’ t it also mean dead? what about being free to have an abortion? that certainly does mean freedom to make someone dead. in the western world we often speak of personal freedom, but here, too, the meaning is vague. the idea of personal freedom is a subjective concept. a situation of freedom to one person can seem like unbearable bondage to another. i have two relatives from one family whose ideas on personal freedom are totally different. the sister likes to travel, meet new people, participate in group activities, and face new challenges. she is married to a man whose work provides many such opportunities. she is happy and emotionally comfortable with her choice. if she had to live all her life on the farm where she was born, and see mostly the people she had known in her own community she would be miserable. her brother, no less intelligent, owns a farm and loves farming. he enjoys being in surroundings familiar to him since childhood. even a single day ' s journey away from his beloved land is a chore and a burden to him. his idea of freedom is staying close to home. both of my relatives live lives of freedom because they were able to choose the type of life they wanted to live. their concepts of freedom involved choices, and those choices were personal and emotional. how far does personal freedom go? does personal freedom mean believing, doing, and saying whatever we wish to believe, do, or say, whenever or wherever we wish - - having no obligations to anyone? some would claim their right to total release from all laws, rules, and obligations. living with those who have this total concept of freedom could be extremely unpleasant and perhaps dangerous. president bush seems to believe that democracy means freedom. he said it is the policy of the united states to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world. does this leave united states citizens in a state of freedom? or has the president placed a perpetual burden on citizens of his own country? does freedom mean we must accept every burden we are told to bear and every restriction that this all - encompassing concept of freedom demands? in the bush speech we were also told that there now is a broader definition of liberty. that also troubles me. what it seems to mean is that the government is always at liberty to give away, rather than sell public lands and public goods, as was done following the homestead act. it means that the government is at liberty to control citizens ’ retirement savings since the


what it seems to mean is that the government is always at liberty to give away, rather than sell public lands and public goods, as was done following the homestead act. it means that the government is at liberty to control citizens ’ retirement savings since the passage of the social security act. it means the government was at liberty to give veterans extra compensation for their service only if they used that compensation for education, as was the case with the gi bill of rights. and i do not understand what president bush meant when he said, “ we will widen ownership of homes and businesses, retirement savings and health insurance. ” did he mean more individuals would own homes and businesses? or did he mean that individual ownership would be widened and eventually give way to communal ownership? i don ’ t know. do you? the concept of self government was discussed in the speech, but not clarified. i know that there are philosophers and writers who sincerely believe there is no such thing as individual self government or human freedom because humans are merely biological automata or robots who have no real control over their own thoughts, feelings, and actions. these materialist thinkers believe that everything we do can be explained by material causes. heredity and environment account for everything. they deny the directing and controlling power of the will. this materialist concept is used to justify the notion that environmental influences should be set up for the masses and controlled by social, psychological, political, and economic “ scientists. ” president bush used the word freedom twenty seven times and the word liberty more than a dozen. i have heard it said that he made a wonderful speech, but to me it seemed to be full of contradictions. i do not really know what freedom and liberty mean to our president, and it worries me. © 2005 erica carle - all rights reserved e - mails are used strictly for nwvs alerts, not for sale erica carle is an independent researcher and writer. she has a b. s. degree from the university of wisconsin. she has been involved in radio and television writing and production, and has also taught math and composition at the private school her children attended in brookfield, wisconsin. for ten years she wrote a weekly column, " truth in education " for wisconsin report, and served as education editor for that publication. her books are give us the young - - $ 5 plus $ 2. 00 p & h why things are the way they are - - $ 16 plus $ 4. 00 p & h both books - - $ 25 total. a loose leaf collection of


our main goal here is to give a quick visual summary that is at once convincing and data rich. these employ some of the most basic tools of visual data analysis and should probably become form part of the basic vocabulary of an experimental mathematician. note that traditionally one would run a test such as the anderson - darling test ( which we have done ) for the continuous uniform distribution and associate a particular probability with each of our sets of probability, but unless the probability values are extremely high or low it is difficult to interpret these statistics. experimentally, we want to test graphically the hypothesis of normality and randomness ( or non - periodicity ) for our numbers. because the statistics themselves do not fall into the nicest of distributions, we have chosen to plot only the associated probabilities. we include two different types of graphs here. a quantile - quantile plot is used to examine the distribution of our data and scatter plots are used to check for correlations between statistics. the first is a quantile - quantile plot of the chi square base 10 probability values versus a a discrete uniform distribution. for this graph we have placed the probabilities obtained from our square roots and plotted them against a perfectly uniform distribution. finding nothing here is equivalent to seeing that the graph is a straight line with slope 1. this is a crude but effective way of seeing the data. the disadvantage is that the data are really plotted along a one dimensional curve and as such it may be impossible to see more subtle patterns. the other graphs are examples of scatter plots. the first scatter plot shows that nothing interesting is occurring. we are again looking at probability values this time derived from the discrete cramer - von mises ( cvm ) test base 10, 000. for each cube root we have plotted the point, where is the cvm base 10, 000 probability associated with the first 2500 digits of the cube root of i and is the probability associated with the next 2500 digits. a look at the graph reveals that we have now plotted our data on a two dimensional surface and there is a lot more ` structure ' to be seen. still, it is not hard to convince oneself that there is little or no relationship between the probabilities of the first 2500 digits and the second 2500 digits. the last graph is similar to the second. here we have plotted the probabilities associated with the anderson - stephens statistic of the first 10, 000 digits versus the first 20, 000 digits. we expect to find a correlation between these tests since there is a


[ en ] hydrothermal vent environments, particularly those associated with the vestimentiferan riftia pachyptila, are believed to be among the highest chitin - producing systems. in order to elucidate the chitin cycle in these environments, we estimate the in situ chitin degradation rates of tube - worm exoskeletons. our in situ experiments show that the tubes of riftia are highly stable structures. comparative measurements of the degradation rates of riftia tubes and crab shells immersed at deep - sea vents show that the tubes would be degraded within 2. 5 years, whereas the time for the total degradation of the vent crab ( bythograea thermydron ) carapaces would not exceed 36 days. the importance of the microbial participation in this degradation was estimated for riftia tubes. based on previous work, we calculated chitin production by a population of riftia tubes of about 750 g m ( - 2 ) year ( - 1 ) ( 763 ). from our in situ experiments, we estimated a microbial chitinolysis rate of about 500 g m ( - 2 ) year ( - 1 ) ( 496 ) ( 65 % of the chitin produced ). exoskeletons containing beta - chitin appear more stable in natural environments than those containing alpha - chitin and would thus be less available as carbon and nitrogen sources. in contrast, isolated beta - chitin was hydrolysed faster than alpha - chitin during in vitro degradation experiments ; for instance, riftia beta - chitin was degraded about 3 - to 4 - fold faster than bythograea alpha - chitin. a stabilization process by disulfide bonds of the proteins - chitin link, rather than the crystalline form of the chitin ( alpha / beta ), accounts for the resistance of riftia tubes to enzymatic attacks.


deep within the labyrinth of monash university ' s clayton campus in melbourne is a metallurgy laboratory so significant in what it is doing that it has attracted some of the biggest companies in the global aerospace industry from the other side of the world. they are keeping close to the technology that could make this laboratory the genesis of the next generation of aerospace manufacturing. they are also keeping close to a scientist in whose hands their futures may well sit. when professor xinhua wu, recognised internationally as a leader in advanced light metals research, agreed to head the australian research council ' s ( arc ) centre of excellence for design in light metals, her research moved with her from the uk to melbourne. such is the importance placed on her work that the giants of european aerospace – bombardier, airbus, european space agency and safran - microturbo – followed. at stake for these european aircraft manufacturers is finding the technological means to ward off increasingly aggressive competition from new manufacturers in brazil, canada, china, india and russia, while concurrently meeting stringent greenhouse reduction targets imposed by the european union. manufacturers are looking for new materials that are lighter yet stronger, cheaper to manufacture, reliably safe and which will also help them halve aviation ' s overall carbon emissions by 2050. for professor wu and her centre it means changing the very nature of metals such as titanium, aluminium and magnesium, modifying their fine - scale structures to give them new and improved characteristics. it requires advanced industrial research underpinned by fundamental science that is exploring new paradigms in metals and their properties. a spokesperson for safran - microturbo said the company followed professor wu to australia because of her focus on the industrial applicability of fundamental research. this is a critical industry – academia link and for the european union companies, an essential relationship through which to keep ahead of rivals. one of the centre ' s projects is a new aluminium alloy that will make an aircraft 30 to 40 per cent lighter, twice as fuel - efficient and still structurally as strong. it is already known this can be achieved by adding a tiny amount of a rare element such as scandium to the aluminium when it is alloyed. just a fraction of a per cent of scandium or other rare earth element is enough to make aluminium stronger, less prone to corrosion and easier to weld. russia used such an aluminium - scandium alloy for its mig fighter planes during the cold war era. but from a commercial perspective, the alloy is prohibitively expensive. the scientific challenge that professor wu ' s centre has


