bot to the space station discover : evolving a conscious machine image : wikimedia commons / traitor


libraries, supermarkets, classrooms … the world is full of places that look very similar, and yet our brains always seem to keep track of where we are. in a new study published in the journal of neuroscience, researchers at princeton university and ohio state university have uncovered one way in which the brain does this. similar - looking places can be distinguished from each other because of differences in what we experience when navigating to them. as we head toward a destination, our brains catalogue details such as other nearby buildings, the look of the doorway, even the people nearby. the researchers discovered that the parahippocampal cortex, a part of the visual system that analyzes the current scene in front of us, also incorporates the details leading up to the scene, or its “ temporal context. ” as a result, even when two scenes look identical, we create different memory traces for them when their temporal contexts are different. ultimately, this can help our brains to keep track of where we are in the world. learn more about nicholas turk - browne ’ s research at princeton university. journal citation : turk - browne nb, simon mg, sederberg pb. scene representations in parahippocampal cortex depend on temporal context. j neurosci. 2012 may 23 ; 32 ( 21 ) : 7202 – 7.


giant marble harvests energy from sun and moon it looks like a giant, glass marble. but this globe is no game. it ’ s a sun - tracking, solar energy concentrator created by barcelona - based architects rawlemon and, according to the designers, is able to collect not just sunlight but moonlight as well. the weatherproof sphere is designed to rotate and follow the sun across the sky. it ’ s so sensitive to light that at night, it can even harvest moonlight and convert it into electricity. andre rawlemon, the architect and designer, says his spherical, sun - tracking glass globe is able to concentrate sunlight and moonlight up to 10, 000 times and that the system is 35 percent more efficient than photovoltaic designs that track the sun. one of rawlemon ’ s idea is to build these globes into the exterior walls of buildings and use them to generate electricity. other products to invest in when this technology reaches full commercialization potential : bounty and windex. seriously though, the ability alone to convert moonlight to electricity could be a game changer for the manufacturers of photovoltaic cells where typical solar panels offer a range of 8 to 12 hours of usable daylight for the generation of electricity. coupled with products that offer greater efficiency and other simple behavioral aspects like turning off computers and monitors ( or at least put in stand - by ) when they ’ re not being used could add up to significant savings and longer - term environmental benefits.


we said on the getting started page that html is nothing more than a box of highlighters that we use to carefully describe our text. this is mostly the entire story. normally our content is just text we want to define in some way. but what if our content is not just text? what if, let ’ s say, we have a bunch of images that we want to include on the page? we certainly can ’ t type in 4 - thousand pixels on the keyboard to make up a 200x200 - pixel image … motivation and syntax when the content we want is not text, then we have to have of including that content on the page. the most common example is an image. the problem, however, is that html tags are like highlighters — they have an opening tag and a closing tag. between the opening and closing tags fits the data that is “ highlighted ” by the tag. if we were to have an < image > tag in html ( we don ’ t have that tag — one close to it though ), what would go “ inside ” of it? what might you replace the stuff with inside of it simply doesn ’ t make sense for an < image > tag to exist like all the other html tags because the other html tags define something else while image is, itself, something that can be defined. the image tag and all such manner of tags are called “ element ” tags because, just like the name implies, the tags are themselves the elements all their own. for all intents and purposes you can treat element tags just like text. if your content is like the words in a textbook and regular html is like a pack of highlighters, then these special element tags are indeed like the text and not like the highlighters at all. the xml standard says that every tag must be closed. but we have this new breed of tags that really don ’ t make sense to be closed. what we have is a compromise between the two extremes. we have a self - closing tag. the tag is just like the tags we learned about on the general syntax page with two exceptions. - there is no closing tag - there is a > to indicate that the tag is self - closing. so this looks like : ( there is commonly a space before the /, but again spacing after the name of the tag is arbitrary. ) you might imagine that there could be a tag that produces the copyright symbol ( © ). there isn ’ t ( we ’ ll get to special characters later ). but if there were,


it is possible to use a hash function to construct a block cipher with a structure similar to des? because a hash function is one way and a block cipher must be reversible ( to decrypt ), how is it possible? migrated from security. stackexchange. com nov 8 ' 12 at 12 : 26 it is possible to build a block cipher out of a great many things. if you want to use a hash function, the classic trick is to follow a feistel structure, which is, incidentally, the same kind of structure than what des uses. the schematics on the wikipedia page are quite clear ; you would use the hash function for the " f " part, which combines one ( sub ) key and one half of the current block, to produce a value which is to be xored with the other half of the current block. the beauty of the scheme is that the " f " function is always invoked in the same direction, both for encryption and for decryption. therefore, it can be a one - way function, like a hash function. luby and rackoff have demonstrated in 1988 that the feistel scheme offers remarkable security with as little as four rounds, provided that the " f " function is " perfect " and that the cipher block size is big enough ( to get the standard " 128 - bit security " out of the luby - rackoff proof, you need 256 - bit blocks ). of course, any concrete hash function cannot be really " perfect " ( see for instance this answer ) and there are a lot of subtle details which can destroy the security of the best thought cipher structure. as usual, you are strongly advised not to build your own crypto ( unless you are quite clear with yourself that you do it for learning and not to actually protect any data of value ). also, if you build such a cipher, you will probably notice that the resulting performance is disappointing. with a secure hash function like sha - 256, you could expect an encryption bandwidth roughly 20 times lower than what aes would get you. it is possible to use a hash function like ( sha family, for instance ) in ofb or cfb ( and possibly ctr ), by using the hash function ( with the key as part of the input! ) in the place of the block cipher encryption. that said, thomas is right - - do not build your own crypto. just use a normal block cipher. you ' ll get better performance ( especially if it ' s


up of the verification regime so that it is operational when the treaty enters into force. the annual budget is around us $ 120, 000, 000 or €82, 000, 000. verification regime to make sure that no nuclear explosion goes undetected the treaty has a unique and comprehensive verification regime to make sure that no nuclear explosion goes undetected. this regime consists of three pillars : the international monitoring system ( ims ) will, when complete, consist of 337 facilities worldwide to monitor the planet for signs of nuclear explosions. over 85 percent of the facilities are already up and running. the ims uses the following four state - of - the - art technologies ( numbers reflect final configuration ) : • seismic : 50 primary and 120 auxiliary seismic stations monitor shockwaves in the earth. the vast majority of these shockwaves – many thousands every year – are caused by earthquakes. but man - made explosions such as mine explosions or the north korean nuclear tests in 2006 and 2009, are also detected. • hydroacoustic : 11 hydroacoustic stations “ listen ” for sound waves in the oceans. sound waves from explosions can travel extremely far underwater. • infrasound : 60 stations on the surface can detect ultra - low frequency sound waves ( inaudible to the human ear ) that are emitted by large explosions. • radionuclide : 80 stations measure the atmosphere for radioactive particles ; 40 of them also pick up noble gas. only these measurements can give a clear indication as to whether an explosion detected by the other methods was actually nuclear or not. they are supported by 16 radionuclide laboratories. on - site inspections can be dispatched to the area of a suspicious nuclear explosion if the data from the ims indicate that a nuclear test has taken place there. inspectors will collect evidence on the ground at the suspected site. such an inspection can only be requested and approved by member states once the ctbt has entered into force. a large on - site inspection exercise was carried out in september 2008 in kazakhstan and the next one is planned for 2014 in jordan. helping tsunami warning and the environment the huge amount of data collected by the stations can also be used for other purposes than detecting nuclear explosions. they can provide tsunami warning centres with almost real - time information about an underwater earthquake, thus helping to warn people earlier and possibly saving lives. during the march 2011 fukushima power plant accident, the network ' s radionuclide stations tracked the dispersion of radioactivity on a global scale. the data could also help