corrosion and easier to weld. russia used such an aluminium - scandium alloy for its mig fighter planes during the cold war era. but from a commercial perspective, the alloy is prohibitively expensive. the scientific challenge that professor wu ' s centre has taken on is to determine how scandium works when added to aluminium alloys, and to then find a cheaper substitute. " we are working at the atomic level. in metallurgy, just a few atoms in a million added to an alloy can influence engineering at the macro - scale ; how we control the homogeneity of metal sheeting when it is rolled, or the integrity of the metal when it is fabricated into a component. " however, professor wu says the key factor with such industrial research is achieving this economically. " from just a materials research perspective, without worrying about costs, we can make the most wonderful metal and alloy materials. but the goal is not just to develop stronger, lighter, more durable and more stable metals. they must also be produced through more efficient and cheaper manufacturing with lower energy consumption, both during construction and during the aircraft ' s operational life over 25 or more years. we have to create new materials that not only have the best performance but are also the cheapest. " this is what makes industrial science exciting. yes, the fundamental science must be good, but it is the industrial science that has to deliver this material, functionally and cost - effectively, to industry. and it doesn ' t stop with developing the material ; new manufacturing processes have to be designed for each new material developed. " professor wu ' s approach to science has been strongly influenced by the 20 years she worked with the rolls - royce aerospace division – " a technology - driven company and world leader in materials technology and manufacturing ". it has imbued her with a robust ' can - do ' attitude, which is why other major european companies have set up collaborations with her and her centre. " it is because we deliver on the promise, " professor wu says. her own special field of interest is titanium metallurgy. aside from the offer by monash to replicate her research facilities in melbourne, the other attraction of moving from the uk was that australia has 51 per cent of the world ' s known titanium ore deposits. she was keen to apply her metals science closer to its raw materials. professor wu has been involved extensively in developing titanium and titanium aluminide ( tial ) alloys, and in advanced powder processing for titanium and nickel alloy powders. her most recent research has


to apply her metals science closer to its raw materials. professor wu has been involved extensively in developing titanium and titanium aluminide ( tial ) alloys, and in advanced powder processing for titanium and nickel alloy powders. her most recent research has been into the development of innovative manufacturing technologies such as ' laser additive ' manufacturing and net - shape hot isostatic pressing ( hipping ), which are able to produce complex 3 - d components from computer designs in a single step. it is anticipated that this alone will reduce material wastage by 90 per cent, cut overall manufacturing costs by 30 to 50 per cent, and reduce the lead time from 24 to three months for titanium, nickel, aluminium and steel components. this is the advanced technology that professor wu has brought to the arc centre of excellence for design in light metals, which is a collaboration of six universities and more than 100 researchers. professor wu wants to build an australian aerospace industry from this core research. " it is a global industry. it doesn ' t matter where you are, " she says. " industry will follow the delivery of innovation and science. " already her team has developed several new engine components for one of the european aerospace companies, and these are undergoing early evaluation trials. " if they pass – if they are lighter, equally durable and cheaper to manufacture – this company is prepared to offer an exclusive six - year manufacturing deal for an australian company to manufacture these components. this demonstrates the incentives on offer to encourage australian manufacturers to take up the challenge, noting the preference for new technology manufacturing to be close to the innovation and science. " we are delivering on the science and innovation, but so far haven ' t found a manufacturing partner. we realise there are no existing companies with the expertise, but that is what we are providing … in abundance. we need a far - sighted company willing to invest in this. " it is an interesting challenge, coming at a time when the traditional manufacturing sectors in many of the world ' s so - called rich countries are suffering a crisis of confidence. professor wu is trying to overcome this by articulating her belief in the ' third industrial revolution ' : the discovery of new materials and engineering these materials at the molecular or ' nano - structural ' level. coupled with this is the emergence of laser additive manufacturing and net - shape hipping technologies, which she says set free the production of complex 3 - d components from the shackles of dated manufacturing practice and can bring manufacturing from low - cost economies to the innovative, high - technology ones. in her own


reading shakespeare has dramatic effect on human braindecember 18th, 2006 in medicine & health / medical research research at the university of liverpool has found that shakespearean language excites positive brain activity, adding further drama to the bard ' s plays and poetry. shakespeare uses a linguistic technique known as functional shift that involves, for example using a noun to serve as a verb. researchers found that this technique allows the brain to understand what a word means before it understands the function of the word within a sentence. this process causes a sudden peak in brain activity and forces the brain to work backwards in order to fully understand what shakespeare is trying to say. professor philip davis, from the university ' s school of english, said : " the brain reacts to reading a phrase such as ‘ he godded me ' from the tragedy of coriolanus, in a similar way to putting a jigsaw puzzle together. if it is easy to see which pieces slot together you become bored of the game, but if the pieces don ' t appear to fit, when we know they should, the brain becomes excited. by throwing odd words into seemingly normal sentences, shakespeare surprises the brain and catches it off guard in a manner that produces a sudden burst of activity - a sense of drama created out of the simplest of things. " experts believe that this heightened brain activity may be one of the reasons why shakespeare ' s plays have such a dramatic impact on their readers. professor neil roberts, from the university ' s magnetic resonance and image analysis research centre, ( mariarc ), explains : " the effect on the brain is a bit like a magic trick ; we know what the trick means but not how it happened. instead of being confused by this in a negative sense, the brain is positively excited. the brain signature is relatively uneventful when we understand the meaning of a word but when the word changes the grammar of the whole sentence, brain readings suddenly peak. the brain is then forced to retrace its thinking process in order to understand what it is supposed to make of this unusual word. " professor roberts and professor davis together with dr guillaune thierry, from the university of wales, bangor, monitored 20 participants using an electroencephalogram ( eeg ) as they read selected lines from shakespeare ' s plays. in this initial test electrodes were placed on the subject ' s scalp to measure brain responses. professor roberts said : " eeg gives graph - like measurements and when the brain reads a sentence that does not make semantic sense it registers what we call


. in this initial test electrodes were placed on the subject ' s scalp to measure brain responses. professor roberts said : " eeg gives graph - like measurements and when the brain reads a sentence that does not make semantic sense it registers what we call a n400 effect – a negative wave modulation. when the brain reads a grammatically incorrect sentence it registers a p600 effect – an effect which continues to last after the word that triggered it was first read. " researchers also found that when participants read the word producing the functional shift there was no n400 effect indicating that the meaning was accepted but a p600 effect was observed which indicates a positive re - evaluation of the word. the team is now using magnetoencephalography ( meg ) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmi ) to test which areas of the brain are most affected and the kind of impact it could have in maintaining healthy brain activity. professor davis added : " this interdisciplinary work is good for brain science because it offers permanent scripts of the human mind working moment - to - moment. it is good for literature as it illustrates primary human thinking. through the two disciplines, we may discover new insights into the very motions of the mind. " source : university of liverpool " reading shakespeare has dramatic effect on human brain. " december 18th, 2006. http : / / phys. org / news85664210. html


80, 429 - 434. 9. berg, k., et al. ( 1989 ). measuring balance in the elderly : preliminary development of an instrument. physio therapy canada, 41 ( 6 ), 304 - 311. 10. rubenstein, l., & josephson, k. ( 2002 ). the epidemiology of falls and syncope. clinical geriatric medicine, 18, 141 - 158. 11. national safety council. ( 2004 ). injury facts. itasca, il : author. dr. lewis is a physical therapist in private practice and president of premier physical therapy of washington, dc. she lectures exclusively for great seminars and books, inc. dr. lewis is also the author of numerous textbooks. her website address is www. greatseminarsandbooks. com. dr. shaw is an assistant professor in the physical therapy program at the university of south florida dedicated to the area of geriatric rehabilitation. she lectures exclusively for great seminars and books in the area of geriatric function. apta encouraged by cap exceptions new process grants automatic exceptions to beneficiaries needing care the most calling it " a good first step toward ensuring that medicare beneficiaries continue to have coverage for the physical therapy they need, " ben f massey, jr, pt, ma, president of the american physical therapy association ( apta ), expressed optimism that the new exceptions process will allow a significant number of medicare patients to receive services exceeding the $ 1, 740 annual financial cap on medicare therapy coverage. the new procedure, authorized by congress in the recently enacted deficit reduction act ( pl 109 - 171 ), will be available to medicare beneficiaries on march 13 under rules released this week by the centers for medicare and medicaid services ( cms ). " apta is encouraged by the new therapy cap exceptions process, " massey said. " cms has made a good effort to ensure that medicare beneficiaries who need the most care are not harmed by an arbitrary cap. " as apta recommended, the process includes automatic exceptions and also grants exceptions to beneficiaries who are receiving both physical therapy and speech language pathology ( the services are currently combined under one $ 1, 740 cap ). " we have yet to see how well medicare contractors will be able to implement and apply this process. even if it works well, congress only authorized this new process through 2006. congress must address this issue again this year, and we are confident that this experience will demonstrate


no for " dry ", yes for " wet ". for " dry friction ", such as a box on a floor, it is relatively constant. why is this? most objects are microscopically rough with " peaks " that move against each - other. as more pressing force is applied, the peaks deform more and the true contact area is increases proportionally. the surfaces adhere forming a bond that will take a certain amount of shear force to break. since the molecules are moving much faster ~ 300m / s than the box they have plenty of time to adhere ( so velocity is not an issue ). however, static friction is sometimes be higher, in one explanation because the peaks have time to settle and interlock with each - other. neglecting static friction, force is constant. the simplest case in wet friction is two objects separated by a film of water. in this case there is zero static friction, as the thermal energy is sufficient to disrupt any static, shear - bearing water molecule structure. however, water molecules still push and pull on each - other, transferring momentum from the top to the bottom. the rate of momentum transfer i. e. " friction " grows in proportion to how much momentum is available, which in turn grows with velocity. thus, force is linear with velocity. however, interesting things happen when the bulk mass of the water gets important. in this case, bumps, etc on the surface push on the water creating currents that can ram into bumps on the other surface. if you double the velocity, your bumps will push twice as much water twice as fast for 4 times the force ; force is quadratic to velocity. you can plug in formulas for the linear case ( which depends on viscosity ) and quadratic case ( which depends on density ) to see which one " wins " ( this is roughly the reynolds number ), if there is no clear winner the answer is complex ( see the moody diagram ). nevertheless these are approximations and the real answer could fail to follow these " rules ".


major section : history example forms : acl2! > : puff * : max acl2! > : puff * : x acl2! > : puff * 15 acl2! > : puff * " book " where general form : : puff * cd cdis a command descriptor ( see command - descriptor ) for a ` ` puffable ' ' command. see puff for the definition of ` ` puffable ' ' and for a description of the basic act of ` ` puffing ' ' a command. puff * is just the recursive application of puff. puff * prints the region puffed, using to puff a command is to replace it by its immediate subevents, each of which is executed as a command. to puff * a command is to replace the command by each of its immediate subevents and then to each of the puffable commands among the newly introduced ones. for example, suppose " ab " is a book containing the following ( in - package " acl2 " ) ( include - book " a " ) ( include - book " b " ) suppose that book defuns for the functions now consider an acl2 state in which only two commands have been executed, the first being ( include - book " ab " ) and the second being ( include - book " c " ). thus, the relevant part of the display pbt 1 would be : 1 ( include - book " ab " ) 2 ( include - book " c " ) call this state the ` ` starting state ' ' in this example, because we will refer to it several times. : puff 1 is executed in the starting state. then the first command is replaced by its immediate subevents and : pbt 1 would 1 ( include - book " a " ) 2 ( include - book " b " ) 3 ( include - book " c " ) contrast this with the execution of : puff * 1in the starting state. puff * would first puff ( include - book " ab " ) to get the state shown above. but then it would recursively puff * the puffable commands introduced by the first puff. this continues recursively as long as any puff introduced a puffable command. the end result of : puff * 1in the starting state is 1 ( defun a1... ) 2 ( defun a2... ) 3 ( defun b1... ) 4 ( defun b2... ) 5 ( include - book "


c + + is the canonical example of a language that combines low - level and high - level features1. it doesn ' t simulate anything, it provides native support for almost every high - level construct you ' ll usually find in a common high - level language and almost every low - level construct you ' ll find in c. but of course the terms are highly relative, there was a point in time ( not that long ago2 ) where c was considered a very high level language. and there are quite a few other languages that offer considerable low - level functionalities while still commonly regarded as high - level, and vice versa, the lines are kind of fuzzy. as for the syntax, that ' s something that naturally affected by the language ' s level of abstraction. low - level generally means : in computer science, a low - level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer ' s instruction set architecture. generally this refers to either machine code or assembly language. the word " low " refers to the small or nonexistent amount of abstraction between the language and machine language ; because of this, low - level languages are sometimes described as being " close to the hardware. " so naturally a low - level language adopts a syntax that ' s closer to machine code, which is inherently non human friendly. quite a few languages, like c + +, have adopted a wide variety of syntactic sugar, as a mechanism to make things easier to read or to express. but syntactic sugar is something that almost every high level language has opted for, c + + ' s sugar alone doesn ' t make it a low - level language. as for the complexity of a low & high - level language, it ' s also natural : it ' s a tool with multiple goals, every single goal adds to its complexity. that ' s unavoidable regardless of the goal. high - level languages are not " better " than low - level one, they are just more concentrated on one goal. languages that are designed with ease of use as a primary goal tend to be high - level, but that ' s only important if the necessary trade - offs to achieve the goal don ' t affect your applications. low or high level doesn ' t really matter, languages are primarily tools. you should choose the one that best fits whatever you ' re building in combination with what skills you have. most popular languages are multi - purpose and turing complete, in theory they are valid choices for building almost anything.


individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | in psychology, biological psychology, also known as biopsychology and psychobiology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior. a psychobiologist, for instance, may compare the imprinting behavior in goslings to the early attachment behavior in human infants and construct theory around these two phenomena. biological psychologists may often be interested in measuring some biological variable, e. g. an anatomical, physiological, or genetic variable, in an attempt to relate it quantitatively or qualitatively to a psychological or behavioral variable, and thus contribute to evidence based practice. the study of biological psychology dates back to avicenna ( 980 - 1037 ), a persian psychologist and physician who in the canon of medicine, recognized physiological psychology in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test. avicenna also gave psychological explanations for certain somatic illnesses, and he always linked the physical and psychological illnesses together. he explained that humidity inside the head can contribute to mood disorders, and he recognized that this occurs when the amount of breath changes : happiness increases the breath, which leads to increased moisture inside the brain, but if this moisture goes beyond its limits, the brain would lose control over its rationality and lead to mental disorders. biological psychology as a scientific discipline later emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. in philosophy, men like rene descartes proposed physical models to explain animal and human behavior. descartes, for example, suggested that the pineal gland, a midline unpaired structure in the brain of many organisms, was the point of contact between mind and body. descartes also elaborated on a theory in which the pneumatics of bodily fluids could explain reflexes and other motor behavior. this theory was inspired by moving statues in a garden in paris. other philosophers also helped give birth to psychology. one of the earliest textbooks in the new field, the principles of psychology by william james ( 1890 ), argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology : | “ | | bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain - experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which psychology need take account. the spiritualist and the associationist must both be ' cerebralists,


biology : | “ | | bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain - experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which psychology need take account. the spiritualist and the associationist must both be ' cerebralists, ' to the extent at least of admitting that certain peculiarities in the way of working of their own favorite principles are explicable only by the fact that the brain laws are a codeterminant of their result. our first conclusion, then, is that a certain amount of brain - physiology must be presupposed or included in psychology. james, like many early psychologists, had considerable training in physiology. the emergence of both psychology and biological psychology as legitimate sciences can be traced from the emergence of physiology from anatomy, particularly neuroanatomy. physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the 18th and 19th centuries. the influential work of claude bernard, charles bell, and william harvey helped to convince the scientific community that reliable data could be obtained from living subjects. the term " psychobiology " has been used in a variety of contexts, but was likely first used in its modern sense by knight dunlap in his book an outline of psychobiology ( 1914 ). dunlap also founded the journal psychobiology. in the announcement of that journal, dunlap writes that the journal will publish research "... bearing on the interconnection of mental and physiological functions ", which describes the field of biological psychology even in its modern sense. relationship to other fields of psychology and biologyedit in many cases, humans may serve as experimental subjects in biological psychology experiments ; however, a great deal of the experimental literature in biological psychology comes from the study of non - human species, most frequently rats, mice, and monkeys. as a result, a critical assumption in biological psychology is that organisms share biological and behavioral similarities, enough to permit extrapolations across species. this allies biological psychology closely with comparative psychology, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary biology. biological psychology also has paradigmatic and methodological similarities to neuropsychology, which relies heavily on the study of the behavior of humans with nervous system dysfunction ( i. e., a non - experimentally based biological manipulation ). synonyms for biological psychology include biopsychology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychobiology. physiological psychology is another term often used synonymously with biological psychology, though some authors would make physiological psychology a subfield of biological