bees and butterflies constituting as the string of his bow whose shaft is made of sugarcane, and as having the symbol of makara on his flag. hamsa or geese ( often confused with swans ) is said to have the ability to separate milk from water. this makes hamsa the symbol of intellectual discrimination and so is associated with saraswati, goddess of knoweldge. rats are an annoying pest and so serve as the symbol of problems. they are also highly fertile. so they are symbols of cascading problems. ganesha, the god who removes obstacles, has the rat as his vehicle ; by mounting the rat and domesticating it as his vehicle, he blocks the problems that plague our life. shiva ’ s bull communicates shiva ’ s independence, vishnu ’ s hawk indicates his mobility and wider vision of things. animals are not just vehicles or symbols of the gods ; they are the forms that the god takes. hanuman, who serves ram, is a monkey. vishnu, for example, turns into fish and turtle and wild boar in order to save the world. the earth - goddess, prithvi, often is seen in the form of a cow. ganesha has the head of an elephant while the ashwini twins have horse heads and ketu, the planetary body associated with anxiety and restlessness, is a headless serpent. in metaphysics, animals are jiva - atmas, souls wrapped in flesh. their flesh is superior to plants because they are mobile. their flesh is inferior to human beings because they do not possess the highly developed brain that enables humans to imagine, love, create and care. it says that only after 84 lakh rebirths is a jiva - atma blessed with human flesh. what distinguishes humans from all other living creatures is our infinite ability to empathize, an ability that is highly limited in animals. by riding on animals, the gods are perhaps reminding us of our ability to overpower our animal instincts of self - preservation and self - propagation and focus on the unique human capability of self - realization which can only happen when we are able to feel for the rest of the world. unfortunately, most of the time we prefer regression to evolution, behave as animals thinking only about survival. in fact, we are worse than animals, for animals think only about survival of their bodies, and do not have the wherewithal to do otherwise. we, on the other hand, spend all our lives working towards survival of our imagined self - image. so long as we


cyanobacterial emergence at 2. 8 gya and greenhouse feedbacks d. schwartzman, k. caldeira & a. pavlov approximately 2. 8 billion years ago, cyanobacteria and a methane - influenced greenhouse emerged nearly simultaneously. here we hypothesize that the evolution of cyanobacteria could have caused a methane greenhouse. apparent cyanobacterial emergence at about 2. 8 gya coincides with the negative excursion in the organic carbon isotope record, which is the first strong evidence for the presence of atmospheric methane. the existence of weathering feedbacks in the carbonate - silicate cycle suggests that atmospheric and oceanic co2 concentrations would have been high prior to the presence of a methane greenhouse ( and thus the ocean would have had high bicarbonate concentrations ). with the onset of a methane greenhouse, carbon dioxide concentrations would decrease. bicarbonate has been proposed as the preferred reductant that preceded water for oxygenic photosynthesis in a bacterial photosynthetic precursor to cyanobacteria ; with the drop of carbon dioxide level, archean cyanobacteria emerged using water as a reductant instead of bicarbonate ( dismukes et al., 2001 ). our thermodynamic calculations, with regard to this scenario, give at least a tenfold drop in aqueous co2 levels with the onset of a methane - dominated greenhouse, assuming surface temperatures of about 60°c and a drop in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide from about 1 to 0. 1 bars. the buildup of atmospheric methane could have been triggered by the boost in oceanic organic productivity that arose from the emergence of pre - cyanobacterial oxygenic phototrophy at about 2. 8 – 3. 0 gya ; high temperatures may have precluded an earlier emergence. a greenhouse transition timescale on the order of 50 – 100 million years is consistent with results from modeling the carbonate - silicate cycle. this is an alternative hypothesis to proposals of a tectonic driver for this apparent greenhouse transition.


from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | part of the politics series on | | communism portal | communism is a social structure in which classes are abolished and property is commonly controlled, as well as a political philosophy and social movement that advocates and aims to create such a society. karl marx, the father of communist thought, posited that communism would be the final stage in society, which would be achieved through a proletarian revolution and only possible after a socialist stage develops the productive forces, leading to a superabundance of goods and services. " pure communism " in the marxian sense refers to a classless, stateless and oppression - free society where decisions on what to produce and what policies to pursue are made democratically, allowing every member of society to participate in the decision - making process in both the political and economic spheres of life. in modern usage, communism is often used to refer to bolshevism or marxism - leninism and the policies of the various communist states which had government ownership of all the means of production and centrally planned economies. communist regimes, all inspired only by the leninist current, have historically been authoritarian, repressive, and coercive governments concerned primarily with preserving their own power. as a political ideology, communism is usually considered to be a branch of socialism ; a broad group of economic and political philosophies that draw on the various political and intellectual movements with origins in the work oftheorists of the industrial revolution and the french revolution. communism attempts to offer an alternative to the problems with the capitalist market economy and the legacy of imperialism and nationalism. marx states that the only way to solve these problems is for the working class ( proletariat ), who according to marx are the main producers of wealth in society and are exploited by the capitalist - class ( bourgeoisie ), to replace the bourgeoisie as the ruling class in order to establish a free society, without class or racial divisions. the dominant forms of communism, such as leninism, stalinism, maoism and trotskyism are based on marxism, as well as others forms of communism ( such as luxemburgism and council communism ), but non - marxist versions of communism ( such as christian communism and anarchist communism ) also exist. karl marx never provided a detailed description as to how communism would function as an economic system, but it is understood that a communist economy would consist of common ownership of the means of production, culminating in the negation of the concept of private ownership of capital, which referred to