experimentally based biological manipulation ). synonyms for biological psychology include biopsychology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychobiology. physiological psychology is another term often used synonymously with biological psychology, though some authors would make physiological psychology a subfield of biological psychology, with an appropriately more narrow definition. research methods edit the distinguishing characteristic of a biological psychology experiment is that either the independent variable of the experiment is biological, or some dependent variable is biological. in other words, the nervous system of the organism under study is permanently or temporarily altered, or some aspect of the nervous system is measured ( usually to be related to a behavioral variable ). disabling or decreasing neural functionedit - lesions - a classic method in which a brain - region of interest is enabled. lesions can be placed with relatively high accuracy thanks to a variety of brain ' atlases ' which provide a map of brain regions in 3 - dimensional stereotactic coordinates. - electrolytic lesions - neural tissue is destroyed by the use of electric run through. - chemical lesions - neural tissue is destroyed by the infusion of a neurotoxin. - temporary lesions - neural tissue is temporarily disabled by cooling or by the use of anesthetics such as tetrodotoxin. - transcranial magnetic stimulation - a new technique usually used with human subjects in which a magnetic coil applied to the scalp causes unsystematic electrical activity in nearby cortical neurons which can be experimentally analyzed as a functional lesion. - psychopharmacological manipulations - a chemical receptor antagonist enduces neural activity by interfering with neurotransmission. antagonists can be delivered systemically ( such as by intravenous injection ) or locally ( intracebrally ) during a surgical procedure. enhancing neural function edit - electrical stimulation - a classic method in which neural activity is enhanced by application of a small electrical current ( too small to cause significant cell death ). - psychopharmacological manipulations - a chemical receptor agonist facilitates neural activity by enhancing or replacing endogenous neurotransmitters. agonists can be delivered systemically ( such as by intravenous injection ) or locally ( intracebrally ) during a surgical procedure. - transcranial magnetic stimulation - in some cases ( for example, studies of motor cortex ), this technique can be analyzed as having a stimulatory effect ( rather than as a functional lesion ). measuring neural activity edit - single unit recording - the measurement of the electrical activity of one ne


for example, studies of motor cortex ), this technique can be analyzed as having a stimulatory effect ( rather than as a functional lesion ). measuring neural activity edit - single unit recording - the measurement of the electrical activity of one neuron, often in the context of an ongoing behavioral ( psychological ) task. - multielectrode recording - the use of a bundle of fine electrodes to record the simultaneous activity of up to hundreds of neurons. - fmri - functional magnetic resonance imaging, a technique most frequently applied on human subjects, in which changes in cerebral blood flow can be detected in an mri apparatus and are taken to indicate relative activity of larger scale brain regions ( i. e., on the order of hundreds of thousands of neurons ). - electroencephalography - or eeg ; and the derivative technique of event - related potentials, in which scalp electrodes monitor the average activity of neurons in the cortex ( again, used most frequently with human subjects ). - functional neuroanatomy - in which the expression of some anatomical marker is taken to reflect neural activity. for example, the expression of immediate early genes is thought to be caused by vigorous neural activity. likewise, the injection of 2 - deoxyglucose prior to some behavioral task can be followed by anatomical localization of that chemical ; it is taken up by neurons that are electrically active. genetic manipulations edit - qtl mapping - the influence of a gene in some behavior can be statistically inferred by studying inbred strains of some species, most commonly mice. the recent sequencing of the genome of many species, most notably mice, has facilitated this technique. - selective breeding - organisms, often mice, may be bred selectively among inbred strains to create a recombinant congenic strain. this might be done to isolate an experimentally interesting stretch of dna derived from one strain on the background genome of another strain to allow stronger inferences about the role of that stretch of dna. - genetic engineering - the genome may also be experimentally - manipulated ; for example, knockout mice can be engineered to lack a particular gene, or a gene may be expressed in a strain which does not normally do so ( the ' knock in ' ). advanced techniques may also permit the expression or suppression of a gene to occur by injection of some regulating chemical. topic areas in biological psychology edit in general, biological psychologists study the same issues as academic psychologists, though limited by the need to use nonhuman species


techniques may also permit the expression or suppression of a gene to occur by injection of some regulating chemical. topic areas in biological psychology edit in general, biological psychologists study the same issues as academic psychologists, though limited by the need to use nonhuman species. as a result, the bulk of literature in biological psychology deals with mental processes and behaviors that are shared across mammalian species, such as : - sensation and perception - motivated behavior ( hunger, thirst, sex ) - control of movement - learning and memory - sleep and biological rhythms however, with increasing technical sophistication and with the development of more precise noninvasive methods that can be applied to human subjects, biological psychologists are beginning to contribute to other classical topic areas of psychology, such as : - reasoning and decision making biological psychology has also had a strong history of contributing to the understanding of medical disorders, including those that fall under the purview of clinical psychology and psychopathology ( also known as abnormal psychology ). although animal models for all mental illnesses do not exist, the field has contributed important therapeutic data on a variety of conditions, including : - parkinson ' s disease, a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer ' s motor skills and speech. - huntington ' s disease, a rare inherited neurological disorder whose most obvious symptoms are abnormal body movements and a lack of coordination. it also affects a number of mental abilities and some aspects of personality. - alzheimer ' s disease, a neurodegenerative disease that, in its most common form, is found in people over the age of 65 and is characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration, together with declining activities of daily living and by neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes. - clinical depression, a common psychiatric disorder, characterized by a persistent lowering of mood, loss of interest in usual activities and diminished ability to experience pleasure. - schizophrenia, a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context of significant social or occupational dysfunction. - autism, a brain development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication, and causes restricted and repetitive behavior, all starting before a child is three years old. - anxiety, a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. these components combine to create the feelings that are typically recognized as fear, apprehension, or worry. - drug abuse, including


a child is three years old. - anxiety, a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. these components combine to create the feelings that are typically recognized as fear, apprehension, or worry. - drug abuse, including alcoholism nobel laureates edit the following nobel prize winners could reasonably be considered biological psychologists. ( this list omits winners who were almost exclusively neuroanatomists or neurophysiologists ; i. e., those that did not measure behavioral or psychological variables. ) - charles sherrington ( 1932 ) - edgar adrian ( 1932 ) - walter hess ( 1949 ) - egas moniz ( 1949 ) - georg von bekesy ( 1961 ) - george wald ( 1967 ) - ragnar granit ( 1967 ) - konrad lorenz ( 1973 ) - niko tinbergen ( 1973 ) - karl von frisch ( 1973 ) - roger w. sperry ( 1981 ) - david h. hubel ( 1981 ) - torsten n. wiesel ( 1981 ) - eric r. kandel ( 2000 ) - arvid carlsson ( 2000 ) - richard axel ( 2004 ) - linda b. buck ( 2004 ) - behavioural genetics - behavioral neuroscience - biological psychiatry - biopsychcosocial approach - cognitive neuroscience - developmental psychobiology - embodied philosophy - evolutionary psychology references & bibliographyedit | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). | < ref > tags exist, but no < references / > tag was found


underfloor heating is a form of central heating that uses heat conductivity and radiant heat for indoor climate control. it can be used with concrete and wooden floors and with all types of flooring. it warms the lower part of both the room and the body giving off a feeling of natural warmth. most systems are either warm water systems or electric systems. systems can be a poured floor system, in which the system is encapsulated in a masonry mix, or it can be a sub floor system in which it is attached directly to the subfloor. while there are differences and similarities between the two systems, both are energy efficient, space saving, and fitter than conventional heating systems. water underfloor heating consists of warm water being circulated through pipes or tubes that are set into the floor. since this system allows water to circulate by thermosiphon, it is prostrate to blockage by air bubbles that accumulate in the high spots and block the flow of water. a ticker will need to be used for purging to allow the water to circulate through the tubing fast enough to dislodge the air bubble. the heart will activate when the system stable and will shut off when circulation is restored. with the electric alternative, the heat is spread throughout cables placed in the floor. there is no need to be implicated about blockage or purging with an electric heating system. with hot water heating, you will need a pressure reduction valve to reduce the city water pressure to the lowest point needed for the heating system, an air centrifuge to take the air out of fresh water, and an expansion tank to accommodate the change in water volume in the system as the water heats up and cools down. electric underfloor heating does not require such advanced equipment. you will need cable or a cable mat, insulation, tile adhesive, and a thermostat to install the system. water underfloor heating systems can also be used in reverse with cold water being placed in the system to take the heat out of a building. when using this method, the surface temperatures mustiness remain above the air ’ s dew point temperature to prevent mold growth and slithering hazards. electric heating systems ar not intentional to take the heat out of a building or room. however, if the sun is shining on an area that is heated by electric cables, the heat will turn off and allow the sun to naturally heat the area. with water systems, soil can influence downward heat loss.


out of a building or room. however, if the sun is shining on an area that is heated by electric cables, the heat will turn off and allow the sun to naturally heat the area. with water systems, soil can influence downward heat loss. heated and cooled surfaces need to be isolated from vents, cold plumbing lines, and appliances. dew point control is a major concern for wet systems. another concern is control and expansion of the floor joints and crack suppression in concrete and tiled surfaces. with the electric heating systems, floor buildup is non a trouble because the electric cables are installed onto an insulation board or directly onto the subfloor with the floor covering placed directly over the heating system. adhesive is applied between the layers and prevents cracks from forming in the floor. water systems are expensive to install but increase energy efficiency in the home from ten to forty percent. the piping can have a lifespan of up to one hundred years and is almost maintenance free. the central heating equipment, pumps, and controls will require periodic maintenance and replacement. electric underfloor heating systems have a very low installation cost because they are easy to install and have a low start up cost. all that is required is a thermostat. all you need to do is start astatine your thermostat and roll the heating cable or heating cable mat out over the floor. they also need no maintenance and can be more easy controlled to run when they are needed. both hot water and electric heating systems can heat an entire room or heat particular zones in the room. for a hot water underfloor heating system to control specific zones, you will need zone valves on the heart to divide the hot water flow to each zone that requires heat. with an electric system, you will simply use more than one thermostat for zone control heating. both hot water and electric underfloor heating allows the lower part of the room and body to be warmed by heat. since the heating is installed close to the floor surface, warming up a room is faster than conventional heating. the heat spreads over the entire area which reduces heat loss without overheating the surrounding area. since both hot water electric heating are buried under the floor, the floor is like one giant radiator. there are no hot spots creating large air currents that carry dust particles around the room. since both underfloor heating systems cause less air movement, they reduce the circulation of pollution, dust, and allergens. both systems make it possible to lower the thermostat without any


when faced with the possibility of cooperating for mutual gain, states that feel insecure must ask how the gain will be divided.. a state worries about a division of possible gains that may favor others more than itself. that is the first way in which the structure of international politics limits the cooperation of states. a state also worries lest it become dependent on others through cooperative endeavors and exchanges of goods and services... the world ' s well - being would be increased if an ever more elaborate divisions of labor were developed, but states would thereby place themselves in situations of ever closer interdependence... in an unorganized realm each unit ' s incentive is to put itself in a position to be able to take care of itself since no one can be counted on to do so. the international imperative is " take care of yourself "! some leaders of nations may understand that the well - being of all of them would increase in their participation in a fuller division of labor. but to act on the idea would be to act on a domestic imperative, an imperative that does not run internationally... waltz ' s argument may not apply perfectly to the eu, since he claims that the fundamental impediment to cooperation is the threat of conflict. the era of european wars is long over, but there may nonetheless be something to waltz ' s argument. in the midst of economic crisis, tensions between european countries have hardened, and the crisis has caused bickering among eu member nations. on another note, a recent ft / harris poll of the british public found that only one in three brits wants to remain in the eu.


| noah webster ' s dictionary | 1. ( n. ) a change of place from higher to lower ; as, a descent from a mountaintop. 2. ( n. ) incursion ; sudden attack ; especially, hostile invasion from sea ; - - often followed by upon or on ; as, to make a descent upon the enemy. 3. ( n. ) progress downward, as in station, virtue, as in station, virtue, and the like, from a higher to a lower state, from a higher to a lower state, from the more to the less important, from the better to the worse, etc. 4. ( n. ) derivation, as from an ancestor ; procedure by generation ; lineage ; birth ; extraction. 5. ( n. ) transmission of an estate by inheritance, usually, but not necessarily, in the descending line ; title to inherit an estate by reason of consanguinity. 6. ( n. ) inclination downward ; a descending way ; inclined or sloping surface ; declivity ; slope ; as, a steep descent. 7. ( n. ) that which is descended ; descendants ; issue. 8. ( n. ) a step or remove downward in any scale of gradation ; a degree in the scale of genealogy ; a generation. 9. ( n. ) lowest place ; extreme downward place. 10. ( n. ) a passing from a higher to a lower tone. int. standard bible encyclopedia de - send ', de - sent ' ( yaradh ; katabaino, " go down " ) ; ( katabasis ) : of yahweh ( exodus 34 : 5 ) ; of the spirit ( matthew 3 : 16 ) ; of angels ( genesis 28 : 12 matthew 28 : 2 john 1 : 51 ) ; of christ ( 1 thessalonians 4 : 16 ephesians 4 : 9 ). " he also descended into the lower parts of the earth " is variously interpreted, the two chief interpretations being the one of the incarnation, and the other of the " descent into hell " ( 1 peter 3 : 19 ). the former regards the clause " of the earth, " an appositive genitive, as when we speak of " the city of rome, " namely, " the lower parts, i. e. the earth. " the other regards the genitive as possessive, or, with meyer, as governed by the comparative, i. e. " parts lower than the earth. " for the former view,


faculdade de ciencias e tecnologia ( fct ) > fct departamentos > fct : departamento de ciencias da terra > fct : dct - ciencias da terra > please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : | title : | | dinossaurios eocretacicos de lagosteiros | | authors : | | antunes, m. t. | | issue date : | | 10 - jul - 2008 | | abstract : | | according to an ancient folkloric legend, our lady, stepping down from the sea, would have rided on a mule to the platform above the cliffs named pedra da mua at lagosteiros ' bay, near espichel cape. mule ' s footprints, regarded by fishermen as evidence, would be clearly recognizable on exposed surfaces of the rocks. indeed there are footprints but from dinosaurs of latest jurassic, portlandian age, this spectacular locality being specially rich in giant sauropod tracks ( that have seldom been found elsewhere in europe ). as we proceeded to its study, another locality with dinosaur footprints, lower cretaceous ( hauterivian ) in age, was found on the northern cliffs at lagosteiros. it is probably the richest one in european lower cretaceous and the only of this age known in portugal, so we decided to give priority to its study. dinosaur tracks have been printed on calciclastic sands in a lagoonal environment protected by fringing coral reefs. there have been emersion episodes ; beaches were frequented by dinosaurs. later on, the marine barremian ingression restablished a gulf and such animals could not come here any more. under a paleogeographical viewpoint, the evidence of a marine regression near the end of hauterivian is to be remarked. five types of tracks and footprints have been recognized : - neosauropus lagosteirensis, new morphogenus and species, tracks from a giant sauropod, perhaps from camarasaurus ; with its proportions the total length of the author would be about 15, 5 m. these are the only sauropod tracks known till now in europe ' s lower cretaceous. - tracks from a not so big quadruped, maybe a sauropod ( young individual? ) ; however it is not impossible that they were produced by stegosaurians or ankylosaurians. - megalosauropus (? eutynichnium ) go


a look at why william gibson ' s vision of a washed - up computer hacker navigating his way through a dystopian future is a vital piece of literature... there are few books that have been published in my lifetime that have had such a profound influence on not only literature, but on the world at large, as william gibson ’ s 1984 novel neuromancer. in simple terms, neuromancer, at its core, is a detective noir story set in a dystopian future. but this isn ’ t a novel that can be accounted for in simple terms. neuromancer is told from the perspective of our narrator, henry dorsett case. case is the novel ’ s reluctant anti - hero : a suicidal, drug - addled ex - hacker residing without work in chiba city, japan. almost from the outset, we see case as a world - weary cynic who bums around in bars trying not to let his past catch up with him. the last time he was caught, his captors destroyed his nervous system, making it impossible for case to access cyberspace, – a term coined by gibson that has become part of our common lexicon : “ cyberspace. a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts … a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. unthinkable complexity. lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. like city lights, receding. ” though gibson saw this through dystopian eyes, the word and the concept of cyberspace is now an inescapable part of modern life. i ’ m not sure how true this is, but author jack womack argued that gibson ’ s conception of cyberspace inspired the structure of the world wide web, asking “ what if the act of writing it down, in fact, brought it about? ” if there is even a shred of truth to this assertion, then this alone surely secures gibson ’ s legacy as one of the most important creative imaginations of the last century, and i say this without exaggeration. the drama of the story begins when case is tracked down by molly, a “ street samurai ” who works as a mercenary for an ex - army officer who goes by the name of armitage. through case ’ s drug - fuelled paranoia, he convinces himself that molly works for his


conjecture ). beyond the techno - fetishism and the cybernetic - dystopia of neuromancer, there is also oodles of charm and humour. neuromancer is not a funny book : it takes itself quite seriously, but with this seriousness, the wit and personality of some of its characters can ’ t help but add an extra dimension to the proceedings. for example, when armitage arranges for the repair of case ’ s nervous system he says, “ you needed a new pancreas. the one we bought for you frees you from a dangerous dependency. ” to which case responds, “ thanks, but i was enjoying that dependency. ” beyond the techno - fetishism and the cybernetic - dystopia of neuromancer, there is also oodles of charm and humour. neuromancer is not a funny book : it takes itself quite seriously, but with this seriousness, the wit and personality of some of its characters can ’ t help but add an extra dimension to the proceedings though the novel is set in the future, there are many points in the story that give a direct nod to popular culture of the early 1980s. indeed, the concept of cyberspace is simply gibson ’ s speculative extrapolation of early video games. but it ’ s not just technology and science that gibson draws on in his vision of the future. with the proliferation of rastafarianism in the late 1970s, it is perhaps of little wonder that a band of rastafarian outlaws are key to the development of neuromancer ’ s narrative. gibson draws on the imagery of the dreadlocked, dub - loving pot - smoker adorned with bright colours, and combines it with a space ship ( called zion, no less ). case spends much of the latter part of the novel hooked up to the matrix ( sound familiar? ). sometimes he experiences the real - world, but from the perspective of molly ’ s cybernetic lenses, at others, he ’ s interacting with artificial intelligence constructs, that end up forming a key part of the plot. one such construct is wintermute, who spends much of the novel attempting to break its programme and develop a personality. it ’ s difficult to outline wintermute without spoiling some key elements of the plot, but all i ’ ll say is that wintermute adds a great sense of mystery and intrigue to the novel. indeed, the inclusion of wintermute ( and other ai constructs )