a detailed description as to how communism would function as an economic system, but it is understood that a communist economy would consist of common ownership of the means of production, culminating in the negation of the concept of private ownership of capital, which referred to the means of production in marxian terminology. | it has been suggested that this section be split into a new article titled list of communist ideologies. ( discuss ) | in the schema of historical materialism, communism is the idea of a free society with no division or alienation, where mankind is free from oppression and scarcity. a communist society would have no governments, countries, or class divisions. in marxist theory, the dictatorship of the proletariat is the intermediate system between capitalism and communism, when the government is in the process of changing the means of ownership from privatism, to collective ownership. in political science, the term " communism " is sometimes used to refer to communist states, a form of government in which the state operates under a one - party system and declares allegiance to marxism - leninism or a derivative thereof. marxist schools of communism self - identified communists hold a variety of views, including marxism - leninism, trotskyism, council communism, luxemburgism, anarchist communism, christian communism, and various currents of left communism. however, the offshoots of the marxist - leninist interpretations of marxism are the most well - known of these and have been a driving force in international relations during most of the 20th century. like other socialists, marx and engels sought an end to capitalism and the systems which they perceived to be responsible for the exploitation of workers. but whereas earlier socialists often favored longer - term social reform, marx and engels believed that popular revolution was all but inevitable, and the only path to the socialist state. according to the marxist argument for communism, the main characteristic of human life in class society is alienation ; and communism is desirable because it entails the full realization of human freedom. marx here follows georg wilhelm friedrich hegel in conceiving freedom not merely as an absence of restraints but as action with content. according to marx, communism ' s outlook on freedom was based on an agent, obstacle, and goal. the agent is the common / working people ; the obstacles are class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life - chances, and false consciousness ; and the goal is the fulfillment of human needs including satisfying work, and fair share of the product. they believed that communism allowed people to do what


obstacles are class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life - chances, and false consciousness ; and the goal is the fulfillment of human needs including satisfying work, and fair share of the product. they believed that communism allowed people to do what they want, but also put humans in such conditions and such relations with one another that they would not wish to exploit, or have any need to. whereas for hegel the unfolding of this ethical life in history is mainly driven by the realm of ideas, for marx, communism emerged from material forces, particularly the development of the means of production. marxism holds that a process of class conflict and revolutionary struggle will result in victory for the proletariat and the establishment of a communist society in which private ownership is abolished over time and the means of production and subsistence belong to the community. marx himself wrote little about life under communism, giving only the most general indication as to what constituted a communist society. it is clear that it entails abundance in which there is little limit to the projects that humans may undertake. in the popular slogan that was adopted by the communist movement, communism was a world in which each gave according to their abilities, and received according to their needs. the german ideology ( 1845 ) was one of marx ' s few writings to elaborate on the communist future : " in communist society, where nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticise after dinner, just as i have a mind, without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic. " marx ' s lasting vision was to add this vision to a theory of how society was moving in a law - governed way toward communism, and, with some tension, a political theory that explained why revolutionary activity was required to bring it about. in the late 19th century, the terms " socialism " and " communism " were often used interchangeably. however, marx and engels argued that communism would not emerge from capitalism in a fully developed state, but would pass through a " first phase " in which most productive property was owned in common, but with some class differences remaining. the " first phase " would eventually evolve into a " higher phase " in which class differences were eliminated, and a state was no longer needed. lenin frequently used the term " socialism " to refer to marx and engels