outline wintermute without spoiling some key elements of the plot, but all i ’ ll say is that wintermute adds a great sense of mystery and intrigue to the novel. indeed, the inclusion of wintermute ( and other ai constructs ) has a similar uncanny effect that asimov and dick capture, in that it raises questions about the nature of consciousness, intelligences, determinism and freewill – essentially, you empathise with wintermute. the novel is full of incredibly vivid descriptions that manage to capture a real sense of the world and its characters with a few well - chosen turns of phrase. “ the sky above the port was the colour of television, tuned to a dead channel ”, as an opening line couldn ’ t be more perfect in conveying a feeling of the world. or the description of a speed - freak ’ s eyes as “ eggs of unstable crystal, vibrating with a frequency whose name was rain and the sound of trains, suddenly sprouting a humming forest of hair - fine glass spines. ” the importance and influence of neuromancer cannot be underestimated, even if we dismiss completely the idea that gibson ’ s creative imagination was the catalyst for the invention of the world wide web. the term cyberpunk was coined by a critic in reaction to this novel. the imagery, ideas and concepts associated with cyberpunk have become a frequently visited well for creative people from fashion designers to tv writers, from game designers to musicians. i am in absolute awe that the residue of one creative mind has left such indelible marks on our world. it is a humble man, indeed, who can create such an important work of literature, and resist the urge to shout arrogantly from the rooftops : “ i created this! ”


waves and hemispheres in numerous studies, researchers have compared the physical " body signs " of hypnotic subjects with those of unhypnotized people. in most of these studies, the researchers found no significant physical change associated with the trance state of hypnosis. the subject ' s heart rate and respiration may slow down, but this is due to the relaxation involved in the hypnotism process, not the hypnotic state itself. do it yourself! you don ' t necessarily need a highly - trained hypnotist to induce hypnosis. with the proper relaxation and focusing techniques, almost everyone can enter a hypnotic state themselves and make their own suggestions to the unconscious mind ( check out selfhypnosis. com to find out how ). some hypnotism experts hold that all hypnosis is self - hypnosis. whether a trance state is brought on by a long, boring drive down the highway or by a skilled psychiatrist, the subject is always the one who initiates the trance. in this view, the hypnotist is only a guide who facilitates the process. there does seem to be changed activity in the brain, however. the most notable data comes from electroencephalographs ( eegs ), measurements of the electrical activity of the brain. extensive eeg research has demonstrated that brains produce different brain waves, rhythms of electrical voltage, depending on their mental state. deep sleep has a different rhythm than dreaming, for example, and full alertness has a different rhythm than relaxation. in some studies, eegs from subjects under hypnosis showed a boost in the lower frequency waves associated with dreaming and sleep, and a drop in the higher frequency waves associated with full wakefulness. brain - wave information is not a definitive indicator of how the mind is operating, but this pattern does fit the hypothesis that the conscious mind backs off during hypnosis and the subconscious mind takes a more active role. researchers have also studied patterns in the brain ' s cerebral cortex that occur during hypnosis. in these studies, hypnotic subjects showed reduced activity in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex, while activity in the right hemisphere often increased. neurologists believe that the left hemisphere of the cortex is the logical control center of the brain ; it operates on deduction, reasoning and convention. the right hemisphere, in contrast, controls imagination and creativity. a decrease in left - hemisphere activity fits with the hypothesis that hypnosis subdues the conscious mind ' s inhibitory influence. conversely, an increase in


in an increasingly wired and interconnected world, you may be tempted to access your online banking from public wi - fi, accept files from people you know only through social - media connections, try out numerous freeware smartphone apps and assume that password protection offers sufficient security for your wireless home network. in the real world of online crooks, scams and fraud, however, these practices can make you a sitting duck for keystroke logger scams. how keylogging works keystroke loggers act as data recorders that compile a record of every keystroke you type on your computer. they can be used to obtain illicit access to usernames, passwords, social security numbers and other personally identifiable information, financial data, proprietary technical or business secrets, and formal or casual communications between individuals who use chat or text methods. some keyloggers run as software programs in the background of your regular computer operations. others hook directly into your operating system and take over the functions of keystroke interpretation. finally, some run from hardware devices plugged in to your computer. these virtual or physical pieces of malware can store captured data for physical retrieval or transmit it through your internet connection to a remote a location. a scammer with physical access to your desktop computer can attach a device that contains a keylogging payload to one of the ports on your system. designed to look like a dongle, plug or cable, these gadgets work most effectively when they attach to the back of your computer, minimizing the likelihood that you recognize their presence. the size and shape of a laptop computer reduces the chances of a keylogger attachment escaping your view, but a keylogger delivered through a usb flash drive could escape your notice. alternatively, however, one of these devices plugged in to a public computer can bypass the awareness of everyone who used an unfamiliar system. avoid flash drives of unknown origin and remain alert to changes in your computer ' s configuration. at the same time, restrict your use of public wi - fi to activities that don ' t disclose your personal and financial information. phishing email scams often include either an attachment that a message encourages you to activate by clicking on it or a link to a site you ' re encouraged to visit. these messages and their directly attached or indirectly acquired malware payloads can serve as an effective means of introducing software - based keyloggers onto your computer. if you ' ve educated yourself about phishing scams and carefully resist the temptation to click on attachments in


their directly attached or indirectly acquired malware payloads can serve as an effective means of introducing software - based keyloggers onto your computer. if you ' ve educated yourself about phishing scams and carefully resist the temptation to click on attachments in suspicious messages or those from unknown senders, you can limit your vulnerability to keyloggers, but maintaining an up - to - date anti - malware program in addition can halt an attack that comes from a dubious file or website destination. smartphones can act as pocket computers, providing unparalleled mobile access to your personal data and files as well as online destinations. their power, flexibility and mobility also make them ideal targets for phishing scams that can install malware. free apps can consist entirely of keylogging routines, activated when you install a product only to find that it lacks any business or entertainment value, and become infected in the process. some freeware products incorporate keyloggers into routines that offer some actual value - - entertainment or otherwise - - but that also record the websites you visit or other aspects of your online behavior, reporting these details to a company that sells consumer - behavior information. - tompkins trust company : trojans and keystroke logging - dark reading : fbi warns of scams targeting financial industry - symantec : introduction to spyware keyloggers - securelist : keyloggers : how they work and how to detect them ( part 1 ) - nedbank : keystroke logging - eweek : police foil $ 420 million keylogger scam - the register : hardware keyloggers found in manchester library pcs - the register : police cuff us student keystroke logger - securityfocus : guilty plea in kinko ' s keystroke caper - msn money : your smartphone may be spying on you - cnet : faq : demystifying id fraud - identity guard resource center : keylogging : identity theft threat or useful tool for employers? - western australia police : what are keystroke loggers? - community financial services bank : fraud security : protecting yourself from online banking fraud - msn money : financial privacy : be wary of these 9 credit card scams - visa data security alert : key logger malware : key stroke and screen capture - nerdwallet : beware of scams during the holidays - the register : mission impossible at the sumitomo bank - jupiterimages / comstock / getty images


a v12 engine often just called a v12 is an internal combustion engine with 12 cylinders. the engine has six cylinders on each side called banks. the two banks form a " v " shaped angle. in most engines, the two banks are at a 60° angle to each other. all twelve pistons turn a common crankshaft. it can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel and natural gas. each cylinder bank is basically a straight - 6. this set - up has perfect balance no matter which v angle is used. a v12 engine does not need balance shafts. a v12 angled at 45°, 60°, 120°, or 180° from each other has even firing and is smoother than a straight - 6. this provides a smooth running engine for a luxury car. in a racing car, the engine can be made much lighter. this makes the engine more responsive and smoother. in a large heavy - duty engine, a v12 can run slower, and prolonging engine life. the rolls - royce merlin v12 powered the hawker hurricane and supermarine spitfire fighters that played a vital role in britain ' s victory in the battle of britain. the long, narrow configuration of the v12 contributed to good aerodynamics, while its exceptional smoothness allowed its use with relatively light and fragile airframes. road cars [ change ] in cars, v12 engines are not common because of their complexity and cost. they are normally found only in high - end sports cars and luxury cars. for these cars, they are desired for their power, low vibration, and distinctive sound. before world war ii, v12 engines were found in many luxury cars. in the 1930s, v8 engines started to replace the v12s. the v8 engine design was improved to make it lighter and produce more power than the v12. since world war ii, only a few car manufactures have used v12 engines. in 1997, toyota equipped their century limousine with a 5. 0 l v12, making it the first japanese production passenger car with a v12. in 2009, china faw group corporation equipped their hongqi hqe with a 6. 0 l v12, making it the first chinese production passenger car so equipped. auto racing [ change ] in the past, v12 engines were common in formula one and endurance racing. ferrari used v12 engines in 1950, the first year of formula one. several factors made teams stop using the v12 engine. improvements to the v8 engine, in particular ford co


analog input channels temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter expressed in units of degrees on a standard scale. you can measure temperature in many different ways that vary in equipment cost and accuracy. the most common types of sensors are thermocouples, rtds, and thermistors. figure 1. thermocouples are inexpensive and can operate over a wide range of temperatures. thermocouples are the most commonly used temperature sensors because they are relatively inexpensive yet accurate sensors that can operate over a wide range of temperatures. a thermocouple is created when two dissimilar metals touch and the contact point produces a small open - circuit voltage as a function of temperature. you can use this thermoelectric voltage, known as seebeck voltage, to calculate temperature. for small changes in temperature, the voltage is approximately linear. you can choose from different types of thermocouples designated by capital letters that indicate their compositions according to american national standards institute ( ansi ) conventions. the most common types of thermocouples include b, e, k, n, r, s, and t. for more information on thermocouples, read the engineer ' s toolbox for thermocouples. figure 2. rtds are made of metal coils and can measure temperatures up to 850 °c. a platinum rtd is a device made of coils or films of metal ( usually platinum ). when heated, the resistance of the metal increases ; when cooled, the resistance decreases. passing current through an rtd generates a voltage across the rtd. by measuring this voltage, you can determine its resistance and, thus, its temperature. the relationship between resistance and temperature is relatively linear. typically, rtds have a resistance of 100 ω at 0 °c and can measure temperatures up to 850 °c. for more information on rtds, read the engineer ' s toolbox for rtds. figure 3. passing current through a thermistor generates a voltage proportional to temperature. a thermistor is a piece of semiconductor made from metal oxides that are pressed into a small bead, disk, wafer, or other shape and sintered at high temperatures. lastly, they are coated with epoxy or glass. as with rtds, you can pass a current through a thermistor to read the voltage across the thermistor and determine its temperature. however, unlike rtds, thermistors have a


anguispira alternata angulata from mnra. both shells were from an area about 40 m x 10 m. one of the abundant species in monocacy natural resources area where i did a land snail survey was what pilsbry1 called anguispira alternata angulata, a keeled or carinated morph of anguispira alternata. according to pilsbry ' s synonymy, this morph was first described by ferussac in 1822 as helix alternata var. carinata. in 1896, pilsbry & rhoads changed the name to pyramidula alternata carinata and then in 1948, pilsbry came up with the new name anguispira alternata form angulata. figure from pilsbry1. according to pilsbry1, the shell of angulata differs from the typical a. alternata " by the distinctly to strongly angular periphery ". although he makes the point that the periphery is " hardly to be called keeled ", to me " carinated ", " angular " and " keeled " all mean more or less the same thing, especially when the degree of carination is variable. pilsbry also notes that the prominent ribs on the upper surface of the shell " are much reduced ( or sometimes subobsolete ) " below the periphery, that is on the bottom of the shell. leaving aside the question of what he might have possibly meant by " subobsolete ", i will point out that the prominence of the ribs on the bottom of my shells are indeed quite variable even in specimens collected from the same location. for example, the photo below shows the bottoms of the 2 shells from mnra shown in the first picture. the one on the left in the first picture is the one on the bottom in the picture below. its bottom is smoother than that of the other shell. and these shells were from an area about 40 m x 10 m. so speculating that there may have been differences in their habitats is not justified in this case. i don ' t know if shell size is a factor that contributes to shell sculpture ( the shell with the smoother bottom is smaller ). bottoms of the shells in the first photo. the one on the left in the first picture is the one on the bottom here. pilsbry gave records of angulata from several eastern states including, kentucky, pennsylvania, tennessee, virginia and maryland. earlier, f. c. baker


scientific linux 6. 0 ( 2011 / x86 / x64 ) | 5. 05 gb scientific linux ( sl ) - distribution of the operating system linux, which was created jointly by fermilab and cern, with support from various laboratories and universities from around the world. its original purpose was to reduce duplication of laboratories and have a total installed base for the various experiments and other research projects. the base sl distribution is based on red hat enterprise linux, recompiled from source. the main purpose of the base distribution - to provide full binary compatibility with red hat enterprise linux with a few to make minor additions or changes. examples of such additions are pine, and openafs. scientific linux uses ' yum to download and install updates from the repository, such as fedora, unlike red hat enterprise linux, which receives updates from the servers, red hat network. scientific linux can be used to create a working environment of the user, developer, administrator. the distribution package includes components to support virtualization xen. the distribution includes a complete set of software components for server infrastructure for both internal network and the internet. on its base can be created a file and print server, mail server, web server, database server ( mysql, postgresql ), or metadirectory ldap, etc. the kit includes components to create a cluster infrastructure for various purposes : computing clusters, clusters of high reliability and clusters with load balancing. the main differences from rhel 6. 0 : * added icewm ; * supported by openafs - distributed file system ; * there is yum - autoupdate, allowing every day automatically update distribution ; * supplied revisor, livecd - tools, liveusb - creator - the tools to create livecd / liveusb ; * available for additional yum - repository.


| project overview > introduction solar muri is a collaborative project studying magnetic eruptions on the sun and their effects on the earth ' s space environment. ( " muri " stands for multidisciplinary university research initiative, a research program funded by dod. ) the aim of the project is to improve our ability to predict space weather from solar observations. the project will construct a series of physically connected, observationally tested models of the sun and its interplanetary environment. these models will allow us to use observations of the sun ' s atmosphere and magnetic configuration to determine : | a solar prominence observed by the eit instrument on soho ultimately, our goal is to provide several extra days of notice prior to an sep event or geomagnetic storm. - when a magnetic eruption is imminent - if that magnetic eruption will impact the earth ' s space environment - whether this will result in a solar energetic particle ( sep ) bombardment and / or a geomagnetic storm a number of intermediate goals must be achieved to complete the solar muri project. these are summarized below : - measure the solar magnetic field with sufficient accuracy and coverage to discern which magnetic properties are the key to determining whether eruptions will occur - understand the physics governing magnetic eruptions on the sun sufficiently well to construct realistic numerical simulations - simulate the interplanetary propagation of coronal mass ejections ( cmes ) out to 1. 0 au with sufficient accuracy to construct accurate models of conditions upstream of the earth - couple models of the sun ' s magnetic lower atmosphere, lower corona, upper corona, and solar wind in such a way that a model of an unstable magnetic configuration on the sun can be propagated out to the earth - verify the performance of these coupled models with test cases based on observed magnetic eruptions, their interplanetary disturbances ( interplanetary coronal mass ejections - icmes ), the sep events, and the general levels of geomagnetic response - years 1 - 3 : collect the necessary observations. develop the numerical modelling codes and the interfaces between these codes. - years 4 - 5 : apply the coupled simulation codes to a set of observed cmes. evaluate their performance in determining the consequences of solar observations.


17 december 2012 the do : the principle of full and empty space the following is an excerpt from the book taekwondo : the spirit of korea ( 2000 ) by steven d. carpener, jae sik suh and edward h. kim, from the chapter " the technical philosophy of taekwondo " ( p. 23 - 25 ). i ' m sharing this excerpt as it very effectively explains the very important princple of full and empty space. interestingly, while this book was published by korea ' s ministry of culture and tourism as a type of glossy coffee table book rather than an official reference book, this is one of the few english sources that so succinctly explains this core principle in taekwondo.... taekwondo ' s taoist philosophy is expressed in the tao ( or do in korean ) character found in taekwondo ' s name. the do is generally understood as a way, path, or process one follows in anything one attempts. do, as an eastern philosophical concept is difficult to express in words. however, in describing taekwondo training it is possible to demonstrate how the do elevates taekwondo from merely a spirited combat sport or self - defense technique to a way of expressing harmony between one ' s mental and physical states, and with one ' s environment. the way the do operates in taekwondo training must be understood in asian philosophical terms. the general understanding of the do is that it is a proper way to do something. in physical terms, this means when the body moves there is a proper way or path which that movement should follow to be most efficient, graceful, or appropriate. in taekwondo training, especially in sparring, this means that there is one most correct way to execute techniques in any given situation. this is the stage of skill. when one teaches a point where the body moves naturally according to the proper way or path, we say that one has mastered a particular skill. in taekwondo sparring, when one ' s movements are performed correctly according to the demands of the situation, one has experienced a moment of harmony between oneself and the opponent. one of the key principles of the do that makes this harmony possible is the principle of empty and full space. according to this principle, when two bodies interacts, the relative positions of those bodies in space and time create a continuous flowing exchange of full and empty space. due to the limited number of ways the legs and arms can be used within the restrictions ( rules ) of sparring there are a fixed number of possible techniques. the result of this is that for every attack there are


exchange of full and empty space. due to the limited number of ways the legs and arms can be used within the restrictions ( rules ) of sparring there are a fixed number of possible techniques. the result of this is that for every attack there are one or more perfectly complimentary counterattacks. and for every counterattack, there are one or more perfectly complimentary re - counterattacks. this means that each person knows what the likely responses to any given attack or counterattack will be. therefore, the superior player is the one who can take advantage of the empty space created in the opponent ' s position by using speed, timing, and strategy. the strategic aspect of taekwondo is especially fascinating. no other martial art uses kicking techniques with such finesse and accuracy. the superior player ' s body is able to predict or sense the moment when his or her opponent will surrender an instant of empty space which, if “ filled ” with the appropriate technique, results in a scoring strike that has the symmetry of two perfectly meshing gears. this moment, when a point is achieved by manipulating the principle of full and empty space, is not only the goal of sparring and competition, but can also be a moment of physical and mental harmony : the harmony of one ' s own spirit and body resulting in right action, and the harmony of one ' s fullness with the opponent ' s emptiness. when approached in this way, taekwondo sparring is ripe with the potential for philosophical ( educational ) value. the moment of right action is very important not only in the sense that one ' s technique and spirit are correct but also because this is the instant when one has entered the level of the do. it is the ultimate moment when one ' s body has found the way to fill the opponent ' s emptiness in the midst of fierce resistance. when one repeatedly experiences this harmony, the doors to higher understanding can be flung open. in fact, it may seem as if the secrets of the universe are being revealed through these quick, precise movements. the taekwondo practitioner then comes to see the opponent not as an adversary but rather, as the potential medium for creating a work of art, much as the sculptor does not merely see a piece of stone but, rather the creation waiting to be liberated. just as there is a technical or physical aesthetic in taekwondo, so also is there a spiritual aesthetic. in order to teach the level where one ' s techniques and movements approach the ideal, a great deal of training is needed. this training is a process which brings about mental and spiritual change..