with some class differences remaining. the " first phase " would eventually evolve into a " higher phase " in which class differences were eliminated, and a state was no longer needed. lenin frequently used the term " socialism " to refer to marx and engels ' supposed " first phase " of communism and used the term " communism " interchangeably with marx and engels ' " higher phase " of communism. these later aspects, particularly as developed by vladimir ilyich lenin, provided the underpinning for the mobilizing features of 20th century communist parties. marxism - leninism is a version of socialism adopted by the soviet union and most communist parties across the world today. it shaped the soviet union and influenced communist parties worldwide. it was heralded as a possibility of building communism via a massive program of industrialization and collectivization. historically, under the ideology of marxism - leninism the rapid development of industry, and above all the victory of the soviet union in the second world war occurred alongside a third of the world being lead by marxist - leninist inspired parties. despite the fall of the soviet union and eastern bloc countries, many communist parties of the world today still lay claim to uphold the marxist - leninist banner. marxism - leninism expands on marxists thoughts by bringing the theories to what lenin and other communists considered, the age of capitalist imperialism, and a renewed focus on party building, the development of a socialist state, and democratic centralism as an organizational principle. lenin adapted marx ’ s urban revolution to russia ’ s agricultural conditions, sparking the “ revolutionary nationalism of the poor ”. the pamphlet what is to be done? ( 1902 ), proposed that the ( urban ) proletariat can successfully achieve revolutionary consciousness only under the leadership of a vanguard party of professional revolutionaries — who can achieve aims only with internal democratic centralism in the party ; tactical and ideological policy decisions are agreed via democracy, and every member must support and promote the agreed party policy. to wit, capitalism can be overthrown only with revolution — because attempts to reform capitalism from within ( fabianism ) and from without ( democratic socialism ) will fail because of its inherent contradictions. the purpose of a leninist revolutionary vanguard party is the forceful deposition of the incumbent government ; assume power ( as agent of the proletariat ) and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat government. moreover, as the government, the vanguard party must educate the proletariat — to dispel the societal false consciousness of religion and nationalism that are culturally instilled


' s 1913 work marxism and the national question, praised by lenin. - socialism in one country, - the theory of aggravation of the class struggle along with the development of socialism, a theoretical base supporting the repression of political opponents as necessary. trotsky and his supporters organized into the left opposition and their platform became known as trotskyism. stalin eventually succeeded in gaining control of the soviet regime and trotskyist attempts to remove stalin from power resulted in trotsky ' s exile from the soviet union in 1929. during trotsky ' s exile, world communism fractured into two distinct branches : marxism - leninism and trotskyism. trotsky later founded the fourth international, a trotskyist rival to the comintern, in 1938. trotskyist ideas have continually found a modest echo among political movements in some countries in latin america and asia, especially in argentina, brazil, bolivia and sri lanka. many trotskyist organizations are also active in more stable, developed countries in north america and western europe. trotsky ' s politics differed sharply from those of stalin and mao, most importantly in declaring the need for an international proletarian revolution ( rather than socialism in one country ) and unwavering support for a true dictatorship of the proletariat based on democratic principles. however, as a whole, trotsky ' s theories and attitudes were never accepted in worldwide mainstream communist circles after trotsky ' s expulsion, either within or outside of the soviet bloc. this remained the case even after the secret speech and subsequent events critics claim exposed the fallibility of stalin. maoism is the marxist - leninist trend of communism associated with mao zedong and was mostly practiced within the people ' s republic of china. khrushchev ' s reforms heightened ideological differences between the people ' s republic of china and the soviet union, which became increasingly apparent in the 1960s. as the sino - soviet split in the international communist movement turned toward open hostility, china portrayed itself as a leader of the underdeveloped world against the two superpowers, the united states and the soviet union. parties and groups that supported the communist party of china ( cpc ) in their criticism against the new soviet leadership proclaimed themselves as ' anti - revisionist ' and denounced the cpsu and the parties aligned with it as revisionist " capitalist - roaders. " the sino - soviet split resulted in divisions amongst communist parties around the world. notably, the party of labour of albania sided with the people