there is a book called " the statistics problem solver " for $ 4 ( used ) on amazon. buy it! these problem - solver books are great for math & science classes. with thousands of solved problems and the steps for solving them shown, its like having a grad student tutor at your elbow. you have to use the book correctly, though. the wrong way is to look at your homework problem, thumb thru the book until you see a similar one, then apply it blindly to your hw. a 5th grader could do that. instead, use the book as a way to get practice until you understand the concepts. go to the chapter matching your current classwork, cover up the answers and start working problems. if you get it wrong, read the correct steps, cover them up, do it again. keep working problems until you get it. when you get midterms in class you ' ll almost be laughing because you know you can do them all. keep in mind that a standard expectation for a college class is 2 - 3 hours outside of the class for every hour in it. your class will meet 3x a week for an hour, which means you ought to be putting in 6 - 9 hours outside of class for it. do this, and use your time effectively, you ' ll do well in the class.


ieps ). 4. decide how to present the clues to students ( strips of paper within envelopes at stations, single sheets of paper for them to cut apart, etc. ). see examples of clues for additional clues. teachers should read through materials to pull clues that fit students ’ needs and abilities. 1. students read through clues and sort them according to common elements. once the clues are sorted, students begin to work on their hypothesis. 2. as students analyze the clues and arrive at a hypothesis, use guiding questions such as, “ tell me how the two things relate ” and “ what ’ s your reason for thinking that? ” to keep students focused on solving the mystery. avoid guiding them in a direction. the goal is for students to work with the clues and arrive at their own hypothesis. students can use the mystery writing guide worksheet to record ideas. 3. in a whole group, have small groups share their hypotheses and evaluate them. are they logical based on the clues? do they make sense? write group responses on the board so students can track their findings as they move through the evidence. the goal is to test each group hypothesis and arrive at the best conclusion. for example, if one group understands there is a connection between the mountain men and the beaver yet they also think the railroads had a role in the problem, do the clues support or refute these ideas? remind students they are like historians looking at information to form a hypothesis, test it, and arrive at a conclusion. 4. assign each student a written reflection piece on the content learned and the process used to uncover the mystery. this is the most important part of the mystery strategy and should go beyond merely reporting content. prompt students with questions such as : what happened in the activity? what things did you do well? most importantly, ask, which hypothesis best answers the mystery question? why? - data should tease the student without revealing too much. - data should hone inference skills. - clues should provide information not an explanation ( see mystery strategy clues worksheet ). students are presented with the following problem : why did the american beaver almost become extinct in 1840? write the question on the board so it is visible throughout the activity. anticipatory set : begin by employing a student ’ s knowledge of science and ecosystems learned earlier. give a short presentation about the american beaver. this would include the fact that beavers maintain dams that create ponds. the water level in these ponds is constant, encouraging the growth of vegetation that


telnet server overview applies to : windows server 2008 telnet is an internet - standard utility and protocol based on request for comments ( rfc ) 854. this rfc specifies a method for transmitting and receiving unencrypted ascii characters ( plaintext ) across a network. you can use a telnet client running on one computer to connect to a command line - based session to run applications. only character - based interfaces and applications are supported. there is no graphics capability in the telnet environment. the rfc documents that define telnet can be found at the internet engineering task force web site ( http : / / go. microsoft. com / fwlink /? linkid = 121 ). on that page, click rfc pages, and then type 854 in the rfc number text box and click go. telnet consists of two components : telnet client and telnet server. telnet server hosts the remote sessions for telnet clients. when telnet server is running on a computer, users can connect to the server with a telnet client from a remote computer. telnet server is implemented in windows as a service that can be configured to always run, even when no one is logged on to the server. when a telnet client connects to a computer running telnet server, the remote user is asked to enter a user name and password. the user name and password combination must be one that is valid on the telnet server. telnet server on windows supports two types of authentication : ntlm and password ( or plaintext ). once logged on, a user is presented with a command prompt that can be used as if it had been started locally on the server console. commands that you type at the telnet client command prompt are sent to the telnet server and executed there, as though you were locally logged on to a command prompt session at the server. output from the commands you run are sent back to the telnet client where they are displayed for you to view. telnet does not support applications that require a graphical user interface. however, telnet server and telnet client understand special character sequences that provide some level of formatting and cursor positioning within the telnet client window. telnet server and telnet client support the emulation of four types of terminals : ansi, vt - 100, vt - 52, and vt - nt. installing telnet server telnet server is a feature included with microsoft® windows server® 2008 and windows vista®. on windows server 2008, you can install tel


the white house immediate release — august 6, 1945 statement by the president of the united states sixteen hours ago an american airplane dropped one bomb on hiroshima, an important japanese army base. that bomb had more power than 20, 000 tons of t. n. t. it had more than two thousand times the blast power of the british “ grand slam ” which is the largest bomb ever yet used in the history of warfare. the japanese began the war from the air at pearl harbor. they have been repaid many fold. and the end is not yet. with this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction to supplement the growing power of our armed forces. in their present form these bombs are now in production and even more powerful forms are in development. it is an atomic bomb. it is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. the force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to the far east. before 1939, it was the accepted belief of scientists that it was theoretically possible to release atomic energy. but no one knew any practical method of doing it. by 1942, however, we knew that the germans were working feverishly to find a way to add atomic energy to the other engines of war with which they hoped to enslave the world. but they failed. we may be grateful to providence that the germans got the v - 1 ′ s and the v - 2 ′ s late and in limited quantities and even more grateful that they did not get the atomic bomb at all. the battle of the laboratories held fateful risks for us as well as the battles of the air, land, and sea, and we have now won the battle of the laboratories as we have won the other battles. beginning in 1940, before pearl harbor, scientific knowledge useful in war was pooled between the united states and great britain, and many priceless helps to our victories have come from that arrangement. under that general policy the research on the atomic bomb was begun. with american and british scientists working together we entered the race of discovery against the germans. the united states had available the large number of scientists of distinction in the many needed areas of knowledge. it had the tremendous industrial and financial resources necessary for the project and they could be devoted to it without undue impairment of other vital war work. in the united states the laboratory work and the production plants, on which a substantial start had already been made, would be out of reach of enemy bombing, while at that time britain was exposed to


it without undue impairment of other vital war work. in the united states the laboratory work and the production plants, on which a substantial start had already been made, would be out of reach of enemy bombing, while at that time britain was exposed to constant air attack and was still threatened with the possibility of invasion. for these reasons prime minister churchill and president roosevelt agreed that it was wise to carry on the project here. we now have two great plants and many lesser works devoted to the production of atomic power. employment during peak construction numbered 125, 000 and over 65, 000 individuals are even now engaged in operating the plants. many have worked there for two and a half years. few know what they have been producing. they see great quantities of material going in and they see nothing coming out of those plants, for the physical size of the explosive charge is exceedingly small. we have spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history – and won. but the greatest marvel is not the size of the enterprise, its secrecy, nor its cost, but the achievement of scientific brains in putting together infinitely complex pieces of knowledge held by many men in different fields of science into a workable plan. and hardly less marvelous has been the capacity of industry to design, and of labor to operate, the machines and methods to do things never done before so that the brain child of many minds came forth in physical shape and performed as it was supposed to do. both science and industry worked under the direction of the united states army, which achieved a unique success in managing so diverse a problem in the advancement of knowledge in an amazingly short time. it is doubtful if such another combination could be got together in the world. what has been done is the greatest achievement of organized science in history. it was done under high pressure and without failure. we are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the japanese have above ground in any city. we shall destroy their docks, their factories, and their communications. let there be no mistake ; we shall completely destroy japan ’ s power to make war. it was to spare the japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of july 26 was issued at potsdam. their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. if they do not now accept our terms they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well